» KSmfB : mm m w& HI mm m mm® LIBRA R.Y OF THE U N I VER.SITY Of 1LLI NOIS ^377.3 B3I^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/historicalen01bate of m ^yf^LMvco^t r//f UHHUHf HISTORICAL KfHE DkC 2 7 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS WITH COMMEMORATIVE BIOGRAPHIES BY Newton Bateman, LL. D. Paul Selby, A. M, J. Seymour Currey AND SPECIAL AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME I ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY! PUBLISHERS 1926 Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois Copyright By Munsell Publishing Company 5 13 3 I h > B20851 ILLINOIS Population Density per square mile, by counties, indicated by figures and shading. 1 fewer TAcsn 50 — to Er Over 200 ^O g » /ft'po *■?*'! i^dvercsge Densii, ij oP 3&G 1006 Hawley, Joseph R 898 Healy, George P. A 704 Healy, Paul J 698 Hedman, Carl M 900 Hewitt, Jerome 902 Hibbard, William G 706 Hill, Lysander 702 Hitch, Rufus M 904 Hodgkins, Jefferson 910 Huey, Arthur S 776 Hurd, Harvey B 1000 lies, Robert S 756 Johnson, Henry W 672 Jones, Harold C 864 Keeley, Eugene M 886 Kelly, William L 882 Keyes, Eugene L 1010 Knapp, Rollin G 884 Knox, William A 878 Kochs, Theodore A 694 Lane, Albert G 848 La Salle, Reni Robert 246 Law, Robert 750 Lawson, Victor F 644 Leath, James T 788 Leonard, Charles C 9 34 Letts, Frank C 676 Lewis, Abner M 780 Lewis, Harriet T 782 Lewis, Henry B 786 Lewis, Leslie 850 Lincoln, Abraham Frontispiece Vol. 1 Lindlahr, Henry 912 Lowden, Frank 274 Lowe, Perley 7 32 Lydston, G. Frank 712 Lyon, Thomas R 716 McCalla, Albert and Thomas 996 McGinty, John B 938 Marsh, James P 792 Matteson, John A 258 Meloy, John Y 914 Merrill, William H 720 Mitchell, Harley B 794 Muir, James B 940 Murphy, John Z 916 Neff, James M 1018 Nelson, William D 1014 Oglesby, Richard J 262 Packard, Frank 1 906 Palmer, John M 266 Pam, Max 660 Peabody, Francis S 686 Phelps, Charles 746 Pigall, Joseph S 944 Pridmore, Henry E 726 Quales, Niles T 830 Rapp, Webster H 800 Redmond, Andrew J 798 Reynolds, John 254 Richards, Charles W 974 Ringer, Charles 738 Roach, John M 874 Roberts, Harold H 824 Robinson, Milton E 796 Roblee, Lawrence H 948 Rycroft, Herbert E 806 Seabury, Charles 804 Selby, Paul Following Title Page Vol. 1 Sessions, Henry H 972 Shaw, George M 982 Shults, Frank 968 Small, Lennington 274 Spain, William S 980 Spiece, William K 984 St. Clair, Arthur 250 Stevens, Enoch P 9 50 Steward, Oscar S 810 Stocker, Horace A 808 Taft, Oren B 722 Talbot, Eugene S 728 Tanner, John R 270 Tansey, Elmer E 986 Taylor, Dudley 730 Templeton, William 734 Thurston, Henry F 812 Tonty, Henry de 246 Towle, Henry S 816 Underwood, Arthur W 740 Vilna, Bret L 966 Wanner, Henry J 826 War Eagle (Chief) 246 Ward, A. Montgomery 650 Ware, Lyman 752 Watkins, Thomas J 790 Weatherwax, George F 964 Willard, Frances E 648 Wilson, Everett 822 Wilson, John P 658 Wilson, John R 960 Wixon, Charles F 9 58 Wolseley, Henry W 952 Woltersdorf, Ernest 956 Wood, John 262 Yates, Richard, Jr 270 Yates, Richard, Sr 262 PARTI. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. ABBOTT, (Lieut.-Gov.) Edward, a British officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois Country. " Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully that they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more' humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer, Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- ture Vincennes. ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty, at the junctiun of the Iowa Central and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 miles .south of Calesburg, with which it is con- nected by electric car line; has city waterworks, electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks, three weekly papers, public library, fine high school building and two ward schools. Hedding College, a flourishing institution, under auspices of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population (1900), 2,022; (1910), 2,464. ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the "Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) ACKERMAN, William K., Railway President and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionary War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of the Company in 1860, he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 1883, though serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 9 10 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. (1893-95). He was an active member of the Chicago Historical Society, and rendered valuable service to railroad history by the issue of two brochures on the "Early History of Illinois Railroads," and a " Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Railroad." Died Feb. 7, 1905. ADAMS, John, LL.l)., educator and philan- thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught for several years in his native place, in Plain- field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three years. In addition to his educational duties he participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where, four years afterward, he became the third Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday Schools in different parts of the State. He re- ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of New York and for seven years (1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary. ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was bom at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834, the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham, Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- goods house at §150 a year. He next entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Jrerar, Adams & Co. , which, with the Adams & Westlake Co., have done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. After the death A Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams became principal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business. Died Sept. 18, 1904. ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806, and educated at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical Department of the same institution, and, during his connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age in his adherence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a refined and exaited literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among productions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of more than thirty-eight years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils. ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, born at Keene, N. H., June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass. , graduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 1884, '86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library. ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hartford, Conn. , Jan. 26, 1803 ; taken to Oswego County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 11 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 1825 and named in honor of John Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate equable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Pop. (1900), 67,058; (1910), 64,488. ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1822; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane (Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1910), 579. ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865. Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. Colonel Mather having resigned to enter acti ve service, Judge A. C. Fuller filled the office until January 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers had been mustered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materially lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more important and conspicuous position among the departments of the State government. The follow- ing is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84, Joseph W. Vance, 1884-91; Jasper N. Reece, 1891-93; Albert Orendorff, 1893-96, C C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897-1902 (deceased); James B. Smith, 1902-03; Thomas W. Scott, 1903-09 (deceased); Frank S. Dickson (acting), 1909 — . AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, because of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In 1909 Illinois surpassed all other States in the production of oats and corn, the former amounting to 159,064,000 bushels (from 4,346,000 acres, value $60,441,000), and the latter to 369,770,000 bushels (from 10,300,000 acres, value $192,280,- 000), Iowa being second in both of these lines. In wheat raising Illinois ranked eighth, the total amounting to 1,810,000 acres and 31,- 494,000 bushels, value $32,754,000. As a live-stock producing State for many years it held the highest rank, especially in horses and cattle, but while it is now surpassed by some of the younger grazing States, more attention proportionably is given in Illinois to breeding the higher classes of stock with great success. 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. The Illi- nois State Agricultural Society organized in 1853 with James N. Brown, of Sangamon, first President; Simeon Francis, Recording Secretary; William Kennicott, Corresponding Secretary, and John Williams, Treasurer; by act of the Legislature, April 15, 1872, became The Illinois State Agri- cultural Department. For forty years State Fairs were held annually (except two years during the Civil War), at different points, usually at the same place for two successive years. In January, 1894, the State Board decided to locate the Fair per- manently on grounds just north of the city of Springfield, donated by the city and Sangamon County, and all Fairs have since been held there. These grounds, embracing an area of 156 acres, are supplied with substantial buildings constructed of stone, brick, steel and glass, to which additions have been made every year, until they are the most extensive and best equipped of their kind in the country, the increase in receipts and attendance, as well as exhibits of agricultural products, live stock, implements and mechanic arts keeping pace with other improvements. The administrative Board consists of the President and a Vice President from each Congressional District (now 25 in number), chosen by delegates from the County Societies within the respective districts, with a Secretary and a Treasurer, elected biennially but not members of the Board. It has ample office room in the State Capitol, where the records and a large library are kept, and liberal appropriations are made for its support. Nearly fifty volumes of annual reports of Trans- actions of the Board (1911) have been published. AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then established a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1857) trans- ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled by declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the State during the time of his most active service in the denomination to which he belonged. AKIN, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all competitors of 111,255. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while his personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Pop. (1890), 611; (1900), 621; (1910), 618. ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis \ EXPERIMENT FARM (TUE VINEYARD) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CULTIVATION) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 and Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, flouring mills, and is important shipping point for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; has five churches and splendid public schools. Population (1900), 1,162; (1910); 1,281. ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- conda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States. Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington. ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several important offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., Dec. 3, 1885. ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also extensively carried on, and large quantities of these commodities are shipped here; has two newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- tion (1890), 1,601; (1900\ 2,081; (1910), 2,144. ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois State Militia ; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a physician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high ground above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat of Alexander County, which was organized in 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in the Second General Assembly from Pope County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Third General Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are unknown. ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 220 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- 563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government ; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, which was incorporated in 1820. Pop. (1900), 19,384; (1910), 22,741. ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The present medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having unfitted the building for hospital uses, the Northwestern Railway Company purchased the site and buildings for $250,000. The present location is Racine and Belden Avenues. ALEXIS, in Mercer and Warren Counties, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Pop. (1890), 562; (1900), 915; (1910), 829. ALGON^UINS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally their territory extended from about latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 25° east to 15° w T est of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United States. ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestrv of Scotch-Irish descent. In early HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 15 infancy he was brought by his parents to South- ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- came a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 1855 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 18C2 and 1869, serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" which had broken out among his former neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded him in the latter office. ALLERTON, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Yates County, N. Y., but about 1852 he engaged in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock- Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock-Yards, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City Railway (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison. ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 1658, and later explored the country around Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. ALLYN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small public library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., where he distinguished himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 16 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi- pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island — also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. That position he resigned to accept the Presi- dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. ALTAMONT, Effingham CouDty, is intersecting point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois, Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, being midway and highest point between St. Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- tories, besides churches, good schools and one news- paper. Population (1900), 1,335; (1910), 1,328. ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- hood accompanied his parents to America, the family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for Congress in a strong Republican Congressional district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- tion of 1892 nominated him for Governor, and he was elected the following November, being the first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the history of the State, and the first Democrat elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent factor in the Democratic National Convention which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- dent, and was also a candidate for re-election as Governor, but was defeated by John R. Tanner, the Republican nominee. Died March 12, 1902. ALTON, principal city in Madison County and important commercial and manufacturing point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French trading-post about 1807, the town proper being laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal business houses are located in the valley along the river, while the residence portion occupies the bluffs overlooking the river, sometimes rising to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has extensive glass works employ ! ng (1903) 4,000 hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides several banks, numerous churches, schools, and four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- ment to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoy, wlr> fell while defending his press against a pro-slaV ery mob in 1837. was erected in Alton Cemetery 1896-7, at a cost of $30,000, contributed by the State and citizens of Alton. Has 3 daily and 4 weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 14,210; (1910), 17,528. ALTON PENITENTIARY. The earliest pun- ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- nois were by public flogging or imprisonment fof a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner of nerve, strength and mental resource. The inadequacy of such places of confinement was soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any increase of taxation prevented the adoption of any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 acres of saline lands was made to the State by Congress, and a considerable portion of the money received from their sale was appropriated to the establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1831, an additional appropriation of $10,000 was made from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions were made from time to time, but by 1857 the State determined upon building a new peniten- tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison was conducted on what is known as ' 'the Auburn plan" — associated labor in silence by day and separate confinement by night. The manage- ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- nished supplies, employed guards and exercised the general powers of a warden under th6 super- vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, and who handled all the products of convict labor. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 17 ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Par- rish.) ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q. R. R., 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an endowed public library, electric light system, cement sidewalks, broom factory, several churches and good schools. Pop. (1900), 633; (1910), 528. ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail- roads, 95 miles soutli by west from Chicago ; has artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, seven churches, graded and high schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; has extensive bridge and iron works. Pop. (1900), 1,826; (1910), 1,749. AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State University, where he joined the M. E. Church. In 1828 he left college and became Principal of the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards became McKendree College. While there he received a license to preach, and, after holding various charges and positions in the church, in- cluding membership in the General Conference of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred in Baltimore, April 25, 1879. ANDERSON, Galusha, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832; graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, Wis. , and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago ; was then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- sity, remaining eight years, when he again be- came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after assumed the Presidency of Denison University, Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Botetourt County, Va., March 11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880. In 1884 he -roaa elected City Attorney on the Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without opposition. The following year he was the suc- cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which was his last public service. Died at Quincy, Jan. 31, 1896. ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in Henderson County, 111. , August 1, 1845 ; raised on a farm, and after receiving a common -school education, entered Monmouth College, but left early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on the Republican "steering committee" during the session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover- nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, at an early age, began to devote his attention to breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth General Assembly, being re-elected in 1834. In 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after the close of his term entered the United States Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. Still later he served under President Polk as United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; attended the common schools and later studied surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as a private, was promoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the For*^ 18 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- tinuing in that position four years, when he retired to private life. Died August 28, 1901. ANDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County, N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849 ; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi- nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of which he became a Professor; later re-entered the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887. ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, and largest shipping-point for these commodities on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks and two newspapers. The Southern (111.) Hos- pital for the Insane is located here. Population (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (1910), 2,809. ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10, 1837; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 lie entered the sophomore class in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The next year he began the study of law, at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- land as one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- ping for a time at Sterling, 111. , but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 1858 was elected City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony served in two State Constitutional Conventions-— those of 1862 and 1869-70 — being chairman of the Committee on Executive Department and mem- ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he resumed the practice of his profession, being chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; also served as President of the State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered several important historical addresses before that body. His other most important productions are volumes on "The Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of his last term upon the bench, he spent several months in an extended tour through the princi- pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans- ton, Feb. 24, 1898. ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- TION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican" ; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette" ; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul Selby of ' 'The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. Church, Rockford ; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; T. J. Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil- lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 19 nam Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of these served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of 1856. ) APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576; (1910), 581. APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his property in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 1859, was one of the members of that body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of the earnest supporters of the Government in its preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862, while obeying an order to charge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood. APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads: Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for by the Constitution of 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows: To create districts for the election of Representatives not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in number not less than one-third nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at the time of organization. The schedule appended to the first Constitution contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives. The first fifteen counties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. Each county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower house, with the number of members for each varying from one to three; while Johnson and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other counties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. Before an election was held under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable changes were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire population should equal 1,000,000, when five members of the House were added and five additional members for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter the number was neither increased nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the number of white inhabit- ants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties. The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geographical limits varied under each act, while the number of members from Representative districts varied according to population. The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to population. This arrange- ment continued in force for only one Legislature — that chosen in 1870. In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion the State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," which had been sub- mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- tion and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty -one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representa- tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 30 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing the entire population by 153 and each county tw be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun- ties having a population equivalent to one and three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; while each county with a larger population was entitled to one additional Repre- sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this principle in 1872, '82 and '93. Members of the lower house are elected bienni- ally ; Senators for four years, those in odd and even districts being chosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at the same time with that of Governor and other State officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- mediate periods. Congressional. — For the first fourteen years of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first election under this law being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun- ties, which were apportioned among the districts as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin- ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. The reapportionment following the census of 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the first election of Representatives thereunder occurred on the first Monday of the following August. Forty -one new counties had been cre- ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number of districts was increased to seven as follows; First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, Madison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Williamson, Gallatin, Franklin, White, Wayne, Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, Marion ; Third — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont- gomery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Clay, Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Pagd Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean, Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully organized), Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, Macoupin; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. The next Congressional apportionment (August 22, 1852) divided the State into nine districts, as follows — the first election under it being held the following November : First — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth — Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey, Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette; Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond. Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash. The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was com- pensated for by providing for the election of one Congressman for the State -at- large. The districts were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second — McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth — Adams, Han- cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau, Henry; Sixth — La Salle, Grundy, Ken- dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie. Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, Ford; Eighth — Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 21 Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, Montgomery, Shelby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth — St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph; Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, Wabash. The next reapportionment was made July 1, 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third— Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh— La Salle, Ken- dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth — Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian; Thirteenth — Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt ; Four- teenth — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery, Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, Clay; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex- ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth — Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton. In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- aries determined as follows : First — Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to 7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards 9th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago ; Fourth — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of the county of Cook ; Fifth — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- nam; Eighth — La Salle, KendalL Grundy, Du Page, and Will ; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Schuyler ; Twelfth — Cass, Brown, Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun, Jersey; Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign; Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight- eenth — Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash- ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton. Jefferson, Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, Pulaski, Massac. The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- portionment, however, was made until June, 1893, two members from the State-at-large being elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con- gressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- trict ; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall, Grundy ; Ninth — Boone, Winne- bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will, Kanka- kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc- Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Henderson, War- ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon, Christian ; Eighteenth — Madison, Montgomery, Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth — Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham. Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, Hardin; Twenty-first — Marion, Clinton, Wash- ington, St. Clair, Monroe, Randolph, Perry; Twenty-second — Jackson, Union, Alexander, Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope, Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress. ) 22 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- tucky at an early day, where he remained until 1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark County. Although pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a •neniber of the first Board of Commissioners of uhe Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was returned a second time to the House of Repre- sentatives and reelected in 1840 and '46 to the same body. Two years later (1848) he was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of elec- tion, Archer contested his right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to the people. In a new election held in August, 1856, Archer was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 1856 was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was a,n enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the office of Vice-President. He was also one of the active promoters of various railroad enterprises m that section of the State, especially the old Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected southward from the City of Chicago. His con- nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was r,he means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago He was of tall stature and great energy of char- acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- municated itself to others. A local history has said of him that "he did more for Clark County than any man in his day or since," although "no consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever given him for his services." Colonel Archer was one of the founders of Marshall, the county-seat of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- ated with him in the ownership of the land on which the town was laid out. His death oc- curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the age of 78 years. ARCOLA,incorporated city in Douglas County, 158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail- road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing region in the world; has city waterworks, with efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, telephone system, grain elevators and broom- corn warehouses, two banks, two newspapers, nine churches, library building and excellent free school system. Pop. (1900), 1,995; (1910), 2,100. ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800 ; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 lie came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where he was engaged for a short time in the lead trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special.charter from the Legislature in 1836. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan County line which he had bought in 1833, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- munity composed largely of Germans, among whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming the mercantile business here, he continued it until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session suc- ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which a strip of territory three miles wide in the north- ern part of Morgan County, including the village HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 23 or Arenzville, and which had been in dispute, was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In 1852 Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as bearer of dispatches to the American legations at Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1853, and served as the Vice-President for his district until his death, and was also the founder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- ety. Died, April 2, 1856. ARENZVILLE, a village of Cass County on the Rock Island-Beardstown Division of the C, B. & Q. Ry., about 10 miles south of Beardstown; first settlers German. Pop. (1910), 518. ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; is in a dairying; district, has cheese and can factories, besides a sewing machine factory, hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one news- paper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 1,424; (1900), 1,380; (1910), 1,943. ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer, Board of Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out across the Plains to California, where he re- mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive packing and commission firm of Armour & Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- thodical business man, giving as many hours to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosperous firms in the country. Mr. Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- strated in a munificent manner by his establish- ment and endowment of the Armour Institute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901. ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons ; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Marshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earli- est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, where he continued to reside over fifty years, when he located in the village of Sheridan, but early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farm- er, and, in the later years of his life, has been a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange.— George Washington (Arm- strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1812; learned the trade of a w r eaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and ai the age of 18 was in charge of the factory Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few months later in La Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to the farm near the present village of Seneca, where he had located in 1833, and where (with the exception of his residence at Utica) he resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, also served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Representative from La Salle County, he served in that body until 1868, proving one of its ablest and most influential members, as well as an accomplished parliamentarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original promoters of the Kan- kakee & Seneca Railroad. Died Jan. 29, 1902.— William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 24 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county-seat of the newly-organized county of Grundy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com- missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that he was popularly known as "The Emperor of Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 1850.— Joel W. (Arm- strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as County Recorder, was member of the Board of Supervisors for a number of years and the first Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick- ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for acquiring an education in a new country were limited, but between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate education and returned home at the end of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter and working on his mother's farm during the crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor- ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- lic position of some sort ever since he reached his majority, including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terms), Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1862-64 and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell to his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 32d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his oldest brother (William E. Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast- fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin. ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, being descended from one of the companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely "self-made." He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold." ARRINGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 25 received on trial as a Methodist preacher and became a circuit-rider in Indiana; during 1832-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844, was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to Madison, Wis. , but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plished scholar and gifted writer, having written much for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature of "Charles Summerfield, " and was author of an "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and stock region; has one newspaper. Population (1890), 420; (1900), 317; (1910), 366. ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi- nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 858; (1910), 1,080. ASAY, Edward (*., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 1825 ; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church ; later spent some time in the South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jeur- ney on horseback and finally locating in Quinoy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Bro vning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being ror a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his close personal friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," by which he was widely known- among his friends. Later he served for several years as Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official position. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. ASHLAND, in Cass County, at the inter- section of the Chicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 miles west- northwest of Springfield and 200 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of a rich agri- cultural region, and is an important shipping point for grain and stock. It has three banks, four churches, a weekly newspaper, and a high school. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1910), 1,096. ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit growing region; has some manufactures, electric light plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953; (1910), 913. ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- way, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 446; (1900), 487; (1910), 511. ASH TON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- cago & North- Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 26 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago; lias one newspaper. Population (1880), 646; (1890), 680; (1900), 756; (1910), 779. ASPINWALL, Homer F., farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Stephenson County, 111., Nov. 15, 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, in early life, spent two years in a wholesale notion store, later resuming the occupation of a farmer. After holding various local offices, in- cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Mr. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War in 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley Captain and Assistant Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- visional Regiment. When it became evident that the regiment would not be called into the service, he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- toba," a large transport steamer, which carried some 12,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with- out a single accident. In view of the approach- ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly, it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was refused, a 20-days' leave of absence being granted instead. A discharge was finally granted about the middle of February, when he resumed his seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and operates a large farm near Freeport. ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. It is situated m a rich agricultural and coal min- ing district, and has two banks, five churches, two public schools and a high school, two weekly papers, and coal mines. Pop. (1910), 1,918. ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ; has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- phone exchange, three large grain elevators, pressed brick works; six churches, two banks, one weekly paper, city hall and park, and good schools; is in a coal region; has some manufacturing. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684; (1910), 1,357. ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL- WAY COMPANY. This Company operates three subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a through line between Chicago and Kansas City, with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111. , hav- ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were $1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed charges amounted to §8,360,706. The accumu- lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitali- zation of the whole line in 1895 was $52,775,251. The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. The largest number of miles operated was in 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its present name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers of the system (1898) are: Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, New York ; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago ; C. M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- urer, Topeka; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, New York ; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, Chicago ; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka; W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago; James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W Kouns, Superintendent Car Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General Baggage Agent, Chicago. ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal-mining town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 & St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring- field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri- cultural and stock-raising district, and large numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- cago market. The place has an electric lighting plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in Central Illinois. Pop. (1900), 1,535; (1910), 1,340. ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was born near Elmira, N. Y. , June 9, 183G ; came with his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a private soldier in Stephenson County. He served as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers (three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same rank for three years and took part in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. Forced to retire temporarily on account of his health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher- man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the war, by special order of President Lincoln, was brevetted Major -General. Since the war, Gen- eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- master of that city. He took a prominent part in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a bankand a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 762; (1910), 805. ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- ing district. It has a water- works system, elec- tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is the headquarters of the Union Agricultural Society established 1860. Pop. (1900), 1,270; (1910), 1,367. ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- teresting history. It w T as settled by Col. William Ross and four brothers, who came here from Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or early in 1820, making there the first settlement within the present limits of Pike County. The town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the next year the county -seat was removed thither from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but which had been the first county-seat of Pike County, when it comprised all the territory lying north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During a part of that time it was one of the most important points in the western part of the State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. It now has only a postoffice and general store. The population, according to the census of 1890, was 52. ATTORNEYS-GiENERAL. The following is a list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the Territorial and State Governments, down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent : Territorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; William Mears, 1813-18. State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 1819 ; William Mears, 1819-21 ; Samuel D. Lock- wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Ninian W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F. Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43; James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- bell, 1846-48. The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for the continuance of the office, and for nineteen years it remained vacant. It was re-created, 28 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. however, by legislative enactment in 1867, and on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis charge the duties of the position, which he con- tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents of the office have been : Washington Bushnell, 1869-73 ; James K. Edsall, 1873-81 ; James McCart- ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897-1901; Howland J. Hamlin, 1901-05; Wm. H. Stead, 1905—. Under the Constitution of 1818 the office was filled by appointment by the Legislature; under that of 1848, it ceased to exist until re-created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made a constitutional office to be filled by popular election for a term of four years. ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 27 miles east of Deca- tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- ing; has one bank, churches, an excellent school and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 698; (1910), 659. ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full course in architecture at Harvard Scientific School, and, after graduation, received prizes for public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and a number of other cities, besides furnishing designs for some of the finest private residences in the country. He was associated with D. H. Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- style," the "Terminal Station" and other prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, Dec. 19, 1895. AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and farm implements, besides tile and brick works, two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, several churches, a graded school and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,281; (1910), 1,814. AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16; Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu- tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made elective by the people for a term of four years. The following is a list of the State Auditors from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 1841-43; William Lee D. Ewiug. .843-46; Thomas H Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; Orlin H. Minei, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 1869 77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David Gore, 1893-97; James S McCullough, 1897 — . AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy. Wagons and brick are the principal manufac- tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks, three churches and a graded school. The sur rounding country is a fertile agricultural region and abounds in a good quality of bituminous coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral paint are obtained here. Population (1890), 1,077; (1900), 1,149; (1910), 1,146. AUGUST ANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran denomination, located at Rock Island and founded in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- partments, a theological school is connected with the institution. To the two first named, young women are admitted on an equality with men. More than 500 students were reported in attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being women. A majority of the latter were in the preparatory (or academic) department. The col- lege is not endowed, but owns property (real and personal) to the value of $250,000. It has a library of 12,000 volumes. AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south- west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine water-power and many successful manufactories, including extensive boiler works, iron foundries, cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage factories, stove and smelting works, establish- ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, and wood-working machinery. The city owns water-works and electric light plant; has six banks, three daily and several weekly papers, some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and handsome public library building; is connected by interurban electric lines with the principal towns and villages in the Fox River valley. Pop. (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147; (1910), 29,807. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AUSTIN, a former western suburb of the city of Chicago on the line of the Chicago & Northwestern R. R.; was annexed to the city of Chicago in 1899. AYERYVILLE, a village of Peoria County, lying north of the city of Peoria and on the Illinois River; is an important manufacturing point, especially in the line of agricultural implements. Population (1900), 1,573; (1910), 2,668. AUSTIN COLLEGE, aco-educational institution, was founded at Effingham in 1890, by Edward Austin and brother, but about 1904 the property came into possession of Prof. Lewis H. Bissell, and now constitutes a part of the Bissell Photo-engrav- ing College. AUSTRALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for popular elections, thus named because it was first brought into use in Australia. It was adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 1891, and is applicable to the election of all public officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- ors, members of Boards of Education and officers of road districts in counties not under township organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- tion of c fficers (except those just enumerated) are required to be printed and distributed to the election officers for use on the day of election, at public cost. These ballots contain the names, on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted for at such election, such names having been formally certified previously to the Secretary of State (in the case of candidates for offices to be voted for by electors of the entire State or any district greater than a single county) or to the County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding officer and secretary of the convention or caucus making such nominations, when the party repre- sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- eral election. Other names may be added to the ballot on the petition of a specified number of the legal voters under certain prescribed conditions named in the act. The duly registered voter, on presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of the official ticket by one of the judges of election, upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the same party, or by a similar mark before the name of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in case he desires to distribute his support among the candidates of different parties. The object of the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- tation or interference by others in the exercise of his right of suffrage. ATA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad (Cairo & So. Louis Division), 75 miles south- southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 984; (1910), 780. AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B. & Q. R. R., 20 miles south of Galesburg; has drainpipe works, flouring mill, factories of steam and hot- water heaters, two banks and one newspaper; agricultural fair held here annually. Population (1900), 809; (1910), 865. AYER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in Kingston, N. H., April 22, 1825, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane Law School (Harvard University), was admitted to the bar and began practice at Manchester, N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney for Hillsborough County, in 1857 became to Chica- go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised city charter. After the close of his official career, he was a member for eight years of the law firm of Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, finally becoming General Counsel and a potent factor in its management. Died April 6, 1903. AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823; came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 1830, and was educated there, graduating from Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- lege he became the partner of his father (David B. Ayers)as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers succeeded to the management of the business, about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands coming under his charge. In December, 1852, with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been continued ever since, being recognized as one of the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers* Rail- 30 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after- wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr. Ayers had no connection with it in his later years. Other business enterprises with which he was connected were the Jcaksonville Gas Com- pany (now including an electric light and power plant), of which he was President for forty years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a body of 23,600 acres of land in Champaign County, known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander, an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become heavily involved during the years of financial revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr. Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000, were discharged within the next two years. Mr. Ayers had been an earnest Republican since the organization of that party and, during the war, rendered valuable service in assisting to raise funds for the support of the operations of the Christian Commission in the field. He was also active in Sunday School, benevolent and educational work, having been for twenty years a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he had been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John Allen, D.D., of Huntsville, Ala., and was father of four sons and four daughters. Died Sept. 30, 1902. BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1828, the son of a member of Con- gress from that State; at the age of 18, having lost his father by death, came West, and soon after engaged in mercantile business in partner- ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- Nebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine- teenth General Assembly, and, in the following session, took part in the election of United States Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman Trumbull. Although a personal and political friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter of policy, cast his vote for his townsman, William Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- trict, until it was apparent that a concentration of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fourth District, and, in 1863, was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at large in the Republican National Convention of 1868, which nominated General Grant for the Presi- dency, and the same year was made Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, also conducting the campaign two years later. He identified himself with the Greeley movement in 1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his party and restored to his old position on the State Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among business enterprises with which he was con- nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., which was undertaken, in conjunction with Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, about 1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the "Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which continued to be his home until his death from apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899. BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 went to Concord, N. H. , and, in 1856, removed to Springfield, 111., where, in 1859, he joined a mili- tary company called the Springfield Greys, com- manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of which he was First Lieutenant. This company became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi- ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being promoted to the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was compelled to resign on account of impaired health. Died at St. Paul, Minn., Jan. 12, 1911. BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County ; in 1879 was admitted to the bar and held various minor offices, including one term as State's Attorney. In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate and re-elected four years later, but finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy on the deceased statesman. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 31 BAGBY, John C, jurist and Congressman, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- sing through the common schools of Barren County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., confining himself exclusively to professional work until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 1885 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, was born at Middlebury, Wyoming County, N. Y., June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) University in 1854, and was admitted to the bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he removed to Freeport, 111. , where he soon built up a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a Representative in the Twenty-fifth General Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in office, Oct. 16, 1895. BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after gaining the rudiments of an education in his mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- edge of English and some proficiency in Greek and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicotbe (then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- zette" and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- ness, also serving one term in the Legislature (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted alone or in association with various partners until 1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the book and job branch of the business. He served as Representative from Madison County in the Thir- teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the highest respect, and did much to elevate the standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- graph, " during the period of his connection with it, being one of the leading papers of the State. His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the result of injuries received the day previous, by being thrown from a carriage in which he was riding.— Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, and learned the printing trade in the office of "The Telegraph," under the direction of his father, afterwards being associated with the business department. In 1855, in partnership with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the proprietors and business manager of "The State Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank of Major. After the war he returned to journal- ism and was associated at different times with "The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," as business manager of each, but retired in 1873; in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M., remaining four years. Prior to 1899 he removed to San Diego, Cal., there engaged in newspaper work, and, under the administration of President McKinley, was Special Agent of the Treasury Department. Died March 12, 1905. — Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was born in Columbus, Ohio, February 21, 1835; served as a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the interest of sanitary and hospital service. At present (1899) he occupies a prominent position at the headquarters of the United States Marine Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee (Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111... April 32 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was employed in the State commissary service at Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of disease and exposure in the service. BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. , Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, and three years later was admitted to the bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence in his profession and was made Probate Judge of Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator McLean, but he served only one month when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, who was elected by the Legislature. He was United States District Attorney from 1833 to 1841 (the State then constituting but one district), and thereafter resumed private practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. — Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the subsequent session of the General Assembly, was one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- bull resulted in the election of the latter to the United States Senate for the first time — the others being his colleague, Dr. George T. Allen of the House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the Secretaries of the Republican State Convention held at Bloomington in May, 1856, was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- lican State Convention, served as delegate to the Republican National Convention of the same year and was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver the address on occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 18N8. About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- leff College in 1847; read law with his father two years, after which he entered Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had become associated with William H. Bailhache, in the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received the appointment from President Grant of Consul to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming the duties of the office in 1874, remained there for twenty-three years, proving himself one of the most capable and efficient officers in the con- sular service. On the evening of the 20th of June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a railway train already in motion at the station in the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu- tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, following. His remains were brought home at the Government expense and interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres and foreign representatives in that city express- ive of their respect for his memory. — David Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; graduated from Shurtleff College in 1854, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of that year he removed to Cairo and began f>rac- tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act of Marcli 28) having divided the State into twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the Twenty-sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, he resigned to accept an appointment on the Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, deceased, but at the close of his term on the Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit Judge, and again in 1885. During this period h$ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33 served for several years on the Appellate Bench. In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by resignation and was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to Chicago and engaged in general practice, in partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13, 1899. In all, Judge Baker had spent some thirty years almost continuously on the bench, and had attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and a jurist. BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and United States Senator, was born in London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected to Congress from the Galena District; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1852, but 'ater removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. BAKER, Jehu, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Although he did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 1858, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. From 1861 to 1865 he was Master in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 1869 he represented the Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified himself with the Free Silver Democracy and People's Party, he was elected to Congress from the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He was author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's " Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans." Died March 1, 1903. BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March 8, 1806; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- try school, continuing this occupation for several years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, which he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of his health and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle County, where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with his family the following year. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of L? Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County," which contains much local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 1895. BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological school there, was ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or "Western College Society," of which he was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to his death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. 34 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- vember, 1822. He located at La Porte, Ind., about 1841, where he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, remaining two years, when he returned to La Porte; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- man of the City of Chicago, and again in the latter office, 1894-96. Died June 27, 1905. B ALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was successful, but regarded by his priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of clergy and laity. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and enlarged"), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886. BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two principal divisions, the first extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 miles, of which 147^ are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were the principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic, May 1, 1857. The following year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860, while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the successor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- count in this statement. BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad System, of which only 8. 21 out of 265 miles are in Illinois. The principal object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds $1,500,000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is $20,329,166 or $76,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were $3,383,016 and the operating expenses $2,493,452. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were $209,208 and the expenses $208,096. BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judg» HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35 of the Circuit Court in 1859 ; served one session as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875, was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854; in 1862 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress for the first time ; was one of the charter members of the "Union League of America," serving as its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated General Grant foi President for the first time. After retiring from the office of District Attorney in 1879, he removed to Chicago, where he was engaged in practice until his death, June 23, 1902. BANKSON, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently removed to Washington County. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the "War of 1812, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 1822 he was elected to the State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1822-23 was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on the slavery question, resulted in the division of the denomination into factions. Of these perhaps the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1822 until his death (1858). By 1835 tbe sect had grown, until it had some 250 churches, with about 7,500 members. These were under the ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years later, Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set- tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the University of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- lished at Chicago. BARBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to "Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. BARCLAY, a village in Sangamon County, on the line of the Illinois Central Railroad, 9 miles northeast of the city of Springfield; in a coal-mining district. Population (1910), 252. BARNSBACK, George Frederick Julius, pio- neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, Madison County; was elected Sheriff in 1860; in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- teers (100-days' men); also served as a member or the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865). 36 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When he was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last named at the end of the sophomore year, he taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of his term he resumed private practice. BARRERE, Granville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- gusta, Ky. , and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 1856. In 1872 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 111., Jan. 13, 1889. BARRINGTON, a village located on the north- ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 32 miles northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, several cheese factories and a milk-bottling plant. Pop. (1890), 848; (1900), 1,162; (1910), 1,444. BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in mission- ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Springfield, 111. , where he remained a year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a part of the time supplying the American chapel in Paris. On his return to the United States he spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships in connection with the University of Chicago en- dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- versity. Courses were delivered at the University in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in the spring of 1896. After spending the summer in Germany, the regular itinerary of the round- the-world tour began at London in the latter part of November, 1896, ending with his return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal frionds from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899. Died June 3, 1902. BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains flouring mills, pork-packing plant" a large creamery; also has two local papers, two banks, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Population (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643; (1910), 1,647. BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y. , and, coming to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theology at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- ary department of the college. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous ; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding churches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until ,1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111., August 8, 1890. BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 35 miles west of Chicago; has water power and several prosperous manufacturing establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. The city has fine water-works supplied from an artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric street car lines with interurban connections, two weekly papers, eigbt churches, two public schools, and private hospital for insane women. Population (1900), 3,871; (1910), 4,436. BATEMAN, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., Tuly 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an- cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him- self during his college course who'ly by his own labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, be spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of failing health, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining there two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the principalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven years, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate." By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65), as the result of his*defeat for re-election in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the state of efficiency which it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five different languages of Europe, besides a volume of "Common School Decisions, 'V originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recog- nized by the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three~yeaTS--be-serjved as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted by Congress creating the National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 38 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. close intimacy sprang up between the two men, which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin- coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of which he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Super intendency (1875), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. This, after having been repeatedly urged upon the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, under which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by appointment of successive Governors between 1877 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appoint- ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. Never of a very strong physique, which was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble which finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him offi- cially or personally, and had learned to admire his many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in which he manifested the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in this field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878. — Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College — a position especially created for him. He had filled this position a little over one year when his career — which was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all the wives of clergymen. — P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 1868; the next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "JEsop's Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and commenced the study of law in New York City, but later removed to Minnesota, where he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 1862 ; was com- missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 3ft ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field. BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for that State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an Drator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which he performed in an address of great eloquence. At an early day he married the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago. BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1890), 384; (1900), 330; (1910), 475. BAYLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southeast of Quincy; has one newspaper and wagon factory. Pop. (1900), 340; (1910), 385. BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting himself during his college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the northern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards served as Principal of the Township High School until 1898, when he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction and re-elected in 1902, serving two consecutive terms. On retirement from the Superintendent's office in 1907, he became Principal of the State Normal School at Macomb, 111., but died August 26, 1911. BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch March of Morgan County, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at Beardstown, in November, 1849. BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being the intersecting point for the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- wards established the first ferry across the Illi- nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- nois volunteers. The city has six churches and five schools (including a high school), three banks and daily and weekly newspapers. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, extensive fishing and packing interests, two button factories, one shoe factory and large machine shops. The river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some $300,000, and a steel wagon bridge. Pop. (1900), 4,827; (1910), 6,107. BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per- manent settler on the site of Chicago, was born at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for hip first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- waukee, which he maintained until 1818. He visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, became agent of the American Fur Company, having charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else* where. After 1823 he occupied the building known as ' 'the factory, " just outside of Fort Dear- born, which had belonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of th« United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863.— Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- chandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twenty -two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for many years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. — Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien by his white wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago in 1862, and for years past has been employed on the Chicago police force. BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 ; taught school at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. BECKER, Charles St. N., ex-State Treasurer, was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111". Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1872 to 1880. he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket. Died Jan. 2, 1908. BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi- dence, R. I. , and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigned. On retiring from the bench he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5, 1833. Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, in company with his brother George, descended the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian reservations in that section of the State being set off by him. In connection with Guy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Representative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his profession, Mr. Beckwith was for over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, probably becoming the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois; was also the author of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- gus Series," besides having edited an edition of "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the same firm) , which he had enriched by the addition of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being chosen President of the Board." Died Dec. 22, 1903. BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 27, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, and began the study of law in the office of his brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which name it was con- structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice-President — now constitutes the Beards- town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bond- holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of the controlling corporation, so remaining until 1888. From that date he con- tinued to be one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore & Ohio system. His later home was in Cincinnati, although for over a quarter of a century he had been prominently identified with one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher had always been a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve years. Died April 11, 1904. 42 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., August 27, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated at Yale College in 1822, taught for over a year at Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 he became President of Illinois College at Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he resigned and returned to Boston, serving as pastor of the Salem Street Church in that city until 1856, also acting as senior editor of "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856 he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- gational Church. While President of Illinois College, that institution was exposed to much hostile criticism on account of his outspoken opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa- tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and, in connection with his able associates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nursery of independent thought. Up to a short time before his death, he was a prolific writer, his productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- tributions on a variety of subjects) including nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" (1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895. BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I , Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Chicago in his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- ters in that city, June 23, 1889. BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 1805, but remained there only two years, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed but poor educational advantages here, obtaining his education chiefly by his own efforts in what he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, during the next ten years traveling different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, occupying his time thereafter in writing remi- niscences of his early history. A volume of this character published by him, was entitled "Pages from the Early History of the West and North- west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895, in the 95th year of his age. BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at Springfield, where he carried on the grocery business for five years, then removed to Chicago and engaged in the lumber trade in connection with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- vesting largely in west side real estate in the city of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, making him one of the most wealthy real estate owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. — Jacob (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came w T est in 1842, first began working as a carpenter, but later engaged in the grocery business with his brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four years later, when they engaged largely in the lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate investments. He was a liberal contributor to religious, educational and benevolent institutions. Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837 ; was educated at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 43 Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earli- est advocates of manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago Manual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a position which he has continued to occupy. During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to investigate the school systems in European countries. BELKNAP, Hugh Reid, ex-Member of Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- tary of War under President Grant. After attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. He never held any political position until nomi- nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected from a District usually strongly Democratic, receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re- ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army from President McKinley, with the rank of Major. BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel and Indiana State University at Bloomington, graduating from the law department of the latter in 1855; while yet in his minority edited "The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52 becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the same office in 1894. He was also President of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes Road in 1867 ; later became President of the St Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited California as Special Agent of the Treasury Department to investigate alleged frauds in the Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same year, a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to examine a section of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the ' "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- ing district and contains numerous factories, includ- ing agricultural implements, flouring mills, a nail mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has five newspaper establishments, of which four issue both daily and weekly editions. Its commercial and educational facilities are exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German descent. Popula- tion (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484, (1910), 21,122 BELLEVILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Compan}', June 1, 1883. The annual rental is $30,000, a sum equivalent to the interest on the bonded debt. The capital stock (1895) is $500,000 and the bonded debt $485,- 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalization to $995,054 or $57,- 317 per mile. BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chai-tered Feb. 22, 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 44 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and has since been operated by that corporation in connection with its Belleville branch, from East St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & N?shville Railroad Company. Its capital Stock (1895) is $1,000,000 and its bonded debt $550,000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLEVILLE & ILL1NOISTOWN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is $1,692,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487, (1900), 624; (1910), 550. BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- pound steel rails) is 93. 26 miles, distributed as fol- lows : Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Junction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been $524,549; capi- tal stock, $1,200,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were $556,847, the operating expenses $378,012, and the taxes $51,009. BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con- nected with the latter city by electric railroad. The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, and three banks (two national). One daily and one semi-weekly paper are published here. Bel- videre also has very considerable manufacturing interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large milk-condensing factory and two creameries. Pop. (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,937; (1910), 7,253. BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- section of main line and Chicago Division of Wabash Railroad, and the 111. Traction System; 166 miles south-southwest of Chicago, in agri- cultural and stock-raising district; has three grain elevators, good system of water-works, ele- tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,484; (1910), 1,530 BENJAMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished by Abraham Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen County Judge of McLean County, by repeated re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty years he has been connected with the law department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; is also the author of several volumes of legal text books. BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by special charter and opened in the autumn of 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. More com- modious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a new college building, in connection with a hos- pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted by the college. The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstra- tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal terms with men. BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family, in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, two years later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 45 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100- days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- tion as a printer, in July, 1807, he purchased the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he learned his trade, and has since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "History of Whiteside County." He is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for White- side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93), member of the Republican State Central Committee and (1911) is serving as U. S. Pension Agent. BENTON, county seat of Franklin County, on 111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. railroads; has electric- light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick and tile works, extensive coal mines in vicinity; has two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 1,341; (1910), 2,675. BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge, was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part from exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same region, and Jacksonville became his home for the remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, his refinement of character and dislike of osten- tation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Morgan County, serving by a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), serving until it was merged into the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois College. In the latter years of his life he was, for a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- mate friend and frequent correspondent of the poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- ville, August 24, 1884. BERGEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; studied theology, and, after two years' service as tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J. , in 1828 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the erection of the first Protestant church in the central part of the State, of which he remained pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 17, 1872. BERGGREN, Augustus W., legislator, born in Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- burg; held various offices, including that of Sheriff or Knox County (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and efficient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer. BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He labored among the Tamaroas, bei ng in charge of the mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852; early left an orphan and, after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsory education clause in the common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 46 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic competitor, who was declared elected by 164 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the vote of his opponent. BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol- 'dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 22, 1834, and educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., being married two years later to Miss Georgie Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the sea with Sherman and, during the period of his service, receiving four wounds. After the close of the war he was offered the position of Gov- ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, where he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the young minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the com- mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting vari- ous sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was frequently urged by his party friends to run for public office, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, much regretted, May 6, 1895. BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash- ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan- cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1852; a State Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 1872, while prosecuting a claim against the Government for the construction of gunboats during the war. BERWYN, a city (suburb of Chicago) on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Illinois Cen- tral Railroads; is a popular residence section; has one local paper. Pop. (1910), 5,841. BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American born, (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1910), 859. BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111., founded in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. Its report for 1898 shows a faculty of ten instruct- ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at $23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the preparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts. BEYERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington County, N. Y. , in 1828 ; served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission which built the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. BEVERIDtlE, John L., ex-Governor, was born in Greenwich. N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi- nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- ing at Sycamore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- tain and still later Major; two years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, which he commanded to the close of the war, being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United States Senate; resigned this office in January, 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 47 by President Arthur, Assistant United States Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- land's first election. His last home was near Los Angeles, Cal., where he died May 3, 1910. BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the Illinois country was included in that province. He had several brothers, a number of whom played important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to jstablish a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in charge. The latter was afterward made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to France in 1707, but was reinstated the following year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- colored aborigines for negroes from the West Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's first expedition arrived (see Company of the West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after founded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included Illinois), in 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned to France to answer charges; was removed in disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-G„neral. Failing in vari- ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, he was again superseded in 1743, returning to France, where he died in 1768. BIGGS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator, was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an officer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- dition for the capture of Illinois from the British in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe County) soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He also represented his county in the Territorial Legislatures of In* diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, in 1827. BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Burlington ; has a bank and one newspaper and a brick yard; considerable grain and live-stock are shipped here. Population (1890), 487; (1900), 417; (1910), 400. BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the union of two branches which rise in Jefferson County. It runs south and southwest through Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated in the common schools of his native State and Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor for a time of the mail stage-coach line between Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out, invested his means in the securities of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became identified with the business interests of Chicago. In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- cago, of which he served as President from 1859 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early life he had been associated with Commodore Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his other business enterprises, he was principal owner and, during the last twenty-five years of his life, President of the Home National and Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions of dollars. BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway, Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- lege at twenty years of age, and began the study of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was admitted to the bar two years later and practiced there some two years longer. He then removed to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, and the first Judge of the newly organized City Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison County to the State Constitutional Convention of 48 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- sion, on April 19, 1870. BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 111. He purchased a large tract of land and in- duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers and farmers to settle upon the same, founding the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- compromising opponent of slavery, and was an important factor in defeating the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile Legislature having refused to confirm him. A strong writer and a frequent contributor to the press, his letters and published works attracted attention both in this country and in Europe. Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 1825, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon attained high rank as a debater. He studied law and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be- coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi- nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas- sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- change of heated words respecting the relative courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's friends objected, and the duel never occurred. Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight years of age came with his widowed mother to Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union army, serv- ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th 111. Vol. Inf., he retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ; was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic- ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of Illinois) ; was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox College; in January, 1904, was appointed by President Roosevelt member of the U. S. Civil Service Commission, and chosen its President. BLACKBURN UNIVERSITY, located at Car- linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having induced friends in the East to unite with him in the purchase of Illinois lands at Government price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust for the founding of an institution of learning, intended particularly "to qualify young men for the gospel ministry. " The citizens of Carlinville donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was included in the deed of trust. The enterprise lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 1857 that the institution was formally incorpo- rated, and ten years later it was little more than a high school, giving one course of instruction considered particularly adapted to prospective students of theology. At present (1898) there are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as preparatory and collegiate departments. The institution owns property valued at §110,000, of which $50,000 is represented by real estate and $40,000 by endowment funds. BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on Rock River, as well as within the present limits of Hancock County. ) Conceiving that his people had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com- monly known as the Black Hawk War. His Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify- ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but susceptible to flattery, and while having many of the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral force. He was always attached to British inter- ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 49 substantial sort. After his defeat he was made the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in 1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been exhumed nine months after death, and his articu- lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire. (See also Black Hawk War: Appendix.) BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi- dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 1829. After receiving a common school educa- tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring academy, at 18 he began the practical study of engineering in a corps employed by the New York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and the same year became assistant engineer on the Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. "While thus employed he applied himself diligently to the study of the theoretical science of engineering, and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified to accept and fill the position of division engineer (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- tral Railway. On the completion of the main bine of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later becoming financially interested therein, and being chosen President of the corporation on the completion of the line. In January, 1864, the Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- stone then became a Director in the latter organi- zation and, in April following, was chosen its President. This office he filled uninterruptedly until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Union Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted success of his management of the enterprises entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago & Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8% percent per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse- quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole — which would have netted him $1,000,000 in excess of the amount received, because he was unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage over smaller stockholders. Died, May 21, 1900. BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a prominent family in the early history of the State, his father, David Blackwell, who was also a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, having been a member of the Second General Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had just received from President Monroe the appoint- ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after- wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," and served as Auditor until the organization of the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry were chosen State Printers after the removal of the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell located at Vandalia and served as a member of the House from Fayette County in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. — the son of David, and the younger member of this somewhat famous and historic family — whose name stands at the head of this paragraph, attended the common schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning practice at Rushville, where he was associated for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, having for his first partner Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme Court, still later being associated with a number of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." "Blackwell on Tax Titles," from his pen, has been accepted by the profession as a high authority on that branch of law. He also published a revision 50 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had reached the third or fourth volume at his death, May 16, 1863. BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, being descended through five generations of New England ancestors. After attending school in the town of Cortland, which became his father's residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ- ment in a stove and hardware store, four years later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge of a branch store which the firm had established there. The next year he purchased the stock and continued the business on his own account. In August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he established the earliest and one of the most extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that city, with which he remained connected nearly fifty years. During this period he was associated with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and others, besides, at times, conducting the business alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common with other business men of Chicago, but promptly resumed business and, within the next two or three years, had erected business blocks, succes- sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired from business in 1888. Ho was a Director of the Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its organization in 1865, as also for a time of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, May 10, 1899. BLAKELY, David, journalist, was born in Franklin County, Vt. , in 1834 ; learned the print- er's trade and graduated from the University of Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical family which, under the name of "The Blakely Family," made several successful tours of the "West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he was connected at the time of the great fire and for some time after- ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and became one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press." In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also conducting a large printing business in New York, which was his residence. He was manager for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was manager up to the time of his decease in New York, Nov. 7, 1896. BLAKEMAN, Curtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer settler, came from New England to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of which lie was cne of the founders. This settle- ment, of which the present town of Marine (first called Madison) w r as the outcome, took its name from the fact that several of the early settlers, like Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- sented Madison County in the lower branch of the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth General Assemblies from Madison County. BLANCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19, 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832; then, after teaching some time, spent two years in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. Before this time he had become interested in various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, serving as the American Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1858, during his connection with that institution doing much to increase its capacity and resources. After two years spent in pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer- itus, remaining in this position until his death, May 14, 1892. BLANDI1VSVILLE, a town in McDonough County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship- ping point for the grain grown in the surround- ing country, and has a grain elevator and steam flour and saw mills. It also has banks, one weekly newspaper and several churches. Population (1890), 877; (1900), 995; (1910), 987. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zandt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philadelphia when too young to receive his diploma ; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,- 000; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 1874. BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, N. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo. , afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- ous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- western Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi- nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorporation, President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- dence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Church; a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C. Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — four sons and three daughters — have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to him Chicago owes much of its prosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. He finished his theological course at Princeton, N. J. , in 1823, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y. , in 1830 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111. , and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained until compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esq. , of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of Frencli at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- ing studied theology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War ; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review," which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a number of works on religious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877. BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, where he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he began the study of law at Chicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road he was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position he continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators at Paris, his last official service. Died Feb. 9, 1905. BLOOM INGD ALE, a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Pop. (1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235; (1910), 462. BLOOMTNGTON, the county-seat of McLean County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other publications. The business sec- tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1900), 23,286; (1910), 25,768. BLOOMINGTON CONVENTION OF 1856. Although not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A mass conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with the principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the only State officer elected that year— the organi- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of the State) entirely unrepre- sented. Lee County had the largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the chair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G.D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of • his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of 54 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Pop. (1910), 8,043; annexed to city of Chicago, 1911. BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock $25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (1895) was $100,000 and its floating debt, §3,779. BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur; in rich grain and live-stock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 714, (1910), 900. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 162; (1890), 421, (1900), 539; (1910), 766. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when five years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. Died June 12, 1903. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1, 1897, it became three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of $1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of $1,200 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either party shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION (STATE). By act of the General Assembly, passed June 15, 1909, the Governor was authorized to appoint a State Board of Administration, with power to assume control of the State charitable institutions which had been under supervision of the Board of Public Charities since 1869. The first members of the new Board, with periods for which they were appointed, were: L. Y. Sherman, President (1909-11); Thomas O'Connor and Benj. R. Bur- roughs (1909-13); James L. Greene and Frank D. Whipp (1909-15), their successors being appointive for terms of six years each. Members of the Com- mission are required to give all their time to the duties of the office, receiving a salary of $6,000 per annum, with traveling expenses while on duty, and are authorized to exercise executive and admin- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 istrative control over all State charitable institu- tions, to assume property rights of previous Boards over such institutions and expend money appro- priated by the Legislature for the same; to accept and hold in trust, on behalf of the State, grants, gifts or bequests of money or property for the benefit of the insane in State hospitals, etc. They are charged with the duty of inspecting, investigating and licensing all institutions where persons are under treatment for mental or nervous diseases; have power of appointment or removal of i-uperinten- dents or managers of the same; are authorized to inspect county jails, city prisons and houses of correction, to examine sanitary conditions and regulate the admission of patients to the same; and to this end it is required that each State institu- tion under their supervision shall be visited at least once per quarter by some member of the Board. The institutions coming under their juris- diction by this act are: Schools for the Blind and Deaf, Jacksonville; Industrial Home for the Blind, and Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago; Institution for Feeble-Minded, Lincoln; Hospitals for the In- sane at Jacksonville, Kankakee, Elgin, Anna, Peoria, Watertown and Chester; Soldiers' and Sail- ors' Home, Quincy; Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wil- mington; Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal; State Training School for Girls, Geneseo; and St. Charles School for Boys. Auxiliary Boards. — Two auxiliary bodies, appointive by the Governor, are provided for to act in co-operation with the Board of Administra- tion: First, a Charities Commission consisting of five members, with p actically the same power as the former Board of Public Charities. This com- mission serves without compensation, except for traveling expenses while on duty, is required to investigate the whole system of State charitable institutions, examine into their condition and management and report their findings and recom- mendations to the Governor. The second is a system of Boards of Visitors, each Board consisting of three members for each State charitable institution, and appointive under the same conditions as members of the Charities Commission, for a term of six years. These Boards are required to make an inspection of the institu- tions under their supervision, for this purpose a majority of each Board, at least once each quarter, visiting such institutions as have the whole State for a district, in other cases at least once a month, and report thereon to the Charities Commission. Psychopathic Institute. — It is also made the duty of the Board of Administration to establish and maintain a State Psychopathic Institute, appoint a Director and a Psychologist, who shall perform their duties under direction of the Board, and all State institutions are required to co-operate with the Institute in such manner as the Board may direct — the object being to secure information in reference to mental diseases for the benefit of managers of institutions for the insane. All the employes of the Board of Administration, the Charities Commission and the Psychopathic Institute, except the manag- ing officers, are placed under the civil service law. Other Boards. — Sketches of other Boards con- nected with the administration of State affairs will be found on page 448a of this volume, viz.: Boards of Civil Service, of Equalization, of Health, of Pharmacy, of Pardons and Food Commission. BOWARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '96), and has served on the most important • committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern. of the Senate. BOGGfS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, his term to continue until 1906. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in 1853. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of $4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in the high school at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 he went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has since been employed in his profession as a teacher. Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History," besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He did a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and was known somewhat as a tariff reformer. Died Jan. 23, 190G. BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Ravenna, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he gave his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. Bond served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- bly— 1866-70. Died April 15, 1903. BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys ; he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square miles and a population (1910) of 17,075. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The county was organized in 1817, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the surface. BONNET, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- cago in 1860, where he was afterwards engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeatedly re-elected, and had also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he advocated were the constitutional prohibition of special legis- lation; an extension of equity practice to bank- ruptcy and other law proceedings; civil service pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. He also published some treatises in book form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arlington, with a sketch of his Character" (1869). As President of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of that very interesting and important feature of the great Columbian Exposition. Died Aug. 23, 1903. BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 57 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a cavalry company; came to Chicago in 1836 and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession; served several terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a combination of temperance men and Know- Nothings ; acquired a large property by operations in real estate. Died, February, 1882 BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 288 square miles, and a population (1910) of 15,481. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkiff, Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evacuated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard, Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. The first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBONN AIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of Kankakee. Pop. (1900), 595; (1910), 611. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty- fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. John A. Logan to the United States Senate for the last time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed by a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton was a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois In- fantry from 1862 until after the battle of Chick- amauga. Died April 3, 1908. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from his District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. BRACEVILLE, a town In Grundy County, 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. The town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Pop. (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669; (1910), 971. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway ; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine churches, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 770. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County, Va., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov- 58 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties. Died at Nashville, 111, August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111. , but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His first schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn. , the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him the reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor ; but he was defeated through the treach- ery and suspected corrviption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the law making women eligible to school offices in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and had always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Association at its organization in Cleveland; served as Presi- dent of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chicago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, as Historian of the latter; was one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and busi- ness organizations. He was identified in a business capacity with "The Chicago Legal News," founded by his wife in 1868, and after her death became its editor. Judge Bradwell's death occurred Nov. 29, 1907.— Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y. , where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- mained identified until her death — also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, applica- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59 ation. Other organizations with which she was identified embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- rated in 1860; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad ; an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 3,279; (1910), 1,958. BRANSON, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he continued to reside. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which he held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official positions assigned to him came unsought and in recognition of his fitness and qualifications. Died Feb. 27, 1907. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- nand; was proznoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1872 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895. BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 2,128. BREESE, Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject ; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1820, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1822 till 1827, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, issuing its first volume of decisions; served as Lieutenant -Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to th~ Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878. BRENTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the rrovisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich. , as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind., in oil field; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 487; (1910), 2,703. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing industry. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 742; (1900), 660; (1910), 595. BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. Pop. (1890), 719; (1900), 677; (1910), 576. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was born in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 12 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Through the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pastor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Church, attended by President McKinley Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- cated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating ; spent some time in the book business, then began the study of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other offices held by him included those of County Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 61 field, to which last position he was twice elected (1867 and again in 1869). Judge Broad well was one of the most genial of men, popular, high- minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801; graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three years later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his death. BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- ing previously developed his physical strength by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Th3re he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent free- soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- astic Republican, and, in 1856 and I860, served as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was + he successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his only official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing iectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief "His- tory of Chicago," "Histoiy of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled down in practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of the Chicago Lyceum, he delivered an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorship of "The Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 1896. BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged extensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in the General Assem- blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 16, 1868. BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country when he was eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1852 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 1891. BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796 ; spent his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the position of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's school fund through a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots who successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 306 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county -seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is farming, although there is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Pop. (1900), 11,557; (1910), 10,397. BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," when he became literary editor of "The Alliance, " but, in 1880, he established and assumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of which he has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 63 the "World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection with The Columbian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have been differently estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable ability and had clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeach him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne was one of the four candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — probably about 1856 or 1858. BROWNING, Orville Hickman, lawyer, United States Senator and Attorney-General, was born in Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augusta in his native State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, was a member of the Legislature, serving in both houses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging the duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which was his last participation in public affairs, his time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 1881. BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov 4, 1822; was left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. The following year he came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to the bar, supporting himself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem. 111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, III, March 19, 1860. The early life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, k the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted two years to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, lie soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for Congress in a district which had been regarded as strongly Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected by a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the same office — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly every Northern and Middle Western State, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj. William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opponents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- tensive real estate interests and built Bryan Hall, which became a popular place for en- tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generously to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some $300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were especially conspicuous. At this time he became the purchaser (at 83,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Europe in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literature and art in Chicago. His home was at Elmhurst, 111. Died Jan. 25, 1906. — Charles Page (Bryan), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1855, and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 1898, was assigned as Minister to Brazil, serving until 1902; has since served in similar capacity in Switzerland (1902-03), Portugal (1903-10), Belgium (1910-11); in 1911 was appointed Envoy Extra- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Japan. BRYANT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to which he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society in its early history, as also with the movement which resulted in the establishment of industrial colleges in the various States He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin coin in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the Liberal Reoublican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 65 years later was identified with the "Independent Reform" party, but later co-operated with the Democratic party. He produced two volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. Died at his home at Princeton, 111., Jan. 14, 1902. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College at Jacksonville. Died at Decatur, 111., August 22, 1892. BUDA,a village in Bureau County, at the junc- tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 873; (1910), 887. BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad- emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then resigned his commission, and, after some service as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, established himself as an iron- founder and banker at Rock Island, 111., in 1857 becoming President of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, Ark., where he was in command from Septem- ber, 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- General by brevet, being mustered out in August, 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 23, 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- ing school in a log school-house in the winter and working on a farm in the summer. His family then removed to Illinois, finally locating at Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the preparatory department of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was immediately made Principal of the preparatory department, remaining two years, when he was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Shurtleff College, but remained only two years, when he accepted the pastorship of a church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of one year he was again called to a professorship in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of Church History and Church Polity, which he continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; also serving for a time as Acting President dur- ing a vacancy in that office. During this period he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- erator at General Associations of the Baptist Church, and he became widely known, not only in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was born in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, but soon after secured a position with Judge Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Here the yoimg clerk made himself acquainted with the people of the county (at that time few in number), with the land-system of the country and with the legal forms and methods of procedure in the courts. He remained with Judge Snow over two years, receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's family. He next accepted a situation with Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the, most prominent mercantile houses of the city, remaining through various changes of the firm until 1844, when he formed a partnership with 66 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his brother under the firm name of L. & C. H. Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware and crockery, which was the first attempt made in Quincy to separate the mercantile business into different departments. Disposing of their business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull embarked in the private banking business, which they continued in one location for about thirty years, when they organized the State Savings Loan & Trust Company s in which he held the position of President until 1898, when he retired. Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the improvement and growth of the city , was one of the five persons who built most of the horse rail- roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, President of the Company. The Quincy water- works were sometime owned entirely by himself and his son. He never sought or held political office, but at one time was the active President of five distinct business corporations. He was also for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they had five children. In politics he was a Republi- can, and in religious associations a Congrega- tionalist. Died Mar. 2, 1905. — Charles Henry (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1822, and removed to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837 He commenced business as a clerk in a general store, where he remained for seven years, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, in the hardware and crockery business, to which was subsequently added dealing in agricultural implements. This business was continued until the year 1861, when it was sold out, and the brothers established them- selves as private bankers under the same firm name. A few years later they organized the Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which was mainly owned and altogether managed by them. Five or six years later this bank was wound up, when they returned to private bank- ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when it was merged in the State Savings Loan & Trust Company, organized under the laws of Illinois with a capital of $300, 000, held equally by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the First National Bank of Quincy was merged into the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull was one of the parties who originally organized the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- pany in 1869 —a road intended to be built from Quincy, 111,, across the State of Missouri to Brownsville, Neb., and of which he was (1898) the President, the name having been changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City Railway. He was also identified with the construction of the system of street railways in Quincy, and con- tinued active in their management for about twenty years. He was also active in various other public and private enterprises, and has done much to advance the growth and prosperity of the city. Died Nov. 27, 1908. BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- tary academy and fine public schools, and many handsome residences; is situated on high ground in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an important shipping-point. Pop. (1910), 1,046. BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814; came to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began business as a grocer, to which he afterwards added that of private banking, continuing until 1878. During a part of this time his bank was one of the best known and widely regarded as one of the most solid institutions of its kind in the State. Though crippled by the financial revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed charge of the Springfield "Watch Factory, in which he was a large stockholder, and of which he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in "The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of "The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers w T ho came to the aid of the State Government with financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897.— John W. (Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has been a prominent business man of Springfield. Served many years as Treasurer of the State Agri- cultural Board and of Illinois State University; is now President of the Marine Bank, Springfield. BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa- tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Ger- many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 67 eity and at Berlin University; while still a student took part in the Peninsular War which resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum- ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank- fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, having been implicated in the republican revolu- tion of 1833, he was forced to leave the country, locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in the public schools, served in the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. was elected School Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a private school for the instruction of teachers while discharging the duties of his office-, later was appointed a member of the first State School Board, serving until 1800, and taking part in the establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," and, for several years prior to his death, served as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without compensation. Died, November, 1872. BURCH.VRD, Horatio C, ex Congressman, was born at Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- sion he was a lawyer, but had also been largely interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson County; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- tive in Congress, being each time elected as a Republican, for the first time as the successor of E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress, he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- ing practice of his profession. Died Mar. 14, 1908. BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa. , July 30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life, where he was educated in the public schools. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-seventh Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the war; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers of that city. Later he became associated with "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- ist. Several volumes of his sketches have beer published, but in recent years he has devoted his attention chiefly to lecturing with occasional contributions to the literary press. BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam County in 1837, near the center of the northern half of the State, Princeton being made the county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, there being considerable quantities mined at Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890, contained a population of 3,396. The county has an area of 846 square miles, and, according to the census of 1910, a population of 43,975. The pio- neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward, Justus and John L. ) , and for a time settlers came in rapid succession, among the earliest being Amos Leonard, Daniel Dimmick, John Hall, William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large influx of immigrants. Among other early set- tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers of the poet, William Cullen Bryant. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation and discontent among the laboring classes, which culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal compensation, their term of office being two years. They are nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires that three of them shall be manual laborers and two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is charged with the collection, compilation and tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary conditions of the working classes. The Com- mission is required to submit biennial reports. Those already published contain much informa- tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage indebtedness, and kindred topics. BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated 68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from Brown University in 1838 and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842, and ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- vation to the episcopate he was rector of various parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts in the General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, was President of the House of Deputies. Upon the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- ceed him but declined. When the diocese of Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- field, Mass . on May 15, 1878. Besides publishing a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the author of several Sunday-school question books, carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to periodical church literature. His .residence is at Peoria. BURLEY, Arthur Gilman, merchant, was born at Exeter, N. H., Oct. 4, 1812, received his edu- cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came West, locating in Chicago. For some two years he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, the proprietor of the first book and stationery store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from the old State Bank, and entered upon a business career which was continued uninterruptedly for nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley built up a business which, for its extent and success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West. His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a member of the firm in 1852, the business there- after being conducted under the name of Burley & Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the Company until his death, which occurred, August 27, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 28, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native State, and, in his youth, was employed for a time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman in the book and stationery store of his half- brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a partner, and, on the retirement of Mr. Gale a few years later, succeeded to the control of the business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and stationery business, and about the same time became one of the founders of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company, with which he was connected as a Director several years. Mr. Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart- ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the numerous public positions held by him may be mentioned, member of the Board of PublicWorks (1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park (1869), Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City Comptroller during the administration of Mayor Medill (1872-73), and again undar Mayor Roche (1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). Politically, Mr. Burley had been a zealous Repub- lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and was a delegate from the State-at-large to the National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Died Nov. 27, 1903. BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was born at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; came to Chicago at 9 years of age; attended private schools and the Chicago High School, after which he spent two years at Waltham, Mass. , receiving special instruction ; returning to Chicago in 1867, he was afterwards associated with various firms. About 1873 he formed a business connection with J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham & Root furnished the plans of a large number of the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- nection with the construction of buildings for the World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. Root was Supervising Architect previous to his death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of Construction and, later. Director of Works. In this capacity his authority was almost absolute, but was used with a discretion that contributed greatly to the success of the enterprise. BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829: came to Illinois about 1832 with his widowed mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life he became a citizen of Winchester, where he reao. law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, following the occupation of a printer. Here he was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1862. Having removed to Carrollton, Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 1868), serving until March 4, 1871. In August, 1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 69 vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882. BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with his parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing up on a farm near Canni; received a common school education; in 1850 went to California, driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a company of cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, and which became a part of the First Regiment Illinois Cavalry ; served as County Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth District, composed of counties which formerly constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth District, and which had uniformly been repre- sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a candidate for re-election in 1896. BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y. , Dec. 7, 1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at Waterford and West Troy, N. Y, in 1852 he assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi- dency of the Chicago University, then just established, having previously declined the presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving until his death, April 21, 1892. BUSEY, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 attended a commercial college and read law. In 1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned to enter the Union Army, being commissioned Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel, August 12, 1862; was afterward promoted to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for the General Assembly on the Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was Mayor and President of the Board of Education of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank, which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can non, Republican, by whom he was in turn defeated for the same office in 1892. Died Aug. 12, 1909. BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles northeast of Macomb, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads ; 6as numerous manufactories, including wooden pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry packing houses; also has water- works and elec- tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several churches, graded public and high schools, two newspapers and a public library. Pop. (1910), 2,619. BUSHNELL, Neheniiah, lawyer, was born in the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813, graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in December of the same year to Quincy, 111. , where, for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" of that city, later forming a partnership with O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken until his death. In his practice he gave much attention to land titles in the "Military Tract" j in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 1872 he was elected by the Republicans the "minority" Representative from Adams County in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. He was able, high-minded and honorable in public and private life. BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough- keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. The public positions held by him were those of State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and Attorney-General (1869-73) ; was also a member of the Republican National Convention of 1864, besides being identified with various business enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 70 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born in Adair County, Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the messenger of the Governor of Kentucky, carrying dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it was largely through his influence that the pro- ceedings of that body were subsequently pub- lished in an official form. During the same year Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Miller, and he was elected to the same office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently befriended in the early struggles of the latter in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 1876. BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at Williams College, and was admitted to the bar at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison United States District At- torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by President Taylor Commissioner of the General Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he rendered valuable service to the State in securing the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and elsewhere. One of the former relates to his address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur- rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if he was opposed to th6 war with Mexico, he replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 1855. BYFORD, William H., physician and author, was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 came with his widowed mother to Crawford County, 111., and began learning the tailor's trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at Vincennes and practiced at different points in Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he assumed a professorship in a Medical College at Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two years later became one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, where he remained twerty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Chicago, remaining President of the Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death, May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical works which are regarded as standard by the profession, besides acting as associate of Dr N. S. Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical Journal and Examiner," the successor of the former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest esteem as a physician and a man, both by the general public and his professional associates. BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- esque region on Rock River, at junction of the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways, 83 miles west-north- west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairying district; has two banks and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015; (1910), 932. CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal industry, but there are also tile works, a good quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being found in abundance. Population (1880), 572, (1890), 1,276; (1900), 697; (1910), 360. CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician, was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky.. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 71 August 11, 1853. When he was three years old his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111., where he has since resided. After passing through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy; is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- ential in his party, having been a member of both the National and State Central Committees. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public office. CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. His early training was mainly of the practical sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock Island. Later he became interested in the pro- jection and management of railroads, being in turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His next position was that of General Manager of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His experience in these positions rendered him famil- iar with both the scope and the details of railroad management, while his success brought him to the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- way interests all over the country. In 1876 he was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with this company he also held, successively, the offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the President, Gen- eral Manager and President, being chief executive officer from 1880. Died Nov. 12, 1909. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway.) CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas here in 1700, to which they gave the name of "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair County, when that county was organized by Governor St. Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was continued as the county-seat of the parent county, so remaining until the removal of the seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers make up a considerable portion of the present population. The site of the old town is on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road, about four miles from East St. Louis. Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- Builders, Works of the.) CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford County in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1826, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois Central Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base for military operations; is an important shipping point; has flouring mills and other factories; 2 daily and 3 weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 14,548. CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun, July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky- shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and one span of 106 % feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally supported by piles driven within the cylinders. The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty -two- — twenty -one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106^ feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, including that of the bridge proper, which is 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through spans rest on ten first-class masonry r piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about 3ji miles. Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since the completion of the bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1895) between $3,250,000 and $3,500,000. CAIRO, VINCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Division. " (See Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail- way. ) CAIRO & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad.) CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell and Caldwell in the early records), was born at Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 21, 1773, and received his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), and was elected the first Delegate in Congress from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi- dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory, but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp- stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger (see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in the American Bottom. The former finally located on the banks of the Mississippi a few miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his profession and held various public offices, includ- ing those of Justice of the Peace and County Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison County after the organization of the latter. He served as State Senator from Madison County in the First and Second General Assemblies (1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the limits of what is now Morgan County (but still earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — the latter at that time embracing all the northern and northwestern part of the State, including the county of Cook. During the following ses- sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His home in Morgan County was in a locality known as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded a high degree of respect among early residents of Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," says of him: "He was moral and correct in his public and private life, . . . was a respectable physician, and always maintained an unblemished character." CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808; learned the printing trade and practiced it in his native town, also working in a type-foundry in Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 73 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 1861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad in procur- ing right of way for the construction of its lines. Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black Hawk War and was soon after appointed County Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the following session. He was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector in 1844, was an imsuccessful candidate for the nomination for Governor in 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51), served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- wards Governor and United States Senator) , as a candidate for Congress, but two years later was appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General of Kansas, where he became discreditably con- spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out the policy of the Buchanan administration for making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- vention, with the election of which he had much to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. CALHOUN, WilHam J., lawyer, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at various points in that State, his family removed to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the war. He participated in a number of severe battles while with Sherman on the march against Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the war he served in Texas, being mustered out at San Antonio in that State, though receiving his final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the war he entered the Poland Union Seminary, where he became the intimate personal friend of Maj. William McKinley, who was elected to the Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the seminary, he came to A-rcola, Douglas County, 111., and began the study of law, later taking a course in a law school in Chicago, after which he was admitted to the bar (1875) and established himself in practice at Danville as the partner of the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun was elected as a Republican to the lower branch of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during the following session, proved himself one of the ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a special envoy to investigate the circumstances attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- uralized citizen of the United States who had died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- State Commerce Commission, is now (1911) Envoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary to China. CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their junction. It has an area of 254 square miles, with a population (1910) of 8,610; was organized in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- nally, the county was well timbered and the early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, which tended to give the population more or less of a migratory character. Much of the timber bas been cleared off, and the principal business in later years has been agriculture, although coal is found and mined in paying quantities along Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- ines found the precious metals in the bed of this stream. It was originally included within the limits of the Military Tract set apart for the veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con- formation of the county's surface exhibits some peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of both rivers, while through the center of the county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. The side valleys and the top of the central ridge are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- tion (1890) of 311. CALLAHAN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator, was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he farmed, taught school and edited, at different times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall Telegraph." He early identified himself with the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the Republican candidate for Congress in his dis 74 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trict ; became a member of the first State Board of Equalization by appointment of Governor Oglesby in 1867 ; served in the lower house of the General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, '91, '93 and '95, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 30 years of age, and was President of the State Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main body of which is formed by the union of two branches which come together at the southern boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with the Little Calumet from the west, 3}4 miles from the mouth of the main stream. From the south- ern limit of Chicago the general course of the stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth, Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy draught, and is a shipping and receiving point of importance for heavy freight for the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace Car Works and other manufacturing establish- ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the General Government to a depth of twenty feet and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles, with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream was known to the early French explorers as "the Calirnic," and was sometimes confounded by them with the Chicago River. CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line, 4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present (1898). Its outstanding capital stock is $68,700. It has no fimded debt, but has a floating debt of $116,357, making atotal capitalization of $185,087. This road extends from One Hundredth Street in Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883. (See Pennsylvania Railroad. ) CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- siderable grain market and has some manufac- tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a publio library, tlixec newspapers, three banks, good schools, and handsome public (county) buildings. Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States census report, 940; (1900), 1,345; (1910), 1,272. CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in 1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have located where the town of New Salem (after- wards associated with the early history of Abra- ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and James Rutledge were the founders. He is also said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's name has been tenderly associated by his biog- raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter State, about 1878. CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp established at Chicago early in the War of the Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest Avenues. It was originally designed and solely used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For plot to liberate the latter, together with other similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be but a preliminary step in the execution of a design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- ert} 7 ." (See Secret Treasonable Societies. ) Three peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C. Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent from Richmond to Canada, held frequent conferences with leaders of the treasonable organizations in the North, including Clement L. Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that city and scattered throughout the States. The general management of the affair was entrusted to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 75 in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col. Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to carry out the military program. Hines followed out his instructions with great zeal and labored indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis- seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by the use of argument and money, both he and his agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- self at Chicago, and personally attended to the distribution of funds and the purchase of arms. The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when the National Democratic Convention was to assemble at Chicago. On that date it was expected the city would be so crowded that the presence of the promised force of "Sons" would not excite comment. The program also included an attack on the city by water, for which pur- pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, who would be largely reenforced. With these and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring- field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of infantry and a battery. The organization of the proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and the great majority of those who were to compose it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the latter reported for service to justify an attack, and the project was postponed. In the meantime a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, and which contemplated the release of the rebel officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was on the point of putting in execution a scheme for seizing the United States steamer Michigan at Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder- ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected to carry out the Chicago scheme — the day of Presi- dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre- liminaries were arranged, except that no water attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. Detachments were designated to apply the torch, to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack banks. But representatives of the United States Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and his associates were well known to the authori- ties. An efficient body of detectives was put upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com- mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the most valuable service in running down the con- spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot as it was unfolded to them, and entered with zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby getting in communication with the leaders of the plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not captured, but the following conspirators were taken into custody: Captains Cantrill and Trav- erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, and in whose barn and house was found a large quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St. Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke, Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the Treasurer of the order. They were tried by Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted; Anderson committed suicide during the trial; Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to be hung, although his sentence was afterward commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some years afterward, but whether he escaped or was drowned in the attempt to do so has never been known. The British Government had made 76 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother of his being a General in the British Army. Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap- tured, while Walsh and Semmes, after under- going brief terms of imprisonment, were pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent history of Shanks, who played so prominent a part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, pillage and assassination, is interesting. While in prison he had been detailed for service as a clerk in one of the offices under the direction of General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made the acquaintance of a young lady member of a loyal family, whom he afterwards married. After the exposure of the contemplated uprising, the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of $1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi- dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered by him, and sometime during 1865 he received a commission as Captain and engaged in fighting the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- spiracy and defeating its consummation won for him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and the whole nation, and was recognized by the Government in awarding him a commission as Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies. ) CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. After obtaining a limited education in the com- mon schools, at an early age he secured employ- ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon rose to the position of superintendent, managing iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois, settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and 1853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly (1859). He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and served one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress, being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed liberally to the expenses of the latter in making the tour of the State during the debate with Douglas. He broke with the Republican party in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898. CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111., in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a similar position by the United States District Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868. CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4, 1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers in that section of the State; was educated at Notre Dame University, Ind., read law and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ; in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times," which he has since conducted ; was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected in '92. During his twelve years' experience in the Legislature he participated, as a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con- gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the second call for troops issued by the President during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp- bell organized a regiment which was mustered in as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active service during the war, it was held in readiness for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba in December, 1898, it became a part of the army of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 1898. CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State and Congressman, was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western part of the State and was educated at Jefferson College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed to Galena, 111., where he had acquired some min- ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in 1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847; in 1850 was elected as a Democrat to Congress from the Galena District, but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B. Washburne. He was then appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land grants by the Mexican Government in California, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 77 removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this position about 1855 to engage in general practice. In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe with his family, and, on his return, located in Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin- ridge ticket; in 1861 returned to California, and, on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a zealous champion of the Union cause, by his speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali- fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864, was a member of the Baltimore Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub- lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868. CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When he was two years old his father removed to Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp- bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for two years, after which he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he was in active practice and attained prominence at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 he was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- Governor Hamilton to the executive office to succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected United States Senator. In 1888 he represented the First Illinois District in the National Repub- lican Convention, and was the same year chosen a member of the Republican National Committee for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing Company of Chicago. CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 22 miles east- northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a high school, and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260; (1910), 1,148. CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had been associated with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, had his attention called to a check purporting to have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839, which, upon investigation, he became convinced was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued. Having communicated his conclusions to Hon. Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov- ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — which developed the fact that a large amount of these evidences of indebtedness had been taken up through that office and bonds issued therefor by the State Auditor under the laws for funding the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery that, in May and August, 1839, two series of canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the work of construction — the sum aggregating $269,059— of which all but S3 16 had been redeemed within a few years at the Chicago branch of the Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults without cancellation until settlement was had with the Canal Board, when it was packed in boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- ing lain in the canal office for several years in this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the officer in charge was now called) having come into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then Governor, to be taken by him *o Springfield and deposited there. Nothing further was known of these papers until October, 1854, when $300 of the scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis- lative investigation was instituted, it was found that bonds to the amount of $223,182.66 had been issued on account of principal and interest. With the exception of the $300 first presented, it was shown that all the scrip so funded had been presented by Governor Matteson, either while in office or subsequent to his retirement, and the bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although none of the persons in whose names the issue was made were known or ever afterward discovered. The developments made by the Senate Finance Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 78 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. indemnify the State, in which he stated that he had "unconsciously and innocently been made the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon the State had been attempted." He therefore gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying bond for the sum shown to have been funded by him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured judgment for $255,000, although the property on being sold realized only $238,000. A further investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar scrip had been made amounting to $165,346, for which the State never received any compensa- tion. A search through the State House for the trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the trunk in a condition showing it had been opened, but the box was never found. The fraud was made the subject of a protracted investigation by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May, 1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to "ignore the bill." CANBY, Richard Sprigg, jurist, was born in Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808 ; was educated at Miami University and admitted to the bar, afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney, member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49) in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois, locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by the Modocs in California in 1873. CANNON, Joseph G., Congressman, was born at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver- milion County. By profession he is a lawyer, and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, he is conducting a large banking business at Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican to the Forty -third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) serving his twelfth term as the Representative for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty- sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been an influential factor in State and National poli- tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- man of the House Committee on Appropriations during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses. CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County, 12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties in the "corn belt" ; also has abundant supplies of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. There are coal mines within the municipal limits, and various manufacturing establishments. Among the principal outputs are agricultural implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- partment, a public library, six ward schools and one high school, and three newspapers. Popula- tion (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564; (1910), 10,453. CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London, England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. For a time he taught school in what is now called Round Prairie, in the present County of Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original name of a part^of the city of Springfield) , having among his pupils a number of those who after- wards became prominent citizens of Central Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part- ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the original county-seat of Logan County, where he continued to live for the remainder of his life, and where, during its later period, he served as Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, founded in 1N52, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway center here. The chief industries are coal-min- ing, farming, stock-raising, fi uit-Riowing and lumbering. It has two preserving plants, eight churches, one daily and two weekly papers, public schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois Normal University. Pop. (1910), 5,441. CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL- ROAD, a short line 11)4 miles in length, ex- tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867; its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 79 Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. Louis Southern, through which it passed into the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road, and by lease from the latter, in 1896, became apart of the Illinois Central System (which see). CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1857, and the Supreme Court of the United States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in 1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans in that body for temporary presiding officer; was elected to the next General Assembly (the Twenty-seventh), serving as Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno County, Kan. The first office held by Judge Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred upon him through the influence of John A. Raw- lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff during the war, and later Secretary of War — although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi- dence is in Chicago. CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July 18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- cated, he was a man of strong common sense, high moral standard, 6 reat firmness of character and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff ; was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never- theless commanded the respect and good-will of his political opponents. Died at his home in Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian fighting, he was ordered to California, where he was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers. His record during the war was an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- souri for eighteen months ; led a brigade under Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ; took a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign, at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major- General for service during the war, retiring with rank of Brigadier-General in 1893. Died in Mon- tana, Oct. 4, 1903, on way home at Carrollton, 111. CARLIN VILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles north- east of St. Louis and 38 miles southwest of Spring- field. Blackburn University (which see) is located here. Three coal mines are operated, and there are brick works, tile works, and one daily and two weekly newspapers. The city is an important trade center, has banks, gas and electric light plants and water-works. Pop. (1900), 3,502; (1910), 3,616. CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County, 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskaskia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for young ladies, two weekly papers, and a public library connected with the high school. Population (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874; (1910), 1,982. C.V KM I, the county-seat of White County, on the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St. Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The surrounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufacturing, includ- ing the making of staves, are the chief industries, though the city has brick and tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Population (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939; (1910), 2,833. CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as 80 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS Representative in the Ninth General Assembly (1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) he was elected by the Legislature to the office of State Treasurer, retaining this position imtil the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was chosen his own successor by popular vote, but died a few days after the election in August, 1848. He was buried in what is now known as the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, long since abandoned — where his remains still lie (1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y., in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he established himself in the drug business, which was later extended into other lines. Soon after his arrival, he began investing in lands, wdiich have since become immensely valuable. Mr. Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851, withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the attitude of some of the representatives of that denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, in which he had been reared. He was one of the original founders and most liberal benefactors of the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in bequests after his death, sums aggregating not far from §100,000. One of the Seminary build- ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall." He was identified with various other organiza- tions, one of the most important being the Relief and Aid Society, which did such useful work after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber- ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all classes, dying, August 7, 1886. CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1813 ; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents (Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in what was called the "Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, Will County. She came to Chicago the following year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to have been the first teacher paid out of the public funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, Jan. 10, 1897. CARPENTERSVILLE, a village of Kane County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- neva branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 miles from Chicago. Pop. (1900), 1,002; (1910), 1,128. CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo- mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied his father's family to Galesburg, 111. , where he spent several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu- ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his affiliations being uniformly with the Republican party. His first office was that of Postmaster at Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued assistant of Governor Yates during the War of the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to the National Convention of his party at Baltimore in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an active part in the campaigns of that year, as well as those of 1868 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased "The Galesburg Republican," which he edited and published for two years. In 1880 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, from the State- at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus nomination for United States Senator, which was given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was defeated in the Republican State Convention as candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In 1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister to Denmark, which post he filled with marked ability and credit to the country until his resig- nation was accepted by President Cleveland, when he returned to his former home at Gales- burg. While in Denmark he did much to promote American trade with that country, especially in the introduction of American corn as an article of food, which has led to a large increase in the annual exportation of this com- modity to Scandinavian markets. CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie County, N. Y, May 20, 1830, and graduated at West Point in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles. Until 1861 he was stationed in the Far West, and engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 81 tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he entered upon active "Service under General Lyon, in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage- ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the second day at Pea Ridge, although three times wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, and materially aided in securing a victory, for his bravery being made Brigadier-General of Volunteers. In the summer of 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in the United States Army. He also distinguished himself for a first and second assault upon taking Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at Corinth. In December of that year he was transferred to the Department of Arkansas, where he gained new laurels, being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, and Major-General for services during the war. After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and died in Washington, D. C, Dec. 2, 1910. CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he visited a large number of the leading hospitals and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel received the appointment of Superintendent of the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, a position which he continued to fill until 1893, when he tendered his resignation to Gov. Altgeld, retiring July 1 of that year. Died June 21, 1908. — Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel), wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039 ever Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo Daviess County, but set apart and organized in 1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The first settlements were in and around Savanna, Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 1843 the county-seat was changed from Savanna to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town- ships were first organized in 1850, and the development of the county has steadily pro- gressed since that date. The surface of the land is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- esque. The land is generally good for farming. It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- sissippi. Area of the county, 450 square miles; population, 18,035. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public and private schools. CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- cago & Alton and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 2,258; (1900), 2,355; (1910), 2,323. CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March 12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, anJ, after attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, the next year establishing himself in practice at Quincy, where he has since resided. He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty- second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme Bench, which he now occupies CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his father locating at Pana, where he was educated in the public schools; was employed in farming, railroading and teaching several years, then studied law and was admitted to the bar, and, in 1882, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en- gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from Idaho and the first Representative from the new 82 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. State: was Commissioner of the Geneml Land Office (1891-92), and, in 1895, was elected to the United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. In 1892 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- lican National Committee, serving until the St. Louis Convention of 1896. CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five churches, a public school, and two weekly news- papers Population (1880), 692; (1890), 969; (1900), 1,749; (1910), 2,971. CARTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wa- bash Railroads; has water-works, electric lights, three banks, four trust companies, four weekly papers, and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1,654; (1900), 2,104; (1910), 2,373. CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock County, incorporated in 1871 ; has a teaching faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils — sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98. It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment of $32,000. Instruction is given in the classical, scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 this institution reported a property valuation of $41,000, of which $35,000 was in real estate. CARTHAGE & BURLINGTON RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa, Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi- nary and the University of Michigan, graduating from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 1897. CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious impressions. A few months later he abandoned his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured gambling. He began preaching immediately after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, although only 18 years old. In 1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon County, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature, where his homespun wit and undaunted courage stood him in good stead. For a long series of years he attended annual conferences (usually as a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous supporter of the Government during the Civil War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity, together with his inexhaustible fund of personal anecdotes, insured an interested audience. Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess in overcoming unruly characters whom he had failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the church he was equally fearless and outspoken, and his strong common sense did much to pro- mote the success of the denomination in the West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal published works are "A Controversy with the Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher" (London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. CARY, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y. , Feb. 20, 1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile attending a select school or academy at intervals ; studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and Buffalo, N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv- ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cumberland, and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the staff of General Rousseau. After the war he settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, was the High-License candidate for Mayor in opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 83 many to have been honestly elected, but counted out by machine methods. Died Mar. 9, 1901. CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy- sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex County, N. J., May 2, 1791 ; died at Summerfield, 111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early settlers of Sussex County. He was descended from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name being originally Cossart, the American branch having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663. At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site of the present city of Dayton, where some of his relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's father and grandfather having been patriot sol- diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in the War of 1812, being a member of Captain Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re- moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, where he taught school. Later he studied medi- cine and attained considerable prominence as a practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 1835. He was one of the founders of McKendree College and a liberal contributor to its support; was also for many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). CASEY, a city of Clark County, at the intersec- tion of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad, 35 miles southwest of Terra Haute; in oilfield. Pop. (1900), 1,500; (1910), 2,157. CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman, was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, the young- est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing with him his widowed mother, and settling in the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, in Jefferson County, where he acquired great prominence as a politician and became the head of an influential family. He began preaching at an early age, and continued to do so occasionally through his political career. In 1819, he took a prominent part in the organization of Jefferson County, serving on the first Board of County Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant- Governor, and during his incumbency took part in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept a seat as one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, to which he had been elected a few months previous, being subsequently re-elected for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. McClernand. Other public positions held by him included those of Delegate to the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former. He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4, 1862. During the latter 3'ears of his life he was active in securing the right of way for the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- western. He commenced life in poverty, but acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor of the ground upon which the Supreme Court building for the Southern Division at Mount Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R. (Casey), son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- mary education in the local schools and at Hills- boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 entered the Ohio University at Athens in that State, remaining until 1845, when he com- menced the study of medicine, taking a course of lectures the following year at the Louisville Medical Institute; soon after began practice, and, in lb47, removed to Benton, 111., returning the following year to Mount Vernon. In 1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter year removing to Mound City, where he filled a number of positions, including that of Mayor from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election. In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- nois to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston, S. C, and, on the establishment of the United States Government Hospital at Mound City, in 1861, acted for some time as a volunteer 84 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 1866, he was elected Representative in the Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. Cullom; also again served as Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74). Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has given his attention to the practice of his profes- sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1832, educated in the common schools and at McKend- ree College, in due course receiving the degree of A.M. from the latter; studied law for three years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860, was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part in the battle of Stone River and other important engagements in Western Tennessee. By this time his regiment, having been much reduced in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was again elected State's Attorney, serving until 1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in 1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where he died, March 1, 1891. CASS COUNTY, a little west of the center of the State, area 460 square miles, its western boundary line being the Illinois River and its northern line the Sangamon River; population (1910), 17,372, by a later school census about 20,000 — named for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders made the locality of Beardstown their headquarters about the time of the discovery of the Illinois Country. The first white settler was Eli Cox who came in 1816. Other permanent settlers came about 1820, and among them were Thomas Beard (the founder of Beardstown), Martin L. Lindsley, John Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821 a horse-mill was erected and operated on Indian Creek, near the present site of Arenzville, and, in 1827, M. L. Lindsley conducted a school near the bluffs, about five miles east of Beardstown. Among the pioneers were Messrs. Robertson, Yaple, McDonald, Holmes, Savage, Davis, Shepherd, Penny and Bergen. Beardstown was the original county-seat, and during both the Black Hawk and Mormon troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous for troops. Here Stephen A. Douglas made his first political speech. The county was set off from Morgan in 1837, and in 1845, a strip three miles wide was taken from the north side of Morgan and added to Cass. The county-seat, formerly at Beardstown, was, in 1872, removed to Virginia, where it has since remained. The principal cities are Beards- town, Virginia, Chandlerville, Ashland and Arenz- ville. CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison University, Ohio, 1846,- spent one year as tutor there, and, for several years, had charge of the public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31, 1892. Professor Castle received the degree of LL.D. from Denison University in 1877. CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844, educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she resided at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood was the author of a number of works of fiction, which have been accorded a high rank. Among her earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881), "Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" (1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. Anne" (1889). During her last few years she had shown a predilection for subjects connected with early Illinois history, and had published popular romances under the title of "The Story of Tonty," 'The White Islander," "The Lady of Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French in the New World." Died Dec. 26, 1902. CATON, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, was born in Monroe County, N. Y. , March 19, 1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty and manual labor. At 15 he was set to learn a trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to abandon it. After a brief attendance at an academy at Utica, where he studied law between the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in 1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- H H W < > 3 2 w o o w o ft) a w > > > a H fed > r W a M W ;v"'k , 'i v — - <— *— k,' ■ *' S'-r.' i \ f A* B . "• SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO f /A ' : • ■ • :• v . vv NU T ".^ MANCHESTER !-/ .'.'."." k :.s NORTH SEA - 3ALTIC- T- ■ *,...... _.,..„. , Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well planned building was erected on the same site, afc a cost of about $75,000. CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL. ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 14(r miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is known as its "Freeport Division." The par value of the capital stock outstanding is $50,000 and of bonds $2,500,000, while the floating debt is $3,620,698, making a total capitalization of $6,170,698, or $26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois Central Railroad.) This road was opened from Chicago to Freeport in 1888. CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- western University Medical College. ) CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- WAY, one of the great trunk lines of the North- west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 miles, although it has connections with Kansas City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in ■Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys the distinction of being the owner of all the lines operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of second tracks owned jointly with other lines. The greater part of its track is laid with 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital invested (1898; is $220,005,901, distributed as follows: capital stock, $77,845,000; bonded debt, $135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, $5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 1898 were $5,205,244, and the total expendi- tures, $3,320,248. The total number of em- ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 98 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. $1,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes paid for the same year amounted to $151,285. — (History). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway was organized in 18G3 under the name of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- nois portion of the main line was built under a charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- road Company; the whole built and opened in 1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the whole receiving the present name of the line by act of the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 miles), and opened, May 1, 1885; was consolidated with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, 1885, opened to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. CHICAGO, PADUCAH & MEMPHIS RAIL- ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 1893, to run between Altamont and Metropolis, 111., 152 miles, with a branch from Johnston City to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles. The gauge is standard, and the track laid with sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com- pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has been in progress. It is intended to connect with the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. Capital stock authorized and subscribed, $2,500,- 000; bonds issued, $1,575,000. Funded debt, authorized, $15,000 per mile in five per cent first mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb 1 1895, $20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire line, $2,000 000. In December, 1896, this road passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago dfc Eastern Illinois Railroad. ) CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield Railroad, in 1859 ; opened from Pekin to Streator in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876; sold under foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of the Chicago & Alton system. CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to Springfield, with a connection from the latter place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis. The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, was 208.66 miles, of which 166 were owned by the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- ville Division of this line was the Illinois River Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur- chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore- closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. (2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railway ; construction was begun in 1872, and road opened from Springfield to Havana (45.20 miles) in December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville line. The same year the road was leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West- ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for- feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands of a receiver. In 1881, together with the Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- field Railroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific having defaulted and gone into the hands of a receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring- field Divisions were reorganized in February, 1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890, under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the hands of receivers, and was severed from its allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad remained under the management of a separate receiver until January, 1896, when a reorganization was effected under its present name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield & St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an independent corporation under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see)- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 99 CHICAGO RIYER, a sluggish stream, draining a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It is formed by the union of the "North" and the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile and a half from the mouth of the main stream. At an early day the former was known as the "Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles, only a small fraction of which is navigable. The South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities for navigation, being lined along its lower por- tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days found an easy portage between it and the Des Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have been erected at the principal street crossings over the river and both branches, and four tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the city, have been constructed under the river bed. CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL- WAY, formed by the consolidation of various lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi- cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 miles), July 10, 1854. In 1852 a company was chartered under the name of the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the extension to the Missouri River and a junction with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7 miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company has financial and traffic agreements with the Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort Worth, Texas. The road also has connections from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne- apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver, Colo- rado Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898 ) , is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the corpo- ration. All of the Company's owned and leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total capitalization reported for the same year was $116,748,211, of which $50,000,000 was in stock and $58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was $5,851,875, and the total expenses $3,401,165, of which $233,129 was in the form of taxes. The Company has received under Congressional grants 550,194 acres of land, exclu- sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887, and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock is $1,000,000, and its bonded debt $2,000,000, making the total capitalization about $56,000 per mile. The cost of the road was $2,950,000; total incumbrance (1895), $3,016,715. CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to other roads and transact a local business. The Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet Terminal Railway also. The combination gives it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which 70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for both passenger and freight terminal purposes, and also a belt line just outside the city limits. Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central Lines, and' the Chicago, Hammond & Western Railroad. The Company also has control of the ground on which the Grand Central Depot is located. Its total capitalization (1898) was $44,- 553,044, of which $30,000,000 was capital stock and $13,394,000 in the form of bonds. CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- gational ministers and laymen representing seven 100 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Western States, among which was Illinois. A special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 15, 1855. The Seminary has always been under Congregational control and supervision, its twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial Conventions, at which are represented all the churches of that denomination west of the Ohio and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu- tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 1858, with two professors and twenty-nine matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and linguistic schools have been added and the faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally endowed, its productive assets being nearly $1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $500,000 more. No charge is made for tuition or room rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar- ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid of needy students. The buildings, including the library and dormitories, are four in number, and are well constructed and arranged. CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper was constructed under two charters — the first granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con- struction of the former was begun in 1852, and the bine opened from Alton to Springfield in 1853. Under the second corporation, the line was opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854, and to Joliet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con- structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in perpetuity to the present Company, which was reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For some time connection was had between Alton and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in connection with the railroad ; but later over the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad— the first railway line connecting the two cities — and, finally, by the Company's own line, which was constructed in 1864, and formally opened Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- pany) was organized, which, in 1862, purchased the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- closure sale. Several branch lines have since been acquired by purchase or lease, the most important in the State being the line from Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was opened for business in January, 1868, and having been diverted from the route upon which it was originally projected, was completed to Blooming- ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main line. Other important branches are the Kansas City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the Mis- sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Washington Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double tracks and sidings, the Company has a total trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, in 1898, was $32,793,972, of which $22,230,600 was in stock, and $6,694,850 in bonds. The total earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were $5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, $4,272,207. This road, under its management as it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- formly successful in the country. Dividends have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number of years previous to 1897, the dividends had amounted to eight per cent per annum on both preferred and common stock, but later had been reduced to seven per cent on account of short crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 were $341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the world to put into service sleeping and dining cars of the Pullman model, which have since been so widely adopted, as well as the first to run free reclining chair-cars for the convenience and comfort of its passengers. At the time the matter embraced in this volume is undergoing final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi- cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose interest it will hereafter be operated. CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. ) CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 101 The main line in this State extends southerly from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago) to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns several important branch lines, as follows : From Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan- ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to Rossville. The system in Illinois is of standard gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. The grades are light, and the construction (including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- ing (1895) is $13,594,400; funded debt, $18,018,000; floating debt, $916,381; total capital invested, $32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, $2,592,072; expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com- pany paid the same year a dividend of six per cent on its common stock ($286,914), and reported a surplus of $1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but later in same year took its present name. In 1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now operated to Marion, in "Williamson County. (See Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad.) CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That portion of the line within the State extends from Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is capitalized at $6,600,000, has a bonded debt of $12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of $2,271,425, making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted to $660,393; disbursements within the State for the same period, $345,233. The Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- dation of various lines between Port Huron, Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- nois section was built under a charter granted in 1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all being consolidated under the name of the North- western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final consolidation of these lines with the eastward connections took place under the present name — the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail- way.) CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad.) CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- road. ) CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South Dakota. The total length of its main line, branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. Second and side tracks increase the mileage to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines of the "Northwestern System,*' in its entirety, are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul and Minneapolis for their termini, though their branches reach numerous important points within the States already named, from the shore of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake Superior on the north. — (History.) The Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway Company was organized in 1859 under charters granted by the Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during that year, under which the new company came into possession of the rights and franchises of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of various railway enterprises which had been pro 102 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. jected, chartered and partly constructed in Wis- consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com- pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con- solidation of these lines was perfected under the name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- ence this company built 17G miles of the road, of which seventy miles were between Chicago and the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- structed in Wisconsin completing the connection between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its property and franchises under the foreclosure of 1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked the beginning of the present corporation, and, in the next few years, by the construction of new lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent of its lines, both constructed and projected. The most important of these was the union effected with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, which was formally consolidated with the Chi- cago & Northwestern in 1804 The history of the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in view of the fact that it was one of the earliest railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been chartered by special act of the Legislature during the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836. Besides, its charter was the only one of that period under which an organization was effected, and although construction was not begun under it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the second railroad constructed in the State and the first leading from the city of Chicago. In the forty years of its history the growth of the Chi- cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its success almost phenomenal. In that time it has not only added largely to its mileage by the con- struction of new lines, but has absorbed more lines than almost any other road in the country, until it now reaches almost every important city in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern Illinois now constituting a part of it, were severa/ which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago Union before the consolidation. These included a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter- prises, and more or less closely connected with the development of the State. The total capi- talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was $200,968,108, of which $66,408,821 was capi- tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois, for the same period, aggregated $4,374,923, and the expenditures $3,712,593. At the present time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of road not included in the preceding statements of mileage and financial condition. Although owned by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they are managed by different officers and under other names. The mileage of the whole system covers nearly 8,000 miles of main line. CHICAGO & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line seventy-three miles in length, extending from Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- deau. The line was originally operated by two companies, under the names of the Grand Tower & Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- deau Railroad Companies. The former was chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885 ; the latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last named line was transferred, under a twenty-five year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis & Cape Girardeau division. CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter- minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St. Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond, Ind. (10.28 miles) ; to Cragin (15.9 miles), and to South Chicago (5.41 miles) ; making the direct mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition, its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com- pany was organized June 9, 1879; the road opened in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with the South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana Belt Railway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee in Chicago, including wharf property on the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 103 Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc. The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the rest of the property is leased conjointly by the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways (each of which owns $1,000,000 of the capital stock), and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. These companies pay the expense of operation and maintenance on a mileage basis. CHICAGO & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See Wisconsin Central Lines. ) CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone, Franklin County, N. Y., March 22, 1845, the son of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled near Belvidere, Boone County, 111., in 1852. Hi. home having been broken up by the death of his mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in the company of Captain (afterwards General) Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being mustered out at the close of the war, he entered school, and graduated from the Illinois State Normal University in 1870. For the following three years he was Principal and Superintendent of public schools at Amboy, Lee County, meanwhile studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In 1873, he began the practice of his profession at Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After filling various local offices, in 1884 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1892, was elected by the narrow majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con- gress, as a Republican. CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ- ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria Lake; is 19 miles northwest of Peoria, on the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the freight division of the Atkinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an important shipping-point for grain ; has a can- ning factory, a button factory, tvo banks, five churches, a high school, and two veekly news- papers. Pop. (1900), 1.G99; (1910). 1 851. CHINIQUY, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and reformer, was born in Canada, July 30, 1809, of mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St. Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a reputation among his fellow students for extraor- dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted an invitation «o Illinois with a view to building up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat- ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some 5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists from France, Belgium and other European countries. It has been estimated that over 50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in Illinois within a few years. The colony em- braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting churches and schools for the colonists. He soon became dissatisfied with what he believed to be the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question of papal infallibility, the final result being a determination to separate himself from the Mother Church. In this step he appears to have been followed by a large proportion of the colo- nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but the result was a feeling of intense bitterness between the opposing factions, leading to much litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though never convicted. In one of these suits, in which the Father was accused of an infamous crime, Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense, the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of a conspiracy. Having finally determined to espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres- bytery, and for many years of his active clerical life, divided his time between Canada and the United States, having supervision of churches in Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country. He also more than once visited Europe by special invitation to address important religious bodies in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada, Jan. 16, 1899, in the 90th year of his age. CHOUART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed to have been born at Touraine, France, about 1621. Coming to New France in early youth, he made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in- law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about 1654-56, these two being believed to have been the first white men to reach Lake Superior. After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, they are believed by some to have discovered the Upper Mississippi and to have descended that 104 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. stream a long distance towards its mouth, as they claimed to have reached a much milder climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians credit them, about this time (1659), with having visited the present site of the city of Chicago. They were the first explorers of Northwestern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited with having been the first to discover an inland route to Hudson's Bay, and with being the founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company. Groseillier's later history is unknown, but he ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the "New World" about the middle of the seventh century. CHRISMAN, a city of Edgar County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroads. 24 miles south of Danville; has a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and storage cribs. Pop. (1900), 905; (1910), 1,193. CHRISTIAN COUNTY, a rich agricultural county, lying in the "central belt," and organized in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- ponderance of early settlers having come from Christian County, Ky., this name was finally adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, the northern half of the county being best adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its area is about 702 square miles, and its population (1910), was 34,594. The life of the early settlers was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) could not grind more than ten bushels of grain per day, by horse-power. Corn was hauled to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The first store was at Robertson's Point,' but the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A great change was wrought by the advent of the I. C. Ry., which passes through the eastern part of the county. Three railroads pass centrally through the county — the "Wabash", the B.&O.S., and the C.& I. M.; the C. H. & D. crosses the Northern portion, the C. & E. I. and the C. C. C. & St. L. cross the southeast corner of the county. Principal towns are Taylorville, Pana, Morrisonville, Edinburg, Assumption and Stonington. CHURCH, Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator, was born at Nunda, N. Y., in 1820; passed his youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, at an early age began teaching in winter with a view to earning means to prosecute his studies in law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having walked a part of the way from New York, paying a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he removed to the latter place, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. A member of the Whig party up to 1856, he was that year elected as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth General Assembly, serving by re-election in the Twenty -first and Twenty-second; in 1860, was supported for the nomination for Congress in the Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. E. B. Washburne ; in 1862, aided in the organiza- tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign before reaching the field on account of failing health. In 1866 he was elected County Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of high principle and a speaker of decided ability. CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood, and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in the public schools of that city. Then, having spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first locating at Geneva, but the following year removed to Rockford, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- ford by the first President Harrison, remaining in office three years. Other offices held by him were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in the Twenty -third General Assembly (1863-65), and member of the first Board of Public Charities by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 105 the Government bridge between Rock Island and Davenport. During the latter years of his life he was President for some time of the Rockford [nsurance Company ; was also one of the origina- tors, and, for many years, Managing Director of the Rockford Water Power Company, which has done so much to promote the prosperity cf that city, and, at the time of his death, was one of tbe Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died at Rockford, June 23, 1892. CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for literature which led to his learning the printer's trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, after serving his time, worked as a journeyman printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to New York, and, after working at the case some five months, started for the West, stopping en route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. In the latter place he worked for a time in the office of "The Courier," and still later in that of "The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison County, where he continued to reside the re- mainder of his life. In order to raise means to improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he worked as a compositor in the office of "The Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St. Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. Charles County," advocating the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union without slavery, which caused considerable excitement among the friends of that institution. During the same year he aided Hooper Warren in establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent contributor to its columns, especially during the campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in that body by successive re-elections until 1832. His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- strated that his vote at the preceding session, in opposition to the scheme for a State Convention to revise the State Constitution in the interest of slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the House — in all serving a period in both Houses of sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. He was an industrious and systematic collector of historical records, and, at the time of his death in the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and other historical material of great value. (See Slavery and Slave Laws; Warren, Hooper, and Coles, Edward.) CLARK ((Jen.) George Rogers, soldier, was born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His first experience in Indian fighting was under Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and the British having incited the Indians against the Americans in the following year, he was commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, and planned an expedition against the British fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- dition against Illinois, which was carried out the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other French villages surrendered at discretion. The following February he set out from Kaskaskia to cross the "Illinois Country" for the pui-pose of recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. After a forced march characterized by incredible suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- ture of the post. His last important military service was against the savages on the Big Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. His List years were passed in sorrow and in com- parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a private cemetery near that city for half a cen- tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General Clark's expedition and his life will be found in the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late William H. English, of Indianapolis. CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At 106 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on a farm in Kane County, attending school in the winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend- ing the Iowa State University, he returned to Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, later occupying himself with various occupations in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to his Ohio home, where he began the study of law at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an Ohio regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, but was finally compelled to leave the service in consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator in 1880, serving four years and proving himself one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention, and was long a con- spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor. Died April 11, 1907. CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant, was born at White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; came to Chicago with his widowed mother in 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- nois Central Railroad. After a course in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y. , wdiere he graduated in 1856, he returned to the service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to Colorado, where he was one of the original founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- neer of its first water supply company. In 1862 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, when the Confederates, being defeated, were driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The official positions held by Mr. Clark include those of Alderman (18Y9-81), Member of the Board of Education, Collector of Customs, to which he was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889, and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Ham • son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties of the State, south of the middle line and front- ing upon the Wabash River; area, 513 square miles, and population (1910), 23,517; named for Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers were John Bartlett, Abraham Washburn, James Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Marshall, the site of which was purchased from the Govern- ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made only after a hard struggle. The soil of the county is rich, and its agricultural products varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing interests are not extensive. Among the promi- nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are Casey (oopulation 2 157), Martinsville (1 500), Westfield (927), and York (109). CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, studied law, and was, for a time, Auditor of Public Accounts in that State ; in 1815, was con- verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent most of his life. Died, in 1850. CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12 rmles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. Pop. (1900), 907; (1910), 837. CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State; has an area of 466 square miles and a population (1910) of 18,061. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the county w r as entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and soon after settlers began to locate homes in the county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer settlement of Maysville was made the county-seat, but immi- gration continued inactive until 1837, when many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- date the county's requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfully cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and academies in larger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important towns. CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111., and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to Quincy, 111. The industries include flour and feed mills, machine and railroad repair shops, grain elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a bank, four churches, a high school, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 996; (1910), 940. CLEAVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- don, England, in 1815: came to Canada with his parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged in business as a chandler, later going into the grocery trade; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in California, and, six years afterwards, established himself in the southern part of the present city of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he served as Postmaster and managed a general store. He was the owner of considerable real estate at one time in what is now a densely populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville, 111., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 1837; graduated from Asbury University, at Green- castle, in 1859, having supported himself during his college course by teaching. After reading law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again found it necessary to resort to teaching in order to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He •was in the service for three years, was three times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth District. He w T as also a member of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a few months, wdien he accepted the position of Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. Died May 31, 1909. CLEVEUND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys- tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main line lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (259 miles) • the Chicago Division, extending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles); the Alton Branch, from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. The system is uniformly of standard gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, and is amply ballasted with broken stone and gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at Mattoon The total capital of the entire system on June 30, 1898 — including capital stock and bonded and floating debt— was $97,149,361. The total earnings in Illinois for the year were §3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State 63,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were $124,196. The history of this system, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For history of the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo & Vincennes, and Kankakee & Seneca Railroads.) CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great diversity of climate, as regards not only the range of temperature, but also the amount of rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several points of contrast to States lying between the same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 108 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the North Central and the Western States. Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. On the other hand, there is no great barrier to the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing the temperature to a point lower than is custom- ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa and Boston — the latter being one degree farther north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the springs and summers are found to be about five degrees warmer, and the winters three degrees colder, at the former point. In comparing the East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen that, in the former section, the same is pretty equally distributed over the four seasons, while in the latter, spring and summer may be called the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the yearly precipitation occurs during the growing season. This is a climatic condition highly favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a geographical position where these great climatic changes begin to manifest themselves, and where the distinctive features of the prairie first become fully apparent. The annual precipitation of rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, but, owing to the higher temperature of that section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons is also more unequal toward the south, a fact which may account, in part at least, for the increased area of woodlands in that region. While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- what abnormal. The northeast trades, after entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, and southwesterly as they enter the Upper Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, moist summers are attributable. The north and northwest winds, which set in with the change of the season, depress the temperature to a point below that of the Atlantic slope, and are attended with a diminished precipitation. CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, situated 23 miles south of Bloomington, at inter- section of the Springfield and the Champaign- Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricultural region; has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three newspapers, six churches, and two public schools. Pop. (1890), 2,598; (1900), 4,452; (1910), 5,105. CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 4824, from portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area of 487 square miles, and a population (1910) of 22,832. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its geological formation is similar to that of other counties in the same section. Thick layers of limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams underlying the same at varying depths. The soil is varied, being at some points black and loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel because of the inherent difficulties attending coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county from east to west, but its trade is not important. Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat and oats being the staple products. CLOUD, Newton, clergyman and legislator, was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827, settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- cratic politician, and served in no less than nine sessions of the General Assembly, besides the Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he was chosen President. He was first elected Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), and afterwards served in the House during the sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, having been elected Representative two years later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- sion. Although not noted for any specially aggressive qualities, his consistency of character won for him general respect, while his frequent elections to the Legislature prove him to have been a man of large influence. CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Manager, was born in 1838 ; entered the service of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 109 boy at Joliet in 1852, became manager of the office at Lockport six months later, at Springfield in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. Between 1859 and '63, he held highly responsible positions on various Western lines, but the latter year was commissioned by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed in charge of United States military lines with headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed District Superintendent of Western Union lines in the Southwest. From that time his promotion was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, was elected Director, member of the Execu- tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- tory extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. COAL AND COAL-MINING. Illinois contains much the larger portion of what is known as the central coal field, covering an area of about 37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. Those available for commercial mining generally lie at considerable depth and are reached by shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the State the coal does not yield a good marketable coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas coal, although used in some localities for that purpose, rather because of its abundance than on account of its adaptability. It is thought that, with the increase of cheap transportation facili- ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State in such quantities as eventually to exclude local coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report of the Eleventh United States Census, the total product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 12,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported by the Tenth Census. The value of the output was estimated at §11,735,203, or $0.97 per ton at the mines. The total number of mines was stated'to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined was nearly equal to the combined yield of the mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are divided into two classes, technically known as "regular" and "local." Of the former, there were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 21,350 worked below ground, besides an office force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The total capital invested in these 358 mines was $17,630,351. According to the report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines were operated during the year, employing 35,026 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. Five counties of the State produced more than 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,752; Vermilion, 1,520,699; Macoupin, 1.264,926; La Salle, 1,165,490. COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal mines are operated here, and the town is an im- portant shipping point for their product. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. Pop. (1890), 1,672; (1900), 2,607; (1910), 2,667. COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later acted as operator on Western New York lines, but, in 1852, became manager of the office at Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- panies having meanwhile been consolidated into the Western Union. He then made an extensive tour of the world, and, although he had intro- duced the system of transmitting money by telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to the key-board. Having made large investments in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, he has devoted much of his time to agriculture and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. He has done much to improve the city of his adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- struction of electric street-car lines and the promotion of manufactures. COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, was erecting ; later he erected a building of his own in which he started a harness-shop, which he conducted successfully for a number of years. He has since been connected with a number 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public character, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to §150,000. Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900. COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped to northern markets. This region is well tim- bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ- ing a considerable number of men; also has several churches, schools and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 994; (1900), 1,034; (1910), 988. COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three years as a private. Returning home from the war, he resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDING, Ichabod, clergyman and anti- slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; after leaving college served five years as agent and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866. CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843, came with his father to Kendall County, 111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity , served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena, Cal. Died in Chicago, Dec. 16, 1907. COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, midway between Galesburg and Quincy ; is the center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- mining i - egion, producing more than 100,000 tons of coal annually. A superior quality of potter's clay is also mined and shipped extensively to other points. The city has brick and drain-tile works, a bank, four churches, two public schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,635; (1910), 1,445. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va., Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before graduation by an accident which interrupted his studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of President Madison, remaining six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by appointment of the President. He early manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three years later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for Illinois, traveling by wagons to Bi-ownsville, Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a point below Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying overland to Edwardsville. While descending the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was, in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ill Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of Register of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by President Monroe. In 1822 he became the candidate for Governor of those opposed to removing the restriction in the State Constitution against the introduction of slavery, and, although a majority of the voters then favored the measure, he was elected by a small plurality over his highest competitor in conse- quence of a division of the opposition vote between three candidates. The Legislature chosen at the same time submitted to the people a proposition for a State Convention to revise the Constitution, which was rejected at the election of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient aid in opposition to the measure of such men as Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he was himself a most influential factor in protecting Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing his salary for his entire term ($4,000) to that end. In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he continued to reside some years on his farm near Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, where he married during the following year, and continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and Slave Laics.) COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford County, but organized in 1830, and named in honor of Gov. Edward Coles, lies central to the eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 square miles, with a population (1910) of 34,517. The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the county, but the principal stream is the Embarras (Embraw). The chief resource of the people is agriculture, although the county lies within the limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and west are prairies, while timber abounds in the southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products. Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county -seat, is centrally located, and has a number of handsome public buildings, private residences and business blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488. Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 9,622, and is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna. COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the Kankakee and Bloomington branch of the Illinois Centi-al Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1910), 965. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. The institution ranks among the leading medical colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is equal to those of other first-class medical schools throughout the country. The teaching faculty, of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of assistants, demonstrators, etc. COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward colleges. The first charters for institutions of this character were granted in 1833, and were for the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first named was to be under the care of the Scotch Covenanters, but was never founded. The second was in the interest of the Baptists, but the charter was not accepted. Both these acts contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, notably one to the effect that no theological department should be established and no pro- fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor should any religious test be applied in the selec- tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The friends of higher education, however, made com- mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private colleges — the Alton ; the Illinois, at Jacksonville ; the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. Similar restrictive provisions as to theological teaching were incorporated in these charters, and a limitation was placed upon the amount of 112 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. property to be owned by any institution, but in many respects the law was more liberal than its predecessors of two years previous. Owing to the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- tory departments under the tuition of the college professors. The college last named above ( Jones- boro) was to have been founded by the Christian denomination, but was never organized. The three remaining ones stand, in the order of their formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward Shurtleff ) ; in the order of graduating initial classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois College in 1829, and a class was organized in the collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female Academy, the first school for girls chartered in the State. From this time forward colleges and academies were incorporated in rapid succession, many of them at places whose names have long since disappeared from the map of the State. It was at this time that there developed a strong party in favor of founding what were termed, rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- leges." It was believed that the time which a student might be able to "redeem" from study, could be so profitably employed at farm or shop- work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of 1835 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- mon County. University powers were conferred upon the institution last named, and its charter also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- vision that any sect might establish a professor- ship of theology therein. In 1837 six more colleges were incorporated, only one of w T hich (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, better and broader views of education had developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed all prohibition of the establishing of theological departments, as well as the restrictions previously imposed upon the amount and value of property to be owned by private educational institutions. The whole number of colleges and seminaries incorporated under the State law (1896) is forty- three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, Lake Forest University, McKendree College, Mon- mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary, Monticello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni- versity, Shurtleff College. ) COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was born in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at Boston University, 1858; soon after became an itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united with the Unitarian Church and officiated as pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but later served as a special commissioner of the Johns Hopkins University in the collection of labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine writer. His published works include: "Every - Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" (1876). Died near his birthplace, July 27, 1890. COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- est of five brothers who came with their parents from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and settled in the town of Unionville — now Collins- ville — in the southwestern part of Madison County. They were enterprising and public- spirited business men, who engaged, quite extensively for the time, in various branches of manufacture, including flour and whisky. This was an era of progress and development, and becoming convinced of the injurious character of the latter branch of their business, it was promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch was later associated with his brother Michael in the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged in manufacturing business for many years. He was a man of high business probity and religious principle, as well as a determined opponent of the institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that he was once subjected by his neighbors to the intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in commemoration of the act of emancipation in the West Indies, he gave utterance to the following prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant when our own country will celebrate a day of emancipation within her own borders, and con- sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring throughout the length and breadth of the land." He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov ernor in 1842. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 113 COLLINS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, where he grew to manhood. After spending a couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 he began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in exploration of the surrounding country, but returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had been his preceptor in New York, still later being a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- sidered an eminent authority in law and gained an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway slaves in securing their liberty or defended others who did so. He was also one of the original promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court at Ottawa, in 1854. COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was educated at the Northwestern University. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon built up a remunerative practice. He was elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, soon became one of the leaders of his party on the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time devoting his attention to regular practice in the city of Chicago. COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, born at Collinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, later taking a course in literature, philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle several years , in 1858, became editor and propri- etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but resigning in 1863, organized a company of the One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army Corps headquarters, until after the fall of Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, when he engaged in the manufacturing business as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. This business he conducted successfully some twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim, of the city of Quincy ; Representative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan; was a promi- nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican candidate for Congress in the Quincy District-, in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- lican, was twice elected Supervisor in a stronglv Democratic city. Died July 29, 1910. COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. & I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. The place was originally settled in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-miil for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber The town was platted by surviving members of this family in 1836 Coal-mining is the principal industry, and one or two mines are operated within the corporate limits. The city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile factories, two building and loan associations, a lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street railways, seven churches, two banks, a high school, and a newspaper office. Population (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4.021; (1910), 7,478. COLLYER, Robert, clergyman, was born at Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left school at eight years of age to earn his living in a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. His only opportunity of acquiring an education during this period, apart from private study, was 114 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in a night-school, which he attended two winters. In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher, came to the United States the next year, settling in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- ment having gradually been changed towards Unitarianism, his license to preach was revoked by the conference, and, in 1859, he united with the Unitarian Church, having already won a wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church, beginning with seven members, though it has since become one of the strongest and most influ- ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted a call to a church in New York City, where he still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly visited England, and has exerted a wide influence as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1866) "A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant" (1868) "A History of the Town and Parish of likely' (1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (1886). COLTON, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present city of Galesburg, where he built the first store and dwelling house; continued in general mer- chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- while associating his sons with him in business under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. Colton was associated with the construction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of the Company; was also a Director of the First National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885. —Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- burg with his father's family in 1836, and was educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855, and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After graduation, he was in partnership with his father some seven years, also served as Vice-President of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 1866, was appointed by President Johnson United States Consul at Venice, remaining there until 1869. The latter year he became the General Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, continuing in that position until 1871, meantime visiting China, Japau and India, and establishing agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 1884, and the same year removed to Washington, D. C, where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is a large land owner in some of the Western States, especially Kansas and Nebraska. COLUMBIA, a town of Monroe County, on Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles south of St. Louis; has a machine shop, large flour mill, brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1910), 2,076. COMPANY OP THE WEST, THE, a company formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop the resources of "New France," in which the "Illinois Country" was at that time included. At the head of the company was the celebrated John Law, and to him and his associates the French monarch granted extraordinary powers, both governmental and commercial. They were given the exclusive right to refine the precious metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company, owing to the king having granted them conces- sions to trade with the East Indies and China. On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France declared that the Illinois Country should form a part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the shrewd management of Law and his associates, immigration soon increased, as many as 800 settlers arriving in a single year. The directors of the company, in the exercise of their govern- mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- briant Governor of the Illinois District. He proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company was energetic, and, in the main, wise. Grants of commons were made to various French villages, and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size and population. Permanent settlers were given grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. These grants (which were allodial in their char- acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of the American Bottom, lying between the Missis- sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 115 held their lands in one great common field, each proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte- nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies Company divided the Province of Louisiana into nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois was numerically the Seventh, and included not only the southern half of the existing State, but also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary and the Company's Commissary, formed the District Council, the civil law being in force. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were appointed directly by the French crown. CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, founded in 1874 ; the succes- sor of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois University. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- though there is no classical course. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutherans. The institution reports §125,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111. , at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., where he served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now a part of Chicago), where he served as City Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was defeated with the National and the State tickets of that year, since when he has given his atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his profession. CONNER, Edwin Hurd, lawyer and diploma- tist, was born in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843; graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1862, and immediately thereafter enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated from the Albany Law School and practiced for a time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and banking; was twice elected County Treasurer of Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, being re-elected in 1882; in 1886, was elected to Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of his last term was appointed by President Harri- son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of Illinois. Died March 18, 1907. CONGREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but left for New Orleans without organizing any churches. The first church was organized at Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed by others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, who became pastor of the first Quincy church, followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant (afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Fooi. Other Congregational ministers who came to the State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson Tlieron Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two Love joys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more of whom, either temporarily or permanently, became associated with Presbyterian churches. Although Illinois College was under the united patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational- ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- ment were Congregationalists, and the same was true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was convened the first Congregational Council, known in the denominational history of the State as 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to fifteen separate Associations have been organized. By 1890, the development of the denomination had been such that it had 280 churches, support- ing 312 ministers, with 33, 126 members. During that year the disbursements on account of chari- ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches, were nearly $1,000,000. The Chicago Theological Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school of divinity, its property holdings being worth nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. (See also Religious Denominations.) CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT. (See Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- atives in Congress. ) CONKLING, James Cook, lawyer, wa? born in New York City, Oct. 13, 1816 ; graduated at Prince- ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J. , in 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a later period he was associated with Gen. James Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War and a United States Senator, at different times, from three different States. As an original Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and trusted friend he was through life. It was to him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the "Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, and served in the lower branch of the Seven- teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies (1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful management in the latter, that the first appropri- ation was made for the new State House, which established the capital permanently in that city. At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where the Republican party in Illinois may be said to have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln and three others, he represented Sangamon County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, and was appointed a member of the State Central Committee which conducted the campaign of that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's own District for him for President. The intimacy of personal friendship existing between him and Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- tion for over thirty years as an original member of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other public positions held by him included those of State Agent during the Civil War by appointment of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, continuing in office four years. High-minded and honorable, of pure personal character and strong religious convictions, public-spirited and liberal, probably no man did more to promote the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- field, during the sixty years of his residence there, than he. His death, as a result of old age, occurred in that city, March 1, 1899. — Clinton L. (Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale College in 1864, studied law with his father, and was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. After practicing a few years, he turned his atten- tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed practice and has proved successful. He has devoted much attention of late years to real estate business, and has represented large land interests in this and other States. For many years lie was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument Association, and has served on the Board of County Supervisors, which is the only political office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the highest probity and ability, was defeated in a district overwhelmingly Democratic. CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 1842; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of the State Senate ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was successively commissioned as Captain and Major, retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- Colonel. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the State Legislature from Coles County and re-elected in 1874; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893; in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of the Treasury, but declined the office; the same year ran as the Republican candidate for Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 117 gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) District in opposition to Wm. M. Springer, and was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He declined a second nomination in 1888, but, in 1894, was nominated for a third time (this time for the Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro- fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth Congress. CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle Air Academy and the University of Virginia, graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- nent of the policy of the Government in dealing with secession. Having removed to Marshall, Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice of his profession there, but was elected Judge of the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- stable was arrested because of his release of four deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers who had arrested them. He was subsequently released by Judge Treat of the United States District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 22, in which four soldiers and three citizens were killed outright, and eight persons were wounded. CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois has had four State Conventions called for the purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— adopted Constitutions which went into effect, while the instrument framed by the Convention of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical history of each will be found below : Convention of 1818. — In January, 1818, the Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress requesting the passage of an act authorizing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government. A bill to this effect was intro- duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- ing. It authorized the people to frame a Constitution and organize a State Government — apportioning the Delegates to be elected from each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday of July, following, as the day of election, and the first Monday of August as the time for the meet- ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned upon a census of the people of the Territory (to be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu- lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as taken, showed the required population, but, as finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 — being the smallest with which any State was ever admitted into the Union. The election took place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were farmers of limited education, but with a fair portion of hard common-sense. Five of the Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. Thomas (afterwards one of the first United States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, also a later Senator, was among the dominating spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter should be ascribed whatever new matter was incorporated in the instrument, it being copied in most of its essential provisions from the Con- stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The Convention completed its labors and adjourned, August 26, the Constitution was submitted to Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- nois was admitted into the Union as a State by resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. Convention of 1847. — An attempt was made in 1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the movement being to secure the incorporation of a provision authorizing the admission of slavery into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, submitting the proposition to a vote of the people, was secured by the most questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it was rejected at the election of 1824. (See Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles, Edioard.) At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on the subject was submitted to the people, but it was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 118 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- ted, and, at the election of 1846, was approved. The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, following. It was composed of 162 members, ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list of Delegates embraced the names of many who afterwards attained high distinction in public affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed in its successor, except by a few additions, among which was a section disqualifying any person who had been concerned in a duel from holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- ever, was carefully revised and several important changes made. Among these may be mentioned the following: Limiting the elective franchise for foreign-born citizens to those who had become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- ive; requiring that all State officers be elected by the people; changing the time of the election of the Executive, and making him ineligible for immediate re-election; various curtailments of the power of the Legislature; imposing a two- mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- tion, August 31, 1847; ratified by popular vote, March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848. Convention of 1862. — The proposition for holding a third Constitutional Convention was submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In the excitement attendant upon the early events of the war, people paid comparatively little attention to the choice of its members. It was composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed as doubtful. The Convention assembled at Springfield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses- sion until March 24, following. It was in many respects a remarkable body. The law providing for its existence prescribed that the members, before proceeding to business, should take an oath to support the State Constitution. This the majority refused to do. Their conception of their powers was such that they seriously deliber- ated upon electing a United States Senator, assumed to make appropriations from the State treasury, claimed the right to interfere with military affairs, and called upon the Governor for information concerning claims of the Illinois Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- posed numerous important changes in the organic law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862, by a majority of over 16,000 votes Convention of 1869-70.— The second attempt to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in submission to the people, by the Legislature of 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- tion held in November and the Convention assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- ents." It was an assemblage of some of the ablest men of the State, including representatives of all the learned professions except the clerical, besides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal- ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and in the main good. Some of the principal changes made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the Convention, were the following: The prohibi- tion of special legislation where a general law may be made to cover the necessities of the case, and the absolute prohibition of such legislation in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of other matters; prohibition of the passage of any law releasing any civil division (district, county, city, township or town) from the payment of its just proportion of any State tax; recommenda- tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon certain specified subjects, such as liberal home- stead and exemption rights, the construction of drains, the regulation of charges on railways (which were declared to be public highways), etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses public warehouses, and providing for their legis- lative inspection and supervision. The mainte- nance of an "efficient system of public schools" was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal, town or district — to the support of sectarian schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu- lative voting, or "minority representation," in the choice of members of the House of Represent- atives was provided for, and additional safe- guards thrown around the passage of bills. The ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a second consecutive term was set aside, and a HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 119 two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary to override an executive veto. The list of State officers was increased by the creation of the offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction, these having been previ- ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme Court bench was increased by the addition of four members, making the whole number of Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts authorized after 1874, and County Courts were made courts of record. The compensation of all State officers— executive, judicial and legislative — was left discretionary with the Legislature, and no limit was placed upon the length of the sessions of the General Assembly. The instru- ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at an election held. July 6, 1870, and went into force, August 8, following. Occasional amendments have been submitted and ratified from time to time. (See Constitutions, Elections and Repre- sentation; also Minority Rej)resentation.) CONSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. The earliest instrument was that approved by Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at an election held, March 5, 1848. and going into force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, except that of Treasurer, which is two years. Biennial elections and sessions of the General Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their seats for four years, and Representatives two years. The State is required to be apportioned after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three Representatives. The principle of minority rep- resentation lias been incorporated into the organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as many votes for one legislative candidate as there are Representatives to be chosen in his district; or he may divide his vote equally among all the three candidates or between two of them, as he may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- palities are classified, and legislation is for all cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- ance must secure payment of their claims under the terms of some general appropriation. The sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to time, nor is there any restriction upon the power of the Executive to summon extra sessions. (See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections; Governors and other State Officers; Judicial System; Suffrage, Etc. ) COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; completed his academic education at the Collegi- ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, serving two years, when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people under the Constitution of that year, for four years. From 1852 to 1860, he was State Senator, taking part in the election which resulted in making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference which met at Washington. He may be called one of the founders of the Republican party in this State, having been a member of the State Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 18, 1894. COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to Illinois and began the pi'actice of law at Kaskas- kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,' and at the same time served as Auditor of Public- Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards; the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quiney Adajns, then minister to London, and, on his return, was appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of the State he was elected the first Attorney- General, but almost immediately resigned and, in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- ing as Representative until 1827. Having married a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent the success of that scheme. He also bore a prominent part while in Congress in securing the donation of lands for the construction of the 120 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished for his eloquence, and it was during his first Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was introduced into the State. Suffering from consumption, he visited Cuba, and; after return- ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at Edwardsville, 111., June 12, 1825, the son of Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was educated by private tutors and at Illinois College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon County, later serving as Quartermaster of the State. Raising a company promptly after the firing on Fort Sumter in 1861, he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers — the first regiment organized in Illinois under the first call for troops by President Lincoln; was promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort Donelson in March, 1862 ; in 1864 commanded the District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the brevet rank of Major-General. General Cook was elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. His last years were spent near Ransom, Mich. Died Aug. 11, 1910. COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, and being the most easterly of the second tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It has an area of 890 square miles; population (1 00), 1,838,735; population (1910), 2,405,233; county-seat Chicago. The county was organized in 1831, having originally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will, Lake, McHenry and Ii-oquois, in addition to its present territorial limits. It was named in honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. AVilliam Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A scow ferry was established across the South Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- gists are of the opinion that, previous to the glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines River. This theory is borne out by the finding of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern and southern portions of the county, either under- lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that, at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty feet higher than at present. Glacial action is believed to have been very effective in establish- ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable abundance. Athens marble (white when taken out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat have also been found. The general surface is level, although undulating in some portions. The soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior becomes a black mold from one to four feet in depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des Plaines, Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which has been improved by the construction of the Drainage Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the principal industries outside of the city of Chi- cago. (See also Chicago. ) COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- cago and under control of the Commissioners of Cook County. It was originally erected by the City of Chicago, at a cost of §80,000, and was intended to be used as a hospital for patients suffering from infectious diseases. For several years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, it was leased by an association of physicians, who opened a hospital, with the further purpose of affording facilities for clinical instruction to the students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the building was taken by the General Government for military purposes, being used as an eye and ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- cious site at a cost of 8145,000, and began the erec- tion of buildings thereon. The two principal pavilions were completed and occupied before the close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an administrative building and two additional pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date the total cost of the buildings had been §719,574, and later additions and improvements have swelled the outlay to more than 81,000,000. It accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes a part of the county machinery for the care of the poor. A certain number of beds are placed under the care of homeopathic physicians. The a o f > S3 7\ CO H • ALONG SHERIDAN ROAD AND ON THE BOULEVARDS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 121 present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or house physicians and surgeons, composed of recent graduates from the several medical col- leges, who gain their positions through competi- tive examination and hold them for eighteen months. COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1849; was educated in the common schools and the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that city and at Columbian University, Washington, D. C, graduating from that institution with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- cago the same year, he entered upon the practice of his profession, which he pursued for the remainder of his life. In 1882 he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature from Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in attendance on the extra session of Congress in Washington, June 24, 1897. COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- ing business, also serving in the Iowa State Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate of his party for United States Senator, being defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 1862 he came to Chicago and opened the banking house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co., which, in 1865, became the Union National Bank of Chicago. Later he became the first President of the Chi- cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' Association of the West and South, a Director of the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to the whole city of Chicago. COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban- gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville and finally in the city of Quincy; in 1842 took a prominent part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also received from Governor Carlin an appointment as Quartermaster-General of the State. On the accession of Governor French in December, 1846, he was appointed Secretary of State and elected to the same office under the Constitution of 1848, dying before the expiration of his term, April 2, 1850. CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, physician, was born in Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri mary education in the public schools, followed by an academic course, and began the study of medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon thereafter removing to Lee County, where he remained until 1862. The latter year he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- pelled to resign the following year on account of ill health. Returning from the army, he located at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a member of the State Board of Public Charities from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical Examiners for his District under tbe Pension Bureau, and has served as a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the State Board of Charities, and was made President of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William G. Stearns. Died March 17, 1909. CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi- talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822; at 9 years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of a farmer, working part of the year to earn money to send himself to school the remainder; also taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but soon after became a student in the law office of Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 122 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a contract with Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 320 acres of land held under tax-title within the present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby securing one-half of the property in his own name. He thus became the founder of the village of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. He also established a watch factory at Cornell (now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell was a member of the first Park Board, and there- fore had the credit of assisting to organize Chicago's extensive park system. Died March 3, 1904. CORWIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he served in both Houses of the Legislature, and settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at Peru. He was a member of the lower house of the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 15, 1879. COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a fair English education. After engaging succes- sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- tilling business, in 1836, in company with his younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They both decided to go into business there, first open- ing a small store, and later entering upon their hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at various times, of many large business blocks in the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, while boarding a street car in the central part of the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, receiving injuries which resulted in his death the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up in business on his own account. In 1836, while visiting Chicago with his brother James, he determined to go into business there. With a stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, newly bought in New York, a small store was opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the old Tremont House, then a low frame building kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost of $75, 000, surpassing anything the West had ever known before, the Tremont House this time stood until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an immense patronage, and was able to accumulate (for that time) a large fortune. He purchased and improved a large number of business blocks, then within the business center of the city. In 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of his life to seek recreation in travel. In the winter of 1857, while with his family in Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- cago. COULTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Centra) Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. The town has two banks, two creameries, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 650; (1910), 949. COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan- ized Counties.) COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751; (1910), 711. COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew up on a farm and, after spending some time at Michigan University, entered the office of "The Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which had just been bought by Joseph Medill and others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 123 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889. COX, Thomas, pioneer, Senator in the First General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union County, and a conspicuous figure in early State history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the original proprietors and founders of the city of Springfield, and was appointed the first Register of the Land Office there, but was removed under charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- sin Territory), became a member of the first Territorial Legislature there, Avas twice re-elected and once Speaker of the House, being prominent in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. COY, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the common schools and at Central College, Cortland County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he located in Kendall County and began practice ; in 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, commencing practice at Knoxville. He held the offices of State's Attorney and County Judge, and represented Knox County in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and '91, his last term expiring June 1, 1900. He was a Democrat in politics, but was three times elected as Justice of the Supreme Court in Republican judicial district. Died Sept. 6, 1911. CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- tor, was born jn Bennington, Vt., but reared in Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111.; had practiced law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 and '94 — and was author of the Crawford Primary Election Law, enacted in 1885. Died June 4, 1903. CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 470 square miles; population (1910), 26,281. The first settlers were the French, but later came emigrants from New England. The soil is rich and well adapted to the production of corn and wheat, which are the principal crops. The county was organized in 1816, Darwin being the first county-seat. The present county-seat is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; centrally located and the point of intersection of two railroads. Other towns of importance are Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River crosses the southwest portion of the county, and receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral resources, but contains some valuable woodland and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- ing products. CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 539; (1900), 940; (1910), 936. CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. When he was but 7 years old his parents removed to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in White County. In 1862 he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating in all the important movements in the Mississippi Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time commanding a brigade. Returning home, he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention Died. June 26, 1890. 124 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CREKtHTON, James A., jurist, was born in White County, 111., March 7, 1846; in childhood removed with his parents to Wayne County, and was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a time while studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Circuit, was re-elected in 1891, 1897, in 1903 and 1909. CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York City, in 1827; at 18 years of age was an employe of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- quently accepting a position with Morris K. Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to Chicago in 1862, in partnership with J. McGregor Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & Co. , in that city, also becoming a partner in the Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- ers. He also became interested and an official in various other business organizations, including the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified with various benevolent institutions and associ- ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted by the New York Chamber of Commerce with the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- ers by that calamity. His integrity and business sagacity were universally recognized. After his death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1889, it was found that, after making munificent bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, amounting to some 82,000,000, for the purpose of founding a public library in the city of Chicago, naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited a man could have been devised. CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 760; (1910), 840. CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day- ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- try; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the service, January, 1866. During the war he participated in some of the most important battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the volunteer service he returned to the regular army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he was appointed Major-General and, from that time to his death, was in command of the Military Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French village on the Mississippi just above the mouth of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at Shippingport near the present city of La Salle (1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in La Salle County, kept a storage and commission house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry County, at the intersection of two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546, (1890), 781; (1900), 950; (1910), 1,242. CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ- ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick and cigars are made here, and the town has two banks, a newspaper, three churches and good schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; (1910), 2,019. CULLEN, William, editor and Congressman, born in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public schools. At the age of 20 he removed to La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 125 other local offices, and was for many years a part owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress. CULLOM, Richard Northcraft, farmer and legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne County, Ky., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. Although a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of prominence and a recognized leader in public affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of whom he was an intimate personal and political friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1852, was again elected to the House. Mr. Cullom's death occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1872, his wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom. CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1830, where his father became a member of the Legislature and attained prominence as a public man. After two years spent in Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, he was almost immediately elected City Attor- ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same time being elected to the Twentieth General Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the session following the latter election, he was chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first important political recognition. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln a member of the War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was also a candidate for the State Senate the same year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con- gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. /He was a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the Presidency, holding the same position again in 1884 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi- nois House of Representatives in 1872 and in 1874, being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he was the unanimous choice of his party for Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov- ernor, was re-elected in 1880, and, in 1883, elected to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. David Davis. By four successive re-elections since 1885, he is now serving his fifth term, which will expire in 1913. In 1898, by special appointment of President McKinley, Senator Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and report a plan of government for this new division of the American Republic. Other important measures with which his name has been promi nently identified have been the laws for the sup- pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, and has been a prominent member of other important Committees. His career has been conspicuous for his long public service, the large number of important offices which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No man in the history of the State has been so frequently elected to the United States Senate, and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and Logan — were each elected for three terms; though only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to serve out the full period for which he was elected. CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, directly south of Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1813. Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a town in 1866. The present county-seat is at Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras River crosses the county, as do also three lines of railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has z, popula- tion of 829. The county received its name irorz the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro jected, passed through it. Pop. (1910), 14,281. 126 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- erville, Md. , June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. CUMULATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre- sentation. ) CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was born in Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30, 1806; graduated at Middlebury 'College, Vt., in 1831, with the highest honors of his class; after three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he accepted an appointment as agent of the Home Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 1843 and 1858 holding pastorates at Madison, Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, dying there, Sept. 18, 1862. CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born at Akron, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1850; graduated at Western Reserve College in 1871, meanwhile learning the art of typesetting; later served as a reporter on ' 'The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, took a subordinate position on "The Chicago Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- panied General Custer in his campaign against the Sioux, spent several months investigating the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the tour of the United States with the South and Central American representatives in that Con- gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he had general supervision of the Latin-American historical and archaeological exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every Central and South American country and has written elaborately on these subjects for the magazines and for publication in book form; has also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler'' and a "Diplomatic History of the United States and Foreign Powers." Mr. Curtis spent his last years as correspondent of " The Chicago Record- Herald," writing extensively from various parts of the world. Died Sept. 6, 1911. CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass., May 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ; at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., where he opened a country store, also built a mill at Vermilionville ; later was identified with many large financial enterprises which generally proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- tune at one time estimated at $3,000,000. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) and, for several years, held a commission as Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing the Fifty -third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. He organized and was principal owner of the Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First National Bank of that city; was the leading spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas Company at Ottawa, built and operated the Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — his operations in the latter being especially large about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, however, brought financial disaster upon him, which finally dissipated his fortune and de- stroyed his mental and physical health. His death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878. DALE, Michael (*., lawyer, was born in Lan- caster, Pa. , spent his childhood and youth in the public schools of his native city, except one year in West Chester Academy, when he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating there in 1835. He then began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1837; coming to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 127 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a suit at Greenville, Bond County, which led to his employment in others, and finally to opening an office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- signed the office of County Judge in Bond County to accept that of Register of the Land office at Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- ing the office of County Judge in Madison County five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- ville, April 1, 1895. DALLAS CITY) in Hancock and Henderson Counties, at the intersection of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has manu- factories of lumber, buttons, carriages and wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 747; (1900), 970; (1910), 1,288. DANENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing through the schools of Chicago and Washington, he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com- missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months, Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until they were able to launch them in open water, but were soon separated by a gale The boat commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, where the crew were rescued by natives, landing Sept. 17. 1881. After an ineffectual search on the delta for the crews of the other two boats, Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He has told the story of the expedition in "The Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882, Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887. DANVERS, a village of McLean County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. The section is agricultural. The town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607; (1910), 593. DANVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion County, on Vermilion River and on five impor- tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining district and near large deposits of shale and soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city has car-shops and numerous factories, water- works, electric lights, paved streets, several banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools and one high school, and eight newspapers, two daily. A Soldiers' Home is located three miles east of the city. Pop. (1900), 16,354; (1910), 27,871. DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINUTON & PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) D'ARTAKiUIETTE, Pierre, a French com- mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned at the stake. DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer ancj trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, came to this country in 1804, and soon aftei enlisted in the United States army, with the rani of sergeant. He served gallantly on various expeditions in the West, where he obtained a knowledge of the Indians which was afterward of great value to him. During the War of 1812 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- ing expired and the war ended, he entered the service of the contract commissary. He selected the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning and supervising its construction. He cultivated friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the site of the present city of Rock Island. He had the confidence and respect of the savages, was successful and his trading posts were soon scat- tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 128 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed the first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united his business with that of the American Fur Com- pany, in whose service he remained. Although he employed every effort to induce President Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and his followers to induce them to emigrate across the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered his services to Governor Reynolds, b\ whom he was commissioned Quartermaster-General with the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War. In 1835 a company, of which he was a member, founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. In the latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, having accumulated a fortune through hard labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often of grave perils. He had large business interests in nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which he gave more or less personal attention. On the night of July 4, 1843, he was assassinated at his home by robbers. For a long time the crime was shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were ultimately detected and brought to punishment. DAVIS, David, jurist and United States Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 9, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled at Blooniington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862, placed him upon the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial honors to become United States Senator in 1877 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- ton, June 26, 1886. DAVIS, George R., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Three Rivers, Mass. , January 3, 1840 ; received a common school education, and a classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp- ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent part in the organization of the Chicago militia, was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, I. N. G. , and was for a time the senior Colonel in the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress, but was elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook County. He took an active and influential part in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General of the Exposition from its inception to its close, by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827, being the son of John Davis, United States Senator and Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of law , in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, remaining in active service until August, 1865, when he resigned. After the war he was, for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870, by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a voyage to Europe. DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to have taught the first school in that county. He became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the Whig party, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a man of striking personal appearance, being over six feet in height, and of strong individuality. After the dissolution of the Whig party he identi- fied himself with the Democracy and was an intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 1866. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 129 DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Stephen- son County, 111., in boyhood and served as Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, was elected Captain and, on the organization of the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately wounded by a shot through the lungs, but recovered in time to join his regiment before the battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1862, he fell mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- zens, a few days before his death, to accept a nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve my country better in following the torn banner of my regiment in the battlefield." DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The following year he removed to Illinois, settling at Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public Accounts, to which office he was elected by the Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He attained prominence at the bar and was, for several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companies, in which he was also a Director. Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began practice at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Chicago Medical College (now the medical department of Northwestern University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis had not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with his profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periodicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The Journal of the American Medical Association." He was also prominent in State, National and Inter- national Medical Congresses, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago His- torical Society, the Illinois State Microscopical So- ciety and the Union College of Law, besides other scientific associations. Died June 16, 1904. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791 ; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- sented Sangamon County at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun until 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buildings have been added from time tft time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably the largest, as it is un questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 130 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where 'he taught school and served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term, Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, which proving disastrous in 1857, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of law. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position Until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent public schools, including one of the best and most noted high schools in the State. Two daily papers and one weekly (labor) journal are published there. Pop. (1900), 20,754; (1910), 31,140. DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVENTION. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention. ) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. ) DECATUR, SULLIYAN & MATTOON RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. ) DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi- dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before his death, gave the following account of it: "In the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear a man, and finally over this crust there were a few inches of snow. The clouds passed away and the wind came down upon us from the north- west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury in the thermometer tube was not, on any one morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts say that this storm caused great suffering among both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- able to reach the mills or produce stores, were driven, in some cases, to great extremity for supplies ; mills were stopped by the freezing up of streams, while deer and other game, sinking through the crust of snow, were easily captured or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- tenance or from the severity of the cold. DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and there founded the plow-works which bear his name and of which he was President from 1868 until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- dent and General Manager, until his father's death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He was also founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn Planter Works, President of the Moline Water Power Company, besides being a Director in various other concerns and in the branch houses of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines, Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- standing his immense business interests, Mr. Deere found time for the discharge of public and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he was for years a member and Chairman of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, and a delegate to the National Republican Conven- tion at St. Louis, in 1896. Died Oct. 29, 1907. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 131 DEERING, William, manufacturer, was born at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826, completed his education at the Readfield high school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur- ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- ing several large, successful business enterprises, including wholesale and commission dry-goods houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York. His greatest work has been the building up of the Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature of which, for thirty years, has been the manu- facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural implements and appliances. This concern began operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist than any other establishment in the country, receiving its raw material from many foreign countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- ing continues to be President of the Company and a principal factor in the management of its immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited and benevolent, and his business career has been notable for the absence of controversies with his employes. He has been, for a number of years, one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is President of the Board. DE K A Lit, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown rapidly, largely because of the introduction of new industrial enterprises. It contains a large wire drawing plant, barbed wj-t fc_„ories, foun- dry, agricultural implemt-^v works, machine shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac- turing establishments. It has banks, three news- papers, electric street railway, eight miles of paved streets, nine churches and three graded schools. It is the site of the Northern State Normal School, located in 1895. Population (1880), 1,598; (1890), 2,579; (1900), 5,904; (1910), 8,102. DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of La Salle County, and later of Kane, was organized in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square miles and population (in 1910), 33,457. The land is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained several villages and their own tribal government. No sooner had the aborigines been removed than white settlers appeared in large numbers, and, in September, 1835, a convocation was held on the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- rary form of government. The public lands in the county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with numerous groves and wooded tracts along the principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- erse the county, which embraces one of the wealthiest rural districts in the State. DE KALB & GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) DELAVAN,a thriving city in Tazewell County, on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at the point of its intersection with the Peoria and Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 miles west- southwest of Bloomington and 24 miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively grown in the adjacent territory, and much shipped from Delavan. The place supports two banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two weekly papers. It also has five churches and a graded school. Pop. (1900), 1,304; (1910), 1,175. DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State, was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent citizen of the State, who held the office of State Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the subject of this sketch was educated there and at Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a complimentary commission as Captain for gal- lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw Bayou, where the commander of his regiment, Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- tain Dement entered the State Legislature by election as Representative from Lee County in 1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876, was pro- moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 132 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, serving eight years. The last public position held by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was appointed in 1891, serving two years. His present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. DEMENT, John, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff in 1826, and which he represented in the General Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk War, having previously had experience in two Indian cam- paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this office to represent Fayette County in the General Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing of success, he removed to the northern part of the State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of Public Moneys, but he was removed by President Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 1845, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the office from that date until it was abolished. He was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, '62, and '70), being Temporary President of the two bodies last named. He was the father of Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at Dixon, Jan. 16, 1883. DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi- cago; is still in practice and has served as President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and the State Bar Association. DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu- lation (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666; (1910), 2,348. DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, after passing through Kenosha County, in that State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan through Cook County, finally unites with the Kankakee, about 1? miles southwest of Joliet, by its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois River. Its length is about 150 miles. The Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, was born at Forestville, N. Y. , Dec. 6, 1845 ; after receiving his primary education took a two years' course in the literary and a three years' course in the medical department of the Michigan Univer- sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1869. He then began practice as House Physician and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary methods, meanwhile spending six months in the Prussian military service as Surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the war he took a brief course in the University of Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he w r as employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super- intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the treatment of the insane has stood among the highest of his class. DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central portion of the State; has an area of 440 square miles and a population (1910) of 18,906. The land was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta- watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- nent white settlers occupy this region. The first to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel, William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- ever, the first cabin had been built on the. site of the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian church were built at Waynesville. The county was organized in 1839, and — with its capital (Clinton) — was named after one of New York's most distinguished Governors. It lies within the great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois Central) cross the county. Clinton had a. popu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 133 lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367. Both are railroad centers and have considerable trade. DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 1815; taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that State; spent one year at a manual labor school in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will County, still later engaging in the same vocation in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, was admitted to practice. In 1854 he was elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the position for a quarter of a century, winning for himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an original abolitionist and his home is said to have been one of the stations on the "underground railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. He was descended from a family of lawyers, his grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable attention at first to his father's extensive lumber trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter of the Government during the Civil War, and was an active member of the Relief and Aid Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years before his death being in the service of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as its general solicitor and member of the executive committee of the Board of Directors. Died in Chicago, May 20, 1890. DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from Columbia College, read law and was admitted to the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four years later settled there, becoming one of its most influential citizens. Upon the organization of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- ber, 1848, lie was elected Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan opposition, serving until the expiration of his term in 1853. He was prominently identified with several important commercial enterprises, was one of the founders of the Chicago Library Association, and one of the first Trustees of the Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his residence in his native city, New York, where he died, June 2, 1892. DICKEY, Theophilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, McDonough County, where he was admitted to the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, where he resided three years, a part of the time editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the Mexican War, organized a company of volun- teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan, and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, resigning after eighteen months' service. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," having been founded by Alexander Campbell. Many members settled in Illinois in the early 30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the denomination soon began to flourish greatly Any one was admitted to membership who made what is termed a scriptural confession of faith and was baptized by immersion. Alexander Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man oi much native ability, as well as a born conver- sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in numbers and influence in the State. The United States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- bership of 61,587, having 530 Sunday schools, with 50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the real property, which included 552 church edifices (with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- ages, was $1,167,675. The denomination supports Eureka College, with an attendance of between 134 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued at $150,000. Total membership in the United States, estimated at 750,000. DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock River furnishes abundant water power and the manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth factory, wagon factory; also has electric light and power plant, three shoe factories, planing mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are two National and one State bank, eleven churches, a hospital, and three newspapers, In schools the city particularly excels, having sev- eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here annually. Population (1900), 7,917; (1910), 7,216. DIXON, John, pioneer — the first white settler in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed to New York City, where he was in business some fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy Creek, some nine miles north of the present site of that city. Here he remained some five years, in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- mon County Grand Jury. The new county of Peoria having been established in 1825, he was offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was then called. Later he became contractor for carrying the mail on the newly established route between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his family to this point in April, 1830. Here he established friendly relations with the Indians, and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later, was enabled to render valuable service to the State. His station was for many years one of the most important points in Northern Illinois, and among the men of national reputation who were entertained at different times at his home, may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid- ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in 1840, secured the removal of the land office from Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate from Lee County to the Republican State Con- vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and, although then considerably over 70 years of age, spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. His death occurred, July 6, 1876. DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., March 23, 1833; was educated in the common schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago and oj>ened a small grocery store which, by 1870, had become one of the most extensive concerns of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an importing business in many lines of goods used in the grocery trade. Having become interested in the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was elected its President and continued to act in that capacity. He was also a stockholder and a Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — being one of those who guaranteed the $5,000,000 raised by citizens of Chicago to assure the success of the enterprise. Died March 23, 1901. DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, churches and a graded school. Population (1880) 448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229; (1910), 1,869. DONdiOLA, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. Pop. (1890), 733; (1900), 681; (1910), 702. DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1845. and in 1851 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 135 removed to Wisconsin; two years later was elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and the following year was elected as a Democratic- Republican to the United States Senate, being re-elected as a Republican in 1863. Retiring from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided chiefly at Racine, Wis. , though practicing in the courts of Chicago. He was President of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866, and of the National Democratic Convention of 1872 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace Greeley for President. Died, at Edge wood, R. I., July 27, 1897. DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H., March 22, 1822; began teaching at 17 years of age and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; then taught several years and, in 1854, was offered and accepted the position of Superintend- ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two years later. Afterwards engaging in business, he served as Vice-President and President of the Board of Trade, President of the Com- mercial Insurance Company and of the State Savings Institution ; was a member of the State Senate, 1868-72, and has been identified with various benevolent organizations of the city of Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6, 1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and early attaining prominence as a successful criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized political leader, was elected as a member of the House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832) and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in 1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the latter body until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, Sept. 7, 1879. DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three years in his native city, then came west and settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central Railroad, with which he had been associated as an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 he was a Director of the Company over twelve years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, March 25, 1891. DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- quence of the death of his father in infancy, his early educational advantages were limited. When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. In 1832 he began the study of law, but started for the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- chester, 111. , reading law at night and practicing before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few months later resigned this office to enter the lower house of the Legislature, to which he was elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 1858, before the people of the State with Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- ture. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination before the Democratic National Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1860, after having failed of a nomination for the Presidency at Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the "two thirds rule," he received the nomination from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore six weeks later — though not until the delegates from nearly all the Southern States had with- drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 136 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated for the Presidency by Lincoln, his old-time antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to the incoming administration in its attitude toward the seceded States, occupying a place of honor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in expedients, ready in resources, earnest and fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of men." His shortness of stature, considered in relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the center of the State, embracing an area of 410 square miles and having a population (1910) of 19,591. The earliest land entry was made by Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early settler was John A. Richman, a "West Virginian, who erected one of the first frame houses in the county in 1829. The Embarras and Kas- kaskia Rivers flow through the county, which is also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central Railways. Douglas County was organized in 1859 (being set off from Coles) and named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus- cola was made the county-seat. It has been visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a population of 1,897. Other important towns are Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which was originally known as New Salem. DOWNERS GROVE, village, Du Page County, on C, B. &Q. R. R., 21 miles south-southwest from Chicago, incorporated 1873; has water- works, elec- tric lights, furniture factory, good schools, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 2,103; (1910), 2,601. DOWNING, Finis Ewing, ex-Congressman and lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 24, 1846 ; reared on a farm and educated in the public and private schools of his native town; from 1865 was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cass County, serving three successive terms ; read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic paper), which he has since conducted; was elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker, the Republican nominee. A contest and recount of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing was the nominee of his party for Secretary of State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket. DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor, was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, which his father founded; entered mercantile life at 16 years of age ; crossed the plains to Cali- fornia in 1852, had experience in Indian warfare and, in 1859, established liimself in business at Unionville, Iowa ; served through the Civil "War, becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, cmtrib- buted the bulk of the. funds for founding Drake University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 1895, serving until Jan., 1898. Died Nov. 20, 1903. DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where he attended school, winning a scholarship in the Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from that institution in 1866. During the next four years he was employed in teaching, part of the time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in 1871, graduated from the Union College Law Department, when he began practice. The rank he attained in the profession was indicated by his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884, one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com- mission, upon which he served until the conclu- sion of its labors in 1886. He had previously served in the New Y T ork State Senate (1880) and, in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, also serving as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee the same year. After his return from Europe in 1886, he served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889, and again in 1890, was President of the National Association of School Superintendents. Soon after retiring from the State Superintendency in New York, he was chosen Superintendent of Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, remaining in that position until 1894, when he was elected President of the University of Illinois at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- HISTOIUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 137 tration has been characterized by enterprise and sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- ity and prosperity of the institution. DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at Poinfret, Conn., Feb. 24, 1800; graduated from Brown University in 1823, went to Virginia, where he studied theology and was ordained a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 1858. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in marriage. He died, March 25, 1865. DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, was born at Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 1809. After, graduating from Bowdoin College, in 1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at Galena, 111., in 1835, and was a member of the General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was appointed United States District Judge for the District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. Upon the division of the State into two judicial districts, in 1855, he was assigned to the North- ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the United States Circuit Court, and presided over the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in retirement until his death, which occurred at Wheaton, 111., May 15, 1890. DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111., near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, had been a personal friend of General Harrison, under whom he served in the Indian wars, including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- ington, Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was elected to the General Assembly, serving in the same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being re-elected in 1836, '38, and '42. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Palestine, 111., but soon resigned, giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, renominated in 1860, and elected both times. In 1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of his party for Governor, but was defeated by General Oglesby, serving, however, on the National Executive Committee of that year, and as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876. — Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851; received a common-school and classical educa- tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed United States Marshal there in 1882, serving until 1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became one of the first United States Senators, his term extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the Idaho delegation in the National Republican Convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and was a member of the National Republican Convention at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver Democrats. DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24, 1830, received a liberal education and became a civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, and six years later was made Secretary and Chief Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that city. While acting in this capacity, he virtually revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, sappers and miners, but neither the State nor Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the army, General Ducat returned to Chicago, re-entering the insurance field and finally, after holding various responsible positions, engaging in general business in that line. In 1875 he was entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State militia, which he performed with signal success. Died, at Downer's Grove, 111., Jan. 29, 1896. DUELS AND ANTI-DUELEVG LAWS. Al- though a majority of the population of Illinois, in Territorial days, came from Southern States where the duel was widely regarded as the proper 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. mode for settling "difficulties" of a personal character, it is a curious fact that so few ' 'affairs of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of which either history or tradition has handed down any account, is said to have occurred between an English and a French officer at the time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the British in 1765, and in connection with that event. The officers are said to have fought with small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, when one of them was killed, but the name of neither the victor nor the vanquished has come down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," claimed to have received it in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who represented that lie had seen the combat. An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come down to us in the history of the Territorial period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones- Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in 1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones, the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois Country." The younger Jones is described as an exceptionally brilliant young man who, having studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two years later he became a candidate for Represent- ative from Randolph County in the Legislature of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. In the course of the canvass which resulted in Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of the Territorial Council from the same county, and afterwards became Delegate in Congress from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took place on an island in the Mississippi between Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones after the combatants had taken their places preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the question whether it was accidental or to be regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his adversary that the discharge was accidental, and the generosity which he displayed led to expla- nations that averted a final exchange of shots. The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap grew until it involved a large part of the com- munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down Jones in cold blood and without warning in the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, were held to be guilty of murder. Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some- time during the War of 1812, though no exact dates are given. This affair took place on the favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the conflict." The next affair of which history makes men- tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, in February, 1819, whicli ended in a duel between two men named Alonzo Stuart and William Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. The managers of the affair for the principals are said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded w T ith blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the secret but Bennett was not. When the order to fire came, Bennett's gun proved to have been loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, expiring almost immediately. One report says that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the result. He and his two seconds were arrested for murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P. Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H. Benton defending, the trial resulting in their acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing sentence. In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late E. B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 139 Mr. "Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates (a Galena business man and captain of a packet plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a short communication for the paper reflecting on the character of John Turney, a prominent law- yer who had been a member of the House of Representatives in 1828-30, from the District composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett to a duel, which was promptly accepted by Bart- lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from the Galena District. Bartlett's second was William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." (Warren was a prominent Union officer during the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the ground selected for the duel, in what was then Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed to Quincy, and was for a long time connected with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" During the session of the Twelfth General Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen. John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party in connection with the partisan reorganization of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- ably to both parties." It was during the same session that John A. McClernand, then a young and fiery member from Gallatin County — who had, two years before, been appointed Secretary of State by Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from taking the office by an adverse decision of the Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack upon the Whig members of the Court based upon allegations afterwards shown to have been fur- nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic member of the same court. Smith having joined his associates in a card denying the truth of the charges, McClernand responded with the publi- cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- tions directly to Smith himself. This brought a note from Smith which McClernand construed into a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a Springfield Justice of the Peace, which resulted in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to keep the peace, when he took his departure for Chicago, and the "affair" ended. An incident of greater historical interest than all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the former the State Auditor and the latter at that time a young attorney at Springfield — were con- cerned. A communication in doggerel verse had appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the author, and, in accordance with previous under- standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- dence, later coming to light, showed that the real authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne, afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the offensive matter — the demand being presented to Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- ing to follow the affair through all its complicated details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was the author without further investigation, and Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. The principals, with their "friends," met at the appointed time and place (Sept. 22, 1842, opposite the city of Alton) ; but, in the meantime, mutual friends, having been apprised of what was going on, also appeared on the ground and brought about explanations which averted an actual con- flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln. Out of this affair, within the next few days, followed challenges from Shields to Butler and Whiteside to Merriman ; but, although these were accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part of the challenging party to the conditions named by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- lay, no meeting actually took place. 140 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Another affair which bore important results without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. The parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess County, and both Democrats. Some sparring between them over the question of suffrage for naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation that this was for the purpose of arranging the preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on hand before the appointed time, but their arrest by the St. Louis authorities and putting them under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them an excuse for returning to their convention duties without coming to actual hostilities — if they had such intention. This was promptly followed by the adoption in Convention of the provision of the Constitution of 1848, disqualify- ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either as principal or second, from holding any office of honor or profit in the State. The last and principal affair of this kind of historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that in which Congressman William H. Bissell, after- wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis were concerned in February, 1850. During the debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that year, Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis the credit of saving the day. Replying to these claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared that, at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon, when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's regiment was not within a mile and a half of the scene of action. This was construed by Davis as a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who named the soldier's weapon (the common army musket), loaded with ball and buckshot, with forty paces as the distance, with liberty to advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre- liminaries to be settled by his friends. The evi- dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be intimidated, but was prepared to face death itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis to withdraw his challenge on condition that Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a clause awarding credit to the Mississippi regi- ment for what they actually did, but without dis- avowing or retracting a single word he had uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law of Davis, having been apprised of what was on foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting by instituting legal proceedings the night before it was to take place, though this was rendered unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, he was violently assailed by his political opponents for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State Constitution against dueling, especially when he came to take the oath of office as Governor of Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- ing the tables' ' against his fire-eating opponents aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his friends maintained that the act having been performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, he was technically not guilty of any violation of the laws. While the provision in the Constitution of 1848, against dueling, was not re-incorporated in that of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a fine not exceeding $3,000, upon any one who, as principal or second, participates in a duel with a deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal- lenge: the law also provides that any one con- victed of such offense shall be disqualified for holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument, either civil or military, under the Constitution or laws of this State." Any person leaving the State to send or receive a challenge is subject to the same penalties as if the offense had been committed within the State ; and any person who may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as the result of an engagement made in this State to fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the person so wounded dies within this State — is held to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment for the same. The publishing of any person as a coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal- lenge, is declared to be a crime punishable by fine or imprisonment. DUFF, Andrew D. ? lawyer and Judge, was born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 141 County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, where he began reading law, but suspended his studies to enlist in the Mexican War, serving as a private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of Franklin County, and, in the following year, was admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional Convention of 1862 from the district composed of Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1864, to protest against the policy of the Government in the prosecution of the war. About the close of his last term upon the bench (1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- tinued to reside. In his later years he be- came an Independent in politics, acting for a time in cooperation with the friends of temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint resolution of the Legislature on a commission to revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at Tucson, Ariz., June 25, 1889. DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 22, 1794; emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously served with distinction in the War of 1812, and been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- son. He was commissioned Major-General of Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He was the author of the first free-school law, adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con- servative and consistent, and his administration successful. He erected the first frame building at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend of Illinois College at that place. In his personal character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, although fearless in the expression of his convic- tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor in 1842, when he met with his first political defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, mourned by men of all parties. DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- kaskia, 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black Hawk War of 1832; also as First Lieutenant of cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War (1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in check. He was retired from active service in 1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane County. 5 miles (by rail) north cf Elgin and 47 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two distinct corporations— East and West Dundee— but is progressive and united in action. Dairy farming is the principal industry of the adjacent region, and the town has two large milk-con- densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It has good water power and there are flour and saw-mills, besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery, two banks, six churches, a handsome high school building, a public library and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,765; (1910), 2,785. DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the first President, retiring five years later and re- engaging in the mercantile business. While Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the Treasury, he was appointed National Bank Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, and an early member of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1893, leaving a large estate. DUNHAM, Ransom TV., merchant and Con- gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21, 1838; after graduating from the High School at Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- pany, embarked in the grain and provision commission business in that city, and, in 1882, was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois District in Congress, after the expiration of his last term devoting his attention to his large private business. His death took place suddenly at Springfield, Mass., August 19, 1896. DUNLAP, George Lincoln, civil engineer and Railway Super mtendent, was born at Brunswick 142 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Maine, in 1828; studied mathematics and engineer- ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 and accepted a position as assistant engineer on what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, finally becoming its General Superintend- ent, and, in fourteen years of his connection with that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal & Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned to Illinois and was actively connected with the extension of the Wabash system until his retire- ment a few years ago. Died May 12, 1904. DUNLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14, 1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known "Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist In Champaign County and was one of the found- ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family having located at Savoy, Champaign County, about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in the University of Illinois, graduating in the scientific department in 1875. Following in the footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of both President and Secretary of the State Horti- cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, and has been prominent in State legislation. DUNLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814; coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he taught school the following winter ; then secured a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having entered a body of Government land in the western part of Cook County, he turned his attention to farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture and, in a few years, built up one of the most extensive nurseries in the West. In 1854 he was chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the following session, presided over the caucus which resulted in the nomination and final election of Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for the first time Politically an anti-slavery Demo- crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the Territories, while his house was one of the depots of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur- chased a half-section of land near Champaign, whither he removed, two years later, for the prosecution of his nursery business. He was an active member, for many years, of the State Agri- cultural Society and an' earnest supporter of the scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial University," which finally took form in the Uni- versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to his death he was the agricultural correspondent, first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de plume of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875. DU PAGE COUNTY, organized in 1839, named for a river which flows through it. It adjoins Cook County on the west and contains 340 square miles. In 1910 its population was 33,432. The county-seat was originally at Naperville, which was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. In 18G9 the county government was removed to Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson (the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville (2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960), and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are largely populated by persons doing business in Chicago. DU (JUOIN, a city and railway junction in Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, creamery, coal mines, graded school, public library and four newspapers. Population (1890), 4,052; (1900), 4,353; (1910), 5,454. DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congress- man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. When five years old he accompanied his parents to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his early education. He entered the preparatory department of Wabash College in 1872, and graduated from the University of Indiana, at Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he engaged in business. Always active in local politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, and again in 1892, Representative in Congress from the Second District, retiring with the close of the Fifty-third Congress. In his later years he was Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Company. Died Mar. 10, 1908. DUSTIN, ((Jen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; received a common-school and academic educa- tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 143 lege in 1846. After practicing three years at Corinth, Vt., he went to California in 1850 and engaged in mining, but three years later resumed the practice of his profession while conducting a' mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen to the California Legislature from Nevada County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold out his drug business and assisted in raising the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com- missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com- mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position to the close of the war, meanwhile having been brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and took part in the grand review of the armies in that city which marked the close of the war. Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he was elected County Clerk in the following November, remaining in office four years. Sub- sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter re-elected— in 1884 and 1888. On the organization of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one of the Trustees, retaining the position until his death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by President Harrison Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo., March 30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent Commander of the Grand Commandery of the State. DAYKJHT, a prosperous city in Livingston County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22 miles east of Streator; has two banks, three weekly papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two electric light plants, complete water-works sys- tem, and four hotels. The city is the center of a rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight has attained celebrity as the location of the first of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of the drink and morphine habit. Population (1900), 2,015; (1910), 2,150. These figures do not include the floating population, which is augmented by patients who receive treatment at the "Keeley Institute." DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physi- cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in 1830; began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one of the original incorporators of the North Chicago Street Railway Company, and his name was prominently identified with many local benevo- lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. EARLYILLE, a city and railway junction in La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural and stock-raising district, and is an important shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. Pop. (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122; (1910), 1,059. EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March 17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale- donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and, Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for the Presidency of the Senate, but Nvas defeated 144 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 2, 1877. EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the most remarkable earthquakes in the history of the Mississippi Valley began on the night of November 16, 1811, continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous history states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were very perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then a young man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it. . . . The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that time, but little is known of the effect of the con- vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. It has also a bank, two churches, good public schools and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,146; (1910), 1,253. EASTON, (Col.) Rufus, pioneer, founder of the city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was appointed Attorney -General for the State, serving until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the fact that he was the founder of the present city of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of land of which he had obtained possession at the mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, prominently identified with the early history of that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from Alton, in the early " '20's." EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and the leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- plied with banks and has one daily, three weekly and one monthly papers. Pop. (1900), 29,655; (1910), 58,547. EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. The act for the establishment of this institution passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many cities offered inducements, by way of donations, for the location of the new hospital, but the site finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan- kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received in December, 1879. The plan of the institution is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 general buildinsr. three stories high, capable of accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number of detached buildings, technically termed cot- tages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and have attracted generally favorable comment both in this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- ings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks adorned with walks and drives. The counties from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the employes of all classes numbered 500. EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving instruction in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build- ings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of $25,000 and $50,000, respectively, with $56,216.72 contributed by the city of Charleston, making a total of $181,216.72. The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the progress of the work in consequence of the failure of the contractors in December, 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and practically completed early in 1899, with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol- lowing. EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. Then, after a brief experience as an employe in the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some $2,000 in the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme waa partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of Lundy 's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer- cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number when it was discontinued for want of financial support. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later removing to May wood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, Hooper. ) EBERHART, John Frederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County, Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work; a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal," which he published three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 146 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 1895 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDBROOKE, Willoughby J., Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity supervising the construction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111, in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant, " the earliest paper in that part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 1835, but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited the most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whether law, poetry or belles lettres. " Died, June 29, 1849. EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 1842 to 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- sionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, published two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1874. EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- lution, served as an officer in the British navy, but married an American woman of great force of character who sympathized strongly with the patriot cause. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Fayette, he sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- man named Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Southern markets. When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the present State of Ohio, under the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office for many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 1825, a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 they had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in 1833. Edgar County, in the eastern part of the State, was named in honor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806. EDGAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains 640 square miles, with a population (1910) of 27,336. The county is nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty- five feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was credited with a population of 900 in 1900. EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, though some coal is mined here. Population (1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071; (1910), 918. EDSALL, James K irt land, former Attorney General, was born at Windham, Greene County, N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile, by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1852. The next two years he spent in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly. In 1872 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his second term he took up his residence in Chicago, where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession, until his death, which occurred, June 20, 1892. EDUCATION. The first step in the direction of the establish- ment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- tory." This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first time established the present system of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the office was styled) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this con- nection, was the provision "that there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the town- ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each township, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given perpetually for the purpose con- tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary for the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted by the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire township (in addition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 148 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. together with three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the State, "to be appropriated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one- sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in the preliminary steps for the organization of the State Government. These several acts became the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "town- ship," "seminary" and "college or university" funds. Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- lish schools for the benefit of the children of the pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught the first American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- ties. Seeley's earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe County. Among the teachers of a still later period were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House of Representatives. The latter taught in the vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring Seminary. The schools which existed during this period, and for many years after the organi- zation of the State Government, were necessarily few, widely scattered and of a very primitive character, receiving their support entirely by subscription from their patrons. First Free School Law and Sales op School Lands. — It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at Upper Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- ing this claim was based upon the power granted by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which power was never carried into effect. The first attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman and Governor of the State. It nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or subscriptions for the support of schools. So small was the aggregate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over $60,000), that the sum realized from this law would have been but little more than $1,000 per year. It remained practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the payment of current expenses. In this way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, realizing less than $60,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater part of the school section in the heart of the present city of Chicago was sold, producing about $39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1882, was §3. 78 per acre_ and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of the system as of those selected to administer it-— whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal provision for the support of public schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many of the facts presented in this article — gives to Chicago the credit of establishing the first free schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. Early Higher Institutions. — A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institu- tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- rating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at Vincennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institu- tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptly organized, with Gen. William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 149 little progress was made. Twenty-one years later (1827) the first successful attempt to found an advanced school was made by the indomitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- ment of his Theological Seminary and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nary, established in 1828, two years later expanded into McKendree College, while instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of these Institutions.) Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, which were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the number of those participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National history. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from the ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judge S. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator; O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, the most notable writers in the State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several depart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Dougla^" and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, although the members of the Legislature were present in considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teachers and school officers, with a few citizens of local prominence; and the same may be said of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form permanent educational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the "State Teachers' Institute," which, three years later, took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" — though an association of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several years. State Superintendent and School Jour- nals. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature ; but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the office, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher. " This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- master," which became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. The State Teachers' Association has no official organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the country at large, than any single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each township for the support of public schools. This was the scheme formu- lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other industrial classes, at a Farmers* Convention held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- cated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing the work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- plish. The proposition attracted the attention of persons interested in the cause of industrial education in other States, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and 150 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. received their hearty endorsement and cooper- ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a series of similar conventions held at Springfield, June 8, 1852; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1852; Springfield, Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 1852, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with a view to disseminauing information, securing more thorough organization on the part of friends of the measure, and the employment of lecturers to address the people of the State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- ward, making appropriations of public lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act passed at the session of 1857, for the establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finally triumphed in 1862. The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do- nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University" — now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- tutions in as many States and Territories, based upon the same general act of Congress. Free-School System.— While there may be said to have been a sort of free-school system in existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free schools, as it now exists, based upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in the act of that year. As already shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created by act of the Legislature in February, 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an official for its administration. Since then there have been many amendments of the school law, but these have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-school education. The development of the system began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of these laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The following comparative table of school statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more important features : I860. 1896. Population 1,711,951 (est.) 4,250,000 No. of Persons of School Age (be- tween6and21) '549,604 1,384,367 No. of Pupils enrolled •472.247 898,619 " School Districts 8,956 11,615 " Public Schools 9,162 12,623 Graded. " 294 1,887 " Public High Schools 272 •' .School Houses built during ihevear 557 267 Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12,632 No. of Male Teachers 8,223 7,057 Female Teachers 6,485 18,359 Whole No. of Teachers in Public Schools 14,708 25,416 Highest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers $180.00 SSw.OO Highest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 8.00 14.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Female Teacners 4.00 10.00 Average Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 28.82 67.70 Average Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 18.80 50 63 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 No. of Pupils In Private Schools... . 29,264 139,969 Interest on State and County Funds received $73,450.38 $65,583.63 Amount of Income from Township Funds 322,852.00 889,614.20 ♦Only white children were included In these statistics fotf 1860. a < H SO GO H f a P3 C EH X P H O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 I860. 1896. imount received from State Tax.. $ 690,000.00 J 1,000,000.00 " " " Special Dis- trict Taxes 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61 Amount received from Bonds dui- ingtheyear 517,960.93 Total Amount received during the year by School Districts 2,193,455.00 15,607,172.50 Amount paid Male Teachers 2,772,829.32 " " Female " 7.186,105.67 Whole amount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,958,934.99 Amount paid for new School Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25 Amount paid for repairs and im- provements 1,070,755.09 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 " " " Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 " " " Books for Dis- trict Libraries 30.12400 13,664.97 Total Expenditures 2.259,868.00 14,614,627.31 Estimated valueof School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780.267.00 " Libraries.. 377,819.00 " " " Apparatus 607,389.00 The sums annually disbursed for incidental expenses on account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and partially or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some §600,000 per annum. These higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwards established at Charleston, and the Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these institutions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville ; the Asylum for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to $47,155,374.95, of which §4,375,107.95 repre- sents property belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties of Superintendents and Other School Officers. — Each county elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- vise the management of schools in districts. The State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different grades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of the first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schools is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less than five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members. 152 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establish kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of their districts) , for children between the ages of four and six years, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires that each child, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of each year, unless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disqualified by physical or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to any office created by the general or special school laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the office as are prescribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see ^Superintendents of Public Instruction. ) EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years until his death, Mar. 20, 1901. He had also been a member of each General Conference since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Con- ference at London in 1881, and held other posi- tions of prominence within the church. EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brother) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of Upper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton, September, 1877. EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Montgomery County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence w T ith many public men of his time, have been published ; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky. , April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvania University, graduating in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, and again to the House in 1848; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but resigned on account of his change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- ling. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, siuce which time he remained in private life. He is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards'' (1870), which was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 1868, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring the excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was universally respected. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, feducator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23,(1822; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirty-five , years. During this period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater ; a Boys' High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, coming west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. LouislHigh School, and, in 1862, accepting the Presidency- of the State Normal University, at Normal, pi. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachetrs. The next nine years were spent as pastor of the First Congregational church at Princeton, when, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which was his place of residence until his death, March 8, 1908. EDWARDS COUXTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Richland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court, in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1910, 10,049. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mostly in White. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one daily, one semi-weekly and one weekly. Pop. (1890), 3,561; (1900), 4,157; (1910), 5,014. EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Effingham County, 99 miles northeast of St. Louis and 198 southwest of Chicago; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice factory. Pop. (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774; (1910), 3,898. EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 90 miles northeast of St. Louis; has an area of 486 square miles and a population (1910) of 20,055. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brow T n were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1853-54). Died, Oct. 27, 1860. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper. Population (1900), 606; (1910), 615. ELDORADO, a city in Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroads; has a bank and two weekly newspapers; district agricultural. Popula- tion, (1900), 1,445; (1910), 3,366. ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice ; in 1862 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. These make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majority of all the votes cast — a majority of the members of both^Houses being present and voting — is declared elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it ; ' and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years — the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State. — 3. (Members op Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congressman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the 4th of March of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gressional Apportionment.) II. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal institutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennially at the November election, and hold office two years. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Court the Stale is divided into seven Districts, each of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other t vo Distt icts occur at similar periods of nine years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891. — Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1896. Under the act of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have charge of the records of their several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over), Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 and over), County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislature passed in 1885, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a.m., and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Austrcdian Ballot.) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See Suffrage ) ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois, in Kane County, on Fox River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watcli Factory and the Cook Publishing Company, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is also a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. The quotations of its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities throughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine public library and many handsome residences. It has three daily and several' weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433; (1910), 25,976. ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast to Waukegan. The total length of the line ( 1898) is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to $13,799,630— more than $71,000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the same year were $1,212,- 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, $1,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the same year, $48,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, wdiere connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111., and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purchased all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. The system forms a belt line around Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 125 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and tile factory, mining interests, two churches, two flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 652; (1900), 668; (1910), 633. ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of Springfield; isa rich farming section; has a coal shaft. Pop. (1890), 414; (1900), 553; (1910), 418. ELKIN, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark Couuty, Ky., April 13, 1792; after spending several years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was appointed by his former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 18T2. Died, in 1878. ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionary, was born in Keene, N. II., July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics- ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth"s men He was the first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1861. ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; seat of the Evangelical Seminary; has electric inter- urban line, one weekly paper, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage systems, high school and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728; (1910) 2,360. ELM WOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the principal industries are < o il-mining and corn and tomato canning ; has a 1 ank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582; (1910), 1,390. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County. 17 miles north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoi-ia & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has two national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1910), 1,470. EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811; came to Illinois in 1838, first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law at Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi ; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also has a bank, poultry packing concern and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1910), 927. ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in merchandising in the former; in 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business ; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Railroad. Mr. English spent most of the time in the latter years of his life in the West, practically retired from business. ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 1815, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, 111., he remained there about two years, when, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 1852, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Zimri Allen (Enos), another son, born Sept. 29, 1821, spent entire life in Springfield; served as County Surveyor and Alderman. Died Dec. 8, 1907. — Julia R., a daughter, born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1832; married O. M. Hatch, former Secretary of State. Died Sept. 23, 1907. EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home was in Jacksonville Died July 9, 1909. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county-seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; (1890), 622; (1900), 898; (1910), 1,180. ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burl- ington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles northeast of Rock Island; has a bank, some manufactures and one paper. Pop. (1900), 768; (1910), 804. EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900), 1,661; (1910), 1,525. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- ford County, and chartered in 1855, distinctively under the care and supervision of the "Christian" or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary aim of its founders was to prepare young men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been steady. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to fit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is $144,000, which includes an endow- ment of $45,000 and real estate valued at $85,000. EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, removing the same year to Dixon, 111. , where he resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but died in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-96) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at $59,305. EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he has become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for six years. He then became President of Chad dock College at Quincy, but the following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still Temains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful operator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office until displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, which was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 12 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition ; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April. 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. Pop. (1910), 24,978. EWING, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at , Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a deposit of §1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day, Colonel of the "Spy Battalion*' during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29); Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General ^Assemblies, of which he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25, 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five j-ears. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Governor," "Lieutenant-Gov- ernor" etc.) HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, the title was changed by the substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge ' of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring and sor- ghum mills, machine shops and two weekly news- papers. Pop. (1900), 2,187; (1910), 2,505. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900), 2,338; (1910), 2,479. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 928; (1910), 847. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 18G1, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1910), 774. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, one newspaper, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664; (1910), 1,603. FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State and 20,000 copies are placed at the disposal of the Institute for free distribution. Suitable quarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FARMINfcrTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 22 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,375; (1910), 2,421. • FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 1862, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell gave attention during the latter years of his life to the mercantile business of J. V. Farwell & Co. Died Sept. 23, 1903. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of $600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Coo ley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch has long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he was a Republican, serving as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State; was also, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. Died Aug. 20, 1908. FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of county government (population, 2,974), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. Pop. (1910), 28,078. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begun. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost $124,775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, Aug. 29, 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Archbishop. His administration was conservative, yet efficient, and the archdiocese greatly prospered under his rule. Died July 12, 1902. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography ; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary cf the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1839 he came to America, soon after locating in Chicago, where with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FINDLAY, a village of Shelby County, on the Chicago & Eastern 111. R. R., 9 miles north of Shelbyville. Pop. (1910), 827. FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Gov- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIN, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to ! 49, and from 1851 to '53; was Presidential Elector in 1856, and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the office only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans Aug. 20, 1876. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 2, 1850. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and Williamstown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years lie was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 1895. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway, Mass., in 1835, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, wnen Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some $12,000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated $40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at $300,000 and $100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and $1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field had extensive interests in various financial and manufacturing enterprises. Died in New York Jan. 16, 1906, leaving an estate valued at more than $100,000,000, the largest single bequest in his will being $8,000,000 to the Field Museum. FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who w r as a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter office, through re-election, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continued to pub- lish. In 1882 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, but after 1889, held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. Died June 10, 1908. FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of $36,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- eties of craft are employed in the industry, sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was nearly $18,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 pounds, valued at between $24,000 and $25,000. Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield wall-eyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAN, George W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large land-owner; in 1832 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in 1857.— Willard Cutting (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- son County, 111., Sept 16, 1839, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 1854. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860; in 1862, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he became its President. He was one of the origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, 111., April 5, 1878. FLEMING, Robert K., pioneer printer, was born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in control of the office of "The Republican Advo- cate," which had been established in 1823, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," which he continued for a number of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1872. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900), 2 311; (1910), 2,704. FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780 ; came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- sive farm with blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 111." — and published in 1882, is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State. — Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the , preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with his father to Illinois in early life; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26, 1883. FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Baltimore, Md., in 1823; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and classes alike, the State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then con- tained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 1853, to Dr. W. B. Egan at $20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with tiie "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, returned two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again returned to Chicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. FORI), Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa. , and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe County, 111 Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general policy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable 'History of Illinois," (pub- lished posthumously)- He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion, it is shaped like an inverted "T," and has an area of 5S0 square miles; population (1910), 17,096. The first County Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the first Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor is there any out-cropping of stone. The county is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2,187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800. FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25, 1811; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 169 1835, and in tha United States Supreme Court in 1836; the latter year came west and settled at Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- land Counties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, after participating in a number of the most important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- turning from the Mexican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been captured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at large on the Democratic ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of State during the administration of Gov. John B. Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- sioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundary between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, wdiich he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that State. Died Feb. 11, 1901. FORMAN, William S., ex-Congressman, was born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to Illinois, settling in Washington County, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, local, State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8,100 votes. FORQUER, George, early State officer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794— was the son of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the caipenter's trade at St. Louis, he returned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridge water, on the Mis- sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in which he attained marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- atives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- blies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Register of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- quent orator and capable writer, but, in common with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smallness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office. FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschool. Population (1900), 952; (1910), 967 170 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820 ; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, "The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of "The Tribune," being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. During the early years of his residence in Chi- cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune, " also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the terminus of the Chicago and Iowa bi-anch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles south of Freeport ; founded in 1854, incorporated by special charter in 1868, and, "under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,047; (1910), 870. FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the com- bined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. FORT, Greenbury L., soldier and Congress- man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank of Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his return from the field, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative in Congress. He died, at Lacon, June 13, 1883. FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- time, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government until 1772, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in the Mis- sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- stituted an object of no little interest to anti- quarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encroachments of the Mississippi. FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in SlMST. m h 1 , : * % "V'*t> P P ^ M P S a a w w p cc §5 tl at a- M 0) 4) ft > o o o I— ( a o M So OS H W a z o S QQ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 207 terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being received everywhere with the highest honors. In 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. His chief literary work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), which was very extensively sold. GRANVILLE, a village of Putnam County, six miles east of Hennepin, at the junction of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad with two other lines; is in an agricultural and coal mining district; has one weekly paper. Population (1900), 320; (1910), 1,391. GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After receiving a mercantile training in the counting house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one year. In 1777 he returned ana formed a partner- ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered that commander material financial assistance, becoming personally responsible for the supplies needed by the penniless American army. When the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory became a part of the United States, it was from the balcony of his house that the first American flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 30,000 acres of land near the present site of Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at St. Louis, April 21, 1817. GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be stated with certainty. After some years spent in Canada he vas sent by his ecclesiastical superiors to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding Allouez as Superior two years later, and being made Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most numer- ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and Missouris. It is said to have been largely through his influence that the Illinois were induced to settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually led, by one of their medicine men. It is said that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as to time and place, but all agree that it resulted from the wound above mentioned. Some of his biographers assert that he died at sea: others that he returned from France, yet suffering from the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. GRAY, Ellsha, electrician and inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a course at Oberlin College, devoting especial attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, received his first patent; devised a method of transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a year later accomplishing the same with eight messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- fessor Gray also invented a telegraph switch, a repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- facture of telegi-aph apparatus at Cleveland and Chicago, but has since been electrician of the Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing by telegraph the handwriting of the sender of a telegram — attracted great interest at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He was author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and "Ex- perimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Teleg- raphy and Telephony." Died Jan. 20, 1901. GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, read law and began secular editorial work in 1852, being connected, in the next fourteen years, with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" and "Newark American." Then, after several years spent in general publishing business in Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he con- ducted until his death, Sept. 29, 1901. The success of the paper under his management gave evidence of his practical good sense. He received the degree of Ph.D. from Wooster University in 1881. GRAYYILLE, a city situated on the border of White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. It is located in the heart of a heavily timber 3d 208 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. region and is an important hard-wood market. Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- clude floui, saw and planing mills, stave factories and creamery The .city has an electric light and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and two weekly payors. Pop. (1910), 1,940. GRAYVILLE & MATT003N RAILROAD. (See Peoria Decatur & Evansville Railway.) GREATHOL'SE, Lucien, soldier, was born at Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near Atlanta, Ga., June 21, 1864. GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and '49). (See Illinois Central Railroad.) GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See Wabash Railway. ) GREEN RIYER, rises in Lee County, and, after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- ward through Henry County, and enters Rock River about 10 miles east by south from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. GRELN, V.'Llium H., State Senator and Judge, was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, and, for three years following, taught school, at the same time reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was elected to the State Senate for four years. In December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of nis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1860, '64, -68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years a member of the State Central Committee of that party, and also, for four terms, a member of the State Board of Education, of which he has been for several years the President. He was engaged for several years in the practice of his profession at Cairo. Died June 6, 1902. GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk and at others setting type in a printing office. After spending some time in Western New York, in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- ville, Ind.. with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he taught and studied law with Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton; later served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later becoming the head of the firm of Greene & Humphrey. From the date of his removal to Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- able in all his dealings, he commanded respect wherever he was known. GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. The younger Greene was an intimate friend and fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under whom he held an appointment in Utah for some years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 1894. GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles north of St. Louis; is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region. The city has several churches, public schools, a seminary, electric light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly paper. It is an important shipping point for cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. Pop. (1890), 1,131; (1900), 1,085; (1910), 1,161. GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and separately organized in 1821; has an area of 540 square miles; population (1910), 22,363; named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being among the principal. Building stone and clay HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 209 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- ing settlers were David Stockton and James Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon afterward. The Indians were numerous and aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the monuments of the Government surveys, erected some years before. Immigration of the whites, however, was rapid, and it was not long before the nucleus of a village was established at Car- rollton, where General Fry erected the first house and made the first coffin needed in the settle- ment. This town, the county-seat and most important place in the county, was laid off by Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse (an important railroad center) with a population of 2,360. GREENUP, village of Cumberland County, at intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom factory, several churches, public library, good schools and two papers. Pop. (1910), 1,224. GREENYIEW, a village in Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a coal mine, bank, one weekly paper, seven churches, and a graded and high school. Pop. (1900), 1,019; (1910), 921. GREEN YILLE, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- sively in the surrounding country, and there are extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The leading manufacturing product is in the line of wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a coeducational institution) ; has several banks and one weekly and two semi-weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,868; (1900), 2,504; (1910), 3,178. GREENY1LLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- ville, after his victory over the savages at the battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in which a number of tribes united The lands con- veyed within the present limits of the State of Illinois were as follows. A tract six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of the Illinois River; another, six miles square, around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, and "the lands at all other places in the posses- sion of the French people and other white set- tlers among them, the Indian title to which has been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the United States relinquished all claim to all other Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of tne Mis- sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash consideration paid by the Government was $210,000. GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after which he served for a time as United States Dis- trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- tutional Convention of that year, and served as Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former year. In the Democratic State Convention of 1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the nomination for Governor, though finally defeated by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential Elector for that year, and, in 1853, -,vas appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec. 23, 1868. GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., July 6, 1822; graduated from Union Col- lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the study of law, studied theology and entered the Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the East he came West, becoming Principal of a classical school at Detroit. His ability as an educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- tion in 1863. In 1854, he assisted in founding "The Michigan Journal of Education," of which he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 210 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later was called to that of the newly founded University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he remained until 1880. He was United States Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in the educational department of the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876. From 1882 to '85 he was a member of the United States Civil Service Coin- mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Madison University (Hamilton, N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superintendent he published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi- gan, besides numerous addresses on educational subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of Political Economy in the University of Illinois during the latter years of his life, he resided in Washington, D. O, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. By his special request he was buried on the grounds of the University at Champaign. (JRESHAM, Walter Quinton, soldier, jurist and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- son County, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at Bloomington University, completed his early education, which was commenced at the common schools. He read law at Corydon, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled from service for a year. Aftei the war he re- sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his county for Fremont. From that time until 1892 he was always prominently identified with the Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 1867-68, was the financial agent of his State (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, he was appointed United States Judge of th<« Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter mad« his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo- cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, but subsequently took no active personal part in politics. In 1888 lie was the substantially unani- mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892 he was tendered the Populist nomination for President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of State, which he accepted, dying in office at Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895. GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat, came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself as a private in a company organized at Aurora, of which he was elected Captain and attached to the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later being advanced to the rank of Major. Re-enlisting for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- sioned Colonel of the Thirty- sixth Illinois; took part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perry ville and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to resign on account of failing health, in February, 1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, whence he returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at Aurora, April 25, 1896. GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of 21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and engaging in the mei - cantile business, which he carried on quite extensively some eight years. He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- pany during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began to turn his attention to the study of law, subse- quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H. Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding sessions of the General Assembly in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads by way of Bloomington; was also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 211 Indiana. Bloomington & "Western and other lines. In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scammon and J. H. Burch of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be- came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas- Light & Coke Company, which he managed some twenty -five years. Originally a Whig, he identi- fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, serving upon the State Central Committee during the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 20, 1881. GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; received a common school education and, in 1852, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in the grain business, subsequently, in partnership with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator in Peoria, with three or four at other points. Early in the war he recruited a company of which he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- bama. He subsequently had command of a division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war, General Grier resumed his business as a grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection and management of the Union Elevator there — was also Vice-President and Director of the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 1891. GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a time in teaching music, later embarking in the grain and produce business at Meredosia, He enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss at Cairo during the three-months' service, later being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry. From this time his promotion was rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a brigade in December following. He was promi- nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La Grange, Tenn. , through the States of Mississippi and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter —for the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- federacy and causing consternation among the rebel leaders, while materially aiding General Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem- onstration was generally regarded as one of the most brilliant events of the war, and attracted the attention of the whole country. In recog- nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863, made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the close of the war he entered the regular army as Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major - General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas during December, 1864. His subsequent service was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles to a Major-Generalship following the death of Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier- General and retired with that rank in July fol- lowing; homeinJacksonville,Ill DiedAug.31, 1911. GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N Y., but removed to Chicago, where he established the largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr. Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and the following year, having sold out to his part- ners, established himself in the publishing busi- ness, which he conducted until 1896, when he retired. The class of books published by him include many educational and classical, witli others of a high order of merit. Died in .Chi- cago, April 5, 1897. 212 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. GRIGGSVILLE, a city in Pike County, on the Wabash Railroad, 4 miles west of the Illinois River, and 50 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The city has churches, graded schools, a public library, fair grounds, opera house, a bank and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,400; (1900), 1,404; (1910), 1,262. GRIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1820, of Anglo- Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began the study of law with his father, who was a lawyer and an author of repute. His professional studies were interrupted for a few years, during which he was employed at surveying and civil engineering, but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in 1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111., where he formed a partnership with his brother, "William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his life. He was a member of the first Republican Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress (1856 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District. He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo. On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he walked from that city to the capital, and was summoned into the presence of the President and General Scott with his feet protruding from his boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875. GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar in his native city at the age of 19 r in 1833 came to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac- tice until his death. He served in the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit of preparing the article in the second Constitution prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second time; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson ville, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. GRINNELL, Julias S., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, of New England parents, who were of French descent. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent position at the bar ; was elected City Attorney in 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in which capacity he successfully conducted some of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in the history of Illinois. Among these may be mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, June 8, 1898. GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost his father by death at 13, came to the United States two years later, spent a year in Chicago schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers (the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par- ticipated in some of the most important battles of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At Dallas, Ga. , he had his right leg badly shattered by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive amputations being found necessary in order to save his life. Having been discharged from the service in February, 1865, he took a course in a commercial college, became deputy clerk of the Police Court, served three terms as Collector of the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- ness, being President, for several years, of the Commercial Bank of Chicago. GROSS, William L,, lawyer, was born in Her- kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 213 entered the service of the Government, and, a year later, was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under command of General Stager, assigned to the Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, taking control of military telegraphs in that Department with headquarters at New Orleans, remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For the next two years he occupied various positions in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed in subsequent years by two additional volumes, besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- ing as Secretary and Treasurer. Died Jan. 18, 1909. GROSSCUP, Peter Sten&er, jurist, born in Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852; was educated in the local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass., and settled down to practice in his native town, in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District before he was 25 years old, but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two years later, being thrown by a reapportionment into the same district with William McKinley, he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat in Congress to which he was elected. He re- moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, was the partner of the late Leonard Swett ; in December, 1892, was appointed by President Harrison Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the youngest incumbents upon the bench of the United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides proving himself in harmony with the progressive spirit of the time on questions of national and international interest. GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 square miles and a population (1910) of 24,162. The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. Building stone is abundant (particularly near Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, although there are several manufacturing estab- lishments. The first white settler of whom any record has been preserved, was William Marquis, who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was organized out of a part of La Salle, and named after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris was chosen the county-seat and has so re- mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- itants. GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, N. Y., remaining until 1878, when he was elected Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- tion actively until 1891, and then, aa Professor Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was a member of the Corporation of Yale College and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. and LL.D. GURLEY, William F. E., State Geologist, was born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by his parents to Danville, 111. , in 1864, and educated in the public schools of that city and Cornell University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. Joshua Lindahl. 214 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- souri, where he was employed in the stock and produce trade with New Orleans. Having married in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 111., where he kept a tavern for a number of years, and was also engaged some thirty years in mercantile business. It is said that he was unable to read until taught after marriage by his wife, who appears to have been a woman of intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was elected Representative in the Fourth General Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a supporter of the internal improvement scheme. In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was one of his warm personal friends. He served in the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- teers — Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained the title of Colonel. He received the nomination for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal State Convention of the Democratic party in December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account of charges connected with his administration of the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also declined, and a new ticket was put in the field headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made the overland journey to California, but returning with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, where he held the position of Surveyor of the Port for three years, when he was removed by President Buchanan on account of his friendship for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives in Washington. In 1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the remainder of his life in practical retirement, dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 18, 1878. HADLEY, William F. L., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born near Collinsville, 111., June 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- tion in the common schools and at McKendree College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, and established him self in the practice of his profession at Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four years, and was nominated for a second term, but declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895, was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but was prevented by protracted illness from making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He was a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, long a prominent business man of Edwardsville, and after his retirement from Congress devoted his attention to his profession and banking business. Died at Riverside, Cal., April 25, 1901. HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of wooden buildings, the use of which was given rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical College, and the hospital was placed on the list of public charities. It also received a donation of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, besides numerous private benefactions. In April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, the name of the institution was changed to the Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone of a new hospital was laid and the building com- pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all the improved appliances and facilities for the care and protection of the sick. It has also about sixty private rooms for paying patients. HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were secured over a drug-store, and the first college term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved into larger quarters and, in 1870, the cornei-stone of a new college building was laid. The six suc- ceeding years were marked by internal dissen- sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 215 1892, the corner-stone of a second building was laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the new structure occupying the site of the old, but Ivkig larger, better arranged and better equipped. Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and co-education of the sexes has ever since continued an established feature of the institution. For more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has been in operation in connection with the college. HAI> T ES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y.,' May 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for the next eleven years, was employed in various pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner (1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, serving two terms. He also served as Delegate from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the State Senate from the First District, serving in the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- nine votes for the seat in the United States Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the old Chicago West Division Railway and President of the Savings Institute. During his later years he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, July 4, 1896. — Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., April 21, 1822 ; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to Lake County, where he resided until his death. His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- sional, was self -acquired. He began to occupy and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining his majority ; studied law, and, in 1851, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- kegan ; in 1860 opened an office in Chicago, still, however, making his home at Waukegan. In 1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He made similar compilations of the township laws of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his career as a politician both checkered and unique. Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- ganization upon the formation of the Republican party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In 1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- ent," and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and '88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo- crats in a District normally Republican. He served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and '85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies being so equally divided that he either held, or was able to control, the balance of power. He was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions were the cause of much severe criticism, being regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions over which he presided were among the stormiest in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 25, 1889. HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some years spent as a clerk in a country store at Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- ical department of Yale College, later serving as a home missionary, in Georgia; came to Illinois in 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct enabled him to exert a powerful influence over the drunken aborigines who constituted a large and menacing class of the population of what was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church in Springfield, continuing that connection until 1865. From that time until his death, his life was largely devoted to missionary work among the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. Among these he wielded a large influence and always commanded genuine respect from all denominations. His forte was love rather than argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. HALE, (Dr.) Edwin M., physician, was born in Newport, N. H., in 1829, commenced the study of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 he labored in the interest of a representation of homeopathy in the University of Michigan. When this was finally accomplished, he was offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- quence of having been elected to the same position in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and. on his return, severed his connection with the Hahne- mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 216 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of several volumes held in high esteem by members of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- tion for professional skill and benevolence of character. He was a member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of various home and foreign associations. Died, in Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. HALL, (Col.) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay- ette County, 111., August 29, 1822 — the son of a pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of its admission as a State. He served as Second Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he raised the first company for the war in Shelby County, which was attached to the Fourteenth Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment) ; was promptly promoted from Captain to Major and finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to command of the regiment. The Fourteenth Regiment having been finally consolidated with the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth Illinois, which he resigned in March, 1804, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten years and until his death, Sept. 6, 1878. HALL, James, legislator, jurist, State Treasurer and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He was legislated out of office two years later and resumed private practice, making his home at Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con- ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the first periodical published in Illinois. Among his published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of the Border," "Notes on the Western States," "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- turned to duty after partial recovery, but was finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- ity. Returning home he resumed business, but retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making ten years of continuous service. HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant water power for manufacturing purposes. An iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a higb school, and an apiary. The surrounding country is a farming and fruit district. The city is the site of Riverside Mineral Springs and a sanitarium. Pop. (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,344; (1910), 1,627. HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather, Thomas M. Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to Monroe County, 111., where the father of the sub- ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- ceived his literary education at home and with a classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 began the study of medicine, and the following year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, and, for the next five years, was engaged in gen- eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- tion before an Army Examining Board, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army with the rank of First Lieutenant,, serving suc- cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis; Fort Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 217 and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the South, a few years later, rendered efficient service in checking the spread of the disease by taking charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville and other stricken points. Resigning the position of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro- fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides holding other allied positions ; was also editor of "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the Medical Department of the United States Army, in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but died, Dec. 24, 1898. HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he began life working on a farm. Later, he followed the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois County, which has since been his home. After filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and '79), also, in 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Representatives, being one of the "103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- orable Senatorial contest of 1885 ; was re-elected in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 1890 and '98. HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17; he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- ated in 1868. For a year he taught school at Henry, and later became Professor of Languages at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming- ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 6, 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to su cceed Governor Cullom, who had b een chosen Uni ted States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. Oglesby to head the State ticket. Later Governor Hamilton was a prominent practitioner at the Chicago bar until his death, Sept. 22, 1905. HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, was born near Danville, Ky., August 21, 1799; studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro, Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed cashier of the newly established Branch State Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds having appointed him the first Probate Judge of Cook County. At the same time he also held the offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the Chicago school section being made under his administration. He was a Colonel of State militia and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, Dec. 26, 1860. HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- tary of the Treasury — was born in New York City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17), at West Point ; came west and located at an early day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly (1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some twenty years later, a monument was erected to his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward to meet General La Fayette on his way from New Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- nois in 1825. HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 square miles, and population (1910) of 18,227 — named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county- seat. The surface of the county is rolling and the fertile soil well watered and drained by numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 218 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. boundary. Coal crops out at various points in the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton County was a dense forest, and timber is still abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the hard woods found are black and white oak, black walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the principal crops, although considerable fruit is cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for whom a water course was named), in 1815; Adam Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle, in 1818, and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. The most important town is McLeansboro, whose population in 1890 was 1,355. HAMMOND, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., where he became Principal of the Whitesboro Seminary (in which he was partially educated), and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held various offices, including member of the Legisla- ture and Auditor; in 1852 completed the con- struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up his residence in that city. In 1855 he became Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, but was compelled to resign by failing health, later becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and one of the founders of the Chicago Theological Seminary (Congregational) ; also President, for several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- less. Died, April 15, 1884. HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large canning factory, pickle factory, and machine shop; dairy and stock interests are large. The place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 697. HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River; was organized in 1825 and named for John Hancock; has an area of 780 square miles; popu- lation (1910) 30,638. Its early settlers were chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty years a resident of Montebello Township. Black Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to have been born within the limits of Camp Creek Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after the War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac- uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, Mendenhalls, Logans, and Luther Whitney. James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Nauvoo. ) Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- sippi was established at Montebello (near the present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has a fine public school system, numerous thriving towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the State. HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he- was one year old was taken back to Maryland, his parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- mouth, Va. , and was a student at the Virginia Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army at the age of seventeen. When the war ended Handy found himself penniless. He was school- teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime writing some for a New York paper. Later he became a clerk in the office of "The Christian Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was able to secure a regular position on the local staff of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion was rapid, being employed at different times upon many of the most prominent and influential papers in the East, including "The New York Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and "Daily News. " In 1893, at the request of Director- General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, tendered him about the same time by President HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 219 Harrison. Later, as a member of the National Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the interest of foreign countries in the Exposition. For some time after the World's Fair, he was associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." In 1897, having been appointed by President McKinley United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon his return to this country he found himself in very poor health, and went South in a vain attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898. HANKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin County, Ky., May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten years the senior of the latter, was his intimate friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- tion, he often led the future President in boyish pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- hold in Spencer County, Ind., and finally married Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, the families removing to Macon County, 111., together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks removed to Coles County, where he remained until some three years before his death, when he went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar County. It has been claimed that he first taught the youthful Abraham to read and write, and this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's teacher. He has also been credited with having once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while crossing a swollen stream. Austin Gollaher, a school- and play -mate of Lincoln's, has also made the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- sumably referring to the same event After the riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 1863, in which several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although they were not immediately released, the fact that they were ordered returned to Charleston for trial and finally escaped punishment, has been attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1892, in the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries received from being run over by a buggy while returning from an Emancipation- Day celebra- tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September previous. HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with them two years; engaged in flat-boating, making numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings aroused against slavery by his first sight of a slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to Macon County, 111., locating about four miles west of Decatur, and it was partly through his influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house when they arrived, and these were hauled by Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- coln worked together splitting rails to fence a portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln — some of these rails being the ones displayed during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and Lincoln worked together in the construction of a flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- field, for a man named Off utt, which Lincoln took to New Orleans — -Hanks only going as far as St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh. afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, when he went to California, where he spent three years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry (afterwards commanded by General Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, ?n which capacity he remained two years, serving in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with the regiment, Hanks had charge of the staff team. Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made three trips to California after the war. Died, July 1, 1891. HANNIKAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) HANON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian County, being the first white settler in that region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County, April 5, 1879. HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and a graded school. The Township (also called Han- 220 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- lation of about 1,700. Population of the village (1890), 743; (1900), 785; (1910), 650. HARDIN, the county-seat of Calhoun County, situated in Hardin Township, on the west bank of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of Alton; is in an agricultural and fruit-growing region; has churches, a graded school and two newspaper offices. Pop. (1890), 311; (1900), 494; (1910), 654. HARDIN, John J., lawyer, Congressman and soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810. After graduating from Transylvania University and being admitted to the bar, he began practice at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, later being elected to the lower house of the Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, his term expiring in 1845. During the later period of his professional career at Jacksonville he was the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, 1847) while leading the final charge. His remains were brought to Jacksonville and buried with distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- neral oration. — (Jen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. Being assigned to the command of volunteer troops, he passed through various grades until May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North River, Va., became Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- General of the regular army in March, 1865, for service during the war, and was finally mus- tered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. — Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female Seminary in that place; was married about 1854 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and has given much attention, of late years, to literary pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous poems and essays. She served for several years as a member of the Board of Education, and was for six years principal of a young ladies' school at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast border of the State, and bounded on the east and south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 180 square miles, and was named for a county in Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton- wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple agricultural products. The minerals found are iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime- stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 7,234; (1900), 7.448; (1910), 7,015. HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was educated chiefly at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to Illinois, resuming practice and managing several farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 from Warren County, and of the lower branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly (1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged in railroad enterprises. In 1863 he enlisted as a private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected in 1866. He did much for the development of the western part of the State in the construction of railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune of about $2,000,000, and, before his death, en- dowed a professorship in Monmouth College. Died, July 19, 1874. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 221 HARGRAYE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- tucky to Illinois in 1816, settling near Carmi in White County; served in the Third Territorial Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General Assembly of the State (1818-20). His business- life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- manufacture. HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark County, 111. , August 25, 1820 ; graduated at Asbury University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Iowa (1817), President of Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior (1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- versity. He was also a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873, after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885, presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and the following year was elected to the Circuit bench under the new Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872 was elected County Judge of Clark County. Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 1879. HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State, born at Sackett's Harbor. N. Y., in 1830, removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in business as a commission merchant ; also served a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he took a prominent part in the history of the State. Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve the Union, working in harmony with the war party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In 1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front, when Governor Yates requested him to remain at home and continue his effective work in the Union League, saying that he could accomplish more for the cause in this way than in the field. Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an organizer, and the League became a powerful factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- General on the Governor's staff, and had charge of the troops as they were mustered out. During a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1869-73) as Secre- tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- field he acted as correspondent for several news- papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at different periods in the commission and real estate business, but has been retired of late years on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900. HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers ; took a course in a commercial college and engaged in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood- ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to '75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of the city of Chicago; in 1882 was elected to the Thirty -third General Assembly and re-elected in 1884. During his first term in the Legislature, Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage of the " High License Law." For a time he was in grain commission trade, but later was President of the Grand Pacific Hotel Co. Died Sept. 22, 1909. HARPER, William Rainey, clergyman and educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July 26, 1856 ; graduated at Muskingum College at the age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this being one of the principal commencement honors in that institution. After three years' private study he took a post-graduate course in philology at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D., at the age of 19. For several years he was engaged in teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- logical studies and devoting special attention to Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi- nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. The school by correspondence was known as the 222 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "American Institute of Hebrew," and increased so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- dents, from all parts of the world, many leading professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the professorship of Semitic Language and Literature at Yale University, having in the previous year become Principal of the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the entire Chautauqua system. During the winters of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- tures on the Bible in various cities and before several universities and colleges, having been, in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale, although still filling his former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- cago University, which has rapidly increased in wealth, extent and influence. (See University of Chicago.) For some years he was a member of the Chicago Board of Education; was author of numerous philological text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but applying the "inductive method" to the study of Latin and Greek, and sought to im- prove the study of English along the same lines. In addition, he edited two scientific periodicals and published numerous monographs. Died of cancer of the stomach, Jan. 10, 1906. HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., Oct. 29, 18I6; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1842, the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) aDd was elected Major. He was present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of General Shields at the latter, taking command of the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had assumed command of the brigade. During his absence in the army (1846) he was chosen to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, '56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after his fourth election and before completing his preceding term. HARRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; was educated at Nor walk Seminary, licensed to preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the Michigan Conference, being transferred to the Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then, after two years' pastoral work and some three years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position first of Principal of the Academic Department and then a professorship; was Secretary of the General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in 1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining until his death, which occurred in New York, Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- thority on Methodist Church law, and published a small work entitled "Powers of the General Conference" (1859), and, in connection with Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- ence to the Methodist Church. HARRISBURG, county-seat of Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron are found. The town has flour and saw mills, coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage and other wood-working establishments, two banks and one daily and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,723; (1900), 2,202; (1910), 5,309. HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician, Con- gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of 20 years graduated from Yale College and began reading law, but later engaged in farming. After spending two years in foreign travel, he entered the Law Department of Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor of Chicago, filling that office for four successive biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election in 1887 by his Republican competitor, John A. Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on his return, published an entertaining account of his journey under the title, "A Race with the Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but was defeated by Hempstead Washburne, Repub- lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 223 tion of his party for the office, and was elected. In 1892, in connection with a few associates, he purchased the plant of ' 'The Chicago Times, " plac- ing his sons in charge. He was a man of strong character and intense personality, making warm friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at either his office or his home. Taking advantage of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition — gained admission to his residence, and, without the slightest provocation, shot him down in his library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin was subsequently tried, convicted and hung. HARRISON, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- erally related to the signer of the Declaration of Independence of that name, and to President William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- tion to real estate. His father having purchased the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became associated with the editorship of that paper and, for a time, had charge of its publication until its consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In 1897, he received the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by receiving a majority of the total vote. Again in 1399, he was re-elected to the same office, receiving a plurality over his Republican com- petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of the youngest men who ever held the office. HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory (including the present State of Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773, being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; was educated at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- viously served as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Wayne, by whom he was complimented for gallantry at the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by President Adams Secretary of the Northwest Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- gate in Congress ; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, serving by reappointment some 12 years. During his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years later, he negotiated many important treaties with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier- General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the Army of the Northwest, he won the important battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator (1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one month after his inauguration. HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1837. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illi- nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph County, which became his permanent home. He was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five years later he was admitted to the bar, and began practice. He was Representative in Congress for two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874, and again in 1876. HARVARD, an incorporated city in McHenry County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage and packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- wheel factory and two weekly papers. The region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967; (1900), 2,602, (1910), 3,008. HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14, 1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt., and Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston until 1862, when she was called to the principal- ship of Castleton Seminary. She resigned this 224 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, 111., where she spent her last years. The main building of this institution having been burned in November, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts of Miss Haskell. (See Monticello Female Seminary.) Died May 6, 1907. HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State of Illinois (1857-'65), was born at Hillsborough Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to Griggsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, serving one term. An earnest anti -slavery man, he was, in 1856, nominated by the newly organized Repub- lican party for Secretary of State and elected, being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal friend and admirer. During the war he gave a zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' administration. In 1864 he declined a renonii- nation and retired from political life. He was an original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- ment Association from its organization in 1865 to his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J. Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- ment. After retiring from office he was interested to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- ville, and was influential in securing the con- struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying there, March 12, 1893. HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy- man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed only such educational advantages as could be obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- ing the next eleven years supplying churches in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that vicinity until 1865, when he assumed the pastor- ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church in Chicago, two years later going to the Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, but, returning to Illinois in 1877, he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- merfield Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, hfe became Financial Agent of the Northwestern University at Evanston, of which he had been a Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his services were in constant demand during this period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the General Conferences of 1860, '64, '76, '80 and '84, and was a leader in some of the most important debates in "those bodies. Died, at Evanston, March 31, 1891. HATTON, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 1846; entered his father's newspaper office at Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- coming foreman and local editor; in 1862, at the age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur- lington, where he secured a controlling interest in "The Hawkey e," which he brought to a point of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city under President Grant, and, in 1881, became First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- tration, being the youngest man who ever held a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 removed to Chicago, where he became one of the proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- chasing the plant of "The National Republican" in Washington, commenced the publication of "The Washington Post, "with which he was con- nected until his death, April 30, 1894. HAVANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge plants. A number of manufactories are located HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 225 hare. The city has several churches, three pub- lic schools and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 2,525; (1900), 3,26S; (1910), 3,525. HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, and taught in various institutions in Massachu- setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry as a member of the New York Conference; five years later accepted a professorship in Michigan University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in that time serving two terms in the State Senate and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great versatility and power as an orator, wrote much for the periodical press and published several volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on rhetoric. HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a meager country-school education, at the age of 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- tion six or seven years, after which he spent three years in a more liberal course of study in a private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he removed to Chicago. After several years spent in manufacturing and real-estate business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for the promotion of popular education. For ten years following 1853, he was officially connected with the Chicago Board of Education, being for four years its President. The cornptrollership of the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. During the war he was a zealous supporter of the Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States for the Department of the Northwest, serving in this capacity during a part of President Johnson's administration. In 1866 he was attacked with congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of that year. HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to Carroll County, 111., in boyhood, where he attended the common schools and later graduated from Eu- reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before the expiration of his term, his successor being Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen at a special election to fill the vacancy. HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the Union army as Captain, but was so severely wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was appointed by President Hayes First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, when he resigned. During the last six years of his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North- western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May 24, 1895. HAY, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer- sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his father, in the meantime, having become a resi- dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- camp, also serving for some time under General 226 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hunter and Gilmore, with the rank of Major and Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's assassination he served as Secretary of Legation at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d' Affaires at Vienna; was also editor for a time of "The Illi- nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." Colonel Hay's more important literary works include "Castilian Days, ' ' "Pike County Ballads, ' ' and the ten-volume "History of the Life and Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The New York Tribune," made Washington his home. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- bassador to England, where, by his tact, good judgment and sound discretion manifested as a diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- complished foreign representatives America has produced. His promotion to the position of Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- American War, in September, 1898, followed naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he had won as a diplomatist, was reappointed by Presi- dent Roosevelt and died in office July 1, 1905. HAY, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 16 years of age, when he learned the printer's trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won considerable local prominence in his profession, being for eight years State's Attorney for the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the Forty -first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed with his father's family to Springfield, 111. , in 1832; in 1838 became a student in the law office of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which ended by the retirement of the latter from prac- tice in 1861. Others who were associated with him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue and member of the Judiciary Committee, was prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870 Again, as a member of the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873-74), he assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the new order of things under the new Constitution. The estimate in which he was held by his associ- ates is shown in the fact that he was a member of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the State, which was especially complimented for the manner in which it performed its work by concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man was more frequently consulted by State execu- tives on questions of great delicacy and public importance, during the last thirty years of his life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the active prosecution of his profession, devoting his time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, Sept. 15, 1893. HAYES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was born at Granby, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 111., where the first twenty years of his life were spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- listed in the Union army, being commissioned successively, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris, Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia which renominated Grant, and represented his district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some years since. HAYES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in the drug business for two years ; then began the study of law and was admitted to practice in 1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, stumping the southern counties for the Demo- cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 1847 he raised a company for service in the Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from the seat of government, its muster rolls were not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 227 received until the quota of the State had been filled. The same year he was chosen a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention for White County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector. About 1852 he removed to Chi- cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and (1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- tion, particularly in its attitude on the question of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- lar assemblies, were of a very high order. HAYMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been addressed by orators who sought to inflame the worst passions of their hearers. The excitement (previously more or less under restraint) culmi- nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed by the widening of West Randolph Street for an open-air produce -market. An immense concourse assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- matory speeches were made from a cart, which was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the police, who, under command of Inspector John Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd and were endeavoring to enforce the command. Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- ing in the street. The majority of the crowd fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests followed during the night and the succeeding morning, and search was made in the office of the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted in the discovery of considerable evidence of an incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook County found indictments for murder against eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were convicted after a trial extending over several months, both the State and the defense being represented by some of the ablest counsel at the Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was given twenty years' imprisonment. The death sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov- ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti- tiously obtained; the remaining four (August Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair attracted wide attention, not only throughout the United States but in other countries also. HAYNIE, Ishain Nicolas, soldier and Adju- tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received but little education at school, but worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, and was licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was elected to the Legislature from Marion County. He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 1852 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, which he had assisted in organizing. He partici- pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at Springfield, November, 1868. HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County ; incorpo- rated in 1886; is co-educational ; had 160 pupils in 1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's trade and came west early in life ; in 1806 was studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 228 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in Union County; in 1823 went to Buffalo, N. Y., but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- cago now stands on July 4; in 1828 was living inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago River, where he opened a small farm at a place which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, had a law office in the village of Chicago. He took a prominent part in the organization of Cook County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. — Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, was member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, from Cook County. HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State Government, created by act of May 25, 1877. It consists of seven members, named by the Gov- ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is charged with "general supervision of the inter- ests connected with the health and life of the citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to quarantine fall within its purview, and in this respect it is invested with a power which, while discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same standard holds good, although to a far less ex- tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also has a modified control over medical practitioners, under the terms of the statute popularly known as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled from the State an army of irregular practition- ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- ard of professional qualification. HEALY, George P. A., artist, was born in Boston, July 15, 1808, and early manifested a predilection for art, in which he was encouraged by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned some money by his art, he went to Europe to study, spending two years in Paris and a like period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re- mained until 1867. During this time he is said to have painted 575 portraits, many of them being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he painted the portraits of a large number of royal personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents and other distinguished persons. One of his his- torical pictures was "Webster Replying to Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a large number of his pictures to the Newberry Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 24, 1894. HEATON, WilUam Weed, lawyer and jurist, was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., April 18, 1814. After completing his academic studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, and occupied a seat upon the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined the Republican party, and took an active part in the campaigns of 1856 and '60. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the command of the Eighty -second. He was a brave soldier, and actively participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, 1881. HEDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The branches taught include the sciences, the classics, music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses. The institution has funds and endowment amounting to $55,000, and property valued At $ 1 .58.000. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 229 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — tbe son of Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and finally to St. Louis, where he joined another brother (Edward), with whom he soon began the study of law. Having been admitted to the bar in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 111., which continued to be his home for the re- mainder of his life, and where he was one of the earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern) , serving upon the first Board of Directors; was elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in the early days of the Civil War, was appointed by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- stead), an older brother of the preceding, already mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at St Louis and became the first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp- stead), another member of this historic family, was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died, Feb. 16, 1883. HENDERSON, Thomas J., Princeton, 111., was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a farm, but received an academic education. In 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, Clerk of the County Court of the same county, serving in that capacity for four years. Mean- while he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a member of the lower house of the Legislature, and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, being brevetted Brigadier-General in January, 1865; served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, 1868, and as Congressman, 1875-95; later, as First Vice- President of National Board of Managers of Sol- diers' Homes and had supervision of the Home at Danville, 111. Died Feb. 5, 1911. HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky., Nov. 16, 1793. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled in Tennessee, where he held many positions of public trust, including that of State Senator. In 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. The first settlements were made about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk War, but revived after the removal of the Indians across the Mississippi. The county was set off from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- bered. Pop. (1900), 10,836; (1910), 9,734. HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, two grain elevators, three churches, a graded school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping point for produce by the river. The Hennepin Canal, in process of construction (1902-07) from Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623; (1890), 574; (1900), 523; (1910), 451. HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 1640. After several years of clerical service in Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of Lake Michigan, early in the following year ( 1680; , La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 230 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. side of the Illinois River, a little below the present site of Peoria, which afterwards received the name of Fort Creve Cceur. In February, 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La Salle, with two companions, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party was captured by the Sioux and carried to the villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, but finally rescued. During his captivity he discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to Quebec, and thenc« sailed to France. There he published a work describing La Salle's first expedition and his own explorations. Although egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work was a valuable contribution to history. Because of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a discoverer which have been wholly discredited. His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country Larger than Europe." It was a compilation describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the Mississippi. His three works have been trans- lated into twenty-four different languages. He died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. HENNEPIN CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis- sippi Canal.) HENRY, a city in Marshall County, on the Illi- nois River and the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north- northeast of Peoria; is a thriving commercial center; has grain elevators, flour mills, a creamery, banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,637; (1910), 1,687. HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day and attended school at night; engaged in mer- chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and was soon after elected Sheriff; served in the Win- nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, finally being placed in command of a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, his success in both winning for him great popularity. His exposures brought on disease of the lungs, and, going South, he died at New Orleans, March 4, 1834. HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties of Northern Illinois, near the western border of the State, having an area of 830 square miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who located in 1835 on what afterwards became the town of Colona. During the two years following several colonies from the eastern States settled at different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. The act creating it was passed in 1825, though organization was not completed until 1837. The first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- quent county -seats have been Richmond (1837) ; Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 33,338, (1900), 40,049; (1910), 41,730. HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile business; served eight years in the State Senate (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- ner of Abraham Lincoln. HERNDON, William H., lawyer, was born at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- nois by his father, Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois College in 1836, but remained only one year on account of his father's hostility to the supposed abolition influences prevailing at that institution; spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- tinuing until the election of the latter to the Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote the advancement of his distinguished partner. The offices he held were those of City Attorney, Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891. HERRIN, a city of Williamson County, 10 miles northwest of Marion; junction of three iines of railroad and center of coal-mining district; has banks, powder plant, machine shops and foundry; two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1910), 6,861. HERRINGTON, Augustus M., lawyer and poli- tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa., in 1823; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 231 when ten years of age was brought by his father to Chicago, the family removing two years later (1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- nence as a Democratic politician, serving as Presidential Elector for the State -at- large in 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National Conventions in 1860, '64, '68, '76 and '80, and was almost invariably a member of the State Conven- tions of his party during the same period. He also served for many years as Solicitor of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James (Herrington), brother of the pi'eceding, was born in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 he was apprenticed to the printing business on the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth, publisher), remaining until 1848, when he returned to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being also connected for a year or two with a local paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- maining in office eight years; also served three terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving continuously in the lower branch of the General Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. Died, July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., father of the two preceding, was a Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for the District embracing the counties of Kane, McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, and after pursuing the study of medicine for two years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After various experiences in selling sewing-machines, as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. Hertz was employed in the Recorder's office of Cook County; in 1878 was record-writer in the Criminal Court Clerk's office; in 1884 was elected Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a candidate for the same office, was elected by a majority of 115,000. serving until 1899. He is now a resident of Chicago. HESING, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung," and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- nership, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895. — Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he returned to Chicago and began work upon "The Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on the street-railroads for the collection of mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died, Dec. ,18, 1897. HEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of Bloomington; has a bank, churches, gas wells, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 683; (1910), 681. HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph, Vt., at the age of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also fitting himself for college with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- mont University, graduating from the latter in 1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 232 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Burlington and finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. Here he opened a law office in connection with his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but early in the following year removed to Freeport, where he subsequently served as City Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 1860, he became a member of the law firm of Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stephen G., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a step-father at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his profession at Salem, Marion County. He promptly raised a company which became a part of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment saw active service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but found him- self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, a few months later, on account of disability. Having finally recovered, he was restored to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In October, 1863, he was placed in command at Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after which he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 1869, and was buried, in accordance with his request, in the folds of the American flag. Born on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the death of this brave soldier should have occurred on the anniversary of that of the "Father of His Country." HIGBEE, Chauncey L., lawyer and Judge, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He early took an interest in politics, being elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he w r as elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. HIGGINS, Van Hollis, lawyer, was born in Genessee County, N. Y., and received his early education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as clerk in his brother's store, taught some months in Vermilion County; then went to St. Louis, where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 111., where he read law and was admitted to the bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, and was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins was successful as a lawyer and business man, and was connected with a number of important busi- ness enterprises, especially in connection with real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- eral local societies of a professional, social and patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 17, 1893. HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- go, July 11, 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson, who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-estate business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering department of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 233 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, and soon after assumed the same position in con- nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years, President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 18G4, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi- gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the absence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times," his letters being widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the author of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of Englandand America, " and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- tions," which are accepted as high authority with the profession. In 1870 he published a revised edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all his legal arguments, together with a memoir of his life. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con' densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — one German. Pop. (1900), 1,970; (1910), 2,675. HIGHWOOR, a village of Lake County, on the Chicago & North Western Railroad, 24£ miles north of Chicago; is adjacent to Fort Sheridan. Pop. (1910), 1,227. HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and health resort. It has a large hotel, several churches, a military academy, and a weekly paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions here. Pop. (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806; (1910), 4,209. HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator, was born in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833 , at 15 removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- dere, 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective office was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assem- bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his family. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had clone while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the Eignth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Wiil and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. HILLSBORO, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Montgomery County, on the C. C. C. & St. L. and the C. & E. I. Railways, 67 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are brick and tile, and furniture; there are three 234 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. coal shafts and two large smelters. It has three public schools and a high school, three banks and two semi-weekly newspapers. The surrounding region is agricultural and dairying is also carried on. Pop. (1900), 1,937; (1910), 3,424. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rochel'.e Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora, in rich agricultural and dairying region , has grain elevators, brick and tile works, creamery, water and electric light plants. Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 661. HINRICHSEN, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County; then went into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- ville "Evening Courier," until 188G, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on "The Courier." He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen was also a member of the Democratic State Central Committee from 1890, and was Ch'airman of that body during 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Sixteenth Dis- trict and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1898. Died Dec. 18, 1907. HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-southwest of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy, electric light plant, waterworks, sewerage system, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 2,578; (1910), 2,451. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- ates' Relief Association. He was also influential in securing the establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 111. , he was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1852, entered into the forwarding and pom- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there ; in 1862 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and gave much of his atten- tion to that business. Died June 13, 1909. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- tions he represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long service In that time he had taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he had been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualified him. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1898. Died Sept. 20, 1906. HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained until the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1822, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. foroed to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German press, and, in 1856, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years in his later life Mr. Hoffman was editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wis- consin. Died Jan. 23, 1903. HOGAN, John, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 1805; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the traae of a shoe- maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; In 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until ihe accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including ' 'The Resources of Mis- souri, " "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "History of Methodism." HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who held office until 1848. HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y. , in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years, Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal, President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church work in connection with the Armour Mission, with which he has been associated for many years. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated $75,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than $15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Girls.) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the a o K H o fa <1 H F H "3 H ► f H o H d H w pa O H HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 237 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva , in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-soutliwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; also has two banks several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper. The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 924; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080; (1910), 1,086. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of $1,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1862 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. H0MEW00D, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population (1900), 352; (1910), 713. HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822 ; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent ; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. H00PEST0N, a prosperous city in Vermilion County at the intersection of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machine shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and two news- papers, issuing daily and weekly editions, several churches, a high school and a business college. Pop. (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1910), 4,698. » HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, III, August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District, serving by successive re elections until 1903. when he was chosen United States Senator as successor to Hon. William E. Mason, serving one term In 1908 he received a majority vote in the primaries for re election as Senator, but was defeated by William A. Lorimer in the General Assembly. In 1898 he received a majority of more than 18,000 over the combined vote of two competitors for Con- gress in his district. His residence is at Aurora, 111. HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning the printer's trade in the office of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, again went to New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by- way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the office of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. HOVEY, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1852, and became successively Principal of high" schools at Farmington, -Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in "Washing- ton, Nov 17, 1897. HOWLAND, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the citj r 's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the ^jEneid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. H0Y\E, Philip A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City r , Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. HUBBARD, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of I860, was prominently identified with every local measure HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 239 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for a year, held a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1856, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1802 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent ami General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago & North- western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HULETT, Aita M., lawyer, was born near Rockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in .1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he vas elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney -Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1*90-92. In the former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. Tho case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pry or of New York, and Messrs. "W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs— but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. Died March 17, 1901. HUNTER, Andrew J., w-as born in Greencastle, Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1892, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1822, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 1861, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him, in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in March, 1865, retired from active service July, 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing the study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A portion of the present city of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- ber of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y.) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed in 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. No statutory revision having been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd carried on the same character of work on inde- pendent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. Died in his home, Evanston, 111., Jan. 20, 1906. HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier, Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing; was made a Major-General in Septem- 3 o w Ui H > •-3 o > C - 09 _ r > S I 2 > 2£ > H • H O o t- 1 - c M QQ H H O > i— i O Ui W n o C > o 02 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHINS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer' , was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government surveys in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSOJVVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank, brick and tile works, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 743; (1910), 722. ILLINOIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty -first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. this agrees generally with the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into Illini with the suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further denned as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36° 59' and 42° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake aud by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others. Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, (n the middle and northern portion of the State, which excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most picturesque variety. Animals, etc. — From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Climate.— The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the "American Bottom, ' ' a region extending a distance of ninety 244 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature has ranged from 25° in the north to 34° in the south, and the summer mean from 67° in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below zero in the northern portion, while the highest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. The average difference in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest foe Occupation. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- ally as strong as their .neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted them- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. Early Explorations. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named that region "New England,'' the French gave to their possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, the name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. " The boundaries of each were very indefi- nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the treaty of 1703. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 245 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie*'), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis. , now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- niacinac"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "PiasaBird, " which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, now stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette. ) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream by two years. The chief authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while the latter was returning 'rom one of his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then leavned, he made a visit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carry out his plans. With the aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which with a company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and. leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Branch of the Chicago Rivei in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Coeur — "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Cceur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty's Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying ' 'The Rock, " to which reference has been made under the name of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the > y«s * <(i P| Infi BESru ' ^^E &Z W' k s j i (rK"'8 t$vk 11 ^ .- v i^r A LA SALLE. HENEY DE TONTY. FT. DEAEBOBN, FROM THE WEST, 180S. WAE EAGLE. CHIEF CHICAGO U. FORT DEARBORN 2D. IN 1853. FROM THE SOUTHWEST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Starved Rock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the ''Illinois Country," and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions. — When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the south and east about this time, as Allouez represents that he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottavvatomies were located along the southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "The Soo"), though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 248 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the "Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of .the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he r as compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father Allouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, 1 was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois w r as broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occupation.— As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of ' 'New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly denned, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars. ) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres. ) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French Governors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discovery; but they found the French under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber. 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country'* fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received ARTHUR ST. CLAIR Governor of Northwest Territory 1789-1802 (1802-1809 see Indiana Territory) NINIAN EDWARDS Governor of Illinois Territory 1809-1818 State Governor Dec. 6, 1826-Dee. 6, 1830 SHADRACH BOND Governor Oct. 6, 1818-Dec. 5, 1822 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 251 what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an officer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by the British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many families. " Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James "Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and §50,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) Under Government of Virginia.— Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-ofncio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." — but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions Against Fort St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Countrj r " after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) "War. " In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- versy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and jould have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 1787.) Northwest Territory Organized. — Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons. 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Synnnes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Ulark twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, .fudge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as uounty-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least \a part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, {Gen.) Anthony.) First Territorial Legislation.— In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 20, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair, Jr. , son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Greenville, Treaty of. ) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty -third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. This in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- tana. This arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. For four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but, the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held, Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on EDWARD COLES Governor Dec. 5, 1822-Dec. 6, 1826 (1826-1830 see Ninian Edwards) WILLIAM L. D. EWING Governor Nov. 17, 1834-Dec. 3, 1834 JOHN REYNOLDS Governor Dec. 6, 1830-Nov. 17, 1834 JOSEPH DUNCAN Governor Dec. 3, 1834-Dec. 7, 1838 THE LIBRARY OF THE HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 1805, Shad- rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark*s in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command In 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at onetime Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names.) The government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of 1811.) War OF 1812. — During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites, appeared before Captain Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy.' In the meantime the Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort— the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next occurred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of the country rendered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three hundred yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action commenced; after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did not follow me but assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to comply with this request, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve militia, with two women and twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian character, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slightest chance for life ; we must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you.' With these words he dashed forward into the thickest of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, knowing what his fate would be, when a young HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 257 red-skin cut him down with his tomahawk, jumped upon his body, cut out his heart and ate a portion of it with savage delight. ' "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both wounded, Lieutenant Helm, also wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com- missioned officers and privates, and eleven women and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted to the care of some friendly Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a few Chippewas, Ottawas. Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." (See Fort Dearborn; also War of 1812. ) Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present city of Chicago. After the destruction of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching upon the sands near the lake shore, tut they were gathered up a few years later and buried. The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat irregularly until 18?7, when it was finally aban- doned, there being no longer any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. Other Events of the War. — The part played by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 1812; the first of these, under the direction of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He burned a part of the town and, taking the people as prisoners down the river, put them ashore below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both these affair were severely censured. There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — the last of these being in co-operation with regu- lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, afterwards President, against a force of Indians supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the campaign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern tribes, thus ending the war. First Territorial Legislature.— By act of Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e., em- powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In September, three additional counties — Madison, Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making five in all, and, in October, an election for the choice of five members of the Council and seven Representatives was held, resulting as follows: Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, anr^ Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives— George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The Legislature met at KaskasKa, Nov. 25, the Coun- cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- tinued President of the Council during the whole Territorial period; while George Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the Second. The county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and White in 1815. Other counties organized under the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making fifteen in all. Of these all but the three last-named were organized previous to the passage by Congress of the enabling act author- izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. Early Towns.— Besides the French villages in the American Bottom, there is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to have been abandoned about 1775 and a ne« 258 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. village established on the present site of Peoria soon after, which was maintained until 1812, when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808; Belleville, established as the county-seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield aud Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a village of Pike County." Admission as a State.— The preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress, April 13, 1818. An important incident in this connection was the amendment of the act, mak- ing the parallel of 42° 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River the northern boundary, instead of a line extending from the southern extremity of the Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- ing what have since become fourteen of the most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chicago. The political, material and moral results which have followed this important act, have been the subject of much interesting dis- cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, Nathaniel.) Another measure of great importance, which Mr. Pope secured, was a modification of the provision of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- lic lands within the State, to the construction of roads and canals. The amendment which he secured authorizes the application of two-fifths of this fund to the making of roads leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- ated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or university." This was the beginning of that system of liberal encouragement of education by the General Government, which has been at- tended with such beneficent results in the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois & Michigan Canal.) Tho Enabling Act required as a precedent con- dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken that year, should show a population of 40,000. Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed that tlie number was greatly exaggerated, the true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. According to the decennial census of 1820, the population of the State at that time was 55,162. If there was any short-coming in this respect in 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by its unexampled growth in later years. An election of Delegates to a Convention to frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 1818 (extending through three days), thirty-three Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia, August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup, Secretary, closing its labors, August 2G. The Constitution, which was modeled largely upon the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See Constitutional Conventions, especially Conven- tion of 1818. ) Objection was made to its accept- ance by Congress on the ground that the population of the Territory was insufficient and that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but these arguments were overcome and the docu- ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. The only officers whose election was provided for by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant- Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- sioners. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive either by the Governor or General Assembly. The elective franchise was granted to all white male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who had resided in the State six months. The first State election was held Sept. 17, 1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant- Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- seven Representatives. It commenced its session at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A second session of the same Legislature was held, extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819. Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first House. The other State officers elected at the first ses- sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; John Thomas, Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by THOMAS CARLIN Governor Dec. 7, 1838- Dec. 8, 1842 AUGUSTUS C. FRENCH Governor Dec. 9, 1846- Jan. 10, 1853 JOEL A. MATTESON Governor Jan. 10, 1853-Jan. 12, 1857 WILLIAM H. BISSELL Governor Jan. 12, 1857-March 15, 1860 THE MBRARY OF THE HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 259 the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas were elected United States Senators, the former drawing the short term and serving one year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- edge, left the State in a few months and was succeeded by "William Wilson (See State Officers, United States Senators, and Judiciary.) Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- ant feature of his character : "At one time there was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A number of his neighbors called upon him for what they wanted ; he declined to let them know whether he could supply them or not, but told them to come to his store on a certain day, when he would inform them. They came at the time appointed, and were seated. Menard passed around among them and inquired of each, 'You got money?' Some said they had and some that they had not, but would pay as soon as they killed their hogs. Those who had money he directed to range themselves on ons side of the room and those who had none, on the other. Of course, those who had the means expected to get the salt and the others looked very much dis- tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. Dese poor men who got no money shall have my salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble hearted and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." (See Menard, Pierre. ) Removal of the Capital to Vandalia.— At the second session of the General Assembly, five Commissioners were appointed to select a new site for the State Capital. What is now the city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 1820, the entire archives of the State were re- moved to the new capital, being transported in one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- wards became United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals. ) During; the session of the Second General Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, who had been the first Representative in Con- gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, though he served only about two years, dying in 1830. (See State Bank.) Introduction of the Slavery Question. — The second State election, which occurred in August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- lent period through the introduction of some exciting questions into State politics. There were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in the field: Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme Court, supported by the friends of Governor Bond; Associate-Justice Browne, of the same court, supported by the friends of Governor Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of Virginia, who had served as private secretary of President Monroe, and had been employed as a special messenger to Russia. He had made two visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- tion being in session at the date of the latter visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of the slavery question and exerted his influence in securing the adoption of the prohibitory article in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The journey from Brownsville, Pa., was made in two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- prised his slaves by announcing that they were free. The scene, as described by himself, was most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took them with him to his destination, where he eventually gave each head of a family 1G0 acres of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Register of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by President Mon- roe, before leaving Virginia. The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it w r as in this attitude that he stood as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois Country" from the time Renault brought 500 260 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- dred years before. Although the Constitution declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminating it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission of slaves from without, it was not regarded as inimical to the institution as it already existed ; and, as the population came largely from the slave States, there had been a rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Governor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, Edward; also Cook, Daniel Pope.) The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- lature, which met Dec. 2, 1822. The House organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney-General. Lockwood had served nearly two years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake. ) The slavery question came up in the Legisla- ture on the reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- stitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to revise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a si» B de vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative .rom Pike County, whose seat had been unsucces .sf ully contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the session, being one of those voting in the negative. The next day, without further investigation, the majority proceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen two and a half months previ- ously, and Shaw was seated in his place ; though, in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published in the State, "The Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on both sides of the question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States Senator), favored the Convention. The latter paper was established for the especial purpose of supporting the Convention scheme and was promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- ure. (See Newspapers, Early.) Among other supporters of the Convention proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, of the Supreme Court, and many more; while among the leading champions of the opposition, were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- pincott. Daniel P. Cook, then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of freedom on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the salary of his entire term ($4,000), as well as his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. The election was held August 2, 1824. resulting in 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 261 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for President was divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and "William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- oral College failing to elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of §2,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- lature having passed an act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- formed a service to the State which has scarcely yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward.) A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, to «isurp the position after the Governor's return. ?he ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper vere suppressed by the Supreme Court. An interesting event of the year 1825, was the 'isit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He fvas welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. (See La Fayette, Visit of .) The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the following year at a cost of $12,381.20, toward which the people of Vandalia contributed §5,000. Edwards' Administration. — The State elec- tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he had filled during nearly the whole of the exist- ance of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the first United States Senators, and re-elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, by appointment of President Monroe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period of retirement to private life for the first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of the State for endorsement, with the result stated. His administration was unevent- ful except for the "Winnebago War," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave State and his long connec- tion with the executive office. His early educa- tion had been under the direction of the celebrated William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship existed. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter published his papers at Spring- field and Galena. At the expiration of his term of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his home at Belleville, where, after making an un- successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, Ninian.) William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- ments used against Kinney in this campaign was that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of three members who voted against the Illinois & Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the canal) would make an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken towards the erection of a State peni- tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 262 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Commissioners having charge of its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. Governor Reynolds — Black Hawk War. — The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Reynolds, John.) The most important event of Reynolds' admin- istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called out during this w r ar to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to give the details of this complicated struggle, which was protracted through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's command. Beardstown was the base of opera- tions in each of these campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued through Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin without being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the center of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region surrounding it. (See Black Hawk War. ) Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of the whites, it was remarkable for the number of those connected with it whose names afterwards became famous in the history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who after- wards became Presidents of the United States — Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army and afterwards head of the Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards United States Senator; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's law preceptor and partner, and later a Member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col. John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and others. Under the census of 1830, Illinois became entitled to three Representatives in Congress instead of one, by whom it had been represented from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. (See. Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc, and Representatives in Congress.) Within two weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), Governor Reynolds followed the example of his associate in office by resigning the Governorship to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or Southern) District, which had been rendered vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the incumbent in office, in July previous. This opened the way for a new promotion of acting Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, John, and Slade, Charles. ) Ewing probably held a greater variety of offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and President of the Senate; served as Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors; was United States Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became Clerk of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in that office three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or ten different offices, including the high- est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- son.) Duncan's Administration. — Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Represent- ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August, 1834, over four competitors — William 5 RICHARD YATES Governor Jan. 14, 1861- Jan. 16, 1865 RICHARD J. OGLESBY Governor Jan. 16, 1865-Jan. 11. 1869 Jan. 13, 1873-Jan. 23, 1873. Jan. 30. 1885- Jan. 14. 1889 Of THE HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 263 Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph.) His administration was made memorable by the large number of distinguished men who either entered public life at this period or gained additional prominence by their connection with public affairs. Among these w ere Abraham Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862; Orville H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future cabinet officer; Lieut -Gov. John Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many more. During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- ests of the State. The estimated cost of the various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000, and though little of substantial value was real- ized, yet, m 1852, the debt (principal and inter- est) thereby incurred (including that of the canal), aggregated nearly §17,000,000. The col- lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of specie payments by the banks all over the country, which followed soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- ment Policy; also State Debt.) Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act was passed removing the State capital to Spring- field, and an appropriation of §50,000 was made to erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the Senate ; and Abraham Lin- coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew McCormick, Dan Stone, "William F. Elkin and Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- tives from Sangamon County — played a leading part. The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which left a stain upon the locality, but for which his administration had no direct responsibility; to- wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had been employed upon various papers, the last being "The St. Louis Observer." The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where the first number of "The Alton Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of the material had been destroyed by a mob. On the night of August 21, 1837, there was a second destruction of the material, when a third press having been procured, it was taken from the warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained about the building the next day, but when night came all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building, when two or three men in concealment fired upon him, the shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost instantly. He was buried the following da} r without an inquest. Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building were tried for riot and accmitted — the former probably on account of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because they were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. Jennings and his comrade, Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the latter, having been captured by Comanche Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; also Alton Riots. ) Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship.— Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, who was chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 264 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. (See Carlin, (Gov.) Thomas; Anderson, Stinson H.) Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time we find the names of Orville H. Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, J«sse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- quent history of the State. This was the last Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an elocpient address. Its estimated cost was §130,000, but $240,000 w r as expended upon it before its com- pletion. An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third District, by a majoi - ity of fourteen votes. Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- cils for the first time. Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting event connected with Carlin's administration was the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the office of Secretary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, this office was filled by nomination by the Gov- ernor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was overruled by the Supreme Court. A special session having been called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- firmed Secretary of State, but held the position only a few months, when he resigned to accept a place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehension of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political control of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterwards Governor, has characterized this step as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- tionary measure, which could never have suc- ceeded except in times of great party excite- ment." The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1810, was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such popular assem- blage had ever been seen in the State before. It is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per cent of the entire population of the State — were present, including a large delegation from Chi- cago who marched overland, under command of the late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices so popular in that memorable campaign. Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, Thomas; Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.) Embarrassing Questions. — The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- tion of business depression that was felt all over the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- tration, the State debt was estimated at $15,657,- 950 — within about one million of the highest point it ever reached — while the total population was a little over half a million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a source of embarrassment. This people, after having been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County ; they increased rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course of their leaders and their odious doctrines — especially with reference to "celestial marriage," and their assumptions of authority — aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring communities not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 265 of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by the Legislature, of certain charters and special privileges. Various charges were made against the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- ernor called out the militia of the neighboring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum and three others, were induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their per- sons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about the building. A con- siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among those set to guard it. In the assault which followed both of the Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated with contempt by those whom he had called upon to preserve the peace. In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- man conducted the negotiations which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable body entered the service of the Government to obtain safe con- duct and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mormons during their stay at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest purposes, and this episode has left a stigma upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- Mormon hero. (See Mormons; Smith, Joseph.) Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain directions have not been questioned, his administration was not a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from his own party. (See Ford, Thomas.) Mexican War. — A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of Ford's administra- tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the General Government from the State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, and many more men offered their services than could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family; he had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legislature and in Con- gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardip, John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- tion in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised in the State "for the war" during the next year, led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict was 6.123. of whom 86 were killed, and 182 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss in killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number of wounded only exceeded by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Among other Illinoisans who participated in this struggle, were Thomas L. Hams, William A. Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, received the "baptism of fire" which prepared them to win distinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss. James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawder, Leonard F. Ross, Isham N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri- son, and others. (See Mexican War. ) French's Administration-Massac Rebellion. — Except for the Mexican War, which was still in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain portions of the State — especially by a band of self- 266 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties — the administration of Augustus C. French, which began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate as successor to James Semple. New Convention Movement. — Governor French was a native of New Hampshire, born August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the depression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactory. The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total vote of 81,352. The State then contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate population of 662, 150. The assessed valuation of property one year later was §92,206,493, while the State debt was §16,661,795— or more than eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of the property of the State. Constitutional Convention of 1847. — The election of members of a State Convention to form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred and sixty-two members chosen, ninety -two were Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades of the opposition. The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- manent President, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three months, adjourning August 31. The Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 against. The Constitution went into effect April 1, 1848. (See Constitutions; also Constitutional Convention of 1847. ) The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied to the payment of the State in- debtedness, was the means of restoring the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of the times, brought upon the State much opprobrium and was repudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. The demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression following the wild legislation of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- visions in the new Constitution, some of which were afterward found to be serious errors open- ing the way for grave abuses. Among these was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. The salaries of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being §1,500; Supreme Court Judges, §1,200 each; Cir- cuit Judges, §1,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer, §800 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting the right of suffrage to white male citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded (except as to residents of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) a class of unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- tion of 1818; providing for the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- debtedness in excess of §50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the credit of the State in aid of any individual association or cor- poration; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- ber in every fourth year, instead of the firs* Monday in August, as had been the rule under the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers was fixed at four years, except that of State Treasurer, which was made two years, and the Governor alone was made ineligible to immediate re-election. The number of members of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five JOHN M. PALMER Governor Jan. 11, 1869- Jan. 13, 1873 JOHN L. BEVERIDGE Governor Jan. 23, 1873- Jan. 8, 1877 SHELBY M. CULLOM Governor Jan. 8, 1877- Feb. 6, 1883 .IOHN M. HAMILTON Governor Feb. 6, 1883-Jan. 30, 1885 (1885-1889 see Richard J. Oglesby) THE UBRAffl OF THE MWERSITK OF ILLWOIS HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 267 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of in- crease when the population should exceed 1,000,000. As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the form then most popular in the Southern States — especially with reference to the large number of officers made appointive by the Gov- ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new Constitution was, in some of its features, more in harmony with those of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- land sentiment. This was especially the case with reference to the section providing for a sys- tem of township organization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority of the voters of each county. Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitution, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) for the election of State officers in August ; (2) an election of Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in November. At the first of these, Governor French, whose first term had been cut short two years by the adoption of the new Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically without opposition, the vote against him being divided between Pierre Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his own successor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adoption of the Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial office six years. The other State officers elected, were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- Governor; HoraceS. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own successors. At the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic candidate, who received 56,300 votes, to 53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in the history of the State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a minority of 12,521, while having a plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,253. The only noteworthy results in the election of Con- gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which probably accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them politically. The other five Congressmen elected from the State at the same time — including John Wentworth, then chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern — all Democrats. A leading event of this session was the election of a United States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- Clernand, then a member of Congress, were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. After a bitter contest, Shields was declared the choice of his party and was finally elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, however. On presentation of his credentials, after a heated controversy in Congress and out of it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- cessor in very intemperate language, he was declared ineligible on the ground that, being of foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship required by the Constitution after naturalization had not elapsed previous to his election. In October, following, the Legislature was called together in special session, and, Shields' disabil- ity having now been removed by the expiration of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, though not without a renewal of the bitter con- test of the regular session. Another noteworthy event of this special session was the adoption of a joint resolution favoring the principles of the "Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded at the next regular session, on the ground that the points at issue had been settled in the Compro- mise measures of 1850, it indicated the drift of sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the spread of the institution of slavery, and this was still more strongly emphasized by the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Illinois Central Railroad. — Two important measures which passed the General Assembly at the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, and the act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 111., as early as 1835, although a special charter 268 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS for a road over a part of this line had been passed by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central Railroad, awards the credit of originating this enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, in the Legislature of 1832, of which he was a member, and Speaker of the House at the time. He afterwards became President of the first Illi- nois Central Railroad Company, organized under an act passed at the session of 1836, which pro- vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to Peru, 111. , but resigned the next year on the sur- render by the road of its charter. The first step toward legislation in Congress on this subject was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese, of a bill in March, 1843 ; but it was not until 1850 that the measure took the form of a direct grant of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate in May, and the House in September, following. The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- pose of aiding in the construction of a line of railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 acres, the length of the main line and branches exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. The company was thereupon promptly organized with a number of New York capitalists at its head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, under the pledge of the Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- tion of the line was constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the richest and most populous portions of the State. The fund already received by the State from the road exceeds the amount of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) Election of 1852.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- crat) was elected Governor at the November election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State officers elected, were Gustavus Kcerner, Lieutenant- Governor ; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State ; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore, Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new members of the House chosen at this election as a Representative from Jackson County ; while Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the Bearing Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Representative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- ber of Congress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; Knowlton, Dexter A. ; Koerner, Gustavus; Starne, Alexander; Moore, John; Morrison, James L. D.; Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A. ; Blodgett Henry W.) Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of Matteson's administration, amounting to $16,724,177, of which $7,259,822 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a new and pros- perous period, and, in the next four years, the debt was reduced by the sum of $4,564,840, leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, $12,834,144. The three State institutions at Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- cessful operation several years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- agement seriously interfered with their prosperity and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired their usefulness. Kansas-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat- teson's administration a period of political ex- citement began, caused by the introduction in the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise known as the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. Although this belongs rather to National history, the prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- man who had won applause three or four years before, by the service he had performed in secur- ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law, May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was in progress, during the first week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 269 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- cratic leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, though they afterwards reversed their position under partisan pressure and became supporters of the measure. The first State Convention of the opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth General Assembly, which met in January, fol- lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first Republican United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on tne tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large majority of the opposition to the Demo- cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the original supporters of Trumbull would not cast their votes for himself, he generously insisted that his friends should support his rival, thus determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) Decatur Editorial Convention. — On Feb. 22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organization. The main busi- ness of this convention consisted in the adoption of a series of resolutions defining the position of their authors on National questions — especially with reference to the institution of slavery — and appointing a State Convention to be held at Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- tral Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, which was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin- coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one of the delegates appointed to the National Con- vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June. The candidates put in nomination for State offices were : William H. Bissell for Governor ; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's ineligibility) ; Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Democratic ticket was composed of William A. Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State ; S. K. Casey, Auditor ; John Moore, Treas- urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of Public Instruction. The American organization also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities ranging from 3,031 to 20,213 — the latter being the majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- urer, whose name was on both the Republican and American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 1856.) Administration of Governor Bissell. — With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the Republican party entered upon the control of the State Government, which was maintained with- out interruption until the close of the administra- tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 — a period of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa- bility Bissell's inauguration took place in the executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was immediately made the object of virulent personal abuse in the House, being charged with perjury in taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. To this, the reply was made that the offense charged took place outside of the State and be- yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. (See Bissell, William H) While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's administration, the most important events of this period related rather to general than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he announced the doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- not stand." This was followed during the next 270 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. few months by the series of memorable debates between those two great champions of their respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas — which attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas Deba tes. ) About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 1859), came the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had been issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subsequently redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- gally funded to have been $223,182, and that the bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized $238,000 out of $255,000 then due. Further investigation proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- gating $165,346, which the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment against him. (See Canal Scrip Fra ud. ) An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- tration to secure the refunding (at par and in violation of an existing law) of one hundred and fourteen $1,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis- ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for which the State had received an insignificant consideration. The error was discovered when new bonds for the principal had been issued, but the process was immediately stopped and the new bonds surrendered — the claimants being limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- ume. (See Macalister & Stebbins Bonds.) Governor Bissell"s administration was otherwise unevent- ful, although the State continued to prosper under it as it had not done since the "internal improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im- posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the time of his election Governor Bissell was an invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, from which he never recovered. He died in office, March 18, 1860. a little over two months after having entered upon the last year of his term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. (See Bissell, William H. ; also Wood, John. ) Political Campaign of 1860. — The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- ment throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the State in which the convention which nominated him met. The Republican State Convention, held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor ; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer, and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excitement, it was also memorable for the large number of National and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Convention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- passed in the history of National Conventions, of which so many have been held in the "conven- tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was what might have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, though receiving consider- ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a plurality over his highest competitor of nearly half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood: Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- Democrat), 159,253; Hope (Breckinridge-Demo- crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1,626. Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell, and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert H. McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell, and John Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cul- lom, who had entered the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this and was chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic candidate. RICHARD YATES, Jr. Cxovernor 1901-1905 jvJfi**"" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 271 Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- taneously with the accession of the new State Government, and before the inauguration of the President at Washington, began that series of startling events which ultimately culminated in the attempted secession of eleven States of the Union — the first acts in the great drama of war which occupied the attention of the world for the next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- tion held at Washington, were appointed from Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- field on his departure for Washington, in that simple, touching speech which has taken a place beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg speech, as an American classic. The events which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed all over the country, are matters of National his- tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State militia for three months' service, and one week later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the Secretary of War for the occupation of that place. The offer of military organizations pro- ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, fifty companies had been tendered, while the public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- cipal cities were offering to supply the State with money to arm and equip the hastily organized troops. Following in order the six regiments which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, those called out for the three months' service in 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to twelve, and were commanded by the following officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- ice, re-enlisted for three years (.See War of the Rebellion. ) Among the many who visited the State Capitol in the early months of war to offer their services to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, one of the most modest and unassuming was a gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a Captain in the regular army and had seen service in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension on that account, but after days of patient wait- ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen requiring the services of an officer of military experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an experiment and from necessity than from convic- tion of any peculiar fitness for tiie position. Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) which, from previous bad management, had manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of the war, the organizer of final victory over the Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies of the Union and twice elected President of the United States, started upon that career which won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See Grant, Ulysses S.) The responses of Illinois, under the leadership of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, to the repeated calls for volunteers through the four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- nois troops took part in nearly every important battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege of Vicksburg, at Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav- ing answered every call upon her for troops without a draft. The whole number of enlist- ments from the State under the various calls from 1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre- gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to population was 15.1 per cent, which was only exceeded by the District of Columbia (which had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 272 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Nevada, each of which had a much larger proportion of adult male population. The whole number of regimental organizations, according to the returns in the Adjutant General's office, was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered con- secutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially reported by the War Department, were 34,834 (13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz.: Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R. J. Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. Grierson; 20 Brevet Major-Generals; 24 Brigadier- Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. (See sketches of these officers under their respec- tive names.) Among the long list of regimental officers who fell upon the field or died from wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of the Ninote jnih; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the Twenty-seventh — all killed at Stone River; Col. John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut.-Col. Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty -ninth ; Col. Timothy O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut.-Col. Thomas W. Ross, of the Thirty-second, at Shiloh; Col. John A. Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil- liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut.-Col. Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more on other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of many of these officers will be found under the proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It would be a grateful task to record here the names of a host of others, who, after acquitting them- selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the plaudits of a grateful people, were this within the design and scope of the present work. One of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with the Seventh under command of Col. Edward Prince. Constitutional Convention of 1862. — An incident of a different character was the calling of a convention to revise the State Constitu- tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A majority of this body was composed of those opposed to the war policy of the Government, and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of the State administration and the General Gov- ernment was soon manifested, which was resented by the executive and many of the soldiers in tho field. The convention adjourned March 24, and its work was submitted to vote of the people, June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in the field, who were permitted, as a matter of policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically unanimous in opposition to it. Death op Douglas.— A few days before this election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of the State of its most sagacious and patriotic adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A. ) Legislature of 1863.— Another political inci- dent of this period grew out of the session of the General Assembly of 1863. This body having been elected on the tide of the political revulsion which followed the issuance of President Lin- coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, was Democratic in both branches. One of its first acts was the election of William A. Richard- son United States Senator, in place of O. H. Browning, who had been appointed by Governor Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to cripple the State and General Governments in the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the subject of the war, which the friends of the Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac- ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but owing to the death of a member on the majority side, they failed to pass the Senate. These denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- tation of negroes into the State;" accused the General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- verting the Constitution" and attempting to establish a "consolidated military despotism;" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 273 charged that the war had been "diverted from its first avowed object to that of subjugation and the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of the authors that its "further prosecution .... cannot result in the restoration of the Union .... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and closed by appointing six Commissioners (who were named) to confer with Congress, with a view to the holding of a National Convention to adjust the differences between the. States. These measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, so that little legislation was accomplished — not even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. Legislature Prorogued. — At this juncture, the two Houses having disagreed as to the date of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, which he did in a message on June 10, declaring them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- tional term. The Republicans accepted the result and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in the House and a minority in the Senate continued in session for some days, without being able to transact any business except the filing of an empty protest, when they adjourned to the first Monday of January, 1864. The excitement pro- duced by this affair, in the Legislature and throughout the State, was intense ; but the action of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme Court and the adjourned session was never held. The failure of the Legislature to make provision for the expenses of the State Government and the relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the State which was never wanting when needed during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third General Assembly. ) Peace Conventions. — Largely attended "peace conventions" were held during this year, at Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. An immense Union mass-meeting was also held at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed by distinguished speakers, including both Re- publicans and War-Democrats. An important incident of this meeting was the reading of the letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, in a characteristically logical manner. Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military events. Among the former was the nomination of George B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- vention held at Chicago, August 29, on a platform declaring the war a "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- tion of hostilities' ' with a view to a convention for the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic candidate for Governor. Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of rebels from the South and their sympathizers in the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- ber election, but the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a military court before whom a number of the arrested parties were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, calling itself "American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) At the November election Illinois gave a major- ity for Lincoln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33,675, with a proportionate major- ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote in the electoral college was 212, to 21 for McClellan. Legislature of 1865. — The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of the Legis- lature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had been elected two years before to the seat formerly held by Douglas. This was the last public posi- tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- ernor." During his official term no more popular public servant ever occupied the executive chair — a fact demonstrated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the United States Senate. His personal and political integrity was never questioned by his most bitter political opponents, while those who had known 274 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. him longest and most intimately, trusted him most implicitly. The service which he performed in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers for the defense of the Union can never be over- estimated. (See Yates, Richard.) Oglesby's Administration. — Governor Ogles- by and the other State officers were inaugu- rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the new administration was confronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- fied with the war from its beginning, was one of the first Illinoisans promoted to the rank of Major-General, was personally popular and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the Circuit bench to accept that of Adjutant-General, which he held during the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This Legislature was the first among those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the evening of Feb. 1, 1805 — the same day the resolu- tion had been finally acted on by Congress and received the sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which had disgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi- ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit- able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.) Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now rapidly approaching a successful termination. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful festivities through all the loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm than in Illinois, the home of the two great leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the evening of April 14, 18C5, in Ford's Theater, Washington. The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom hung over every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal States were draped with the insignia of a univer- sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, patriotic women who had given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. The Funeral. —Then came the sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from Washington to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thousands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator. The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as the scope of this work will permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of the men of the State was grandly supplemented by the equally patriotic service of its women in "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary organizations for the purpose of contributing to the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giying them generous receptions on their return to their homes. The work done by these organizations, and by indi- vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the brightest pages in the history of the war. Election of 1866.— The administration of Gov- ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to enter the Union army. His majority was un- precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature of 1867 re-elected Judge Trumbull to the United States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- lature. Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con- vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated the following ticket: For Governor, John M. Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; LENNINGTON SMALL Governor 1921— /s; Pottaivatomies; Sacs and Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- WAY. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It extends from Decatur almost due east to the Indiana State line, and has a single track of standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard design and well maintained. The amount of capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total earnings and income in Illinois, $240,850. (His- tory.) The first organization of this road em- braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter was sold under foreclosure and organized as the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway Company, at which time the section from Decatur to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the property, after being operated by trustees, was sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway Company). In December, 1895, the entire capital stock was purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway Company, and the line is now operated as a part of that system. INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the Indiana State Line. The total length of the line is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but this company pays rental for trackage facilities. About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56- lb. 296 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- tal stock (June 30, 1898) was $3,597,800; bonded debt, $1,800,000; total capitalization, $5,517,739; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, $413,907; total expenditures in the State, $303,- 344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 1882, and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1883. INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Rail- way.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, India7iapolis & Eastern Railroad. ) INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- road; also Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre -Haute Railroad.) INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a State Institution designed to furnish the means of employment to dependent blind persons of both sexes, established under authority of an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 62 inmates, of whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General Assembly appropriated $13,900 for repairs, appli- ances, library, etc., and $8,000 per annum for ordinary expenses INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- pleted his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar ; removing this time to Illi- nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County in the lower house of the General Assembly; in 1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex- pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- sentative in the Thirty -eighth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. Ingersoll, and was, for some years, associated with him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. Died, in Washington, May 31, 1879. INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y., August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, which had been mustered in in December, 1861, and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General of the State under the new law enacted that year As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers' Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some twenty years he was the most popular stump orator in the West, and his services in political campaigns were in constant request throughout the Union. To the country at large, in his later years, he was known as an uncompromising assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and pen. Among his best-known publications are "The Gods" (Washington, 1878); "Ghosts" (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose Poems and Selections" (1884); "The Brain and the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's home for some twenty years, in the later part of his life, was in the city of New York. Died, suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 297 INGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 1838; received his early education in Ohio and, in 1856, came to Illinois, graduating with first honors from the IVlendota Collegiate Institute in 1861. The following year he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- ing been discharged for disability, his place was filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at Hillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late Judge E. Y. Rice; in 1868 he assumed the super- intendency of the public schools at Greenville, Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- nated as the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving a plurality at the November election of 123,593 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT POLICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the people voiced at many public gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- road which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce immigration and materially aid in the development of the State's latent resources. The plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownership and management of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the ground that such enterprises might be more successfully under- taken and conducted by 'individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for many years. The total amount appropriated by the act was §10,200,000, of which $400,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways; $250,- 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western Mail Route"; $9,350,000 to the construction of railroads, and $200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads or other improvements within their borders. In addition, the sale of $1,000,000 worth of . canal lands and the issuance of $500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, $500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and nearly $6,500,000 quickly added to the State debt. The system was soon demon- strated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the "improvements" already made being sold to private parties at a heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for many years, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly $17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; Eleventh General Assembly.) INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Mississippi River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar con- ditions. Probably the best account of early floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been pre- served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of the State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were produced. Governor Reynolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel. The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs — psome of the people of Cahokia being driven to St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish soil. The most remarkable flood of the present century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 298 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. Some of the villages affected by this flood — as Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have never fully recovered from the disaster. Another considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy than in the previous year — the difference being due to the fact that the larger portion of the flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its effects being most noticeable below the mouth of that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con- siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as some of those previously named, the loss was pro- portionately greater owing to the larger area of improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and railroads, and in the destruction of other classes of property. — Floods in the Ohio River have been frequent and very disastrous, especially in the upper portions of that stream — usually resulting from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early spring. With one exception, the highest flood in the Ohio, during the present century, was that of February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 1862— fifty -seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- eight feet seven inches. The highest point reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — the re- corded height being three-quarters of an inch in excess of seventy -one feet. Owing to the smaller area of cultivated lands and other improvements in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf- fered from both streams. The most serious dis- asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen feet in the main street. A levee, which had been constructed for the protection of the city at great expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an appropriation of $60,000 was made by the Legis- lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much suffering was caused among the people driven from their homes and deprived of the means of subsistence, and it was found necessary to send them tents from Springfield and supplies of food by the State Government and by private contri- butions from the various cities of the State. The inundation continued for some two or three weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice- gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the waters of that stream across "the divide" into Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged the region between the two rivers. "When the superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves and other points along the banks for the winter. A contemporaneous history of the event 6ays that there were scattered along the stream at the time, four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty- four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets gave way in succession before the immense mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," says the record, "the river was choked with sailing- craft of every description, piled together in inex- tricable confusion." While those vessels near the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with comparatively little damage, a large number of those higher up the stream were caught in the gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. The loss to the city, from the destruction of bridges, was estimated at §20,000, and to vessels at $88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck of bridges compelled a return to the primitive system of ferries or extemporized bridges made HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 299 of boats, to furnish means of communication between the several divisions of the city — a con- dition of affairs which lasted for several months. — Floods about the same time did considerable damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, which were memorable flood years on these in- terior streams. On the former, the village of Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in serious damage to bridges and other property in the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive inundations of the bottom lands along that stream in 1859 and subsequent years. — In Febru- ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- age, but was less destructive than that of the earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- tially constructed. — One of the most extensive floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi River during the latter part of the month of April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was estimated at many millions of dollars, and many lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water reached a height of nineteen feet four inches above low- water mark on April 24, and, at Quincy, nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, at points between these two cities, was from ten to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At Alton the height reached by the w T ater was twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the strength of the levees protecting the American Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less than on some previous years. IP ATA, a town in Fulton County, on one of the branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- rounding country. Other industries are the manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly newspaper are also located here. Population (1890), 667; (1900), 749; (1910), 652. IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the entire output. Since then four additional fur- naces have been completed, but no figures are at hand to show the increase in production. During the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal pig is not made in Illinois. IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad.) IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the eastern border of the State; area, 1,100 square miles; population (1910), 35,543. In 1830 two pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the other at Milford. Among those taking up homes at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja- min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and Parker, besides the Cox, Moore and Stanley families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- milion and organized in 1833, — named from the Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies did not remove west of the Mississippi until 1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of government was first located at Montgomery, whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally to Watseka. The county is well timbered and the soil underlaid by both coal and building stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the manufacture of crockery is also found. The Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- cipal towns are Gilman (population 1,112), Wat- seka (2,017), and Milford (957). IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- mink), rises in Western Indiana and runs westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- ward through Iroauois and part of Kankakee 300 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Counties, entering the Kankakee River some five miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 miles long. IRVING, a village !n Montgomery County, on the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Rail- road, 54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and six miles northeast of Hillsboro; has five churches, one bank, a creamery, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 675; (1910), 678. ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1836; educated at Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his name was prominently considered for a position on the Supreme bench of the United States. He is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- coln & Beale, which has had the management of some of the most important cases coming before the Chicago courts. Died Feb. 16, 1902. JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; received his education at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- ing the latter at the close of his junior year to enter the army, and taking part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, a part of the time being on the staff of Ma j. -Gen. John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago Bar Association, and (by appointment of the Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. Under the will of the late John Crerar he became an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the Crerar Library. Died at Newark.N. J., Jan 3, 1901. JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 square miles; population (1910), 35,143. It lies in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- sissippi River forming its principal western boundary. The bottom lands along the river are wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State crops out at various points, varying in depth from a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the surface. Valuable timber and good building stone are found and there are numerous saline springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed to Murphy sboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. The principal towns (with their respective popu- lation, as shown by the United States Census of 1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan County, and an important railroad center; popu- lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson. The first court house was erected in 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- portant State institutions, notably the Central Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — besides private educational institutions, including Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, a Business College and others. The city has several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- paper establishments, each publishing daily and weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the most attractive and interesting cities of the State, noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky and other Southern States predominated in its early settlement, the location there of Illinois College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New England birth, so that it early came to be INSTITUTION FOR DEAF AND DUMB. JACKSONVILLE. A A A A A AAA A A A A AlAA AA AM^kJUtl Main Building and Girls' Cottage. INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, JACKSONVILLE. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 301 regarded as more distinctively New England in the character of its population than any other town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1910), 15,326. JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an institution for the education of young ladies, at Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. The initial steps for its organization were taken in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois College. It may be said to have been an offshoot of the latter, these two constituting the originals of that remarkable group of educational and State Institutions which now exist in that city. Instruction began to be given in the Academy in May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah C. Crocker, and, in 1835, it was formally incorpo- rated by act of the Legislature, being the first educational institution to receive a charter from that body; though Illinois, McKendree and Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later period of the same session. Among its founders appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all of whom, except the last, were prominently identified with the early history of Illinois Col- lege. The list of the alumnae embraces over five hundred names. On January 1, 1903, Jacksonville Female Academy was merged with Illinois College, and while retaining its buildings and grounds, it is now known as Academy Hall. JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail- way. ) JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- ville & St. Louis Railway.) JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- road, and constructed from Jacksonville to Waverly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jacksonville, Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the hands of a new company under the title of the Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles — total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between Centralia and Driver's (I6V2 miles) was con- structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and operated under lease by the successor to that line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- ern obtained control of the Litchfield, Carrollton & Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi- ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed in the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897) was $1,500,000; funded debt, §2,300,000— total, $3,800,000. JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 1808 ; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- quently the family took up its residence at Helt's Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, remaining in active ministerial work until 1871, after which he accepted a super- annuated relation. During his connection with the church in Illinois he served as station preacher or Presiding Elder at the following points : Rock Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River (1837) ; Paris (1838, '42 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ; Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton (1844 and '45) ; Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850) ; Bloom- ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson- ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- dist church at Normal. He was twice married. His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 302 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children, Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- netic laboratory in the National Observatory at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor in the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn., and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge Preparatory School of Chicago. JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated in the Model Department of the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, he was appointed Recorder on the United States Lake Survey, where he continued during one season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to Europe in August, 1875, entering the University of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was elected Principal of the Public High School in Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, jl879, to accept a position in the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High School Department in connection with the Model School. Resigning this position at Christmas time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen years. While here he was, for a time, Secretary of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- struction in this Department. He was also Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, the first attempt to organize a college course in the field of commerce and industry. During this time he officiated as editor of "The Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning his position in the University of Pennsylvania on Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- lic Administration and Director of the University Extension Division in the University of Chicago, where he has since continued. Professor James has been identified with the progress of economic studies in the United States since the early eighties. He was one of the organizers and one of the first Vice-Presidents of the American Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he founded the American Academy of Political and Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, became its first President, and has continued such to the present time. He was also, for some years, editor of its publications. The Academy has now become the largest Association in the world devoted to the cultivation of economic and social subjects. He was one of the originators of, and one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's Cyclopaedia of Political Science"; was also the pioneer in the movement to introduce into the United States the scheme of public instruction known as University Extension; was the first President of the American Society for the Exten- sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices the first effective extension work was done in this country, and has been Director of the Extension Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with the development of higher commercial education in the United States. From his position as Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy he has affected the course of instruc- tion in this Department in a most marked way. He was invited by the American Bankers' Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful study of the subject of Commercial Education in Europe, and his report to this association on the Education of Business Men in Europe, republished by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, has become a standard authority on this subject. Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy have been established under the title of College of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia University. He has been identified with the progress of college education in general, espe- cially in its relation to secondary and elementary education, and was one of the early advocates of the establishment of departments of education in our colleges and universities, the policy of which is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- tions. He was, for a time, State Examiner of High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The Illinois School Journal," long one of the most influential educational periodicals in the State, now changed in name to "School and Home." He has been especially active in the establish- ment of public kindergartens in different cities, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 303 and has been repeatedly offered the headship of important institutions, among them being the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, and the University of Cincinnati. He has served as Vice-President of the National Municipal League; of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- tees of the Illinois State Historical Library; is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the National Council of Education, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of the National Teachers' Association on college entrance requirements; is a member of various patriotic and historical societies, including the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the Colonial "Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot Society. He is the author of more than one hun- dred papers and monographs on various economic, educational, legal and administrative subjects. Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- lach of the University of Halle. JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 25, 1824; graduated from the University of Vermont in 1846. After several years spent in teaching, he began the study of law, and graduated from the Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1833. Coming west the same year he located at Free- port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 1856. In 1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. During a portion of this period he acted as lec- turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, and as editor of "The American Law Register." His literary labors were unceasing, his most notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- ventions; their History, Power and Modes of Proceeding." He was also a fine classical scholar, speaking and reading German, French, Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud- denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. Clair County, was born in France, received a liberal education and, on account of the disturbed condition there in the latter part of the last cen- tury, left his native country about 1790. After spending some time at Baltimore and New Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and became a permanent settler there. He early be- came a Major of militia and engaged in trade with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and, on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of life from hostile savages. He acquired a large property, especially in lands, built mills and erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses in that part of the country. He also served as Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823 —Vital (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large landed fortune from his father, and was an enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. Clair County during the last generation. He served as Representative from St Clair County in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and always his firm friend and admirer. At the organization of the Twenty-second General Assembly (1857), he received the support of the Republican members for Speaker of the House in opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced thereby from affluence to poverty. President Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which took him to the Black Hills region, where he died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at the age of 73 years. JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part oi Southern Illinois, having an area of 484 square miles, and a population (in 1910) of 18,157. It was organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- der township organization in 1860. The first Board of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- nolds, W. Richards and George Mattingley. The Embarras River crosses the county. The general surface is level, although gently undulating in some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a small way; but the people are principally inter- ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 1,428. JAYNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was born in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served as Surgeon in the War of 1812, and came to Illinois in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821; was one of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 304 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the wile of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at Springfield, in 1867.— Dr. William (Jayne), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield, 111., Oct. 8, 182C, educated by private tutors and at Illinois College, being a member of the class of 1847, later receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was elected State Senator for Sangamon Count}', and, the following year, was appointed by President Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, later serving as Delegate in Congress from that Territory In 1869 he was appointed Pension Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi- dent of the First National Bank, Springfield JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, cut off from Edwards and White Counties in 1819, when it was separately organized, being named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 466 square miles, and its population (1910), 29,111. The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributaries, flows through the county in a southerly direc- tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities are advantageous. The surface Is level and the soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. A fine bed or limestone (seven to fifteen feet thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has been quarried and found well adapted to building purposes. The county possesses an abundance of running water, much of which is slightly im- pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure underlies the entire county, but the seam is scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, the county -seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872. Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate Court for the Southern Judicial District of the State. JEFFERY, Edward Turner, Railway President and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng. , April 6, 1843, his father being an engineer in the British navy ; about 1850 came with his widowed mother to Wheeling, Va , and, in 1856, to Chicago, where he secured employment as office-boy in the machinery department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice and, passing through various grades of the me- chanical department, in May, 1877, became General Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, Genera! Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew from the Illinois Central and, for several years past, has been President and General Manager of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- ous and successful in the history of American railroads JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor (1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson County, where he was engaged in trade. Later he studied law and became eminent in his pro- fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins was elected Representative in the Seventh General Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during his second term as Speaker of the House, and took part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, which was chartered that year. The charter of the road was surrendered in 1837 : when the State had in contemplation the policy of building a system of roads at its own cost For a time he was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the State Constitutional Convention of that year. Other positions held by him included that of Jus- tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial Circuit, to which he was elected in 1859, and re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13, 1864. Mr, Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A. "? Logan, who read law with him after his return from the Mexican War. JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip around the world, and, after a year spent in the Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu- factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec Raihoad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the staff of General Grant, being transferred the next year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom he remained three years, participating in many of the most important battles of the war in the West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 305 of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter. In 1868 he located in Chicago, and afterward gave his attention almost solely to architecture, the result being seen in some of Chicago's most note- worthy buildings. Died June 15, 1907. JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western portion of the middle division of the State, bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square miles. There were a few settlers in the county as early as 1816-17. Jerseyville, the county-seat, was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi- dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from, New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the character of the soil, is especially adapted to fruit- growing and stock-raising The census of 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had a population of 927. The last mentioned town is noted for its stone quarries, which employ a number of men. Pop. (.1910), 13,954. JERSEYVILLE, a city and county -seat of Jer- sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine churches, a graded public school, besides a sep- arate school for colored children, a convent, library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian wells, and one paper, daily and weekly. Pop. (1900), 3,517; (1910), 4,113. JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north- west corner of the State; has an area of 650 square miles; population (1910), 22,657. It was first explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 1820. About the same time came several Ameri- can families; a trading post was established, and the hamlet was knowm as Fredericks' Point, so called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining privileges were granted upon a royalty of one- sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected the same year. Immigration increased rapidly and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- lation of 150, and a post-office was established with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza- tion was effected, the county being named in honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original tract, however, has been subdivided until it now constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an active part in both the Winnebago and Black Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were placed on the market by the Government, and quickly taken by corporations and individuals. The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly in the east) well suited to the cultivation of grain. The county is well wooded and well watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. Its early growth was extraordinary, but later (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 population and was incorporated ; in 1870 it had about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne are associated with its history. Other important towns in the county are Warren (population 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, was born in Whiteside County, 111., May 23, 1844, educated in the common schools and at the Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers ; in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years later, began practice. He has served upon the Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside County; in 1884 was elected to the House of Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- lector of Internal Revenue for his District during the first Cleveland administration, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1888. JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860; held Pres- byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila- delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 306 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- oric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. Besides many periodical articles, he has published several volumes on religious subjects. JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- cian, was born near Buffalo, N Y., Oct. 6, 1822; at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, by teaching in the winter and attending an academy in the summer, prepared for college, entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, and, the year following, associate editor of "The Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For three years he was a member of the faculty of Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the founders of a new medical school, which has now become a part of Northwestern University. During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ; later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He was also attending physician of Cook County Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His connections with local, State and National Soci- eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social and otherwise) were very numerous. He trav- eled extensively, both in this country and in Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- ditions, and making further attainments in medi- cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, Feb. 26, 1891. JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por- tion of the State, and is one of the smallest counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, and a population (1910) of 14,331— named for Col. Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of water shed) extends from east to west, the waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in small quantities. Weak copperas springs are numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised for home consumption and fruit-culture receives some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with a population, in 1890, of 828. JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson County, 111. , where he began farming. He sub- sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving unfortunate, turned his attention to politico, serving first as County Commissioner and then as County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following year he was made Paymaster in the United States Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission appointed to investigate claims against the State for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court for the Third Division, being elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- tions held by him included those of Deputy United States Marshal under the administration of Presi- dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was also elected Representative again in 1866. The later years of his life were spent as President of the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- vember, 1891, in his 92d year. JOLIET, the oounty-seat of Will County, situ- ated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of railway. A good quality of calcareous building stone underlies tbe entire region, and is exten- r i— i o >-* t» > H H ►0 H I— < H H H SO Hi e-i O H a H O 1-3 «4 l-M H Z a H i— i H £-> a H H OS CG o 3 O ffl O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 sively quarried. Gravel, sand, and clay are also easily obtained in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female penal institute stand just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the city with 455 establishments, having §15,452,196 capital, employing 6,523 hands, paying $3,957,529 wages and §17,891,836 for raw material, turning out an annual product valued at $27,765,104 The leading industries are the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- power. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, among the former being four high schools, Government postoffice building, two public libraries, and two public hospitals. It also has two public and two school parks, three daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 23,264; (1900), 29,353; (1910), 34,670. JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most important service began in 1673, when Frontenac commissioned him to explore. Starting from the missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. Although later appointed royal hydrographer and given the island of Anticosti, he never revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert that this was largely due to the influential jeal- ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, although originally projected to merely run from that city to a connection with the Calumet & Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- ized and paid in is $100,000. The company's general offices are in Chicago. JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is $300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $62,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1872, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve years of that period being its chair- man. From 1885, Mr. Jones was manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. Died July S, 1910. JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through the discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vmcennes four years, part of the time as Commissary- 308 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes, being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a member of the first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at the latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion which framed the first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid taxes on more than 10,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of his possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania University and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by tbe party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory — which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 1845 — the year of its annexation to the United States. — George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia > but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age. JONES, Michae% early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards. JONES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a store in his native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted ? HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishn.ent at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation of ample fortune. Died Apr. 11, 1909. JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his boyhood and early manhood in New York State, ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He held the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberally to the cause of education, including gifts of $50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which he was a Trustee and, for some time, President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk in Government offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones held various public positions, including that of Trustee of Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and for years was a Trustee of University of Chicago. Died Nov. 8, 1911. — Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper; out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JONESBORO, tlie county -seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping-point for fruit and early vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a bank. There are also four churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. Population (1900), 1,130; (1910), 1,169. JOSLYN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Wood- stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and, from 1889, served as Master in Chancery for McHenry County. Died Oct. 16, 1904. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- born Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there, May 28, 1834. JOURNALISM. (See Newspapers, Early.) JUDD, Norman Duel, lawyer, legislator, For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at- large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W, C. Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo- cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the war, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such mak- ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued until 1835, when the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial changes occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial officers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal might be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number might be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to thirty The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six years Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. The Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of which four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges nearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at §5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty- six) already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are $3,500 per year, except in Cook County, where they are $7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals : one for the County of Cook ; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook County; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra compensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County. — The judicial system of Cook County is different from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which new (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a nativs of Switzer- land, who, having come to the United States at an early day, remained some years in Maryland, when, in 1786, he started west, spending two years near Louisville, Ky , finally arriving at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County, where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of Madison County he became one of the first County Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison County in the Second Territorial Council (1814-15). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of Madison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838.— Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 1845-49.— Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1822— his ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, 111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth Army Corps under command of that brilliant soldier, Gen. Win. T. Sherman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service, Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of his family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past thirty years, sold more thorough -bred cattle than any other man living — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- ously until 1896 — except two years — also serving as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- lican ; and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. KAXAN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of the city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KANE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), 551; (1900), 588; (1910), 521. KANE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress" to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that he was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same year he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of the year to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1910), of 91,862; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the county from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi. A school was established in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1830, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil War record of the county is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county lias many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva and St. Charles.) KANGSLEY, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Pop. (1900), 1,004; (1910), 380. KANKAKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron ore ; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The East- ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. There are three papers (daily and weekly), four banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric light, electric cai lines, and Government postoffice building Pop (1900), 13,595; (1910), 13,986. KANKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu- lous county in the northeast section of the State, having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1853, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing $5,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Pop. (1880), 25,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154; (1910), 40,752. KANKAKEE RIYER, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind,, and flowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of §10,000, bonded debt of $650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching §557,629; total capitalization, $1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated by the former (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road.) KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880) , 723 ; (1890) , 1,037; (1900), 1,049; (1910), 945. KASKASKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, first occupied ia 1700. It passed into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, George Rogers. ) At that time the white inhab- itants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land office there. For many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down 314 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to 1819, when the seat of government was re- moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had been swept away by the encroachments of the latter stream, so that practically all that is left of the principal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply its name. Pop. (1910), 142. KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were finally removed, with their brethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct. KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign County, and flows southwest through the coun- ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and flows through a fertile, undulating country, which forms part of the great coal field of the State. KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- cated at home and in the district schools; spent 1850-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish- ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. — Elbridge G. (Keith), banker, brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literary, political and social clubs ; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition of 1892-93. KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County on the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Cen- tral Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers; has one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1910), 1,515. KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after which he served for some years as pastor at various places in Central New York. Later, he established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi- nary in the State, and the first experiment in the country uniting manual training of girls with scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted this system. Color was no bar to admission to the institution, though the daughters of some of the wealthiest families of the State were among its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the movement for the establishment of a colony and the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery institution in the West, which resulted in the location of the town of Galesburg and the found, ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was chosen the first President of the institution and, in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to identify himself with the new enterprise, which, in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the West he soon became the ally and co-laborer of such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a member of the World's Peace Convention, re- maining abroad about a year, during which time he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and others of the most prominent men of that day in England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching and teaching at various points during the remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell, Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, being elected the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- ing health caused his retirement from the army — Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFayette was feted in I. — Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2. 1825. 3. — First Illinois State House, 1818. 4.— Interior of Room (1893), where LaFayette banquet was held. 5. — Pierre Menard Mansion. 6. — House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). 1.— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.— View on Principal Street (1891). 3.— Gen. John Edgar's House (1891). 4. — House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5. — "Chenu Mansion" where LaFayette was entertained, as it appeared in 1898. 6. — Old State House (1900). HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 315 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in both Louisiana and National politics, serving as United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 1876, during the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was elected a second time to the United States Senate by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years in Washington City. KENDALL COUNTY, a northeastern county, with an area of 321 square miles and a population (1910) of 10,777. The surface is rolling and the soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. The Fox River (running southwestwardly through the county), with its tributaries, affords ample drainage and considerable water power; the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally resting with the former. Among the pioneers may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- ward Anient, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. Morgan. KENDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- tinued practice for a short time. Then, having abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he became pastor of the North Baptist Church in Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, 111. KENNEY, a village and railway station in Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 36 miles northeast of Springfield. The town has two banks and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 497; (1900), 584; (1910). 570. KENT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega- tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it." In less than two years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendship for the whites, although this was not infrequently attributed tc a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded ' Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender himself to the United States authorities, he was formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- kuk was formally recognized as the principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, supposedly administered by some partisan of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk War.) KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Washington County, Md., but, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated with other learned and social organizations. He was also a member of the original Real Estate 316 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- dent. KEWANEE, a city in Henry County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories employing four to five thousand hands, the out- put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, etc. Population (1890), 4,569; (1900), 8,382; (1910), 9,307. KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- cational advantages as could be secured by a few months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route being attracted by the present site of the city of Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten- sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the • interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he again r-eturned, finding it still unoccupied. Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus became one of the three earliest settlers of Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a Major Rose. On the organization of Adams County, in January, 1825, he was appointed a member of the first Board of County Commission- ers, which held its first meeting in his house. Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby fur- nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- nology is closely related to that of the Mascou- tins. The French orthography of the word was various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous," "Kick-a-poux," "Kick-a-bou," and "Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," according to dialect. From 1G02, when the tribe was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, hostile to the French, although they proved efficient allies of the latter during the French and Indian War. Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which reference was made to the treaties executed at Vincennes (1805 and 1809). Nearly a century before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Chicago (1712- 15). At the time of the Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they fought bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe, their chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As compared with other tribes, they were industri- ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence many of them drifted to the southwest, join- ing roving, plundering bands. In language, manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less closely connected. KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to California, but, after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a charge. KINDERHOOK, a village and railway station in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370; (1910), 371. KING, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison, Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary there, which afterwards became the "Presby- terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, " HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 317 now the McCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King began the study of law with an uncle at Madison, and the following year was admitted to the bar. In 1852 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next few years, in the organization of the Republican party. Removing to Chicago in 1856, he soon became prominent in his profession there, and, in 1860, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later, in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of sporting experiences with a party of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 1892. KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu- ated from Union College in 1846, studied law at Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he held a number of important positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necessary by the destruction of the records in the Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 6, 1892. KINGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing three years without the loss of a day — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- master. Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company, Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being his only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- American War. His career in connection with the industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KINKADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourtli General Assembly by James Bird. Although a Tennesseeau by birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-convention ists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- master at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many years. He died in 1846. KINMUNDY, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coal-mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring mills and brick-making plants, with other manufacturing establishments of minor impor- tance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,221; (1910), 997 KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- tional advantages, he was taught to read by his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, becoming its President. Died in 1843. — William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 318 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, •dying in office the following year. KINZIE, .1 oli ii. Indian-trader and earliest citi- zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 17G3. His father was a Scotchman named McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. When ten years old he left home and, for three years, devoted himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- nated by stories of adventure in the West, he removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 1804 he established a trading post at what is now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous family. His daughter Maria married Gen. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828. — John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 1816. Two years later his father placed him at Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year he was Sub- Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- master in the army by President Lincoln, which office he held until his death, which occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865. KIR BY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834 — the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- ers and early professors of Illinois College at Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois Codege in 1854, then taught several years at St. Louis ana Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican ; was Representative in the General Assembly from Morgan County (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, for a long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College. KIRK, ((Jen.) Edward N., soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, ar Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in his profession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketch as Colonel. Tn the field he soon proved himself a brave and clashing officer; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last days of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 21, 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College ; was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining property near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced his first novel, and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune." His works — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885); "The McVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon, John Moses, the work of editing a two- volume "History of Chicago," pub- lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 29, 1894- -Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. ,came to Chicago in 1867 and, five years later, established a select school for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's "History of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the hands of the publishers. K1RKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an early day, where he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared — presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they had been placed. KIRKAVOOD, a city in Warren County, once known as "Young America," situated about six miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock ship- ping point and in an agricultural region. The town has two banks, five churches, and one weekly newspaper Pop. (1900), 1,008; (1910). 926. KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced practice at Olney; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the office ten years; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of the line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Company. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1876. —Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, 111 , Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies ; in 1852 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother, Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869. — John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited ' 'The Montgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- mon schools of that place; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi -mili- tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19. 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No 1," in the city of Chicago. On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty -nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38 441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1. 1894, amounted to $418,151.77. KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying his own way; in 1838 started on a peddling tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111. , where he opened a general store ; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realized large profits. He HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 331 was also prominently connected with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became extensively interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1876. KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111., where he continued in practice for twenty-three years. During the greater part of that time he was associated with Hon. John W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in which he took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to §300,000 and its buildings are valued at $150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 ' square miles and a population (1910) of 46,159. It was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1825, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erected the first court house, constructed of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of $192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- ishes. The present county -seat (1911) is Gales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard University, founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, with seven heads of departments. It has electric lighting and street-car service, good water-works, flouring mills, banks, numerous churches, three public schools, one weekly paper, and is the scat of St. Mary's school for girls, and St. Alban's for boys. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,857; (1910), 1,818. KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He was a law- yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was elected to the General Assembly, and three years later was appointed to the bench of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he w r as elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to the Legislature a second time. The 322 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of the first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. He is the author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second edition, New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the County Court under Judge Bradwell's administration. During the sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grosscup, who had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending the public schools some three years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for whom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with which he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in the business portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe, Mr Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- Herald," as the successor of the late James W. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, Mr. Kohlsaat's liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KROME, WiHiam Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison County, 111., where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a year or two, he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law department of Michigan University, gradu- ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Krome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President of the Madison County State Bank. KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was born in Germany and came to St. Clair County, 111., in 1861. Early in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. Later, General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. KUYKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty -first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acount of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty- first and Thirty -second General Assemblies. In all, Major Kuykendall saw twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years in Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. " Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the entire country, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the troubles w T as the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, excited men formed themselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not only defying the law, but even contending in arms against the military sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. The State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor Cullom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was the chief railroad center of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising. He received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largely composed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels. 2. The Strike of 1894. — This was an uprising which originated in Chicago and was incited by a comparatively young labor organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to have been suffered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit wort on May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June 25) looking toward mutual protection, protesting against the proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to be done by inexperienced hands under police or military protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of Jarge crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight was burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost within sight of their destina- tion, and sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily accepted by the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property (notably the Sub- treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested the State Executive to place a force of State militia at his control for the protection of property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. N. G., at once received orders to report to the municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed exemplary firmness under most trying circum- stances, dispersing jeering and threatening crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restpred. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of the State), and the courts were left to deal with the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The officers, however, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obeyed the restraining order of the Federal court, and sentenced to terms ia the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was convicted on two charges and given a sentence of six months on each, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George W, Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will County jail at Joliet. LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91; also served for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the Dwiglit and Lacon branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for which Lacon is a shipping point. The river ii> navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has water works, an excellent telephone system, good drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There are seven churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; (1890), 1,649; (1900), 1,601; (1910), 1,495. LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An event of profound interest in the history of Illi- nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 1824, the General Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an address inviting him to visit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles' letter and the address of the General Assembly were answered with an acceptance by La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County, as ■well as an Aid -de-Camp on the staff of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearing: General La Fayette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a reception awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. The presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brandy wine and Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- brated family of that name, and one of the lead- ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those participating in the reception ceremonies, who were then, or afterwards became, prominent factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel Pope Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, a future United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles accompanying the party and returning with it to Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was given and an address of welcome delivered by Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few hours later General La Fayette left on his way up the Ohio. LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINGTON & MISSIS- SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie & Western Railroad. ) LAFLIN, Matthew, manufacturer, was born at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., which proving a failure, he again engaged in powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- cago, where he finally established a factory — his firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with great success, not only in Chicago but else- where, having done much for the develop- ment of Waukesha, Wis. , where he erected one of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring House" — also being one of the original stock- holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union, and, before his death, made a donation of S75,- 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of Sciences, which was erected in the western part of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The streets are broad and shaded and there are many handsome residences. The village is lighted by electricity, and has public water-works, seven churches, a high school and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969; (1910), 5,282. LA HARPE, a city in Hancock l unty, on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 83 miles west by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe has two banks, five churches, a graded and a high school, a seminary, and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 1,113;* (1900), 1,591; (1910), 1,349. 326 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast corner of the State, having an area of 394 square miles, and a population (1910) of 55,058. It was cut off from McHenry County and separately organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region the following year. The first County Commission- ers (E. E. Hunter, William Brown and E. C. Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now Waukegan. The county derives its name from the fact that some forty small lakes are found within its limits. The surface is undulating and about equally divided between sand, prairie and second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are several maufacturing establishments, and the Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago business men. LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie & Western Railroad. ) LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. Of the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois. This portion extends from the junction of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- ana State line. It is a single-track road of standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total capital of the road (1898)— including $23,680,000 capital stock, $10,875,000 bonded debt and a float- ing debt of $1,479,809— was $36,034,809, or $50,- 708 per mile. The total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898 were $559,743, and the total expenditures for the same period, $457,713. — (History.) The main line of the Illinois Division of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom- ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus formed was consolidated, without change of name, with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way, 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is the seat of Lake Forest University; has four schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric light system, electric car line, water system, fire department and hospital, and one weekly local paper. Pop. (1900), 2,215; (1910), 3,349. LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, an institution of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. . Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago College of Law. The three first named are located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The college charter was granted in 1857, but the institution was not opened until nineteen years later, and the professional schools, which were originally independent, were not associated until 1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- ing the same year there were in attendance at the professional schools, 1,557 students, making a total enrollment in the University of 1,873. While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- byterian denomination , the Board of Trustees is self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational and organized upon the elective plan, having seventeen departments, a certain number of studies being required for graduation, and work upon a major subject being required for three years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five acres. LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying wholly within the United States. It lies between the parallels of 41° 35' and 46° North latitude, its length being about 335 miles. Its wddth varies from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600 feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound- ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by th6 -Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, and these mainly in its northern part, the largest being some fifteen miles long. The principal rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 327 Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, Grand and St. Joseph. Chicago, Milwaukee, Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its banks. LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo, N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, with various branches of leased and proprietary lines located in the States of Michigan, New York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 862.15 are owned by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois. The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, were $453,946, and the expenditures for the same period, $360,971.— (History.) The company was formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- dation. LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 12 years of age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile business with Thomas Mather, who had come to Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- lished a store at Chester and shipped the first barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- packing extensively ; also established an iron foundry, which continued in operation until a few years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a thorough education and, after her marriage in 1852 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years in Chicago, 111. , where she was one of the prin- cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to New York and gave her after life to literary work, from 1883 until her death being editor of "The Magazine of American History," besides furnish- ing numerous papers on historical and other sub- jects ; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one of her most important works being a "History o' New York City," in two volumes. She was a member of nearly thirty historical and other learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- ney-General ; born in "Washington County, Ky , and educated at Transylvania University; was Attorney-General of the State by appointment of Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a degree that his name was mixed up with a num- ber of official scandals. Separated from his family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- hall, Greene County. LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the Mendota-Fulton branch of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- dota; in rich farming and stock-raising region; has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 576; (1910), 555. LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va. ; Jan. 6, 1828; received a common school education and wa& engaged in teaching for a time; also began the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111., subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln — the partnership being in existence as early as 1852. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and, in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal- ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him to "Washington, making the perilous night jour- ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company. Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- pointment of Marshal of the District of Columbia, and, in the first weeks of the new administration, made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure accurate information as to the situation there. In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, remaining in the field to December, when he returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal at Washington, but was absent from Washington on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865. Resigning his office after this event, he entered into partnership for the practice of law with the late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some years later he published the first volume of a pro- posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. "William H. Herndon, but the second volume was never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 328 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. burg, W. Va., not far from bis birthplace, May 7, 1893. Colonel Lanion married a daughter of Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of Mount Carroll The surrounding country is largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark has two elevators and is an important shipping- point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- tional and one State), eight churches, a graded and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- lation (1900), 1,306; (1910), 1,175. LANDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1842. In early youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 1864. In 1872 he was elected State's Attorney for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876, and again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being elected as a Democrat. Died May 23, 1910. LANDRIGrAN, John, farmer and legislator, was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and brought to America at one year of age, his parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After completing his education in the seminary there, he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm near Albion, Edwards County, where he has since resided. He has been twice elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, a member of the State Agricultural Society — for four years of that time being President of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- dent. LANE, Albert Grannis, educator, was born in Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated '>n the public schools, graduating with the first ;lass from the Chicago High School in 1858. He Immediately entered upon the business of teach- ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- intendent of Schools for Cook County. After three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 1877, and regularly every four years thereafter until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- tendent Howland — a position which he continued to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, Superintendent, when he became First Assistant Superintendent. Died Aug. 22, 1906. LANE, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- ing an academic education he studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress from the Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for three successive terms, but was defeated by Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Remann. LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years of age lived in Washington City ; in 1836 entered the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was removed to Springfield, and Walters, having enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected public printer at the next session of the Legisla- ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- phier continued the publication of the paper until 1863, and then sold out. During the war he was one of the State Board of Army Auditors appointed by Governor Yates; was elected Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer but defeated with the rest of his party. Died March 17, 1903. LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, becoming one of the most popular contributors to "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the v.'cinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught for six years; in 1865 established "Our Young Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her books, both poetical and prose, have taken a high rank for their elevated literary and moral tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 329 LARNED, Edward Channing, lawyer, was born in Providence, R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe- matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained considerable deserved celebrity by a speech which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in his support ; was an active member of the Union Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States District Attorney of the Northern District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by failing health. Being absent in Europe at the time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately and devoted his attention to the work of the Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to Europe in 1872 73, he wrote many letters for the press, also doing much other literary work in spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, 111., September, 1884. LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois River at southern terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal abounds and is extensively mined; zinc smelting and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and Portland cement are leading industries; has an abundant supply of fine sand for glass manufacture; is connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets; two daily papers. Pop. (1900), 10,446; (1910), 11,537. LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 1643; entei'ed the Jesuit order, but conceiving that he had mistaken his vocation, came to America in 1666. He obtained a grant of land about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, above Montreal. It was probably his intention to settle there as a grand seigneur; but, becoming interested in stories told him by some Seneca Indians, he started two years later in quest of a great waterway, which he believed led to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The claim that he reached the Illinois River at this time has been questioned. Having re-visited France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he visited the Northwest and explored the great lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. Joseph River. From there he made a portage to the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes attending the expedition, was given the name of Creve-Cceur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeared in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- ana. In 1683 he again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, which lie unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After other fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- nists), while attempting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give him the support which had been promised, leaving him to his fate. LA SALLE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest counties in the northeastern section, being second in size and in population in the State It was organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette established a mission at an Indian village on the Illinois River about where Utica now stands, eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, which was, for many years, the headquarters for French missionaries and traders. Later, the Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated by starvation, at the same point, which has be- come famous in Western history as "Starved Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 330 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the streams. Water is easily procured. Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois & Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi- nois & Michigan Canal.) During the Black Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent base of military operations. Pop. (1910), 90,132. LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 17, 1825. His early education was acquired in the common schools. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 1851, makiDg his home in Central New York until his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented the Rockford District in the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- nois District in Congress. LA VANTUM, the name given, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, to the principal village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in La Salle County. (See Starved Rock. ) LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation was as a news-agent on railroads, which business he followed for three years. He learned the trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- Calkers' Association. While yet a young man he settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was elected to Congress from the Second District, which he represented in that body for three suc- cessive terms. While serving his last year in Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for Sheriff of Cook County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 17, 1896. LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was born in County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a military taste by organizing a military company in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or four years. In 1846 he organized a company for the Mexican War, which was attached to the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised a company of cavalry, with which he served to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and a half years' service. He then resumed the peaceful life of a farmer; but, on the breaking out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri- otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in the Eighteenth Congressional District — of which he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment took part in most of the early engagements in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. Later, he was in command, for some time, at Jackson, Tenn., and, in November, 1862, was com- missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and meritorious service." He was also an active participant in the operations against Vicksburg, and was thanked on the field by General Grant for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro- nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid exploits of the war." After the fall of Vicksburg he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and in Texas, also being in command, for six months, at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, January, 1866, after a service of four years and seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882. LAWLER, Thomas G., soldier and Com- mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents in childhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later being elected First Lieutenant, and (although not mustered in, for tw r o months) during the Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of General Rosecrans. He participated in every battle in which his regiment was engaged, and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first man of his command over the enemy's works. After the war he became prominent as an officer HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 331 of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the Rockford Rifles, in 1876, and serving as Colonel of the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap- pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- appointed by Harrison, again displaced on the accession of Cleveland, reinstated by McKinley and continued in office under President Roose- velt. He was one of the organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., served as Commander thirty-nine years, and, in 1894, was elected Commander-in-Chief, serving one year. LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at Vergennes, Vt. , Dec. 17, 1820. After two years spent at Middlebury College, he entered the junior class at Union College, graduating from the latter in 18-11. He devoted tw T o years to teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. Louis, w T here he was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1844. The following year he removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi- nent practitioner for ten years. The years 1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- mary object of restoring his impaired health. On his return home he began farming in Warren County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench and was elected without opposition. Before the expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became Chief Justice. At this time his home was at Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he removed to Chicago, and at once became one of the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although persistently urged by personal and political friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined. In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans in the State Legislature for United States Senator against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at Decatur, Ala., April 9, 1883. LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern counties in the "southern tier," originally a part of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 1910 its area was 362 square miles, and its popu- lation 22,661. The first English-speaking settlers seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- ment was more or less desultory until after the War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil productive. About a dozen negro families found homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker colony was established about Charlottesville the same year. Among the best remembered pio- neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb, Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at an early day, and his house was first utilized as a court house. The county is richer in historic associations than in populous towns. Lawrence- ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865 inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law rence County, is situated on the Embarras River, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of Vincennes, Ind.. and 139 miles east of St. Louis. It has a courthouse, four churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 865; (1900), 1,300; (1910), 3,235. LAWSON, Victor F., journalist and newspaper proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian parentage, Sept 9, 1850. After graduating at the Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Harvard University. In August, 1876, he pur- chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News," being for some time a partner of Melville E. Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- lishing morning and evening editions. He reduced the price of the morning edition to one cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago Record." He has always taken a deep interest in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, established a fund to provide for the distribution of medals among public school children of Chi- cago, the award to be made upon the basis of comparative excellence in the preparation of essays upon topics connected with American history. LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis; is lo- cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region. Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour- ing mill being the chief industry of this charac- ter. The city has electric lights and electric trolley line connecting with Belleville and St. Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, one 332 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. weekly pa perand is an important educational center, being the seat of McKendree College, founded in 1828. Pop. (1900), 1,812; (1910), 1,907. LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line; named for Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame; area, 728 square miles; population (1910), 27,750. It was cut off from Ogle County, and separately organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across the Rock River In 1830, John Dixon, of New York, purchased Ogee's interest for $1,800. Set- tlement and progress were greatly retarded by the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set in in 1838. The first court house was built in 1840, and the same year the United States Land Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, Col. John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in 1859, and, in 1910, had a population of 7,216. LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. (See Apportionment, Legislative.) LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.) LELAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 29 miles southwest of Aurora. Population (1910), 545. LELAND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834. In 1835 lie removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 1852, he was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who had resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap- pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 1873, being assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second District in 1877. He was prominently identified with the genesis of the Republican party, whose tenets he zealously championed. He was also prominent in local affairs, having been elected the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), President of the Board of Education and County Treasurer. Died, June, 24, 1889. LEMEN, James, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier in the War of the Revolution, being present at the surrender of Cornwallis at Y'orktown in 1781 ; in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the head of one of the most prominent and influential families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have been the first person admitted to the Baptist Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming a minister of that denomination. Of a family of eight children, four of his sons became ministers. Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with offers of large rewards for his influence in found- ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- western Empire, but the proposals were indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8, 1822.— Robert (Lemen), oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. Clair County. He held a commission as magis- trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal for Illinois under the administration of John Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, August 24, 1860. — Rev. Joseph (Lemen), the second son, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who after- wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the northern part of St. Clair County, and for many years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist church, which had been founded in 1809 on the principle of opposition to human slavery. His death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. — Rev. James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united with the Baptist Church and became a minister — assisting in the ordination of his father, whose sketch stands at the head of this article. He served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies. He also preached extensively in Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in the organization of many churches, although his labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen was the second child of American parents born in Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died, Feb. 8, 1870. — William (Lemen), the fourth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1791; served as a soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 333 County, in 1857. — Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, 1794, was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- quoin, July 11, 1867.— Rev. Moses (Lemen), the sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; became a Baptist minister early in life, served as Representative in the Sixth General Assembly (1828-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. LEMONT, a city in Cook County, 25 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is extensively quarried here, constituting the chief industry. Owing to the number of industrial enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary home of a large number of workmen. The city has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two papers, five public and four private schools, one business college, aluminum and concrete works. Population of the township (1900), 4,441; of the city (1910), 2,284. LE MOYNE, John V., ex-Congressman, was born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed to Chicago, where he continued a permanent resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was a candidate for Congress on the Liberal Repub- lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- well, Republican. In 1874 he was again a candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed the election, and a contest ensued which was decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne. LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a farming and dairying district, but has some manufactures, the making of caskets being the principal industry in this line. There are six churches, two banks, and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1,252; (1910), 1,168. LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President, *vas born in Connecticut in-4-836 ; graduated from Cnion College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar ind came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for several years as clerk in the office of the State Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was private secretary of Governor Cullom during his first term. For several years he has been Presi- dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, with headquarters at Peoria. LEROY, a city in McLean County, 15 miles southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, sev- eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. Two weekly papers are published there. Popu- lation (1890), 1,258; (1900), 1,629; (1910), 1,702. LEVER ETT, Washington and Warren, edu- cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm ; in 1827 began a preparatory course of study under an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, spent the following winter in South Carolina, afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while Washington served as tutor two years in his Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- ington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, graduating there in 1836. The same year he accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the fall of 1837, and, after teaching for a few months at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the preparatory department, subsequently being advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, when he retired in the same year with his brother. After resigning he established himself in the book business, which was continued until his death, Nov. 8, 1872. Washington, the surviving brother, continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889. LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- tains departments in law, the classics, prepara- tory studies and manual training, and owns property valued at §1,600,000, with funds and endowment amounting to §1,100,000. No report is made of the number of pupils. LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. When six years old he accompanied his parents to Knox County, 111., where he attended the public schools, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub- 334 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re- election from the same district (then the Tenth), but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, his Democratic opponent. LEWISTOWN, the county -seat of Fulton County, located on two lines of railway, fifty miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, duplex-scales and evener factories; is in a farming, live-stock and coal-mining district; has several churches, one daily and three weekly newspapers, also excellent public schools. Pop. (1900), 2,504; (1910), 2,312. LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock- raising, and the town has a nourishing trade in horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- tured here, and the town has two banks, five churches, a high school and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415; (1910), 1,318. LIBERTY VILLE, a village of Lake County, on the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region is agricultural and dairying. The town has some manufactures, two banks and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 550; (1900), 864; (1910), 1,724. LIBRARIES. (Statistical.)— A report of the Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries in the United States,'" presents some approximate statistics of libraries in the several States, based upon the reports of librarians, so far as they could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out from the Bureau of Education in Washington. As shown by the statistical tables embodied in this report, there were 348 libraries in Illinois reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con- taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 214 were divided into the following classes: Containing 300,000 and less than 500,000 volumes 1 100,000 " " 300,000 " 2 50,000 " " 100,000 " 1 25,000 " " 50,000 " 5 " 10,000 " " 25,000 " 27 5,000 " " 10.000 " 34 1,000 " " 5,000 " 144 A general classification of libraries of 1,000 volumes and over, as to character, divides them into, General, 91; School, 36; College, 42; College Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State, 2; Asy- lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian Association, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical, 3; Soci- ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. The total number of volumes belonging to the class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — making a grand total of 1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to the largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public Library and the Newberry Library belong to the second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes and 35,654 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam- phlets. ) As to sources of support or method of adminis- tration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- priations by State, County or City; 20, from endowment funds ; 54, from membership fees and dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, leaving 53 to be supported from sources not stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this subject is §787,262; the aggregate endowment of 17 of this class is $2,283,197, and the value of buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at $2,981,- 575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 are both circulating and reference. The free public libraries in the State containing 3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. The following list includes those of this class con- taining 10,000 volumes and over: Chicago, Public Library . . (1896) 217,065 Peoria, " " 57,604 Springfield, " " 28,639 Rockford, " " 28,000 Quincy, " " and Reading Room 19,400 Galesburg " " 18,469 Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library . . 17,000 Bloomington, Withers " " ... 16,068 Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515 Decatur, " "'*... 14,766 Belleville, " " ... 14,511 Aurora, " " ... 14,350 Rock Island, " " ... 12,634 Joliet, " " ... 22.325 The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference library) — established in the City of Chicago in 1894, on the basis of a bequest of the late John Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully 83,000,- 000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having, in the four years of its history, acquired over 40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 335 it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class in the United States, as it is one of the most modern and carefully selected. The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy beginning has been made in building up a State Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to the indifference of the Legislature and the meager support it has received, the State which was, for nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most important events in the development of the Mis- sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished anything worthy of its name in collecting and preserving the records of its own history. In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois State Library, which dates from the admission of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest library in the State is that of the McCormick Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred in another State. The early State College Li- braries follow next in chronological order : Shurt- leff College, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College, at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases, however, these are simply the dates of the estab- lishment of the institution, or the period at which instruction began to be given in the school which finally developed into the college. The school library is constantly becoming a more important factor in the liberal education of the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the State Teachers' Association some ten years ago, but still in the experimental stage, and the sys- tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge the range of popular reading and bring the public library, in some of its various forms, within the reach of a larger class. The Free Public Library Law of Illinois. — The following history and analysis of the Free Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, Librarian of the Peoria Public Library : The Library Law passed by the Legislature of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- brary Law placed on the statute book of any State in the Union. It is true, New Hamp- shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, had taken steps in this direction, with three or four brief sections of laws, permissive in their character rather than directive, but lacking the vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that they provided no sufficiently specific working method — no sailing directions — for starting and administering such free public libraries. They seem to have had no influence on subsequent library legislation, while, to quote the language of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this regard, is probably the reason why it has been so widely copied in other States." By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the head of her sister States in encouraging the spread of general intelligence among the people; but it is also a record to be equally proud of, that, within less than five years after her admission to the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses- sion of her Third General Assembly — a general Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, entitled : "An act to incorporate such persons as may associate for the purpose of procuring and erecting public libraries in this State," with the following preamble- " Whereas, a disposition for improvement in useful knowledge lias manifested itself in various parts of this State, by associating for procuring and erecting public libraries; and, whereas, it is of the utmost importance to the public that the sources of information should be multi- plied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro- moted: Seel. Ue it enacted," etc. Then follow ten sections, covering five and a half pages of the published laws of that session, giving explicit directions as to the organizing and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act are, of course, subscription libraries, the only kind known at that time, free public libraries supported by taxation not having come into vogue in that early day. It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free public library, how to manage it when started and how to provide it with the necessary funds. It furnished a full and minute set of sailing directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover, was not loaded down with useless limitations. With a few exceptions — notably the Boston Public Library, working under a special charter, and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor Library — all public libraries in those days were subscription libraries, like the great Mercantile Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, with dues of from §3 to §10 from each member per year. With dues at §4 a year, our Peoria Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 286 members in any one year. Compare this with our present public membership of 6,500, and it will be seen that some kind of a free public library law was needed. That was the conclu- sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried every expedient for years, in the way of lecture courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, seemed to be the rule with all subscription libraries. They did not reach the masses who needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- 33o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son . the necessary cost of annual dues stood in the way ; the women and young people who wanted something to read, who thirsted for knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of the free public library to-day, did not hold the family purse-strings; while the men, who did hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care for books. It was my experience, derived as a Director in the Peoria Mercantile Library when it w T as still a small, struggling subscription library, that sug- gested the need of a State law authorizing cities and towns to tax themselves for the support of public libraries, as they already did for the sup- port of public schools. When, in 1870, I submitted the plan to some of my friends, they pronounced it (Quixotic— the people would never consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I replied, that, until sometime in the '50's, we had no free public schools in this State. I then drew up the form of a law, substantially as it now stands; and, after submitting it to Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- brary ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it in the hands of my friend, Mr Samuel Caldwell, in December, 1870, who took it with him to Springfield, promising to do what he could to get it through the Legislature, of which he was a member from Peoria. The bill was introduced by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill No. 563, and as House bill No. 563 it finally received the Governor's signature and became a law, March 7, 1872. The essential features of our Illinois law are : I. The power of initiative in starting a free public library lies in the City Council, and not in an appeal to the voters of the city at a general election. It is a weak point in the English public libra- ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or voters of a city, and. in several London and pro- vincial districts, the proposed law has been repeatedly voted down by the very people it was most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little extra taxation. 77. Tli e amou n t of tax to be levied is permissive, not mandatory. We can trust to the public spirit of our city authorities, supported by an intelligent public sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, might invite extravagance, as it has in several instances where a mandatory law is in force. III. Tlie Library Board has exclusive control of library approj)r>ations. This is to be interpreted that Public Library Boards are separate and distinct departments of the city administration ; and experience has shown that they are as capable and honest in handling money as School Boards or City Councils. IV. Library Boards co7isist of nine members to serve for three years. V. The members of the Board are appointed by the Mayor, subject to the approval of the City Council, from the citizens at large with reference to their fitness for such office. VI. An annual report is to be made by the Board to the City Council, stating the condition of their trust on the first day of June of each year. This, with slight modifications adapting it t villages, towns and townships, is, in substance the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Undei its beneficent operation flourishing free public libraries h&ve been established in the principa- cities and towns of our State— slowly, at first, but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness has become apparent. No argument is now needed to show the im- portance — the imperative necessity — of the widest possible diffusion of intelligence among the people of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the one means civilization, the other, barbarism. Give a man the taste for good books and the means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of making him a better, happier man and a wiser citizen. You place him in contact with the best society in every period of history ; you set before him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths to follow. We have no way of foretelling how many and how great benefits will accrue to society and the State, in the future, from the comparatively modern introduction of the free public library into our educational system; but when some youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over iEsop's Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United States History, by the flickering light of a pine- knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- eral spread of intelligence through our free schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies our only hope that our free American institutions shall not decay and perish from the earth. " Knowledge is the only good, ignorance the only evil." "Let knowledge grow from more to more." LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by the people at the same time with that of Gov- ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- Governors of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union to the present time (1899), with the date and length of each incum- bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; William H. Davidson (as President of the Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; William McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 1853-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar- shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 ; Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross, 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33? Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; as President of the Senate John Early, 1S73-75, and A. A. Glenn, 1875-77; Andrew Shuman, 1877-81; John M. Hamil- ton, 1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B Gill, 1893-97; William A. Northcott, 1897-1905; Lawrence Y. Sherman, 1905-09; John G. Oglesby, 1709—. LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- vania iu its output of limestone, the United States Census Report for 1890 giving the number of quarries as 104, and the total value of the product as $2, 190,604. In the value of stone used for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any other State, the greater proportion of the output in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small percentage being used for flux, and still less for bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and represent a capital of S3, 316, 610, in the latter par- ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The quarries are found in various parts of the State, but the most productive and most valuable are in the northern section. LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county- seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- sions of the Illinois Central Railroad ; is 28 miles northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among the products being flour, brick and drain tile. The city has water-works, fire department, gas and electric lighting plant, telephone system, machine shops, eighteen churches, good schools, three national banks, a public library, electric street railway, and two daily and two weekly papers. Besides common schools, it is the seat of Lincoln University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institution, founded in 1865). The Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum for Feeble- Minded Children are also located here, the inmates of the latter numbering some 1,500. Pop. (1890), 6,725; (1900), 8,962; (1910), 10,892. LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County. Ky., Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early occupations of the future President were varied. He served at different times as farm-laborer, flat- boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, lawyer, State legislator, Congressman and Presi- dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk War, and was chosen Captain of his company was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature the same year, but elected two years later About this time he turned his attention to the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. By successive re-elections he served in the House until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 he was an applicant to President W T illiam Henry Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the General Land Office, the appointment going to Justin Butterfield. His next official position was that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- ing candidate for the United States Senate in opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the organization of the Republican party at Bloom- ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by the Republican State Convention for the United States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate with Senator Douglas on party issues, during which they delivered speeches at seven different cities of the State. Although he again failed to secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- acter of the legislative apportionment then in force, which gave a majority of the Senators and Representatives to a Democratic minority of the voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the subject of slavery attracted the attention of the whole country, and prepared the way for the future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the nominee of the Republican party for the Presi- dency and was chosen by a deci ;ive majority in the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- ably his candidacy was aided by internal dissensions in the Democratic party. His election and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were 338 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. made a pretext for secession, and he met the issue with promptitude and firmness, tempered with kindness and moderation towards the se- cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history of the whole country during its most dramatic period. Next to his success in restoring the authority of the Government over the whole Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act of his administration. And yet to this act, which has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages and in all lands, the world over, is due his death at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in Washington City, April 15, 1865, as the result of an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the evening previous — his death occurring one week after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of the Union, was assured. A period of National mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor of a National funeral, his remains being finally laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His profound sympathy with every class of sufferers during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in giving direction to public sentiment at home and in dealing with international questions abroad; his courage in preparing the way for the removal of slavery — the bone of contention between the warring sections — have given him a place in the affections of the people beside that of Washington himself, and won for him the respect and admi- ration of all civilized nations. LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools and at Harvard University, graduating from the latter in 1864. During the last few months of the Civil War, he served on the staff of General Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to England by appointment of President Harrison, gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This was the last public office held by him. After tbe death of George M. Pullman he became Acting President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, later being formally elected to that office, which (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has been frequently mentioned in connection with the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but its use has not been encouraged by him. LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name popularly given to a series of joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- las, held at different points in the State during the summer and autumn of 1858, while both were candidates for the position of United States Sena- tor. The places and dates of holding these discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jonesboro, Sept. 15; at Charleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense audiences gathered to hear these debates, which have become famous in the political history of the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted in ths history of any State. It resulted in the securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate ; but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog- atories of Lincoln ted to the alienation of his Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi- dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a sagacious political leader, and his final election to the Presidency. LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils — ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine arts and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 3, 000 volumes, and reports funds and endowment amounting to $60,000, with property valued at $55,000. LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ky. (ten miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), but resigned before the close of the session to accept the office of Attorney -General, which h<» held less than a year and a half, when he resigned that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 339 Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with some elements of eloquence which gave him a wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Charleston, S C, and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wrote a series of articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, June 5, 1876. LINEGrAR, David T., legislator, was born in Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. LIPPINCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1825; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate ; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medi- cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he went to California, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Company K, a.nd of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- nent President of the Republican State Conven- tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the grounds of the institu tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville. Cass County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- ler, a prominent physician widely known in that section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving until her death, May 21, 1895. The respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her death, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- field. LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818; the same year established himself in mer- cantile business at Milton, then a place of some importance near Alton. This place proving unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwards- ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. Id 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- ential factor in building up that denomination in Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. .Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, col- lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 340 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, would do away with the indiscriminate sale of liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that date a general license system has prevailed, except in certain towns and cities where prohibitory ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely variant in different localities. The Legislature, however, has always possessed the same constitu- tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license question from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting of licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed the House in its favor, and Miss Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. The measure was defeated in the House by a vote of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally termed the "High License Law," by the provi- sions of which a minimum license of $500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic drinks, and $150 for malt liquors, with the authority on the part of municipalities to impose a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local supervision. The criminal code of the State contains the customary provisions respecting the sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by the indifference or studied neglect of the local officials. LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Mont- gomery County, on the C. C. C. & St. Louis, Wabash and the Illinois Central, C. B. & Q., and the Illinois Traction System, with three other short-line railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The sur- rounding country is fertile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate lim- its. Grain is extensively raised and Litchfield has elevators, flouring mills, a can factory, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments also includes foundry and machine shop prod- ucts, brick and tile, gas lamps, brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, and has a Holly water-works sys- tem, a public library and public parks, three banks, twelve churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursuline convent, a Catholic hospital, and one weekly and two daily newspapers. Pop- ulation (1890), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1910), 5,971. LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTON & WESTERN RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum- biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1896. LITTLE VERMILION RIVER rises in Ver- milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 341 LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 7, 183C; was educated in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, 111., where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, where he entered into partnership witli the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses Mr Littler took a prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. Died June 23, 1902. LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, who held pastorates at various places in Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; also took a prominent part in the great North- western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863 In her later years she labored and lectured extensively in the interest of woman suffrage and temperance, was also the author of several volumes, one entitled "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (1865). Her last home was in Boston. Died May 23, 1905. LIVINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1,026 square miles; population (1900), 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county- seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and $3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liquor habit. County population (1910), 40,465. LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out in 1837 and incorporated in 1853; situated 33 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- tural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal are located here. Population (1890), 2,449; (1900), 2,659; (1910), 2,555. L0CKW00D, Samuel Drake, jurist, was born at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., August 2, 1789, left fatherless at the age of ten, after a few months at a private school in New Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across the country from Shawneetown. arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, when President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also appointed agent of the First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme Court, his service extending until the adoption 342 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held until his death. He was always an uncompromising antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal and political integrity was recognized by all parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as one of its Trustees, and was also influential in securing several of the State charitable institu- tions there. His later years were spent at Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th year of his age. LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- tural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 668; (1910), 603. LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name; was educated at Auburn Academy and served as Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the works of his relative, Gen. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publi- cations and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Chicago. LOGAN, John, physician and soldier, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, his family settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- nee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk War he settled in Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine, engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At the beginning of the war he raised a compan}' for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota being already full, it was not accepted. He was finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 18G2, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequently he had command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, August 24, 1885. LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and states- man, was born at old Brownsville, the original county -seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Young Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards became Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- cute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk- ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the special session of Congress in 1861, he left his seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 343 gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of the President ; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 1886. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago. LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- mon County, one year later opening an office at Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit; resigned two years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- bly; also served as a member of the Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- ington. Soon afterward he retired to private life. As an advocate his ability was widely recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part of the State, and having an area of about 620 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or moderately undulating prairie, with some high ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- mining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle- and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and the county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a part of De Witt County. It was named in honor of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but, in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- tal. Pop. (1900), 28,680; (1910), 30,216. LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago Great Western and the Chicago & North Western Railways, 20 miles west of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 590; (1910), 883. LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at Galesburg under control of the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- tory, collegiate and theological departments. The collegiate department includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged course of three years for young women, who con- stitute nearly half the number of students. The University has an endowment of §200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of §100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 students. LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the town has banks and a weekly paper; fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 555. LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teaching some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) by Dr. Edwin James, was publisbed in 1823, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society and the author of the 344 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first original treatise on railroad building ever published in this country, under the title of 'Railroad Manual" (183!)). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111., where he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from active service in June, 1863, he continued in the iischarge of important duties up to his death. LONGENECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was born in (Jrawford County, 111., June 12, 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the ivar. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four {1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter rear removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Mr. Mills' successor, Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing in that position until 1892. While in this office he conducted a large number of important crimi- nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a prosecutor in criminal cases. Died Sept. 19, 1906. LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., May 31, 1775 ; prepared for college in the common schools and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, finally graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 1799 — having supported himself during a con- siderable part of his educational course by manual labor and teaching. He subsequently studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, served as pastor of a Congregational church at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of young men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- vard College and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism underwent a change, resulting in his uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col- lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist Seminary, of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to secure the charter of the college in which the seminary was merged. His name stood first on the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. The latter years of his life were spent among his books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias Loonils — an eminent mathematician and natural- ist, was the author of "Loomis' Algebra" and other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He held professorships in various institutions at different times, the last being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent- age, April 27, 1861; came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father by death at twelve years of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- ing business; was afterwards an employe on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of Mayor Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water department. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 votes. LOUISVILLE, the county-seat of Clay County ; situated on the Little Wabash River and on the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- southeast of Springfield aud 7 miles north of Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high school, a savings bank and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 637; (1900), 646; (1910), 670. LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. ) LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 345 (1898) was $18,236,246, of which §4,247,909 was in stock and §10,568,350 in bonds.— (History.) The original corporation was organized in both Indi- ana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of the line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- ville, New Albany' & St. Louis Railway Com- pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- nois — those in the latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet — the new organization assuming the present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a corporation operating an extensive system of railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portioh of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash River, in White County (133.64 miles), with branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- sion, though virtually owned by the operating line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- ence is merely nominal. The latter company acquired title to the property after foreclosure in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were §1,052,789, and the total expendi- tures (including §47,198 taxes) were §657,125. LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway.) LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, minister -and anti- slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, came west and taught school in St. Louis in 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned slave-holding. Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three times within twelve months his plant was de- stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- tect it from destruction in the warehouse where it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, having assembled about the building, sent one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes later. His death did much to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his death was made the text for many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- sition to an institution which employed moboc- racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free discussion. (See Alton Riots.) LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman, was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being the son of a clergyman of small means, he was thrown upon his own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy induced him to devote his life to a crusade against slavery. Having previously begun the study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- try and officiated for several years as pastor of a Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln for United States Senator. Upon his election to the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congregation presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for three successive terms. As an orator he had few equals in the State, while his courage in the support of his principles was indomitable. In the campaigns of 1856, '58 and '60 he rendered valuable service to the Republican party, as he 346 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. did later in upholding the cause of the Union in Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1864. LOYINGTON, a village of Moultrie County, on the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia Line and the Bernent& Altamont Division of the Wabash Railway, 23 miles southeast of Decatur. The town ships grain and live-stock, has a bank, a newspaper, water-works, electric lights and tele- phone. Pop. (1900), 815; (1910), 1,011. LUDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author, was born at Camden, N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy- sician who, in his later years, became a resident of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the study of medicine with his father, followed by a course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having removed to Chicago the following year, he soon after began an investigation of the homoeopathic system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro- fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly established Hahnemann Medical College in the city of Chicago, with which he continued to be connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath," later being editorially associated with "The North American Journal of Homoeopathy, " published in New York City, and "The United States Medical and Surgical Journal' of Chicago. He also served as President of numerous medical associ- ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom a member of the State Board of Health, serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors as a lecturer and practitioner, Dr. Ludlam was one of the most prolific authors on professional lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous monographs on special topics, having produced a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medi- cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is recognized as a valuable text-book, and has passed through seven or eight editions. A few years after his first connection with the Hahne- mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen President of the institution. Died suddenly from heart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann Medical College, April 29, 1899. LUNDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- entage ; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, Va., where he first gained a practical knowledge of the institution of slavery; later carried on business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O., where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery association under the name of the "Union Humane Society," also contributing anti-slaveiy articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub- lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor- ough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1824, when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend towards colonization is shown in the fact that he made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a view to promoting the colonization of emanci- pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd Garrison, who became a convert to his views and a firm ally. The following winter he was as- saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly killed ; soon after removed his paper to Washing- ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the name of "The National Enquirer," being finally merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, but the design was frustrated by his early death, which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under the name of "The Genius of Liberty, " but was re- moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, Zebina. ) LUNT, Orrington, capitalist and philanthro- pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in the grain commission business, becoming a mem- ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. Later, he became interested in real estate oper- ations, fire and life insurance and in railway enterprises, being one of the early promoters of the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 347 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took an active part in municipal affairs, and, during the War, was an efficient member of the "War Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- ety" after the fire of 1871, and his generous bene- factions to the Young Men's Christian Association and feeble churches, his most efficient service was rendered to the cause of education as repre- sented in the Northwestern University, of which he was a Trustee from its organization, and much of the time an executive officer. To his noble benefaction the institution owes its splendid library building, erected some years ago at a cost of §100,000. In the future history of Chi- cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of J. Young Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1897. LUSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, took its name from this family. In 1805 the sub- ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., and settled near Edwardsville. During the War of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its growth, he moved into the town and erected a house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and containing three rooms, which "became the first hotel in the town and a place of considerable historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, Dec. 22, 1857. LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi- nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small Catechism in instruction of the young, in the practice of infant baptism and confirmation at an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg Confession. Services are conducted, in various sections of the country, in not less than twelve different languages. The number of Lutheran ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches over which they preside recognize allegiance to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of the Synodical Conference; the Synod for the Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the foreign element in this denomination, reference may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the English language. Of the remainder, thirty- seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. (See also Religions Denominations. LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; (1890), 732; (1900), 951; (1910), 1,483. MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the name given to a class of State indebtedness incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each, payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister & Stebbins advanced to the State §261,560.83. This was done with the understanding that the firm would make further advances sufficient to increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the face value of the bonds, but upon which no further advances were actually made. In addi- tion to these, there were deposited with the same firm, within the next few months, with a like understanding, internal improvement bonds and State scrip amounting to §109,215.44 — making the aggregate of State securities in their hands §913,- 215.44, upon which the State had received only the amount already named — being 28.64 per oent of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts having been made by the holders of these bonds (with whom they had been hypothecated by Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on their par face value, the matter became the sub- ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both reciting, in their respective preambles, the history of the transaction. The last of these provided for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- pal and interest of the sum actually advanced and found to be due, conditioned upon the sur- render, by them, of the original bonds and other <548 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evidences of indebtedness received by them in 1841. This the actual holders refused to accept, and brought the case before the Supreme Court in an effort to compel the Governor (who was then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize the full face of their claim. This the Supreme Court refused to do, on the ground that, the executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- ernment, they had no authority over his official acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds, to the amount of §114,000, was obtained from Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was probably but imperfectly acquainted with their history and previous legislation on the subject. Representations made to him led to a suspension of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not transferable except on the books of the Funding Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- mately surrendered by the holders on the basis originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the presentation, for payment, of the portion of the original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- feiture, and this was finally done. MACK, Alonzo 1Y., legislator, was born at More- town, Vt., in 1822; at 16 years of age settled at Kalamazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi- cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the Senate, serving through five continuous sessions (1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, in January following, to take his seat in the Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- lican, " in May, 1865, and was its business mana- ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. MACKINAW, the first county-seat of Tazewell County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, wagons and carriages ; also a State bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 859; (1910), 725. MAC MILLAN, Thomas C, Clerk of United States District Court, was born at Stranraer, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from ttie High School and spent some time in the Chicago University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux. After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi cago Public Library, besides eight years in the General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan was appointed Clerk of the United States District Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the honorary degree of A M. from that institution. MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- tery, and school -desk castings. The city has interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, high school and three daily and weekly papers; is the seat of the Western Illinois State Normal School, Preparatory School and Business College. Pop. (1890), 4,052; (1900), 5,375; (1910), 5,774. MACON, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar factories, four churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 705; (1910), 683. MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- ical center of the State. The census of 1910 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 54t,186. It was organized in 1829, and named for Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. The county is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the county-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade. MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county, with an area of 864 square miles and a population HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 of 50,685 in 1910. The word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying '"white potato." The county, originally a part of Madison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William Wilcox and Theodoras Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of the streams. The soil is fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively raised While agriculture is the chief industry in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the other principal towns. MAC YEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer and politician, was born on a farm in Chester County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law School, New York. He was soon compelled to abandon practice on account of ill-health, and removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many important municipal reforms. He was thereafter repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among them the mayorality, but persistently refused until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for United States Senator by a State Convention of the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- vass of the State, but the Republicans having gained control of the Legislature, he was defeated. At present (1911) Mr. MacVeagh occupies the office of Secretary of the Treasury, in Washing- ton, to which he was appointed by Pres.Taft in 1909. MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis- sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along the western border, four to six miles wide, as far north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The county was organized in 1812, being the first county set off from St. Clair County after the organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the third within the Territory. It was named in honor of James Madison, then President of the United States. At that time it embraced sub- stantially the whole of the northern part of the State, but its limits were steadily reduced by excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gill- hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- ' erally locating in the American Bottom, and laying the foundation for the present county. In the early history of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent men who exerted a large influence in shaping its destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and many more whose names are intimately inter- woven with State history. The county-seat is at Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. Population of the county (1910), 89,847. MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father's private academy at Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- break of the Civil War, his sympathies being strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking part in political discussions during the war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar ; in 1868 was appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was Chief Justice in 1891-92. Died April 21, 1910. MADISON, a village and station in the western part of Madison County, opposite the city of St. Louis, and at the junction of several lines of railroad with the St. Louis Bridge Terminal; has rolling mills, foundries and other manufacturing enterprises; is also an important shipping point for river transpor- tation; has two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 5,046. MALTBY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a private in the Mexican War and was severely wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he 350 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro- moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned Brigadier- General in August, 1863; served through the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that office, Dec. 12, 1867. MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County on the Illinois Central Railroad, 49 miles north of Cairo at South Pass, a spur of the Ozark Mountains; is in a rich fruit-growing region; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 400. MANIERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to "The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitted to the bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed Master in Chancery, and served one term as Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. While filling the latter office he codified the municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 without opposition. Before the expiration of his second term he died, May 21, 1863. He held the office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, during which time, largely through his efforts, the school system was remodeled and the im- paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- dition. He was one of the organizers of the Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominently connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- torial control of "The Chicago Democrat " MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- cago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park and, after the annexation of that municipality to the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and re-elected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporary Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- didate for re-election, and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County and General Attorney of the South Park Com- missioners of the city of Chicago. MANN, Orriu L., lawyer and soldier, was born in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesle3 T an Female College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, two years later, become President of the North- western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing his studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching; in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen Major. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the first battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 351 Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded, necessitating a stay of several months in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered out in December, 1865. After the war he engaged in the real estate and loan business, but, in 4.866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held by him were - Represen- tative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paralysis. Died Dec. 13, 1908. MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of County- Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying there, Jan. 8, 1869. MANNING, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, completing his education at Middlebury College, Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the C. C. C. & St. L. and the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region; has two grain elevators, elec- tric lights, churches and schools, three banks and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 708; (1910), 681. MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- stock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 627; (1900), 932; (1910), 1,229. MA0.U0N, a village of Knox County, on the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- burg. The region is agricultural. The town has banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 548; (1890), 501; (191)0), 475; (1910), 472. MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile making numerous trips for geologic investigation One of these was made in 1849, overland, to Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- puted questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 he was called to the professorship of Natural History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with his other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 19, 1899. MAREDOSIA (MARAISde OGEE), a peculiar depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- times discharges through the same channel into the Mississippi. Its general course is north and south. — Cat-Tail Slough, a similar depression, runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis- tance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Maredosia above low water in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi. MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 352 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trie lights, has six churches, good schools and two weekly newspapers; also two large pickle factories. Pop. (1900), 2,005; (1910), 1,936. MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of St. Louis. Several of its earliest settlers were sea cap- tains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement" obtained its name; has one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 660; (1910), 685. MARION, the county-seat of Williamson County, 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads; in agricultural and coal region; has cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- works, ice and cold-storage plant, pressed brick factory, churches, a graded school, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,510; (1910), 7,093. MARION COUNTY, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 576 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by the census of 1910, had a population of 35,094. About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S. W. ) Railroads. Salem is the county -seat, but Centralia is the largest and most important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. MARISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and a magazine. Pop. (1900), 1,086; (1910), 2,004. MA.R0A, a city in Macon County, on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- tory, water-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded school. Population (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213; (1910), 1,160. MARQUETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17, and, twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, in 1068, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Juliet on his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Riven;, June 17. (For an interesting translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- ration of the Mississippi,' - N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- ping for some time among the Indians near "Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders from his superior, he set out to establish amis- sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In December he reached the present site of Chicago, where he was compelled to halt because of exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- gably and making many converts, failing health compelled him to start on his return to Macki- nac. Before the voyage was completed he died, May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which long bore his name — but is not the present Mar- quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- gan. His remains were subsequently removed to Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to explain the lake tides, and modern science has not improved his theory. MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- cellent water power is furnished by a dam across the river. 1 .ia city has several factories, among the leading products being flour, paper and agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to support three elevators. There are two papers, one issuing a daily edition. Pop. (1900), 2,559; (1910), 3,291. MARSH, Benjamin F., Congressman, born in Wythe Township, Hancock County, 111., was edu- cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, leaving the latter institution one year before graduation. He read law under the tutelage of his brother, Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 353 admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney, immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861, he raised a company of cavalry, and, going to Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No cavalry having been called for, the Governor felt constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regi- ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov- ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his readiness to accept his cavalry company. Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- pany within a few days, of which he was com- missioned Captain, and which was attached to the Second Illinois Cavalry. He served in the army until January, 1866, being four times wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On his return home he interested himself in politics. In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail- road and Warehouse Commission, serving until 1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress from his old district, which, under the new apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair- man of Committee on Militia. Died June 2, 1905. MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton Academy and Union College, graduating from the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County, and an incorporated city, 16% miles southwest of Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding country is devoted to farming and stock-raising. The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, and inilk condensing plant. It has two banks, eight churches and a good public school system, which includes city and township high schools, and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,900; (1900), 2,077; (1910), 2,569. MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 1824; studied law and soon after located at McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the Fifteenth General Assembly, but resigned, early in the following year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate from the State-at-large to the Charleston and Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary vote of his party in the Legislature for United States Senator, and was similarly honored in the Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- cratic support for Speaker of the House. He was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 1875, when he returned to the practice of his profession. Died, July 26, 1890. MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- central part of the State, with an area of 350 square miles — named for Chief Justice Jolin Mar- shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and county organization was effected in 1839. The Illinois River bisects the county, which is also drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- ally level prairie, except along the river, although occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon is the county-seat. Population (1880), 15,053; (1890), 13,653; (1900), 16,370; (1910), 15,679. MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex Congressman and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., August 19, 1826, educated in the common schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion County. He served as a non-commissioned officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which office he filled for twelve years. By profession he was a lawyer, and was in active practice when not in public or military life. For a number of years he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home he was elected County Judge of Marion County, and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1872, hav- ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 354 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- gress. He was Department Commander of the Grand Army (1889-90). Died Nov. 20, 1907. MARTINSVILLE, a village of Clark County, on the Terra Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Rail- road, 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has a bank, flouring mills and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 779; (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,500. MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- ville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the surrounding country. The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, school, churches, and electric line; also bank and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,171; (1910), 2,081. MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie Canal, a year later (1822) accepting a position as rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer in charge of construction. Subsequently he was employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, finally, chief and superintendent. Other works with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came west and took charge of the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required five years for its completion. The next four years were spent as contractor in the construction of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1860, when he became Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he retained until 1867. The next two years were occupied in the service of the State in lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. In 1869"he-wasLalected Mayor of the city of Chicago^ and it was in tile -tfasing - days of his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, testing his executive ability to the utmost. From 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892 — Edward Gay (Mason), son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended school for several years, after which he entered Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then studied law, and, later, became a member of the law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, in conjunction with two brothers, organized the firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical Festival, which was instrumental in bringing Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the successor of Elihu B. Washburne, retaining the position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During his incumbency, the commodious building, now occupied by the Historical Society Library, was erected, and he added largely to the resources of the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts and other historical records. He was the author of several historical works, including "Illinois in the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of James Willing — An Episode of the American Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled "Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub- lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of his death, was prominently talked of for President of that institution, as successor to President Timothy Dwight. MASON, William E., United States Senator, was born at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County. N. Y., July 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the last two years at Des Moines. In that city he studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois District (then strongly Republican), but, owing to party dissensions, was defeated by James H. Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow. He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason County, at the intersection of the Chicago & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 355 Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield. Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, it is an important shipping point for that com- modity. It has four churches, two banks, two jewspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- vators and a carriage factory. Population (1880), 1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890; (1910), 1,842. MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a population of about 2,000; population (1910), 17,377, and area of 518 square miles — named for a county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound- aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The chief staple is corn, and the county offers excel- lent opportunities for viticulture. The American pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1832. Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said, to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen as the county seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor for a few years, the county offices being per- manently removed to the former point in 1851. Mason City is an important shipping point on the Chicago & Alton Railroad MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.) MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern county of the State and one of the smallest, its area, being but little more than 240 square miles, with a population (1910) of 14,200 — named for Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal- nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and cottonwood abounding. Saw-mills are found in nearly every town, and considerable grain and tobacco are raised. The original settlers were largely from Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio River, is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839, although Massac County was not separately organized until 1843. At Massac City may be seen the ruins of the early French fort of that name. MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and having given the names of a large number of the alleged members, popular excitement rose to fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu- lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue of opposition to these irregular tactics. This served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed activity. Many persons were forced to leave the county on suspicion, and others tortured into making confession. In consequence, some leading "regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to restore order through mediation, and the ordinary processes of law were also found unavailing. Judge Scates was threatened with lynching Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, and these surrendered upon promise of personal immunity from violence. This pledge was not regarded, several members of the posse being led away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff and his supporters were once more ordered to leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed each other in quick succession. To remedy this condition of affairs, the Legislatxire of 1847 enacted a law creating district courts, under the provi- sions of which a Judge might hold court in any county in his circuit. This virtually conferred upon the Judge the right to change the venue at his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this legislation was highly beneficial in restoring quiet, although the embers of the feud still smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame for several years thereafter. MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and was admitted to the bar; served in the Third Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- tures C1820-22) ; removed, in 1821, to the newly organized county of Sangamon, where he was appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in office eighteen years, also for some years holding, at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 31. 1815 ; was assistant of his father in the 356 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and, on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con- secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April 30, 1877. — James H. (Matheny), another son, born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County ; served in his youth as Clerk in various local offices; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his term beginning the practice of law; was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October, 18G2, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he resigned. He then returned to his profession, but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga- mon County, holding the office by repeated re- elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having resided in Springfield 68 years. MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged for a time in business in New York City, but, in the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where he soon after became associated in business with James L. Lamb and others. This firm was afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade with New Orleans. Later he became one of the founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. Mather was elected to the lower branch of the Second General Assembly from Randolph County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for a part of the session as Speaker) , and again to the Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, resigned to accept an appointment from Presi- dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to locate the military road from Independence to Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 1822 he was one of the most determined oppo- nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term oi four years. He also served as Colonel on the staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi- nent in business affairs there in connection with his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837 was appointed a member of the first Board of Fund Commissioners for the State under the internal improvement system; also served seven years as President of the Springfield branch of the State Bank; was connected, as a stock- holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and was also identified, financially, with the old Chi- cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until his death, Colonel Mather served as one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and was a liberal contributor to the endowment of that institution. His death occurred during a visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853. MATTESON, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman in the construction of the first railroad in that State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at Juliet. After serving three terms in the State Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the United States Senatorship. At the close of his gubernatorial term he was complimented by the Legislature, and retired to private life a popular man. Later, there were developed grave scandals in connection with the refunding of certain canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately — was connected. He turned over property to the State of the value of nearly 8250,000, for its indemnification. He finally took up his resi- dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable time in travel in Europe. He was for many years the lessee and President of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, 111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- field to enlist in the army, and was elected and commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, being mustered out of the service in August, 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 357 the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, President Harrison named him First Comp- troller of the United States Treasury, and the House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- fication at his selection. Col. Matthews served as Department Commander of the G. A. R. of Illinois, 1907-08. Died at his home inPittsfield, Junell, 1908. MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846, educated in the common schools, and, near the close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment; began teaching in Champaign County in 1865, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The Champaign County Herald," of which he was also proprietor. During his last session in the State Senate (1891-92) he served as President pro tern, of that body; was also President of the State Press Association and served on the staff of Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 10, 1892. MATTOON. an important city in Coles County, 172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for three lines of railway, and an important shipping point for corn and broom corn, which are both extensively grown in the surrounding region. It has several banks, foundries, machine shops, brick and tile-works, flour-mills, b r oom factories, with three daily and two weekly newspapers; also has good graded schools and a high school. The repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. Pop. (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622; (1910), 11,456. MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent- ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis. , where he died, Nov. 5, 1859 MAY, William L., early lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day to Edwardsville, 111. , and afterwards to Jackson- ville; was elected from Morgan County to the Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year removed to Springfield, having been appointed by President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for the Land Office there He was twice elected to Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but finally removed to California, where he died. MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teach- ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that section of the State. He had previously been appointed Count}' Clerk of Edwards County to fill a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. Louis, when about to take the train for his home at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime was ever discovered, and the affair has remained one of the mysteries of the criminal history of Illinois. MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; has churches, two weekly newspapers, public schools and some manufactures. Pop. (1900). 4,532; (1910), 8,033. McALLISTER, William K., jurist, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After admission to the bar he commenced practice at Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he resigned in 1875, having been elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879. He was elected for a third time in 1885, but, before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct. 29. 1888. 358 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. McARTHUR, John, soldier, was born in Ers- kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1826; worked at his father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old, when, coming to the United States, he settled in Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler- making establishment, later acquiring an estab- lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, with a company of which he was Captain, he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, and, in March, 18C2, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson, where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh he was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L. Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded a division of McPherson's corps in the operations against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 to 1877. Died March 16, 1906. McCAGG, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after- wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg was an active member of the United States Sani- tary Commission, and (for some years after the fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; also a life-member and officer of the Chicago Historical Society, besides being identified with several State and municipal boards. His standing in his pro- fession is shown by the fact that he was more than once offered a non-partisan nomination for Justice of the Supreme Court, but declined it. He held a high rank in literary circles, as well as a connoisseur in art, and was owner of a large private library col- lected since the destruction of one by the fire of 1871. Died Aug. 2, 1908. MCCARTNEY, James, lawyer and ex-Attorney General, was born of Scotch parentage in the north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of age was brought to the United States and, until 1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he spent his youth in general farm w r ork, meanwhile attending a high school and finally engaging in teaching. In 1856 he began the study of law at Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ; was admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- lowing year to Galva. In April, 1861, he enlisted in what afterwards became the Seventeenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- pelled to resign on account of ill- health. A few months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a captaincy, although serving much of the time as Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term of service in the army, he resumed the practice of his profession at Fairfield, 111. ; in 1880 was nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- General of the State, and, during his last year in office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" which finally terminated successfully for the city of Chicago. Since retiring from office, Gen- eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chi- cago, having been a resident of the latter city since 1890. McCARTNEY, Robert Wilson, lawyer and jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. As soon as able to take the field he was commis- sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in the army of the Potomac to the close of the war, and taking part in the grand review at Washing- ton in May, 1865. After the war he took a course in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon came to Illinois, and, having completed his law studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868 ; also edited a Republican paper there, became inter- ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the founders of the First National Bank of that city. In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen- eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library bearing his name. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 359 McCLAUGHRY, Robert Wilson, penologist, was born at Fountain Green, Hancock County, 111., July 22, 1839, being descended from Scotch- Irish ancestry — his grandfather, who was a native of the North of Ireland, having come to America in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu- tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, then spent the next two winters at an academy, and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth Col- lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The Carthage Republican," a Democratic paper, which he made a strong advocate of the cause of the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. About the first of July, 1802, having disposed of his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, and which, with four other companies organized in the same section, became the nucleus of the One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. The regiment having been completed at Camp Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the field in the following fall, took part in General Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862. Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- eral McClernand*s corps, he participated with his regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in the operations against Vicksburg which resulted in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863. He then joined the Department of the Gulf under command of General Banks, but was compelled by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- nois regiments as mustered out of the service, until Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis- charged. A few weeks later he was elected County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry & Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk — later being engaged in the same business at St. Gene- vieve, Mo., with headquarters at St. Louis. Com- pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was called to the wardenship of the State Peniten- tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December, 1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he became Superintendent of the Illinois State Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was again offered and accepted the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- Claughry's administration of penal and reforma- tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy, and he has taken rank as one of the most success- ful penologists in the country. McCLELLAlV, Robert H., lawyer and banker, was born in Washington County, N. Y., Jan. 3, 1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 1850. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. ; during his first winter there, edited "The Galena Gazette," and the . following spring formed a partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards General Solicitor and President of the Illinois Central Railroad, which ended with the removal of the latter to Chicago, when Mr McClellan succeeded him as local attorney of the road at Galena. In 1804 Mr. McClellan became President of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. He was also largely interested in local manufac- tories and financial institutions elsewhere. He served as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-62), and as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, public spirited and patriotic, his name was prom- inently connected with all movements for the improvement of his locality and the advancement of the interests of the State. Died July 23, 1902. McCLERNAND, John Alexander, a volunteer officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832, and engaged in journalism for a time. He served in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 360 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. ins four consecutive terms, but declining a renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1850. Twice (1840 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as Representative of the Springfield District; was re-elected in I860, but resigned in 1861 to accept a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- General early in 1862. lie participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and before Vicksburg, and was in command at the capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- eral Grant. Having finally been restored by order of President Lincoln, he participated in the campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned his commission in 1864. General McClernand presided over the Democratic National Conven- tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah Commission, serving through President Harri- son's administration. He was also elected Circuit Judge in 1870, as successor to Hon. B. S. Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. MoCLURHr, Alexander C v soldier and pub- lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- facturer. He graduated at Miami University. Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 1861 he enlisted as a private in the War of the Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men being already full, his services were not accepted. In August, 1862, he became a member of the "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected Captain of Company H. After the battle of Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas, Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, had two horses shot under him; was also with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- sented with a sword bearing the names of the principal battles in which he was engaged, besides being especially complimented in letters by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, Davis and others. He was invited to enter the regular army at the close of the war, but pre- ferred to return to private life, and resumed his former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon after becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which he later became the chief. In the various mutations through which this extensive firm has gone, General McClurg became a leading factor until, in his later years, he stood at the head of the most extensive publishing firm west of New York. Died April 15, 1901. McCONNEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years flat-boating, trading and hunting in the West, during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a member of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of the construction of the railroad between Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in the State, and the only one con- structed during the "internal improvement"' era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Ludlum (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 17, 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America," hav- ing special reference to the labors of the early Roman Catholic missionaries. McCONNELL, ((JeiO. John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1824, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before the War of 1812, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1852 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander, Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night of his assassination. During the latter part of his service, General McConnell was on duty in Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms in Sangamon County, but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. McCONNELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding, was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was asso- ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private prac- tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench, Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at the trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in which he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- porations. McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15, 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first finished machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in tlie heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad history. The business grew on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," which he already owned, a few months later sold the consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. McCormick 's most liberal work was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred, May 13, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 362 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon the agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable value. Mccormick theological seminary, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 1859 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated $100,- 000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, where it was opened in September, with a class of fifteen students. Since then nearly $300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous donations to the same end made by others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- fessors. The course of instruction covers three annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacra- ments, New Testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct professor, and one instructor in elocution and vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are enrolled, including post-graduates. McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; received his academic education at Marshall Col- lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of 1852. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- ducted a private school for two years, when, in 1855, he began the study of law in the office of Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terms (1855-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precep- tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate Court for the Third Appellate District. On retiring from the bench, Judge McCulloch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch, which is still maintained. Politically, Judge McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican Since 1886 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of questions arising during the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In religious views was a Presbyterian, and a member of the Board of Directors of McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago. Died Sept. 17, 1907. McCULLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next three years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July, 1865. Returning home he spent a year in school at Urbana, after which he ivas a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111., for two j r ears. He then (1868) entered the office of the County Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The latter year he received the nomination of the Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opposition. McDANNOLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con gressman, was born in Brown County, 111. , August 29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- mon schools of his native county and in a private school ; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. McDannold removed to Chicago, where lie engaged in the practice of law. Died Feb. 3, 190*. g n O O 93 S o H s > 93 JO Q a ► O O .""'•■ I ' / o o < o a o fa o H 55 P3 fa > Z P S3 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 McDONOUGH COUNTY, organized under an act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attached, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its present area is 576 square miles — -named in honor of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement by Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward, Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; (1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412; (1910), 26,887. McDOUUALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was born in Concord, N. H, July 14, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be insane. McOAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. McGANN, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty -second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election by a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation having shown his defeat, he 364 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to bis com- petitor without a contest. He has large business interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric line. McHENRY, a village in McHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,013; (1910), 1,031. McHENRY, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the BlacK Hawk War of 1832, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (1835), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County— organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passod at a second session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named in his honor McHENRY COUNTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 612 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits; in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 26,114; (1900), 29,759; (1910), 32,509. McINTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y , in 1822 ; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years ; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1803 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County; but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "The Joliet Republican," and was subsequently connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2, 1899. McKENDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March 5, 1835. McKENDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 uted from their scanty means, §1,385. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 24, 1828, under Rev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school was named in his honor. It cannot be said to have become really a college until 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- tion owns property to the value of $90,000, includ- ing an endowment of §25,000, and has about 200 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) McLAREN, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- ated at Washington and Jefferson College ( Wash ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South America, and later in charge of churches at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary iu Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1884). Died Feb. 19, 1905. MCLAUGHLIN, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779 ; before attaining his majority went to Ken- tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had been Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette District as Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the list. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he served as State Treasurer. Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. McLEAN, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- lation (1900), 532; (1910), 707. McLEAN, J(,hn, early United States Senator, was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Shawneetovvn in 1815. Pos. sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, great command of language, he soon attained prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being de- feated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss which the State had sustained by his death, McLean County was named in his honor. McLEAN COUNTY, the largest county of the State, having an area of 1,161 square miles, is central as to the region north of the latitude of St. Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an early United States Senator. The early immi- grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- tucky and New York were well represented. The county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1,200. The greater portion of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 366 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five feet of the clay common to this formation. The upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower, No. 4; the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the county- seat), Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. Population (1900), 67,843; (1910), 68,008. McLEANSBORO, a city and the county- seat of Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south- east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, supporting three banks and six churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- tion (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758; (1910), 1,796. McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown, N Y , Feb. 13, 183G; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in September, 1864, became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- wards successively filling the positions of Assist- ant General Superintendent (1867), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- President, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 30, 1896. McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb 20, 1801 ; removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., settling in Henderson Township. He was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold the office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. McNEELEY, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- sue his professional studies, attending the Law University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- ment. McXULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General McNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of his most important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway .aid other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1890 He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. McPHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 367 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Oi ange, N. J. ; when he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was born in Monroe Count y, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, after which he at once began practice. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held for four years. In 18G6 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85, but died a few months after his last election. McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk of bis native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. McTICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater. New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the profession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago, March 7, 1896. McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade with his father, the management of which devolved upon him a few years later. In the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate ; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a $2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the mean- time, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land -owners in Living- ston County. Mr. McWilliams was one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1881; was also a liberal contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of the church, and had served for many years as a Trus- 368 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics he was a zealous Republican, and repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that party, including the Bloomington Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884 He made several extended tours in Europe and other foreign countries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. Died May 17, 1909. MECHANICSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 426; (1900), 476; (1910), 417. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B. , of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand -press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents— that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free- Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and, before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jefferson ian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles. who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to which he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- culties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and influence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 369 mild climate from a chronic disease which had been troubling him for years, but died in that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous features of his character were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, which led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- ous to his death, facts were developed going to show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President Garfield, the position of Postmaster-General, which was declined, when he was tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 1889. MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 1855, came to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' service in Barker's Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 16, 1863. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at Shullsburg, Wis., July 7, 1865. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & North- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- tion (1900). 2,592; (1910), 4,805. MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was born in France in 1645; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at Fort Creve-Coeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682 ; returned to France and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition; is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years, Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncollectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods^. through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Lpuis. MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. Tho county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 311 square miles; and its population, under census (1910), 12,796. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. Pop. (1890), 640: (1900), 627; (1910), 640. MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County founded in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three graded and two high schools, and a public li brarv. Wartzburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, plow works and a brewery. The city has three banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- rounding country is agricultural and the city has considerable local trade. Population (1890), 3,542; (1900), 3,736; (1910), 3,806. MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an area of 550 square miles and a population (1910) of 19,723— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and along this river the earliest American settlements were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, before the expiration of a half dozen years, the Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Far low, Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- cer County was separated from Warren, and specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation of cereals. A good quality of building stone is found at various points. Aledo is the county- seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced in 1845. MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and the first permanent hospital in the State — char- tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken toward organization until 1850, when, with a scanty fund scarcely exceeding $150, twelve beds were secured and placed on one floof of a board ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters of Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a removal was made to a building previously occu- pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and improvements have been, and are still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing and all the domestic and financial affairs of the institution. The present medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, besides three internes, or resident practitioners. MEREDOSIA, a town in Morgan County, on the east bank of the Illinois River and on the Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Spring- field ; is a grain shipping point and fishing and hunting resort It was the first Illinois River point to be connected with the State capital by railroad in 1838. Pop. (1900), 700; (1910), 951. MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 1834 ; was brought to Springfield, 111. , when two years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, where he now resides — when not officially em- ployed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- ton, and at McKendree College; entered the Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close of the war. During the Civil War period he was one of the founders of the "Union League of America," which proved so influential a factor in sustaining the war policy of the Government. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 371 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won the respect and confidence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, Sept. 16, 1825, entered the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1864, as a travel- ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio "Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- dist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (,1886). Died Nov. 12, 1905. MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established "The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec- retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and as Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878. — Thomas E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 1834; at six years of age was brought by his father to Illinois, where he attended the common schools and later learned the trade of carriage- painting. Subsequently he read law, and was admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower house of the General Assembly from the Salem District, and was re-elected to the same body in 1870, '74, '76, '86 and '88. He also served two terms in the Senate (1878- '86), making an almost continuous service in the General Assembly of eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- ber of State conventions of his party, and stands as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Gen. Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from this State, graduating in 1860; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-General. He re entered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. Died Dec. 3, 1910. MESSlAtJER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- penter and mill-wright ; removed to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe County. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under William Rector, surveying much of the land in St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, assisting in determining the northern boundary of the State. He also served for a time as a teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in set- ting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 372 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County under the new Territorial Government; was ch'>sen a Delegate from St. Clair County to the Convention of 1818, which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. METAMORA, a town of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, one weekly" paper, schools and a park. Population (1900), 758; (1910), 694. Metamora was the county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, Wis. , but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards- ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of four years ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more than twenty-five years. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the most numerous Protestant church organiza- tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis- sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826 The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem- bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers, and 151,000 members — the total number of Metho- dists in the United States, by the same census : being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 1890 (including parsonages) approached $111,000,- 000, and the total contributions were estimated at $2,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- western Christian Advocate," with a circulation of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominations.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county-seat of Massac County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its industries consist largely of various forms of wood -working. Saw and planing mills are a commercial factor; other establishments turn out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. There are also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, two banks, water- works, electric lights, numerous churches, high and graded schools, one daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 4,069; (1910), 4,055. MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war originated in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- agreement as to the western boundary of Texas. Mexico complained of encroachment upon her territory, and hostilities began with the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was effected, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished more than her full quota of troops for the strug- gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 373 25, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed quota of the State. The response was prompt and general. Alton was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. The regiments mustered in were commanded, respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier These were commanded by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James Collins. Independent companies were also tendered and accepted. Besides, there were some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments already in the field. Commanders of the inde- pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best and bravest sons. After participating in the battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially complimented in General Taylor's official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles, General Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gallant charge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- pendent companies being the last to quit the service. The total number of volunteers was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- port to political preferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- came distinguished soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The cost of the war, with $15,000,000 paid for territory annexed, is estimated at $166,500,000 and the extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 square miles — considerably more than the whole of the present territory of the Republic of Mexico. MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born in Holland. Feb. 27, 1852; came to Chicago at the age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern Uni- versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- tions and by teaching in a night school, until his third year in the university, when he became a student in the Union College of Law, being admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of the General Assembly MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author- ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it occurred before the French pushed their explo- rations from Canada westward and southward, into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. The orthography of their name is varied The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the "Twightwees," and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same tribe When La Salle founded his colony at Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix in 1721). the Miamis occupied three villages- — one on the St. Joseph River one on the Mau- mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendly toward the French until 1694, when a large number of them were massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried firearms which had been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns s 374 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, British and Americans. General Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troops in the world," but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, whose residents, because of their superior num- bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squan- dered in debauchery Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- riginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- tory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke- shaws; Weas. ) MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- fornia, bequeathed $97,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by addi- tions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal bene- factor. Patients are received without discrimi- nation as to race or religion, and more than half those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and physicians, several of whom are eminent specialists. MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The company was chartered in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had been begun in 1836. The road was completed to Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1852, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1898) was $18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn- ings in Illinois the same year, §484,002; total operating expenses, §540,905; taxes, §24,250. MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island; in a farming region on Rock River; has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 692; (1900), 719; (1910), 727. M1LBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826. At the age of five years he almost totally lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters with difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- ing, on an average, ten times a week, for $100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 375 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned to Methodism in 1871. He was twice chosen Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three times (1893, '95 and '97) elected to the same posi- tion in the Senate. He was generally known as "the blind preacher" and achieved considerable prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" (1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the Mississippi Valley" (1860). Died April 10, 1903. MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight years, came to America with his parents, who settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school and worked on a farm until the beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- tain. After the war he read law with John I. Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago —was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. Since retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been engaged in private practice in Chicago In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General Assembly. MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixty- first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at Chancellorsville, where he was again severely wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864, and Major- General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's Station, in December of the same year. At the close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- guished himself in campaigns against the Indians ; became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield in 1895, was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. During the Spanish-American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago during the siege conducted by General Shatter, but took no active command in the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suffering to the troops. MILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- ing region; lias water and sewerage systems, electric lights, two brick and tile works, three large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, good schools, a public library and a weekly news- paper. It is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Population (1890). 957; (1900), 1,077; (1910), 1,316. MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military Tract.) MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed, May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- ing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" started about opposite the present site of Beards- town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 376 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres — a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus o f lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on the same con- ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for bounties Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1823, and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- titles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois. MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incur- sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- tion, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the main- tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, " and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- lattos and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later con- stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia system for the State; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '89, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require per- sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, wdiite, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain speci- fied number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- tant-General had existed from the first, its duties — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief-of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- tant part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 377 of Illinois." During the next four years, its niost important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a com- plete roster of the officers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged To tlie Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and provid- ing for more thorough organization. Modifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig- nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard," to consist of "not more than oighty-four companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- tary enlistments for a period of three years, with right to re-enlist for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, con- sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one or more regiments participating — each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- sions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of an officer with the rank of Commander. The commanding officer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staffs — their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is author- ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- ities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- pensation paid to officers of the United States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive $2 per day. During the time they are at any encampment, the officers and men alike receive f 1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- American War ) MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into the service, received an injury which rendered him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- brated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session, First Comptroller of the Treasury at "Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his district embracing the 378 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- mon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeachment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him: "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar." MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 1856, finally engaging in the banking business at that place. Having served in various local offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. MILLS, Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- nected with some of the most important cases ever brought before the Chicago courts. Although he held no official position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrum were widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. Died Jan. 18, 1909. MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile & Ohio Railroad. 14 miles south- southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172; (1910), 1,140. MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Raihoay.) MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with Gen- eral William Walker at Grey town. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was elected State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he gave attention to his private business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- field Iron Company. Died in 1879. MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria; is in fine farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 664; (1900), 746; (1910), 690. MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,310; (1900), 2,546; (1910), 2,070. MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly — except as to private corporations, w-hich may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- lative Apjwrtionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- tor and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making . specific application of the principle of "minority representation" (or "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. TV, sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate ; two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 379 votes for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among three candidates (giving one to each); but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- ity representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and most easy of application. MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at an early day, and entered upon the practice of law; served as Representative in the Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- stitution, in 1848, and died in office, Nov. 5, 1852, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris- tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the former having been earlier in the field, but hav- ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Mernbre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- tory. That body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churche?, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or legal, and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one — Father Sebastian Louis Meurin — was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They 380 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. perpetuated the records of early discoveries, reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher tban the sea, and which is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47° 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series ot small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, which is utilized in operating flour- ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Bepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- tion is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29° north and Ion. 89° 12' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. Tbe mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, tbe maximum is said to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lands along the lower river from overflow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- gation by deepening the channel. MISSISSIPPI RIYER BRIDGE, THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui- siana, Mo. The construction company was char- tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and $150,000 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of $60,000 per annum, to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, $71,000 was paid for rental, $16,000 going toward a sinking fund. MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD. This company operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- road. (See St. Louis & Cairo Railroad.) MOLINE, a flourishing manufacturing city in Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of three trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connected by steam and street railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain water-power from the Mississippi. The region around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro- ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an important manufacturing point, its chief out- puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 381 (pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, milling machinery, and furniture. The city lias admirable water- works, several churches, good schools, gas and electric light plants, a public library, five banks, two daily and three weekly papers; also has an extensive electric power plant, electric street cars and interurban line. Pop. (1890), 12,000; (1900), 17,248; (1910), 24,199. MOLONEY, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General, was born in Ireland, in 1849; came to America in 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and studied law at the University of that State, graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 111. , where he served three years as State's Attor- ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- nated and elected Attorney-General on the Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 1897. MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, five churches and two schools. Pop. (1900), 2,026; (1910), 2,201. MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is agricultural and coal yielding. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- mouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- tion, with that of Warren County (also located at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There are three national banks, two daily, three weekly papers and one monthly college periodical. Mon- mouth has had a prosperous growth, and has a postofHce building erected by the Government. Pop. (1890), 5,936; (1900;, 7,460; (1910), 9,128. MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an eduoational insti- tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen instructors and the number of students was 289. The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully laid out. The institution confers four degrees — A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring of the first three, four years' study is required; for the degree of B.L., three years. MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born in jeiferson County, N. Y. ; Sept. 24, 1844, and came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as the partner of his father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in which he is still employed. He has also been extensively engaged in the stone business some twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential members of tliat body. MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — named for President Monroe. Its area is about 380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and included within its boundaries several of the French villages which constituted, for many years, a center of civilization in the West. American settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. Population (1900), 13,847; (1910), 13,508. xMONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, situated northeast of St. Louis and south of Spring- field; area 740 square miles, population (1910), 35,311 — derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- zation being effected five years later. The entire population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 families. The surface is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of county government is located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in the county's history as pioneers were Harris Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey 382 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights (Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and Henry), William McDavid and John Russell. MONTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railways. The main line of the Illi- nois Traction System passes through the city. It lies within the "corn belt," and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries are the manufacture of Syrup of Pepsin and Croupeine. The city is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, water system, numerous churches and schools, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1910), 1,981- (1916), estimated), 2,500. MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the second institution established in Illinois for the higher education of women — Jacksonville Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Godfrey, Madison County, and gave $53,000 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady pupils, Rev. Theron Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still remains in charge. In November, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; but the institution continued its sessions in tem- porary quarters until the erection of a new build- ing, which was soon accomplished through the generosity of alumnae and friends of female edu- cation throughout the country. The new struc- ture is of stone, three stories in height, and thoroughly modern. The average number of pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of the institution is of a high character. MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817 ; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, of Bloomington, Mr Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and became one of the largest land proprietors in the State, besides being interested in a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only official position of importance he held was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Con- vention of 1869-70. He was an enthusiastic col- lector of State historical and art treasures, of which he possessed one of the most valuable private col- lections in Illinois. Died April 29, 1901. MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was almost immediately admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county offices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of the original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first charter for a gas company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some years afterward. MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- templated expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clark expedition (in which he served as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick Henry), he returned to Vh-ginia, where he remained until 1781, when he organized a party of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following year they located at a point in the northern part of Monroe County, which afterwards received the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was a man of prominence and influence among the early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and influential family of his descendants have grown up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of the preceding, was born in Maryland in i773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- nois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and served in a company of rangers during the War of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 383 Cbloc first Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833. — James B. (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- ents; in his early manhood he followed the business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1812, and was commissioned Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of mounted rangers; also served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days; was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- tor for Madison County in 183C-40, dying in the latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old block house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the first child born of American parents in Illinois; served as a "ranger" in the company of his brother, James B. ; occupied the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second General Assembly, later filling various county offices for some twenty years. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary insti- tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11, 1883. MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- in gton. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the close of his term, in 1842, wa3 elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas Ford. At the outoreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 1850 lie was elected to the same office, and con- tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 1863. MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- ware in 1760 ; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., where he served two terms in the Legislature. He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled in St. Clair County, 111. — besides a family of fif- teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people — the object of his removal being to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois into the Union. In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- ous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in the War of 1812, and also commanded a company in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- lege at the time of his death in 1849. — Risdon (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his term, being succeeded at the next session by Adam W. Snyder. MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22. 1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified 384 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS himself for the practice of law, located the fol- lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since been his home. In 1858 he was employed in defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- ing appearance and great independence of char- acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has generally acted politically in co-operation with the Democratic party, though strongly anti- slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin- cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- racy" a vigorous support. MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1839; received his preliminary education in the district schools of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family had removed in 1846), and at an academy at Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his second term he resumed private practice. While on the bench he at first heard only common law cases, but later divided the business of the equity side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel- late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year, Chief Justice. Died Nov. 18, 1904. MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of age, went for a three years' trading voyage on the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. In 1834 he removed to Quincy, 111., and engaged in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties (1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- teers; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- gan; area, 563 square miles; population (1910), 34,420. The earliest American settlers were probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers about 1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823 the county was organized, the first election being held at the house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south- west of the present city of Jacksonville. Olm- stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this choice was only temporary. Two years later, Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass County was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was th6 most populous county in the State. The county is nearly equally divided between woodland and prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois River on its western border, there are several smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and thin veins crop out along the Illinois River bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried. MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- partment of the Divinity School connected with the same institution. Pop. (1890), 1,027; (1900), 2,329; (1910), 3,694. Annexed to Chicago in 1911. MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y., August 6, 1830, styling themselves the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Membership in 1892 was estimated at 230,000. of whom some 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 385 interpreted). They believe, however, that the "Book of Mormon" — assumed to be of divine origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- rior to them. Among their ordinances are baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their church organization, they recognize various orders — apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, though professedly not practiced under existing laws in the United States. The supreme power is vested in a President, who has authority in temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although there is less effort now than formerly, on the part of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple ; but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac- tices excited so much hostility that they were forced to make another removal. Their next settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the hatred toward them became so intense as to result in open war. From Missouri they recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon obtained commercial importance, in two years becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in State politics, when there broke out a more bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en- countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently assailed the prophet and threatened him with exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- struction of the printing office, and the editor promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- able at Cartilage. Smith went before a friendly justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, but he positively refused to appear before the Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter issued a second warrant, charging Smith with treason. This also was treated with contempt. The militia was called out to make the arrest, and the Mormons, who had formed a strong military organization, armed to defend their leader. After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, were wounded. Brigham Young (then an apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, after several months of intense popular excite' ment, in the following year led his followers across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history has not been free from charges of crime; but, whatever may be the character of the leaders, they have succeeded in building up a prosperous community in a region which they found a vir- tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- ence to polygamy, and by contact with other communities. (See Smith, Joseph.) MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. It is an extensive grain market, and the center of a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- able water-power here, and much manufacturing is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour and planing-miils, oatmeal and tanned leather. There are also a normal and scientific school, two national banks and two daily and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; (1900), 4,273; (1910), 4,563. MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer born at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same office. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 38G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that civil war would result in either event. A shadow was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his acquittal of the charge of complicity with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being in communication with the leading con- spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis- trict, and has since been reelected in 1888, '94, '96, being one of the most influential members of his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 1896. MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County, Ohio, Jan. 22, 1812; educated at Miami Univer- sity, admitted to the bar in 1835, and the next year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and President of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant — who had been his friend in boyhood — for President, and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 29, 1879. MORRISON, a city, the county -seat of White- side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city lias good water- works, sewerage, electric lighting and several manufactories, including carriage and refriger ator works; also has numerous churches, a large graded school, a public library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (1910), 2,410. MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu- cated in the common schools and the Masonic Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at Jacksonville, where he became a leader of the bar and of the Republican party, which he assisted to organize as a member of its first State Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1876, '78 and '82), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a public speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that body. In his later years he gave his attention solely to the practice of his profession in Jackson- ville, where he died Feb. 27, 1901. MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli- tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- kaskia, 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly from St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate in 1848, and again in '54. In 1852 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- lution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- didate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated by James C. Allen. After that year he took no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was among the first to raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena Vista, the Legislature presented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 387 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. MORRISON, William, pioneer merchant, came from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. .Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New- Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benefit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the Terri- tory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- kaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, besides holding other local offices. He was the father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 1845. — James, another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis* another son, settled at Covington, Washington County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 1851; then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 1856. MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born, Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- cated at McKendree College ; served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Representative in the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort Donelson in February following, where he was severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, when he resigned his commission, but was de- feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- ville District, after which he served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and promi- nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- mission for a period of five years ; at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office in 1898. Died Sept. 29, 1909. MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- norther.st of Litchfield Grain is extensively raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison- ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, a pump factory, electric lights, banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 934; (1910), 1,120. MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 894; (1910), 1,004. MORTON, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country ; in the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 388 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in Louisiana University, under the preceptorship of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- ration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar, and where he spent his last years. Although in sympathy with the general principles of the Democratic party, Judge Moses was an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Republican party in 1896. He was editor and publisher of " The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, which was devoted to the discussion of corporation inter- ests. Died Nov. 6, 1905. MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of seventy- seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- lamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict, he resigned the position of private secretary to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties; served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Phila- delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1893. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most com- plete History of Illinois yet published, in two volumes, and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assem- bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and '82. During his last few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton acted in co-operation with the Republican party. Died June 3, 1905. MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census of 1910), 14,630. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies the county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here. MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions thar HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 389 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has teen regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archaeolo- gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structure of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound, 1 ' being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe, a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds," and has been de- scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" and the ' 'best representative of its class in North America." The late William McAdams, of Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- lowing description of this principal structure : "In the center of a great mass of mounds and earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. The top, which con- tains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, east and south, the structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- mates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied by the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- sels, and concludes that "a populous city once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monuments to great men." Accord- ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two mounds of considerable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang- ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 390 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river, on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group — and probably used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has unearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound." — Another noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards ea,ch other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this group — a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given — induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor Engelman, in the part of the State Geological Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of "fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Missis- sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up the Ohio." In the report of Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834, mention is made of a very large mound on the Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comparatively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in number on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound Builders. — A very large and numerous group of these monuments exists along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer Counties, chietiy between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a few years ago, estimated that there were 2,500 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli- cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within the present limits of the city of Rockford — though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 391 good state of preservation by the citizens, has an extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are some smaller mounds in the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, with a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in the immedi- ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar character on the north side of the Pecatonica in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- port. The Rook River region seems to have been a favorite field for the operations of the mound- builders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in "Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash — appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on the same stream in Illinois. MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of C.tiro; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning and other factories. One of the United States National Cemeteries is located here. The town has a bank and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 2,550; (1900), 2,705; (1910), 2,837. MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat of Wabash County; is the point of junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Southern Railroads, 132 miles northeast of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, and some other manufactures. The town has railroad shops and two daily and two weekly papers. Agriculture and lumbering are the prin- cipal pursuits of the people of the surrounding dis- trict. Pop. (1890), 3,376; (1900), 4,311; (1910), 6,934. MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,965; (1910), 1,759. MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- erty valued at $100,000, and a library of 5,000 volumes. MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- ated on the. Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south- west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris College and flourishing public school; has hand- some stone and brick buildings, three churches and two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 1,132. MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur ; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Pop. (1890), 1,986; (1900), 2,935; (1910), 3,501. MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important ship- ping point for grain, and contains several elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 1,125; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,643; (1910), 1,511. MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county-seat of Brown County, midway between Quincy and Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six churches and four schools (two large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured here; city also has carding and flouring mills, and one semi-weekly and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890) 1,655; (1900), 1,960; (1910), 1,986. MOUNT VERNON, a city and county-seat of Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- tory, canning factory, and is an important ship- ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, heating plant, two daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 3,233; (1900), 5,216; (1910), 8,007. 392 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. MOUNT VERNON & GRAYVILLE RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) MOWEAqUA, a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising section; has coal mine, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,478; (1910), 1,513. MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike County, 111., to free her children from the influ- ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- tending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the advance of General McClernand's division in the attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely wounded ; but. after a few weeks in hospital at St. Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable to perform cavalry duty,' he was attached to the staff of General McClernand during the advance on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to the command of General McPherson. Early in 1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the movement against Vicksburg. June 13, he was again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently participated in the operations in Southwestern Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to General McClernand, but two days later, while approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, was shot through the head and instantly killed. He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by his troops. MULBERRY GROVE, a village of Bond County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a local newspaper. Pop. (1900), 632; (1910), 716. MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born of Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in 1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, after graduating from the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his return resumed his professional studies, at the same time editing "The Western Tablet," a weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of the Twenty- third Illinois Regiment, known as the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- try, first in the West and later in the East, being severely wounded and twice captured. He declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was fatally wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- chester. While being carried off the field he noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the command until it was obeyed. Before they returned he had been borne away by the enemy, and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va. , July 26, 1864. MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught two years, meanwhile beginning the study of law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855, he resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the following year was appointed Colonel of the First Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the service on account of declining health, he re- turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the State Senate, serving four years; served as Presi- dential Elector in 1868 ; w r as the Republican nomi- nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District including the States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He has been prominently connected with a number of important cases before the Chicago courts. MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 393 where he practiced law. During the War lie served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty- ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's Attorney for Will County and State Senator in the Thirty -first and Thirty -second General Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- ation from its organization. MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; in earlj r youth removed to Sparta, where he was educated in the high schools of that place ; at the age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when lie was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. Two years later he was elected as a Republican to the Fjfty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first District, but was defeated for re-election by a small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. MURPHYSBORO, the county- seat of Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of the St. Louis Valley Railroads, 52 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in the vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, flour and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, three banks, two daily and two weekly newspapers, city and rural free mail delivery. Population (1890), 3,380; (1900), 6,463; (1910), 7,485. MURPHYSBORO & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL. ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shavmeetovm, St. Louis Southern and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads.) NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on the west branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles west-south \\ est of Chicago, and 9 miles east of Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical Association; the college now has a normal school department. Pop. (1900), 2,629, (1910), 3,449. NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, 21 miles west of Jackson- ville. Pop. (1900), 398; (1910), 457. NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal- producing and rich agricultural region There are two coal mines within the corporate limits, and two large flouring mills do a considerable business. There are numerous churches, public schools, including a high school, a State bank, and five weekly papers, two of them German. Pop. (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184; (1910), 2,135. NAUYOO, a city in Hancock County, at the head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced the culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the popu- lation now being of German extraction. The chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is produced. Nauvoo was founded adjacent to the original town of Commerce. Pop. (1900), 1,321; (1910), 1,020. (See also Mormons.) NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol- lowing the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the water-ways in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the principal streams, but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by statute. This was, of course, partly due to the absence of improved highways, but also to the belief that, as the country developed, the streams would become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, especially in the transportation of heavy commod- ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century after the organization of the State Government, one of the questions receiving the attention of the Legislature, at almost every session, was the enactment of laws affirming the navigability of certain streams now regarded as of little impor- tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 394 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. transportation. Legislation of this character began with the first General Assembly (1819), and continued, at intervals, with reference to one or two of the more important interior rivers of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois and Wabash, still recognized as navigable streams, the following were made the subject of legislation of this character : Beaucoup Creek, a branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big Muddy, to the junction of the East and West Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various subsequent amendments ; Big Vermilion, declared navigable (1831) ; Bon Pas, a branch of the Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable (1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo- rated (1855) ; Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837) ; Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison Counties (1861) ; Rock River Navigation Com- pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts (1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga- mon County — (1822), and the North Fork of same to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike and Adams Counties (1859) ; Spoon River, navi- gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated and river declared navigable to McCawley's bridge — probably in Clay County — (1826), with various subsequent acts making appropriations for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch of the Little Wabash), declared navigable to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at various times declared a number of unim- portant streams navigable, including Big Creek in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle County, besides a number of others' of similar character. NEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County, Va. , 1796; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky. , and became a common soldier in the War of 1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and began the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. NEECE, William H., ex-Congressman, was born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of Logan County, 111., but which was then within the limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and attended the public schools in McDonough County; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and was afterwards engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated for re election in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. Died Jan. 3, 1909. NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) NE0(» A, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles south wesi of Charleston; has a bank, one newspaper, some manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and live- stock. Pop. (1900), 1,126; (1910), 1,074. NEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota; a farming and stock-growing district. Pop. (1910), 542. NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- dated) Railroad.) NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has one newspaper, foundries, mills, and considerable grain trade. Pop. (1900), 856; (1910), 1,131. NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- field. Pop. (1880), 403; (1900), 533; (1910), 690. NEWBERRT LIBRARY, a large reference li- brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. Public Library. Old Court-House. Art Institute. Armour Institute. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. w o cm ea O S o fen 03 o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 391 Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who left half of his estate (aggregating over $2,000,000) for the purpose. The property bequeathed was largely in real estate, which has since greatly in- creased in value. The library was established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1893. By that time there had been accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of eminent Americans, including many citizens of Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of the building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large rectangular court in the center. The section already completed is massive and imposing, and its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes of a library, and at the same time rich and beautiful. When completed, the building will have a capacity for four to six million volumes. NEWBERRY, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal appointee to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accumulated a large fortune. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving several terms as President of the Board of Edu- cation, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry Library. ) NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population (1890), 445; (1900), 703; (1910), 718. NEW BADEN, a village of Clinton County, on the Southern Railway, 15 miles east of Belleville. Pop. (1900), 510; (1910), 1,372. NEW CANTON, a village of Pike County, on the Quincy and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 20 miles west of Pittsfield, in agricultural region; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 473. NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in farming and fruit-growing region; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1910), 499. NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superin- tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profes- sion; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 396 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of which he had control until the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- tion were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. NEWMAN, a city of Douglas County, on the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles east of Decatur; has a bank, two newspapers, canning factory, broom factory, electric lights and large trade in agricultural products and live-stock. Pop. (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166; (1910), 1,264. NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 1790. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800. The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," has fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 32 of Vol. II, and bears date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vin- cennes, Ind. In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney -General under the new State Government, and, for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois — for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 397 The second paper established on Illinois soil was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawnee- town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- zines of that period, and author of several vol- umes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris Birkbeck and others. The third Illinois paper — and, in 1823-24, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was "The Ed wardsville Spectator," which began pub- lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though he received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1822. The first of these was "The Republican Advocate," which began publication at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- ant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, w^th Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro-slavery party. With the settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. At the close of this first period there were only five papers published in the State — all established within a period of ten years ; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views which it had advocated. The next period of fif- teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish- ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in the art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- lished in St. Clair County. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, Aprtf 25, 1829, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper Alton, when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, however, Hooper Warren, having come into pos- session of the material upon which he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- ous existence in the State — was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye, " began the 398 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- ville. Another paper, established the same year, was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas; Francis, Simeon.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of "The Miners' Journal, ' ' the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver- tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison Philleo as editors, and Hooper Wan-en as pub- lisher, but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in May, 1832, but ceased publication in September, 1836. "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser, " founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first year of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector. " The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- wards passed, through various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and "Representative and Gazette." This was suc- ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time. Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- ent times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowboy," which he had established a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- dated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- ter." Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator," the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo- crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" (1833);^The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News, ' ' at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835) ; "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 399 Tented him from seeing the consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its history closing with the assassination of its editor, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his pi ess from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journal- ism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a count}' in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were 605 cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 semi- weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. NEWTON, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham ; is an in- corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has water- power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- facturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school system, including parochial school and high school, besides two banks, two weekly and one monthly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,630; (1910), 2,108. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is $50,222,568, of which $19,425,000 is in bonds. — (History.) The New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized by the consolidation of various east- ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both the preferred and common stock. NIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. Agriculture is the leading industry. The town has three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1910), 685. NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools thei - e, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- field, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected by Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay was author, in col- laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Cen- tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" and "Cam- paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous magazine articles. Died in Washington, D. C, Sept. 26, 1901. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- guage he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, among whom he was received kindly. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subse- quently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1846 he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to *59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- ville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organiza- tion of the Republican 'party. In 18(il he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty- fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until May, 1864, when he resigned — in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862-63 he was in command at Memphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After the war he served as Representative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally a Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. Died Sept. 16, 1900. NIXON, William Penn, journalist, Collector of Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, h^ entered the law department of the University hi Pennsyl- vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago, serving two terms. NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 52 miles west of Mattoon, in important grain- growing section; has three coal mines, employing several hundred men, elevators, water-works, electric lights, creamery, seven churches, high school, two banks and three papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Pop. (1900), 1,371; (1910), 1,872. NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chi- cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857; has city and rural mail delivery. Pop. (1900), 3,795; (1910), 4,024. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni- versity.) NORRIS CITY, a village of White County, on the Bait. & Ohio S. W. and Big Four R.Rs. fruit and grain-growing region. Pop. (1900), 868; (1910), 1,055. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murf reesboro, Tenn. , Jan. 28, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 401 Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880, by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District ; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent; was re-elected in 1900, serving two terms and at the present time (1911) is serving his third term as IT. S. District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois. NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other things (Art. V., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that there shall be three in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of this provision it has been claimed that the north- ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the failure to establish this boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and for- ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- sent." — In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (1755) had placed it on the paral- lel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins (1778) fixed it at 41° 37'. It was officially estab- lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41" 37' 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- ary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42° 30' — about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without ques- tion, it has since been the subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The "enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati- tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Com- mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- ment advancing the northern boundary to 42° 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- plained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of 402 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — thus ''affording additional security to the per- petuity of the Union." He argued that the location of the State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the south — would bring it in intimate communica- tion with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important that it should be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirely to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. "Thus," said he, "a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or South- ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and her inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Key- stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- nois River — a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the commanding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- zens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 250,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic — a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. — The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partially successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- nois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- nance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory north of that line." In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it — in practically assuming that the new State "need not neces- sarily include the whole of the region north of that line. " The question was set at rest by Wis- consin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- stitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818. NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, lYs miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the 2 O 58 H EG H 53 a o M F *1 O 58 ►3 a H H F © 2 1 a a 6 b H 03 H H -J) a a o &. H Oi o n H H OJ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he. by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $882,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than $200,000, of which $160,000 was in real estate and $45,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of $934,- 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over $1,600,000, but by 1877, the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract system" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. (See Convict Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at $2,121,308.86, of which $1,644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria & NorViern Railway.) NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution for the education of teachers of the common schools, authorized to be established by act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 for the erection of buildings and other improve- ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the erection of buildings commenced soon after — Isaac F. Ell wood, of DeKalb, contributing $20,- 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the appropriations and contributions, in land and money, aggregated $175,000. The school was expected to be ready for the reception of pupils in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will accommodate 1,000 students. NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name formerly applied to that portion of the United States north and west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. The claim of the Government to the land had been acquired partly through conquest, by the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark (which see), under the auspices of the State of Virginia in 1778; partly through treaties with the Indians, and partly through cessions from those of the original States laying claim thereto. The first plan for the government of this vast region was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 404 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of ultimate passage. But three years later a broader scheme was evolved, and the famous Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, passed the Continental Congress. This act has been sometimes termed "The American Magna Charta," because of its engrafting upon the organic law the principles of human freedom and flqual rights. The plan for the establishment of u. distinctive territorial civil government in a new Territory — the first of its kind in the new republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too much power was not granted to the residents. All the officers were appointive, and each official was required to be a land-owner. The elective franchise (but only for members of the General Assembly) could first be exercised only after the population had reached 5,000. Even then, every elector must own fifty acres of land, and every Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, however, were subsequently incorporated by amendment, in 1809. The first civil government in the Northwest Territory was established by act of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization of all the country west of the Ohio under the name "Illinois County," of which the Governor was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- ant" or "Commandant-in-Chief. " The first "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge the duties for only a short period, being killed in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the Illinois Country was almost without the semblance of an organized civil government, until 1788, when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison became the Governor of the latter, embracing all that portion of the original Northwest Territory except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's administration (1790) that part of the present State of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers on the west, and a line extending north from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the present county of Tazewell, on the east, was erected into a county under the name of St. Clair, with three county-seats, viz. : Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North- west Territory was applied to an unorganized region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, attached to Michigan Territory for governmental purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, Arthur; and Todd, John.) NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and collegiate departments, besides a theological school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less than one-third of the latter being females, though both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal footing. The institution owns property to the value of $207,000, including an endowment of $85,000. NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL- WAY. (See Chicago & Crand Trunk Railway.) NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- seo, Henry County, 111., incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one female. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor- tant educational institution, established at Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. It embraces the following departments, all of which confer degrees: A College of Liberal Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women exclusively); a Law School; a School of Phar- macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- ferred, constitutes the theological department of the University. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the University is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- ate courses. The Medical School was formerly known as the Chicago Medical College, and its Law Department was originally the Union Col- lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed by the University, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at $4,870,000, of which $1,100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endow- ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students in 1898 was $215,288, and total receipts from all sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 405 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry Wade Rogers is President. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, located in Chicago ; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compul- sory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of the Lind University being unable to provide a building, one was erected by the faculty. In 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu- ation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- pital, was commenced. This was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern University. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- ings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- teen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed art four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer, Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 25, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public office was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed "him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3, 1875. NORTH CHICAGO, a city of Lake County (in- corporated 1909) on C. & N. W. R. R., 33 miles north of Chicago; has a bank, steel and wireworks and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 3,306. NO YES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 406 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten years, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a .small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evans- ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist," over the signature of "Clement. " He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-corn belt; tbe town has a bank and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 995; (1900), 1,198; (1910), 1,159. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- road. The place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, banks and three local papers. Pop. (1890), 4,771; (1910), 19,444. OBERLY, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis, Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 1857. He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his Union principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re-established. In 1872 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- cord (N. H. ) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. II., April 15, 1899. ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50,544, with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $135,018.40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 was expended for relief. The Encampment branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with a membership of 6,812 and $23,865.25 revenue, of which $6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422 Lodges, with 22,000 members and $43,215.65 revenue, of which $3,122.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the several organizations (1895) was $144,972.59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo- lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111. , under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost $36,524.76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at $8,000. ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in a grain and stock-raising region ; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,035. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,400. O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis ; has interurban railway, electric lights, water-wor! s, factories, coal-mines, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 2,018. OGDEN, William Butler, capitalist and Rail- way President, born at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- structing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Company, of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its President. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, among them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wis. , and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Semi- nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago & North western Railroad. ) OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia in 1741. came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. — Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1812. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public office except that of Justice of the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 years. OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of counties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territory in 408 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1839. In 1900 its area was 773 square miles, and its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was ''ground" on a grater, and old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River flows across the county from north- east to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Mount Morris. Pop. of the county (1910), 27,864. OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- ment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- verely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time — being the only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time — 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private affairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal and political friends in all parts of the Union, who admired his strict integrity and sterling patriotism. OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) OHIO RIYER, an affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- two feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- boats can navigate its whole length, except in low stages of water and when closed by ice in winter. Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa- bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- ville, New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See Inundations, Reuiarkable. ) OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- timore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad.) OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- cennes, Ind. , and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 409 newspapers, one issuing daily and another senii- weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831 ; (1900), 4,260; (1910), 5,011. OMELVENY, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi- nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 "from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward (Omelveny), another member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. — Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Sfenator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in H358 he was elected a Justice of the Circuit Codrt to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety by his intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal., which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the •Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has banks, tileworks, a can- ning factory, several churches, a graded school, a commercial college, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,270; (1910), 1,273. ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, several churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1900), 785; (1910), 589. OQUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and three newspapers Pop. (1900), 1,010; (1910), 907. ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first step in this direction was taken in the appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- ment of the region which had been acquired, by the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of this sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under her auspices — a right which she had exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territory into seven States, to which was added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- ment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, how T ever, Congress contenting itself with the passage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people — the measures necessary for temporary government being left to future Congressional action. While the postponement, in the reso- lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, 410 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and being the first proposition in Congress look- ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition of the country (thus left practically without a responsible government, while increas- ing in population) became constantly more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly organized "Ohio Company, " who desired to en- courage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from the General Government, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — with which the document closes. These assert: (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged"; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- acy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be formed therein and the conditions of their admis- sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been consider- able controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been char- acterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence — and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable that a majority of the States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long con- tinued to be, slave States. OREGON, the county-seat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It lias two banks, water-works supplied by, flowing artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly news- papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer resort. Pop. (1900), 1,577; (1910), 2,180. ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rock Island. Pop. (1900), 584; (1910), 655. OSBORN, William Henry, Railway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a high school education in his native town, he entered the counting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on his own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having mar- ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877— in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York. OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 411 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in the operations about Richmond which resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. At the close of the war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. Died March 27, 1904. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Pop. (1890), 641; (1900), 618; (1910), 600. OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is found in the vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern Division. It also has several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It has one private and two national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588; (1910), 9,535. OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 0UTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See Sacs and Foxes. ) OWEN, Thomas J. V., early legislator and Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 1801 ; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolph County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. PADDOCK, Gains, pioneer, a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving until the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as "Paddock's Grove, " and which became one of the most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAINE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war, being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864, in command of the Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, April 5, 1865," and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 412 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1882. A sturdy Union man, lie performed his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. The village has good schools, churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,144. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Indianapolis Southern Railway; has churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979; (1910), 1,399. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature; in 1S58 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed bis old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinley, 1897. Died Dec. 3, 1907. PALMER, John McAuley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott County, Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 1852, and re-elected in 1854, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,'' a few weeks before his death, which occurred at- his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ), from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which later was greatly increased by fortunate in- vestments. He died May 9, 1902. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer y wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 813; (1910), 873 PANA, an important railway center and the largest city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the in- tersecting point of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western, I. C, C. & E I. and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important shipping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flour- ing mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, high school, and one paper issuing daily and weekly editions. Pop. (1900), 5,530; (1910), 6,055. PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad. ) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and three weekly newspapers, one monthly publica- tion, several churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1900), 6,105; (1910), 7,664. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. ) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. ) PARKS, Gavion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; went to New York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here he successively edited a paper, served as Master in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville ; was elected Representative in 1852, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856); the same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 1895. PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; carne to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton, March 31, 1875. PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340; (1910), 2,009. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to the Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the fact that he never fell out on the march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun shot 414 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received at Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old company, of which his father was First Lieuten- ant for six months and until forced to resign on account of impaired health. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, where he remained until 1869, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem- blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of which he had previously been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was associated with the late William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted by him with many important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the secretai-yship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant success achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 to 1895 he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois — a position which he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he was reappointed by successive Department Commanders up to the year 1910. Mr. Partridge's service in the various public positions held by him gave him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. Died widely mourned, Dec. 13, 1910. PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri- cultural. Pop. (1900), 640; (1910), 676. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later ; at 18 had had only nine months' schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- ship in 1873, he was, for several years, Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theulogical Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly (N. S. ) at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., Feb. 24, 1894. PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State Auditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "306" who stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 415 feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R." councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from President McKinley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His home was in Mount Vernon, 111. Died May 11, 1910. PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Illinois Midland Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town has two elevators, a coal mine, a bank and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1900), 595; (1910), 1,399. PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was organized and procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following year. The cost was §101,774. Capital stock authorized, $100,000; funded debt (1895), $50,000. PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but has a brick and tile factory, a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 765;' (1910), 709. PAXTON, the county-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two schools, water-works, electric light and water-heating system, two banks, nine churches, one daily and two weekly papers. It is an important shipping-point for the farm products of the surrounding territory, which is a rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile works and flour mills, factories for the manu- facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 2,187; (1900), 3,036; (1910), 2,912. PAYSON, a village in Adams County, 15 miles southeast of Quincy; the nearest railroad station being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 465; (1910), 467. PAYSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after passing through the common schools, attended Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. After retiring from Congress he practiced his profession in Washington, D. C. Died Oct. 4, 1909. PEABODY, Selim Hobart, educator, was born in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- ing third in his class in 1852 ; was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for work- ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 1874; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of Illinois), at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his service there, assumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from which he retired two years later. Died May 26, 1903. PEARL, a village of Pike County, on the Kansas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 928; (1900), 722; (1910), 842. PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1S42; removed to Macomb, McDonough County, III, in 1858, and continued his residence there. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, 41G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but was defeated, although, next to Governor Fifer, he received the largest vote cast for any candidate for a political office on the Republican State ticket. Died Feb. 27, 1908. PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware- house Commissioner, born at Newburyport, Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from Madison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '82. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. Mr. Pearson was a life- long Republican and prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. His home was at Godfrey, 111. Died June 4, 1910. PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper- ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt., April 14, 1820; began teaching at 16 years of age, and, at 2i, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two years' course. He then studied medicine, and, after practicing a short time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He has been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and a princely contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars. PECATONICA, a town in Pecatonica Town- ship, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, midway between Freeport and Rock- ford, being 14 miles from each. It contains a creamery and condensed milk factory. There are two banks, six churches, a graded school, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1.022. PECATONICA RIVER, a stream formed by the confluence of two branches, both of which rise in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the river is about 50 miles. PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- demical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice elected to the Provincial Parliament and made King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835, settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate (1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), and member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 1881. PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- chant of the metropolis of Illinois ; was educated in the public schools, the Chicago University and Union College of Law, graduating from both of the last named institutions, and being admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he engaged in practice, but his father having died in 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large estate devolved upon him and has since occupied his time, though he has given much attention to the amelioration of the condition of the poor of his native city, and works of practical benevo- lence and public interest. He is one of the founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been President and a member of the Board of Control of the Chicago Athenaeum, member of the Board of Education, President of the Chicago Union League, and was an influential factor in securing the success of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- man of the Finance Committee, and member of the Board of Reference and Control. Of late years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several important building enterprises of a semi-public character, which have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- change Building and others in which he is a leading stockholder, and in the erection of which he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by President McKinley, the United States Commissioner to the International Expo- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 417 sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has followed his discharge of the duties of that position, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection. PECK, George R., railway attorney, born in Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his father's farm; at 16 became a country school- teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from debt; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty- first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in "Sherman's March to the Sea. " Returning home at the close of the war, he began the study of law at Janesville, spending six years there as a student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independ- ence, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Kansas District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 1893. In 1895 he resigned his position with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago ; has also officiated as orator on a number of other important public occasions, always acquitting himself with distinction. PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; removed to Greene Count}^, N. Y., in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting his studies and supporting himself by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia, N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years he trav- eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, where, in 1826, he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teachers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton in 1835, in securing the endowment of which Dr. Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- lected $20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- ical institution at Covington, Ky., and, for two years following, was Corresponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early history of the State, probably no man exerted a larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to write much, not only for the various publications with which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the country at that time. He w:is an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 1852 he received the degree of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in New York, he came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- lowing year brought a stock of goods to the embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a smai 1 backwoods hamlet — and, by trade and fortunate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of what afterwards became a large fortune. Ha died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. , Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among Chicago's most substantial citizens. PEKIJf, a flourishing city, the coanty-seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- pations in the surrounding country, but the city itself is an important grain market with large 418 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. general shipping interests. It has several dis- tilleries, hesides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and a factory for corn products. Its banking facilities are adequate, and its religious and educational advantages are excellent. The city has a public library, park, steam-heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 8,420; (1910), 9,897. PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur <£• EvansviUe Railway.) PELL, Gilbert T., Representative in the Third Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by the Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He w y as elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. As to oper- ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; South Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21, of which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which see). PEORIA, the second largest city of the State and the county-seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a water frontage of four miles and extend- ing back to a bluff, which rises 230 feet above the river level and about 120 feet above the highest point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or '79, although, as generally believed, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. There was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725, when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was continuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most impor- tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a hal f above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name of "La Ville de Maillet,'' from a French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 1765 to 1801 (the time of his death), and who commanded a company of volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- lation of the old town removed to the new site, and the present name was given to the place by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of the country when it was first discovered, but who had followed their cog- nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a century before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- ings, with a population of between 200 and 300, made up largely of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards ;. Michael La Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- munication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibility. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. This occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily established the fact that they were not hostile, were restored to their possessions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. -119 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not two) block-houses, with magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 1818, and was soon afterwards burned by the Indians. Although a trading-post had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here by John Hamlin, the company having already had, for five years, a station at Wesley City, three miles farther down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- orate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and flourishing scientific school affiliated with the University of Chicago, and richly en- dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a school for the higher education of young men. — At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- nois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the country. It also has an extensive commerce with Chicago, St. Louis and other important cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of §55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New T York district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; (1890), 41, 024; (1900), 56,100; (1910), 66,950. PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria County has been subdivided into thirty counties, among them being some of the largest and rich- est in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until June* 4, following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the first Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, and served in that capacity until entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. The first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer w T as Aaron Hawley, and the first general election of officers took place in 1826. The first court house w,as a log cabin, and the first term of the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 420 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city (which sec). The area of the county is 030 square miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (18901, 70,378; (1900), 88,608; (1910), 100,255. PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2% miles broad at the widest part. PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Terr e Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVANSVILLE RAIL- WAY. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 273 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River — is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. — (History. ) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1867, built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that year, and the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, w r hich had already acquired the Decatur & Mattoon Division— thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan- ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow T -gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into the, hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under their management. PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois. ) PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 111. It w T as incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual rental being $125,000. The par value of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is $1,500,000. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. ) PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 350>2 miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being owned by the Company. That por- tion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Indiana State line, in addition to which the Company has trackage facilities over the line of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with gravel. The capital stock is $10,000,000. In 1895 it had a bonded debt of $13,603,000 and a floating debt of §1,261,130, making a total capitalization of $24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. The next change occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into financial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) PEORIA & HANNIBAL RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. ) PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. ) PEORIA & PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- field Railroads, between the two cities named in its title, giving it control of two lines, which are used by nearly all the railroads entering both cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, second tracks and sidings increasing the total to nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The total cost of construction was $4,350,987. Its total capitalization (1898) was $4,177,763, includ- ing $1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of $2,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and the Iowa Central Railways. PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south -south west from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank and a newspaper. The surrounding country is agricultural. Pop. (1900), 1,003; (1910), 1,207. PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the intersection of the Wabash, Chester & Western and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population (1890), 3G0; (1900), 600; (1910), 1,033. PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) and the country around the great lakes, at various times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- ing region and "all the country southward to the sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, and, for several years, was Commandant in the Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ- ings were not published until 1864, but have always been highly prized as authority. PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890), 705; (1900), 642; (1910), 649. PERRY COUNTY, ies in the southwest quarter of the State, with an area of 432 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Olivet H. Perry. The general surface is rolling, 422 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. although flat prairies occupy a considerable por- tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats." Limestone is found in the southern, and sandstone in the northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at several points, easily mined, some of it being of .a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some extent, and the chief agricultural output is wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a central position and a population of about 2,70C. Duquoir is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is the principal stream, and the county is crossed by several lines of railroad. Pop. (1910), 22,088. PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- mining region, is an important trade center, and has several manufacturing establishments, includ- ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a combined capital of $200,000, are located at Peru, and one daily and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 5,550; (1900), 6,863; (1910), 7,984. PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- ville. The town was surveyed and platted by Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. The manufactures include woolen goods, brick and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and canned goods. Pop. (1900), 2,807; (1910), 2,587. PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his native State until 1837, when he set- tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. was elected to the bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856. PHILO, a village of Champaign, on the Wabash Railroad, six miles northeast of Tolono; is a grain and produce shipping point; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 502; (1910), 562. PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician, was born where the town of Marion, Williamson County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with his church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- tion as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being transferred to that of Land Agent for the South- ern section, in this capacity visiting different parts of the State from one end of the main line to the other. About 1854 he became associated with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- zette," a Democratic paper, which, during his con- nection with it (some two years), he made an earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. At the Anti -Nebraska Editorial Convention (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he was appointed a member of their State Central Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- ington in May following, where he served as Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in the Southern District, being defeated by John A. Logan; was again in the State Convention of 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln United States Marshal for the Southern District in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining this relation until 1878, at intervals performing editorial service; also took a prominent part in organizing and equipping the One Hundred and Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes called the "Pliillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, was one of the committee of citizens sent to escort the remains of President Lincoln to Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876, was in line with his former party associates, and served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 423 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo sition to William M. Springer, early the following year receiving the appointment of Postmaster for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at Peterborough, England, in January, 1816; gradu- ated at Cambridge, and came to the United States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he returned to England, and, for a time, was editor of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor of "The New York Sun" for several years. His mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of travel and biography. PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., May 22, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized a company of volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was attached to the Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was successively advanced to the rank of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on account of disability, in August, 1864, but was brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the war. His military record was exceptionally brilliant He was wounded three times at Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- lantry and efficient service. At the termination of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected to succeed himself, but died before the expiration of his term, Feb. 16, 1901. PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 1812; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Laws.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. The date of his death is unknown. PIANKESHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs, " the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," the "Pi-an-qui-shaws, " and the "Py-an-ke- shaws." They were less numerous than the Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) occupied portions of the present territory of Illi< nois, having villages on the Vermilion and Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations toward the whites were friendly, the Frenck traders having intermarried with women of th d CO > I— I O R) •ii a o K a o a o Kl o H O i— i H O n 02 & o c I— I 02 CS a Q iJ O 05 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 439 RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement which swept over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely unfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid the foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- field, was the only one so far completed as to be in operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H. Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash system. The first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in the State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found under appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1896, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was $2,669,164,142— equal to §67,556 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four to ten per cent on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid aggregating §25,321,752. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated §77,508,537, while the total expenditure within the State was §71,463,367. Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year waS $3,846,379. From 1836, when the first special charter was granted for the con- struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 — 293 special charters for the construction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important indi- vidual lines see each road under its corporate name. ) RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- ticed for a time ; also resided some time in Cali- fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health ; later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. RAMSAY, Ritfus N., State Treasurer, was born on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- versity ; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890. He served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and two terms (1889 and '91) as Representative in the General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 12 miles north of Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 747; (1910), 769. RANDOLPH COUNTY, lies in the southwest section of the State, and borders on the Missis- sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second county organ- 440 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ized in the territory which now constitutes the State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- nois history, Randolph County lias been a pivotal point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, which subsequently became the center of French influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1722 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers w T ere the Cranes (Icha- bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadrach Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) with his uncle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- erable area. Chester, the county -seat, a city of 8,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The county is crossed by several railroad lines, ;ind transportation facilities are excellent. Pop. (1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001; (1910), 29,120. RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield, soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he organized a company, which having been incor- porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded and won deserved pro- motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while leading his regiment, remained in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, 1864, having previously received the brevet rank of Major-General. General Ransom was con- fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- mands. RANTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at the junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a national bank, seven churches, opera house, graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many handsome residences. Pop. (1910), 1,384. RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born in France, in 1658; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1691 or '92, was sent to the Illi- nois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki language in three volumes, which is now pre- served in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was great, and his use of it, during the French and Indian War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- ory on the spot where he fell. RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- many in 1828; entered journalism and came to America in 1851, being employed on German papers in Buffalo and New York City ; in 1867 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " which he continued to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 441 till until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 24, 1891. While employed on papers in this country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to both State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and, in 1869, received from President Grant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but, during the later years of his life, cooperated with the Democratic party. RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1860 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- izers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- tinued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the domain of sanitary science and preventive med- icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra- mural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Epidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi- cago." "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America, ' ' and a series of reports as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, Pa., March 24, 1894. RAUM, ((Jen.) Green Berry, soldier and author, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3, 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free State proclivities rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 1866 General Raum became President of the pro- jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise of which he had been an active promoter. He was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South- ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- ing one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago the last two years just mentioned. From August 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- ton, in that time having superintended the col- lection of $800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of $30,000,000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the close of President Harrison's administration, when he removed to Chicago and again engaged in practice. During the various political cam- paigns of the past thirty years, his services have been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the interest of the Republican party. Besides his official reports, he is author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles. Died Dec. 12, 1909. 442 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and died at Golconda, 111., March 14, 1869. Having received a liberal education in his native State, the subject of this sketch settled at Shawneetown, 111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope County, in 1826. He had previously served three years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had resigned. The following year he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the same year, holding both offices for many years, and retaining the County Clerkship up to his death, a period of thirty-five years. He was married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil War. RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- burner. The son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Mount Morris Academy, began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at once began practice. In 1857 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, coercive measures, and it is said that it was partly through his influence that General Grant early tendered his services to the Government. He served on the staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade until the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 1865, a Major-General. His long service on the staff of General Grant indicates the estimation in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on the assumption of the Presidency by General Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre- tary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 1869. RAY, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor- wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 12, 1821; came west in 1843, studied medicine and began practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, for a time, with the publication of a temperance paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeff ersonian, " a Democratic paper, with which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few months later became associated with Joseph Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and his articles exerted a wide influence during the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which he was an influential factor. He w r as a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb- raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- lutions. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Conven- tion.) At the State Republican Convention held at Bloomington, in May following, he was appointed a member of the State Central Com- mittee for that year ; was also Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short time. In 1868 he assumed the management of "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he remained identified until his death, Sept. 23, 1870. RAY, Lyman Beecher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt., August 17, 1831; removed to Illinois in 1852, and has since been engaged in mercantile business in this State. After filling several local offices he was elected to represent Grundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and being one of the recognized party leaders on the floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County. RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in Dutchess County, N Y., Dec. 14, 1812; grew to manhood in his native State, receiving a limited HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 443 education; in 1834 removed to Rushville, 111., engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as a banker ; was a member of the first State Board of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 1881. RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 50 miles southwest of Decatur; has electric lights, manufactures, two banks and weekly paper. Considerable coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown in the surrounding coun- try. Population (1900), 906; (1910), 881. RAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman and educator, was born in New York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- monde"), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- wards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 1895, when he resigned. For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. REAVIS, Logan Uriah, journalist, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered the office of "The Beardstown Gazette, ' ' later purchased an interest in the paper and continued its publication under the name of "The Central Illinoian," until 1857, when he sold out and w r ent to Nebraska. Return- ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1866, wdien he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, w r hich he did by lectures and the publication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace Greeley," another of General Harney, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25, 1889. RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, who has left the most detailed account of them in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis- souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. — Stephen, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. — Nelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, wdiile in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians and, though severely wounded, was carried away by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem- ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three years. — Thomas, one of the younger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- sas, where they became prominent, one of their 444 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. descendants serving as Governor of that State during the Civil War period. RED BUD, a city in Randolph County, on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south- southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belle- ville; has a carriage factor}' and two flouring mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five churches, a graded school and a weekly news- paper. Pop. (1900), 1,169; (1910), 1,240. REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; gradu- ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in that institution and as Principal of a High School at Chillicothe. In 1854 he came to Bloom- ington, 111., and, as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that city; also has served continuously, for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regi- ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois Central), and was also one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan University. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency being upon the Appellate bench. REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was reared on a farm; later became a teacher and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Mr. Reeves was re-elected three times, serving in all four terms and until 1903. Died April 9, 1909. REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the ''State Reform School," which was created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results, while moderately successful, were not altogether satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a scale adequate to accomplish what was desired, and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 years. The law establishing the present reforma- tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (2) those between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be of the same party, their term of office to be for ten years. The course of treat- ment is educational (intellectually, morally and industrially), schools being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impressed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and became fugitives, 6 were returned to the Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in employment and regularly reporting. Among the industries carried on are painting and glaz- ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, which can be employed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average num- ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- ous offenses known to the criminal code, with the exception of homicide. The number of inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 812. An institution of a similar character, for the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was established under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile Female Offenders.) RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. The State constitution contains the familiar guaranty of absolute freedom of conscience. The chief denominations have grown in like ratio with the HISTOMCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 445 population, as may be seen from figures given below. The earliest Christian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested the sincerity of their convictions (in many instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized; and, shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence upon the red men, although the French, who remained in the ceded territory, continued to adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- sionaries. ) /One of the first Protestant sects to hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the American Bottom in 1790. (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap- tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians.) The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the '30's. Four churches were organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of the denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership. The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. (See Disciples of Christ. ) The Protestant Episco- palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four ahurcb.es in Chicago under care of the Missouri Synod, only four use the English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutherans. ) There are twenty-six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- cording to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 2,800 members, 78 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches, Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; Cumberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal (South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 minis- ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches, 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members, 19 churches, 14- ministers; United Evangelical, 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers ; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem- bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 min- isters. (See various Churches under their proper names; also Roman Catholic Church.) REND, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commissioned officer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern Hill, 44G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war he came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several years he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. The following table presents the names, residence, Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and length of term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of Congress, from the organization of Illinois as a Territory down to the present time; (D, Democrat; W, Whig; R, Republican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist). Name. Residence. DlST. Term. Remarks. Kaskaskia 1812-14 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 1814-16 1816-18 1818-19 1819-27 Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and '29. Jackson* Morgan Cos 1827-33 Third 1833-34 Elected Governor; resigned. Third First First 1833-34 1834-37 Charles Slade. Belleville Died; term completed by Reynolds. First Tuird Eighth 1833-43 Adam W. Snyder, D John T. Stuart, W Belleville 1837-39 1839-43 i Alton 1843-49.. Sixth Third Resigned, Dec, '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapp. Orlando B. Ficklin, D First 1865-67 Stephen A. Douglas, D Fifth 1843-47 El'd U.S. Sen„Apr., '47 ;suc.by W.A.Richardson Res'd.Aug., '56; term filled by Jacob C. Davis. Rushville and Quincy Fifth 1847-56 Sixth Sixth 1845-46 1849-51 Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. Edward D. Baker, W Sixth Feb. to Mar., 1847. Served Baker's unexpired term. First 1847-49 William H. Bisseli D... Belleville 1849-53 William 11. Bisseli, 1) Belleville Eighth Sixth 1855-58 Died, Nov. 24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Hodges. Willis Alien, 1) Willis Allen, D Ninth 1853-55 Fourth 1851-53 Thompson Campbell, 1 > Sixth 1851-53 .. 1853-55 . . . E. B. Washburne, K First E. B. Washburne, B Third 1863-69 < Resignd. March 9, '69 to accept French mis- \ sion; term filled by H. C. Burchard. Third 1863-65 Fourth State-at-large . 1853-57 1853-57 Fifth 1856-57 Belleville Eighth Eighth Ninth 1855 Chosen TJ. S. Senator; resigned. 1855-57 Filled Trumbull's unexpired term. Nineteenth.... Second Third . William Kellogg, B Fifth Died, Mar., '64; term fliled by E.C.Ingersoll. Sixth Jan. to Mar., 1859.. _ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 447 Name. Aaron Shaw, D James C. Robinson, D James C. Robinson, D James C. Robinson, I) James C. Robinson, D Philip B. Fouke. D .. John A. Logan, R John A. Logan, D Isaac N. Arnold, R Isaac N. Arnold. R William J. Allen, D William J. Allen, D A. L. Knapp, JJ A. L. Knapp. D Charles M. Harris, R Ebon G. Ingersoll, R John R Eden, D John R. Eden, D John R. Eden, D Lewis W. Ross, D William R Morrison, D William R. Morrison, D ... William R. Morrison, D S. W. Moulton, R S.W. Moulton, D S. W. Moulton, D Abner C. Harding, R Burton C. Cook, R H. P. H. Bromwell.R Shelby M. Cullom, R Anthony Thornton, D Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, P A. J. Kuykendall, R Norman B. Judd, R Albert G. Burr, D Green B. Raum, R Horatio C. Burchard, R HoralioC. Burchard, R.... John B. Hawley, R John B. Hawley, R Je9se H. Moore, R Thomas W. McNeeley, D.. John B. Hay, R John M. Crebs, D John L. Beveridge, R Charles B. Farwell, R Charles B. Farwell, R Charles B. Farwell, R. Brad. N. Stevens, R Henry Snapp, R Edward Y. Rice, D John B. Rice, R B. G. Caulfield, D Jasper D. Ward, R Stephen A. Hurlbut, R Franklin Corwin, R Greenbury L. Fort, R Granville Barriere, R William H. Ray, R Robert M. Knapp, D Robert M. Knapp, D John McNulla, R Joseph G. Cannon, R Joseph G. Cannon, R Joseph G.Cannon, R Joseph G. Cannon, R James S. Martin, R Isaac Clements, R Carter H. Harrison, D John V. Le Moyne, D T.J. Henderson, R T. J. Henderson, R Alexander Campbell, G.B. . Richard H. Whiting, R John C. Bagby , D Scott Wike, D Scott Wike, D William M. Springer, D William M. Springer, D. . Adlai E. Stevenson, D Adlai E. Stevenson, I) William A. J. Sparks, D — William Hartzell,D .. .. William B. Anderson, D .. William Aldrich, R Carter H Harrison, D Lorenz Brentano, R William Lathrop, R Philip C Haves, R Thomas A. Boyd. R Benjamin F Marsh, R. .. Residence. Lawrenceville . Marshall Marshall Springfield Springfield Belleville Benton Carbondale Chicago Chicago Marion Marion Jerseyville Jersey ville Oquawka Peoria Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan Lewistown Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Shelby ville Shelby ville Shelby ville Monmouth Ottawa Charleston Springfield Shelbyville Belleville Belleville Belleville Vienna Chicago.. Carrollton Metropolis Freeport Freeport Rock Island Rock Island Decatur Petersburg Belleville Carmi Evanston Chicago Chicago Chicago Princeton Joliet Hillsboro Chicago Chicago Chicago Belvidere Peru Lacon Canton Rush ville Jerseyville Jerseyville Bloomington Tuscola and Danville Danville Danville Danville Salem Carbondale Chicago Chicago Princeton & Geneseo. Princeton La Salle Peoria Rush ville Pittsfield Pittsfield Springfield Springfield Bloomington Bloomington Carlyle Chester Mt. Vernon Chicago Chicago Chicago J Rockford Morris Lewiston Warsaw Sixteenth.. Seventh ... Eleventh.. Eighth .... Twelfth... Eighth .... Ninth State-at-large Second First Ninth Thirteenth Fitth Tenth Fourth Fifth , Seventh Fifteenth Seventeenth.. Ninth Twelfth Seventeenth.. Eighteenth... State-at-large Fifteenth Seventeenth.. Fourth Sixth Seventh Eighth Tenth Twelfth Eighteenth..., Twenty-first . Thirteenth First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth Fourth Sixth Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth... State-at-large First Third Third Fifth Sixth Tenth First First Second Fourth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh , Eleventh Thirteenth... Fourteenth ... Fifteenth Fifteenth Twelfth Sixteenth Eighteenth ... Second Third Sixth Seventh Seventh Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Twelfth Thirteenth. .. Thirteenth.... Thirteenth... Sixteenth Eighteenth... Nineteenth... First Second Third Fourth Seventh Ninth Tenth 1883-85.... 859-63.... 1863-65 1871-73.... 1873-75 . . . 1859-63.... 1859-62.... 1869-71.... 1861-63.... 1863-65.... 1862-63.... 1863-65.... 1861-63. . . . 1863-65.... 1863-65. . . . 1864-71.... 1863-65.... 1873-79.... 1885-87.... 1863-69.... 1863-65.... 1873-83.... 1883-87.... 1865-67.... 1881-83.... 1883-85.... 1865-69.... 1865-71.... 1865-69.... 1865-71.... 1865-67.... 1865-69.... 1887-89.... 1897-99.... 1865-67.... 1867-71.... 1867-71... 1867-69.... 1869-73.... 1873-79.... 1869-73.... 1873-75.. . 1869-73... 1869-73... 1869-73... 1869-73... 1871-73.... 1871-73.... 1873-76.... 1881-83.... 1871-73... 1871-73... 1871 73... 1873-74. .. 1874-77.... 1873-75.... 1873-77.... 1H73-75.... 1873-81.... 1873-75.... 1873-75.... 1873-75.... 1877-79.... 1873-75.... 1873-83.... 1883-91 ... 1893-95.... 1895-1903. 1873-75.... 1873-75.... 1875 79... 1876-77... 1875-83... 1883-95... 1875-77... 1875-77.... 1875-77.... 1875-77.... 1889-93... 1875-83... 1883-95... 1875-77. . 1879-81.... 1875-83.... 1875-79... 1875-77... 1877-83.... 1877-79.... 1877-79.... 1877-79.... 1877-81 . . . 1877-81 . . . 1877-83.... Remarks. Res'd, Apr. '62; term filled by W. J. Allen, j Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; terns ( filled by John L. Beveridge. Served Logan's unexpired term. Served McCIernand's unexpired term. 1864-'65 filled Lovejoy 's unexpired term . Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. Filled unexpired term of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May,'76,seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne. Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Died Dec, '74; succeeded by B. G. Caulfield. From 1874-75 served out Rice's term. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 448 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Benjamin F. Marsh, R Benjamin F. Marsh, R Thomas F. Tipton, R R. W. Townshend, D Goorge R. Davis. R George R. Davis, R Hiram Barber, R John C. Sherwin, R R. MA. Hawk.R James W. Singleton, D A. P. Forsythe, G. B JohnR. Thomas, R John R . Thomas, R William Cullen, R William Cullen, R Lewis E. Payson, R Le wis E. Payson, R John H. Lewis, R Dietrich C. Smith, R R. W. Dunham, R John F. Finerty, R George E. Adams, R Reuben Ellwood, R Robert R. Hitt, R Robert R. Hitt, R N. E. Worthington, D William H. Neece, D James M. Riggs, D Jonathan H. Rowell.R Frank Lawler.D James H. Ward, D Albert J. Hopkins, R Albert J. Hopkins, R Ralph Plumb, R Silas G. Landes, D William E. Mason, R. Philip Sidney Post, R William H. Gest, R George A. Anderson, D Edward Lane, D Abner Taylor, R Charles A. Hill, R Geo. W. Fithian, D William S. Forman, D James R. Williams. D James R. Williams. D George W. Smith, R George W. Smith. R Lawrence E. McGaun. D. . Allan C. Durborow, Jr., D. Walter C. Newberry, D... Lewis Steward, Ind Herman W. Snow, R Benjamin T. Cable. D Owen Scott. D Samuel T. Busey, D JohnC. Black, D Andrew J. Hunter, D , Andrew J. Hunter. D J. Fran k Aldrich, R Julius Goldzier. D , Robert A. Cbilds, R Hamilton K. Wheeler, R... John J. McDannold, D Benjamin F. Funk. R William Lorimer, R Hugh R. Belknap. R Charles W. Woodman, R. Geo. E. White, R Edward D. Cooke, R George E. Foss, R George W. Prince, R Walter Reeves, R Vespasian Warner, R J. V. Graff. R John I. Kinaker, K , Wm. H. Hinriclisen, D James A. Connolly, R Frederick Reman n. R Wm. F. L. Hadley , R Benson Wood, R Orlando Burrell, R Everett J. Murphy, R James R. Mann.R Daniel W. Mills, R Thomas M. Jett, D James R. Campbell, D George P. Foster, R Thomas Cusack, D Edgar T. Noonan.D Henry S. Boutell, R W. E.Williams, D B. F.Caldwell, D Joseph B. Crowley. D Residence. Warsaw Warsaw Bloomington Shawnee town Chicago Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin. Mt. Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis Metropolis Ottawa Ottawa Pontiac Pontiac Knoxville Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb Winchester Bloomington Chicago Chicago Aurora Aurora Streator Mt. Carmel Chicago Galesburg Rock Island Quincy Hillsboro Chicago Joliet Newton Nashville Carmi Carmi Murphysboro Murphysboro Chicago Chicago Chicago Piano Sheldon Rock Island Bloomington Urbana Chicago Paris Paris Chicago Chicago Hinsdale Kankakee Mt. Sterling Hloomington Chicago Chicago. Chicago. Chicago . Dist. Eleventh Fifteenth Thirteenth Nineteenth Second Third Third Fourth Fifth fleveuth ifteenth Eighteenth Twentieth Seventh Eighth Eighth Ninth Ninth Thirteenth First Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Second Third Fifth Eighth Eighth Sixteenth Third Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Seventeenth... First Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth.... Nineteenth Twentieth Twentieth Twenty -sec' nd Second Third Fourth Eighth Ninth Eleventh Fourteenth Fifteenth ?tate-at-large. State-at-large. Nineteenth.... First Fourth Eighth Ninth Twelfth Fourteenth .... Second Third Fourth Fifth 1883-89.... 1883-85.... 1883-91 1882-85 1882-95 1895-1903. 1883-87 1883-87 ... 1883-87.. .. 1883-91 1885-91 1885-87 1885-95 1895-1903 . 1885-89 1885-99 ' 1887-91 ' 1887-95 Died, Jan. 6,1895. 1887-91 I 1887-89 I 1887-95 I J-93 i 1889-91 ! 1889-95 Chicago [Sixth . Chicago Seventh Galesburg Tenth Streator Eleventh Clinton Thirteenth Pekin Fourteenth .... Carlinville Sixteenth Jacksonville Sixteenth Springfield Seventeenth... Vandalia Eighteenth .... Edwardsville Eighteenth Effingham ; Nineteenth. ... Carmi |Twentieth East St. Louis Twenty-first . . Chicago First Chicago Fnurth Hillsboro Eighteenth McLeansboro Twentieth Chicago |Third Chicago Fourth Chicago [Fifth Chicago Sixth Pittsfield Sixteenth Chatham Seventeenth... Robinson ^Nineteenth .... Tehm. 1893-95.... 1895-1901. 1877-89.. 9-83. 1879-83.. 1879-82.. 1879-83. 1879-81. 9-83. 1881-83. 1883-85. Remarks. Died, '82; succeeded by R. R. Hitt. Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. 189J-1U03. 1889-95 1895-1903. 1891-95.... 1891-93.. 1891-93.. 3-95.. 1893-95.. 1893-97.. 1893-95.. 95.... 95.. . ■1901. 99. . . . 97.... 99.... •1903. ■1903. ■1903. -1903. -1903. ■97.... -99. .. 1893-95.. 1893- 1893- 1895 1895- 1895. 1895- 1805- 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895 1895. 1897 1895 1893 1895 1895- 1895 1895- 1897 1897 1897 ISSi 1899 lX'I'l 1899 1898 1899 1899 1899 Awarded seat after con. with L E. McGann. iiied, June 4, '98; suc'd. by Henry S. Boutell. 99.. 97. 97 97 ■1903. -99... -1903. as — 1903. -1901. 1901. 1903 . -1901. 1903. -1903. Died, July 14, '95; suc'd. by W. h\ L. Hadley. Elected to fill vacancy. Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 448a James R. Williams, D Jehu Baker, Fop Wm. A. Rodenberg. K Fred J. Kern, D John J. Feeley, D James Me Andrews. D Wm. F. Mahouey. D J. Boss Mickey. D Thos. Jefferson Selby. 1)... Martin Emerich, D Martin B. Madden. 11 James R. Mann. R Wm. Warlleld Wilson. K. . • Geo. P. Foster. U Charles S. Wharton. D James T. McDermott. D... James MeAndrews. I' 1 Anthony Meiehalek, K Adolph J. Sabath. D William Lorimer. R Wm. J. Moxley, R Philip Knopf, B Fred Lundin, R Wm. F. Mahoney. D Charles McGavin, R Thomas Gallagher. D Henry S. Boutell. B Geo. Edmund Foss. R Howard N. Snapp. R Charles E. Fuller, R Robert R. Hitt. R Frank O. Lowden. R Benj. F. Marsh. R James McKlnney, B Geo. W. Prince. R Joseph V. Graff. R John A. Sterling. R Joseph G. Cannon. R Vespasian Warner. R Wm. B. McKinley, R .'. Henry T. Rainey. D Benj. F. Caldwell. D Zeno S. Rives. R Benj. F. Caldwell. D James M. Graham. D Wm. A. Rodenberg. R Joseph B. Crowley. D Frank L. Dickson. R Martin D. Foster. D James R. Williams. D Pleasant T. Chapman, R... Geo. W. Smith. R N. B. Thistlewood. R Martin B. Madden. R James R. Mann. R WilUam W. Wilson. R James T. McDermott. D. . • Adolph J. Sabath. J> Edmund J. Stack. D' Frank Buchanan. r> Thomas Gallagher, D Lynden Evans, D George Edmund Foss, R. . . Ira C. Copley. R Charles E. Fuller. R John C. McKenzie. R James McKinney. R George W, Prince. R Claude U. Stone. D John A. Sterling. R Joseph G. Cannon. R Wm. B. McKinley. R Henry T. Rainav. D James M. Graham. D Wm. A. Rodenberg. R Martin D. Foster. D H. Robert Fowler. D N. B. Thistlewood. R Lawrence B. Stringer. D. . , Wm. Elza Williams. D.... George E. Gorman. D James MeAndrews, D Fred A. Britten. R Charles M. Thomson Wm. H. Hinebaugh. Clyde H. Tavenner. D Stephen A. Hoxworth, D. Louis Fitzhenrv. D Frank T O'Hair. D Charles M. Borchers. D.. William N. Baltz. D Bobert P. Hill. D Barnett M. Chiperfleld. R. William W. Wilson. R George Edmund Foss. R... Charles E. Fuller. R Edward J. King. R John A. Sterling. R Joseph G. Cannon. R Wm. B. McKinley. R Loren E. Wheeler, B W T m. A. Rodenberg. R Thomas S. Williams. R. . . RESIDENCE. Carmx Belleville East St. Louis. Relleville Chicago Chicago Cliicago Macomb Hardin Chicago Cliicago Chicago Cliicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Joliet Belvidere Mt. Morris Oregon Warsaw Aledo Galesburg Peoria Bloomington. . . . Danville Clinton Champaign Carrollton Chatham Litchfield Chatham Springfield Hast St. Louis. . Robinson Ramsey Olney Carmi Vienna Murphysboro. . ■ . Cairo Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Aurora Belvidere Elizabeth Aledo Galesburg Peoria Bloomington.. . . . Danville Champaign Carrollton Springfield East St. Louis. . Olney Elizabethtown. . Cairo Lincoln nttsfield Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago Ottawa Cordova Rapatee Bloomington. . . . Paris Decatur Millstadt Marion Canton Chicago Chicago Belvidere Galesburg Bloomington Danville Champaign Springfield East St. Louis. . Louisville Twentieth Twenty-first Twenty-first Twenty-first Second Fourth Fifth Fifteenth Sixteenth First First Second Third Fourth Fourth Fourth Fifth Fifth Fifth Sixth Sixth Seventh Seventh Eighth Eighth Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-first Twenty-first Twenty-first. . . . Twenty-first. . . . Twenty-second. . Twenty-third. . . Twenty-third. . . Twenty-third. . . Twenty-fourth. . Twenty-fourth. . Twenty-fifth Twenty-fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth. . . . Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-first Twenty-second. . Twenty-third. . . Twenty-fourth. . Twenty-fifth At Large At Large Third Sixth Ninth Tenth Twelfth Fourteenth Fifteenth Seventeenth. . . . Eighteenth Nineteenth Twenty-second. . Twenty-fifth. . . . At Large Third Tenth Twelfth Fifteenth Seventeenth. . . . Eighteenth Nineteenth Twenty-first Twenty-sceond. . Twenty-fourth. . 1899- 1897- 1899- 1901- 1901- 1901- 1901- 1901- 1901- l ; i < i " inor>- 1903- 190.3- 19(13- 19K.5- 1907- 1903 1905- 19U7- 1903- 1 909 1903 1909 1903 1905 1900 19(13- 19113- 1903- 1903- 1993- 1900 1903 19115 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1905 1903 looaT - . 99 1901.. 03.... 03.... 03.... 03 03.... 03.... 05 11 11 11 or>.... 07.... ii.... 05 07.... 11 09 11 09 11.... 05 09.... 11 11 11 11 11 19(1.5- 1907 1909 19(13- 1903 1995 19(17 1903 19115 1903 ] 90S 1911 1911 1911 1911- 1911- 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911- 1911- 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1913 1913- 1913- 1913 1913- 1913 1913- 191 1913- 191.3- 1913- 1913- 191.3 1913 1915 1915- 1915- 1915- 1915 1915- 1915- 1915- 1915- 1915- 1915- Resigned to enter U. S. Senate. Vice Wm. Lorimer Died Sept. 20. 1906. Vice R. R. Hitt Died June 2. 1905.. Vice B. F. Marsh. . . Elected Speaker 1903. Died Nov. 30, 1907. Vice G. W. Smith.. Speaker. 1903-1913. Progressive. Progressive. . 448b HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. NAME. RESIDENT fc. DIST. TERM. REMARKS. Twenty-fifth 1917-19 Elected U. S Senator 1918... Nlela Juul. K 1917-19 William J. Graham. K 1917-19 Clifford Ireland R HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 1789. and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where he began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputationas a "classical scholar," from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espe- cially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at Belleville, May 8, 1865. REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- nebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years' service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa. , in 1832, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- cago, Sept. 5, 1876. RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, w r as commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in "Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near that city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHOADS, Joshua, M .!>.. A.M., physician and educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky. , Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Shurtleff College, after which he read law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, «i Hillsboro; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- teenth General Assembly, serving one term. Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. RICE, John B., theatrical manager, Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and has an area of 380 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1822, and services were conducted by- William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about where the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900), 16,391; (1910), 15,970. RICHMOND, a village of McHenry County, on the Chicago & North Western RR., 60 miles north- west of Chicago; a grain and live-stock region; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 554. RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermilion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- roads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 933; (1910), 967. RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17, 1836; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later was affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- field Iron Company, of which he served as President for many years; had also been President of the Con- solidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Railroad. Mr. Ridgely served some time as a Trustee of Illinois College. Died Aug. 11, 1910. RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was Dorn in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor $21,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31, 1888, valued at over $2,000,000. RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of Shawneetown ; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,054. RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to every State and National Convention of his party from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois District. RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where lie continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. RINAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851; in 1852 began reading law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-seconu Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Returning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- lican ; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector— the latter year for the State-at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina- tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor. If 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author, Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later,assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Pop. (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551; (1910), 1,702. RIYERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of tha HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6^ miles east-northeast of Springfield. It nas four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1880), 705; (1890), 1,127; (1900), 1,511; (1910), 1,911. RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some $30,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Mi, April 10, 1864. ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 831; (1900), 966; (1910), 1,311. ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- hood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- ness until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary affairs until the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub- sequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary education in that country, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- can, German and Welsh periodicals, Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the West- minster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. ROBINSON, an incorporated city and tho county-seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north- west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of Paris, 111.; is on two lines of railroad, in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region, also near to rich oil and gas fields, has water-works, electric fights, banks and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,683; (1910), 3,863. 454 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as he was again in 1860, '62, '70 and '72. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer by profession. In early life he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Through his association with the State militia he earned the title of "General." In 1830 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 184.1. In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of the same year, within three months after his elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important ship ping point. Among its industrial establish- ments are water- works, electric lights, a flouring mill and silk-underwear factory The citj has three banks, five churches and three newspapers. Pop. (1900), 2,073; (1910), 2,732. ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 7% miles southeast of Springfield; has a bank, two churches, one school, and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 365; (1910), 444. ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school system with a high school, banks and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple- ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176; (1910), 2,657. ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county-seat of Winnebago County; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk linea of railroad — the C. B. & Q., the C. & N., the I. C. and the C. M. & St. P. — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and com- munication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by four railway and three high- way bridges. Water is provided from artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and progressive. The equalized value of property, in 1915, was $21,847,043. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and parochial, are well conducted (see Rockford College). In 1909 there were 205 manufacturing corporations and firms, with a capitalization of $22,411,997, employing nearly 10,000 wage earners and about 1,200 salaried officials; number of establishments (1916) about 225. The principal industries are the manufac- ture of agricultural implements, furniture, pianos, hosiery, milling machines, shoes and sewing ma- chines. The city has three daily papers. Pop (1910), 45,401; (1916, estimated), 55,000. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rock- ford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1916 had a faculty of 30 instructors with 250 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6,150 volumes; en- dowment $210,000. The Campus has 10 acres of undulating and wooded grounds. The pre- paratory department was discontinued in 1912. ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Missis- sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prison ■ ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- gion of much picturesque scenery and lias exten- sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; also banks and two daily and weekly and one semi- weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 19,493; (1910), 24,335. ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Missis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than GO miles), and having an area of 420 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1838, settle- ments were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War.) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 1831, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and lias con- siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,249; (1910), 70,404. ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles. — (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at $450,000. — (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was $2,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is $1,500,000; funded debt, $600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to $2,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and fanning mills; there is a feed mill and local paper. Pop. (1900), 936; (1910), 841. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal, " still 456 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later editing the newly established "Constitu- tionalist" for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the passage of the act establishing the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- ton in 1852, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Having identified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes- sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later, became editor of "The Bloom- ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more than a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 1852. Others of his more noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H, Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- moved to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860 ; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- pany in Lake County for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; was chosen Second- Lieutenant and later Captain ; was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three wounds, from one of which he never fully re- covered ; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and author, was born in Central New York in 1853; entered Hamilton College, but the following year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- ber of the American Bar Association, has served for a number of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Register, " of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through two editions, and has edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," besides doing much other valuable literary work of a similar character. ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- sity, graduating from the latter institution in 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 457 attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which he had been elected. RIVERDALE, a southern suburb of the city of Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad and four other lines. Pop. (1900), 554; (1910), 917. RIYER FOREST, a western suburb of the city of Chicago, on the lines of the Chicago & North Western and the Wisconsin Central Railroads; is a growing residence suburb. Pop. (1910), 2,456. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; Early Missionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporane- ous emigration cf a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and the growth of the church has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also Religious Denominations. ) R00DH0USE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region ; city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good school buildings, one daily and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 2,351; (1910), 2,171. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, (xeorge Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass. , August 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,'" which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago"; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1872 the University of Chicago conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1895. ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement system" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when he became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Repub- lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at Carrollton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brother, Logan H., was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin; in 1862 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at the time, the youngest member in that body — and was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain, May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- provement of its parks. ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. The foundation of his education was secured in the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- tary of State on the Republican ticket; by three successive re-elections is still in office in 1912. ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of Buslmell ; has water and electric-light plants, two hanks, public library and one newspaper Region agricultural and coal mining. Pop. (1910), 882. ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton County, 111., July 18, 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845 ; the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 459 eral Taylor. After the war he served six years as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was commis- sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Eevenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Repub- lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- date for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted his attention largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- /aim in Iowa. In bis later years was President if * bank at Lewistown, Ui. Died Jan. 17, 1901 ROSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 34, 1792; removed with his father's family, in 1805, to Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of i812-14. and participating in the battle of Sack- fitt's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- pany consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, crossing the State, reached Upper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the usual privations incident to life in a new country, not excepting sickness and death of some of their number. At the next session of the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- lished, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- ously or successively, the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time as President pro tern, of the last- named body. While in the General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) lie became a citi- zen of that place, which he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi dent the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, w T ater-works, tile and brick-works, two banks and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,435; (1910), 1,422. ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, public printer, was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 27, 1828; about 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- osha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established a pi inter's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which wa3 continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 460 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 17, 1887. ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County about the time of the removal of the State capital to Vandalia. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed to office there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the county, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County ; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- ington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively, United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- ing, in all, three years. For a time he was exten- sively and successfully identified with mining enter- prises in Colorado. Died in Denver Aug. 3, 1907. ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833; was a graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of the Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home was at Bloomington. Died May 15, 1908. ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- wall, England, in 1830, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant -Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1843. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms tempoi'arily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between $3,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was $70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing $54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 461 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University. The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- ance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three col- lege terms being compulsory. RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), where it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Four periodicals (one daily) are published here. Population (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292; (1910), 2,422. RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" on the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in ' 'The St. Charles Mis- sourian, " a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleff College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey County — to which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was also, for several years, Principal of the Spring Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a his- tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1862 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale. RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan, James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- icle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, 462 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860, a member of the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. In September, 1862, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg— also leading in the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 1864, one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General. — Reuben C. (Rutherford), brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other States after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States. The establish- ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was later associated with the State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Department, in which he remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. — George V. (Rutherford), another brother, was born at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- ment in Washington, retiring after the war with the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872, when he engaged in manufacturing business at North- ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. Helena, Cal. , August 28, 1872. RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railroad. 25 miles south of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1910), 754. RUTLEDUE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va. , June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and west- ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- teers. Returning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5, 1829 ; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was elected County Surveyor, served three consecu- tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected State Treasurer three times — 1872, '76 and '80. About 1892 he removed to California, where he resided until his death, May 28, 1905. RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist, born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar and was, for a time, associated in practice with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he conducted for over a year, and which is remem- bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 463 aroused the hostility of some members of the Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. About 1842 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), and was connected with a number of celebrated trials before the courts of that State, including the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor of "Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, was an intense opponent of the war policy of the Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, he appears to have been a man of much learning and recognized legal ability. RYAN, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in childhood; was educated for the priesthood in Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro- fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop Baltes) having died in 1886. SACS AND FOXES, two confederated Indian tribes, who were among the most warlike and powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- ing "those of red earth." The French called them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of the name given them by other tribes, the mean- ing of which was "Foxes," and which was bestowed upon them because their totem (or armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. They seem to have been driven westward from the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, on what is now known as the Sac River, near Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the authenticity of this claim, historical authorities differ widely. Subsequent to 1670 the history of the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their characteristics, location and habits are described at some length by Father Allouez, who visited them in 1666-67. He says that they were numer- ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That they were cordially detested by their neighbors is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the Ishmaelites of the lakes." They were unfriendly to the French, who attached to themselves other tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 1718, however, they were virtually in possession of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- tins and Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the Illinois River. They abstained from taking part in the border wars that marked the close of the Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They offered to co-operate with the United States Government in the War of 1812, but this offer was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government divided the nation into two bands, removing both to reservations in the farther "West. One was located on the Osage River and the other on the south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- vations, there is little doubt, many of them have silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, the net and the spear of the hunter. A few years ago a part of these confederated tribes were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 419; (1910), 388. 464 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SALEM, an incorporated city, the county seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Oliio South- western, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of fruit. The city has flour-mills, machine shops, creamery, two banks and three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,642; (1910), 2,669. SALINE COUNTY, a southeastern county, organized in 1847, having an area of 396 square miles. It derives its name from the salt springs which are found in every part of the county. The northern portion is rolling and yields an abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes excellent farming lands. In some localities a good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. In the southern half of the county are the Eagle Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of some 450 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis- sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid out in 1859. Population of the county (1890), 19,342; (1900), 21,685; (1910), 30,204. SALINE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- fluence of two branches, both of which flow through portions of Saline County, uniting in Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- ton County and runs nearly south, while the South Fork drains part of Williamson County, and runs east through Saline. The river (which is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below Shawneetown. SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- ants in the making of salt long before the advent of white settlers. There have been discovered, at various points, what appear to be the remains of evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay and pounded shells, varying in diameter from three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en- couraging the manufacture of salt from these springs, Congress granted to Illinois the use of 36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the United States. These lands were leased by the State to private parties, but the income derived from them was comparatively small and fre- quently difficult of collection. The workmen were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes- see, who are especially referred to in Article VI., Section 2, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt made brought $5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while many purchasers came hundreds of miles on horseback and carried it away on pack animals. In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the General Assembly having decided to erect a peni- tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature might by law direct." The sale was made, one- half of the proceeds set apart for the building of the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of the State. The manufacture of salt was carried on, however — for a time by lessees and subse- quently by owners — until 1873, about which time it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased to be profitable on account of competition with other districts possessing superior facilities. Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County about 1824. The manufacture has been success- fully carried on in recent years, from the product of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. SANDOVAL, a village of Marion County, at the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The town has coal mines and some manufactures, with banks and one newspaper. Population (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258; (1910), 1,563. SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar- ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of the value of the output of the entire country. In 1890 the State ranked twenty -fifth in the list of States producing this mineral, the total value HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 465 of the stone quarried being but $17,896, repre- senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken from ten quar- ries, which employed forty-six hands, and had an aggregate capital invested of $49,400. SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- porated in 1S73, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two oi more banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,516; (1900), 2,520; (1910), 2,557. SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduced in area somewhat, four years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits by the setting apart of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta- watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organi- zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being composed of Wil- liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff ; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United States Land Office was established at Springfield in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the first sale of lands taking place the same year. The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous coal, which is mined in large quantities. The chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the county is 875 square miles. Pop. (1880), 52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593; (1910), 91,024. SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of the North and South Forks, of which the former is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork rises in the northern part of Champaign County, whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, thence westward through Sangamon County, forming the north boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork flows through Christian County, and joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of Springfield. In the early history of the State the Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, and its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the "Talisman," ascended the river to a point near Springfield. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much difficulty in getting out of the river that the experiment was never repeated. SANGAMON & J10RGAN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County, N. Y. , where his father became a contractor on the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as "the boy contract- or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock excavation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rock River improvement scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Galena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the Western Division, for a time, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the firm of Sanger, Camp & Co., contractors for the construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he 466 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was employed for several years. Other works with which he was connected were the North Missouri Railroad and the construction of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to dtaff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After the war he became largely interested in stone quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, Cal., March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. — James Young (Sanger), brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, Pa., later being associated with his father and elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi- ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- lished a large supply store, and engaged in bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a later period, in connection with his father and his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently connected with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and the locks at Peru being constructed by them. About 1850 the Construction Company, of which he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading members, undertook the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., and were prominently identified with other rail- road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum- mating arrangements for the performance of a large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad. SANITARY COMMISSION. (See Illinois San- itary Commission.) SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See Chicago Drainage Canal.) SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born in Canada about 1780; received an education from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to speak and write English and French, besides several Indian dialects ; was a friend of Tecum- seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a oevoted friend of the whites. He took up his residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, •»as a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern- ment, in consideration of his services, built for him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, which he occupied until his departure with his tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and other friendly Indians (see Shabona). and 1,240 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Sept. 28, 1841. SAYAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; was ordained a home missionary the same year and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 111. , for four years being corresponding editor of "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational Herald." For ten years he was in the service of the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western Secretary of the Congregational Publishing Society, remaining two years, after which he be- came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- logical Semina^. He has also been a Director of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit College since 1850, and, for several years, editor and publisher of "The Congregational Review." SAYANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and con- tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public library, churches, two graded schools, township high school, and two daily and weekly news- papers. Pop. (1900), 3,325; (1910), 3,691. SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 26 miles east of Bloomington; district agricultural; county fairs held here; the town has two banks and one news- paper. Pop. (1900), 879; (1910), 805. SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, was born at South Boston, Halifax County. Va. , Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- ville, Ky. , where he resided until 1831, having meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he removed to Frankfort. Franklin County, IE., HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 467 where, for a time, he was Count}' Surveyor. In 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- ment, but resigned at the close of the same year to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- vention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a Major's commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was made, Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Chicago, which position he filled until July 1, 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, during the same period, being ex-officio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886. SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, lawyer and banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 1812 ; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 remov- ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. After a year spent as deputy in the office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- utes, he was appointed attorney for the State Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- ated with several prominent lawyers, his first legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- lent character, his most important financial venture was in connection with the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- ducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive, public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi- nently identified with the founding of the Chi- cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- nomical Society — being the first President of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of $30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most power- ful telescope which had at that time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory at his own expense. He was the pioneer of Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- cago American," a paper designed to advance the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency ; and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- chief. He was one of the first to encourage the adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in both for many years. As a member of the Gen- eral Assembly he secured the passage of many important measures, among them being legisla- tion looking toward the bettering of the currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, March 17, 1890. SCARRITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison County. His sons afterward became influential in business and Methodist church circles. Died, Dec. 12, 1847. SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the uniformity of surface which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges, but which is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a number of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- tains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 468 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tower in Jackson County, through the northern part of Union, and through portions of William- Bon, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial point in the western part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of the Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediately on the river bank, formed by some isolated hills about three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower end of this hill, with a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part of Union County, with an elevation above tide- water of 985 feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in the northeastern part of Pope County— the elevation at that point (as ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as well as some distance up the latter stream — though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generally monotonous or only gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few other points, where bluffs rise to a considerable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rock rises to a perpendicular height of about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles long by fort}' to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois River occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by their associ- ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- milion River — some two miles from where it empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- tom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosine in 1698, and has been variously known as Monjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, iD early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 1,300 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion that, originally, it was an island in the river, which, at a remote period, swept down the valley of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were accustomed to hold their councils at its base. — The scenery along Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known to tourists and river men ever since the Upper Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are very strik- ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis- consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. SCHRAM CITY, a village of Montgomery County in a coal mining district. Pop. (1910), 516. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 469 SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. Being sentenced to death for his participation in the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to America in 1849, going from New York to Cleve- land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- nection with his brother, he established a German daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- ence, especially among persons of German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung' ' and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this office he engaged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a number of years as a member of the Repub- lican State Central Committee. Died Sept. 16, 1905. SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y. , Sept 29, 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ; graduated from the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- vice and served two years in Florida, after which he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned to duty and was appointed mustering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the Army of the Frontier in South- west Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina — his army having been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that country; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- net he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department com- mands until 1886, when, on the death of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boy- hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac- tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he returned to his professional career and succeeded in build- ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor. 470 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered the purpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- tive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the wind- ward side, and shifted fiom side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- ports starting from "eaves poles." The space between the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light ; and, as glass could not always be procured, rain and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over this space a board, attached to the outer wall fry leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- narily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward the pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained that primary training which formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Education.) SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 414 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and, among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Hor- ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county-seat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held, Judge John York Sawyer presid- ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 471 poiuted, who, in the early part of 1826, selected the present site of the city of Rushville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous creeks. Pop. (1900), 16,129; (1910), 14,852. SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York Times," later making a voyage of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia; also published several volumes relating to his re- searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- culture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first news- paper venture was the publication of a weekly newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press — the latter being an organization for the collec- tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Can- ada. He was also conspicuously connected with the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, April 14, 1895. SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch -Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, and his early education was the best that the comparatively new country afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 472 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. for a term of nine years; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and real -estate operator, was born at Lexington, Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa in 1856 ; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he removed to Bloomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its head until his death; was also the founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school edu- cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight years, Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- cation was "The Effingham Democrat, " winch he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 252 square miles. The region was origi- nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County;, their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civi- lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut off from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900), 10,455; (1910), 10,067. SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in "The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab- lished during the previous year. In 1852 he withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism. SCROGCJS, George, journalist, was born at Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 473 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's printing office, continuing until 1863, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865, when he resigned; then entered the Uni- versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union," of which he finally became sole propri- etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor Cullom, and, the follow- ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879), received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com- pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 1880. SEATONVILLE, a village in Hall Township, Bureau County. Pop. (1900), 909; (1910), 1,370. SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David Blackwell, 1823-21; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate), George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four years. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re-organized under the name of "Sons of Liberty." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander," "secretary of state," and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, under a "deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided into military districts, under "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt ' 474 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in 1865. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) SELHY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior year to assume the editorship of '"The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained until the fall of 1858, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomingtou Convention of May 29, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal Scrip Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falsely charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmity he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that body — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, he became associate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been employed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing to Missouri four years later, where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, he began practice at Edwardsville, but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1832, '34 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- wards elected, United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which he owned a large estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died. Dec. 20, 1866. SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the "Big Four" Railways, 13 miles east of Ottawa; has a bank, some manufac- tures, coal mines, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,036; (1910), 1,005. SESSER, a village (incorp. 1906) in coal mining district in Franklin County. Pop. (1910), 1,292. SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baura, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon -General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient service in the military branch at Camp Chickamauga and in the Santiago campaign. Died Jan. 2, 1908. SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844 ; in April, 1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, lie participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers anil men, it returned with only 332, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison, Postmaster of tbe city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time, President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish-American War, but, before the Com- mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip," which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. SEYMOUR, George Franklin, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5, 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 476 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- sionary work. During this period he was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan-Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of his church in his diocese. SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 594. SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Sauganash) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States through General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1832, and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble specimen of his race. A life of him has been published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1900), 678; (1910), 633. SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms ; served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being re-elected in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- ceeding session. In 1872 he was rhosen a Presi- dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit. SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number of prominent men who resided there at an early day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being open the year round. Some manufacturing is done here; the city has several mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or three banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 477 ample protection against the recurrence of similar disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,008; (1910), 1,863. SHEAHAN, James W., journalist, was born in Baltimore, Md., spent his early life, after reaching manbood, in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at Springfield. Through the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 1854, to accept the editorship of "The Young America" newspaper at Chicago, which was soon alter changed to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a new paper called "The Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which he retained until his death, June 17, 1883. SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valu- able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1.265; (1910), 1,009. SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 760 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the county, and father of the first white child born within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith r>r&ejHed over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very heart of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900), 32,126; (1910), 31,693. SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor- porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- sively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and three weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,162; (1900), 3,546; (1910), 3,590. SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- ways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103; (1910), 1,143. SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897. SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859 ; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 478 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read- ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111: Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia ; for two years served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman spent his last years at Wau- kegan, 111., dying Aug. 22, 1903. — Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt. , at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich. , and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until 1853, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire transactions in pork in the city passing through Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in the marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. SHERMAN, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Can. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union ; received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this period he commenced reading law and, hav ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Chicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District Court, a position which he last occupied. He had repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. Died May 1, 1910. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen, and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1832. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 1845, was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governmnet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction until March, 1863, when the effect of numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at Carrollton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office — serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history ot the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 479 «nt States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHERIDAN, a village of La Salle County, on €,, B. & Q. R. R., Peoria Branch. Pop. (1910), 506. SHERRARD, a village of Mercer County, a coal mining district. Pop. (1910), 900. SHIPMAN, George E., M.D., physician and philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 1820 ; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., but, in 184G, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, trie next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago, March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson, Mo. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University Died Aug. 29, 1909. SHOUP, George L., United States Senator, was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836, came to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y., working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours — a small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- ing "The Cayuga Chief," a temperance journ.il 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal. " In July, 1856, he came to Chi- cago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was oorn at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., <3ept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; cdine to Zanosville, Ohio, in 1837, and to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident ■ci Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian Jounty ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorvtlle, but retired in 1858, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870.— Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111.. June, 1842; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville ; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. Died April 30, 1903. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- leff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been domi- nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the college $10,000, and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over $126,000, in addition to $125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 255 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo, Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1852. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died, June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 741. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junction of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is in a farming district; has a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 564; (1910), 481. SI I. VIS, a village of Rock Island County, three miles east of the city of Rock Island and north of Rock River; incorporated 1906; adjacent to a rich coal producing district, and a manufacturing point. Pop. (1910), 1,163. SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard County, but finally removed to Morgan. SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Taloott until about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va.) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "Mor- mon War" ; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tyler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of which he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt. , July 3, 1807 ; 482 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1831 and 1857; then came to Elgin, 111. , was elected President of Lom- bard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- hill, Mass., and Boston. SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 1858, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1832 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his way home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834. SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but, in his last few years, served as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. Died Apr. 18, 1908. SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and liberties'' of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or, at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes for such convention and 6,640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810, was 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator, " and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- liam II. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- quer, Col. Thomas Mather. Thomas Ford, Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also, Coles, Edward; Warren, Hooper ; Brown, William H.; Churchill, George; Lippincott, Tlwm as; and Newsjxqiers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, '52, and '56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the' bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887. SMITH, Aimer, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles (iilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H, Jan. 4, 1828, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894. SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, fcr a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held any political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. — Thomas William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrioh C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue $3,000,000 in currency. The notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at $10,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, George W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official report. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 486 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law- Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and continued practice at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and was continuously re-elected up to 1906. Died Nov. 30, 1907, during his tenth term, being then Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, dliles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, w T as born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea.*' After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. SMITH, Gustavns Adolphus, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at i6 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a large business with the South, but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Carthage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct," but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigned to court- martial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- bama, but was not successful; in 1868, canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan- try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 487 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other battles) in the second engagement at Fort Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- ing through the Tullahoma campaign, and par- ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- ment, and was given command of a brigade. In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded at Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- General. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissione? - s to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1872 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- ing until 1889. He was a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the " Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. Died Dec. 31, 1910. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic; education and became a jeweler; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- General in November, 1862, and placed in com- mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ; led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred, in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding con- siderable political power. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county -seat, all were dis- charged under recognizance to appear at court except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of "treason," and were placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on duty at Carthage. 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo.) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843 ; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of ' 'The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18 ; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized corporation when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1876. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Peterborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected tfr the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some landed interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodricli and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 489 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898. SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1842. He was im- peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 184C. SMITH, William Henry, journalist, Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., merchant, stock-breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural pursuits the business of a merchant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 25, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, July 22, 1830 ; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the latter, Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo ; in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge-works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shilohand Perry ville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SOMONAUK, a village of DeKalb County on the C, B. & Q. R. R.; in farming district; has some fac- tories, a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 591. SNAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Republican opponent in 1892. SNOW HOOK, William B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804: at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law ; was also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Col- lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 491 attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was re-appointed to the Collectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the ''Mormon War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before the order to march. From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- tain the Government by stimulating enlistments; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life lie followed the occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, and, through the latter*s encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private, Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- cratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was elected. — William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis- lature; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- teson, State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- cuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establish- ment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- ings having been about $350,000. The total num- ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the number in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was .$393,636.08. Considerable appro- priations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- ture. The General Government pays to the State $100 per year for each veteran supported at the Home. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- tenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first prinoipal building was com- pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was $135,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerably increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- diers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating $20,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as may have died, or may be physically or men- tally unable to provide for the families natu- rally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support. 492 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The affairs of the Home are managed by a board of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 1896, with twenty-six applications for admit- tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- ment by the erection of additional cottages. SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,018. SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo. , July 15, 1798 ; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti- culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser - ' of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- ants have maintained their connection with the army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survived her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena, August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena nearly seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that city's oldest resident. SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad. ) SOUTH CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, incorporated 1906; has various indus- trial enterprises. Pop'. (1910), 552. SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville & Nashville Railroad ) SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County., near the city of Elgin. Pop. (1910), 580. SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- paratory studies and business education. Its property is valued at $16,500. SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- prised 290 acres and cost a little more than $22,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- zens of the county. The construction of build- ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly $635,000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, was estimated at $738,580, and, of property of all sorts, at $833,700. The wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and general im- provements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of $175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. The institution hae capacity for about 750 patients. \3 \ ^ * a I— c Eh ^ O P- (H o Eh < Pi o fa fa « fa H < Eh O i— i fa o w OS Cm P3 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 493 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIVER- SITY, established in 1869, and located, after competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of $229,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to $75,000. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was $265,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend- ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the -outhern half of the State, with represent- atives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, five ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appropriation was of $200,000, and $300,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH WILMINGTON, a village in Grundy County, on the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R., a mining section. Pop. (1900), 711; (1910), 2,403. SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale some 40 years. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associ- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He had also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. Died March 17, 1904. SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 494 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. administration has been characterized by both energy and success. He has devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought about the founding of many new settlements in the far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. He is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the month of June, 1779, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty-eight — the last being the esti- mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to the territory trav- ersed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. Died Nov. 10, 1907. SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed through McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. Died May 7, 1904. SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. (See Ccntralia & Chester Railroad.) SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during the war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- nois State University, now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, lie served for a time as Super- intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- cessive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan. , August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for non- combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 496 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-'92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 1892. SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- man, Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind., May 30, 1836. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, when he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating there in 1858. The following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan County, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1802. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recog- nized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the head of many important com- mittees when that party was in the ascendancy, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- nation for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 lie was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 he was appointed by President Cleveland IT. S. Dis- trict Judge for Indian Territory. Died Dec. 4, 1903. SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- zation of which had been authorized by act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,963, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population by census (1900), 34,159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States Court and post-office purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol). a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notably a watcli factory, rolling mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published here, besides various other publications, Pop. (1910), 51,678. SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Indian- apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 497 SPRINGFIELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. ) SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis Railroad of Illinois.) SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- mining region and has important manufacturing interests as well. It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 6,214; (1910), 7,035. ST. DAVID, a village in Fulton County on the C, B. & Q. R.R.; coal mining district. Pop. (1910) , 915. ST. ELMO, a city in Fayette County on C. & E . I . and Vandalia R.Rs.; has a bank, a paper mill and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,227. ST. FRANCIS VILLE, a city in Lawrence County on the Wabash River and "Big Four" Railroad; has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 1,391. ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at §61,100, of which $54,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at the ci-ossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,065. ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Gi-eat Western Railways ; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, which is being utilized by a number of important manufacturing enterprises. The city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurban electric trolley lines; is also the seat of the State Home for Boys. Pop. (1900), 2,675; (1910), 4,046. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734 ; came to America in 1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censured by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionary record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which w T as named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set oft by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country, " in April, 1790 — more than two years after his assumption of the duties of Governor of the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country*' as well as the whole region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines the boundaries of the new county — which took his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 498 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. running thence southerly in a direct line to the mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi ; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack," the initial point mentioned in this description — also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known — empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair"s order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and. if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county would have fol- lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, reaching the Ohio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- tion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1796. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in the code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair; but Randolph County having been set off in 1795, Cahokia became the county-scat of the older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as tlie seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, although settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held Ins first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1825 Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh life into its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought with them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from Germany began to arrive at an early day, and now a large proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; (1890), 66,571; (1900), 86,685; (1910), 119,870. ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- factured here. Population about 500. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louia Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign; has inter^ urban railroad connection. Pop. (1910), 681. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 499 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, work begun in 1852, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The Belleville & Illinoistown branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1852, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which the main line is now operated. The properties officially reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado, (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL- ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- tory. ) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Batesto_Qxafion in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization under the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were $318,815, operating expenses, $373,270; total capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, $1,500,000 was in the form of stock and $1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Svvitz City, Ind., to Effingham, 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were 165,583 and the expenditures $69,112. Its capital stock was $740,900; bonded debt, $978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to $1,816,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Mis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants" Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been made up of tbree sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Murphys- boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 miles — total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. The company was organized in August, 1886, to succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec. 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- mum guarantee of $32,000, which is sufficient to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. During the year 1896 this line passed under lease from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road Company, into the hands of the Illinois Central Railroad Company. ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & YINCENNES RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized in July. 1899, to take over the property of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railways — the former extending from Vin- cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter from Beardstovvn to Shawneetown. The prop- erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the several lines see Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway.) ST. LOUIS, YANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre Haute & ■ Indianapolis Railroad Company is the lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- tal stock, in 1898, was $3,924,058, the bonded debt, $4,496,000, and the floating debt, $218.480.— (His- tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 501 Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.6 miles, with a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie, 9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid mainly with steelS-ails. — (History.) The origi- nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of by a new company under its present name, Feb. 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty-five years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division of that line, giving it a connection with St. Louis. (See Mobile & Ohio Railway. ) ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway. ) ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway.) ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway.) ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago. It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in their initial statement, substantially declaring their object to be the establishment of a free hos- pital under the control of the Protestant Epis- copal Church, which should be open to the afflicted poor, without distinction of race or creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale, but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor- poration was effected under the general law. In 1885 a new building was erected on land donated for that purpose, at a cost exceeding §150,000, exclusive of $20,000 for furnishing. "While its primary object has been to afford accommoda- tion, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously, to the needy poor, the institution also provides a considerable number of comfortable, well-fur- nished private rooms for patients who are able and willing to pay for the same. It contains an amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics, and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur- ing the past few years important additions have been made, the number of beds increased, and provision made for a training school for nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons and two pathologists. ST. MARY'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi- nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal Church, at Knoxville, Knox County, 111. ; was incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a faculty of four- teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, the sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes, and owns property valued at $130,500, of which $100,000 is real estate. STAGER, Anson, soldier and Telegraph Super- intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y., April 20, 1825; at 16 years of age entered the serv- ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and with whom he became associated in various enter- prises of this character. Having introduced several improvements in the construction of bat- teries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in 1852, made General Superintendent of the princi- pal lines in the West, and, on the organization of the Western Union Company, was retained in this position. Early in the Civil War he was entrusted with the management of telegraph lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia border, and, in October following, was appointed General Superintendent of Government tele- graphs, remaining in this position until Septem- ber, 1868, his services being recognized in his promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a number of enterprises connected with the manu- facture of electrical appliances and other branches of the business. One of these was the consolidation of the telephone companies, of which he became President, as also of the West- ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being a Director in several other corporations. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1885. STANDISH, John Yan Ness, a lineal descendant of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl- edge and books became his ruling passion, and he devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal Institute*' at Lebanon, 1ST. H., finally graduating, with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University in the class of 1847. Later, he received the degree of A.M., in clue course, from his Alma Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, in 1883, of LL.D from St. Lawrence University in 1893, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent 502 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. over fifty years in its pursuit in connection with private and public schools and the College, of which more than forty years were as Professor and President of Lombard University at Galesburg. He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' Institutes all over the State, and, in 1859, was elected President of the State Teachers' Associ- ation. He made three visits to the Old World — in 1879, '82-83, and '91-92— and, during his second trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly every country of Europe, including the "Land of the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. A lover of art, he has visited nearly all the principal museums and picture galleries of the world. In politics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist. STAPP, James T. B., State Auditor, was born in Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the age of 12 accompanied his widowed mother to Kaskaskia, 111. , where she settled ; before he was 20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of that officer, was appointed his successor, being twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv- ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor- ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey- nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur- ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he held during the Fillmore administration, resign- ing in 1855. Two years later he removed to Decatur, where he continued to reside until his death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, erected by him in that city, bears his name. STARK COUNTY, an interior county in the northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi- nois River ; has an area of 290 square miles. It has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer- ous small streams. The principal industries are agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution- ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, and gave his name to a township. Of other pio- neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and Eastmans came from New England; the Thum- ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio; the Perrys and Parkers from Virginia ; the McClana- hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten- nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ; the Halls from England, and the Turnbulls and Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was the Congregational at Toulon. Pop. (1880), 11,207; (1890), 9,982; (1900), 10,186; (1910), 10,098. STARVED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle County, upon which the French explorer, La Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in 1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was one mile north of the supposed location of the Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of the arrival of the first French explorers. The population of this village, in 1680, according to Father Membre, was some seven or eight thou- sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The Illinois were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but the French, for the time being, successfully defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was abandoned as a military post, but continued to be used as a French trading-post until 1718, when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois were not again molested until 1722, when the Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an easy prey to the foes by whom they were sur- rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed, they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort St. IiOuis had formerly stood. Here they were besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie. According to a tradition handed down among the Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in an attempt to escape by night, except one half- breed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers. This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History of La Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- fusion after the settlement by the whites, and are still found mingled plentifully with the soil." In 191 1 , the Starved Rock tract (290 acres) was bought by the State for$146, 000; willbecomeahistoricpark. «3 ■-3 > <: a w o Q St* 1 ** \S HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 503 STARNE, Alexander, Secretary of State and State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 21, 1813; in the spring of 1836 removed to Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike County, where he opened a general store. From 1839 to '42 he served as Commissioner of Pike County, and, in the latter year, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 1844. Having, in the meanwhile, disposed of his store at Griggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for four years, when it was made elective. In 1852 he was elected Secretary of State, when he removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville at the expiration of his term in 1857, to assume the Presidency of the old Hannibal and Naples Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system). He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and the same year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon again removed to Springfield, where he resided until his death, being, with his sons, extensively engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again in 1872, he was elected State Senator from San- gamon County. He died at Springfield, March 31, 1886. STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- lation. having for its object the establishment of a bank within the territory which now consti- tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- town, with branches at Edwardsville and Kas- kaskia. "' In the Second General Assembly of the State (1820) an act was passed, over the Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- ing a State Bank at Vandalia with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter- ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems to have been well managed; but the official conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826, was made the subject of a legislative investiga- tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of the losses finally sustained in winding up its affairs — that of the General Government amount- ing to §54,000. Grave charges were made in this connection against men who were then, or afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, including one Justice of the Supreme Court and one (still later) a United States Senator. The experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later (1831), it was found necessary for the State to incur a debt of $100, 000 to redeem the outstand- ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the popular demand for an increase in the "circu- lating medium, " the State continued its experi- ment of becoming a stockholder in banks managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find it, in 1835, legislating in the same direction for the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" at Springfield, with branches at other points as might be required, not to exceed six in number. One of these branches was established at Van- dalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first banking institution of the latter city. Two years later, when the State was entering upon its scheme of internal improvement, laws were enacted increasing the capital stock of these banks to $4,000,000 in the aggregate. Following the example of similar institutions elsewhere, they suspended specie payments a few months later, but were protected by "stay laws" and other devices until 1842, when the internal improvement scheme having been finally aban- doned, they fell in general collapse. The State ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks were put in course of liquidation, though it required several years to complete the work. STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1812. At that time there were but five counties in the State — St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided that the seat of government should remain at Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, to petition Congress for a grant of not more than four sections of land, on which should be erected a town, which should remain the seat of govern- ment for twenty years. The petition was duly presented and granted; and, in accordance with the power granted by the Constitution, a Board of five Commissioners selected the site of the present city of Vandalia, then a point in the wilderness twenty miles north of any settle- ment. But so great was the faith of speculators in the future of the proposed city, that town lots were soon selling at $100 to $780 each. The Com- missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain two-story frame building — scarcely more than a commodious shanty — to which the State offices were remored in December, 1820. This building 504 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure erected in its place. Later, when the question of a second removal of the capital began to be agi- tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk of erecting a new, brick State House, costing $16,000. Of this amount $6,000 was reimbursed by the Governor from the contingent fund, and the balance ($10,000) was appropriated in 1837, when the seat of government was removed to Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- ing the principal vote at the time of the removal to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, Peoria, Alton and Illiopolis — Springfield receiv- ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law removing the capital appropriated $50,000 from the State Treasury, provided that a like amount should be raised by private subscription and guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres of land should be donated as a site. Two State Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first cost of the present one (including furnishing) having been a little in excess of $4,000,000. Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, was an influential factor in securing the removal of the capital to Springfield. STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois for a generation, and, for a part of that period, seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under taken the aggregate debt of the State was less than $400,000 — accumulated within the preceding six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased to over $6,500,000, while the total valuation of real and personal property, for the purposes of taxation, was less than $60,000,000, and the aggre- gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same year, amounted to less than $150,000. At the same time, the disbursements, for the support of the State Government alone, had grown to more than twice the receipts. This disparity continued until the declining credit of the State forced upon the managers of public affairs an involuntary economy, when the means could no longer be secured for more lavish expenditures. The first bonds issued at the inception of the internal improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked in the markets of New York and London at a dis- count, in some cases falling into the hands of brokers who failed before completing their con- tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, the time chosen to carry it into effect was most unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more complete. Of the various works undertaken by the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal brought a return, all the others resulting in more or less complete loss. The internal improvement scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until State bonds exceeding $13,000,000 had been issued. For two years longer the State struggled with its embarrassments, increased by the failure of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few months later, with the proceeds of more than two and a half millions of the State's bonds in their possession. Thus left without credit, or means even of paying the accruing interest, there were those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries and general expenditures, with restrictions upon the Legislature in reference to incurring in- debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" gave assurance to its creditors that its debts would be paid. While the growth of the State, in wealth and population, had previously been checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite of its burdens— its increase in population, be- tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 — when the internal improvement scheme was abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, $15,- 637,950; 1844, $14,633,969; 1846, $16,389,817; 1848, $16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 1853— the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- tion — when it was officially reported at $16,724,- 177. At this time the work of extinguishment began, and was prosecuted under successive administrations, except during the war, wlien the vast expense incurred in sending troops to the field caused an increase. During Governor Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted to over $3,000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had been reduced to $281,059.11, and, before the close of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except a balance of $18,500 in bonds, which, having been called in years previously and never presented foi HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 505 payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See Mucalister and Stebbins Bonds.) STATE GUARDIANS FOR GIRLS, a bureau organized for the care of female juvenile delin- quents, by act of June 2, 1893. The Board consists of seven members, nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate, and Who consti- tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than two of the members may reside in the same Con- gressional District and, of the seven members, four must be women. (See also Home for Female Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six years. STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its construction was begun under an act passed by the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- field. A provision of the State Constitution of 1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in excess of $3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing of the building, without previous approval of such idditional expenditure by the people. This amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- tional appropriation of §531,712, which having been approved by popular vote at the general election of 1886, the expenditure was made and the capitol completed during the following year, thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- nishing to a little in excess of $4,000,000. The building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and classic in its style of architecture ; its extreme dimensions (including porticoes), from north [to south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, while the porticoes, which are spacious and lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished columns of gray granite. The three stories of the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, with two turrets and a central dome of stately dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern springing from the dome, is 364 feet. STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu- tion for the education of teachers, organized under an act of the General Assembly, passed Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of organization in the hands of a board of fifteen persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County; Simeon Wright of Lee ; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby. John Gillespie of Jasper; George Bunsen of St. Clair; Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel Moseley and William Wells of Cook ; Albert R. Shannon of White; and the Superintendent oi. Public Instruction, ex-officio. The object of the University, as defined in the organizing law, is to qualify teachers for the public schools of the State, and the course of instruction to be given embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches which pertain to a common-school education ; in the elements of the natural sciences, including agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable physiology ; in the fundamental laws of the United States and of the State of Illinois in regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and such other studies as the Board of Education may, from time to time, prescribe." Various cities competed for the location of the institution, Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as equivalent to §141,725. The corner-stone was laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, and the first commencement exercises were held on June 29 of the latter year. Three years earlier, the academic department had been organ- ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far from $200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to two pupils from each county, and to three from each Senatorial District. The departments are : Grammar school, high school, normal department and model school, all of which are overcrowded. The whole number of students in attendance on the institution during the school year, 1897-98, was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal department and 306 in the practice school depart- ment, including representatives from 86 coun- ties of the State, with a few pupils from other States on the payment of tuition. The teaching faculty (including the President and Librarian) for the same year, was made up of twenty-six members — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated $47,626.92, against $66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly $22,000 of the amount expended during the latter year was on account of the construction of a gymnasium building. STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal property belonging to the State as follows : Pub- lic lands. $328,000; buildings. $22,164,000; mis- 506 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cellaneous property, $2,650,000— total, $25,142,000. The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield (donated), $40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, $168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois (donated by the General Government), $41,000, in Minnesota (similarly donated), $79,000. The buildings comprise those connected with the charitable, penal and educational institutions of the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the miscellaneous property, $120,000 represents the equipment of the Illinois National Guard; $1,959,- 000 the value of the movable property of public buildings; $550,000 the endowment fund of the University of Illinois; and $21,000 the movable property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The figures given relative to the value of the public buildings include only the first appropriations for their erection. Considerable sums have since been expended upon some of them in repairs, enlargements and improvements. STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer of Illinois during the Territorial period was John Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and became the first incumbent under the State Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly ; by the Constitution of 1848, this officer was made elective by the people for the same period, with- out limitations as to number of terms ; under the Constitution of 1870, the manner of election and duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years from expiration of the term for which he may have been chosen. The following is a list of the State Treasurers from 1818 to 1911, with term of each in office: John Thomas, 1S18-19; Robert K. McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823-27; James Hall, 1827-31; John Dement, 1831-36; Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. Whiteside, 1837-41; Milton Carpenter, 1841-48, John Moore, 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 1859-63; Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H. Beveridge, 1865-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; Erastus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-75; Thomas S. Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz, 1877-79, John C. Smith, 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-83; John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95; Henry Wulff, 1895-97; Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemorc, 1899-1901; Moses O. William- son, 1901-03; Fred A. Busse, 1903-05; Len Small, 1905-07; John F. Smulski, 1907-09; Andrew Russel, 1909-11; E. E. Mitchell, 1911—. STAUNTON, a village in Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and Wabash Rail- ways, 36 miles northeast of St. Louis; an agricultural and mining region; lias two banks, churches and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 2,786; (1910), 5,048. STEGER, a village in Cook and Will Counties, on the C. & E. I. R. R. ; has some local industries and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 2,161. STEEL PRODUCTION. In the manufacture of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second State in the Union in the amount of its output, and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 1880 there were but six steel works in the State; in 1890 these had increased to fourteen ; and the production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. Of the 3,837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, or direct castings, produced in the United States in 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, nearly all the steel produced in the State being made by that process. From the tonnage of ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 pounds of steel rails, — more than 30 per cent of the aggregate for the entire country. This fact is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have converted their steel into forms other than rails, experience having proved their production to any considerable extent, during the past few years, unprofitable except in works favorably located for obtaining cheap raw material, or operated under the latest and most approved methods of manufacture. Open hearth steel is no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. For purposes requiring special grades of steel the product of the crucible process will be always in demand, but the high cost of manufacture prevents it, in a majority of instances, from successfully competing in price with the other processes mentioned. STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of Randolph County by Governor Edwards under the Territorial Government; afterwards served HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 507 as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 1812; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from Congress, became Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville — Col. James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, was a soldier during the Black Hawk War, after- wards became a prominent politician in the north- western part of the State, served as Register of the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received the Democratic nomination for Governor, but withdrew before the election. STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, physician and soldier, was born in Wayne County, 111., Oct. 30, 1822, and accompanied his parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the family settled. His early educational advantages were meager, and he did not study his profession (medicine) until after reaching his majority, graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1850. He began practice at Petersburg, but, in April, 1862, was mustered into the volunteer army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry. After a little over two years service he was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was engaged in the drug business there. In 1865 he resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, and always willing to give his own services and orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders in the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic (which see), in connection with which he is most widely known ; but his services in its cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the recognition which they deserved, nor did the organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. He finally returned with his family to Peters- burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111., August 30, 1871. STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern county, with an area of 573 square miles. The soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- culture and stock-raising are among the chief industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit the locality, and the county was organized, ten years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the first cabin within the present limits of what was called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a more pretentious dwelling and became the first permanent settler. Later came William Wad- dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, the Goddards, and others whose names are linked with the county's early history. The first house in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- zation was effected in 1837, the total poll being eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- son Martin, who is said to have taught a school of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- tion (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933; (1910), 3G, 821. STERLING, a flourishing city on the north bank of Rock River, in Wiiiteside County, 109 miles west of Chicago, 29 miles east of Clinton, Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. It has ample railway facilities, furnished by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library, Government postoffice building, three banks, electric street and interurban car lines, electric and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine water-power, and is an important manufacturing center, its works turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- ture, burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries and machine shops. Th« river here flows through charming scenery. Pop. (1900), 6,309; (1910), 7,467. STEVENS, Bradford A., e.\-Congressman, was born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. II., Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. During the six years following, he devoted him- self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau County, 111., where he became a merchant and farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and, in 1870, was elected to Con- gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth District. STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex-Vice-President of the United States, was born in Christian County, Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111., where the family settled; was educated at the Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858 and began practice at Metamora, Woodford County, 508 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where he was Master in Chancery, 1861-65, and State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 1864 he was candi- date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, where he has since resided. In 1874, and again in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 and 1882. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to "West Point. During the first administration of President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First Assist- ant Postmaster General; was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since retiring from office he has resumed his residence at Bloomington. STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- wards resided, being engaged in farming and the manufacture of agricultural implements at Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated by Shelby M. Cullom. In 1890 the Democrats of the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and, in 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at his home at Piano, August 26, 1896. STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of the Wabash, 12 miles southeast of Shelbyville; is in a grain and lumber region ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 677; (1910), 720. STICKNEY, William H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Baltimore, Md. , Nov. 9, 1809, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 1831, and, in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a resident of Shawneetown ; was elected State's Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the southern and southeastern part of the State ; for a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois Advertiser, " published at Shawneetown. In 1846 Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and. twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- ninth Assembly. He also held the office of Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol- dier at the beginning of the war, went to the field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious service. After the war he practiced his profes- sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. Died, Jan. 18, 1895. STILLMAN, Stephen, first State Senator from Sangamon County, 111., was a native of Massachu- setts who came, with his widowed mother, to Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near Williamsville, where he became the first Post- master in the first postoffice in the State north of the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon County, serving four years, and, at his first session, being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- where between 1835 and 1840. STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle Black Hawk War; has graded schools, creameries, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. about 400. STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at Hempstead, L. I., in 1717, at the age of 122 years. The family removed to New Jersey in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and various members of the family were prominent in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo- lutionary War — with the last named of whom he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) been intimately associated in the purchase and settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his son-in-law, Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair County, 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton County. He left a large family, several members of which became prominent pioneers in the movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821 ; at the age of 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig- Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When the latter became commander of the Fifteenth Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the head of the artillery brigade ; in February, 1865, was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out in January, 1866. After the war he went South, and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. He was an inventor and patented various im- provements in steam engines and boilers; was also Superintendent of Public Buildings at Charleston, S. C, under President Harrison. Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- bury College; became a member of the Spring- field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- western part of the State, removed to Galena, but was legislated out of office, when he left the State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, N. J. STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, and later acted as overseer of laborers on the Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- lation in real estate in that early day, a few months later entered upon the grocery and pro- vision trade, which he afterwards extended to grain; finally giving his chief attention to real estate, in which he was remarkably successful, leaving a large fortune at his death, which occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. STONE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- hood on a farm. After acquiring a common school education, he prepared for college at Lei- cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown University, graduating in the class of 1839. He then spent three years at the Theological Insti- tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the next year, entered upon evangelical work in Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. Stone came to Chicago and established "The Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- day under the name of "The Standard," and has become the leading Baptist organ in the West. After six years of editorial work, he took up evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor and criminal classes. During the Civil War he conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, Soldiers' Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was associated in the conduct and promotion of many educational and charitable institutions. He did much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, and, during the latter years of his life, was attached to the Iinmanuel Baptist Church, which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 1890. STONE, Melville E., journalist, banker, Man- ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he graduated from the local high school in 1867, and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself without resources after the great fire of 1871, he embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- cessive grades of reporter, city editor, assistant editor and Washington correspondent, to the position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 510 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He was connected with various Chicago dailies between 1871 and 1875, and, on Christmas Day of the latter year, issued the first number of "Tli6 Chicago Daily News." He gradually disposed of his interest in this journal, entirely severing his connection therewith in 1888. Since that date he has been engaged in banking in the city of Chicago, and is also General Manager of the Associated Press. STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan at seven years of age, after a short term in Lei- cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to Rochester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in the "Holland Purchase," belonging to his father's estate ; in 1843-49, was a resident of JDetroit and interested in some of the early railroad enter- prises centering there, but the latter year re- moved to Milwaukee, being there associated with Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 he became a citizen of Chicago, where he was one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, and a liberal patron of many enterprises of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 4, 1876. STOCKTON, a village of Jo Daviess County, on the Chicago Great Western R.R. Pop. (1910), 1,096. STONINGTON, a village of Christian County; on the Wabash Railroad in a farming and coal mining district. Pop. (1910), 1,118. STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news- paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec. 19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a Democratic paper called "The Herald," published at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In January, 1861, he became the principal owner of "The Chicago Times," then the leading Democratic organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be regarded as the organ of the anti-war party throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, was suppressed by a military order issued by General Burnside, which was subsequently revoked by President Lincoln. The net result was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and circulation. Other charges, of an equally grave nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- acter as a family newspaper, etc. , were repeatedly made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, appeared as the editor of "The Times," then destitute of political ties. About 1876 his health began to decline. Medical aid failed to afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was placed in the hands of a conservator. On the 27th of the following October ,(1884), he died at his home in Chicago. STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., August 12, 1835; began the study of law with his father, later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in 1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years (1857-59) in New York City, the latter year re- moving to Chicago, where he attained great prominence as an advocate at the bar, as well as an orator on other occasions. Politically a Republican, he took an active part in Presidential campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, '72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- dents in 1872. ' Erratic in habits and a master of epigram and repartee, many of his speeches are quoted with relish and appreciation by those who were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar. Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. STRAWN, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa. , May 30, 1800; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live- stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- gality and honesty. At his death — which occurred August 23, 1865 — he left an estate estimated in value at about $1,000,000, acquired by industry and business enterprise. He was a zealous Unionist during the war, at one time contributing $10,000 to the Christian Commission. STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle County, 93 miles southwest of Chicago; situated on the Vermilion River and a central point for five railroads. It is surrounded by a rich agri- cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams (two of which are worked) and by shale and various clay products of value, adapted to the manufacture of fire and building-brick, drain- pipe, etc. The city is thoroughly modern, having gas, electric lighting, street railways, water- works, a good fire-department, and a large, im- proved public park. Churches and schools are numerous, as are also fine public and private buildings. One of the chief industries is the manufacture of glass, including rolled-plate. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 511 window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware and glass bottles. Other successful industries are foundries and machine shops, flour mills, and clay working establishments. There are several banks, and three daily and weekly papers are published here. The estimated property valuation, in 1884, was $12,000,000. Streator boasts some handsome public buildings, especially the Government post- office and the Carnegie public libiary building, both of which have been erected within the past few years. Pop. (1890), 11,414; (1910), 14,253. STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi- cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming from Kentucky, though believed to have been a native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have been prominent in the affairs of that section of the State. His correspondence with Governor Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been a man of far more than ordinary education, with a good opinion of Ins merits and capabilities. He was a most persistent applicant for office, making urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and Washington, on the ground of his poverty and large family. In 1827 he received the offer of the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but, on visiting that region, was disgusted with the prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a farm in Sangamon County, but, before the close of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he made voluminous reports to the Secretary of War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen. Thomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was prominent in the early history of Indiana and its last Territorial Governor. (See Posey, {Gen.) Thomas.) STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician, was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823; at the age of two years accompanied his father to Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee County, He attended Knox College for three years, and, in 1849, went to California, where he spent two years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, Mercer County, to which he has since added sev- eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- self with the Greenback party, whose candidate for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as an independent during his term. Died Nov. 24, 1901. STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born at Granville, N. Y., in 1840; from 13 years of age, spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The same year he enlisted under the first call for troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as Inspector-General in the West, participated in the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- eral. After some fifteen months spent in the position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865-66), he located in Chicago, and became connected with several important busi- ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on the staff of Governor Cullom, in the organization of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected on the first Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891. STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 — the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister and Professor of Languages in Transylvania University, and related, on the maternal side, to the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln was a member. He graduated at Centre College, Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law, re- moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and, in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and instruction, became his partner, the relation- ship continuing until 1841. He served in the State Senate, 1849-53, was the Bell-Everett candidate for Governor in 1860, and was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the latter years of his life, Mr. Stuart was head of the law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 28, 1885. STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker, was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 512 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother was captain, from New York to Georgetown, D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At Georgetown he was induced to accept a position as clerk with a Mr. Williams, where he was associated with two other youths, as fellow-em- ployes, who became eminent bankers and capitalists — W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the well-known banker of Washington, and George W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career in England, and won a name as one of the most liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. During the War of 1812 young Sturges joined a volunteer infantry company, where he had, for comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S.Key, the latter author of the popular national song, "The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later becoming a partner in the concern, where he developed that business capacity which laid the foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- ing overland During one of his visits to that city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walk-in- the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive from Buffalo — the occasion of his visit to Detroit being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off the United States troops. About 1849 he was associated with the construction of the Wabash & Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, Ind. , advancing money for the prosecution of the work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central Railroad Company, following it, two years later, by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he established the private banking house of Solomon Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, under the management of his son, George Stur- ges, became the Northwestern National Bank of Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used of his means freely in support of the Govern- ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- ent company, at a cost of §20,000. He was also a subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- ment, during this period, taking $100,000 in Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and contributed freely to Christian and benevolent enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large fortune acquired by legitimate trade. STURTEVANT, Julian Munson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre- paring for college ; in 1822, entered Yale College as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur Wright, graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi- pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., he entered Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829; then came west, and, after spending a year in superintending the erection of buildings, in De- cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to <% class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, which he retained until 1844, when, by the retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the offices of President and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term time, and, as financial agent during vacations, in the interest of the institution of which he had been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, when he resigned the Presidency, giving his attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, having given to its service fifty-six years of his life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- tive addresses at a number of points in England. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly religious and periodical press, and was the author of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) — a text-book on political economy, and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits of local and distant churches — having been early ordained a Congregational minister. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886.— Julian M. (Sturtevant), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Jacksonville, 111.. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 513 Lege in the preparatory department of Illinois College and graduated from the college (proper) in 1854. After leaving college he served as teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of theology at Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He has since been engaged in pastoral work in New York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73); Den- ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an honored member of the Knox College Board. He received the degree of D.D. from Illinois College, in 1879. STRONUHURST, a village of Henderson County on the A., T. & S. F. R. R.; in rich agricultural dis- trict; has a bank and weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 762. SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege of Toting. The qualifications of electors (or voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), except as to school officers, which are prescribe by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who were electors at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- ralized male citizens of the United States, of the age of 21 years or over, who have been residents of the State one year, of the county ninety days, and of the district (or precinct) in which they offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 1891, women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are entitled to vote for school officers, and are also eligible to such offices under the same conditions, as to • age and residence, as male citizens. (See Elections; Australian Ballot.) SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 miles northwest of Mattoon; is on three lines of railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- ing region; contains two State banks, flour and plan- ing mills and three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1910), 2,621. SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated afc the Waterford Model School and in Dublin , came to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in teaching and on a visit to his native land, he began work as a reporter on New York papers, later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at different times, holding the position of city edi- tor, managing editor and correspondent. He was also a Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and appointed United States Consul to the Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. SULLIVANT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio University and Centre College, Ky., and — after being engaged in the improvement of an immense tract of land inherited from his father near his birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, to the raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his 01. :o lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he began farming on a larger scale than before. The enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 29, 1879. SUMMIT, a village in Cook County on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 11 miles southwest of Chicago, in a farming and popular residence dis- trict. Pop. (1910), 949. SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,268; (1910), 1,413. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- TION. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by act of the Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its duties previous to that time, from 1845, having been discharged by the Secretary of State as Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list of the incumbents from the date of the formal S14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creation of the office down to the present time (1911), with the date and duration of term of each Ninian W. Edwards (hy appointment of the Governor), 1854-57; William H. Powell (by election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton. Bateman, 1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel M. Inglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred Bayliss, 1899-1907; Francis G. Blair, 1907—. Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was two years, but, by the Constitution adopted that year, it was extended to four years, the elections occurring on the even years between those for Governor and other State officers except State Treasurer. SUPREME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The following is a list of Justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois who have held office since the organization of 'the State Government, with the period of their respective incumbencies : Joseph Phillips. 181S-23 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- stitution) ; William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1822-25; Wil- liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution); Samuel D Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 (resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- gust 1, 1842 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 1841, to Dec. 19, 1842 (resigned) — also (by re-elec- tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates, 1841-47 (resigned)— also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 (resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-42 (resigned) ; John D. Caton (vice Ford) August, 1842, to March, 1843— also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- tions), May, 1843 to Januaiy, 1864 (resigned) ; James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice Smith), 1843-47 (resigned) ; John M. Robinson (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, f843 (died in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., (vice Douglas), 1843-45 (resigned) — also (vice Young), 1847-48; James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned); Norman II. Purple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner (vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution); William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58 (resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beckwith (by ap- pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73; Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. Scott (two terms), 1870-88 ; Benjamin R. Sheldor (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice McAllister), 1875-85 (died); David J. Baker (ap- pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope, 1885-94, Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office), Alfred M. Craig, 1873-1900; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield), 1893-1901 (deceased); Joseph N. Carter, 1894-1903; James B. Ricks (vice- Phillips), 1901-06; Carroll C. Boggs, 1897-1906; Benjamin M. Magruder, 1885-1906; Jacob W. Wilkin, 1888-1907 (deceased); Guy C. Scott, 1903-09 (deceased). The following are the present incumbents (1911) arranged in order of Districts, with period for which each has been elected: Alonzo K. Vickers; William H. Farmer, 1906-15; Frank H. Dunn (vice Wilkin), 1907-15; George A. Cooke (vice Scott), 1909-12; John P. Hand, 1900-18; James H. Cartwright (vice Bailey), 1895-15; Orrin N. Carter, 1906-15. Under the Constitution of 1818, Justices of the Supreme Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legis- lature, but under the Constitutions of 1848 and 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of individual members of the Supreme Court under their proper names.) SURVEYS, EARLY GOVERNMENT. The first United States law passed on the subject of Gov- ernment surveys was dated, May 20, 1785. After reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of pensions and to be donated for school purposes, it provided for the division of the remaining pub- lic lands among the original thirteen States. This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- gular system of surveys which, with but little modification, has remained in force ever since. Briefly outlined, the system is as follows : Town- ships, six miles square, are laid out from principal bases, each township containing thirty -six sec- tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, the numeration to commence at the upper righl hand corner of the township. The first principal meridian (84° 51' west of Greenwich), coincide* HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 515 with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The second (1° 37' farther west) had direct relation to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89° 10' 80" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90° 29' 56" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur- veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." (See Hutchins, Thomas.) SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 24, 1832; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- gan, Wis, , studied law, was elected to the State Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, assisted in the organization of the Twenty -first and Twenty-second regiments, being elected Colonel of the former , and with it taking part in the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- see In 1863 he was assigned to command at Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- acy.) The service which he rendered in the defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of inestimable value to the country. After the war. General Sweet located at Lombard, near Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal Revenue, and, in 1872, became Deputy Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. (Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's daughter. SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Department Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, III., in 1857; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the Thirty-ninth, at the battle of Wierbottom Church, Va , in June, 1864, was shot through both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of them. After the war he held several offices of trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom ington and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield District; in 1887 was elected Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, March 23, 1896. SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near Turner, Maine, August 11, 1825 , was educated at Waterville College (now Colby University), but left before graduation , read law in Portland, and, while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before completing his term of enlistment. He soon after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for a number of years. He early became active in State politics, was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, and, in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at large. In 1862 he received the Republican nomination for Congress in his District, but was defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- cially in the management of criminal cases. In 1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for President, but later returned to the Republican party, and, in the National Republican Conven- tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. Died, June 8, 1889. SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex-Auditor of Pub- lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by Lis parents to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- hood, attended the Scammon School in that city In 1854 his family removed to a farm in I-Ianka- kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and 18, he assisted his father in "breaking"* between 400 and 500 acres of prairie land On the break- ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in the capture of 7,000 prisoners At the battle of Farmington, Miss, during the siege of Corinth, in May, 1862, lie had his right arm torn from its socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his retirement from the army. Returning home, after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson Barracks and Quincy, 111 , he received his final discharge, Dec. 21, 1862, spent a year in school, also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- mercial College in Chicago, and having learned to write with his left hand, taught for a time in Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 516 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 111. The latter year he entered upon the duties of Treasurer of Kaukakee County, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- signed to take the position of State Auditor, to which he was elected a second time in 1884. In all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- self an upright, capable and high-minded public official. During his later years his residence was in Chicago, where he died June 30, 1903. SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- nati, Ohio, August 33, 1836. After 1837 (his father dying about this time), the family resided for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the same State. In 1852, having graduated from the Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the position of Professor of Languages in his Alma Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen years. His first pastorate was in connection with the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire, but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- nation, on charges of heresy. He was acquitted by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by the prosecution could be heard, he personally withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- pendent religious organization known as the "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor to numerous magazines, as well as the author of several volumes. Among his best known books are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and "Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- tains several factories, the principal products being agricultural implements, flour, insulated wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and carriages and wagons. There are also works for canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has high-pressure water-works. There are several churches, graded public schools, two weekly papers and a young ladies' seminary. Population (1900), 3,653; (1910), 3,926. TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood, Peoria County, 111., April 29, 1860; at an early age evinced a predilection for sculpture and began modeling; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts until 1885. The following year he settled in Chi cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born in Rome, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he worked at farming until 1850. Then, having followed the occupation of a miner for some time, in California, with some success, he united with Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- ing most of his life. He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, on the Board of County Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, and was one of the founders of the First National Bank, and President, for several years, of the Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and publio- spirited, he contributed freely to works of charity. Died, June 5, 1878. TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- tended tour through the West, finally selecting a location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton now stands — there being only two white families, at that time, within the present limits of Winne- bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought his family to this point, with his sons took up a considerable body of Government land and erected two mills, to which customers came from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott took part in the organization of the first Congre- gational Church in that section of the State. A zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 517 Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 1844, continuing to act with that party until the organization of the Republican party in 1856; was deeply interested in the War for the Union, but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864 — Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, 1806 ; was taken to Rome, N. Y. , by his father in infancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged in mercantile business with his brother in Che- mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in a tour through the West, finally locating at Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, he was elected one of the first County Commis- sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving four years. He also held various local offices. Died, Sept. 30, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, when he engaged in business at Booneville and, still later, in Utica,- in 1838, removed to Illinois and joined his father at Rockton, finally becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- facturing, having become, in 1854, with his brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny reaper and mower. He was an original anti- slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate for Congress, but became a zealous Republican and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he employed as an attorney in the famous suit of McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, Thomas B. , and was the first Collector of Internal Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some five years. Though too old for active service in the field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott was one of the original incorporators and Trus- tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — Sylvester (Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at Rome, N. Y. ( Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged in mercantile business in Chemung County; in 1837 removed, with other members of the family, to Winnebago County, 111., where he joined his father in the entry of Government lands and the erection of mills, as already detailed. He became one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- bago County, also served as Supervisor for a number of years and, although a farmer, became interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. He also followed the example of his brother, just named, in furnishing a substitute for the War of the Rebellion, though too old for service himself Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter (Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with his father to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and was connected with his father and brothers in busi- ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwight Lewis (Tal- cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, born in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864, as a soldier in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many of the important battles of that year in Missis- sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at Campbellsville, Tenn., he was taken to Anderson- ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when he was released, arriving at home a helpless skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas- sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in Muscatine County, Iowa. TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard County, on the Jacksonville brancli of the Chi- cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- mining, and stock-growing region; has a local bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 639; (1910), 742. TAMAROA, a village in Perry County, situated at the junction of the Illinois Central with the Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a large public school, five churches and two flour- ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853; (1910), 910. TAMAROA & MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad. ) TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- cator, was born of New England ancestry, at Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1837— being the first child who could claim nativity there; was educated in the local schools and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four years teaching in his native place and at Jack- sonville; then accepted the Professorship of Latin in Pacific University at Portland, Oregon, remaining four years, when he returned to his Alma Mater (1865), assuming there the chair of 518 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 1882, its President. While in Oregon he had been ordained a minister of the Congregational Church, and, for a considerable period during his connection with Illinois College, officiated as Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the benefit of the institution under his charge, and, during his incumbency, added materially to its endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- ville, Feb. 8, 1892. TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, enjoying only such educational advantages as were afforded by the common school; in 1863, at the age of 19, enlisted in the Ninety -eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, serving until June, 1865, when he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally mustered out in September following. All the male members of Governor Tanner's family were soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a rebel prison at Columbus, Miss. , one of his bro- thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- ville, Tenn., and another brother dying in hospital at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives — Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the war, Mr. Tanner established himself in business as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- cessfully in the milling and lumber business as the partner of his brother. The public positions held by him, since the war, include those of Sheriff of Clay County (1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). During the latter year he received the appoint- ment of United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- sion of President Cleveland in 1885. [in 1886. he was the Republican nominee for Stat— i D .2£? g| 9 a 55 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the State who may desire them. — The first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — three being elected every two years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New "York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075; 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932: 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 2.547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History.— The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Uibana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General Assembly, at different times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all— the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, uad the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties ; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) — from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) — from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- gan County (1837) — from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln County out oJ parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicu failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 1£ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1900), 2,373; (1910), 2,918. UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal." In 1862, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Max Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1900), 5,728; (1910), 8,245. USREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 16, 1827; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of policy in opposition to the further extension of slavery, and, when that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti- Nebraska Editorial Convention.) After returning fron the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R., and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 20, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150; (1910), 976. VAN ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. VANDALIA, the principal city and county-seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the Generai Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1900), 2,665; (1910), 2,974. VANDEVEER, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1842 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 12, 1894. VAN HORNE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858-72), later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1872-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. VASSECR, Noel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, w T as associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles north of East St. Louis; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "Merchants' Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 2,450; (1910), 3,718. VENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evc.nsville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1826, when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 882 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 49,905; (1900), 65,635; (1910), 77,996. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. YERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the Illi- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danville in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 2,600 feet. Pop (1910), 1,118. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the Wabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy; is in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 557. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 38 miles nortli-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217; (1910), 1,124. VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of $20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was atteiapted, after his death, by the United States Gi/vernment, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., March 22, 1835. VILLA GROVE, a village of Douglas County on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, eight miles northeast of Tuscola. Pop. (1910), 1,828. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brother-in-law, although some historians say that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long and varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 1726, under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Father Senat (a •Tesuit priest) and others of the command. See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of Illinois.) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop. (1900), 2,280; (1910), 4,000. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore A Ohio South- western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 545 high school, and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 1,602; (1900), 1,600; (1910), 1,501. VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 1856, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung," meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a three months' regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment) , in which he rose to the rank of Captain. Returning from the army, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He was still later engaged in the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke was a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens," which has been published in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidency in 1872. Died May 3, 1907. VOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter, removed to Pittsfield, Mass., and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron — the "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-72, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. VOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. — (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Vei non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 250,000; bonded indebtedness, $690,000; total capitalization, $2,028,573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, and the first court house built at Centerville, in May, 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county -seat. (See Mount Carmel. ) The Wabash River drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish Cheeks. The surface is undulating with a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The count}' is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 11,866; (1900), 12,58.1; (1010), 14,913. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive railroad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. The company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His- tory.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal improvement"' scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only section of road completed under that scheme — that between the Illinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun by the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power," but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for $21,100 toN. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively, under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Railroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific wai operating the following additional leased lines: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Blooinington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 54? pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by what is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the payment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were $4,402,621, and the expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock of $52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of $81,- 534,000. WABASH RIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37° 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a weekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835 ; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road—now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Ya., May 14. 1791; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on W8 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. .6 'I + "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which— "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855)— ran through several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H, Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President ; ' these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockin gham County, Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 18o6, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and again from June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Cozistitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855. and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death, Chaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored. —Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69) ; County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years was one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. Died March 6, 1902. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict ; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1900), 791; (1910), 763. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty-one spies, of which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- bored and protected by the French citizens of Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting them on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe, Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the year following. WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1801), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to the State under call of the President. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in both sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down and, with comparatively few excep- tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important strategic point. At that time, the State militia organizations were few in number and poorly equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of $500,000, and those of Springfield, $100,000. The Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and provided for the creation of a war fund of $2,- 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- ments and one battery of light artillery was authorized The last of the six regiments, apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The six regiments were numbered the Seventh to Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers, First to Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and John McArthur, constituting the "First Brigade of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered immediately. Many more volunteered than could be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that State. During June and July the Secretary of War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 551 July 22, the da}' following the defeat of the Union army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- mediately responded with an offer to the War Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as her right, to do her full share toward the preser- vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- ity, received from the Secretary of War in August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. Other calls were made in July and August, 18'i2, each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid to the fact that the State had already furnished 16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- ing population, the idle and the extremely poor having already followed the army's march, either as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal bounties in many of the counties, in less than a fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the volunteers coming largely from the substantial classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and professional. By the end of December, fifty-nine regiments and four batteries had been dispatched to the front, besides a considerable number to fill up regiments already in ohe field, which had suf- fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. At this time. Illinois had an aggregate of over 135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a storm of hostile criticism from his political opponents, who — aided by the absence of so large a proportion of the loyal population of the State in the field — were able to carry the elec- tions of that year. Consequently, when the Twenty-third General Assembly convened in regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a large majority of that body was not only opposed to both the National and State administrations, but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and 87,000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen per cent of the entire population. These were comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, besides twelve independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 from disease and 2,154 from other causes — being a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of the State in the service. The part which Illinois played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- ism, promptness in response to every call, and the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the field— reflecting honor upon the State and its his- tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while staying at home, furnished moral and material support to the men at the front — less worthy of praise than those who volunteered. By uphold- ing the Government — National and State — and by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, they contributed much to the success of the Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) WAR OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi- nois Regiments). The following is a list of the various military organizations mustered into the service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the terms of service and a summary of the more important events in the history of each, while in the field : Seventh Infantry. Illinois having sent six regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number Seven. A number of regiments which responded to the first call of the President, claimed the right to be recognized as the first regiment in the field, but the honor was finally accorded to that organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861, and remained at Mound City during the three months' service, the period of its first enlistment. It was subsequently reorganized and mustered for the three years' service, July 25, 1861, and wap engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 552 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 11. Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for three months' service, April 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during its term of service, when it was mustered out. July 25, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in for three years' service. It participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted as veterans, March 24, 1864 ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- charged, May 13, having served five years. Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Springfield, April 26, 1861. for the term of three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three years, being composed of companies from St. Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, March 15, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 1865. Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, at Chicago. Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh, was its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at Springfield. Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- field, July 18. Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two months. Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment in each Congressional District in the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years, May 25, 1861, under command of John M. Palmer as its first Colonel; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and Meridian ; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864, the major part of the battalion was captured by General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the ' 'March to the Sea, ' ' and through the cam- paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 the battalion organization w T as discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at Springfield, 111., Sept. 22, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, and, by river, 4,490 miles — making an aggregate of 11,670 miles. Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 553 tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, Allatoona and Bentonville. In March, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge — having served four years and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten- Regi- ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesavv Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 1865, after a term of service of four years and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received its final pay and discharge papers. Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for pay and discharge. Those men and officers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three years. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the United States service for three years, June 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis' Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits reoeived during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 350. Twentieth Infantry. Organized, May 14, 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered into the service for a term of three years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After marching through the Carolinas, the regiment- was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Chicago, on July 24. Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and mustered into service for three years, June 28, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when be was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville, Mur- freesboro, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, Dec. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at Belleville, and mustered into service, for three years, at Caseyville, 111., June 25, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty -second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. Twenty third Infantry. The organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal muster of the regiment, under the command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, th*e regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry." The regiment was thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, James A.) Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies — to-wit: the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, which had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1864. During its three years' service the regi- ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,252 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. Twenty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "Iuka;" "Corinth — 3d and 4th, 1862;" "Resaca;' "Kenesaw;" "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment having marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, were consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish ^ort, Fort Blakely and Mobile From June, 1S&», to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in that State, March 15, 1866, having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield, May 13, 1866. Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55* companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, and were there captured by General Van Dorn, in December, 1862, but were exchanged, six months later. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, August 28. 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, Cheraw, and Fayetteville; mustered out, July 17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield. Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Springfield in September, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, Fort Esperanza. and in the expedition against Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, Jan 1, 18U4; was mustered out, at the same point, Nov. 24. 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 2,000. Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- saca, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and, after participating in the "March to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's Army to Washington, D. C, and took part in the grand review, May 24, 1865; left Washington, June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, where it was mustered out, on July 12 ; was dis- charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to the President, being accepted by the Secretary of War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat transportation) 3,056 miles. Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 27, having marched and been transported, during its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- cago Board of Trade. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. Id October, 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 55G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. veterans in February, 1864; took part in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- ture of Mobile; from July, 1865, to May, 1866, was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by marching. Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Thirty-ninth Infantry. The organization of this Regiment was commenced as soon as the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its contemplated held officers, and labored zealously to get it accepted under the first call for troops, but did not accomplish his object. The regiment had already assumed the name of the "Yates Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was accepted by the "War Department on the day succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed Colonel. Under his direction the organization was completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements before Petersburg and Richmond, including the capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, S. C, in September, 1863. It was mustered out at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- charge at Chicago, December 16. Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered into service for three years at Springfield, August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, New Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C), and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield. Forty-first Infantry. Organized at Decatur during July and August, 1861, and was mustered into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. Forty-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville, engaged at Stone River, in the Tullahoma cam- paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus- tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 12, 1866. Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- field in September, 1861, and mustered into service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock, Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au- gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, Sept. 13, 1861 ; was engaged at Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. From June to September, 1865, it was stationed in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 557 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- paign, the "March to the Sea," and the advance through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- ized in January, 18G4; was mustered out of serv- ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865, and arrived in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 miles. Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, Dec. 28, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- panies of the regiment were captured), in the reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield. Forty-seventh Infantry. Organized and mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; also participated in the battles of Farmington, Iuka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- field, where it received final pay and discharge. Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. Forty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, September, 1861, and participated in battles and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg (first expedition against), Missionary Ridge, as well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- road, 3,450—total, 11,450. Forty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in the campaign against Meridian and in the Red River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three-fourths of the regiment re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and reached Springfield, the following day, for final pay and discharge. Fifty-first Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid, Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- boro, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, at Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fifty-second Infantry. Organized at Ge- neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, Corinth (siege and second battle of), Iuka, Town Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 12. Fifty-third Infantry. Organized at Ottawa in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, Feb 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 558 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. July 22, 1865, and received final discharge, at Chicago, July 28. It marched 2,855 miles, and was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi- ment during its term of service. Fifty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Anna, in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment can be given, owing to the loss of its official records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 1864, and were exchanged, the following De- cember. The regiment was mustered out at Little Rock, Oct. 15, 1865 ; arrived at Springfield, Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 71 commissioned officers. Fifty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 31, 1861. The regiment originally formed a part of the "Douglas Brigade," being chiefly recruited from the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, Grundy, La Salle, De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign; in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ; was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In all, it was engaged in thirty -one battles, and was 128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled amounted to 11,965, of which 3,240 miles were actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while at Larkinsville, Tenn.,was mustered out at Little Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge at Chicago, the same month. Fifty-sixth Infantry. Organized with com- panies principally enlisted from the counties of Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp Mather, near Shawneetovvn. The regiment par- ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of Vicksburg — being engaged at Champion Hills, and in numerous assaults; also took part in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- sas, August 12, 1865. Fifty-seventh Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and Allatoona ; participated in the investment and capture of Savannah, and the campaign through the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, July 14. Fifty-eighth Infantry. Recruited at Chi- cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the regiment being captured during the latter engage- ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the battle of Iuka, after which detachments were sent to Springfield for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Fifty-ninth Infantry. Originally known as the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of the War Department. It was engaged at Pea Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap and Murfreesboro, in the Tullahoma campaign and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, where it was mustered out, December, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Springfield. Sixtieth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in January, 1864; participated in the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Sixty-first Infantry. Organized at Carroll- ton, 111., three full companies being mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 550 in, Feb. 5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- racks, Mo., where a sufficient number of recruits joined to make nine full companies. The regiment was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and other engagements near that point ; was mustered out at Nashville. Tenn., Sept. 8, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- ber 27. Sixty-second Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, where the regimental records were destroyed. The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation of Little Eock; re enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Sixty-third Infantry. Organized at Anna, In December, 1861, and mustered into service, April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond Hill, La., and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. It took part in the capture of Savannah and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- pating in its important battles and skirmishes; was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance traveled w r as 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on the march. Sixty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville, July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, July 18. Sixty-fifth Infantry. Originally known as the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- cago, and mustered in, May 1, 1862. It was cap- tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- iisted as veterans in March, 1864, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later near Federal Point and Sraithtown, N. C, being mus- tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, Iuka, the second battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea" and the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was variously known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers, Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- sixth I'linois Infantry. The latter (and final) name was conferred by the Secretary of War, Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 15. Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, June 13, 1862, for three months" service, in response to an urgent call for the defense of Washington. The Sixty-seventh, by doing guard duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three months as State Militia, and was mustered in early in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered into the United States service as Illinois Volun- teers, by petition of the men, and received marching orders, July 5, 1862; mustered out, at Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862 — many of the men re- enlisting in other regiments. Sixty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and rebel prisoners. Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. Seventy-first Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi- cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 560 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade, and mustered into service for three years, August 23, 1862. It was engaged at Cham- pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago. Seventy-third Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into service at Springfield, August 21, 1862, 900 strong. It participated in the battles of Stone River, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and Lost Mountains, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and, a few days later, -A-ent to Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. Seventy-fourth Infantry. Organized at Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into service September 4. It was recruited from Win- nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, June 10. 1865, with 343 officers and men, the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. Seventy-fifth Infantry. Organized at Dixon ; and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta, Kenesaw, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. Seventy-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, August 22, 1862; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 22, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 10,000 miles. Seventy-seventtt Infantry. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill ; the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. Seventy-eighth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville ; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis- charged, June 12, 1865. Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- toon, in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville ; was mustered out, June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler, June 15, and, on June 23, received final pay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry. Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. Eighty-first Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna, August 26, 1862. It partici- pated in tbe battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. HISTORICAL .ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 561 rauHTY-SECOND Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry — being chiefly composed of German members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 26, 1862, and mustered into service, Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, during its time of service, 2,503 miles. Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 1865. Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It ~ook part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , June 5, 1865, and sent to Springneia, wnere the regiment was paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out no June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Infantry. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1862; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; was organized in the latter part of August, 1862, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge, June 22, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment" ; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -seven days. Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862 ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. Ninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and J5G2 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the southwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, July 12, 1865, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 28, following. Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1S65. the regiment having marched 2,554 miles, traveled by water, 2,296 miles, and, by railrpad, 1,237 miles — total, 6,087 miles. Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg. in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1865. Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September, 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few da3's. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out, June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127; men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle 3; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, anil mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. O, June 6, 1865, and, a few days later received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C was captured and paroled, being exchanged ic the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It w r as mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It wa? engaged at Campbell*s Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C. , reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862; took part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills ; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 564 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone Riper, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In May, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. G, June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas. Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 23, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 officers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted, May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.) One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perryville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865— the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4,100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "March to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago June 17, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- cago, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. One Hundred and Thirty-first Infan TRY. Organized in September, 1862, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-third Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in, May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 852 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Infan- try. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- charged eight days later One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infan- try Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 21, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred and Fourtieth Infantry. Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs, and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment had expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after serving about five months One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100- days' regi- ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 — strength, 842 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-second Infan- try. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn. , five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty-third Infan- try. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 26, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-fourth Infan. TRY. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered intc service at Springfield, June 9, 1864; strength, 880 men. It departed for the field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1865. One Hundred and Forty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for the term of one year; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga. , and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. One Hundred and Fifty-second Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn. , and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 22 ; was paid oft and dis- charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- try. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 568 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 22, 1865, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company officers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), "West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out of S^lma, Ala., Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, ."November 20, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, Iuka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non- veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi- ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines* Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30; was engaged at Cold water, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 25, 1861; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, the non-veterans accompanying General Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois "Veteran "Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll oi Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, m HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), Iuka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- Pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863; the non-veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The Teterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1862, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling "Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice), Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 1865. Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being knowr- as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo. , and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of this regi- ment. Firs*' Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 2, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago. Battery E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862 ; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of KnoxviLle. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 1865. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1862; participated in the ad- vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and Rogersville, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having inarched 5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three years, August 21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa, 111. , and mustered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Sturges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered into service, May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A portion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 25, 1862. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions and misrule which had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island ; but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which found expression in measures proposed in Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados," coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the letter — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing $50,000,000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were: An order, under date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations : the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with chis act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- ton ; April 23, the issue of a call by the President for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following: May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace tenns by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of $20,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period. The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American people, and won the respect and admiration of other nations — was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and tie declaration by the President of the conditions of peace just three months later. Suocw^ding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of the peace treaty, were merely the recognition of results previously determined. History of Illinois Regiments. — The part played by Illinois in connection with these events may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which was subsequently added, on application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutively from one to seven, and were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the rail, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, the day after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization — in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 25 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 12,280—11,789 men and 491 officers. First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 25, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on Montauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and were among the first to perform service there. The Fii-st suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the service, made a brilliant record, which was highly complimented in the official reports of its com- manding officers. Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry (originally Second 1. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at that time number- ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla. , but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong (rank and tile), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 574 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its atay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a man. A history of this regiment has been written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from the counties of La Salle. Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 28th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico; on October 22, 986 men and 39 offi- cers took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel ; started immediately for Tampa, Fla. , but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the first of January, when the regi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by oourt-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry was the first regiment to report, and waa mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga.), being assigned to the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a previous order of July 26 to the same purport having been countermanded; at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem barked. The next move was made to Lexington Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 25, and .advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalions of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 575 mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. Marcus Kavanagh, May 18, 1898 ; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon ; was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young ; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G. ), from Danville, 111. , was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves"— all but eighty-eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these beirg promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton — making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet. " General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago War.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many sh if tings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 23, 1842, and has lived all his Life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the gvacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- ability. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore ,yf Clinton. He served as Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex County, N. Y. , June 3, 1807 ; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Transyl- vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren came to Quincy, Adams County, 111., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111., when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 1825, and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator" — the first paper ever published at the 578 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, and, for the next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) — which was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and. "The Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22d of the month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to. Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is oarried on to some extent. The county-seat and chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. (1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163; (1910), 23,313. WARREN, a village of Jo Daviess County on the 111. Cent, and the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul Rys.; lead is extensively mined in vicinity; has a large creamery and some factories. Pop. (1910), 1,331. WARSAW, a principal town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has several churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a national bank and one weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335; (1910), 2,254. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper; the district is agricultural. Population (1890), 598; (1900), 703; (1910), 777. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 679 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States, he made his home in Chicago, where lie devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 1,459; (1910), 1,530. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St. Louis; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 557 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manufactur- ing is carried on to some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most important town is Nash- ville, which is also the county-seat. Popula- tion (1900), 19,526; (1910), 18,759. Washing- ton was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period— the other two being Franklin and Union. WATERTOWN, a village in Rock Island County, on the Mississippi, 5 miles east of Moline. The Illinois Western Hospital for the Insane, located here on an elevation a quarter of a mile from the river, is reached by a switch from the C, B. & Q. Ry. Pop. of the village (1910), 525. WEST CHICAGO, in Du Page County, on the C, B. & Q. and C. & N. W. Rys., 30 miles west of Chicago; has railroad repair shops, various manu- factures and two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 2,378. WATERLOO, the county -seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 2,114; (1910), 2,091. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some 200 flowing streams from these shafts are within the city limits. Pop. (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505; (1910), 2,476. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville, 111. Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal city of Lake County, situated on the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 580 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. The manufactures include steel-wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two daily and one weekly newspaper. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1900), 9,426; (1910), 16,069. WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) WAVER LY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, one weekly newspaper; also brick and tile works, flour mills and elevators. Pop. (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573; (1910), 1,538. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be, his death-wound— he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown In October, 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1792, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He was one of the few white officers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626; (1910), 25,697. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called themselves • "We-wee- hahs, " and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as. " Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 581 constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the Ill-i-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis; Piankeshaws.) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, 111., about 1828 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1842, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H, July 23, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111 , where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Cushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 ; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "'The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raided by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 582 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1872, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 12, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 22, 1828, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and i-e-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington — a position which he occupied until his death. Judge Weldon was among the last of those who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge held in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that day, especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. Died April 10, 1905. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood his family removed to New Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief, Little Turtle, adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 583 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andover and Newburyport, and, finally, Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies ; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. WE NONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1890), 1,053; (1900), 1,486; (1910), 1,442. WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat," which had been established by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 1878Mr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829, became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years— meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in which she held the position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved, May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 684 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at $40, 000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at $70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Pop. (1900), 662; (1910), 905. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolinan Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston ; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 927. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 700; (1910), 725. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Dw. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before her. WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water-works plant (costing $60,000) and has a public library valued at $75,000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, two weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see). Popu- lation (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345; (1910), 3,423. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having $54,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating $136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 585 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WESTVILLE, a village of Vermilion County, on the C. & E. I. and "Big Four" Rys., 8 miles north of Danville; a coal mining region. Pop. (1910), 3,607. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store- keeper at Newport, Ky. , and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn— but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848 ; after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis. , whither his father had removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 12, 1890. WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River; was organized in 1816, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the "Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, highly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county -seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1890), 25,005; (1900), 25,386; (1910), 23,052. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system, nurseries and fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers — one issuing daily edition. Pop. (1900), 2,030; (1910), 2,S54. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803 ; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River ; created by act of the Legislature passed in 1836, and named for Capt Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter ; area, 676 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1890), 30,854; (1900), 34,710; (1910), 34,507. WHITESIDE, AYilliam, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the present limits of Monrce County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels.) HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58? WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1862 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years, was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. Died March 4, 1907. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kay- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa. , April 6, 1834 ; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111., 188 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfield,.Ill., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where he spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed b}' Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served a3 Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home was at Danville. Died April 3, 1907. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Y T ates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 68» was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to '34 — first as Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called ' 'The Father of Jackson County." Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764; (1910), 84,371. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of ^Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was always an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Corresponding Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard was a prolific and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister); "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 690 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York, Feb. 18, 1898. WILLARD, Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War," and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old Soutli Church, Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, to Carrollton, 111. , where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of Knox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year, he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 lie began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed toCollinsville, 111., remaining until 1857, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the office of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois — a position which he had held from 1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint- ment from 1865 to '69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime, Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following year. He was elected to the General Assembly three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 — His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the party ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was born in White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martyred President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career — being one of the founders, and, for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Company; one of the Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, and an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 1865 to his death, May 29, 1890. WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1855. After taking a course in the Albany Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later forming a partnership with Gen. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the death of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; also assisted in organizing the Western Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library." With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent ; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 — his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., his grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- ton in the same State, where in boyhood he worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in the winter until 592 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered Washington College, remaining for more than a year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business of a teacher for four years. Then he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same time prosecuting his law studies, but left at the close of his junior year, when, having been licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, the loan of a law library, which he afterwards purchased; served for two years as State's Attor- ney, and, iu 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where he spent the remainder of his life in the practice of his profession. Much of his time was devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- long Democrat and, in 1868, was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for Attorney-General of the State. The last three years of his life he had been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 15, 1899. WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1842, removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- ous local offices, including that of County Judge, to which he was elected in 1861. During his later years he had been President of the Watseka Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In two years he had become a skillful operator, and, as such, was employed in various offices in New England and New York. In 1857 he came to Chicago seeking employment and, through the fortunate correction of an error on the part of the receiver of a message, secured the position of operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook County. Here he read law during his leisure time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was admitted to the bar. The same year he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- gust 10, 1889. WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part of the State, originally set off from Franklin and organized in 1839. The county is well watered, the principal streams being the Big Muddy and the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The region was originally well covered with forests. All the cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 22,226; (1900), 27,796; (1910), 45,098. WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north of Springfield; has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1910), 600. WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, and engaged in the wharf -boat and commission business. He entered the service as Quarter- master of the Forty -eighth Illinois Volunteers in 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of injuries, in 1863 ; was elected Representative i.r> the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving until 1893. WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a handsome suburb of Chicago on the shore of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1910), 4,943. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- lation (1S90), 1,576; (1900), 1,420; (1910), 1,450. WILSON, Charles Lnsh, journalist, was bora in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L. , having assumed charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor of "The Chicago American"), in|1844, Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was appointed Secretary of the American Legation at London, serving with the late Minister Charles Francis Adams, until 1864, when he resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three years later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex. , in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with his brother John L. , in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, a story of travel under the title, ' 'Short Ravel- lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. — John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "The Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 1888. WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838, and the same year came to Chicago, whither his father's family had preceded him in 1835. After reading law for two years, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an office at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, and re-elected for a full term in 1855, and again in '61. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, and, when only a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Regiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. When General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New- York. He is best known as an author, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography." WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander WU- 594 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1862; was afterwards attached to the Department of the South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; w r as made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of "China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1824 — the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County, 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa., Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 595 and State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 1794; studied law with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the early part of the century; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to Illinois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held office only about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848 — a period of over twenty-nine years, and, with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in the history of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound and discriminating." WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important shipping- point, having three grain elevators, two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court house, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; (1900), 1,711; (1910), 1,639. WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the crossing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles northeast of Shelby ville; in agricultural district; has bank and one paper. Pop. (1900), 866; (1910), 987. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 9, 1838, graduated at Wasnington (Pa.) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preach in I860, and, in 1862, he was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for bravery on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report strongly advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison Association, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 596 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, which he held 2 years. He is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- ous pamphlets and brochures, among which may- be mentioned "The County Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition" (1878) , "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane in the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" (1888). Died Jan. 31, 1912. WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- ton Academy, East Hampton, Mass., after which he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, being admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he came to Springfield, 111. , and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city; was engaged some years in literary and journalistic work in Chicago; died at Minneapolis, Minn., July 31, 1901. WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier." bordering on the Wisconsin State line; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 540 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the w T est side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to other leading inter- ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30,505; (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845; (1910), 63,153. WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners' ' in all directions. In the northern, portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, GOO United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were (by treaty) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Gale'ia, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled tc avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For Winnebago Indians see page 576.) WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 16V£ miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Pop. (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833; (1910), 3,168. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 59? schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned the following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, '76 and '84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. Died Feb. 19, 1904. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial unit; the former holding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90 — only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in childhood, attended the Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, Wis. , where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809, and, after a course in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent — who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County ; was a Judge of Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a block of ground in the heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- CACJO. (See Northwestern University Woman'a Medical School.) 598 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, Benson, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught school in Lee County. He then enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry ; after the war, graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and lias since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was eleoted to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young "Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 1859 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H. ) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, July 4, 1883. WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area, 556 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Pop. (1900), 21,822; (1910), 20,500. WOODHULL, a village of Hour County, on Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 692. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 1844 ; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18, 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to '58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "March to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 60S ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguished himself, as iilso in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and "William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows : Headquarters Department of Illinois Grand Army of the Republic. Springfield. III., April 1, 1866. General Orders '. No. 1. ) The following named officers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordingly: Colonel Jules C. Webber, A.D.C. and Chief of Staff. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. Captain John S. Phelps, Aid-de-Camp. By order of B. F. Stephenson, Department Commander. Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. Major Woods afterw T ards organized the various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished the money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, but is now engaged in financial business in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the former place. WOODSON, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 1806; was educated in private schools and at Transylvania University, and read law with his father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at Carrollton, Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, eight churches, four banks, three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory is located here; the town is also the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 1,683; (1900), 2,502; (1910), 4,3:51. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged -in various other branches of business at different times, including the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reappointments, for twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- cratic members of that body who voted for the ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of the National Constitution. He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton eoo HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 19, 1891. WORDEN, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railways, 32 miles northeast of St. Louis. Pop. (1890), 522; (1900), 544; (1910), 1,082. WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 1885, in a resolution adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in "securing the location of an international celebration at Chi- cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Mayor Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of the Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were instructed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, was the first President of the corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. In addition to these bodies, certain powers were vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the ^city of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen President of the latter. This Board was particu- larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as the "Midway Plaisance," which was surrendered to "conces- sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- booths thereon. The total area of the site was 633 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- ing those erected by States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments — was about 200 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand total. Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of their own buildings and other expenses connected with official represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six nations. The United States Government ei-ected its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides $2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments aggregated about $6,500,000, and those by the States and Territories, $6, 120, 000 — that of Illinois being $800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- tion, construction, operating and post -Exposition expenses, was $27,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly $45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed $5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- tion Company, and the municipality, $5,000,000, which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See Thirty-sixth General Assembly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates of the great fair were opened to the public, the entire area had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- er's art had been called into play to produce 53 O X 50 r} > H H W C| I— I F d i— i 53 P SI d d -/. a o f d r. M > a o so 9outh Park 8tat.on MAP OF THE GROUNDS OF THE }VO^Lp'S pOJJJM^IAJ* EXfOpiJION AT Jackson Park showing the General Arrangement of Buildings and Grounds 1893. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 601 varied and striking effects. But the task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestry buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri- centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that day, preceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of admissions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460— the largest for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to 128,151,168.75, of which $10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick- ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly $5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the days of the first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were : State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of $15,000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors previously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and, after coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As State Geologist he published seven volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the eighth when overtaken by death. May 6, 1888. These reports, which are as comprehensive as they are voluminous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this country and Europe In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History Museum were established, Professor Worthen being placed in charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. W0RTHI1VGT0IV, Nicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa., studied Law at Morgan- town, Va. , and was admitted to the bar in 1860 He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 602 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1809 to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1813; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many years in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. Died Dec. 27, 19G7. WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1900), 902; (1910), 872. WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Sparta, 111. , where he remained until his death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WYMAN, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as Superintendent of Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad, finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having lef f the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years' service — he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Vicksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road. WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the Rush vi lie branch of the Chicago, Burlington