UNIVERSITY OF 
 ILLINOIS L 5RARY 
 AT URBANA Ci AiV’iPAIGN 
 STACKS 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/completetreatiseOOdeig 
 
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 SplLETE TREATISE 
 
 ON 
 
 The Geography of Ireland, 
 
 A NEW PLAN, NEVER BEFORE ATTEMPTED BY 
 ANY WRITE R, , 
 
 ' adapted To the 
 
 Merchant, the gentleman, the politician, 
 
 THE ANTIQUARIAN, THE NATURALIST, 
 
 THE SCHOLAR AND THE ARTIST. 
 
 The following are soihe aftht most prominent subjects-, viz, 
 
 -Quantity of Acres, 
 
 Houses, Parishes, 
 
 Baronies, Boroughs, 
 
 Cities, Towns, 
 
 Population, 
 
 Mountain Bays, 
 
 Fisheries, 
 
 , Loughs, Rivers, 
 
 Jt comprises the History of Ireland for some hundred Tears before ikt 
 landing of Milcsius and to the present 7 ime, 
 
 Curiosities, 
 
 Soil and Produce, 
 Ancient Inhabitants, 
 Genius and Learning, 
 Native Disposition, , 
 Civil Divisions, 
 
 Face of the Country, 
 Trade and Commerce, 
 
 Harbours, Havens, 
 Botany, Religion, 
 Government, Forests, 
 Mines, Minerals, 
 Medicinal Springs, 
 Inland Navigation, 
 Universities, 
 'Academies, &c. 
 
 PRICE, SIX SHILLINGS. 
 
 AnAbridgmentofGeogra-^ 
 phy for juniorClasses and v 
 Ladies Boarding Schools j 
 Book-Keeping, 2d edition^ 
 tyith Additions, which/ 
 never before appeared f 
 
 in print 3 
 
 An Introduction to Al- 
 gebra • • 
 
 7 6 
 
 Arithmetic, 3d edition^ * 
 with considerab le Ad- j 
 ditions.dri short modes £► 
 of calculations, which \ 
 ne\>er appeared in print J 
 An Abridgment for ju- v 
 niorClasses and Ladies 
 Boarding Schools . . 3 
 The Key to ditto ... 
 
 3 & 
 
 
 — 
 
 Br PAUL DEIGHAN, Philomaths 
 
 
 DUELXN PRINTED I 
 
 'Soldfcy the Author, at his School-Book and Stationary Wat«h<Wsf, 
 N©* 5, Switt’s-rowj- also by all. the principal v 
 f . Booksellers abd Stationers in Ireland. / 
 
'U ©utfeftet# 
 
■ ^ • 
 "RICHARD 'KIRWAN, Esq.' x.l.d.f.r.s. 
 
 ^-RESIDENT OF TH'S R^YAL ACADEMY, AND MEMBER OF MQStf 
 OF TIM LlTSRAaY INSTITUTE'S IN EUROPE*- . 
 
 J 
 
 SIR, ' 
 
 Having through life turned my attention to matters 
 of utility rather than points of ‘ornament, it may be natu- 
 Vrally supposed*, that with adulatory composition I am utterly 
 unacquainted ;-^-heflce I should, on many occasions, find it a 
 difficult task to write a dedication ; on the present occasion, 
 however, I experienced nothing of the impediment ; there 
 is an effectual difference between truth and flattery — Vior 
 shall I, in the most remote degree, incur the charge of the 
 latter, (at least I shall have the consolation of the whole 
 Irish nation to share in the guilt) when I assert, that your 
 exertions have conferred a never dying honor on the country 
 which gave you birth ; in exploring the mines of this our 
 native island, you have (if your researches, he properly 
 followed up) done more for the public good of the empire 
 than her most renowned heroes. 
 
 In placing a Geography of Ireland under such 
 auspices, I cannot but think myself particularly felicitous ; 
 and even that honor is augmented when the dignity ami 
 propriety with which you have sustained the arduous office 
 of President of our Academy is recollected. Praise, how- 
 ever, in this instance, from an individual as humble as myself, 
 almost approaches burlesque— -it is the gratitude, the admi- 
 ration of those who placed you in that chair which alone 
 can reverend you. 
 
 Y on have, Sir, been the great patron, and, on many 
 occasions, tne instrumental reviver of the arts and sciences 
 in Ireland. The encouragement which you have universally 
 bestowed on ail who have attempted to facilitate the 
 ; progress of science, best speaks • your love of the arts and 
 of mankind. That I have the happiness ana honor of 
 ranking myself among the number of those on whom your- 
 
 4883 : 54 . ' £ost ^ in £- 
 
I Dedication* 
 
 fostering hand has bestowed encouragqmapt, wifi by me. 
 1 €7 er be remembered with gratitude. 
 
 That, by the indulgence of Heaven, you may long adorn 
 your elevated rank, and continue to display the virtues of 
 your private life, that you may (for while you live, you 
 must be useful) by future acts of public spirit and private 
 benevolence, continue to add new lustre to your justly 
 
 merited fame, is the ardent wish of, 
 
 Sir, your mosSt obliged, 
 
 And most humble servant, 
 
 ' PAUL. BEiGBAR 
 
 SspX IS 10., 
 
*10 THE 
 
 READER 
 
 THIS Work is presented to the Public on a new plan * 
 it has been the aim of the Author to extend its usefulness * 
 it is not confined to the Merchant, the Gentleman, the 
 Politician, the Antiquarian, the Naturalist, the Scholar, or 
 the Artis!,, but carefully adapted to each $ its plan is general,, 
 and its utility must operate generally, in proportion as.ita 
 extension adheres to its designs. In descanting of the Cities, 
 in the division of the Counties, in noticing the remains of 
 ancient splendor, &c. &c. particular attention has' been paia 
 to the situation, antiquity, consequence, trade, commerce| 
 advances to and retrogression from refinement among the 
 original natives of the soil. The gross and virulent calum- 
 nies of former Geographers are refuted, and the old inhabit 
 tants proved not to have been that barbarous and savage 
 i;ace, which art and malignity have represented them before 
 the eye of deceived Europe ; and some of the most promi- 
 nent subjects relative to our native Island, (see title page); 
 noticed with truth and precision. The respective Counties, 
 and their present state reported, and the plans for educating 
 and enlightening the poor particularly considered. 
 
 The Author of this Compendium, having spent the 
 greater part of a laborious, life in the instruction of youth, 
 fiaa had frequent occasion to lament, and has heard many of 
 the most intelligent among his brethren lament, the want of 
 a pure Geography of Ireland. In most of the Treatises on 
 Geography that came within the Author’s notice, not more 
 
To the Reader. 
 
 than 10 or 12 pages have been occupied in describing the 
 rich and luxuriant soil, the climate, and the thousand natural 
 advantages so liberally bestowed on our Island, whilst an 
 elaborate account of Greenland, Lapland, the Country o. 
 the Hottentots, the barbarous shores, of Negroland, and the 
 burning sands of Ethiophia, swell the pages, and form the 
 chief contents of the volume. (Indeed a very ppwerLi ; 
 apology arises for crur learned countrymen, Hr. Leahy and 
 Mr. Sharman, whose works being formed on a general plan 
 of geographical arrangement, forbade tljern to enter into the 
 affrirs of Ireland in detail, which, if they had attempted, the j 
 Author thinks them every way more capable of executing 
 than himself.)— To execute a work of a very different kind,, 
 the Author, at a considerable expence, has travelled in ait- h 
 ferent directions, upwards of 8000 Miles in this his native 
 island. From his own personal observation, he is enabled to. 
 offer what never has been before attempted by any writer, j 
 a true and accurate Geography of Ireland alone- . j 
 
 He flatters himself, that , this Work will, under the guid- 
 anceof the experienced Teacher, give the present as well 
 as' the rising generation, a better idea ox all that is necessary | 
 for them to. know, in the first instance, of their native land, 
 How many young men, whose education in other respects 
 has been liberal, quit their preceptors with no other know- 
 ledge of the country that gave them birth, save that m 
 Ireland there are 4 Provinces, 32 Counties, a few rivers. 
 Sec. which, take their rise in certain places, and emptres.| 
 themselves into the Atlantic or tne Deucalion Sea !!! * e 
 want of a proper Geographical Treatise on Irelan , t re 
 Author is. convinced, is severely felt by every Reader, and; 
 particularly by the Teacher of intelligence. How vlar the 
 one which he offers to. the Public will meet the necessity, 
 is submitted to them, and the candpur and judgment oi his 
 brethren. From them, he' is proud to'acfeflo-wledge, he has, 
 on former occasions, received the most flattering testimonials,, 
 f see from page 13 to 36 of* his arithipeticj ail _ ^ io 
 without hopes that the present attempt will ; obtain irom. 
 them and the' Public, that patronage which will ever be rip 
 grateful sense, of his life to acknowledge. 
 
V 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK 1. 
 
 PAGE . 
 
 1. Preliminaries of the Geography of Europe, the 
 Ancients* opinions of the figure of the Earth, the 
 constituent Parts of the Earth, a Continent, an 
 Island, an Istmus, a Promontory, an Ocean, a 
 Sea, a Strait and a River, from page 1 to 3 
 
 Questions to be answered by the Pupil, 3 
 
 W. The Earth how divided, ib. 
 
 3. Europe, how situated, bounded, length and breadth, 4 
 
 4. Asia, how bounded, situated, length and breadth, ib. 
 
 5. Africa, how bounded, situated, length and breadth, ib. 
 
 6. America, how situated, bounded, length and breadth, ib. 
 
 7. A description of Europe, how divided, principal 
 
 Islands, Seas, Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Pro- 
 montories, Capes, 5 to 7 
 
 $. Ireland, how situated, bounded, antiquity, ancient , 
 Inhabitants, Conquests, Advancements in early 
 ' Times in Learning, Civility and Politeness, its 
 ancient name and from whence derived, its climate. 
 
 Soil and Production, Curiosities, Persons, Genius, 
 and Temper, ancient Literature, 8 to 22 
 
 9. The Civil Divisions of Ireland into 4 Provinces, 
 how each are, situated, the Divisions of these 
 Provinces into Counties, how each County is 
 bounded,, its length and breadth, number of acres. 
 Houses, Parishes, Baronies, Boroughs, and 
 Population in each County respectively recorded, 
 
 ‘also 'the Trade, Commerce and Revenue, the 
 Peers of Ireland, and the places from which 
 they bake their titles, 22 to 42 
 
 10. A general Summary of Ireland, 42 and 43 
 
 1L The principal Rivers, Lakes, Loughs, Bays, 
 
 Harbours, Havens and Mountains in Ireland 44 to 65 
 12. Royal and Church Government, 65 to 68 
 
 IS. On Education, and an Idea offered on the 'most 
 ceconomical mode of establismg Schools through- 
 out Ireland, for educating the Children of the 
 Poor, 69 to 81 
 
CONTENTS* 
 
 / / PAS*, 
 
 It. The Mines and Mineral Productions, the Com- 
 merce, Manufactures, Fore's ts, Bogs, Botany, 
 Animals, Coins, Roads, Martella Towers, 
 Canals, &c. 81 to 85 
 
 15. A description of the ancient City of Dublin, also 
 
 of its modern growth, charitable Institutions, 
 
 &c. &c. 95 to 137 
 
 16. A compendious historic view of the Population of 
 
 Ireland 137 to 143 
 
 17. A compendious History of Ireland, from the land- 
 
 ing of Milesius, Anno Mundi 2737, to the period 
 when the Kings of England were acknowledged 
 Kings of Ireland 143 to 152 
 
 18. Irish Isles, 152 to 155 
 
 BOOK 2. 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF ULSTER and its 9 Coun- 
 ties, »how each County is situated, how bounded. 
 Baronies Parishes, Boroughs, the quantity 
 of Acres, number of Houses, Population, 
 and Members sent to the Imperial Parliament ; 
 the principal Cities and Towns, Antiquity, how 
 situated, on what River, the Mines and Minerals, 
 Curiosities, Trade, Commerce and Revenue of each 
 with accuracy and precision ascertained, 156 to 16? 
 THE PROVINCE OF CONNAUGHT and its 5 
 
 Counties, observed as aboved, 167 to 172 
 
 THE* PROVINCE OF LEINSTER and its 12 
 Counties, observed as before, 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF MUNSTER and its 6 Coun- 
 ties, observed as before, 
 
 ERRATA .— — Page 8, line 15, for 3,580,490, read 5,000,000.— * 
 page 79, 1. 26, for Drummore, nad Kilmere,— -page 80, 1. 12, after 
 Ixeinster read Ulster. 
 
DjEIGHAN’S arithmetic, 
 
 just Published , bn the Author , a Third Edition of his U\IV^ 
 
 ARITHMETIC, with considerable Additions , particularly Short 
 Calculations on the Staple Trades of Ireland , which never before 
 appeared in print, price 5s. 5d. — a' so an Abridgment of the satn^ ^ 
 for Junior Classes and Ladies Boarding Schools, price 3s. 9a. 
 
 — - 
 
 RECOMMENDATORY LETTERS. 
 
 TO MR. DEIGHAN, 
 
 author of the new treatise on arithmetic. 
 
 «c Multi Pr receptor es ab hoc libro erudientur .** 
 
 J *l’have at your requell, looked over every Rule and Queftion in 
 vour New Treatife cm Arithmetic ; and fi> far as my knowledge of 
 that fubiea directs me to ju ?ge of real excellence, think that your modus 
 of shod calculation is luch as ought to be adapted in Schools and 
 Compting-houfes, and that the publication thereof will be of general 
 utility. You have manifefily far excelled Bowling, Gough, and 
 Vofte'r in the extent and brevity of your Mercantile operations: 
 much labour will be feved both to mailer and fcbolar; and the man 
 of bufcnefs, who is acquainted with your tubs and concife methods, 
 will eo through his various calculations in much lefs time, and with 
 cafe and delight: and indeed on viewing your Appendix on Algebra, 
 which exceeds the other part, if poffibie, in value, it is truly maltum 
 in parvt, ■ it is the ground work tor the beft fyftem of Algebra I ever 
 faw. I feel interefted in the fuccei's of your book as a public benefit, 
 
 permit me therefore, to recommend to you, that when you get it 
 
 printed, to be very careful in coring the Prefc, as mod of our 
 fchool-books, particularly Gou,.;h and Vo Iter, are now fo fhamefully 
 interred, that both matter and fcholar are frequ n*ly more emtiar- 
 raffed than aflittett by them. 1 am, fir, with wiflung you fuccefs, and 
 every one who contributes his mite in the improvement of u.elul 
 
 learning, , . 
 
 Your obedient lervant, 
 
 Dublin, April i8, 1803. BENJ. WORKMAN, M.A. 
 
 i’ have perufed your New Treatife on Arithmetic, and think 
 that it excels any thing of the kind that has yet been offered to the 
 n„mir 1 am, fir, yours, 
 
 16, Dotfet-ftreet, Dublin, 7 WILLIAM JEMISON, 
 
 19th May, 1803. S PutUc Accamptant. 
 
 a 
 
XIV 
 
 Publications— Recommendatory Letters. 
 
 Sir j 
 
 » «;»*•» *. »»'k j£jKS5Sf* 1 " 
 
 ... Tl ,, v f8o , STEPHEN JONES, 
 
 i6th July, , 3- Principal of the Academy, Black-Rock. 
 
 Sl At your requeft I have examined your Treatife on Arithmetic, 
 
 which I very much approve of: your Rules are, I think, judictoufly 
 
 Ihofen ; and the new and expeditious me hods you have employed 
 in your calculations are fuch as will fave much tune and trouble both 
 to mailer and fchdar obedient humbl£ fervant) 
 
 7 J T DALY. 
 
 Ju.y 16, 18 3 Principal of the Academy S. Gt. George’s-llr. 
 
 SlR l’have at your requeft, minutely examined your very excellent 
 Treatife on Arithmetic ; and, as a teacher of upwards of twenty 
 years experience, think it by far excels Gough, o .cr, - 
 
 any other of the kind that ever came under my infpe&ion, for 
 brevity cf fyftem in ail its (iages. . 
 
 I am fir, your obedient humble fervant, 
 
 *• F ltTlioTH Profeffor of Geog^phy , Accounts, &c. 
 
 J P. S. Pleats to fend me 6 copies when printed. 
 
 Agreeably to your defire, 1 have read your Treatne on Aruh^ 
 HW-tic : 1 think it calculated to expedite bufinefs, to remove many q. 
 the difficulties to which the pupil is expoEa in the .rudimems of 
 uftsul fcience, and to jeffon the trouble of the teacher. 
 
 I am Sir, your humble fervant, 
 
 •i i™ t- tftot ' - A. newland. 
 
 ** 7 7 * Principal of the Academy, Aungicr-ft. 
 
 * 1R £ have, at vour requeft, attentively examined your new Treatife 
 on Arithmetic, and muft beg leave to recommend it as * 
 crlfcnt performance, and well deferving the patronage Oi 
 admirers of ufeful and fcicntific learning. 
 
 Your’s, &e. . . 
 
 MARK MORTON, Gen. Mathematician. 
 
 V. S^KuSnd'to print your hook by fubfeription, pleafe 
 to put my name down for 6 copies, as it is a more complete book 
 thf.n any -extant on die iubjedt. - 
 
Publications— Recommendatory Letters . xv 
 
 Sir, „ . . ' . 
 
 I have, at your requeft, perufed your toanufc'ttfff bn Arithmetic, 
 in theory and pra&ice y I do recomm nd it as being far fupCrior to 
 anv work on the fubjecfc I have hitherto Teen, which will be mo ft 
 ufefai to a iea-ner, and eonfequciltly of the greateft ailiftance’to a 
 teacher, which both demonffrates the rules in each fe-Aion and will 
 be of mod general u iliry to fehools. 
 
 Sir, I remain your friend, wifhing you, for the fake of the grooving 
 generatio i, fucctfs, LAWRENCE LEECH,' 
 
 July Til, 1803. Principal of the Academy , Jervis Jtreet* 
 
 Sir, 
 
 t have examined the manufcript of your intended Treatife on 
 Arithmetic, and am fully of opinion that it will be the mod lifeful 
 publication in that way whi?h has yet appeared ; being/ as far as I 
 can judge, a confideratde improvement upon every thing of the kind 
 which I have hitherto feen ; I think you therefore greatly merit the 
 countenance and fupper t of the pnb'ic. 
 
 I am, Sir, ' 
 
 Dawfon-ftreet,? Your rnoii ob : client humble fervent, 
 
 July 23, tE03,S JOHN SHARMAN, 
 
 4 " Prof for of 'Geography. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 According to your defire, I have carefully peritfed your many* 
 feript on Arithmetic, and think it fuperibr to any book on the fubject 
 that ever came in my way, as your methods are more brief, and your 
 choice of matter more ample than any of thofe generally ufed in 
 fchools. I remain fir, your humble fervant, 
 
 Auguft 4,1803, JAMES SALLY, Mathematician, 
 
 Principal of the Academy, Meath-frecU * 
 
 Sir, , .. 
 
 I have perufed your new Treatife on Arithmetic, and think it 
 the moft ufeful performance for the Learner, the Teacher, or the 
 Man of Bufinefs, of any I have feen on that fubjedt. 
 
 I am, fir, 
 
 Marine School, Dublin. 7 Your’s, &G. 
 
 Auguft 1 a, 1803. 4 WM, M*MENAMY, 
 
 Principal of the Marine School • 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have, at your requeft, examined your new Treatife on Arith- 
 metic, and believe it to be highly deferving of public fupport. 
 
 Notwithftanding the many books already extant on that fubjedfc, 
 I am perfuaded that the public are in much want of a work fttch 
 as yours. 
 
 1 am fir, with bed wilhes for your fuccefs, 
 
 18, French-ftreet, Dublin, 1 Your very humble fervant, 
 
 Auguft 24, 1803. 4 SIMON WHITE, Mathematician. 
 
Publications — R ecommen da lory Letters . 
 
 xvt 
 Sin, 
 
 Having perufed your new Treatife ©n Arithmetic, I think it the 
 mofl perfe<Sj elementary and learned fyftem on that ufeful fcience, 
 of any I have feen. 
 
 Your dividing it into fueh a proper choice of chapters, your 
 judicious arrangement of the rules, the perfpicuous manner in which 
 you treat the; various methods and operations, will lead the ftudent 
 by the moll eafy, fure gradations, into the knowledge of its mofl 
 perplexed and intricate parts; and ail in terms fo plain and intelligible, 
 as to be within the reach of the mofl common underftanding. 
 
 I alfo think fuch a ufeful Treatife is much wanted by the public, 
 therefpre merits their countenance. 
 
 Wiiliing fucccfs, fir, 
 
 Dublin, ? Iam your mofl humble fervan', 
 
 Augufl 1 8, 1803.5 JOHN M £ GAURAN, Philomath . 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have, at your requcfl, attentively perufed your manufenpt 
 Trea'ife on Arithmetic, and think it the mofl excellent on the fubjecfc 
 that i have feen. From she judicious arrangement of the plan, I 
 Relieve it to be e7CJ?edirigly well calcu’ated to (aye the teacher trouble, 
 and to facilitate the progref3 of the fchoiar. 
 
 Wiihing you fuccefs in your undertaking, 
 
 I remain your obedient fervant, 
 September 10, 1803. TIMOTHY DTLLON, 
 
 Teacher of Mathematics, Poolbcg-flreet. 
 
 Mi*. Dejghan, 
 
 1 faw your very ingenious and meritorious Treatife on Arith- 
 metic; I believe its principal excellence is not exceeded by any that 
 1 have feen before. 
 
 I am fir, your very humble fervant, 
 
 Sept, ay, 1803. J. SCULLY, 
 
 Profeffor of Geography, Accounts, &c. Capel-flreet, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have perufed your manufeript with as much attention a3 the 
 fmall portion of leifure I enjoy, would admit. Your performance, as 
 it appears to me, has great merit, and, together with uncommon 
 ipplicatton and care, {hews you are poiTeffed of a happy talent for 
 figures. The inflrudlive part is laid down wrh judgment and pre- 
 cifion. The examples, by way of illuftration are perfectly applicable 
 and fufficient, and the Qu (lions for Exercife judicioufly fcledled. 
 Upon the whole, the work, in its origin 1 form, does you credit. 
 If you can get the Printer to do h°s part with fui table corre<5tnefs, 
 1 am perfurded, notw thflanding the numerous Trtatifes on Arith- 
 metic already in the hands of the public, yuur’s will be confidered 
 as a valuable addition toth? catalogue of fchool-booksbv the teachers 
 in that line. I wifii you, mo ': heartily, fucccfs, and am fir, 
 
 Your obedient fervant. S£M. WHYTE, 
 
 Ode. 15, 1803. Principal of the Academy, Grafton fireet. 
 
P ublications — R ecommendaiory, Letters. z 
 
 TO 
 
 Mr, LEIGH AN, 
 
 ON HIS NEW TREATISE ON ARITHMETIC, 8c C. 
 
 *Mongft thofe great men who (hone in ancient days* 
 
 And i'ages wife, who in modern times 
 Sow the rich feeds of erudition bright. 
 
 Teaching the ways of wifdom to mankind. 
 
 Ere then unknown ; by none reveal’d, 
 
 *Tiil Science fair her bright effulgence fhed. 
 
 And the dark cloud of ignorance difpell’d. 
 
 As when in former times, the argent moon, 
 
 The dark, impervious, opaque ffiadow caught 
 Of this our Earth, arcanum long unknown, 
 
 * Till wife Mileffus to his king§ foretold 
 The wondrous fecret — fo it is with thee ; 
 
 The recent beauties darknefs had obfcur’d, 
 
 Thy penetrating judgment has illum’d. 
 
 With thefe the Mufe, O Deighan, numbers thee, 
 
 Tho* lad not leaft of the enlighten'd clafs 
 Of learned men : the boaft of Greece and Rome 
 And Athens : feats of fcience and of fenfe; 
 
 Nor let fair Egypt, nor old Chaldea’s fon, 4 
 
 Nor fam’d Pythagoras, the Samian fage, 
 
 Archimedes, Eudoxus, Plato, grave. 
 
 Of ancient academic grove renown’d, 
 
 Refufe with thee to fliare the epvy’d croWA 
 Of ever-blooming bays in many twining wreaths— 
 
 The juft reward to genuine merit due. 
 
 Now let the vivid youth purfue with fpeed. 
 
 The tracklefs path of thy tranfeendant pen. 
 
 And roll with fplendor in commercial wealth, 
 
 And all the pleafures of his gain enjoy : 
 
 Or elfe to foar upon feraphic wing, 
 
 Thro* Heaven’s high arch’d concave to tread 
 Newtonian paths, with microfcopic eye ; 
 
 Elamffedian wonders ,to explore; or elfe 
 With thee to plow the briny wave propenfe. 
 
 And fleer the erratic barque through midnight gloom, 
 
 Of Conffellation’s frindiy aid bereft : 
 
 Or ’tack the hoftile fleet in battle’s -heat , 
 
 Or from Arabia’s aromatic coaft, 
 
 With fuelling fails, Ambtofial treafures bring. — 
 
 Purfue the talk thy genius has begun, 
 
 Nor be deterr’d. by Cynic’s taunting fneer, 
 
 Or fnarling Critic's envious gall-tongu’d fpleen— 
 l< You’re made of ileei which they can never bite ’* 
 
 § Cyras. TERENCE DWYER, 
 
 Claffical and Commercial School, No. 5,*^ 
 
 Upper Exchange-ft. April 33, 3 803. J 
 
 *a 3 
 
*VllI 
 
 Publications— Recommendatory Letters. 
 
 LINES, 
 
 OCCASIONED BV RE APING MR. DEIGHAN S M.S. 
 
 « Adaquat memoriam $ nomen ejns cum omni posterity" 
 
 O Happy volume ! eminently great, 
 
 With ev'ry vari’d excellence replete ; 
 
 Fair fruit of fkill matur’d and toil tntenfe. 
 
 Enrich’d by Science and improv’d by fenfe . 
 
 As I thy curious pleafing page punue, . 
 
 New beauties crowd on my aftomih d view > 
 
 The Muse, amaz’d, inquires, who > could contrive 
 To make one digit do the worn. of • 
 
 1,0, here a more suri riztng wonder s seen, 
 
 One figure does the duty of fifteen ! 
 
 As I admire each proposition fair. 
 
 The pronic number and the perfea square, 
 
 The puzzling intricate equation solv d, 
 
 AS Grecia’s chief the Gordian knot d.fTolv d ? 
 
 Loft in amazement, I exclaim, “ 7 is he, 
 
 Fair Alexandria’s subtle sage I see, 
 
 Adorn d with bays and dignified by truth, 
 
 ,In a 1 ! the bloom of renovated youth. 
 
 How many sophs, to sense and science blind. 
 
 Range through the realms of nonsense uncon 
 Unaw’d by shame and unrestrain d by law, 
 
 Their labour' lost, and their reward a straw ; 
 
 Hcgictted and despis’d they sink m f*™ 
 
 To that oblivion whence unsought, they 
 
 The Muse, indignant, oft with grief has seen 
 An author led by ignorance and spleen, 
 
 With snail-pac’d speed, hut unremitting toil, 
 
 In attic chamber waste the midnight oil, 
 
 With waste of paper, loss of ink combin d. 
 
 And pens from public offices purloin d— 
 
 ’Tis done ! and the Herculean task is o er, 
 
 The Pupil is no wiser than before. 
 
 Bui DeLhan, of am re enlighten’d mind, 
 
 More innate genius, talents more tehn cl, 
 
 More skill by assiduity increas d, 
 
 A sounder judgment and a juster taste, 
 
 To him a more exalted task is due, 
 
 To teach the Pupil and the M?r er too. . 
 
 Proceed, my friend, nor dread the Cy , 
 
 Can worth like year’s from such have cause to 
 And as the paths of science you pursue, 
 
 This little maxim always keep m view, 
 
 Tho’ spite and envy all their arts exert. ^ 
 
 .. H- BARTLEY, 
 
 ©rumcondr?, 17th May, 1804. -i 
 
XIX 
 
 Publications — Recommendatory Letters . 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Th f * manufcript Treatife on Book-keeping, which you requeued 
 me to examine, l have read with attention; and am of opinion that 
 it comprifts a complete feries of well chofin examples, judiciously 
 arranged, in the different branches of that mod valuable and indif- 
 penfable art to the Merchant, Trader, and every Gentleman who 
 may be defirous to know at any time, with eafe, fpeed and certainty, 
 the true date of his concerns. As a fchool book, I think that it will 
 facilitate the labour of the Teacher, and leffen the difficulties in the 
 acquiring of the art to the learner. This, with your excellent Trea- 
 tife on Arithmetic, which contains meft ufeful matter, better adapted 
 to the fchocl and compting-houfe, tlun any other that I am acquainted 
 with, will obtain for you the efteem and gratitude of the teacher and 
 of your country. Wifhirg you the merited rewards of your talents 
 and labour, I am your humble fervant, 
 
 St. Wooldan’s, June 17th, 1805. * JOHN COYNE. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have carefully examined your .Treatife on Arithmetic, and am 
 very much pleafed with the fcientific and el gant manner in which 
 you have treated the fpbje<ffc ; the clcarnefs and prccifion of your 
 demonftrations, the coneifenefs, yet fimplicity, of your modes of 
 calculation, mud enfure to your book that preference which it fo 
 eminently deferves. When I refl.cd, that mod of the rules, which 
 are peculiarly adapted to Mercantile Aff irs, are performed by, at 
 mod, a tenth part of the figures ufed the common way, I am of 
 opinion, that its general adoption in fchools and compting-houfes 
 would be of the greated utility. As to your Book-keeping, any 
 recommendation which I could give it, within the bounds c f a letter, 
 would be but doing injudiee to your plan and execution. I hav, only 
 to add, that your infallible method of ascertaining the date of the 
 Merchant’s Affairs for one month, in one hour, has the dronged 
 claim to the patronage and fupport of all Accomptants. 
 
 I am, fir, your very humble fervant, 
 
 Clonmel!, Sepr. 18, 1805. EDWARD RYAN. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 1 have attentively examined your Treatife on Arithmetic ; the 
 principles whereof, and application to bufinefs, are laid down after 
 that fimple, intelligible, demondrative and p radii cal method, as to 
 enfure accuracy, facility, difpatch and * pieafure. Indeed it mud be 
 extremely gratifying to fee a fubjecl of fuch general utility handled 
 fo elegantly, plainly and rationally, as to render it intelligible to the 
 meaned capacity.— As to your Book-keeping, your happy method of 
 arranging and adjufting the tranfa&ions, mud be highly Ltisfa£ory 
 to the Merchant, the Teacher and Learner, by being fo greatly eafed 
 of their accudomed labour; and by keeping barrage aad Company 
 Accounts in feparate Legers, and particularly the latter : for it is 
 obvious to common rcafon, that the partners (hould not have accefs 
 
xx Publications — Recommendatory Letters . 
 
 to the manager’s own accounts. When the young ftudent is verfed 
 in thefe important fciences, his tranfition to the compting-houfe 
 will become eafy and pleafant.— Some parents, I make no doubt, will 
 think the price of thefe works too high ; but if thoy confider the 
 great utility of thefe invaluable arts, I dare fay they will not hefitate 
 in giving it. Wiffiing you fuccefs, I am fir, your humble fervant, 
 
 Feathard, O&ober ad, 1805. JOHN BLUNDEN, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Conformably to your requeft, I have minutely examined every 
 rule and queftion in your Treat ife on Arithmetic; your mode of 
 diftributing each rule in your excellent Work into four fubordinate 
 divi/ions, reflects on you the higlieil hon r, as a judicious Arith- 
 metician ; our youth at fchoch will be highly benefited by your plan; 
 and the definitions, axioms and precepts, fo happily let apart from 
 the examples ; but what renders this Work (till more ufeful to our 
 fchools is your elegant arrangement of the examples, and avoiding the 
 erroneous inadvertance of former Writers on this fubjedl, by claffing 
 difficult queftions with minor ones, before the pupil was well pre- 
 pared in the common rudiments of each rule ; this you carefully 
 avoided by fole&ing the difficult ones under the head of queftions 
 for exercife at ieifure hours; then, on the fecond reading, when the 
 pupil’s young mind is rightly formed, thefe queftions may give great 
 aeceffion of knowledge to Mathematics and the Mechanical Arts.— 
 Finally, your interrogatories or queftions for examining the pupil, at 
 the end of each rule, mull ftrongly imprefs on his memory the 
 neceffary part of each rule as he proceeds. 
 
 I remain fir, your mod obedient, 
 
 Humble fervsnt, 
 
 Dublin, May ao, 1809. MICHAEL MOONEY. 
 
 I have perufed Mr. Deighan’s Treaties on Arithmetic and have no 
 hefitation in recommending it to the public, as the bell lyflem of Mer- 
 cantile Arithmetic I have feen ; the refpedlive rules are exemplified in a 
 clear, elegant, and concife manner, and, confid« ring it in every point 
 of view, I am certain it will prove equally beneficial to both teacher 
 and pupil ; and will give it a decided preference in my fchool. 
 Marlborough-ftreet, 1 
 
 May 18th, 1809. 3 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Since wealth and commerce have always been confidered coeval, 
 thofe who embark in the one, with a view of obtaining the other, 
 will eafdy fee that a proper kn >wiedge in the feknee of Arithmetic 
 and Book-keeping is a neceflary and indifpeniable prelude, as any 
 fpecu'ation of the Merchant, or undertaking of the Trader without 
 an intimate acquaintance with thefe invaluable arts, mufit fall fliort 
 of expectation. Having purchafed a copy of your Arithmetic, and 
 another of your Book-keeping, and with very clofe attention read 
 
 JOHN HYNES. 
 
Publications — Recommendatory Letters xxi 
 
 both, and find they embrace all the advantages of former Writers 
 wit hout any of their defedb. 
 
 I am ycur’s fincerely, 
 
 MoorfieJd near Carlow* 7 
 
 March 10th, 1809. i DENIS FITZSIMONS: 
 
 After having locked over Mr. Deighan’s Arithmetic, I give it 
 the preference in my School, as I coniider it fuperior to any Work 
 of the kind heretofore published. 
 
 Carrickmacrofs, J 
 
 Augufi 23d, 1809.5 HUQH H. SHIELD. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have carefully examined your lately improved Syfiem of Arith- 
 metic, and think it the mcO: complete fchool-book on that fubjedt 
 I have any where met with. I fincerely hope its general adoption 
 may be in fome degree the reward of your labour ; for my part, after 
 offering my humble approbation — -I fhouid think it ridiculous not 
 to give your book a decided preference in my Academy. 
 
 Yorr’s, &c. 
 
 9, Grai.by-row. TERENCE M‘DERMQTT. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I have attentively perufed your Treatife on Arithmetic, and front 
 the judicious manner in which you have arranged the rules y I find 
 it incomparably adapted for the proficiency of the ftudent, and 
 eafe of the Teacher; and from my high opinion of its general utility^ 
 I {hail give it a decided preference in my fchool. 
 
 With ardent wifties for your fuecefs in fo laborious and laudable 
 an undertaking, 
 
 I am, your devoted and humble fervant, 
 
 Claflical, Mercantile, and Military 7 
 
 Academy, 15, Peter-ftreet. C ANDREW MADDEN. 
 
 January, 1809. 3 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have for three years taught your Arithmetic with the greateft 
 fuccefs, and confidcr it fuperior to every other Treatife on that 
 fubjedfc that has preceded it, both for making the fcholar and the 
 man of bufinefs. I was pleafed on feeing an improved edition of 
 that ufeful Work ; and mak'; no doubt but you will render it {till 
 more worthy of public patronage in a third edition. 
 
 From the intripfic worth, and practical utility of your Arithmetic, 
 I have refolved not to teach any other in future. 
 
 Wifliing you to reap the benefit of your exertions for the general 
 good, I am, fir, your’s, 
 
 Moy, March 30th, 1810. JOHN MURRAY. 
 
xxn 
 
 Publications — R ecommendhtory L etters. 
 
 Mr, DEIGHAN 
 
 Sir, 
 
 The nine figures c®uld not be more methodically attributed to 
 
 grtre each its full force and efficacy, than in your third edition of 
 Arulimctic, the Ample, eafy, plain and comprehenlive graduation 
 from the beginning to the end, makes it a truly valuable f rqffifi on 
 for the Scnool-boy, Trader, Merchant, Mechanic and SeholaT™ 
 Notw.rhftanding its fupertor excellency, there are fome Teachers 
 I know, Who have pubhely Cannoned your former editions vet do 
 not admit them into their femmaries ; if there were obitaion/ thefe 
 you now have been mod fattsfaaorily removed ; your book In fize in 
 pr.ee, m in traffic merit defers efteem from your moft inve 
 
 '"‘j" 1 /' " a " y you have - Humcr - Horace, Goldfmith and 
 
 Swiit had their enemies whtlfl living, but they died with themfclves 
 
 Your s will either die before you or with you, whitt your Arith 
 2^7^* t0 , °«^reed will be handed down to our futute pofterity 
 . „uld theie be any perfons now, through the prejudice of eduction" 
 tituer enemies or friends, that will not chearfully and unanimoiifly 
 g. . e it a ued. ed prererence in their fchools, to them I would fav 
 Cffiv of P t !7 e 0 m Tl ed }° y° ur «re,for this particular fu^Zl 
 fta r Ce ° f th ! 4rft and 8 r£a£eft Work on this important 
 ft-b^a of the preient age, out alio of all the gleanings and beauties 
 
 arranged^ rmCr WmelS ’ that Author' has judciouAy and happily 
 
 Dublin, April 16th, rSio. NICHOLAS SWNQTT, ■ 
 
 Mathematician , Valuator and Land Surveyor of Eetatn. 
 
 Ms. DEIGHAN, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Of vo have e f, ammed ® ver y ru!e and queffion of the third Edition 
 sn 7 7 T exce ^ en j work on that ufeful fcience called Arithmetic : 
 well t Xpctlt . nce of 3 ° years and upwards, teaching that as 
 
 well as all the various btKnches of the Mathematics, fuch a work 
 
 as your s never came btfore me for p&rfpicuity and concifenefs in 
 2 « s , various distribution of the work into three Books 
 
 muftbe very fatisfadory to the Teacher and Pupil, fhe fdrmer 
 ( n ° more trouble than now and then examining the procefs 
 of the latter as he proceeds through the firft rudiments; in Book 11. 
 y ut modes of analyzing thofe ufeful rules in mercantile calculation 
 namdyPraa.ce, Tare 8 „d Tret, Intereft, Exchange, &c you have 
 Ar, f U h g m r *° l hat Platon never known to any of the writers on 
 
 Rev h Dr Dowr° ^ P L £Ce<kd you ( indeed our countryman the 
 ev. Dr. Dowling may be an exception, but his piece being too 
 
 much contracted, and his rules but few, could not be fubftituted as 
 a fchool-hook); Gough and Vofter defaved well in .heyday! and 
 were umverfally received by the teachers throughout this kingdom, but 
 
 their 
 
Publications — Recommendatory Letters . xxiii 
 
 their methods in the above rules at this prefent day are not practi- 
 cable in any of our mercantile houfes, where fpeeo may be necefiary, 
 and Tare and Tret are abfolutely wrong in principle ; your modes of 
 calculations on the Staple Trades of Ireland gave me mu<*h plesffure 
 and delight, they will appear to the reader like Columbus s Egg, but 
 they are certainly original. In Book IIL the qu: ftions are judicioufly 
 chofen t® exercife the pupil after he has gone carefully through the 
 firft two Books. Here I was arrefted with a fedtion which highly 
 pleafed me, the ancient Coins of Greece and Rome 'brought to 
 Englifh currency, an article of fome confequence to Claffical 
 Scholars ; your Annuities and Lives, calculated On the principles of 
 Intereft of Money, and Probability of the extremity of Life being 
 fixed to certain periods, this never appeared in any work on Arith- 
 metic that came within my notice. 
 
 Your’s very fincerely, &c. &c. 
 
 Dublin, April *8th, 18x0. MICHAEL S. O’RIORDAN. 
 
 P» M. and N. P, F. R. S. Edinburgh, and Author 
 of the new Comment on Sir Isaac Newton’s 
 Principia. 
 
 Mr. Deighan, 
 
 Sir, after minutely examining your excellent works on Arithmetic 
 and Book keeping, I confidtr it ncedlefs to fay much in their recom- 
 mendation, their merits being already fo well appreciated by the 
 fcientific and difeerning Literary G ntlemen of the kingdom ; however, 
 I am forry to add, that owing to the narrow abilities of moft of the 
 Teachers in this quarter, and even fome of thofe whofc letters are 
 publifhed in thefe works, do not admit them into their fchools ; this 
 certainly mud arife from thofe Teachers inability in the line of their 
 profeffion, and difeovers their want of reading any works but thofe 
 they have by rote. Gough, Vofter, and Dowling dtferved well in 
 their day, but their modes are not at this period admiflible in any 
 Mercantile Houfe : in ? your Works are to be found all the gleanings 
 of the ancient and modem writers, together with your own valuable 
 improvements, which makes your works a great acquifition to the 
 Pupil as well as the Teacher, for my part, I am determined to allow 
 no other in my fcliool but your’s, until better produ&ions appear. 
 
 I am your’s truly, 
 
 Ballengarry, July 4, 1810. M. COLLINS, Prof Mathematics. 
 
 Mr.Dejghan, 
 
 Sir, — I have perufed the third edition of your Arithmetic ; as I 
 cannot give all the encouragement fuch an excellent work deferves, 
 I will contribute to it all I can by eftablilhing it in my fchool, and 
 recommend it to all my friends ; I wifh you every fuceefs. 
 
 I am your’s fincerely, 
 
 Claffical and Mercantile School, Rev. JOHN M‘GQURAN. 
 
 Denmark-ffi Aug. 3, 1810. 
 
xxiy Publications — Recommendatory Letters . 
 
 Paul Deighan, 
 
 E deemed Friend, having examined the fecond edition of thy 
 Arithmetic, I mud acknowledge that it has far exceeded my expec- 
 tation, and think it is the moft judicious performance of the kind 
 of any wh»ch l have hitherto feen, and the bs ft calculated for enabling 
 youth to become adepts in that valuable fcience. 
 
 / I am pleafed to hear that a fecond edition of thy excellent Syftem 
 of Book-ke ping is at Prefs. It has juftly merited that decided pre- 
 ference to all others, which I have given it in my fcnool. 
 
 Thy obliged Friend, 
 
 Provincial School, Mountmelick,? 
 
 7th of 4th Month, 1810. $ FRANCIS WILLS, 
 
 Mr. DEIGHAN, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Having formerly perufed your Arithmetic, and fince partially 
 ufed it in my fchool, am fatisfied of its being as proper a fele&ion, 
 and, in this edition, as improved an arranged Syftem of Arithmetic 
 as any extant, and therefore will ufe it. 
 
 I remain fine “rely, 
 
 Your faithful obedient fervant, 
 
 13th April, 1810. G. HARVEY. 
 
 Englifh, Commercial, and Stenographic 7 
 Academy, 144, Abbey-ftreet. > 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have carefully perufed and taught your new plan of Book- 
 keeping, fo elaborately compiled for the ufe of fchools, as well^ as 
 general commerce.— You have happily hit upon a plan of concife- 
 nefs and order negle&ed by , your predecefiors. — Boys in the dark 
 labyrinths of mere theory, are immediately led by its rules and 
 arrangement, into all the pra&ical fecrets of the Merchant and the 
 man of trade. — Its an honour and a pride to every enlightened 
 Irifliman, to fee fuch fruits arife in Erin’s foil. 
 
 Alfo, Sir, 1 cannot pafs unnoticed the high merits of your new 
 Treatife of Arithmetic, bigefted and formed in a manner never 
 attempted by the Authors extant. The queftions are well adapted 
 •with clearnefs and brevity, and ingenioufly chofen by the Author 
 for the rule and degree of the ftudent ; being freed from prolixity in 
 the ftatements, he may travel through a plain path, as it were, on a 
 right line , to the very goal of Arithmetical knowledge, from thence 
 he may eafily embark, without fear, into the field of Mathematics. — 
 Such labours cannot fail to procure you the protection of every man 
 who loves his child, and that of our nation at large, which is the 
 wish of 
 
 Sir, your much devoted humble fervant, 
 
 April 19th, 1810. \¥M. M‘CONNELL. 
 
 Principal of the Royal Hibernian? 
 
 Marine School, Dublin. 5 
 
XXV 
 
 Publications ~ Recommendatory Letters . 
 
 %¥E have read Mr . Deighan's Treatise on Arithmetic in manuscript , 
 and highly approve of his concise and elegant manner of treating 
 those subjects ; but having had a better opportunity of observing 
 this excellent verb since its publication, voe candidly acknowledge 
 it has answered our most satiguine expectations , and is 2 in our opi- 
 nion, the most complete system that has yet appeared in print , and is 
 justly entitled to every encour . gement from a liberal and discerning 
 Public, and vtill give it a decided preference in our Schools » 
 
 Dublin. — Timothy Billon, Poolheg-street Academy ; ‘William 
 M‘Menamy, Marine-school; Mark Morton, professor of mathematics 
 and calculator of almanacks. 
 
 Rev. D. Dowling, classical and mercantile academy, Black-rock ; 
 Sam. White, Grafton- Street Academy ; Ben- Woikman, A. M ; 
 Thomas Daly, GeorgeVcourt Academy ; Abraham Newland, Aung ; er- 
 street Academy ; James Sally, Meath-street Academy ; John Bartley) 
 Drumcondra; Stephen Jones, Black-rock Academy ; Terence Dwyer, 
 Pembroke-court Academy ; Theophilus O’Fianagan, A. B. Turra-lodge, 
 Black-rock; John M'Crea, Stephen-street Academy; S. Fowler, 
 Mecklenburgh-street Academy; John Sharman, professor of geography 
 and accounts, Dawson-street ; Laurence Leech, StafFord-strect; B. 
 Nanry, Hendtick-street Academy ; Janies Scully, writing-master and 
 accomptant; Jas. Cassidy, New-street Academy; James Wheeler, 
 Abbey-street Academy ; Jamies Faulkner, Abbey-street Academy ; 
 Daniel Costigan, N. King-Street Academy; A. Madden, principal of 
 the classical and mercantile academy Pcter-street ; George Harvey, 
 principal of the English, commercial, and stenographic Academy, I44, 
 Abbey-street. 
 
 Additional Testimonies of this Vf orh since its Publication. 
 
 JVLaynooih Lay College. — Rev. P.Long, president ; Cornelius M‘Dermottj, 
 professor of mathematics, &c. & c. John Morris, professor of aiith* 
 metic. 
 
 Dublin . — Rev. B. Murphy, principal of the classical and mercantile 
 academy, N. Anne-street; Rev. Charles. 7 rench, piincipal of the 
 classical and mercantile academy, Anderson’s-court ; Rev. T. Harding, 
 principal of the classical and mercantile academy, Biunswkk-sttcct; 
 Rev. T. Martin, principal of the classical and mercantile academy, 
 York-street; Rev. Andrew Stanton, principal of the classical and 
 mercantile academy, Clarendon-street; Rev. P. Brady and P. Baiker, 
 principals of the classical and mercantile academy, Thomas-court ; Rev. 
 J. Reynolds and M. M’Cormick, principals of the classical and mercan- 
 tile academy. Chancery-lane ; Thomas Gaffney, principal of the classi- 
 cal and mercantile academy, StafFord-street; A. White, principal of 
 the classical and mercantile academy, Atingier-street ; Fatrick Walsh, 
 Darby-square ; William M Veagh, Lower Digge’s-street ; John ICerby. 
 
 flack-rock, Rev. Robert Craig, principal of the classical and mercan- 
 tile academy, Frescati, Black-sock; Rev. Alexander Leany, principal 
 the classical and mercantile academy, Black-rock; John O’Eric.r. 
 
 b 
 
xxvi Publications — Recommendatory Letters . 
 
 principal of the English grammar school, Black-rock ; John McFarland, 
 writing master and general accomptant, Frescrdi, Black-rock; John 
 Lambert, mathematical assistant at Doctor Miller's, Acad.my, Black- 
 
 rock 
 
 SIR , 
 
 c, the un ter named, have examined your Treatise an ARITHME- 
 TIC, and approve of the scientific and useful light which your labours 
 have thrown upon the subject : in justice to the rising generation, we 
 jeeir ourselves called on to assert , that it ts superior to any work of the 
 kind that we have noticed— therefore will give it a decided preference 
 hi cur schools , 
 
 Cork. — Rev. Thomas Hincks, principal of the classical, mathemati- 
 cal and philosophical academy, Pafrick’s-hil! ; Rev. Giles Lee, 
 principal of the Djocesan School; John M/Ginn, professor of Gteek 
 and Latin ; Rev. Richard Meara, Rutland-house; M. B. Upfon, 
 principal of the classical and mercantile academy, Grenville-place ; 
 M3itin Farrell, principal of the classical and mercantile academy, Cook- 
 siieet ; James Walsh, principal of the classical and mercantile academy, 
 Duncan-street ; Denis Sullivan, principal of the classical and mercantile 
 academy, Prince Vstreet ; William Finny, principal of the mathema- 
 tical and mercantile academy, Academy-street ; John Fitzgerald, 
 professor of mathematics ; Thomas Holland, mathematical teacher, 
 F ran c is-s tree t, formerly mathematical teacher in the royal navy ; 
 John Humphries, principal of the classical and mercantile Friends* 
 School, North Main-street; T. Mulcahy, principal of the mathemati- 
 cal academy, Grand Parade; Denis Tuomy, principal of the mathe- 
 matical and mercantile academy, Fare-lane ; Patrick M'Carty, assistant 
 at Mr. Walsh*s academy; Andrew Kenny, professor of mathematics, 
 &c. &c. Mallow-lane; James Henry B;yon, principal of the mathe- 
 matical and mercantile academy, Academy-street ; Wiiliam and Tho-s, 
 McIntosh, principal of the academy ... near the exchange; Francis 
 Willis, principal of. the English and mercantile Friend.,* school, Peter- 
 street; Daniel Sullivan, principal of the mercantile school, Coach- 
 ftreet; T, Sullivan, principal of the mercantile school, Paul-street. 
 
 Bandcn . — Daniel Griffin, A. By principal of the classical and meican? 
 tile academy Patrick Dowd, mathematician; Edward Barry: Denis 
 Kavanagh, 
 
 Knuds ; — Denis F. Sullivan, Terence O'Donohue, Michael Nugent, 
 John Flynn. 
 
 Cove.- — ¥m. Walsh, Patrick O'Conuel, Thomas O’Leary, Robert 
 ^nd Denis O’Leary. 
 
 TougLaL— Qecffige Shields, professor of mathematics, &c. Friends* 
 School ; Michael HefFernan, principal of the classical and mercantile 
 school ; Hugh Kile*, principal of the English and mercantile Friends* 
 ^School; John Delany, professor of Arithmetic, &c. 
 
 Middletsn y — Rev. Richard Grier, principal of the Diocesan Schools 
 Denis O’Connor, assistant, do. 
 
 Cnstlexvartyr . — Daniel Dowling, 
 
 CsrrigldzveL — Richard Lane, 
 
Publications — Recommendatory Letters • 
 
 Fermoy .— Timothy Daly, mathematical assistant at the Rev. Dr. 
 Adare's academy ; Thomas Fitzgerald, master of the mercantile school. 
 
 ClonmL.ll . — James Riordan, professor of mathematics, & c. Edward 
 Ryan, principal of the mathematical and English Academy. 
 
 Car ritCon-Suir . — John Duggan, professor of mathematics, See. 8zc ; 
 Martin Lanigan, professor- of mathematics and land surveyor; Philip 
 Quin, professor of arithmetic, Book-keeping, &c. M. Bishop, professor 
 ©f Arithmetic, Book-keeping, &c. 
 
 IVatcrford — Rev. Thomas Flinn, principal of the Waterford Col- 
 lege ; Rev. John Frazer, principal of the Diocesan School ; Rev. Flenry 
 Creighton, principal of the classical and mercantile academy, Beau- 
 street ; N. Walsh, principal of the mathematical academy, Bakehousc- 
 lane ; John Carroll, principal of the mathematical and" mercantile aca- 
 demy, Peter-strect ; R. Ardagh, principal of the classical and mercan- 
 tile academy, New-sheet ; James Harnett, principal of the school 
 Christ Church-lane ; T. Maher, principal of the classical and mercantile 
 academy, George’s-street ; P. M. Daly, principal of the English and 
 mercantile academy, Lady-lane ; James Gilpinpal, master of the 
 Friends’ School, Newtown. 
 
 Taghmon . — -William Hogan. 
 
 y^jW.--John B’unden, mathematician. 
 
 f&lbriny . — U© *.». Andrew' O’Callaghan, A. M. principal of the CoU 
 lege ; Rev. Andrew Pack, L. L. D. formerly principal of do. College ; 
 Rev. Patrick Magrath, principal of R. C. College ; Lau. Quinlan, prin- 
 cipal of the Kilkenny School; Terence Doyle,; principal of the 
 classical and mercantile academy; Andrew Wolfe, general mathemati- 
 cian; John. McCabe ar.d C. Buchanan, English academy. 
 
 Loughlhibr'tdgs . — Terence O’Brien, principal of.the classical and 
 mercantile school; C. ConviUe, general mathematician. 
 
 Carloiv ,— John Screggs, principal of the classical and mercantile 
 school ; M. S. Clarke, master of the Friend*’ school. 
 
 Limerick, — -James Irwin, principal of the mathematical and mercan* 
 tile fchool ; Richard M. El'igot, profefior of general languages and 
 mathematics ; Thomas O’Brien, master of the Diocesan School; 
 Michael Caffdy, profeflbr of mathematics, &c. ; Martin O’Farreli, 
 profeiTor of mathematics, & c. George Franklin, D. Carmody, T. M.- 
 and L. S. ; Arthur O’Keeffe ; Meftrs. Patrick O’Callou and Henry 
 Egan; James Deighan, profeflor of mathematics ; John Bonrke, John 
 Dolan, Cornelius Sullivan ; John Regan, ProfdFor of Mathematics, &c. 
 
 Sifa ermines , — Michai O’Reilly, general mathematician v ( formerly of 
 Nenagh.) 
 
 Nen agh . - — T h o m a s Cunningham, gerteral mathematician and ac- 
 comptant. 
 
 Forfar lington.— Rev . A, j illy and Co. Michael Maher, affiflant, do. 
 Rev. William Woodcock, Patrick Ahern, affiflant do. ; Thomas 
 Willis, Andrew O’Connor, affiflant, do. ; H. Lyons, A. C KeeffCi 
 affflant, do. ; Francis Dempfey, general mathematician. 
 
 Boyle, — j. M‘Cormick. 
 
 Longford,— Rev, J. Irwin, principal of the Diocefan School, Ardagh j 
 Edward Kelly, profeiTor of mathematics and land furvevor; Patrick 
 O’Hara, Edward Hughes and Peter Mailon.* 
 
x^viit Publications-*^ Recommendatory Letters, 
 
 Muihngar , — Christopher Downes, principal of the mathematical 
 and mercantile academy; John Carroll, principal of the ciaffical and 
 mercantile academy, Thomas Finican, affiflant, do. 
 
 Baity?" ore's — Terence Duncan, profeflor of mathematics in general. 
 
 Athk-r ?.‘ — Daniel I/at tine, profeficr of mathematics, general accomp- 
 tant and land surveyor; M. Naughton. 
 
 Ballywcban,— John Byrne, mailer of the ciaffical and mercantile 
 school. . 
 
 Drog:#da . — jofieph Clinch, principal of the ciaffical and mercantile 
 ■academy; John Fitzgerald, mailer of the English and mercantile 
 School ; Bernard O Reilly, principal of the ciaffical and mercantile 
 school; John M‘ Dowel, profefior of mathematics, See, ; Wakefield 
 Hamilton, matter of the Engliib grammar J'chool ; James Kennedy, 
 jprefeifiy of mathematics, Sec. ; Jkmes Lowry, mafler of the Free 
 School and arithmetical affiflant at the Rev. Dr. Dowdal’s ; James 
 Smith, mailer of the mercantile school. 
 
 .Dun. WL — Rev. William Nelfon, D. D. principal Gf the claffical and 
 mercantile academy, (author of the Greek, Englifh and Irifh Gram- 
 mars) : Rev. Patrick Hughes, principal of the Roman Catholic School ; 
 John Mooney, mathematician, do. ; Michael Courtney, general Ma- 
 thematician and accountant, affiflant at Dr. Nelfon’s academy ; Thos. 
 Sheridan, writing mafler and general accountant, at the Rev r Dr. 
 Finlay’s academy. 
 
 Newry . — David Henderfbn, principal of the ciaffical and mer- 
 cantile academy, Isaac Lee, affiflant, do.; A, Campbell, principal of 
 the ciaffical and mercantile: academy ; John Corbett, principal Of the- 
 j’hercsntile fc'hool ; James Calleily, principal of the mathematical qnd 
 mercantile School ; James Dennifon, prof, ffiorof mathematics, Sec. 
 
 Armagh —James Majgiipis, principal of the Mathematical, English 
 Grammar and mercantile academy ; William Lyons, general mathema- 
 tician and rnafler of the mercantile school. 
 
 Lisburn .- — Rev. Thomas Higginson *, principal of the classical and 
 mercantile academy (author of English Grammar and miscellaneous 
 sermons); Benjamin Neely, principal of the mathematical and mer- 
 cantile academy; Samuel Douglass, master of the Friends* School* 
 Profpect-hill near Lisburn. 
 
 > Belfast. — Rev. M. W. Drummed, principal of the ciaffical and mercan- 
 tile academy, Mt. Colpier, ne^- Belfafl ; Rev. Robert Acheson and 
 Samuel I,yons, principals of tie ciaffical and mercantile academy 
 Belfafl ; Wiliiam Dinnen, profeffor of mathematics, Sec. Belfafl acade- 
 my; Thomas Spence, principal of the English and mercantile academy, 
 Belfafl; Rev. J. M‘Fherson, principal of the classical and mercantile 
 academy ; Felix and Terence G’Neii, principals of the classical and 
 
 * The Author is of opinion, that if Dr. Nelfon’s and Dr, Higginfonk 
 English Grammars were more generally used irr our English seminaries, 
 they might in a great meafure facilitate the improvement of our youths* 
 (•n tne English language) and give eafe to the labour of the teachers* 
 notwithstanding the many elaborate pieces already extent cu? that 
 poj taut subject. 
 
Publications — Recommendatory Letters. xxi f 
 
 mercantile academy; James Sloan, profeflbr of mathematics and 
 Librarian to the Belfaft Literary Society ; Edward Alexander, M. B.S. 
 James Maghenny, John M s Alpin, Hugh Grey, Daniel Robinfon,. 
 William Andrews, Henry M'CulIum, John Parkill, John CVcns,. 
 Standovrn, near Bdfad. 
 
 Ballynahinchl— Rev. Samu.'l .Edgar, principal of the classical 
 and mercantile academy, 
 
 Downpatrick. — John Graham and Son, principals of the mathe- 
 matical and mercantile academy. 
 
 Holly woo®. — George Bullock, Daniel M'Kenna. 
 
 Antrim. — Mathew Sloan,. S, M L. S. 
 
 Ballymena.— Philip Nugent, James V/atfon. 
 
 Randalstown. — J ohn Getty, E. Reilly. 
 
 Ballymoney. — Hugh O^Hagan, Stephen Hunter, Isaac Giihgan. 
 Coleraine.— Rev. William Guiler, principal of the classical and , 
 mercantile academy, Hug.h MCu-Uough, assistant; Deiiis Coyle, 
 principal of the mathematical and mercantile academy ; Rev. William 
 Reynolds Rawly, principal of the classical and mercantile academy. 
 
 Dungannon — Rev. Doctor Murray, principal of Dungannon. 
 School; Charles O’Neil and Sons, proftiTors of. mathematics and ac- 
 counts in general. ^ ; . 
 
 Moy. — John Murray, general mathematician, Neil Loughhn, 
 
 Peter Br.tt, Blackwaterstown ; E. O’Neil. 
 
 Ballybay. — James Horton and Son, William KPCIesn, Michael 
 McMahon and Philip M'Mahon. 
 
 Carrickmacross. — James O’Reilly, general mathematician, 
 wrhing-master and accountant at the Rev. Dr. Sncil s school;, 
 Charles Earley, cladical affidant, do. 
 
 Keels. — John Carbally, principal of the mathematical and mer- 
 cantile academy ; John Fegan. 
 
 A rd ee. —John Filgate, John Kelly, Ephraim Leech, Callan near 
 Acdee. 
 
 Aughna^loy, — John Allen; 
 
 Castleelaney. — Benjamin Bally. 
 
 Tanderagee— Hugh M’Conndl, general mathematician,. James. 
 Parker, John Walker, William P. RaVan, Charles Fiynn, Coo.elv.il; 
 SamueL Bradens, Englifh and mercantile academy, near Caftlefhanc. 
 
 Balbriggan — Rev. Galb. Finton, principal cf the classical and 
 mercantile academy ; John Brenao, principal of the clasical and mer- 
 cantile academy ; Francis M 4 Kay, made? of the mercantile fchooi, 
 and writing mailer at the Rev* Dr. Fenton’s academy. 
 
 Enniskillen. — Condamine M Quire, William Glecfon, William 
 Frith and Chrifiopher Armftrcng. , 
 
 Twl levin. — John MMullen, general mathematician, John 
 M<Cullum, mader of the Free School, 
 
 Cavan — William Smyth, mathematician and general accountant ? 
 James Tully, general accountant. Bally haife ; H. Dogherty, William 
 Smith, Rockcorry. i 
 
 Croser lough.— Michael Kelly, profcJTor ofarit metic, book-keep- 
 ing, &c. &c. 
 
 b 3 
 
Pu mentions — R ecommendaior y L etters , 
 
 BELiuRBET.-^-John Kelly, profeffor of mathematics, book-keeping 
 
 aod geutr al accountant. 
 
 Fortadown. — W illiam Moore, Francis Doherty. 
 
 Lurgan. — R ev. Hamilton Dobbin, principal of the claflical and 
 mercantile academy ; John M‘Cuicheon, aflifLant, do. Henry Bullock, 
 
 Peter Brierton. 
 
 Lerry Roger Macklin. principal of the Englifh Grammar and 
 mercantile fehocl; William Simplon and Sons, principals of the 
 mathematical and mercantile fchool ; John Doherty, principal of the 
 mathematical fchool ; Matthew Roulflon, teacher of English, mathe- 
 matics and accounts. 
 
 Str.aeane.-~- Rev James Ewing, principal of the claflical and mer- 
 cantile academy ; W. H. Grier, afiittant, do. Francis O’Brien, gene- 
 ral mathematician ; William Lemmons and Son ; William Hughes. 
 
 Lifford. — M. M‘Crea, matter of the Free School: John Arbukle, 
 affiftant, do. J 
 
 Newtown Stewart.— Edward Jack, Pat M’Soarly, Daniel Kelly 
 and J?.mes Gower. 
 
 Monaghan. — Rev. Samuel Moffett, matter of the Diocefan School ^ 
 Neal Qu n ; B. Murphy and Son. 
 
 Clowns s. — Samuel Alexander. 
 
 Cootehill — James McCaffrey. 
 
 Glasslough — Philip Mulligan. 
 
 Middleton. — W iliam Reynolds, John Philips near Middleton. 
 
 Keady. — Charles Lennon, John Beatty. 
 
 Sligo. — Rev. William Armttrong, principal of the Sligo School * 
 Val. Hynes and Son, matter of the Free School ; Hugh O’Byrne, 
 principal of the mathematical and Englifli fchool ; Martin Gcraty, 
 profeffor of mathematics in general ; Patrick Ccnnolly, principal 
 of the mathematical and mercantile fchool ; Patrick Flanigan, pro- 
 fettbr of mathematics, accounts, and attiftant at the Rev. Dodtor 
 Armttrong’s fchool. 
 
 Castlebar — G. Archdeacon, principal of the mathematical and 
 mercantile school. 
 
 1 hur lough — John Barret, profeffor of Book-keeping and Arith- 
 metic in general. 
 
 ¥0 the principal teachers of Ireland [, efpe dally thofe of the City of 
 Dublin and its vicinity . 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 HAYING now, with much care and attention, improv- 
 ed and confrlerabiy added to my Syftem of Arithmetic, reducing it 
 as weil to the plained; unJeittancing, as to the weakett and humbled 
 peafant, 1 thing it my duty to return you my mod grateful acknow- 
 ledgments for your flattering approbation, and congratulate you, the 
 public, and myfei? on a production which mutt poffefs every excel- 
 lence as a School Book, fl nee f&nction by fo many recommendatory 
 letters and teflimoniais Lorn you, Gentlemen, which are annexed 
 
Publications^- Recommendatory Letters . xxxir 
 
 to this work; this approba'ion, fo highly gratifying to me, which I 
 dare not think of my ft If, I mud not attribute to. any peifonal regard 
 for ire; it arofe from a more dignified (curce, namely, the improve- 
 ment of the youth committed to your inftruCHons ; you have feen the 
 plan purfued by nry very refpeCtable predcceflors, Voder and Gough, 
 and although they hand very defervedly high in public efliination, 
 yet it has nevertheless appeared to you, in the courfe of your practice 
 in the line of your piofeffion, that the circuitous methods purfued by 
 the above authors in mercantile calculations, particularly in Practice, 
 Tare and Tret, filtered, Exchange and Bifcoimt, (which are the 
 mod: invaluable rules in a commercial world) was impracticable i,n 
 any extenfive mercantile houfe, where quickncfs in accounts is nec< f- 
 fary, and time fo precious; and that fu;h errors in principle having 
 crept into Tare and Tret, by finding the amount of any goods, after 
 Tret being taken from the grofs weight, (which was absolutely allow- 
 ing Tret to the box, barrel, bag, &c. which contained the goods, 
 this was an evil of the greattft magnitude ;) and thofe very errors 
 have not only exifted for upwards of 100 years, but have been afted 
 upon for wamt of a School Book to be subftituted in place of the 
 above works. Your adoption of my improvements is therefore »a 
 compliment to your own underftanding, in as much as it embraces 
 every objeCt of mercantile acquifition as far as it relates to thefe rules. 
 Gentlemen, I cannot conclude without expreflrng my earneft wifh 
 that as your own candid approbation has been chiefly instrumental in 
 bringing this treatife into public view, the rifjng youth may, through 
 your perfeverance, integrity and candour, avail themfelves of the 
 advantages held out in this little work. 
 
 I have the honor to be, Gentlemen, 
 
 Your mod obedient, and very humble Servant, 
 
 PAUL DEIGHAN. 
 
 Phe following extrads are taken from the Reviewers for September f 
 180.5., (Ireland's Mirror, page 490.) 
 
 “ WE have already noticed what our conceptions wereof this 
 Treatife. It remains, , in juftiee to the Author, to produce thofe 
 improvements which he has made on his predecefTors. But what 
 renders this work more valuable, are its contractions in the different 
 rules. Moft of thefe have never met the public eye— others have 
 been confined to the practice of peculiar teachers, and by far the 
 greater part are the Author’s own invention. Thus in compound 
 Multiplication, Mr. Deighan’s are to the methods given by Gough 
 and Voster, with regard to the number of figures ufed, about 1 104. 
 The fame may be obferved in Compound Divifion. And in one in- 
 (lance we find an operation of 35 figures reduced to 1, in his compen- 
 dium ; of thefe ufeful rules to the beginner, in queftions to exercife 
 the pupil, from page to zsu bears the fame ^©portion. In 
 
xxii Publications — Recommendatory Letters . 
 
 Reduction, page 58, preparatory to the Rule of Three, lie prefer^ 
 us with a rule for bringing cwts. qrs. Ibs* into lbs. in one line, by 
 multiplying by 12 only. In the Rale of Three, we fi id eight cafes 
 for eontra&ing mod operations. To these we refer our readers, 
 from page 62 to 71. 
 
 « Pra&ice, that moil ufeful of aM ! rules to the Tradesman, has been. 
 £nplified and reduced by this writer, in a fnanner which refleas the 
 higheh honor on him as an able accomptant. Surely we may fafely 
 hazard the affertion, that in this rule, the Treatife before us excels all 
 others, when we produce in evidence, that in one operation [pige 101J 
 the work of 400 figures is performed by 26. In this rule he prefents 
 us with flr»rt calculations of the Stable Trades of Ir .land, the Corn, 
 and Linen Trades, which never came before us in any work of this 
 kind. 
 
 “ In fare and Tret — the eomple underttandiog of which is indif- 
 pen fable to the Merchant we find an error dete&ed into which 
 Gough, Voster, and all preceding writers hive falien. By fubtratt- 
 iog the tret from the grefs in the firtt in fiance, they gavean allowance 
 of tret to the bag, box, barrel, &c. which contained the goods, a fad; 
 blunder ; and that thefe very errors have not only exi'fted from time, 
 immemorial, but have been a&ed upon fer want of a fchool-book to 
 be fubttituted in place of the above works. Mr. De.giian proves,, 
 [page hi] that, under the fuppoiition of Indigo felling, for 89I. 12s.. 
 per cwt. in foiirhhds. an a&uai lofs of 2I. 14s. 6d. would accrue to the 
 owner?* 
 
 “ « ow c o™e to Interett, where we find (page 1 19) the difference 
 of 13 to 117 figures, fome times 20 to 1,32, and in the fame propor- 
 tion from page 122 to 125, but to our attoniihrnent, in quettions to* 
 exercife the Pupil in this rule, Book III. page 2to, we were; 
 arretted by an* operation taken from Voftcr, Gough, &c. where there 
 is an aettua! difference of 4000 figures, he has given us a full account 
 of this rule by calculation, and in page 243, Book III. annexed a 
 table for finding the interett of any fum of money from id. to 30,000!.. 
 for any number of months, weeks or days,, at any rate per cent.— 
 Many Authors have written large volumes on interett tables— feme 
 containing thoufands of pages, fome lefs — and amidtt all this mafs of 
 calculation, the operator is frequently left to find the amount by 
 collecting the aliquot parts ; but here the work is comp'efsed into the 
 campus of a fingle page, with a rule for ufing the fame.” 
 
 *1 he following extraSls are taken from the Cyclop a dian Magazine for - 
 January, 1809, page ? 4 . • 
 
 “ In Book II, we find Exchange, that rule fo ufeful to mercantile 
 men, traced through all its intricacies. We are preferred with a full 
 defeription of the different exchanges of Europe, Alia, Africa and 
 America, together with the coins of ancient Rome and. Greece, men- 
 tioned in the old and New Tettament, and by Greek and Roman. 
 Authors, reduced te tterling money; in this we find him aftifted by 
 
Publications— Recommendatory Letters.. 
 
 XXXUl 
 
 the Rev Dr. Hoes, Affiftant Aftronomer, Royal Obfervatorr, 
 Armagh. This article will be found very ufelul to our Mj 
 Students. Under the head decimals, Mr. Deighan has £0 »e&*<* 
 many of the fcattered remarks of various Authors. The arrangment 
 “ happily made. In Loft and Gain he has added fix dift.na tales 
 with general rules for each. They would occupy too much fpace ! for 
 us to quote. Thefe are not of his own invention— they are fcle^ed 
 from various Authors, many of whofe books are folcarce as not to be 
 obtained at any price. We think it wold have been advifeable to 
 have mentioned the names of thofe Authors in a note. • * * ‘ . 
 
 mull extufc us, but why did he feparate Single and Double Fellowflnp 
 from the rules of Proportion, as they are one and the fame .—but we 
 fuppofe he followed the beaten track of cuftom. They were fo done 
 by his predect fiors ; Alligation medial and alternate, parfal and 
 total are ably treated. The three limitations to find all the potable 
 whole numbers, otherwlfe could not be obtained without an Algtbra.c 
 proceft. Mr. Be igh an has contrived to unite General Science with. 
 Arithmetic: in the Square and Cube Roots, Book HI. there a, e 
 upwards of 30 queftions appertaining to light and beat, falling oodits, 
 pendulums, &e. "thefe Simulate the youthful mind into the know- 
 
 led ee of general feknee, while it is acquiring particular. 
 
 “ In Compound Intereft,are added examples of annuities, penoons, 
 and arrears, with numerical theorems for the fclution or ad luch 
 cafes. To which is. append d the rcverfion of life annuity. for two 
 or more lives, with the probability or chance that any numoer oi 
 perfons fliall fu.rvi.ve a propofed term of years, calculated on the Bins 
 * cf Mortality of the London and Northampton Tables. < 
 
 “ Thefe are to be found in the Cyclopaedia Bntannica r Mr. 
 Deighan ought to have mentioned where they wyre taken from ; 
 thefe works are too expenfive for ordinary fchoohbooks. We mult 
 confcfs we have never noticed this article treated of in any fchool- 
 book on the fubjedt of Arithmetic; upon the whole, this third 
 Edition is far fuperior to either the firft or fecond.” 
 
 Juft PubVJhed , by the Author , a Key to his Arithmetic, 
 
 With the folution of the queftions, numbered as they occur in 
 each rule throughout the work. The Key alfo anfwcrs to the large 
 edition, for the advancement of thofe who have purchaied it for their 
 improvement— Price in Boards, cut, 5?. 5d. 
 
 Pubiijhed by the Author , a T 'reatife on Book-Keeping, id edition , 
 Rational and practical, wherein the invention of Debtors 2nd 
 Creditors are clearly pointed out, the theory and practice of tins 
 ufeful art are deduced from firfl principles, and demon firate<J in a 
 familiar manner, with a great variety of proper examples in all the 
 fets, perfectly fuited to the Man of Bulincfs, Ac? demits, Schools., 
 and Students of every denomination, defircus of being proficients in 
 Book-Keeping, in two volumes, price bound and lettered, 7s. 
 
 See recommendatory letters, Sue. from the principal. Teachers in 
 Ireland annexed to the work, from page 13 to 36, 
 
XXXIV 
 
 Publications-- Reviewers. 
 
 the following are Extras from the tefimontals of Approbation, 
 felePed from the different periodical Critics, who have rewewea 
 this Publication. 
 
 IM the Work before us the invention ©f Dr. a nd Cr. is accurately 
 inwftSJ « to it, principles, ,nd dripped of every perplex, .tjh 
 andreduced to pra&ice. The rules upon which the "hole uper- 
 ttm&nt' of Journalising, Porting, Closing, and Balanc.mg any M 
 Books adopted by the Acomptant (however complicated) depenc,,ai» 
 analyz'd; and Mr Deighan’s deductions ther-from (whether pointing 
 out their errors, perplexities or convenience) are evidently the re.u.t 
 of much experience, deep thinking, and 1abor.<w reft ar eh on h 
 f.ibi-ft— Mod of the Writers, or rather CmptUrs of the -ynuns 
 Book-keeping, which have fallen beneath our review, (for they have 
 ea°ch contented themfeives, in mort indanew, with foiling the track 
 n r rh°ir oredeceffors ; few. Like Mr. Deighan^dare boldly to think for 
 themfeives) have been individually fatisfitd with giving the mercantile 
 world, Rules without the Demonrtrations, Indeed «n th ' 3 P , 
 
 M ’ mavbe an exception; but he is always foil ome, gener ally 
 prolix aid not unfrcqucruly tedious : the roung Clerk often lays 
 Sown it* book, far more'entbarraffed than affiftedg. Mr De.ghan has, 
 eomorerTed the fubjetft .matter (and that with no mconfreeraole un 
 P'oveni nts) of fome hundred folios of Mayre, into thru fin&h - 
 
 [n the Walk-book and Journal of Domeftic Accounts at one lnfpec- 
 rion ffromp.iotoit.) by an ingenious adoption of principles to, 
 p-a<Sice, ire has . produced a method, by "*>»«“*« ^ot 
 
 may be inftantly dete&ed. Tins, u «*««. aLu^-Wi-r u.* v-" * - 
 
 th/nPial long adoDtcd, circuitous practice ox cnackmg.— ^ b 
 
 | ..^editing the 
 
 rh£r;”S 
 
 in hi, five fir ft months of Domeftic Accounts lrat given us the com- 
 
 “ A TemUr important Publication cannot be C*p«fted 
 
 fret u?-ve Tifson to the « Reger of Domeftic Account, where 
 we puAed with much fotisUaion(from p..I to l 3 y a «g««r 
 ftf Notes containing remarks on the nature and utility ot tne defier 
 
 ; , “S;»“ .. in **• "tr nifi” 
 
 Work does' our Author infinite credit. It t» marktd by , a- chaiac 
 which he might perhaps fcarch for in vain, through many vo _rr.s 
 
Publications — iteviezvers. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 The invention of “ Dr. and Or. of Foreign and Factorage Account,” 
 Is explained and danonftrattd, fimilarly to the Articles of Domeflic 
 Accounts aheady mentioned. See pages 14, 15, 57, 58, and 59. 
 The Waftc-bcok and Jcurn d of this Set are produced (by way of 
 example) at one irfpe&ion ; they pr fent us with forms for entries of 
 receiving, fjljng, and {hipping off goods; this is formed on the fame 
 principles, and execured in the fame plain fimple ftyle as his find 
 Set ; the Reader is referred for this part of the work to p. 59. — 72. 
 In the 80th and three following pages, an invention of no incon- 
 fiderable'importance in Book-keeping prefents itfelf, it is to us alto- 
 gether new, we have never met with it in any Author oh the fubjtift, 
 nor have we ever heard of its being in ufe by any merchant ; it is 
 Debiting and Crediting the different Months in the Year, for the 
 refpeclive Sums received and paid daily ; Mr. Dcighan is juftly entitled 
 to much praife for this. By keeping fuch a Catli Account, the Owner 
 of the Books may, at one infpeftion, ascertain the true ftate of the Calli 
 in hands, either Daily, V/eekly, Monthly, or Yearly; from this 
 circumftance, the Merchant may be enabled, at an hour’s notice, 
 (having reviewed his Bill-book) to know the Amounts and Dates of 
 the different Bills he may have accepted or paiTed,(and the provifion he 
 has for taking them up) which muft be a great means of preventing 
 the many Protefts, which but too frequently happen. It is a truth 
 w. 11 known in the Mercantile world, that thefe difagreeable ci^cum- 
 ftances as often arife from inattention as inability. A coniufed Cafli 
 Account is, perhaps, as great, if not a greater evil, than an empty 
 Strong-box. 
 
 In the Leger of this Set we find copious note?, from page 3 to 10, 
 oh Voyages, Factors M\A, Commiffion, Infurance, and Bottomry, are 
 fuch as are no where to be found comprefild together, which include 
 the documents of many volumes; that on Bottomry and Infurance 
 are peculiarly deferving attention* 
 
 In Company Accounts, we are presented with a Wa fie -book, 
 journal and Leger, but furely all muft unite to praife his 
 additional page ot keeping the Caffi Account, and Journal, in one 
 page, by way of Dr,. & Cr. this is purely an original idea. 
 
 From the Articles of the learned Dr. Dowling’s third Set, has ariftn 
 a variety of opinions among the Teachers on this fubjcct ; we mean 
 Loi tus and Co of Paris 0[A of Exchange in Co. Mr. Deighan has 
 given ; us examples in feveu different calls, which, in our opinion, com- 
 pletely fettles th.e matter ; it is full, it is fatisfactory, it eftablifhe* con- 
 viction on the bafe of demonftr alive authority. 
 
 The laft article to which we refer our Readers, is a Schedule 
 fif a Bankrupt’s Effects, where the Bankrupt, with all his inge- 
 nuity, e nuot deceive his Creditors in the value of a fingle iliilhng 
 without immediate detection. — (We are here limited.) 
 
 «S ce Review in full attached to the Book-keeping, 
 
xxx« Publications— Reviewers. 
 
 WE, the under named, have examined Mr. 
 
 -On the jubjeB, and ju/Hy 
 
 .jfifi *J£JK?X % M?* - *• 
 '“'‘-Si w. «g ^.SS^tSZCr 
 
 Meffrs. La Touche’s Bank-MaiW M»nUr ratt, ^ ^ ^ 
 
 and Co’s Bank— -H. Hennc^ Alexander’s^ Bank— Michael ior garth, 
 
 Francis Ryan, ditto, «. - • B ^ Michael Wanning, ditto, at 
 
 ditto, at Lord French and Co s Bank M f ^ t _ Thomai Henry, do. 
 
 Meff. Byrne, M’Lonnell and Co^v Alien ^ le and Co’s- 
 
 at Mtff. atllc ^f-J°^ E f Roaeh’and CoL-Tonothy Hogan, do. 
 John Collins,' duto, at - ; Woods, ditto, at Meff. Sneyd, 
 
 « t^lo^N M^onnXdiuo, at Meff. Colcille and Co- 
 
 french ana Barton n % p »„ Tames feennett, ditto, 
 
 Joi.» ac.aau». «"g£SSKS,2dKi. «*’«*- 
 
 Ryan and Hon. . , „ v M . Tamiffon, book keeper at 
 
 Ww„d D»,.r, S.o- Cooper Anita, 
 
 Timothy M‘Carty. 1 
 
 Alfo, fublijhed by the Author, an lntroduakn to Algebra.- Price in 
 
 Containing a variety of ufclul quefdons, inoftiy original -It m. y 
 
 not be anv.fs to enumerate its conttn^ quantities, containing 18 
 
 i. Definitions— a. Audn.ou ot wno e^4 ^ with an . 
 
 qucftions, with their anUc j. - q jj; u moflly applied to 
 fwers-4 M«lt.pUcat.ou. \ a[wen - 6 . Involution, _ 4 
 
 numbers y.Biviaon, i ft - ■ f . trinomial, quadrinonusl 
 
 queftions widtanhvers-Arukforl^a.r S oa thU fuUjeet 
 
 » -“t “ “£ SSifiU 
 
 tions with anfwevs. queftions with anfweri.— Suao 
 
 Fractional Qlan r mi ts, 5 1 ? J Equations, 78 queftio is 
 
 Quantities, 109 ^ queftio,^ With aniwers.— 
 
 with anfwu-s.—— 1 S' JA! a *’ .. ’ftion,.— 45 Geometrical queftions 
 Diophantine Algebra, 3 t i lod of finding the Root of any 
 
 with Geometr.cai L.ag.am ^ Ej£pon j £nt ial by Anto««. 
 
 CU g “2p^.um £ IZlZ 
 
 Stvefappcar^d in°any work of this nature hitherto pubnihed. 
 
xxxvm 
 
 Geography of Ireland — - Modern Dublin . 
 
 r |[(r> The following Articles tvere, through mistake , omitted 
 to be inserted in their proper place Page 111.] 
 
 THE DUBLIN SQCIET7, 
 
 For improving Husbandry , Arts> 8$c. fyc. in Ireland. 
 
 The Dublin Society was established in the year 1 7.3 1 ;; 
 Agriculture, and the arts connected therewith, have, through 
 its means arisen td a high scale of perfection in Ireland. It 
 has also diffused a spirit, of enterprise and: industrious 
 emulation throughout the kingdom with which its inhabi- 
 tants were formerly unacquainted.. This '-Society was 
 founded and chiefly promoted by the zeal and abilities of 
 a Mr. Prior and the Rev. Dr. Madden. It had the peculiar 
 honor of originality — it imitated 1 no foundation of the kind 
 in Europe. 
 
 Amongst a people, whom foreigners were taught to 
 believe demi-barbarians, were yet to be found a number of 
 enlightened men, who formed a plan> the execution of which 
 has extorted the praise and even the imitation of their super- 
 cilious neighbours. The, voluntary contributions of its . 
 members were at first its sole support;, however, after 
 sometime, it v was incorporated by royal charter, dated the. 
 £Oth of Feb. 1749, arid has been ever since assisted by 
 parliamentary grants, to forward the laudable views of its 
 members. The Society consists of upwards of 6co members, 
 who render essential service to their country, by promoting 
 and giving premiums in agriculture, manufactures, and the 
 fine arts. It appears* on the records of the Society, that 
 from the year 1784; to 1790 inclusive, there were planted 
 and sold f 7,899,491 trees, for which the Society paid 
 bounties to the amount of £\ c 19Jd ] Is. 
 
 This Society, as an institution for the improvement of 
 husbandry, may justly claim the distinguished honor not 
 only of being the eldest of its kind in Eurppe, (as before 
 mentioned), but, perhaps,, at this time the most considerable 
 and comprehensive in its present and future advantages to 
 the public. 
 
 Among 
 
 Directions to the Boole- Binder. 
 
 Place the following four Pages after page xxixvi, before Geography 
 
•XJtxYiii Geography of Ireland-Modern Dublin. _ 
 
 Among the other instances of liberal expenditure, ^ 
 
 Repository has been P r ^ lde ^ la Minerals in 
 
 ^ of which was purchased on the 
 
 Comment b 1792.’ for ^1250, by R 
 
 Scientific men have pronounced this ^ , oreatly in- 
 
 tions they ever met with ; its value h f ^\f™ Y _ hx 
 creased by the unwearied exertions of Borwam i 
 
 iWaUerv of this museum the minerals of Ireland a.e 
 r~<vnective counties from whence 
 
 arranged according to the r. p almost unbounde d 
 
 they were obtained, «n at, vantage collection 
 
 J* >0 “ h “ o1 : r^eToor- w S'the 
 
 c)-4k insects, and birds. Un tne same 
 
 that the school will be conducted with a success com 
 wheel and double -forro tv ploughs, horse , .move s 
 
 ;,ou g h,-Thi. «*!«« co^l ^ 
 
 what in London or Pans must be sought for m seve P 
 .The Botanic Garden (as before mentioned p.87,Boo^J 
 distant one mile from Dublin, covers ' 6 f the ’multiplicity 
 
 **“ '“IS.,- th. u- n— £ 
 
 rice- Presidents, ^xaTouche, Earl of Charlevffle, 
 
 L ^‘ and the Provost of Trinity College, Dublin. 
 
Geography* of Ireland. — Modern Dublin. xxxix 
 
 ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. 
 
 Patron, His Majesty — Visitor , the Lord Lieutenant., 
 This great and valuable institution was incorporated by 
 act of, parliament, January 23, 1786, for the advancement 
 'of Science, Polite Literature and Antiquities, and com- 
 prehends among its members many of the most illustrious, 
 names in Ireland, distinguished by abilities, exalted by worth,, 
 and ennobled by birth. Five volumes of the transactions 
 of this learned body have already been published, and con • 
 tain many valuable and important essays on various subjects, 
 written by the members., This, institution certainly formed 
 a new epoch, in our literature, and will most assuredly be 
 productive of incalculably happy effects in the promotion; 
 of science and general knowledge throughout the kingdom % 
 while its individual effects in maturing genius, will, if possi- 
 ble, exalt the Irish character for intellect to a greater height 
 of reputation than even those which it has already gained. 
 
 The Society is governed by a President and 21 Members, 
 who form the respective Councils for Science, Polite Liters 
 ture and Antiquity. 
 
 President, Richard Kirvcan, L.u d.f.r s. 
 
 Council for the^ year 1810. 
 
 Committee of Science Committee of Polite Literature* 
 Joseph Clarke, m.d. Rev. G. Hall, p.t.c.d. 
 
 Rev. Arch. Brinkley.. Rev. Samuel Kyle, d.d. s.f* 
 
 Rev. Wm. Davenport, b.b* t.c.d. 
 
 sf.t c.p. - Rev* R, Graves, d.d. 
 
 Rev W. Magee, d d.s.f.t.c.d. Rev. Thomas Gough, A-M* 
 Rev H. Usher, D.D.s.F.T.CiD. Wm. Ball, Esq. 
 
 James Cleghorn, m.d. Bishop of Cloyne. 
 
 William Higgins, Esq. R L. Edgeworth, Esq* 
 Committee of Antiquities . 
 
 Colonel Hugh Hill. John Crosth waite, Esq. 
 
 Wm. Brooke, m.d. , John Dunn, Esq, 
 
 Rev. Thomas Prior, d.d.s.f. Rev. A. H Kenney, b.d. 
 t.c.d. ' Rev. James Whitelaw, a.m, 
 
 Vice-Presidents. 
 
 Rev. G. Hall, d d, p.t c.d. Rev. Archd. Brinkley, d.jd. 
 Rev. W. Mage , d.d.s f.t.c.d. Jbseph Clark, m.d. 
 
 Treasurer , Col. Hugh Hill . — Secretaries to the Academy , 
 Rev. Wm. Davenport, and Rev. Samuel Kyle . — Secretary 
 of foreign Correspondence 7 Colonel Hugh Hill .^Librarian, 
 Rev. Thomas Prior. 
 
XL 
 
 Geography of Ireland-Modern Dublin, 
 
 THE DUBLIN LIBRARY SOCIETY. 
 President, Rich. Kirwan, Esq. l.l.d. f.r.s-.p.B.i.A.. 
 Vice-Presidents .. 
 
 Lord Bishop of Cloyne. Rev. Doctor Hamill. 
 
 Rev. Dean of St. Patrick’s. George Barns, Esq. 
 
 Thi" Society was instituted by voluntary subscription for 
 the establishment of a Library. Since its •commencement 
 above three-thousand pounds have been expended for that 
 purpose. A room set apart for conversation is /egularly 
 Supplied with the principal, Engli.h, Scotch and 
 
 ‘ers —The Library is open from ten o Clock till five^ 
 and from seven in the evening till' ten at night,, every day in. 
 
 th The business of the Society is conducted by a President,, 
 four Vice Presidents, and a Committee of twenty-one, chosen. 
 
 "tcIIwo gl* «0 be paU on admia.ion foe the firs.,, 
 
 and one guinea for every subsequent year, payable on the 
 1st of January. The subscribing for 15 years successively,, 
 or a donation of books of the value of fifteen guineas, or 
 ten guineas paid on admission, constitutes a member tor 
 
 ^Librarian, Mr. Arthur Greuber.— Treasurer, Thomas. 
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 FARMING SOCIETY OF IRELAND. 
 Patron— His Grace the Duke. of Richmond. 
 President — Right Hon. John Foster, 
 
 Vice-President — Owen Wynne , Esq. 
 
 Treasurer — Right Hon. David Latouche <* Co. 
 
 Secretary and Register— Ebenezer Dm, Esq. _ 
 
 The cbiects of this Society are, The improvement ol 
 Agriculture and Live Stock; the Committee meet' every 
 rjP t u Society’s House, on Summer-hill, ext one 
 
 Jdoc?’ thev^ are S by ballot at the general rneet.ngs- 
 H March and October, in Dublin and Ballmasloe.-Annual 
 subscription one guinea, life subscription ten 
 which is included such annual payments as have been uere 
 
 tofore made. 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Q. What is Geography ?— -A. A description of the Earth, 
 shewing its real and imaginary lines and constituent parts. 
 
 Q. What is the form or figure of the Earth ? — A. A large, 
 solid, opaque body, nearly round, composed of land and 
 water. The mean diameter, according to Dr. Vince, is 7928 
 English miles, according to which the circumference is 
 24,907 miles, and surface nearly 200 millions of square miles, 
 of which two thirds are water. 
 
 Q* What were the opinions of the ancients as to the figure 
 or.form of the Earth ? — A. The Earth was an extended plain, 
 bounded by the ocean, which still is the opinion of ignorant 
 persons, but it is inconsistent with observations, and generally 
 admitted fa&s.-lst. From many observations of persons standing 
 on the shore, and viewing a ship departing from port, they gra- 
 dually loose sight, first of the bottom, while they still can 
 see the rigging and flags at the top, ' but as the ship goes on, 
 they loose these also, as if the whole were really sunk in the 
 deep. — 2d, From its having been circumnavigated bv many, 
 
 as Sir Francis Drake, Lord Anson, Captain Cook,' See. 
 
 3d, From its shadow on an eclipse of the moon, which is 
 boundediby a circular circle, and by observation of the stars, 
 as persons move in different directions Note, The inequa- 
 
 lities on the earth’s surface by mountains and vallies, take no 
 morefrom the earths sphericity than a grain of sand on a 
 common globe* 
 
 Q. fFkat are the constituent parts of the Earth? — h* The 
 Earth consists of Continents, Islands, Peninsulas, Istmuses and 
 Promontories, and the Waters of Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Strait* 
 awrs and Lakes.' * 
 
2 Geography — Definitions. [Book I. 
 
 Q. What is a Continent Z — A. A large tra£I of land, con- 
 taining many .kingdoms and countries, as Europe, Asia, 
 Africa, and America.- — A T oU, There are two large Continents, 
 viz. The eastern and western, called the old and new 
 world; the eastern contains three unequal portions, viz. 
 Europe, Asia aud Africa. The western is divided into north 
 and south America. 
 
 Q. What is an Island ? — A* A tra£l of land surrounded 
 by water, as Great Britain, Ireland and Borneo. 
 
 Q. What is a Peninsula P — A . Ifris a tract of land almost 
 surrounded by water. 
 
 Q. IVhat is an Istmus 'P — A. It is a neck of land which 
 joins a Peninsula to some other country, as the Istmus of 
 Suez, which joins Africa to Asia, and the Istmus of Panama, 
 which joins North to South America. 
 
 Q. What is a Promontory Z - — A. It is a high part of land 
 stretching out into the Sea, of which the extreme point is 
 called a Cape,, as the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, Cape 
 Clear in Ireland. 
 
 , Q. What is an Ocean ?— A. It is a vast collection of water, 
 without any separation of its parts by land* as the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Q. Mow many Oceans are there P — A. Five; 1st, The 
 Northern or Frozen Ocean which stretches to the northward of 
 Europe, Asia, and America, towards the North Pole. — 
 2d, The Atlantic, lying between the Continents of Europe 
 and Africa on the east, and America on the west. It is di- 
 vided into two parts, one called the North Atlantic, or Western 
 Ocean, and the other the South, Atlantic or Ethiopia 
 Ocean. — 3d, Pacific or Great South Sea, is bounded on the 
 E. by America, anti on the W. by Asia. — 4th, The Indian, 
 lying E. of Africa, and S. of Asia, and extends to the Indian 
 islands and new' Holland. — 5th, The Southern Ocean, which 
 stretches to the southward of Africa and America to the 
 South Pole. 
 
 Q, What is a Sea ?—A. A smaller colledlion of water, as 
 the Mediterranean and Black Sea. 
 
 Q. What is a Gulf P — A. An arm of the Sea which runs 
 a considerable way into the land, as the Gulf of Mexico, the 
 Gulf of Guinea, &c. 
 
 Q* What is a Strait Z — A. It is a narrow part of the Sea, 
 forming a passage from one Sea to another, as the \ Strait at 
 jGibralta?* the Strait of Dover* &c. 
 
Book I.] Geography — Definitions. 3 
 
 Q. What is a River f —A. A large current or stream of 
 water which empties into some "Sea. 
 
 Q. What is a Lakef—*h.. A large colieftion of water 
 surrounded by land, as Geneva.. 
 
 Questions to he answered by the Pupil. 
 
 1 j/, What is Geography ? — %d, What is the form or figure of 
 the Earth? — 3d, What 'was the opinion of the ancients as to 
 the form or figure of tjie Earth ?—\ th, What are the constituent 
 parts of the Earth? — 5///, What is a Continent ? — 6th, What 
 is an Island? — 7th, What is a Peninsula? — Sth, What is an 
 Istmus ? — 9th, What is a Promontory ? — 10 th, What is an 
 Ocean, and how many?' — Wthy What is a Sea? «—l%thy- 
 What is a Gulf ? - — 13 th, What is a Strait? — 14 th, What is 
 a River? — 1 5th, What is a Lake . — [Answers to the above Ques* 
 tions are found from p* 1 to 3.] 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 ~ How is the Earth principally divided ?• — A. Into, four quarters, 
 namely, Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, (besides the Is- 
 \ lands belonging, to each,) 
 
 Europe. — Q. How is Europe situated?- — A. Europe, the 
 least division of the eastern Continent, is situated between 
 36° and 72° N. latitude, and between 10 ° and 65® E. lon- 
 gitude, from the meridian of London. 
 
 Q. What is the length and breadth of Europe ? — -A. About 
 3000 miles from Cape St. Vincent, S. W. of the mouth of 
 tlie river Oby, and 2500 miles from North Cape -in Norway,, 
 to Cape Metapan in the Morea. , 
 
 Q. How is Europe bounded ? — A. On the N. by the Nor- 
 thern Gceian, on the S. by the Mediterranean Sea, which di- 
 vides it from Africa,, on the £. by Asia, and on the W. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean- \vhich separates it from America.— [Note, 
 The divisions, &c. of Europe, Asia, Africa and America, 
 shall be treated under their proper heads.) 
 
 Asia. — Q. How is Asia situated? — A. This immense 
 fra 6 t of land is situated between the. equator and 30° N. la- 
 titude, and between 25° and f80° E. longitude. 
 
 Q. How is Asia bounded ?— A. On fhe N. by the Frozen 
 Ocean ; on, the E. by the Pacific v Ocean, which separates it 
 from America ; on the W. by the Red Sea, which separates it 
 frond Africa 5 * and on the S. by the Indian Ocean. 
 
 E- 2 U 
 
4 
 
 Geography of Europe. [Bocrk I. 
 
 Q. What is the length and breadth of Asia ? — A. It is about 
 5800 English miles in length, from the most western part of 
 .Watolia, to the Japanese Islands and 5400 miles in breadth, 
 from the most northern part of Siberia, to the most squtherri 
 part of Malaca. 
 
 Africa. — Q. How is Africa situated ? — A. Jt is situated 
 between 37° N. and 35° S. and between 17° W. and 51°' 
 F. longitude. 
 
 Q How is Africa hounded ? — A. On the N. by the Me- 
 diterranean Sea; on the E. by the Istmus of Suez, the Red 
 Sea, and the Indian Ocean, on the S. by the Southern Ocean, 
 and on the W. by the Atlantic, which separates it from 
 America. 
 
 Q, What is the length and breadth of Africa ? — A. It is 
 5000 English miles in length, from Cape Bona in the Medi- 
 terranean, to the Cape of Good Hope ; and 4500 from Cape 
 Verd, in the W. to Cape Guardafui, near th^ Strait of Babel- 
 roandel, The interior parts of this extensive Continent are 
 very little known,. ' * \ 
 
 America.— Q. How is America situated? — A. This great 
 Continent first discovered by Columbus, in the year 1492 i 
 Is between 56° S, latitude and the North Pole, and extends 
 from the 35th to the 165 ^th of W. longitude; it is nearly ' 
 .10,000 English miles in length,, and 4000 in its greatest 
 breadth, and contains about 14,000,000 square miles. — 
 Note, Its mean breadth has never been discovered.) 
 
 Q. How is America bounded % — A. On the N. by the 
 Frozen Sea, or land unknown, on the S. by the Southern 
 Ocean, on the W. by the great South Sea (or Pacific Ocean) 
 which separates it from Asia* and on the E. by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Questions to be answered by the Pupil. 
 
 1st , How if the Earth principally divided? — How is 
 Europe situated ? — 3d , What is the length and breadth of 
 Europe? — 4rZ, How is Europe bounded? — 5 th, How is Asia 
 situated ? — 6/Z, How is Asia bounded? — »7/Z, What is the 
 length and breadth of Asia ? — §/Z, How is Africa situated ? 
 
 - — 9/Z, How is Africa bounded? — 10/Z, What is the length and 
 breadth of Africa ? — 1 Ith, How is America situated? — 12/Z, 
 How is America bounded . — [Answers to the above Questions, in 
 n?. 3 and 4. 
 
5 
 
 Book I.-] Geography of Europe *. 
 
 LECTURE Ilf. OH EUROPE. 
 
 Q. Give a description <?f Europe ?• — A. Although Europe is 
 tnd ie 2 st extensive quarter of the Globe, it is in many respects' 
 that which deserves our attention* most. Here the human mind 
 has made the greatest progress towards its improvement, and 
 here the Arts, whether of 'utility or ornament, the Sciences 
 both Military and Civil, have been carried to the greatest per- 
 fe&ion, It is in. Europe we find the greatest Characters,. 
 Governments, and Manners. Geography describes to us 
 that Europe has the superiority Over the rest of the world, 
 nrst from the happy temperance of its climates, no part of it 
 lying imthe Torid Zone. — 2d; From its immense number of* 
 iwountains, Rivers, Seas, &c. which divide the different 
 countries of Europe one from another, and which renders it ex- 
 tremefy commodious for .-its* - in habitants*— 3dly, Europe by the 
 politeness of its manners, the policy of iti Governments and 
 wisdom of its various laws, is now the most renowned part 
 of tne world. Europe, as to its shape in the general. Map 
 may be compared to a lady in a sitting posture. ™ 
 
 Q Hern is Ewopt divided?-- A. It comprehends Lapland* 
 Norway 9 Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Prussia, Batavia 0 *- 
 Mohand,, the German States,, Austria, Turkey,; France, Swit- 
 ^rlan^ Italy, „ Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom of 
 G/eatBnram and Ireland - also its three grand Inland Seas. 
 The M^tterraneani the Baltic,, and the White Sea ; that part 
 
 2,^5“*“ '“ S ' E - Vf,e,A‘ 
 
 * Which are-, the principal European Islands?— A. Great 
 Britain ana lretand ; Arores subject to Portugal in the Atlamil 
 ©cean j j&landj Fuen, Lapland,. Barnholm, Gothland, ©eland 
 ©seMd ©aghn in the Baltic Sea ; Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney 
 andAhark m the English Channel; Majorca, Minorca, Ivaca’ 
 Sardim^ Corsica, Sicily and Malta in the Meditercanean- 
 Gor^, Cephalotiia and Zanteon the coast of Greece ; in the’ 
 '‘“"f Se !’ t C f d,s > Cyprus- anci Rhodes ; in the Levant, N e - 
 
 P n k ¥. a r teilBe » - Cere nos, Andros, Samos, Paros, & c 
 
 m the Archipelago. 9 9 • occ - 
 
 Q. Which are the principal Seat in Europe The Adriatic 
 be ween Italy and Turkey, the Baltic between D-mark 
 Boland and Sweden, the Baycf Biscay between France and 
 £ 3 
 
Geography of Europe. [Book I. 
 
 Spain, the English Channel between England and France ; the 
 Eiixine or Black Sea between Europe and Asia, the German 
 Ocean between Germany and Britain, and the Mediterranean 
 Sea between Europe and Asia .—Note, In al 7 Seas. 
 
 O Which are the principal Rivers in Europe f A. i-t, sho 
 Shannon, wWch rises out of a ridge of Mountains in rite 
 County of Leitrim, and coursing 170 miles, drvidvng. Leinster 
 and Connaught, runs through Munster into the Atlantic 
 t s£e a full account of tins noble Krver, under head 
 
 Thames (cornpoMd of .he Tame and .he ises, .he l.J.er o£ 
 which rises in Glo.icesteishi.e, runs through Oxford, and 
 meets the Tame at Dorchester) passe* by Reading to Lonuon* 
 Tnd falls into the German Sea.-3d, The Severn rises m 
 Montoomervshire, runs through Shrewsbury, Worcester, and 
 Gloucester ' and falls into the British Channel.— 4th, The 
 Trent rises in Staffordshire, and falls into the German bea— 
 fth The Forth rises near Lake Lamond, and passing by Stening, 
 forms 1 the Frith of Forth, and falls into the German Sea,— 
 5 The Dwina rises in the E. of Russia, and fells into the 
 
 Whirl Sea T Atchangel.-lth, and 8th, The Wolga and 
 
 , r> /or Taraisl rises about the middle of Russia, the 
 tm^r in" iorolhe Csupian, ,h. hue, ..... .he Bi.ck Sea- 
 St l, The Danube rises in Swabia, runs through Vien , 
 Pre* faure Buds., and Turkey, and falls into the Black faea.— 
 10 th The Rhine rises in Switzerland, runs through Germany, 
 S th? Netherlands, and falls in the German Sea.- 1 1th, The 
 Elbe rises in Silesia, passes through upptf and lower Saxony, 
 bv Bremen and Hamburgh, and fails into the German Sea.~- 
 Sth he Oder rises in' the Carnpac Mountains, takes its 
 course by Bteslaw, Frankfort ?nd Stehn, and fells into, the, 
 S -13th The Vistula or Weisel rises S ot Silesia passes. 
 
 and - Warsaw, -and fells mto the. Balnc ~ 
 
 Nieper $ BlaS 
 
 „ KPo^%Sn?Svfi»'erland, passes- through the lake off Geneva, 
 7 *r ami fa'ls into the Mediterraman. — Ibth, The; 
 Liom, c rons through Orkanois, Lionois, 
 
 Loiyc rises .m t he v e ’sgiV p’ 
 
 ar# folk lot* tbe Bay ' vf Biscay. \ r . ’ . u 7- r , 
 urcurdv, runs through Pa*H and tel » mto the Lnghsb, 
 r?, ^ ' Sth The Taous or Tajo rises, ©n the- confines 
 
 . ™ % TU.dc', ,«,» W. tarn «W 
 
Book L] Geography of Europe. 7 
 
 through to Lisbon, and falls into the Atlantic. — 19th, The 
 Tioer rises in the Appenines, passes through Rome, and falls 
 into the Mediterranean.— 20th, The Po rises m Piedmont 
 Passes by Turin, and runs E. into the Gulph of Venice. * 
 Q. Which are the principal Lakes in Europe ? — A. Ladoga 
 Onega, Pepus and Ilmen in Russia, Lake of Constance in 
 Germany ; the Lake of Geneva, between Switzerland and 
 Savoy; the Lakes Maggiore and Como in Italy. Lou n 
 Lomond, Ness and Tay in Scotland. ' 3 
 
 hole. The Lakes or Loughs of Ireland are omitted here, fet 
 Brevity sake, they are to be found under the article Ireland. 
 
 Q. Which at e the principal Mountains in Europe? — A The; 
 Alps between France and Italy, rhe Appeniue Hills in ’ Italy ' 
 the Pyrenean Hills, that divide France from Spain, the Carpa- 
 thian Mountains in the South of Poland ; the Peak in DerbV- 
 shire; Pliniimmon in Wales, besides the terrible Volcanos 
 in the mountains of Vesuvius and Stromboli in Naples Etna 
 in Sicily, and Hecla in the cold island of Iceland —Nou For 
 the Mountains and Hills of Ireland (see under head Ireland.) 
 
 %• f huh are ■ principal Promontories or Capes in Europe » 
 —A North Cape the most Northern part of Norway, Cape 
 La Hogue N. W. of France, the Lands End S. W. of 
 England, the Lizard and Start S. of England, Cape Finisterre 
 W. of Spain, and Cape St. Vincent S. of Portugal.— Note, 
 star those of Ireland (see under head. Ireland.) 
 
 Questions to he answered by the Pupil . 
 
 1st, Give a description of Europe ?— 2d, How is Europe 
 drv.ded? which are the principal European Islands ?-3d 
 W hich are the principal Seas in Europe?— 4th. Which arl 
 the principal Riy< rs in Europe f — Sth, Which are the prin- 
 cipal Lakes, n Europe ?-6th, Which are the principal Moun- 
 tains in Europe r— 7 th, A hich are- the principal Promontories 
 or Capes in Europe. 
 
 q. Give an account of the Situation , Length, Breadth, Soil. 
 An, and Manners of ■ the. People, Population, Revenue, Religion v 
 Universities, Government, Language, Commodities, Gfc. of the 
 AtvttvaL countries on. the European Continent x and- first of Ireland,. 
 
8 Geography of Ireland. [Book L 
 
 LECTURE IV. IRELAND. 
 
 Q. Mow is Ireland* situated ? — A. Ireland is situated in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and is the most westerly island in ail Europe,, 
 bounded o n the E. by St. George’s Channel and the Irish Sea, 
 which separates it from England and Wales, N. E. by a Channel 
 about 20 miles broad, which separates it from Scotland, and 
 on the N, W. ond S. by the Atlantic; it is situated between 
 5 1°, 10' and 55, 20 N. Lat, and between 5% 55' and 10°,. 
 50' W. Long, being about 278 miles long, and 155 broad, 
 and bears proportion to England and Wales, as 18 to °0. It 
 is divided into 4 provinces "(see 5th, 6th, 7th, he. Lechires 
 further on in the course of this Wofk.)^-These include 
 32 counties, 1 1 ,097,6*2 Irish plantation Acres, 688,658 
 Houses, 2296 Parishes, 251 Baronies, 3,580; i9S> Inha- 
 bitants, four fifths of which are Roman Catholics, (see a 
 general Summary of Ireland at one view farther bn. )— T here 
 is no Country In Europe so highly gifted by nature, and 
 shews a happier face than Ireland* 
 
 The climate is in general extremely temperate, neither the/ 
 heat of summer, nor cold of winter being so excessive as in 
 England, It is rarely ever disturbed by any of those dreadful 
 vicissitudes that frequently affe& other parts of Europe, nor 
 does it give life to serpents, toads, or other venemows reptiles 
 the atmosphere is moist, partly owing to the vast trails of 
 Bogs and bwamps, and the number of large Lakes and Rivers 
 with which it abounds, but principally, from its proximity 
 to the great Western Ocean. — The soil is extremely rich 
 and fertile, much more so than even England; it abounds 
 in pastures, feeding innumerable herds of sheep and oxen; 
 and, when the soil has its proper share of cultivation, , 
 is most abundantly productive, vet husbandry, though much 
 improved in the last century, and daily improving farther, is by • 
 no means at that pitch of perfection which it might be ex- 
 pelled in a country so highly gifted by nature, and the happy 
 face of the country presents. On the contrary,, the kingdom, . 
 in many places, exhibits a wretchedness among the peasantry 
 scarcely conceivable in a civilized country and bountiful soil; 
 this is partly the consequence of short leases, rack rents, the? 
 large siims of money drained by absentees to England, op- 
 pressive landlords or middlemen, (probably the fourth or fifth 
 between the husbandman and the lord of the soil) there are 
 
Book I.] r Geography of Ireland. 9 
 
 however, strong expeditions founded on rhe improving phi- 
 losophy of the times, the wisdom of the Legislature, and the 
 palpable interest of the lords of the soil, that such steps will 
 be speedily adopted on just and rational principles, as will 
 mitigate the rigours of the husbandman’s lot, and encourage 
 population and industry, the true wealth of every country 
 Q. Is Ireland of great antiquity A. We find it men- 
 tioned in Geraldus Barry, commonly called Cambrensis, 
 and others, that « Caesara, niece of Noah, brought a 
 • ..‘ y . lnt0 Ireland, a httle after the flood.” And Camden 
 in his Britannia, confesses, ' that « he beginning of their 
 4C hls . tor >V "' om t ^ le profound and remote records of its anti- 
 
 « q r U 1S u SUch, ‘ that ! in com P aris on of them, the ancientness 
 of ail other nations is but povelry, and, as it were, of yes- 
 terday. borne Authors write, that about 300 years after 
 .e flood, one Bartholan, the offspring of Japhet, came to 
 
 inhabit/^ afterWa . rd *. Namethu? ’ a Scythian » with his sons, 
 inhabited there, and h.s posterity continued until the four 
 
 ns of Milesus, the Spaniard, in the fourteenth age before 
 
 Sfi Z ““ ■ 60 
 
 Q; Was Inland ever suljea to the Romans ?—h. No, for 
 Tacitus writes, that though Julius Agricola had some inten- 
 ft-om Sn 1 "^ i h ! dld » notwithstanding that many 
 themJf f Gau ' a " d Br,taln retlf ed into Ireland to withdraw 
 themselves from the Roman subjeSion. Besides, in France and 
 other countries heretofore subjeft to the Romans, many 
 ncient coins, statues, &c. have been found, left there bv 
 the ancient Romans, but in Ireland there is not so much as 
 any Roman coins; from whence we may conclude that Ire 
 knd was never under the Roman power, though i extends 
 as hr as the islands of the Orcades. S extended 
 
 Q. Did the Irish make any conquests? — A. Thev made te 
 veral, but particularly of Scotland ; for they .he^el^ were' 
 the original Scots, and their country was named Scotia M-for 
 and , be, .f, CalIed Sco^ndJsco.il E, “ 
 
 .H- Dld,kelrish ^eany advances in early times towards 
 
 Sr' T A ' L YeS > f0r man V centuries before^ur 
 
 neighbours even of South Britain, knew anv thing thereof 
 the Inst) had good order and regularity amon/them °and hart’ 
 Ws.ndr.i,,,™, forit is „„ t S otio „,f thlt 
 
 of J ohm C*sar, the Britons painted their bodies to nuke 
 
10 Geography of Ireland. [Book I* 
 
 themselves appear terrible, and lived in the open fields.. It is really 
 somewhat surprizing, that people so near. in situation should 
 differ so essentially in disposition as the inhabitants or these 
 two islands have in all ages ; hospitality having been the distin- 
 guishing attribute of the Irish, and it* opposite disposuion that ot 
 the Britons, which is the account given of them by Horace, 
 upwards of 1700 years ago; and though the vu.gar English 
 often sneer and ignorantly upbraid tne Irish, with not pro- 
 nouncing the English language as the Londoners do, (which 
 by the bv is broken and imperfea) those cavillers shou d 
 refle£L that the most awkward Irishman in London, speaks 
 English with far more propriety than a British Petit Maitre in 
 Paris pronounces French; and it would require Herculean 
 
 labour to chissel a primitive Westmorland or Devonshire boor, 
 
 either into the form of an elegant or a social creature as to 
 speech or manners. . . . T „ , . 
 
 Q. From whence did Ireland derive its name ?— A. Ireland 
 
 had formerly ’ several names, it was called by the Latins 
 Hibernia, by some it was called Insulum Sacrum, the Ho y 
 Land, from the temperature of the climate, rin admitting no 
 venemou.s creature to breath in it ; after the P ro P a 8^'^ ° 
 Christianity, Ireland got the name of Insulum Sanaorum, 
 the Island of Saints, from the great number of religious men 
 which it produced in the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries, and he 
 many Missionaries who went out of it to propagate Christian 
 faith in other parts of the world ; others say it is derived 
 from the Irish, word Hiere, which signifies west, as being tne 
 most westerly part of Europe ; from the best antiquarians, 
 name of the country is of Celtic origin, denomina ed 
 anciently Iri, Erin, Iere, lane and Ins , by which w» be- 
 lieved to be denoted its western site with regard, to Europe 
 others consider the original term as Gothic, signifying the 
 farther isle; from this perhaps are derived the names Ouerma, 
 Juvernei, and Hibernia. The appellation of W«, which it 
 retained until th«f Hth century, is of a later date, am) from a 
 Gothic source ; Ireland is only a compound of Gothic epithets, 
 
 which is its primitive denomination. , ^ ' 
 
 Q. What IS the Climate of Ireland ?— A. W e can produce no 
 better authority in behalf of what shall be advancer U P°" 
 article, than the venerable Bede, a writer o. th . 8 y,- 
 
 whose observations are for. the most part confirmed bj t con- 
 stant experience, who maintains tha, .relan 
 
Book I.J Geography of Ireland. 
 
 II 
 
 “ P^sseth Britain in the healthfulness and serenity of the air 
 ‘‘ ar ' d that snow above three weeks Continuance, is a rare 
 phenomenon, and some winters are seen without either 
 “ frost or snow.” With this agrees Orosius, an earlier writer 
 tnan Bede, namely, that in the temperature of the air and 
 soil, it is much to be preferred to Britain; Geraldus Cam- 
 brensts atoms, “ that it is of ail other countries the most 
 temperate, where neither the scorching heats of Cancer 
 dnx ? °l en t0 , the shade > nor the piercing cold of Capricorn 
 eO the hre, that snow is unusual, and continues but a shore 
 » a mi . ldness .°f /he air is so great, that we feel 
 
 the effects neither of infecting Clouds nor Pestilential Va- 
 pours.’ And in another place lie says, that “nature hath 
 been more favourable than ordinary to this kingdom of Ze- 
 phyrs. These things he speaks from experience, having at- 
 tended King John in Ins expedition thither ; and his w°ords 
 seem tg carry more weight, as they are the evidence of an 
 enemy, wno, upon other occasions, (ays hold upon all oppor- 
 tunities to depreciate Ireland. The opinion of these Authors 
 of antiquity as to the temperature of the air of Ireland ' seem 
 
 l?HTL mea lu re - 0 , bC i confirmed b y this, that the meadows 
 and fields m his island appear green in the middle of winter, 
 
 “J tB f C , att f are ever x da y driv£ n out to pasture, unless 
 1 tbe la " d -happens to be covered with snow ; also the 
 SEdi? hdand from , venemous creatures, may be as- 
 t C ; r ‘ bed . to ' be samc , cau f> air having no infectious par- 
 ticles m it .0 supply and nourish their poison. 
 
 nni M 1S "° tvery C ; ,,nmon inthis C0Un tr V , and an earth- 
 quake seldom or never felt ; and when it happens it is looked 
 upon as a prodigy. ^ OOKCU 
 
 Q. What is the soil and produce of Ireland?—?,. The soil 
 
 be 'a r m ° St Places abundan ' [ y fruitful, and fit to 
 
 be employed either under pasture, meadow or tillage- to 
 
 wdutlH^h • h3Ve c thC leaSt knowled S e of the country 
 yield their assent; from whence it necessarily follows. f w 
 
 c assent ; from w hence it necessarily follows, that 
 s great quantities of land are not used in tillage, our breed 
 f be infinite, which heretofore indeed was the 
 
 greatest natural wealth of the inhabitants, and at P r«ent 
 
 the P d.a n raa^°of ’ Si* T ° U -'' exp0rts - Bede a PP lic * 
 1 . 5 arader of * fe land of promise to it, calling it a 
 and towmg with milk and honey; and Sir John® Davies 
 ( ew it better than Bede, having spent several vear« 
 
If 
 
 Geography of Ireland. [Book I. 
 
 here in the quality of Attorney General), calls, it from 
 the 8th chapter of Deuteroiiomy, 44 A land of brooks of 
 44 water, of fountains, and depths that spring out of valleys 
 44 and hills; a land of wheat and barley, w herein n thou shalt 
 4 * eat bread without scarceness, apd shall not lack any thing 
 44 x m itv” And this agrees better with its true character, than 
 what Cambrensis alledges, namely, 44 that corn in Ireland 
 44 promises much hopes in the blade, more in the straw, 
 44 but less in the grain-; for that the grains of wheat are 
 44 shrivelled and small, and are difficult to be cleansed bv the 
 44 help of the Van.” Whereas the neighbouring countries 
 seldom produce a larger or heavier grain than what grows in 
 the well tilled parts of Ireland ; besides pasture and tillage, 
 Ireland produces great plenty of meadow ground, which is 
 of infinite service to the inhabitants, by supplying them with 
 vast quantities of hay for their black cattle, sheep and horses 
 in winter, and even the bogs when drained make excellent 
 meadow land. The soil also is proper for hemp and flax, of 
 which abundance is raised here, especially in the northern 
 part of the kingdom, and being manufactured, supplies 
 the most beneficial branch of our commerce; and this 
 business is daily spreading into other parts of Ireland , but the 
 country abounds in nothing more than wool, notwithstanding 
 the prohibition of England against exporting it, either 
 wrought or unwrought, to any other nation but itself, and 
 that only in an unmanufactured state, and bay yarn. Yet 
 means are found, from the large extended coasts, and numerous 
 bays and creeks, to export it into France, which is to the in* 
 finite detriment of England, as France is become a rival in the 
 woollen trade. This cannot be prevented, but by some re- 
 medy adequate to the disease. Though there is great encou- 
 ragement given to the linen trade, yet the vast quantities of 
 land in Ireland fit for hemp and flax, can never be employed 
 in that manufacture, and therefore will be continued under 
 sheep, unless the minds of the people were turned from thence 
 to some other beneficial branch, and possibly an encourage- 
 ment given by the Imperial Parliament by premiums upon 
 the exportation of corn, might in some measure answer the end. 
 
 Q. H^hich are the curiosities of Ireland f — A. They Grey- 
 hounds, being creatures of great strength and size, and of a 
 fine shape, may be ranked among the curiosities of this coun- 
 try, which have been esteemed a presents fit to be sent to 
 
Book I . ] Geography of Ireland. j 3 
 
 kings of which there is an instance in Sir Thomas Rowe 
 Ambassador to the great Mogul, who obtained large favours 
 from that monarch on account of a present of those does 
 w inch hemade him in 1615. There is extant in the Rolis 
 Ornce of Ireland , a privy seal from Henry VIII. obtained 
 at the suit of the Duke of Albuquerque of Spain (who was of the 
 privy council to Henry VIII.) for the delivery of two Gos- 
 hawks, and lour Irish Greyhounds to the Spanish Marquis 
 of Des-araya and his son, and' tiie survivor of them, yearly 
 wh cfyjshews the value put by foreigners on such presents’ 
 1 he goshawks and Gerfalcons may also be mentioned under 
 ibis beat, as they are esteemed the best in the world. The 
 Gerfalcon is the largest bird of the Falcon species, approaching 
 t ie size of a Vulture, and of the greatest strength next 
 me Eagle;— Belisarius, an ancient writer, gives a full account 
 of this bird. The Gerfalcons, (says he) as they are but rarely 
 to be met with, so they excel all other Hawks in beauty 
 For, besides the shape and fashion of their body, thev stand 
 soereft, that they delight the eye with the elegance and coip- 
 position of their limbs, and give, as it were, a grandeur 
 M to the diversion of hawking. Their country, he says, is the 
 remotest part of Germany, verging to the north, called Nor- 
 way ; they build also in an island, commonly called Hir- 
 iandia (Ireland.) — The Moose Deer, whose horns have been 
 often di: covered under ground in bogs, of an immense size - 
 some of these horns have been found of the extent of four- 
 teen feet from tip to rip, furnished with brow antlers and 
 weighing 3001b. the whole skeleton is frequently found’with 
 them, it is supposed that the Moose Deer must have been 
 about 12 feet high; the animal is ext in £1 'in this kingdom- 
 and that large fowl the Cock of the Wood, equalling the Pea- 
 cock in size, are not now to be found, the species of 
 both being extinft in Ireland . 
 
 The tall slender, round towers, built of lime and stone 
 and dispersed through various parts of Ireland, command our 
 admiration, as they are matters of curiosity, the like not being 
 to be found elsewheise in any part of Europe. 
 
 The Giant's Causeway. 
 
 Among the curiosities of Ireland, that stupendous and sur 
 prising piece of Nature’s workmanship, commonly called the 
 
14 
 
 Geography of Ireland. [Book f- 
 
 the Giant’s Causeway, in the County of Antrim, is so singu- 
 larly remarkable, that perhaps the like is not to be seen in any 
 other part of the world. It lies about 8 miles N. E. of Cole- 
 rain, in the County of Antrim, and runs dire&Iy N. from a 
 very steep rock into the sea, but how far is not known ; it ap- 
 pears at low Water to be about 6 or 700 feet fronl the bill, to 
 the farthest view in the sea ; it is very unequal both as to its 
 breadth and height, some places being above 200 feet broad, 
 in others not above 120; its height in some places is above 
 50,iu others not above 15; but from the top, which is 
 difficult to climb, it appears very steep and frightful ; this 
 causeway consists of many -thousand pillars, most of them 
 landing' perpendicular to the horizon, and so close to each 
 other, that nothing thicker than a knife will pass between them ; 
 though sevetal ingenious men have examined those pillars, it 
 cannot be detemiined as to their foundation. Some of them 
 are much taller than the rest, and others very short and broken, 
 being bv lime much damaged, cracked and irregular: but others 
 for a^good way are intire, uniform and handsome, so that their 
 tops form a level plain surface. These pillars are of different 
 sizes and shapes, neither round nor square, but most of them 
 are pentagon or hexagon cylinders, having 3, 4, 5, 6, and sodie 
 7 sides or angles; none of them are one intire piece, but every 
 pillar consists of so many joints or pieces, of which some are 
 *6, some are 12, some 18 inches, and some 2 feet in diameter. 
 These stones lie as close as one stone can lie upon another, 
 but not joining flat surfaces; one is alway convex, the other 
 concave where they join* nor are these joints all alike, for 
 In some places the concave is upwards, in others downwards; 
 when you force them asunder both surfaces appear very 
 smooth, as do the sides of the pillars which touch each other, 
 by being a whiteish free stone colour, but of a finer grain 
 but upon breaking some pieces of them, the inside appears 
 like dark marble; notwithstanding the different angles of these 
 pillars, their contexture is so adapted that there is no vacuity 
 between them, though the inequality of the numbers of the 
 sides of the pillars, being often in a very wonderful manner 
 throughout the whole causeway, compensated, by the in- 
 equality of the breadths and angles of their sides, yet the 
 whole at a little distance look very regular, and every pillar 
 retains its own thickness, angles and sides from top to bottom ; 
 several of those pillars, which seefm to be as they were origi- 
 
15 
 
 Book L] Geography of Ireland. 
 
 nallv:, are at top very rough, having no straited lines, others 
 that' stand lower to the sea, seem to have the natural tops 
 blown or worn off by the waves ; some are concave, and 
 some convex ; some of these pillars towards the sea, seem to 
 be composed of a craggv sort of rock ; further towards the 
 north, on the side of a hill are some irregular pillars called the 
 looms or organs. The pillars in the middle being the longest, 
 and those on each side, become shorter and shorter,, but on the 
 side of the hill just over the causeway, several pillars appear 
 neither standing nor lying flat, but sloaping, and many 
 broken pieces of pillars or rocks lie scattered about the shore, 
 vet thev all retain ther same regular and irregular figures of 
 angles of each other.* The Basalt of the Giant’s Causeway 
 of a very compa&‘ texture, and the angles of the pillars have 
 preserved their sharpness, though exposed to the sea for per- 
 haps two-or three thousand years. The same shore also pre- 
 sents horizontal and bending pillars, like those of Staffa? the 
 attendant minerals are zeolite i a the regular basalt, steatite and 
 
 bits of agate, red ochre and iron ore. # # 
 
 Thus far of the description of this wonderful curiosity 
 but as to its foundation, it is not determined, though several 
 ingenious men have thought it to be rather a work of nature 
 than art. But it may be considered on the contrary, though 
 there are many wonderful curiosities in nature, yet few 
 appear in so regular a manner ; that Ireland has been a place 
 of antiquity, is the opinion of many of our learned men, and 
 whv might not this Island be much larger, or a Continent of 
 land united with England, and those little Islands about it which 
 may have been divided, and washed away by the other general 
 deluge or rapidity of the sea, and this pile may have been the 
 remains of "some ancient temple, as Stonge-Henge, or on the 
 other hand, a bridge or causeway, as it is called, from one 
 island to another, the stones being by the waters so strongly 
 cemented together, and the whole work sunk regularly, as the 
 sands were loosened and washed away by the sea; others suppose 
 it to be the labour oi some large men or giants, then inha- 
 biants of this island, as it is certain such people have been in 
 those parts, by several large bones, he. which have been found 
 up and down, who, seeing part of their country washing away 
 by the sea, raised this causeway as a fence or bulwark to 
 
 *Y See Kir w (in's. Mini . 232*) 
 
 C 2 
 
16 Geography of Ireland . [Book I. 
 
 prevent its encroaching any further. The foregoing are our 
 sentiments on this curious piece of nature, but as they 
 may be fabulous, it must be left to the more curious to 
 determine. 
 
 About two mites from the City of Kilkenny, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Park-house of Don more, are^a number of 
 caves, which are supposed to be equal to any in the universe, 
 those of Antiparos in the Archipelago excepted. — Afteradiffw 
 cult descent of about 100 feet, the entrance into this, subte- 
 raneous world is gained. The appearance of the first cavern 
 rs uncommonly awful, and gives rise to an idea of a grand 
 gothic structure in ruins* The solemnity ^of this place is not 
 a little increased by the gaiety of those scenes that present 
 themselves on every side, previous to an entrance into it. — 
 The floor is uneven, and stones of various size are promis- 
 cuously dispersed upon it. The sides are compose of ragged 
 work, in spme parts covered with moss, and in others curi- 
 ously frosted ; and from the roof, which is a kind of arch, 
 several huge . rocks projedf beyond each other, in such a 
 manner, that they seem to threaten instant ruin. — The ci^cum^ 
 v fereh'ce of this - cave is not less than 200 feet, and its height 
 about 50. — Here is a small but continually d roping water 
 from the ceiling, and a few petrefa&ions resembling icicles.—* 
 This place is not destitute of inhabitants ; for immediately* 
 on entering into it you are surprized with a confused noise 
 which is occasioned by a multitude of wild pigeons. Hence 
 there is a passage towards the left, where by a small ascent, 
 a kind of hble is gained, much larger, but in form 
 greatly resembling the mouth of an oven, which intro- 
 duces the spectator to a place, where, by the help of candles, 
 day light being intireiy excluded, a broken and surprizing 
 scene of monstrous' stones, heaped on each other, chequered. with 
 various colours, in quality of rocks overhead, and an infinity 
 of stale&ical stones present themselves. 'Nature, one would 
 imagine, designed the first Cave as a preparative for what 
 remains to be seen ; by it the eve is familiarized to uncom- 
 mon and awful “6b je(5b, and the mind tolerably fortified against 
 those ideas, vs which result from a combination of appearances 
 u lit ho ught of, surprising and menacing the spectator ; 
 flatters himself that he has nothing to behold more awju , 
 nor any thing more dangerous to meet, than what he hods 
 ■jin the first cavern, but he soon discovers his mistake; lor, the 
 bare want of that light, which dresses nature with gaiety, is alone 
 sufficient -to render the second far more dreadful.— liv the fusty 
 
Book I.J Geography of Ireland. 
 
 1 ? 
 
 fancied ruin frowns upon him from several parts, but in this- 
 it is threatened from a thousand vast rocks, rudely piled on 
 each other, that compose the sides, which seem bending in, 
 and a multitude of no smaller size are pendent from the roof 
 in the most extraordinary manner; add to this, that by one 
 false step, he would be dashed from precipice to precipice. 
 Indeed it would be a matter of much difficulty, or rather 
 impracticable to walk over this apartment, had not nature, 
 as if studious for the safety of the curious, caused branches, 
 a* it were, to shoot from the surface of the rocks, which are 
 remarkably smooth, very unequal, and always damp; these 
 branches are from four to six inches in length, and nearly as 
 thick ; they are useful on the summits of the rocks to prevent 
 sipping, and in the sides are ladders; whereby to descend 
 and ascend with tolerable facility. — This astonishing and 
 fra&uous passage, leads to a place far more curious than the 
 rest. On entering into ity one is almost induced to believe 
 one’s self situated in an ancient temple, decorated with all the 
 expence of art ; yet, notwithstanding i he beauty and splendour 
 that catches the eve on every side, there Is something of 
 solemnity in the fashion of the place, which must be felt by 
 the most inattentive spe&ator. — The floor, in some parts, is 
 covered with a crystalline substance the sides, in many 
 places, are incrusted with the same, wrought in a taste not 
 unlike the gothic stile of ornament, and the top is almost 
 intirdy covered with inverted pyramids of the same elegantly 
 white and lucid matter.— At the points of these staia&ical 
 streets- are perpetually hanging drops of pellucid water, for 
 when one falls, another succeeds. — These pendant gems 
 contribute not a little to the glory of the roof, which, when 
 the place is properly illuminated, appears as if formed of the 
 purest crystal. — Here are three extraordinary and beautiful 
 congelations, which, without the assistance of a strong ima- 
 gination, may be taken for an organ, altar, and cross ; the 
 former, except stri&ly examined, appears to be a regular 
 work of art, and is of a considerable size the second is of a 
 simple form, rather long than square; and the third reaches from 
 the floor to the roof, which must be about 20 feet. — These 
 curious figures are owing to water that fall from the upper 
 parts of the cave to the ground, which coagulated into stone 
 from time to time, till it acquired these forms which are now 
 so pleasing; or to an exsudation or extifiation of petrefying 
 juices out of the earth ; or perhaps they partake of the nature 
 C 3 
 
of spar, which is a kind of rock plant. The former appears 
 to be the most probable supposition, as these fig ures, in colour 
 and consistence appear exactly like the icichs on the top, 
 which are only seen from the wet part of the . caverns ; and 
 in this place there is a greater oozing of water, and a much 
 larger number of petrefa&ions than in t lie other — When yoi\ 
 quit this curious apartment, the guides lead you for a consi- 
 uerahle way through winding places ; until a glimmering light 
 agreeably surprizes. — Here the jouri.es of above a quarter 
 of a mile through those parts is ended ; but upon returning 
 into the first cavern, the entrance into other apartments, less 
 curious indeed, but as extensive as those we have described, 
 offers itself. — The passages into some of these are so very 
 low, that there is a necessity of creeping through them ; by 
 these we proceed until the noise of a subterantous river is 
 heard, but farther none have ventured. 
 
 ]n the mountain^ of Wicklow, are jffso some of those deep 
 values called Glens, very beautiful and picturesque, together 
 with some grand and astonishing water falls,— Among the 
 former, the Dargle, and the Glen of the Downs, are 
 particularly renWkable.--The Dargle, is much visited in the 
 summer season by the gentry from Dublin, and most of the peo- 
 ple of fortune who r/esert to that City. It is equal, if not su- 
 perior to any of the kind in the .kingdom, one or the deepest, 
 and at the same t me the narrowest, and most irriguous rallies 
 that can be seen. The sides of the hills which skirt it, are 
 adorned with trees to the very tops, and intermixed with 
 rocky precipices, together with a murmuring of 'a little river 
 at the bottom, that winds its way through this intricate valley 
 over numberless little breaks and falls, that add greatly to the 
 beauty of the scene, rentier it altogether a most pieasing 
 sum met recreation.— -The coolness of the lofty shading trees 
 on the sidles, at the same time that it affords a mo^t 
 delightful cool retreat from the In at of the sun, throws a 
 gloomy solemnity on the bottom of this deep valley ; and from 
 this circumstance, it is very properly called the Dargle. — 
 4 It is rather a eeep eh ^tn than a valley, extending about a mile, 
 through a lofty range of hills.— At the very bottom of the 
 glen is a way cut out by the side of the stream, and adapted 
 Iq the gloomy retirement of the place, where the poet or 
 the philosopher, may wander with every circumstance, as every 
 <$cene about h\m is calculated to warm his imagination^ or 
 produce the most strious reflections. 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland. 19 
 
 The Glen of the Downs, in this neighbourhood, is a more^ 
 open and spacious valley, but immensely deep, and skirted, 
 on either, hand with enormous mountains, covered for the mo-t 
 part with trees, from* their botforris to {he very tops, present- 
 ing a prospeCl of horrible impending rocks. The bottom of 
 the vallev is just wide enough for a road and river that 
 run through it. There is something inexpressibly sinking,' 
 pleasing, grand and awful innbe scene. 
 
 At a small distance from the e Glens lies. Powerscourt, a de- 
 lightful seat, 14 miles from Dublin, near which is one of the 
 most beautiful falls of water in the universe, calied the Fall 
 of Powerscourt; which, from the peculiarity of its situation 
 and prodigious height, well deserves the attention of every 
 traveller. It is produced by a small river arising from springs 
 and rains collected on the pkins or shallow valleys, on the 
 top of an adjacent range of mountains, and falls about 100 
 feet perpendicular height. The only time to see it in per- 
 fection, is immediately after heavy rains have fell on the 
 mountains. No description can do justice to the grandeur 
 of the scene, or the agreeable surprize of the spectator. The 
 trees which grow from the bottom ro the top of the hills, on 
 each side of this astonishing waterfall are an inexpressible 
 addition to its charms, to say the truth, the whole appearance 
 of this enchanting place, both above and below, is the most 
 extraordinary and entertaining of its kind that can be con- 
 ceived. At the abovementioned seat, is a large grove of the 
 arabutus or strawberry tree, one of the mo^t beautiful ever 
 greens produced in our climate, bearing at the same time 
 blossoms and fruit, both ripe and green on its branches. 
 
 Q. What are the persons, genius, and temper of the Jrish ? — 
 A. if the character of the native Irish be taken 'from many 
 modern writers, it wouid lead the reader astray, who represent 
 them much in the same manner as Strabo, Pomponius, Mela, 
 Soli nus and other writers have done. The ancient planters of 
 Ireland are on all hands supposed to have come from different 
 quarters of the world and at different periods ; for which reason 
 it would not be improper to distinguish between the inha- 
 bitants on the western coast, and those on the northern and 
 eastern, the former are supposed to be a colony from Spain, 
 as being the opposite continent to them. These generally 
 resemble the Spaniards in their persons, being tail and slender, 
 finely limbed, with grave and sedate countenances ; having 
 long eye brows, and lank dark hair. The natives on the 
 northern and eastern coasts, who are supposed to have arrived 
 
20 
 
 Geography of Ireland. [Book L 
 
 there from Britain, and probably into Britain from Gaul , are 
 of a different composure, being of a squat set stature, with 
 short broad faces, thick lips, hollow eVes, and noses cocked 
 up, and seem to be a disrinft people from the western Irish. 
 The curious may carry these remarks further. Doubtless, a 
 long intercourse, and various mixture of the natives by mar- 
 riages have much worn out these distin&iohs, of which ne- 
 vertheless there seem to be yet visible remains. To speak 
 in general, they are a strong bodied people, nimble, a&ive, of 
 great softness and pliancy in their limbs, (occasioned probably, 
 by the moisture and temperature of the air) bold, haughty,, 
 quick-witted, hospitable, credulous, vain-glorious and violent 
 in their afte&ions. The ancient habit of the Irish was x 
 frize cloak, wkh a fringe or shagged border, and their under 
 garment a doublet and close breeches called trowsers. The 
 women wore a mantle over a long gown. 
 
 They are reproached for want of genius, and some have 
 gone so far as to call them a nation of blunderers. But these 
 aspersions are in the mouths of those who are ignorant of the 
 country, or hireling historians and geographers, (employed 
 for that purpose by the enemies of Ireland) for Ireland hath, 
 produced some of the most distinguished chara&ers,, as schol- 
 lars, poets, orators, statesmen and soldiers that Europe cam 
 boast of, as Sir James Ware, Usher, Boyle, Berkley, Swift, 
 Leland, Parnell, Boyce, the Lords, Molsworth, Orrery and 
 Clare, Sir Hans Sloan, Cunningham, Goldsmith, Sterne, 
 Congrave, Farquhar, Jephson, Beurke, Sheridan, &c. &c. 
 
 Their bravery and military skill cannot be disputed, and 
 we see at this day generals of this nation in esteem in most of 
 the arrni p s of Europe 
 
 Q. IVhat was the ancient literature of Ireland? — A. 
 Greece and Egypt, in very remote antiquity, were seminaries 
 of learning to the rest of the world ; and Ireland in latter 
 days seems to have answered the same description to the other 
 nations oi Europe. When the ravages of the Goths and 
 Vandals had desolated the improvements of Europe, and 
 reached also to axonshlerable extent on the African continent, 
 learning appears to have flourished in Ireland . Spencer says, 
 it is certain that Ireland had the use of letters very anciently, 
 and long before England ; he thought they wer£ derived from 
 the Phoenicians. Bade speaks of Ireland as the great mart 
 of literature, to which they resorted from all parts of Europe. 
 He relates that Oswal, the Saxon king, (who was himself 
 educated in Ireland) applied to Iroland for learned men to 
 
21 
 
 Book I.] Geograph y of I reland, 
 
 instruct his people in the principles of Christianity. Camden 
 savs, it abounded with mm of splendid genius in those ages 
 when literature was reje&ed every where d-e; according to 
 l jr, the Abbics in Lux’eu in Burgunclv, Roby in Italy, Witz- 
 burc in Frankland, Sr* Gall in Switzerland, Malms bury and 
 Lindisftrn in England, and Jona or Hy in Scotland, were 
 founded .bv Irish monks^ The younger Scaliger says, the 
 time of Charlemagne, and 200 years before, almost all the 
 learned were of Ireland. The first professois in tiie University 
 of Paris were from this Island ; and it is said that Alfred the 
 great king of England, who was educated in the University 
 of Mayo in the province of Connaught (see County of 
 Mayo in the course of th/s work) brought professors to his 
 newly founded College of Oxford from this country. At this 
 day the patron Saints of several nations on the continent are 
 acknowledged to be Irish ; hence we may see how Ireland ob- 
 tained the name of the Island of Saints. Armagh, in old 
 times, is said to have had several thousands of Students at 
 once, and here were , other seats of learning equally famous'. 
 In faCt, when vre read of the ancient literature of Scotland, 
 we must understand it as speaking of Ireland under its ancient 
 name of Scotia, until so late as the fifteenth century, fas 
 before mentioned) with the addition of Major or Vetus, to 
 distinguish it from Caledonia or Albania, that is, the present 
 Scotland, which in the eleventh century began to be called 
 Scotia Minor, or Nova. The ancient Scots writers of the 
 greatest repute, are so far from denying their Irish extraction, 
 that they seem to glory in it; and king James L in one of 
 his speeches, boasts of the Scottish dynasty being derived from 
 that of Ireland. “ It is surprizingly strange, says (Rap: a, who 
 makes the names Scots and Irish synonimous) that the con- 
 version of the English should be ascribed 'to' Sr. Austin, (a 
 missionary of Rome) rather than to Aidin, to Ftnian, to Coi- 
 man, to Sedd, to Drumna, to Fartcus, and other Irish or 
 Scots monks. 
 
 Note ! — -The principal rivers, lakes, bays, havens, mountains, 
 &c. shall be given after the civil division of Ireland. 
 
 Questions to be answered l>y the Pupd. 
 
 1 j/, How is Ireland situated ? — How ts Ireland bounded ? — 
 
 2>d , Is Ireland of great Antiejuity ? \th , H as Ireland ever 
 
 subject to int Homans ? — -5*v>, Did the h i*h make any C:/:~ 
 
22 Geography of Ireland. [Book I. 
 
 quests ? — 6th, Did the Irish male any advancement in early , 
 times in learning, civility and politeness ? — 7th, From whence 
 did Ireland derive its Name ? — 8//*, What is the Climate of' Ire- 
 land ? — 9 tji, What is the Soil and produce of Ireland ? — 
 10///, Which are the curiosities of Ireland f — ]i ///, lift at 
 are the Persons, Genius and Temper of the Irish f — lUth, 
 What was the ancient Literature of h eland,* — Answers to the 
 above questions are to he found Ji om page 8 to page Ah 1. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 Q. IVh at are the civil divisions of Ireland ? — A. Ireland is 
 primarily divided into font provinces, viz Ulster to the N. 
 Connaught to the YV. Leinster to the E. and Munster to the 
 S. and those subdivided into counties, inalij32u (See general 
 summary of Ireland, p. 42.) 
 
 Ulster. 
 
 Q. flow is Ulster situated I — A. Ulster is the most northerly 
 province in Ireland ; it is bounded by the Deu Caledonian sea 
 on the N. on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. by 
 St. George’s channel and the Irish Sea, and on the S. and S. W. 
 by the provinces of Leinster and Connaught 5 its greatest 
 length is 68 miles, and in breadth from Baiinbay to the point 
 at the entrance of Strangford bay, is 98 miles; the circum- 
 ference, including the windingsand turnings, about 460 miles,, 
 and the area or superficial content 2.236.837 Irish plantation 
 acres. Ulster abounds with lakes and rivers which are supplied 
 with a great variety of fine fish, beside what it has from the 
 sea, by which a great part is bounded; the southern parts are 
 rich, fertile, well cultivated and inclosed; but the great part 
 of the northern is open and mountainous ; the farm-houses 
 here are the neatest and best built in the kingdom ; this pro- 
 vince also includes within itself by far the greater part 
 of the linen manufa&ure, the best branch of trade in the 
 kingdom. — (For counties, baronies, parishes, population, see 
 general summary of Ireland p. 42.) — It has 58 market towns, 10 
 boroughs, 1 archbLhoprick, and 5 bishopricks, and gives 
 title of Earl to his Royal Highness Prince Frederick, son to 
 his present Majesty George III. 
 
Book I.] Geography. of Ireland * 
 
 Connaught. 
 
 Q. Ho 7 tj is Connaught situated ? — A. Connaught is bounded 
 of) the E. by Leinster, on tiie VV. by the ocean, on N. 
 and N. VV. by part of the ocean and province of Ulster, 
 and on the S. and E. by Mtin^ter ; it is about 130 miles in 
 length, and 84 in breadth* it has many lakes, and no 
 river of any great note but the Shannon, by which it is 
 nearly enclosed; it has several convenient bays and creeks, and 
 'is fertile in many places. This province produces abundance 
 of cattle, sheep "and deer. It contains one archbishoprick, five 
 bishopricks,five counties, (see general summary of Jrelancj p.42.) 
 It is neither as populous or as well cultivated as the other pro- 
 vinces of Ireland, owing chiefly to the poverty of the inha- 
 bitants, and the sums of money drained from the country by 
 absentees; the soil is excellent, and it has a number of capital 
 harbours ; it was formerly a kingdom in itself, until the reign 
 of Henrv II. and several times after endeavoured to throw 
 off the yoke of its conquerors. 
 
 Leinster. 
 
 * 
 
 Q. How is Leinster situated? — A. Leinster is bounded cn 
 the E. by the Irish sea, on the VV. bv Connaught, from whicii 
 it is separated by the river Shannon, on the N. by Ulster, and 
 on the S. by the ocean. It is about 124 miles long, and 74 
 broad. The chief rivers are, the Barrow, the Boyne, the 
 Lifter, the Nore, the Urrin or Slane, and the Inny. The 
 air of this province is temperate, and the soil is fruitful in corn 
 and pasture, which feed cattle that yields milk, of which they 
 make plenty of butter and cheese. The chief commodities 
 are cattle, corn, horses, fowl, and fish it has sevtral 
 eminent factories in the cotton and worsted branches. (It 
 contains > 2 counties, see general summary of Ireland, p. 42.) 
 It has one archbishoprick, three bLh'opncks; the chief place 
 is Dublin, which is the capital of the kingdom. 
 
 Munster. 
 
 Q. How is Munster sitiuuted? —A. Munsttr is bounded on 
 the E. and S. E. by the province of Leinster'; on 4 the W, by 
 the western ocean*; on the N. by the province ol Cou^audht, 
 
24 " Geography of Jri land. [Book I. 
 
 from winch it is separated bv the river Shannon; and, on the 
 S. arid S. VV. by the ocean ' It is aoftut 135 miles in length, 
 and 1 20-in breadth. The chief rivers are the Suir, the Aud- 
 it! fie, the Lee, the Bande, the Learne, and the Cashon. There 
 are a great many bays and harbours, and many rich towns, and 
 ■ the air is mild and temperate. Some places are /nountainous, 
 but the valleys below are embellished with corn fields. The 
 most general commodities are corn, cattle, wool, and fish. 
 It contains five counties &c: (see general summary of Jre. 
 land, p. 42.) The principal town is Cork. 
 
 OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES IN IRELAND. 
 
 1 st, UlsUr. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Donegal bounded? — A. By the sea 
 on the N. VV. and the bay of Donegal, and county Fermanagh 
 on the S. ; those of Tyrone and LondondeVry, and part of 
 Fermanagh on the E. It is a very large mountainous and 
 course country, abounding with good harbours, (tor length, 
 breadth-, population, (tfc- ste general summary of Ireland, p. 42, 
 for towns, see A. under head cities and towns of Ireland! Book //.). 
 
 Q. How is the County of Derry situated? A. It has Do- 
 neoai on the W. the sea on the N ; Antrim on the E. and 
 Tyrone on the S. (for length, breadth, population, itfe. itfe. 
 see summary of Ireland, p. 42, for towns see B-. under head 
 
 Cities, isle. Book If .) • . . . 
 
 Q How is the County of Antrim situated f — A. Antrim is 
 the most north easterly County in Ireland, bounded E. and 
 N. bv the, sea, S. by the County of Down, W. by the 
 Counties of Londonderry and Tyrone, (for extent of popula- 
 tion, isle, see the general summary of Ireland, p. 42, for Towns 
 see C. under head Cities , Book II.) , 
 
 O How is the County of Tyrone situated ? — A. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Londonderry ; on the S. by the County of Mo- 
 naghan; on the E. bv Lough Neagh, and part of Armagh, 
 and on the W. and S..W. by Donegal, and part of Ferma- 
 nagh- for length, breadth, population, &c &c. (see general 
 summary of Ireland, p. 42.) It sends three member U parliament* 
 chief town Omagh. This County formerly gave the title of 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland.— Counties* 25 
 
 Earl to the family of O’Neil, after whose attainder, the family 
 had the title; the heiress of that family being married into 
 that of Beresford, they now enjoy the same.' It is a targe 
 County, and though a great part of it be rough and moun- 
 tainous, yet, for the richness of soil and good pasture, it is not 
 inferior to many counties in this kingdom ; the bleach greens 
 in it are principally situated in the neighbourhood of Dun- 
 gannon, Cookstown and Stewardstown. — For length , breadth, 
 population , see general summary of Ireland, p. 42, and for 
 Town s., see D, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Fermanagh situated ? — A. It is 
 bounded by the Counties of Donegal and Tyrone, N.; by ano- 
 ther part of the County of Tyrone and Monaghan E. by 
 Cavan add Leitrim S. and by another part of Leitrim and 
 the ocean W.) it is navigable through its whole length by 
 means of Lough Erne, it is difficult for travellers to pass 
 through by reason of that lake, and also the mountain and 
 boggy grounds it abounds with.- — For length, breadth , popular 
 tion , & c. see general summary of Ireland p. 4*2. For Towns, 
 see E, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Down situated t -—A. It is bounded 
 on the E. and S. by the sea, and on the W. by Armagh, and 
 on the N.' by Antrim; it is a large and populous County, 
 welhimproved and noted for its great trade in the linen manu- 
 facture, which is averaged at fl5 1,960 yearly; it gives title 
 of Marquis to the family of Hill, and tjaat of Viscount to 
 the family of Burton, — For length, breadth, .population, &c. sec 
 general summary of Ireland p. 4*2. For Towns see F, Book If. 
 
 Qi How is the County of Armagh situated? — A. It is 
 bounded on the N. by" Lough Neagh ; S. by Louth ; W. by 
 Tyrone and Monaghan, E. by Down; noted for the richness 
 of the soil, except a ridge of mountains which runs across it, 
 called the Fews. This is a ^reat linen County, its trade therein 
 being estimated at *£*29 1,900 yearly; its weekly markets are 
 the best in Ulster.—— For lengthy breadth, population, see general 
 summary of Ireland p. 42. For Towns , see G, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Monaghan situated? — A. It is 
 bounded N. by Tyrone, E. by Armagh, S. by Cavan and 
 Louth, and W. by Fermanagh ; k is full of woods and bogs, 
 and a third part of it is taken up by Lough Erne ; Monaghan, 
 ^hief town.— For length, breadth, &c, see general sumittwy of 
 Ireland p. 42, For Towns , &c. see H, Booh II* 
 
26 Geography oj Ireland. — Counties. [Book I. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Civ an situated ? — A. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Fermanagh, on the $. by Westmeath and 
 Longford, oik the E. by part of Monaghan, Meath and 
 Louth; it is well inhabited, though rough, and interspersed, 
 with many pleasant lakes, has much fenny pasture ground, and 
 course land in many places, yet in others, it is not void of rich 
 and fertile soil '; it sends two members to parliament. The 
 family of Lambert takes the title of Earl from this County. 
 The linen manufacture is carrried on in it, though it does 
 not seem to improve here as in other northern counties; its 
 yearly trade in it has been averaged at £68,200 ; the bleach 
 greens here are few and much scattered; Cavan, the principal 
 town for length , breadth, populolion , & c. see, general sum- 
 mary of Ireland, p. 42. tor 1 owns, see l , Book IX. 
 
 2. Connaught . 
 
 Q w How is the~ County ' of Galway situated?— A. It is 
 bounded by the Counties of Clare, Tipperary, King’s County, 
 County Roscommon and the sea; the river Shannon washes 
 the frontiers of the E. and S- E. and forms lakes several miles 
 in length; it sends three members to parliament —For length, 
 breadth population , &c. &c. see general summary of Ireland, 
 p. 42. — For Tozvns, &c. see K, fiook II. 
 
 Q, How is the County of Roscommon situated? — A* It is 
 bounded on the N. by Sligo and Leitrim, on the E. by Long- 
 ford and Meath, by Galway on the S. and another part of 
 Galway and Mayo oo the~W.; the soil in most places is plain 
 and fertile; it returns two members to parliament; it gives 
 title of Earl to the family 7 of Dillon. — -For length , breadth and 
 population, &Y. see general summary of Ireland, p. 42. — For 
 towns,, &c. see L, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County cf Mayo situated ?---h. It is bounded 
 on Uie- N. by Sligo and the sea ; on the S. bv Roscommon, 
 on the E. by Leitrim and Roscommon, and on the W. by 
 the Atlantic ; it sends two members to the Imperial Parliament ; 
 it gives title of Earl to the family of Bourke: This County 
 
 takes its name from an ancient City, built in 664, the ruins 
 of the Cathedral, and some traces of the stone walls which 
 encompassed the City, yet remain on the plains of Mayo; 
 it was a University, founded for the education of such Saxon 
 youths as were converted to the Christian faith ; it was situ- 
 ated a little to -the S. of 'Lough Conn, and to this day fre- 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland.— Counties. 27 
 
 «piently called Mayo of the Saxons, being celebrated for 
 giving education to Alfred the great, king of England; Bal- 
 Iiorobe is now reckoned the chief town. — For length , breadth 
 population , &c. see general summary of Ireland (it one view* 
 
 p 42. For Towns, & c* see M, Book II,. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Sligo situated ?—A. It is bounded 
 on the E. by that of Leitrim, on the W. bv the County of 
 Mayo, on the N. and N. W. by the western ocean r and on 
 the S. and S% W. by Roscommon- and Mayo ; it sends three 
 members to the Imperial Parliament, two for the County, and 
 one for the Borough of the same name, which is the only 
 market town in the County, and’ is seated in a bay of the 
 same name, 26 miles E. of Kiialla, and 100 miles N. W. 
 of Dublin, long. 8^ W. lat. 64° t t 7 N. — For lengthy 
 breadth and population , see general summary of Ireland , p. 42.- 
 For Towns, see N, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Leitrim situated ? — A. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the bay of Donegal, and part of Fer- 
 managh on the S. and W; by Sligo and Roscommon, and on 
 the E. by Fermanagh and Cavan ; it is a fruitful county, and 
 though mountainous, produces great herds of cattle, but has 
 few places of note — Fpr length, breadth, population , &c* gene - 
 ral summary of Ireland* tor Towns, &c. sec O, Book II, 
 
 3. Of Leinster. 
 
 • ' 
 
 How is the County of Louth situated p — A. It is bounded' 
 on the N. by Monaghan and Armagh, on the E- by the 
 Irish channel, on the S. by Meath, and on the W. by Cavan ; 
 its chief towns Dundalk and Carlingford, unless we include 
 Drogheda, a part whereof is in this County ; it is the smallest 
 County in the kingdom, but very fertile and pleasant, and 
 abounding with remains of antiquity, of which Mr. Wright 
 in his Louthiana, has given a very ample description ; it 
 returns three members to parliament, exclusive of Drogheda, 
 which sends one —For length, breadth, population, (tic. see 
 general summary , of Ireland , p. 42, For Towns , & c. see P, 
 Book II. 
 
 Qj How is the County of Meath situated f — A. It is bounded 
 on the N. by Cavan, and South on the E. by the Irish 
 channel, on the S, by Kildare 'and Dublin, and on the W. 
 by Longford and Westmeath; it gives t‘ tie of Earl to the 
 noble family of Brabazon, and sends two members to par- 
 
 D 2 
 
23 Geography of Ireland. — Counties . [Book I. 
 
 juam^nt. — For lengthy breadth , population , &c. general 
 
 summary of Ireland , p. 42. — -For Towns , &c. Q. II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Westmeath situated ? — A. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Comity of -Cavan, on the E. bv 
 the County of Meath, otherwise called East Meath, on the 
 W. by the County of Longford and Lough Ree, which 
 separates it from the County of Roscommon ; besides the 
 principal river, which is the Shannon, this County is watered 
 by a great number : of agreeable lakes; but intermixed with 
 bogs^chief town Mullingar, which is the assizes and shire 
 town for this County, and the second great fair in the king- 
 dom for wool ; this County sends three fnembers to parliament. 
 —For length , breadth , population , &c. see gener al summary of 
 
 Ireland at one view, p. 42 — For Towns , &c. see R, Book II. . 
 
 Q. How is the County of Longford situated ?—•- A. It JS 
 bounded on the N. by the Counties of Leitrim and Cavart, 
 on the E. and S. by Meath, and on the W. by Roscommon ; 
 sends two members to parliament; chief town Longford. ■ 
 For length, breadth, population , &C. see general summary of 
 Ireland, p. 43. — For Towns, &c, see S, Book IX. ^ 
 
 Q. How is the County of Dublin situated ? —A. It 5s 
 bounded on the E. by the Irish Sea, on the W. and N. W. 
 by Kildare and East 'Meath, and on the S. by Wicklow; 
 sends five members to parliament ; it is but a small County, 
 has but four market towns; the soil is very rich and fertile in 
 
 corn and grass ; the chief place is the City, of Dublin, and 
 the principal river the Liffey .—For a description of Dublin, 
 see S. under head Cities and Towns of Ireland, and for length, 
 breadth, population, &c. see general summary of Ireland, p. 43. 
 — For Towns, Sec. see T, Book II. 
 
 Q How is the County of Kildare situated F—n. It rs 
 • bounded on the N. by Meath, on the E. by Du bln, and 
 Wicklow, on the S. by Carlow, on the W. by Westmeath, 
 and King’s County ; it is a fine arable County, vrell watered 
 bv the Barrow, Liffey and other rivers, and well inhabited 
 and cultivated ; chief town Kildare, and gave title of Earl 
 to the noble family of Fitzgerald ; it was anciently called 
 Chille-dair /. e. the Wood of Oaks, from a large forest which 
 comprehended the middle part of this county ; m the centre 
 of this wood was a large plain, sacred to the Heathen super- 
 stition, and at present called the Curragh of Kildare, the 
 most celebrated race course in the kingdom.— lor length, 
 
Book' IT] Geography, of Ireland— Counties* 29 
 
 breadth, * population , &c. see general summary of Ireland at one 
 view, p. 42. For Towns., Fife, see U, Book If . 
 
 Q. How is. the King's County' situated A. It is bounded 
 
 on the N. by Westmeath, oiv the Bb by Kildare, on the S. 
 bv the Queen’s County; -and Tipperary, and on the W. by 
 the river Shannon ; the capital town is Philipstown ; it sends 
 two members to parliament. — For length, breadth , population, 
 &c. see general summary of Ireland , p. 42. 
 
 Q. How is the Queen's County situated ?—A. If is bounded 
 on the N by the Kind’s County and part of Tipperary, on 
 the W. by part of Kildare and Carlow, on the E. it is a 
 pleasant fruitful country, sends three members to parliament-; 
 chief town Maryborough, which with the County, was 
 named in honour of Mary Queen of England. — For length, 
 fa eadtj, population , e. see gen er al summary of Ireland , p. 42b 
 
 For .Towns, - & c-.. see V, Book II. 
 
 Q How is the County, of Wicklow- situated f — A, It is 
 bounded by Wexford on the S. that of Dublin and part of- 
 Kildare on the George’s Channel on the E. and by 
 
 Kilua/'e and Carlow counties-on the W.; returns two mem- 
 bers t»o parliament. is partly a line arable County, and 
 
 partly incumbered with mountains 5 but its lower lands and 
 rich bottoms are found to be a good soil. In some places 
 rich veins of copper and other minerals have been discovered. 
 Th the Wicklow mountains are some of those deep dark 
 valleys* called glens, extremely beautiful and picturesque; 
 among which are -the celebrated D&rgle, Dunran, the Devil’s 
 'Glen, the Glen of the Downs, and the Scalp; together with 
 some astonishing waterfalls, that of Bowerscota: is perhaps 
 one of the most beautiful in thehvorld, both for its prodigious 
 height and pleasing appearance, and another called Pool a 
 Poucha, equally interesting to travellers; chief town Wicklow. 
 — For length , breadth^ population, &c. see general summary 
 of Ireland, p. 42. For Towns , see W, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County \ of Carlow situated A. It is 
 bounded on the N v by the Queen’s County, Kildare and 
 Wicklow, S t E. by Wexford, and S. W. and W, by Kil- 
 kenny ^returns three members to parliaments the scenery in 
 this County is- agreeable for the most part, and the lands- 
 fertile, great part thereof being occupied by graziers; the 
 ancient name of this County Was Catherlough, comprehending 
 the ancient districts, Hy. Cabanagh and Hy. Drone, being 
 the northern part of the principality, of Hy. Cinsiolagh, 
 
 (O’Kinselaghj 
 
50 Geography of Ireland — Counties. [Book I. 
 
 (O’Kinselagh) it was made a County by King John about 
 3210. — For length, breadth, population , &c* see general sum - 
 mary of Ireland , p, 42. For Towns, &c, see X, Book II 
 
 Q. How is the * County of Wexford bounded? — A. It is 
 bounded on the N. by Wicklow, on the S.. and E, by St. 
 George’s Channel, on the W. by part of the Counties of 
 'Carlow and Kilkenny. — It sends four members to parliament. 
 The soil is various, in some places it is coarse and poor, in 
 others, fruitful both in corn and grass; the chief town is 
 Wexford. The Barony of Forth, joins this town, where are 
 the remains of an ancient British colony, planted there by 
 Henry II. — These people retain their native language, 
 manners, and many singular customs to this days they 
 intermarry among themselves, and have intermixed little 
 or none with the natives. — Here it is probable the ancient 
 British or Celtic language hath been preserved, with less cor- 
 ruption than even in Britain, where the Danish, Saxon and 
 French languages have been interwoven with it. The inha- 
 bitants are remarkably industrious, cleanly to an extreme, and 
 possessed of great simplicity of manners. In this County is 
 Duncannon Fort, commanding the harbour of Waterford, in 
 the County of Waterford. — For length , breadth , population , 
 CsV. see general summary of Ireland, p. 42. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Kilkenny situaled ? — A. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the Queen’s County, on the E. by 
 Wexford, on- the S. by Waterford, and by Tipperary on the 
 W.; the soil is rich and fertile, being proper for tillage; it 
 produces plenty of corn, wool, coal, and marble; and the 
 County abounds with fine p’an'rations, and is, from the purity 
 of the air, esteemed extremely healthful. — It returns three 
 members to parliament; chief town Kilkenny — For length , 
 breadth , population, & c. see general summary of Ireland, p. 42. 
 Fot Towns, see y, Book II. 
 
 4. Of Munster. . 
 
 How is the County of Cork situated ? — A* It is bounded 
 on the N- by Limerick, on the S. by the Sea, on the W. by 
 Kerry and by Waterford ; it is the largest Qounty in Ireland; 
 it returns eight members to parliament, and gives title of Earl 
 to the elder branch of the noble family of Boyle. It abounds 
 wnh excellent harbours well fitted for foreign trade, and 
 
Book t I.] Geography of Ireland — Counties. 31 
 
 with many fine rivers, as the Black Water, Lee, Bandon, 
 lllen, &c. and being inhabited by an industrious people, is 
 rich and populous, though tillage is so much neglected, the 
 lands being chiefly under pasture. — It is plentifully stored 
 with all kinds of game, for fishing and fowling. Before the 
 arrival of Strongbow, this County was a kingdom in itself, 
 the Kings of which were the McCarty’s. In 1210 was made 
 shire* ground by King John, who appointed Sheriff’s and 
 other Officers. — For length, hreadrh , population , &c see general 
 summary of Ireland , p. 42 For Tomans, &c. see Z. Book II. 
 
 Q. HoW is the County of JVaterfor d situated? — A. ft is 
 bounded on the W. by the County of Cork, on the S. by 
 the’ Ocean, on the N. by the river Suir, whi ch parts it from / 
 the Counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny, and on the E. by 
 its own Haven; and semis four members to- parliament; 
 Waterford the chief city. — For leftgth } breadth , population , &c. 
 iee general summary of Ireland, p. 42. For Towns , &c. see AA, j 
 Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Limerick situated ? — A. It is 
 bounded on the N. by the River Shannon; on the N. E. - j 
 Kerry, on the W. Cork, on the S. Tipperary ; it is 40 miles from 
 E. to W. and from 17 to 25 from N. to S. It is a fruitful and 
 populous tra£f, the soil requiring little or no manure in most 
 places, and produces rich crops of all kind of corn and rape, j 
 
 with some hemp. It gave the title , of Earl to the family 
 of Dongan. It sends three members to parliament, it is 
 famous for good cider ; the inhabitants are a laborious inde- 
 pendant people, mostly employed on their own farms ; this 
 County is well watered, by large and small rivers; the Shan- 
 non runs at the N. side of the Countv, and fertilizes its 
 banks; tjhe firing of the inhabitants is chiefly turf, and the^ 
 bogs are conveniently situated ; chief town Limerick. — Lor 
 length, breadth , population , &c. see general summary of Ireland , 
 p. 42. For Towns, &c. see BB, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Kerry situated ? — A. It is bounded 
 on the N. by the Shannon, which river divides it from the 
 County of Ciare„ on the E. by Limerick and Cork, by> 
 another part of Cork S. and by the Atlantic Ocean W. the 
 best town in it is Dingle, situated on a bay of the same name; 
 it comprehends a great part of the territory formerly called 
 Desmond ; it returns three- members to parliament ; and gives 
 title of Earl to the family of Fitzmaurice. — It rs the fourth 
 County as to extent in Ireland, and the second in this pro- 
 
32 Geography of Ireland — Counties. [Book IL 
 
 v'mce- but in respefl to its inhabitants and culture doth not 
 equal many smaller Counties. In it there are two' Episcopal 
 Sees, which have been annexed to the bishoprick of Limerick 
 since the year 1660, viz. Ardfert and Agfyadoe. Few moun- 
 tains in Ireland can vie with those of this County for length. 
 Iron oar is in great plenty in most oT the southern baronies. . 
 The principal rivers are the Blackwater, Feal, . Gale, Brick, 
 Cashin, Mane, Lea, Flesk, .Laune, Carrin, Fartin, _Inny 
 and Rough,, 'and the principal lake is Killarnev*.— There 
 are some oood medicinal waters discovered in this County, 
 particularly Killarnev -water, Iveragh Spa, Tells-well, Dingle,, 
 Castiemairi and Tralee Spa, as also a saline spring, at Maherv- 
 be?.— For length, brearhh, population, ^cc. see general summary 
 of° Ireland, p. 42. For Towns, he. see CC, Book II. 
 
 Q. How is the County of Tipperary situated — A. It is 
 bounded on the Nl by the King’s County, on the' E. by the 
 Queen’s Countv and Kilkenny, on the S,. by Waterford, ( on 
 the W. by Galway, Glare, and Limerick ; it is one ot the 
 finest Counties in Ireland, and is occupied chiefly- in feeding 
 sheep, and rather thinlv inhabited.— It was a palatinate under 
 the jurisdiiSion of the Duke of Ormond, which was suppressed 
 in the reign of King George I. after, that nobleman’s attainder.. 
 It is furnished with the greatest and best stocks of any 
 Countv in the kingdom ; it returns four members to parha- 
 ment ; its chief town Clonmel. -For length, breadth > popula- 
 tion, &C. see general summary^ Iieland, p. 42. For Towns, 
 
 hfc. see DD. Bool II. T . , , , 
 
 q How is the County of Clare situated ?■ — A. It is bounded' 
 on >he E. and S. by the River Shannon, which separates it 
 from Tipperarv, Limerick and Kerry ; on the W. by the 
 Oceae, and on the N. by Galway; it hath its present name 
 from Richard and Thomas de Clare, sons of the Earl of 
 Gloucester, to whom King Edward I, granted this County. 
 It is remarkable for breeding more horses, than any other 
 Countv in Ireland— Thomond gave title of Earl .to a branch of 
 the noble family of O’Brien, descended from Bryan Boirohme, 
 the celebrated monarch of Ireland and by a new creation in, 
 • )7 g 5 wave the same title, to Percy Windham O’Brien, Esq. 
 heir to Henry O’Brien the last Earl of Thomond. It returns 
 three members to parliament, viz. two for the County, and one 
 for Ennis, which is the assizes town ; the soil is very fruitful,, lies 
 verv commodious for navigation, and contains two market 
 towns ; the principal place is said to be Killaloe, which has a 
 
 * fo.r a description of which,, see under head Lakes* 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland. — Counties. 33 
 
 Bishop’s See; the chief river is the Shannon. — For length, 
 breadth , population , C 3c, see general summary of Ireland, p. 4>2. 
 
 For Towns, See. see EE, Book II. 
 
 Questions to be answered by the Pupil. 
 
 1st, What are the civil divisions of Ireland ? — 2 d, How is 
 Ulster situated ? —How is Connaught situated ?—4>th, How is 
 Leinster situated ? — 6th , How is Munster situated ? — 6/h , How 
 is the County of Donegal hounded? — 7th , How is the County 
 of Derry bounded ? — 8th, How is the County of Antrim bounded ? 
 9th, How is the County of Tyrone bounded? — 10th, How is 
 the County of Fermanagh bounded ? — li th. How is the County 
 of Down bounded? — \2th, How is the County of Armagh 
 bounded ? — ]3 th, How is the County of Monaghan bounded ?— 
 ]4>tJi, How is the County of Cavan bounded ? total 9 Counties 
 in the province of V Ulster , — 1 6th, How is the County of 
 Galway bounded? — ] 6th, How is the County of Roscommon 
 bounded? — 1 7 th. How is the County Mayo bounded? — 18///, 
 How is the County of Sligo bounded ? — \9th, How is the 
 County Leitrinf bounded ? total 5 Counties in -the province tf 
 Connaught.— 20tk, How is the County of Louth bounded ?— 
 
 21 st, how is the County of Meath bounded I — 22d, How is 
 the County of Westmeath bounded? — 23d, How is the County 
 of Longford bounded ? — 2^th, How is the County of Dublin 
 bounded ? — 25th, How is the County of Kildare bounded ? — 
 
 2 6th, How is the King's County bounded? — 27 th. How is the 
 Queen's County bounded? — 28th , How is the County of Wicklow 
 hounded ?—29th, How is the County of Carlow bounded ? — 
 30 th, How is the County of Wexford bounded ?— 3 1st, How 
 is the County of Kilkenny bounded ? total 12 Counties in Lein • 
 ster ? — 32 d. How is the County of Cork bounded ? —33d > 
 How is the County of. Waterford hounded ? — §4 >th, How is the 
 County of Limerick hounded ? — 35 th. How is the County of 
 Kerry bounded ? — 3 6//;, How is the County of Tipper aty . 
 bounded? — 31th, How is the Coqnty of Clare bounded? tot>d 
 6 Counties in the province’ of Munster Answers to the above 
 questions may be found from p . 22, to 33. 
 
 LECTURE VIE 
 
 On the chief Cities and Towns in the four provinces of 
 Ireland. 
 
54 Geography of Ireland — Ccnmues. [Book 1- 
 
 ULSTER N. CONTAINS NINE COUNTIES. 
 
 1. Covnty of Donegal. — Chief Towns Donegal, Bal- 
 lyshannon, St. John’s, Killybegs, Lifford the shire town, 
 Letterkenny, Raphoe, (a Bishop’s See,) Bennecranagh, Magh- 
 remore, Muff, Mountcharles, Port, Ardera, Castlefin, Con- 
 voy, Bdlintra, Ballibofey, Rathmelton, Kiliigardon, Redcastle, 
 Oidtown, Cnrrigart, jQunlannaghy, Stranorlane, Manor Cun- 
 ningham, Pettigoe, Baiiindreat, johnstonbridge, Red- 
 castle. 
 
 For antiquity how situated , on what river , the population , 
 quantity of acres , number of parishes, baronies , the number of 
 members returned to the Imperial Parliament , mines and mt~ 
 nerah , (if any) curiosities , trade and commerce , &c. &c. of the 
 above towns , »<?/<? A, under head cities and towns of Ireland f 
 
 Book II. 
 
 2. County of Derry.— Chief Towns, Derry shire 
 town, Coleraine, Newtownlimavady, Magherafelt, Baliinderry, 
 Bellaughy, Killowerj, Clady, Monimore, Portglanone, Garvagh, 
 Dungiven, Tubbermore, Castledawson, Kilrea, Maghera, Dun- 
 sanaghy, Triadd, Lismore. 
 
 See Note B under head cities and towns of Ireland, Book ]!. 
 
 3* County of Antrim, — Chief Towns, Carrickfergus 
 shire town, Belfast, Lisburn, Antrim, Randiest own, Bally - 
 nienag, Ballycastle an open Colliery, Connor, (a Bishop’s See 
 united to Down) Larne, 'Bally monny, Achochell, Druma- 
 doon, Oldstone, Ballycarry, Dervockrace, Bushmills, Craig- 
 bally, Casliendal, Mounthill, Shane’s Castle, Darigonnel, Tem- 
 plepatrick, Clough, Boroughshane, Bellaptoy, Baliinure. 
 
 See Note C, under head cities and towns of Ireland \ Book IL 
 
 4. County of Tyrone. — Chief Towns, Omagh shire 
 town, Dungannon, Augher, Stewardstown, Clogher, (a Bi- 
 shop's See) Aughnacloy, Strabane, Ballimogowrey, Fintona, 
 Maghreregan, Coagh, Trillic, Calledon, Donnelong, Carntul, 
 Dunnimanagh, Pomeroy, Newtown, Steward, Calledon, Bal- 
 lygawley, Five Mile-Town, Drumquin, Loughnepot, Balti- 
 nagorey. Orator, Kiiletet. 
 
 See Note D, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book IL 
 
 5. County of Fermanagh. — C hief Town Ennis- 
 killen, shire town, Newtown Butler, Lisbasheg, Clabby, 
 Maguire’s Bridge,- Brooksborough, Lisnarick, Li shell aw, 
 Lourherstown, Gortneighrah, Churchill, Edcrney- bridge. 
 Belie* R, Driilen, Ga^ristowri, Monea, Maehfivooly, Cash* 
 Belcoog, Lismonea, Lismalla, Garrison, Nash, Derr) go n nelly 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland, — Towns. 35 
 
 Danaghy, Cailaghane, Callowhill, fiallinamallard, Stragowna 
 Canned, Loucherstown, Dunimana, Church-hill, Trillic. ’ 
 See Note E, under head cities and towns of. Ireland , Book II 
 6 County of Down.— Chief Towns, Downpatrick! 
 the shire tpwn, (a Bishop’s See united to Connor) Newry 
 Drornore (a Bishop’s See) Killileagh, Bangor, Hillsborough! 
 Magherhn, Donaghadee, Portaferry, Strangford, Killough, 
 Saintfie.d, Banbridge, Loughbrickland, Rathfriiand, 
 Warringsiown, Castlewellan, Donmore, Kilkeel, Killinshy 
 Narrow-water . Sheepbridge, Anadoyne, Newtownards! 
 Briansford, Kilmore, Clogh, Rostrevor, Killough, Seaford 
 Scarvr.ghpass, Grey-abbey, Gilford, Ballywater, Donotwh-’ 
 more, Comber, Castlereagh, Ballinahinch, Kilmore, Du ndrum 
 Creenc'astle, Ardmilun. ’ 
 
 See Note F, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book II 
 
 c GH CT Cb5 ,^ T ° W “’ Arma § h (the Primate 
 of all Iieland s oee) the shire town; Charlemont, Durban 
 
 Portadown, Tandragee, Lougall, Magheralin, Loughcurry! 
 alias Richhill, Johnston’s Pew, Jonesborough, Ready, Balii- 
 p e S le /a, Markethill, John’s-bridge, Clare, Cross, Middletown 
 roikhill, Surr,egowney, Tuskin.’s-pass, Cooleville. 
 
 See Note G, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book II 
 8. Co. OF MbNAGHAN.— Chief Towns, Monaghan, the , 
 shire town; Glasslough, Clownish, Carrigmacross, Castle- 
 blaney Knockboy, Smythsboro’, Drum, Ballytrane, Ballybay 
 Rmyvale, bkernagcera, Scotstown, C.astleshane, Tedvunet’ 
 Newbliss, Ballitram, Newtowncurry. * 
 
 See Note H, under head cities and towns of Ireland. Book II 
 9 Co -Cavan. —Chief Towns Cavan, the shire town! 
 Kuitiore (a Bishop s bee) Cootehili, Kilsbandra, Daly’s-brkRe 
 Mountnugent, Cabra, Peartcourt, Belturbct, Ballinagh! 
 
 Balliheland, Stradone, ' Bally connell,'’ TmlT!^\7 Virahh!!"!! 
 ilvjamesduff, Larg.y, Redhills, Sw^dlinbar, B?hincarrie 
 
 i n TVF n i . h. 
 
 lihais, Ba Ilvjamesduff „ u»>iumiuar, tsaiuncarng 
 
 Balfmagowran, Muff Brodagh, Baileborough, Killishandii 
 Crossdonv, Kilgosa, Croster, lough. , ’ 
 
 See Note I, under head cities and towns of Ireland, Book II. 
 
 CONNAUGHT W. CONTAINS FIVE COUNTIES. 
 
 1. County Galway. -The chief Towns, Galway 
 lie ,o^n , Loughrea, Athiuree, Tuam, (the See of 
 
36 Geography of Ireland . — Towns. [Book I. 
 
 an Archbishop) Clonfert (the See of a Bishop) Eyrecourt 
 Gort, Drumgriffin, Barna, Mount Bellew-bridge, Kilconnell, 
 Auohrim, Ballimoe, Head ford. Kiltarton, Greggs, Monivea, 
 Woodford, Cappaghtaggel, Caltragh, Dunlow,' Poruimney, 
 Clare Galwav, Ciarine bridge, Kenvara, Oran more, Ivnagh, 
 Claremore, Louphrea, Mount Shannon, Newtownbe lew, 
 Dronmore, Tubberbrachen, Castleblakeny, Mount Bellew, 
 Greggs, Aherscragh, Kilcorban, IsserkelU, Movlough, Balli- 
 ng sloe, Dunmore, Tubberpadder, Tubberindooi ev, Calcragh, 
 Castleblakeny, Turlaghmore, Kilconneli, Barna, Moylough, 
 Creggs, Clanbridge, Abbey bnockmoy, Agherseragh, lsser- 
 
 Note K, under head cities and towns of I> eland, Book. II. 
 
 2 Co. Roscommon.— Chief Towns Roscommon, the ' 
 shire town ; Abbey, Boyle, Tulsk, Elphin, (a Bishop’s See) 
 Castlerea, Athlone, Strokestown, Milltownpass, New Marker, 
 Castlesamson, Turmanbarry, Billvmoe, Rockfield, Ardsaila^h, 
 Castleplunket, Cootehall, Baily farnham, French Park, Dony- 
 anloughlin, Ballanlough, Baliileagh, Groghan, Mount l albot, 
 
 St Tohn’s, Grivisk, Athleague, Loughlin, Ardsallagb, Fueny, 
 Brideswell, Knockeroghera, Ballintubber, Brideswelipattern, 
 
 See Note L, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book II. 
 
 3 Co of Mayo.— Chief Towns, Castlebar, Ballinrobe the 
 shire town, Foxford, Newport, Westport, Minullo, Bailing, 
 Killala, (a Bishop’s See) Ballindaggin, Bellahy, Swineford, 
 Ballaghdarreen, Neal, Ball, Hollymoiint, Crosmahna, Bun- 
 firielass, Clare, Dunndmona, Ballindaggin, Ballivary, Straid, 
 Baitvhauns, Castlelaken, Gallowhill, Tulrahan, Castletown, 
 Canacastle, Ball, Turlough, Tullinadally, Castletownlands, 
 Ardnarc, Clare, Ballyhean, Kilmain, Moyne, Shrule, Straid, 
 Newtowngore, Ballinacostelo, Achclare, Rathfran. 
 
 See Note M, under head cities and towns of Ireland, Book II. 
 
 4 Co. OF Sliso. — Chief Towns, Sligo, the shire town, 
 Coolonev, Tubbercurry, Achonry, (a Bishop’s See united to 
 Killala) Bellamont, Ballisadare, Ballymoat, Belaclare, Grange, 
 Newtown, Ballinacarrow, Toberscanavan, Bunnanadden, 
 Beltraw Temple, Farnicarnev, Castlebald win, Banada, Dro- 
 more, ’ Ballintogher, Bellaughy, Enniscrone, Ardnaglass, 
 
 ' Templehouse, Jamesw.ell, Coolaney. . . ... 
 
 See Note N, under head cities and towns oj Ireland , Hook H. 
 
 5 Co of Leitrim.— Chief Towns, Jamestown the 
 - sir re town, Carrick-on-shannon, Leitrim, Carrigahne, 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland . — Towns. 37 
 
 Manorbamilton, Mohill, Ballinamore, Carrickdrumrusk, 
 Drnmshambo, Longfield Lurganboy, Drumsna, Newtown, 
 Cloone, Drumhtrin, Tallahean, Drumahare, Newtowngore, 
 Drumod, Tullaghan, Carcaragan. 
 
 See note O, under head cities and tozvns of Ireland , Book II. 
 
 LEINSTER E. CONTAINS NINE COUNTIES. 
 
 1. Co. of Louth. — Chief Towns, Drogheda, Dundalk 
 the shire tow,-., Carlingford, Ardee, Dunleer, Muliagbgrew, 
 Drumcastle, Lurgangreen, Collon, Rochdale, Castletown, 
 Ravensdale. 
 
 See Note P, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book If. 
 
 2. Co. of E astme ath.— C hief Towns, Trim the shire 
 town, Kells, Athboy, Navan, Dunleek, Ratoath, Ardbraken, 
 (the seat of a Bishop) Clonard, Carringstown, Crossakeil, 
 Ardcath, Oristown, Bective- Bridge, Ardmaghbraeagh, Mul- 
 phedder, Slane, Longwood, ' Summer-hill, Dunshaughlin, 
 Oldcastle, Belgree, Skreen, Warrenstown, Dunboyne, Carlans- 
 town, Rathmore,.Garretstown. 
 
 See Note Qj, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book II» 
 
 3. Co. of Westmeath.— Chief Towns, Mullingar the 
 shire town, Kilbeggan, Kinnegad, CastletowndeJvin, Clon- 
 maltow, Moydore, Grangemore, Collinstowu, Callinecargy, 
 Bnllinabarnac, Rathcontra, Rathowen, Multifarnham, Terri IPs* 
 pass, Balnalack, Coole, Castiepollard, Athlone, Killucan, 
 Etnpor, Final, Ballvmore, Rathconrah, Kilsully, Miltown, 
 Moate, Dromore, Kilgarvan, Churchtown. 
 
 See Note R, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book £L 
 
 4. Co. Longford. — Chief Towns, Longford, the shire 
 town, Granard, Lanesborough, St. Johnstown, Bally- 
 mahon, Drumlisk, Killashee, Tangsinny, Abbey Shrule, 
 Edgworthstown, Tashny, Ardagh, Barry. 
 
 See Note S, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Bock II. 
 
 5. Co. of Dublin. — Chief Towns, ^Dublin, (the Me- 
 tropolis of Ireland, and second City in his Majesty's domi- 
 nions, the seat of the Archbishop of Dublin.) — 2. Balbriggen. 
 ^-*3. Baldoyle. — 4. BallVbridge. — 5. Ballybough. — 6. Bai- 
 ruddery. — 7. Black-rock. — 8. Booterstown. — 9. Bullock.— 
 
 10. Castleknock 11. Chapelizod. — 12. Churchtown.— 
 
 13. Clondalkin.— 1*4. Clontarf. — 15. Coolock. — 16. Crum- 
 lin. — 17. Dalkey. — 18. Dalkey Island. — 19. Donnybrook — 
 
 # * See a description of this beautiful city under heali 
 cities and towns of Ireland. 
 
 E 
 

 38 Geography of Ireland. — Twins. [Book I. 
 
 20. Duncarney.— 21 , St. Douloughs.* — 22. Drumcohdra.— 
 23. Dundrum.-T-.24. Dunleary. — 25 Btfiisink.— 26. Fin- 
 glass.— $7. Glassnevin,— 28. Hamsteacl —29. Harold’s cross. 
 — 30. Howth. — 31. Island-bridge. — 32. Kilgobhm. — 33. 
 Kilhney. — 34. Killester. — 35. Kilmacud. — 30. KiFhogtte'. — 
 37. Kilhogan.— 38. Kiltiernan. — 39. Kim mage. — 40. Lough- 
 lin’s-towri— .4' K Lelxlip. — 42. Little Cork.— 43. Loughshinny. 
 44. Lucan. — 45. Lusk. — -46. LutterLtown — 47. Maiahiue. — - 
 48. Malaheddert. — -49. St. Margaret's. — 50. Milrown. — 51. 
 Monk’s- to wn.^ ■ 52. Mount Venus.* — 53. Naul. — 54. New- 
 castle. — 55. Nocklion — 55. Old bawn. — 57. Old Merrlon. 
 —58. Pa towers town. — 59. Philipsburgh. — 60, Phibsborcugh. 
 — 61. PortbBHio.— 65. Priest- house. — 63. Raheny. *64. 
 Ranelagh— 65. F v athfarnham.-^66. Rathmines. — 67. Ricb- 
 mo^d.—68 : Ringsend. — 69. Roache’s-towm— -70. Rush — 
 71. Saggard, — 72. Sandymount. — 73. Santry. — 74. Skerries. 
 — 75. SrHIorgan. — 76. Swords — 77. Tallagh — 78. Temple- 
 ogue. — 79. Turvey. — 80. J fish-town.— 81. Kilm&inham. 
 
 &ee Nate' T , under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book II. 
 
 6. Co. Kjldake —C hief Towns, Naas, the shire town 
 alternately Athy$ Kildare, (the head of a Bishop’s Ste) Harris- 
 t6wn, Castletown, Kilcullen, Rathangan, Kiicock, Castle- 
 dermett, CaLyertstown, Kiltcel, Kildaggon, Hortland, Usk, 
 Leixsiip, Newbridge, Maynooth, Ballyonan, Kdlballinerin, 
 Carberry, IGlcu lien- bridge, Monasterevan, Timoijn, Raph- 
 bridge, Glane, Frenchfurze, Tully, Moone, Bajlimany, 
 RusseJwood. 
 
 See Note U, under head cities and towns of Ireland, Book II. 
 
 7. King’s County. — Chief Towns, Philipstown, the 
 shire town. Birr, Tullamore, Banagher, Bally boy, Geashili, 
 Castlecarbeny, Money Gall, Clantaran, Bally cumber, Kil- 
 cummin, Dunkerrin, Clara, Raliihane, Cloghan, Banagrotty, 
 Frankford, Kiilicagh, Killy on, Edenderry, Cloghan, Shannon, 
 Kilcommon, Shinro.ne, Clongown, Billogowan, Rahan, Fer- 
 bane, Crosney, Clooney, Culleixwain. 
 
 See Note V, under head cities and towns of Iceland, Book II. 
 
 8. Queen's County.-— Chief Towns, Maryborough, the 
 shire town, Mountmelick, Por'ariingfon, Mountrath, Strad- 
 baiiy, Ballyroan, Abbey leix, Bingos- in- Ossory, Ballinkil), Bally- 
 tore,;: Rathdowney, Cullinagh, Culihiil, Desert, Ballinakill, 
 Do no ugh more, Castletown, Mayo, Timohoe, Aghaboe, Castle- 
 
 . brack. 
 
 See Note Wj under head cities and towns of Ireland^ Book Hi 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland.-— Towns. 39 
 
 9 , Co,. Wicklow.' — Chief Towns, Wickltfw, the shire 
 town, Arklow, Carey’s Fort, Rathdrum, Bray, Biessington, 
 purfiavin, Baltinglass, Carnew, Glendalough or Seven 
 .Church.s, Goolkennoo,. Holy wood, Donard, Downs, Redcross, 
 Tinehejy, Cron row, Templetown, Coolatrin, KilcooJ, Mac- 
 red din, Coolboy, Aughrim, Tenchely, Newcastle, Ballinderry, 
 polbtin, Redlion, Narramore, Pool a Phuca, remarkable for its 
 Waterfall, here is a spacious and delightful Glen called 
 Hollywood, about 2 miles in length. 
 
 See NoU X, under head cities and towns of Ireland \ Book II; 
 
 10. Co, Carlow.— C hief Towns, Carlow, the shire 
 town, Old Xeighlin, (a Bishop’s See united to Ferns) Tallow, 
 HacketVtown, Bagnalstown, Clonegal, Orchard, Paktinetown, 
 St, . Mullens, Rathviily, Borns, Baiton,. KnockmiH. 
 
 Sec Note Y, under head cities and towns of Ireland , Book II. 
 
 , IP Co. Wexford.— Chief Towns, Wexford, the shire 
 town, Enniscorthy, New Ross, Fethard, Gorey or New 
 Burrow, Bannow, Clonmines, Taghmon, Dungannon Forty 
 Ferns, (a Bishop’s See united to Laughlin) Tynrin, Money - 
 seed, Crostown, Ferns, Rathgorey,. Cionegal y Limerick, 
 Camolin, Coolgraney, Cloghainan, Scarr, Ballicanow, Mo- 
 curry, Broadway, Bunclody, Banogue, Birchgrove, Nash* 
 Jtfonamultina, Goreewel], Ballihack, Comehaggard, Scara- 
 walsh, Killurane. 
 
 See Note Z, under head chits and towns of Ireland , Book II* 
 
 12. Co. of Kilkenny.— Chief Towns, Kilkenny, a 
 City, the shire town and seat of the Bishop of Ossory, 
 St. Kenny alias Irishtown, Thomastown, Cullen, Gowran, 
 J£nocktopher, Innistiock or Ennisteog, Castlecomber,- Bally- 
 rag^? Rathbeag, Farancemple, Rosberkon, Graig, Castle- 
 morres, Urlingford, Graney, Durrow, Bawn, Shleyrow, 
 Payerstown, Colinanta, Ballinamara, Ballyhinch, Kiliiboy, 
 Graigstown, Kells, Burneh-Church, Burrowmounr, Ir.esford* 
 Knockmoyland, Churchland, Ben nePs -Bridge, Rosconneii, 
 Tillaroan. 
 
 • See Note A A, under head cities and towns of Ireland . 
 MUNSTER S. CONTAINS SIX COUNTIES. 
 
 T* Co. Cork. — Chief Towns, Cork, a city (a Bishops 
 See united to Ross, the second City in Ireland), and the shire 
 town, Bandon, Cloyne, (a Bisho[)’s See) Mallow, Ross, (a 
 Bishop’s See united to Cork) Baltimore, Youghall, Kinsalcy 
 
 E % ' 
 
40 Geography of Ireland. — Towns. [Book I. 
 
 Cloghnikilfy, Charleviile, Castlemartyr, Middleton, Ratheor- 
 mick, Doneiiaile, Bantry, Skibbereen, Dunmanaway, Macromp, 
 Buttevin, Kanturk, Castle Lyons, Curriglass, Kiiworth, 
 Mitcbelstown, Fermoy, Inniskeon, Innishannon, Timo- 
 league, New Market, Ballyclough, Annagh, Cove, Passage, 
 Blarney, Castlemehan, Rally massack, Bally hooly, Ballino- 
 roony, Ballenpbilic, Ballinachora, Ballyconton, Douglass, 
 Glentworth, Gian, Gianmire, Ganyfrehane, Castlemariy, 
 Castletown, Banlahan, Bally vourney, Ballyvalane, Killeleagh, 
 Ballynimony, Castletovvnroach, Kildorrery, Kilmurry, Lis- 
 earroll, Lisgold, Oldcastle, Knocknemariff, Giinville, Augha- 
 down, Curras and Maun, Cahirme, Ballyporeen, Carrigrowhill, 
 Newtown, Cecilstown, Crookstown, Baliinspidale, Oldabbey, 
 Don^ughinore, Dromagh, Milford, Droumalagree,i Catterbo- 
 rough, Roch-hill, Lepp, Banlaghan, Connougb, Shandrum, 
 Anngrove, Insegelagh, Mill-street, Massacanlands, Newniili, 
 Carrigaline, Downderry, Curabeglands, Newcestown, Massey- 
 town, Drumdeer, Barngrove, Lisnacon, Droumanaghgiiibegg, 
 Goosberrvhill, Kilmaclanon, Ballingurteen, Rathviliy, Baliin- 
 ghnssig, Tullilease, Rathclare, Bailinvrooney, Kilmurraghan, 
 Cahirmee, Coolagurragb, Currusmaun, Kilcummer, Baily- 
 gurteen, Ballyclare, Glangowra, Bridgetown, Ballibuy, 
 Cardriny, Dangon, Killawurity, Carrigaline, Dromagh, 
 Shandrum, Ballimone, Bantry, Magilla, Timoiogue, Milford, 
 Curraghbegland, Baliicoley, Carrigtowhil), Whitewell. 
 
 2. Co. of Waterford. — Chief Towns, Waterford, a 
 city, the shire town, (and a Bishop’s See, united to Lis- 
 more) Dungarvin, Lismore, (a Bishop’s See, united to Water- 
 ford) Tallaght, Passage, Cappoquin, Ballymatray, Carrickbeg, 
 Kilmacthomas, Newtown at Silvermine Mountains, Kilgo- 
 bennet, Ferrypoint, Alfane, Conna, Clangann, Drumana, 
 Windigap, Two-mile-bridge, Whitechurch, Kit St. Law- 
 rence, Modiligo. 
 
 See Note , BB, under head cities and towns of Ireland , 
 Book II. 
 
 3. Co. of Limerick.— Chief Towns, Limerick a city, 
 (it Bishop’s See, united to Ardfert) the shire town, Kilmal- 
 lock, Askeaton, Rathkeal, Newcastle, Hospital, Bruff, Kilfian, 
 Newtownperry, Castleconnell, Abbeyfeale, Adare, Creagh, 
 Portenard, Croom, Fedamore, Mount Pelier, Brury, Ardagh, 
 Alma, Beboa, Gaibally, Cluggin, Stonehall, Cahirely, West, 
 Kilfennycomnion, Knockaderry, Abington, Glanogra, Dru- 
 snon, Ballingarry, Knocking, Glinn, Balliscanlon, Court and 
 
Book I.} Geography of Ireland. — Totems. .41 
 
 Curraheen,. Ballibrood, Shanugdden, Stripper?, Ballinvreeny, 
 Nautenene,. Aim er r i ullolands, Portrinard, Angiesbcro, 
 Nau tenant, Knocklany r Ballmagarrydown, Cahercoonlish r 
 Tobertourry, Ballingarry crammer, Castletownmaceniry,. 
 Croag-b Burgess. 
 
 See Note- CC, under head cities and towns cf Ir dandy 
 Book'll. 
 
 4. Co, of Kerry. — Chief Towns, Tralee,, the shire 
 
 town, Dinglei couch, Ardfert, (a Bishop's See united to 
 Limerick) Ag-hadoe, (a Bishop’s See united to Limerick) 
 KHlarnev v Casrleisland, Lexnaw, Listowell, Aughamore,. 
 
 Rosscasrte, Kilgarvin, Bailincleave, Rahari, Drumkeen, Cur- 
 tens} KilfinC Gran&foaw r Scortagliny, Kilorglin, Needen, 
 Mniahisk, Muhahuflre, Bun more, Nautenene, Droumrock, 
 Turbert, Miltown, Montanagee, Baliiclave, Kilbrgland. ' 
 
 See Note BD, under head cities and towns of Ireland , 
 Bookll. 
 
 5. Co. 07 Tipper art.— C hief Towns, Cashel, a city 
 (and Archiepisoopal See) % Clonmel)* the shire town, Tippe- 
 rary, Garrick, Thor less, Featbard, Burrris-o-Kesn, Roscrea, 
 Ciogheen, Sell v ermines, Cullen, Cabir,.Nenagh,Burris-o-Leagh, 
 Balh lough nanr, Muliinahone,. Ballishebane, Drumholycross, 
 Ballyporeeu, Cloghjordan, Killennaul, Golden, Giin, Cappagh, 
 Ballingarrv y Toomivara, Bundrurri, Buniskeagh,- Carrickna- 
 sure, Newport, Kilnpckin, Templemore, Cionoulty, Kilhacle,. 
 Garristpwn, Knockingtemple, Rosegreen, Gormanstown, 
 Kilcash, Danhifl, BaHina. 
 
 See Note EE, under head cities ' and towns of Ireland 
 Book 1L 
 
 6. Co. C lare. — C hief Towns ;Ennis; the shire town, Kil- 
 laloe (a Bishop’s See) p’Brian’s Bridge, Kilfenora, (a Bishop’s 
 Bee linked to Clonfert, formerly to Tuam) Six-Mile- Bridge, 
 New-market, Corohn,. Callaghan Vmilis, Spansebhiil, Cionard, 
 Kilrush,. Balliket, ArtLaliis, Tulla, Ennistymond, Kilmurry- 
 brickan, Kiimicbael, Jasperspound, Brodagh, Kildisart, Macma- 
 lion, Claretown, Holy island, Turlamore, Bridgetown, Kill- 
 nenaiih, J>onasse, Tomgraney, Dromore, Kildima, Broadford, 
 Balliluden, Cratilow, JohnVwell, Quin, Enagh, Glanroad,. 
 To bar. 
 
 See Note FF, under head cities and towns cf lrealnd 
 Book II* ^ . 
 
 E 3 
 
 Iris not meant that the Pupil should get off the names of aK 
 the Towns in the different Counties,, but the principal ones in each* 
 
A General Summary of Ireland at one View 
 
 a 
 *2 
 rl S to 
 
 . O 
 
 r 
 
 5 
 
 a Co, Donegal 
 Go. Derry. 
 
 Co. Antrim 
 Co. Tyrone 
 Co. Fermanagh 
 Co. Down 
 Co. Armagh 
 Co. Monaghan 
 LCo. Cavan 
 
 L. B. 
 tniles. 
 55.38 
 34.30 
 46.28 
 62.42 
 
 36.25 
 
 42.26 
 32.17 
 32.22 
 42.24 
 
 Acres. 
 
 630.157 
 251.510 
 383.020 
 387.185 
 224.807 
 344 658 
 170.620 
 170.090 
 274.800 
 
 Houses. 
 
 30.314 
 
 22.833 
 
 18.000 
 
 31.814 
 
 11.983 
 38.351 
 
 21.983 
 2 ! .566 
 18.137 
 
 Par 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 56 
 
 30 
 
 *19 
 
 72 
 
 49 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 Bar 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 8 
 9 
 
 5 
 5 
 7 
 
 & 
 
 Bo 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 Total 9 Counties 
 
 
 2836.847 
 
 215.984 
 
 365 
 
 $ f 
 
 f Co. Galway 
 
 82.42 
 
 775.525 
 
 24.268 
 
 136 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 I C 04 Roscommon 
 
 70.32 
 
 324.370 
 
 J 8.157 
 
 59 
 
 6 
 
 
 Co. Mayo 
 
 57.48 
 
 724-640 
 
 29.683 
 
 73 
 
 9 
 
 
 5 G 
 
 ! Co. Sligo 
 
 2525 
 
 241.550 
 
 14:960 
 
 41 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 LCo. Leitrim 
 
 42.11 
 
 206.830 
 
 12,378 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Total 5 Counties 
 
 
 2272.215 
 
 99.446 
 
 330 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 
 "Co, Lomh 
 
 22. 1 4 
 
 '111.18Q 
 
 12.827 
 
 , 50 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 Co. Meath 
 
 36.35 
 
 326.480 
 
 24.277 
 
 139 
 
 12 
 
 
 XAi 
 
 Co. Westmeath 
 
 38.21 
 
 249.1) 13 
 
 13.95J 
 
 62 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 
 
 ,2 
 
 Co. Longford 
 
 25. i 5 
 
 134.700 
 
 10.348 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Co. Dublin 
 
 72.17 
 
 123.784 
 
 25.108 
 
 87 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 a .a 
 
 O ~ j 
 
 I Co, Kildare 
 
 37.20 
 
 288.590 
 
 10.605 
 
 100 
 
 = 0 
 
 
 rji 
 
 j Co. King’s 
 
 47.17 
 
 257.510 
 
 8.574 
 
 , 66 
 
 ) 2 
 
 
 W (j 
 
 Co Queen’s* 
 
 32.30 
 
 238.4 5 
 
 j 15.68.5 
 
 39' 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 >W 
 
 Co. Wicklow 
 
 28 21 
 
 252.410 
 
 1 1.507 
 
 5 i 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Co. Carlow 
 
 28.15 
 
 116 900 
 
 : 8 763 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 1 i 
 
 ►-1 
 
 Co. Wexford 
 
 39.20 
 
 315.396 
 
 21.011 
 
 109 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 ! 
 
 L Co. Kilkenny 
 
 38 18 
 
 287.650 
 
 : 17.719' 
 
 96 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total 1 2 Counties 
 
 
 2702.968 ISO',355 
 
 858 
 
 100 
 
 , 8 
 
 PCo. Cork 
 
 93.44 
 
 991.0,0 
 
 76.739 
 
 232 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 0 -3 i 
 
 Cl i 
 
 Co. Waterford 
 
 38. i 5 
 
 259 0 ,0 
 
 1 8 796 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 *0 S3 » 
 o ) 
 
 Co. Limerick 
 
 45.42 
 
 375.320 
 
 28 932 
 
 130 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 *u -i 
 
 Co. Kerry 
 
 57.45 
 
 636.905 
 
 20.213 
 
 84 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 S C! 
 
 Co. Tipperary 
 
 57 3 
 
 599.500 
 
 30.793 
 
 ; 47 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 2 5 L-Co. Ciaie 
 
 55. 3§ 
 
 423.187 
 
 17.400 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total 6 Counties 
 
 
 8284.9-2 192.873 
 
 1 9*0 
 
 ! .t 
 
 53 
 
 1 1 
 
 Popula 
 
 40 OC 
 125.0C 
 9Q.0C 
 
 28 rc 
 
 72.0C 
 205.0C 
 120 OC 
 107.8J 
 82.0C 
 
 750.55 
 
 121.34 
 86.00 
 140 00 
 74.80 
 61.S9 
 
 484.03 
 
 112 4C 
 69 OC 
 51.74 
 470 00 
 56 00 
 
 75.00 
 
 84.00 
 57.5 i 
 
 44.00 
 105.05 
 
 95.00 
 
 1283.86 
 
 416.001 
 1 TO.OQl 
 170.00* 
 101.061 
 169.00* 
 
 96.00 
 
 1062.' 6 
 
Book I.] A General Summary of Ireland . 45 
 
 A General Summary of the Population of the 
 principal Cities and Towns in Ireland. 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Cork 
 
 Limerick 
 
 Waterford 
 
 Newry 
 
 Belfast 
 
 300.000 
 
 95.000 
 
 60.000 
 
 40.000 
 
 20.000 
 ' 30,000 
 
 Kilkenny 
 
 Galway 
 
 Drogheda 
 
 Wexford 
 
 Sliga 
 
 Derry 
 
 18.000, 
 
 15.000. 
 
 13.000. . 
 
 12 . 000 . . 
 1 X 3.000. 
 10 . 000 . 
 
 The exa& number of inhabitants of Dublin, in their 
 present numerous state* could only be ascertained by the 
 mode adopted* during the disturbance* viz, taking the account 
 from the doors of every house in the City, this- was effected ; 
 it originated with the Rev. Mr. Whitelaw, and was afterwards 
 countenanced by government.. The result of this inquiry 
 has not yet transpired* but we have been informed, it is 
 intended to be published with other matter- under these 
 circumstances, it is impossible to arrive at an absolute cer- 
 tainty. The probability, from the great increase of building, 
 consequently of inhabitants, these few years back, will make 
 the most likely account to be not less than 300,006 inha* 
 bitants in the City of Dublin, this appears from the general 
 opinion of the best informed upon the subje& to be under 
 rated - the inhabitants of the County may amount to, about 
 170 000* 
 
 By the foregoing statement, Ireland contain^ 32 Coim^ 
 ties — 1 1 .097.642 acres,- — 688,658 houses,— 2296- parishes*— 
 251 baronies,— 29 boroughs,— 3,580.490 inhabitants, this 
 with the population of the principal cities and towns, make, 
 the population of Ireland 4,203 600, and if the small towns 
 and villages were taken into consideration, the whole popu- 
 lation would amount to upwards of five Millions of 
 inhabitants^ s ' 
 
 Questions to be answered by the Pupil. . 
 
 v 1st, How many provinces,, and how situated in Ireland ?— 
 2d* How many Counties in Ireland ?~ 3dy Which are the 
 chief towns in the province of Ulster ?— 4th, How many 
 Counties in the province of Connaught ? — 5th, Which are 
 the chief towns in each County ?— 6tb ? How. many. Coua* 
 
46 Geography of Ireland.— It ivers. [Book I, 
 
 Tenehinch and Queen’s County, and taking a northerly 
 Course, it passes within a quarter of a mile of Mountmeiick, 
 and then visits Porrarlington ; soon after which it turns to the 
 south, and washes Monasterevan, Atbv, Carlow, and Leigh- 
 jinbridge; before it arrives at Ross, is joined by the 
 Neor, from whence they both continue a southerly course, 
 under the name of ihe River of Ross ; south of which, being 
 increased bv the Suir, they all three are lost in the sea at 
 Hookhead Point, being at the mouth of the Haven of Wa- 
 terford. 
 
 Tlie Neor, rises out of a branch of the same ridge of moun- 
 tains, called here (as it is said) Beinn Duff, i. e. the Black- 
 Pinacle- in the County of Tipperary, and . taking a S. E.. 
 course bv Kilkenny, Thomas town and Fnnesteog, unites , 
 with the Barrow about a mile from Ross. 
 
 The Suir, rises out of the same branch of Sleu Bloom, 
 called Beinn Duff, and making first a S. and then a sou- 
 therly course for upwards of 40 miles# until it approaches 
 near the County of Waterford, then takes a sudden turn to 
 the north for about four miles, after which it keeps an 
 easterly course, until it meets with the Neor and Barrow, 
 eastward of Waterford, running in its whole course by the 
 towns of Thurles, Cashel, Clonmel, Carrick and Waterford, 
 dividing the County of YVaterford from that of Kilkenny. 
 
 Blackwater, called anciently Neamb and Abbanmore,- /. 
 the Great River, and sometimes the Broad Water, rises out of 
 the mountains of Slieve Logher, in the County of Kerry, 
 from whence, being swelled by many streams, it takes first a 
 southerly course, and then easterly by Mallow, Fermoy, and 
 Lismore to Cappaquin, (where it is about 12 feet at low water) 
 and fiat boats come up much higher. JSfote> There are 
 several other rivers in Ireland, called the Blackwater, viz. 
 one rises in the County of Cavan, and running, south- 
 easterly, enters Meath, where, after watering Kells, it 
 proceeds to Navan, and falls into the River Boyne. The 
 Blackwater in Ulster rises in Tyrone, and runs between the 
 Counties of Monaghan and Tyrone, afterwards it divides the 
 County of Tyrone from that of Armagh, washing Charlemont, 
 falls into Lough Neagh. The Blackwater in Longford, which 
 falls into the. Shannon, north of Lanesborough. The Black* 
 water in ihe County of Wexford, which is lost in Bannow 
 bay. ‘ . 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland. — Rivers. 47 
 
 The river Bann, famous for pearl fishery, much more 
 so for salmon, takes its rise from the mountains of Upper 
 Iveagh* in the County of Down, being- fhe northern ridge, 
 of the mountains df Mourne; from whence it flows north- 
 ward to Ba Abridge, where it makes a good appearance, thence 
 turns to N/N. W., and after a course of about BO miles, 
 falls into Lough Neagh near Bunn foot Ferry, in the County 
 of Armagh; then finding its way through the lough, it, issues 
 again from the north end of it, and bending its course nor- 
 therly, dividing the Counties of Antrim and Derry, and hav- 
 ing washed Coleraine, falls into the sea a little north west’ 
 of it. 
 
 The Lee, called also the Lagi, rises out of a lake, in the 
 barony of Musketry, and County of Cork, marked in most 
 maps by the name of Lee, and taking an easterly course for 
 about id miles, is enlarged by many other rivers and rivulets, 
 until at length it. embraceth the City of Cork, below which 
 it falls into the Atlantic. 
 
 The LifFey or Anna LifFey, is not remarkable for any thing 
 but for having the metropolis of the kingdom seated on 
 its banks ; it rise§ from the mountains near the Seven Churches, 
 in the County of Wicklow, and making a circling course 
 through that County, and the Counties of Kildare - and 
 Dublin, looses itself in the Irish Sea below the' City of. 
 Dublin. 
 
 The Boyne, is a much more .considerable River than the 
 LifFey, and rises not far from CianbuHoge in the King's 
 Countv, and running N. easterly by Trim and Navin, where 
 it receives the Black water, (as before mentioned) and con- 
 tinuing its course through Slane and Drogheda, is lo$r in the- 
 Ifish Sea. 
 
 The Moy, rises in the barony of Liny, in the County of 
 Sligo, taking a S. W. course; the Banada IJny then takes 
 a new course by Straide and Foxford, where it takes a N. E. 
 course through Ballina, where it divides the County of Mayo 
 from that of Sligo, passes by, Beleek and Kiliala, and falls' 
 into the Atlantic Ocean near Easkv. 
 
 The River Suck, rises in the County of Roscommon, it 
 forms most of the boundaries of the Counties of Galway and 
 Roscommon, and fails into the Shannon near Clonfert, a 
 Bishop's See. 
 
 The great Brosnagh, rises in the County of Westmeath, 
 runs by Mullingar, and through pait of the King’s County, 
 passes N, of Bating her, and fails into the Shannon* 
 
48 Geography of Ireland. — Rivers. [Book L 
 
 The lesser Brosnagb, rises in the King’s County, and passes 
 bv Birr, and Tails into the Shannon near Sanagher. 
 
 ' The Inn, rises in Westmeath, passes by Longford, and -falls 
 into that part of the Shannon, called Loughrea. 
 
 The Maig, rises in the County of Limerick near Kilmallock, 
 passes through the County, and falls into the Shannon near 
 Currigogunnel. 
 
 The Glare, rises in the County of Mayo, passes near Tuam, 
 
 and falls into Lough Corrib. 
 
 The Slaney,. rises in the County of Wicklow, passes through 
 Carlow, runs through Wexford, and of course passes by 
 Enniscorthv, has Wexford at its mouth where it falls into St. 
 George’s Channel. . 
 
 Lagan, otherwise Locha, rises in the County of Down, 
 passing by Dromore, Lisburn, Belfast, in its course forms ths 
 greater part of the boundaries of' the County of Down and 
 Antrim, the mouth of which is in the bay of Carrick- 
 
 fergus. . 
 
 The Fin, rises in the County of Down, and tames its covrrse 
 eastward, washing St ra bane, and falls in the Foyle near 
 
 Lifford. f 
 
 The Banden, rises in the barony of Dunmanwav, County ot 
 Cork, passes' through the towns of Bandon and Kinsale, and 
 falls into the Atlantic Cteean. 
 
 The Earn, rises in the County of Cavan, takes its course 
 eastward, enters Lough Earn, and empties itself in Donegal 
 
 The Mourne, rises in the barony of Mourne, County of 
 Donegal, runs through the County of Tyrone, and falls into 
 the river Foyle near Lifford. , 
 
 The Fane, rises in the County of Monaghan, passing by 
 Dundalk, and falls into the Irish Sea. ' , 
 
 The Ovoca, rises in the County of Wicklow', passes through 
 Arklow, and falls into the Irish Sea. 
 
 The Glyde, rises in the County of Monaghan, runs through 
 the County of Louth, passes by Castlebeliingham, and falls 
 into the Irish Sea. 
 
 The Roe, rises in the County of Derrv, passes through 
 Newtowm Limivaddy, and falls into Lough Fo\le. 
 
 The Newry River, rises in the County ot Down, passes 
 the town of Newry, and passes through Carlingford Bay, and 
 falls into the Irish Sea. 
 
Book L] Geography of Ireland. — Loughs. 49 
 
 The Mein, rises in the County Antrim, passes through 
 Randlestown, and fails into Lough Neagh. 
 
 The Calien, rises in the County of Armagh, passes by 
 Armagh, and falls into the Blackwaternear Charlemont. 
 
 The Foyle, divider the Counties of Tyrone and Donegal, 
 passing by the City of Londonderry, fails into Lough Foyle* 
 
 Principal Lakes of Ireland. 
 
 Q. Which are the Lakes of Ireland f — A. In Ireland there 
 are innumerable lakes or loughs, (as they are called) more in 
 number than perhaps in any other country of the same extent 
 in Europe; and they abound more in the province of Ulster 
 than in any other part of the kingdom, as may be seen by 
 the following arrangements : 
 
 The Loughs in the province of Ulster . 
 
 Lough Erne and Lough Neagh, are by much the largest 
 in Ireland. Lough Erne is divided into two branches, the 
 upper and the lower, which are separated by a contra&ion 
 or the waters into the compass of a considerable river for 
 some miles S. S. E. of Enniskillen, after which, enlarging 
 itself, it forms the lower lough. This lough in both branches 
 takes its course through the whole length of the County of 
 Fermanagh, from the S. E. point to the N. W. dividing it 
 almost into two equal parts, and may be reckoned in length 
 full 23 Irish miles, though of an unequal breadth; it is 
 diversified with numerous fruitful pleasant islands, to the 
 number (as is computed) of 400, most of them well wooded, 
 and several of them inhabited by husbandmen, and others 
 covered with cattle.— It abounds likewise with a great variety 
 of fish, such as huge pike, large bream, roach, eels, and 
 trout, some of the last of an excessive size. — But it is chiefly 
 valuable for its salmon, which are caught in great draughts 
 by nets, in the river whi,ch flows out of the lough, the fishing 
 of which is valued at £500 a year. 
 
 Were there any trade of consequence in this part of 
 Ireland to deserve encouragement, the importance of this 
 lake might be made much more considerable than it is, it 
 affording, within a few miles of the sea, a free navigation, 
 commodious for al! the inland Counties of the North West 
 of Ulster , and having the towns of Ballyshannon , Belleek , 
 Enniikillen , and Beliurbet situated upon it, or on the branches 
 leading into or issuing from it ; as things are circumstanced 
 - ^ -- 
 
50 Geography of Ireland — Loughs. [Book T. 
 
 these places might, with a little encouragement, he made 
 rich by the linen manufacture. Enniskillen might be the 
 chief mart for if, the soil and flats about it being very con- 
 venient for bleaching greens ; and the water of the lake having 
 hereabouts a particular softness and sliminess, that bleaches 
 much sooner than can be done by other waters. It is 
 not to be doubted, but the happy national sprint for carrying 
 von this manufacture, and other useful branches of trade, will 
 in time exert itself properly along this lake, as it has already 
 done in other places. On the edge of the lough is Ttister- 
 vrg\\ the beautiful seat of Sir Wm.'P.got Piers, Barf. — Lough \ 
 N„,h is someih ns of an oval figure, however indented on 
 everv side. It is esteemed to be the largest lake in Ireland, j 
 Laugh Erne not equalling it in iu area ; and though the latter 
 be more diversified with numerous islands and w oods, yet, 
 considered as a piece of water, it is inferior to this; neither 
 is t hire ‘an v fresh water lake in Britain equal to it, and perhaps 
 few n Europe excetd ,t, those of Ladogo , and Onega, in Muscovy 
 and that of Geneva in Switzerland excepted; it being esti- 
 mated to' be 20 English miles long, from the N. W point 
 to the S F.. and nearly 15 miles from N. E. to S. W. 
 and from 10 to 12 miles broad at a medium, over spread- 
 ing nearly ICO, 000 acres of land. Within these dimen- 
 sions is not reckoned a smaller lake, called Lough Beg, or 
 the little lake, joined to the N. W. end of it by a narrow 
 channel, being near 4 miles long, and as many broad. 
 Lough Neagh communicates its benefits to five several 
 Counties, namely, Armagh, Tyrone , Derry, Antrim and 
 Down, the latter of which it only touches by a small point 
 on the S. E. side. It is fed by six considerable rivers, four 
 of lesser note, and several brooks, yet has but one narrow 
 outlet to discharge this great fiux of water, first into 
 Louph-beg, and from thence through the lower Bann into the 
 Deucalidonian Sea, wh'ich, not affording a sufficient vent, 
 occasions Lough Neagh , in the winter season, to rise 8 or 10 
 feet above its level, overflowing the low grounds on its coast, 
 and therein annually washing away, and gaining upon the high 
 grounds. In addition to this mischief, the mud and sand con- 
 tinually rFe ar a place called Toom, and choak up the. narrow 
 passage ; and the eel* wares on the lower Bann, and at Toom 
 are every year raised and enlarged, so that the lands adjoining 
 the lake must suffer more considerably, if some method be 
 not taken to prevent it by opening the. narrow passage at 
 
Book !.] Geography of Ireland-— Loughs. 51 
 
 Toom, removing the eel-wares near it, fixing them 
 the falls at Porma, and by blowing up or quarrying tn. 
 rocks at the Sharps, near that place, to give a ee P^j af f^ 
 better vent to the waters ; then the lowar Bann could 
 cleared Of these impediments'. . * 
 
 This Sake is remarkable for two properties* hrsl lor a 
 healing property, bv which persons who have bathed in it tor 
 evils, ulcers Wrurwftg sores have benefited, and likewise for 
 petrefving wood, which is not only found in the water, but m 
 the' adjacent soil at a considerable depth. On ns , shores 
 several beautiful .gem* have been discovered ; on the 
 of this lake is Snail’s Castle, the elegant seat of the Kig.u 
 Honorable Lord O’Neal. Dr Smyth seems to doubt whether 
 the healing quality in this lake is no.t to be confine to one 
 side of it, called the fishing bank, and he -informs us, that 
 this virtue was discovered in the reign of Charies 1- • 1 a 
 instance of the son of one Mr. Cunningham, who tia 
 evil which run on him in eight or ten places, and, notwith- 
 standing the royal touch, and other applications, seemeo 
 incurable ; at length he was perfectly healed, a*ter bathing n> 
 
 this lough about eight days. . , 
 
 Of petrefving wood; of which indisputable evidence ham 
 been <nven not long since to the Physical Historical society 
 of Dublin, bv a gentleman who exhibited a variety, o 
 large and fair specimens of wood and stone, container 
 in the lake, and in the soil at a considerable distance rom 
 it, so clear and distinct that there. can' be no room to ou j 
 of either. The petrefying virtue however doth not seem to 
 reside peculiarly in the water ot the lough* but rather to e 
 owing to certain mineral exhalations, common to corn 
 water and to the soil, and in some particular spots on v. . 
 
 The lake also abounds with fish of various kinds m innu- 
 merable quantities* and of large size. It is reiijai. * nc or 
 two sorts of trout, one called the Dole ugh an, which is saic 
 to be peculiar to it, being from 1 4 to IB inches. long, w * 
 size \t never exceeds, and always spawns in jbe r.vero 
 supplying the lough The other kind is Bodach, m English 
 - the Churl ; some of which have been taken that wetgiea 
 fO bs. weight-. It specifically differs from the salmon train, 
 first in si e; secondly, in colour, the head and back o u 
 being-- greenish. Inclining to a sky colour; thirdly the ac 
 fin i varigated with many black spots; fourthly the ta l is 
 forked ; and, fifthly, tl.e tl.sh of. it L of a deep red, and o> 
 
Geography of Ireland. — Loughs. [Book I. 
 
 a good relish — It affords another un corn-men fish, called by 
 tiie Irish the Pollan, or fresh water herring, and by the English 
 the Shad, or mother of herrings, which is scaled and shaped 
 like a herring, is of a lighter blue on the back, and the head 
 of it is smaller and sharper, than that of a common herring. 
 It was for a time supposed to be a peculiar inhabitant of 
 this lake ; but it is now known that the same kind of fish 
 •is in Lough Erne, though not in so great plenty, there are 
 some of them in the river Severn, and one was taken in five 
 River Liftev near Dublin about 20 years ago.— There is 
 another species of fi&h fyi this lake, for any thing known, 
 peculiar to it, called the fresh water Whiting, in shape exsftly 
 resembling a sea Whiting, but less in size, and is a very 
 ordinary, sofr, insipid fond. 
 
 Lough Agher, situated in the barony of Lower Iveach, 
 and parish of Drorrore, County Down, near 4* miles E. S. E. 
 of Dromore ; it is in length near a mile, and about a quarter 
 broad, stored with excellent trout and eels. 
 
 Lough Ballydowgan, situated in the barony of Locate, 
 County Down. 
 
 Lougk Ballykjlbkg, situated in the barony of Lecale, 
 County Down. 
 
 Lough Ballykilneb, in the County Down. 
 
 Lough Ballynahinch, situated in the barony of 
 Kinclearty, County of Down. 
 
 Lough Ballyroney, situated in the barony of Upper 
 Iveagh, County Down. 
 
 Lough Derig, situated in the County of Donegal, and 
 is famous for having in it the island which contains St, 
 Patrick’s purgatory ; it is a narrow little cell, hewn out of a 
 solid rock, in which a man can scarcely stand upright. 
 
 Lough Di an, and Lough Doran, small loughs, 
 situated in the County of Down 
 
 Lough Easic, situated in the County of Donegal, St 
 produces plenty of that delicious fish called carr, which are 
 not to be caught by bait, but feeding in deep water, are 
 taken only in nets. 
 
 Lough Erin, situated in the County of Down, in the 
 parish of Anahilt; a line of .6 fathoms has proved insuf- 
 ficient to reach the bottom of it in some places; it is remark- 
 able for breeding pike, trout and eels, of a very great size. 
 
 Lough Falcon, situated in the County of Down, 
 
Bo ok L ] Geography of Ireland— —Loughs. 53 
 
 Lough Foyle, situated in > the County of Londonderry,, 
 esteemed as good and commodious a harbour as any in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 Lough Gud le,. situated in the County of Antrim ; here 
 is Lassanom? Castle* the handsome seat of Lord Macartney,. 
 
 ]05 miles from Oiiblin . 
 
 Lough Kebnan^ a small lough in the County of Down* 
 
 Lough Leigh, or the Healing Lough, a lake so 
 called id the County of Cavan, the waters of which are. 
 said to possess -a very healing quality. 
 
 I O'.tJGH Mag an, situated in the County of Cavan, in 
 which are three well cultivated islands. 
 
 Lough Macnlan, situated in the County* of Cavan,’ in- 
 the hat.onv 'of Kin dearly ; it cover's about 23 acres, and is 
 filled with pike, eel, roach, and .bream. 
 
 Lough R amo situated in, the County of Cavan, near 
 Virginia, about 4 ) miles from Dublin, in which are several. i 
 islands, where there are ruins of some Castles. 
 
 Lough • Salt), situated in the County of Donegal, be-- 5 
 tween ivilmaaeman . aud. ; Glam Inn, on the top of a lofty 
 mountain, - ; J 
 
 Lough Shark, situated in the County of Down, .in the |! 
 hard nv of. Upper jveach j it covers about SO acres. 
 
 Lough bTR ANGFoRD, situated it> the County of Down, . I 
 it takes its present name froma small post-town called Strang, 
 ford, seated on 'the sicle of the narrow entrance into the 
 sea, it was formerly known by . the name of Lough Coyne;, 
 it is a deep bay. or inlet of . the sea, about 17 miles long, and ; 
 
 4 or 5 broad ; it goes WV as far as Downpatrick,, and , N. as . 
 far as Comber and ‘ Newtown, ... and, bv computation, covers 
 25,775 acres. It abounds with -excellent fish, . particularly . 
 smelts, and off* the bar there i a periodical herring fishery, in 
 or about August.. The islands fty this lake, Dr. Boat enumerated : 
 at 26-D, but from am actual survey made at the time Dr. Smyth 
 wrote his history of that country, it appears that there are 54 
 islands small and great ; four of those islands are called Swan , 
 islands from the htimber of Swans that frequent them * 
 
 Loughs in the province of Connaught. 
 
 Lough Allen, situated in the County of Leitrim ; it is 
 encompassed by high mountains, and more than 3D miles in 
 circuit, .bringing the land and lake under one view; a more 
 
 * For Lough Switly, see. he ad Bays,, 
 
54 Geography of Ireland. — Loughs. [Book 1. 
 
 picturesque landscape cannot be found. This district abounds 
 with coal and iron mines. 
 
 Lqugh Arrow, situated in the County of Sligo, two miles 
 beyond Ballinafad ; it has in it a number of islands, most 
 romantically situated, and well planted. 
 
 Lough Conn, situated in the County of Mayo. 
 
 Lough Corrib, situated in the County of Galwav ; this 
 lake is upwards of 29 miles long, and in some parts 6 nulcs 
 broad, having many fine islands in it ; is remarkable for the 
 gillaree trout, a very delicate fish, which weighs from 12 to 
 18 pounds; this trout is remarkable for having an extraordi- 
 nary gizzard, resembling that of a large, fowl, it is there 
 common to dresS the guards only, which is esteemed a very 
 favorite dish. 
 
 Loi?gh Gill, situated in the County of Sligo; close to it < 
 isHazlewood, a vefry handsome seat, the residence of the 'Right 
 Hon. Owen Wynne. 
 
 Lough Ray, situated in the County of Leitrim; this is.'; 
 also called Kingston lake ; it is a beautiful, piece of water, inter- I 
 spersed with several islands, some of which are adorned wbh 
 old castles and ruins, others in the state of nature, . wooded 
 with lofty timber trees, and some highly improved without a 
 tree to be seen, but the‘more pleasing prospeft of everlasting 
 verdure. 
 
 Lough Ree, situated between the County of Longford 
 and Roscommon, and between the provinces of Leinster and 
 Connaught ; it is a handsome spacious lake, in which are 
 several small islands. 
 
 Lough Shy, situated near Ballinrobe, in the County of 
 Mayo, on the banks of which there is a Charter School; at 
 Ballinrobe are the ruins of a celebrated abbey. 
 
 - The Loughs in the province of Leinster. 
 
 Lough Direvreagh, situated in the County of West, 
 meath. 
 
 Lough Han ah, situated in the Queen’s County. 
 
 Lough Inny, situated in the -County of Westmeath; it is 
 united to Lough Shilien, bv a stream on which the small but 
 pleasant village of Finnane is situated. 
 
 Lough Lane, situated in the County Westmeath. 
 
 Lqugh Loughail, situate in the County of Westmeath; 
 i; is a fine lake, about three miles long, and one mile broad, 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland.— Loughs. 55 
 
 having in it five small islands, which are well planted with 
 trees, and pretty well cultivated. 
 
 Lough Scuds, situated in the County of Westmeath, on 
 which the'village of Ballimore is seated, near it is the old dis- 
 solved monastery of Plary. 
 
 Lough Shillen, situated in the County o ( f Westmeath,' 
 within a mile of Daly’s Bridge. In it are some small islands, 
 on which are the ruins of a castle and a church; this laugh is 
 of considerable magnitude, extending to Finnane, where it 
 communicates with Lough Inny ; between the loughs is a 
 bridge, which separates the Counties of Westmeath and 
 Cavan. 
 
 Lough Swilly, situated in the County of Louth. 
 
 The Loughs in the province of Munster. 
 
 Lough Lane or the Lake of Killarney; this beau- 
 tiful place is situated near the town of the same name, in the \ 
 County of Kerry; it is divided properly into three parts, 
 called the lower, middle, and upper lake ; the northern or the j 
 lower lake, is six miles in length, and from three to four in 
 breadth; the town of Killarney is situated on its northern i 
 
 shore; the country on this and the eastern boundary is rather ' 
 of a tame character, but it is here and there diversified with 
 gentle swells, many of which afford delightful prospers of 
 the lake, the islands, and the surrounding scenery ; the sou- « 
 them shores is composed of immense mountains, rising abruptly 
 from the water, and covered with woods of the finest timber; ' 
 from the centre of the lake, the view is astonishingly 
 sublime, presenting to the eve an extent of forest, six 
 miles in length, and from half a mile to a mile and a half in 
 breadth, hanging in a robe of rich luxurance on the sides of 
 two mountains, whose" bare tops, rising above the whole, form 
 a perfect contrast to the verdu e of the lower region; on the 
 side of one of these mountains, is O’Sullivan’s Cascade, which 
 fails into the lake, with a roar that strikes the, timid with awe 
 on approaching it; the view of this sheet of water is uncom- 
 monly fine, appearing as if it were descending from an arch 
 of wood, which overhangs it above 70 feet in height from 
 the point of view; coasting along this, affords an almost 
 endless entertainment, every change of position presenting 
 a new scene; the rocks hollowed and worn into a variety of 
 forms by the waves, and^the trees and shrubs bu.sting from 
 
56 Geogaphy of Ireland.— Loughs. [Book I: 
 
 the pores of the sapless stone, forced -.to assume uncouth 
 shapes, to adapt themselves to their fantastic situations. The 
 islands are not so numerous in this as in the upper iake, but. j 
 there is one of uncommon beauty, viz the isle of Innis- 
 f alien, nearly opposite to Q’Sullivan’s Cascade ; ■ it contains 
 18 Insh acres; the coast is formed into a variety of bays and - 
 promontories, skirted and crowned with arbutus, holly, and 
 other shrubs and trees ; the interior parts are diversified with 
 hills and dales, and gentle declivities, on which every tree 
 and shrub appears* to advantage; the soil is rich even to 
 exuberance, and trees of the largest size incline across the 
 vales, forming natural arches, with ivy entwining in the 
 branches, and hanging in festoons of foliage. The promon- 
 tory of Mu cross ; which divides the upper from, the lower 
 lake, is a perfcft land of enchantment ; there is - a road car- 
 ried through the centre of the promontory, which unfolds all. 
 the interior beauties of , the place Amongst the distant moun- 
 tains, Turk appears an obje&Of magnificence, and Mangerton’S 
 loftier, though less interesting summit, rears' itself above the 
 whole’. The passage to : the upper lake,.. is- round the extre- 
 mity of Mucross, which confines it on one side, and the 
 approaching mountainson the othei ; hete is the celebrated, - 
 rock called the Eagle’s Nest ; this . rock produces wonderful 
 echoes; a French horn sounded here, raises a concert superior 
 to a hundred instruments, and the report of a* single cannon 
 is answered by a. succession of peals, resembling the loudest i 
 thunder, which .seems to travel the surrounding scenery, and die, 
 among the distant mountains. The upper lake is four miles in 
 lenoth, ..and two cr- three in breadth,: k is almost surrounded by 
 a mountain, from which descend a number of beautiful cas- 
 cades;, the islands in this Lake are numerous, . and a fiord 
 an amazin'? variety of picturesque views. The centre lake 
 called Mucross lake, communicates with the upper, it is but 
 small in comparison with the other two, and cannot boast of 
 enuai variety, yet it is not destitute of natural advantages;; 
 the shores are in many places indented with beautiful, bays, 
 surrounded with a dark grove of: trees, some of which have 
 a most ofiCfuresq vie appearance, when viewed from* the water; 
 the eastern boundary is formed by the base of Mangerfon, 
 down the steep d ie of which descends a cascade visible for 
 }50 yards ; th’s fdl of water is supplied bv a circular iake,,.. 
 near "the sun in it of a mountain, called the Devil’s' Punch 
 Bowl, which, on account, of its immense depth, and the 
 
Book 1.] Geography of Ireland — Loughs. 57 
 
 continual overflow of water, is considered as one of the 
 curiosities in Kiliarnev. Dr. Smyth, seems to think, that 
 one of the best prospers this admired lake affords, is from 
 a rising ground near the ruined Cathedral of Aghadoe. The 
 Lake of Kiliarnev is otherwise called Lough Lane, or Lough 
 Luan, from its being surrounded by high mountains. Nun- 
 niussays, that these lakes were encompassed by four circles 
 of mines, the first of tin, the second of lead, the third of 
 iron, and the fourth of copper. In the several mountains 
 adjacent to the lakes, are still to be seen the vestiges of the 
 ancient mines of iron, lead and copper, but tin has not as 
 yet been discovered here. In the neighbourhood of those 
 lakes were found, in the early ages, as well as at present, 
 pebbles of several colours, which faking a beautiful polish, 
 the ancient Irish wore in their ears, girdles, and different 
 articles of their dress and furniture. 
 
 Lough Allua, situated in the County of Cork, within 
 one mile of Iuchegeela. 
 
 Lough Lee, otherwise Lough Currance, situate near 
 the bay of Baliina-Skeligs, in the County of Cork; it is of 
 an oval form, three miles in length, and about half as broad; 
 it abounds with excellent white trout and salmon; it is 
 bounded on the S. by mountains, partly covered with woods; 
 there are three small islands in it, on one of which are the 
 remains of a church and cell, and some other vestiges of 
 ruined buildings. 
 
 Lough Drine, situated in the County of Cork. 
 
 Lough Guir, situated in the Countv of Limerick; near 
 Lech on i he road side, between Limerick and Bruff; in this 
 Lough is a druidical temple, consisting of three circles of stones ; 
 the principal, which is about 150 feet in diameter, consists of 
 40 stones, of which the largest is 13 feet long, 6 broad, and 
 4 thick. 
 
 Lough Hike, situated in the County of Cork, is about 
 two miles in circumference; and in the midst of it Is a small 
 island, on which stands an old castle now in ruins, built by 
 the O’Driscolls. 
 
 Lough Inchequin, situated in the County of Clare; 
 it is famous for its delicious fish, and for one of the best 
 'prospers in the kingdom. 
 
 Lough More, in rhe County of Limerick ; rot far from 
 this are the ruins of Mungret Abbey, 
 
58 Geography of Ireland — Bays. [Book I. ■ 
 
 Q. Which are the Bays and Harbours in Ireland? — A* , 
 Perhaps no country in the world abounds more in fair spa- i f, 
 clous, and commodious harbours than Ireland, and yet no j 
 country to which less benefit arises from trade than this,. ,j 
 occasioned by some circumstances too delicate to be insisted ^ 
 on ; yet this much may be said, that it would be greatly the j ( 
 advantage of our sister country , if this country were rich and ! 
 flourishing; because its wealtn won UK always center there. ~ e 
 VV r e shall, then, do little more than point out the bays and j s 
 harbours useful to trade in this kingdom, and leave it to the ( 
 united legislature to make the application of their benefit* j 
 and uses. > t 
 
 Waterford Haven, runs between Leinster and Munster, , 
 being bounded by the barony of Sheilburn, in the County < 
 of W exford on the East, and the barony of Gaultire in the j 
 County of Waterford on the West; the mouth of which i 
 is formed by Hook Point on one side, and the main land of , 
 the County of Waterford on the other — -It extends almost | 
 in a straight line for near 8 miles, from S. to N. all ihe way 
 deep and clear, and but little incumbered with rocks or sand, 
 and is defended by Duncannon Fort on the E- side, which 
 commands the harbour.— After passing Duncannon fort 
 about a ieague, the haven divides itself into two arms; that. ; 
 to the W. leads to the City of Waterford, and is the mouth; 
 of the River Siur, and the other leads to Ros^, wnicn is 
 called the River of Ross, being below the jun&ion of the 
 Barrow and the Neor, both these arms are capable ofie- 
 ceiviug ships of large burdens. 
 
 Carlingford Mayen, lying between the Counties of 
 Louth and Down, is a fair large bay,. about four miles long, and 
 near as many broad, at the entrance very deep, ' so as the: 
 largest ships may anchor in it, and defended from all winds; 
 by the highlands and mountains on every side. But the 
 mouth of it is very dangerous, being full of rocks, between 
 which the passages are narrow ; and this, together with the 
 want of trade, causes a small resort of shipping to it. 
 
 Strang ford Haven, is more unsafe in t lie entrance, than 
 that of Carlingford ; caused not only by the rocks and shoals, 
 but bv the excessive rapidity of the water.— but the neighbour- 
 ing bay of Carrie kfe.rgus is as safe and spacious as any in Ire- 
 land, some few in the Wed excepted. The entrance into it is 
 bold, being about five miles wide, ai d having a depth of watei 
 from I % to 20 fathoms, which glows. gradually shallower 
 
Book I.] Geography of Inland.— Bays. 59 
 
 till you advance opposite to the town or Carrickfergu-, where 
 it is from 5 to 8 fathoms deep in the middle of the road. It 
 ; gro\vs narrower by degrees for several leagues, from the 
 .fnouth to the bridge of Belfast, where it is not more than 
 three fourths of a mile broad, if so much; at full tide, not 
 above 8 or 9 feet deep ; and at low water not above a foot, 
 except in freshes, when it is something deeper; from this 
 shallowness Cafmoylpool is used as the harbour for ships 
 trading to Belfast, in which twenty vessels may ride a Boat 
 at low water, though within a cable’s length, barks lie round 
 them dry ; and from thence, small ships sail up at high 
 water to the quay of Belfast.— -In this bay are but few shoals 
 or rocks, except a reef of black rocks running into the sea 
 for three or four hundred yards from the North side of it, 
 called the Briggs, and except some foul ground, and a dan- 
 gerous sunk rock on the County of Down side, lying between 
 the Copeland Islands and Donaghadee called the Deputy R ock. 
 There is, also, a little S. W. of Carriekfergus, one shoal, on 
 which lies three fathom water at ebb tide, in the middle 
 of the bay. Some kelp is burnt on the North side of this 
 bay, but nothing like the quantity provided in Strangford lake 
 and about it. 
 
 Lough Foyle and Lough SwillY, are already men- 
 tioned under the title of lakes. Before the mouth of the first of 
 these loughs lies a great sand, called the Tuns, which proves 
 but little incommodious to the sailors ; because, between it 
 and the West side of the land is a fair broad, and deep 
 channel, where, at all times, may be found 14 or 15 fathoms 
 of water, and in the mouth itself, 8 or 10 fathoms — On 
 jthe East side of the lough, are very great sands, from one 
 enfi to the other, and on the West some small sands or shelves, 
 which are no way inconvenient, as between them, run a broad 
 Channel, inmost parts 3 or 4 fathoms deep, and in that 
 arm on which Derry stands, it is yet deeper, in some places 
 not less than 10 or I % fathom, and before the town 4 or 5 
 ; fa thorn, so that this is a commodious harbour, 
 j Lough Sw illy, is a fair large harbour, defended from all 
 winds,, and capable of containing a thousand large vessels; 
 yet k is lit tie frequented. 
 
 Ship Haven, lies on the W. of Lough Swillv, about 5 or 
 6 miles, and this fair large harbour has little resort. 
 
 Killysegs Harbour, lies on the West of the County 
 Donegal, -spacious enough to contain a large ib y. It has a 
 
60 Geography of I rcl G?.d-*— Bays. [Book I. | 
 
 large and bold opening, to the sea on the S. and is secure within 
 by the shelter of high lands surrounding it, so that ships of 
 ti e greatest burden can make it at any time of the tide, and 
 when entered, are secured from the mot violent hurricanes, 
 and it has a depth of water of 5, 6, 7, and 8 fathoms. 
 
 Donegal Haven, lies about 9 or 10 miles to the East of 
 felly bees,, and in the entrance is much incumbered with r 
 shelves, sands, and rocks, so that great circumspe£lion must 
 be used in passing in or out of it with safety. 
 
 Galway Haven, seated in the S. W. of Connaught, is, at 
 the entrance of it from the Western Ocean, namely, from 
 Slime head, in the North, to Loophead, called also Capeland, j 
 in the South, (which are the proper boundaries of it) an j 
 .-extension of upwards of 50 miles, and is not much less in ; 
 length. In the mouth of it lie three islands, called the 
 South Islands of Arran, which form three channels for passing j 
 up the bay, which islands are called in certain letiers patent 
 of the 3 i st of Queen Elizabeth, Arran more, Jnshemarry, and 
 lnsharry. — One of these channels passeth between the main- ;j 
 land of the barony of Moycollen and Aranmore, and is , 
 called the North Sound, the second running between Arran- 
 more and Inshemarry, is more in use, and commonly called 
 St. Gregory’s Sound; by which sounds the name of that 
 island hath been also called ; and the third lies between the 
 main land of the barony of Cbrcumroe, in the CQUnty of 
 Clare, and lnsharry, and is commonly called the Sound. 
 Another channel runs between Inshemarry and lnsharry, 
 which not being safely passible for sands and shelves, is there- 
 fore named the false Sound. The whole North side of this 
 bay is very foul, with sands and rocks, so that it is not safe 
 to approach the shore nearer than two miles; at the end of 
 which ledge of sands and rocks, and in the innermost part 
 of the bay, lies a little island, called Ifiniskerrigh, in English j 
 Mutton Island ; at the East end thereof a ship may anchor 
 in five or six fathom water, but from thence northward to 
 Galway, which is near two miles, none but small vessels and 
 barks can sail, the town standing not upon the bay itself, but 
 on a broad water, like a river, issuing out of Lough Corrib. — 
 The advantages of this bay affords a considerable trade to the 
 townsmen. 
 
 The Mouth of the Shannon, from Capeland or Loophead 
 to Kerry Point, is about 9 miles, and from thence to the ; 
 
Boo k I J Geography of Ireland.— Bays. 6 1 
 
 City of Limerick 50, during all which course the river is 
 looked upon as the Haven of Limerick, to the walls of which 
 Cirv, vessels of great burden may go up without meeting 
 foul places* rocks or sands in the way, or any thing else, but 
 many little islands, which are easily avoided ; from the happy 
 situation of this place, it formerly enjoyed an extensive share 
 of trade and commerce, and was reckoned the principal 
 mart of the province of Munster ; but now both Cork and 
 Waterford exceed it in that particular. 
 
 Smerwick, or St. Marywick Haven, in the barony of 
 Corkaguiny, and County of Kerry, is a small but clean and 
 well enclosed harbour, where a body of Spaniards landed and 
 were defeated in 1578. 
 
 On the other side of the same barony lies a large bay # 
 
 | called Dingle Bay, which extends many miles into the land, 
 
 | between the forementioned barony and that of Iveagh, and 
 contains in it many small but good Havens, as Ventry Bay, 
 and a little east of it Dingle-I-couch Bay, before the mouth 
 of which lies a rock, called the Cow, which may be sailed 
 about without danger, being always above water, except a 
 spring tides. 
 
 Kenmare Bay, forms a division between the baronies of 
 Ddnkeron, on the North, and Glancroughty on the South, 
 both in the County, and shoots several miles into the land, 
 being throughout clean ground, and free from rocks and sands, 
 except in very few places. This is as often called Kenmare 
 River, as Bay. 
 
 Bantry Bay, divides the Counties of Kerry and Cork, and 
 I is of a large extent both in breadth and length, rivalling 
 Kenmare Bay in those particulars, as well as in safety and 
 good anchorage. — In this bay, not very far from the mouth 
 of it, lies the island of Beerhaven, between which and the 
 I main land is a fair sound, which serves for a good and safe 
 port, and is therefore called Beerhaven. — Within the mouth 
 of this sound lie some rocks in the middle of the channel, 
 at high water overflown, which may easily be avoided ; and 
 on the South side of the sound, as you surround the island, 
 there are two great rocks just in the mouth of it, between 
 which ships may safely pass, as also between them and the 
 land on either side. — At the upper end is another island called 
 Widdy, near 3 miles long, between which and the main 
 land, being the uttermost extent of the bay of Bantry, is 
 
62 Geography of Ireland. — Bays [Book I. ] 
 
 good clean anchorage, from 3 to 6 fathom.— Ships may enter 
 this sound in two places, at both sides of the island. The 
 South entrance is foul, rocky, and dangerous; blit the 
 North entrance affords room and depth enough in 8 or 9 , 
 
 fathom, and nothing to hurt, except a row of rocks, a small , 
 musket shot from the shore, which, being covered at high 
 water, do not appear but at half ebb.— Opposite to this 
 island is the Haven of Langref, in which there is every where 
 safe anchorage, and good ground, except on the right hand 
 close to the mouth, where is some foul ground, that is 
 dry at the ebb, of the spring tides. — This Bay of Bantry is 
 rendered famous by a naval engagement between the English 
 and French fleets in 1689; also the French attempted a landing 
 here on Christmas Eve, 1796, commanded by General 
 Hoc he, but was foiled, and some of his ships taken by Aemiral 
 Sir John B. Warren off the coast of Donegal. 
 
 Dunmanns Bay, is separated from Bantry Bay, by a 
 narrow neck of land^ which terminates at Mintrovally Point. 
 This bay is wide and long, though not equal in either 
 respects to those of Kenmare or Bantry ; but is > commo- 
 dious road, and has good anchorage every where. — The 
 land on the south side of this bay, streatcheth out far into 
 the sea, the uttermost point whereof is Mizen Head, being 
 the southermost cape of all the main land of Ireland ; Cape 
 Clear lying out further S. E. being in an island. 
 
 Baltimore Bay is much larger than any of the three imme- 
 diately before mentioned bays, though not strestching into 
 the land as they do, but forming rather the figure of a half 
 moon. In this large bay lie Crook-Haven, Scul-Haven, 
 and several others. Some writers have contracted the bounds 
 of Paltimcre Bay, by making Dunshad the entrance to the 
 eas% and Dunlong in the island of Inishirkan to the west, 
 while others extend the bay from Dunshad to Mizen-Head. 
 
 The entrance into Castle Haven is very narnew, being 
 not half a mile over, formed by Skiddv’s island on the east, 
 and Horse island on the west; but it is a safe deep channel, 
 and has good anch< r ige opposite to the town of Castle Haven, 
 which lies on the west shore. 
 
 ' The Haven of Glandore, though small, is good, with a 
 sufficient depth of water, and defended, from all winds. 
 
 The Haven of Kinsale, is one of the most commodious 
 and best harbours in the kingdom, well sheltered from all 
 winds, and defended by a strong Fort, called Charles Fort, 
 from King Charles the II. in whose reign it was ere&ed. 
 
Book I.] Geography.*-— Mountains. 63 
 
 Cork Haven, is also a safe and commodious harbour, 
 narrow at the entrance, but deep and safe, and sheltered 
 within from all winds as far as the City of Cork, for a 
 defence whereof against foreign enemies, two forts, are now 
 erefted. — These are the principal unbarred Havens in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Of the barred Havens, and those of lesser note, we shall 
 do little more than mention their names.— W exford, Wicklow, 
 Dublin, which last harbour hath been much amended by 
 the execution of the Statute of 6th Queen Anne, chap. SO. 
 cdled the Ballast Aft; Drogheda, Dundalk, Dundrum, dange- 
 rous in the outer bay, but secure in the inner. — Killough, 
 Ardglass, Old Fleet, Donaghadee, Glenarm, Baily castle, much 
 improved by parliamentary encouragement; Colerain or 
 Bann Haven, being in the mouth of the RiVer Bann. — St. 
 Helen’s, corrupted into Telien; Mac Swine’s Bay, Bally- 
 Shannon, Sligo, Mov, Rounstone Bay, Tralee, Youghail, and t 
 Duhgarven, besides many other bays and roads, where, in 
 case of necessity, ships may find relief* * 
 
 Q. Which are the Mountains in Ireland ? — A. There are 
 two words in English, by which observable heights rising 
 above the surface of the ground are distinguished, namely, j 
 hills and mountains, in the same sense as the Latins use 
 Collis and Mons, and in these languages, they are only 
 distinguished according to their degrees of elevation ; the 
 former word in each signifying a smaller, and the latter a 
 more considerable height. The Irish language is more copious 
 and fruitful in this particular, and affords three words to mark j 
 out such elevations, namely. Knock, Slieve and Beinn, the 
 first signifying a low hHl, standing single without any con- 
 tinued range ; the second a craggy high mountain gradually 
 ascending, and continued in several ridges; and the last a j 
 pinnacle or mountain of the first magnitude, ending in a 
 sharp or abrupt precipice; the two last are often seen 
 compounded together in one and the same range. 
 
 Ireland affords instances of all these kinds, and yet is far 
 removed from what may be denominated a mountainous 
 country ; of the first kind, namely hills, instances may be 
 given in that extent of country, about 10 miles in length, 
 from Keils, in the County of Meath, to Ballyborough in the 
 County of Cavan, which is almost nothing else but a con- 
 tinued chain of hills of no great elevation, all very fruitful 
 G S 
 
 L 
 
&4 Geography. — Mountains. [Book I. 
 
 land, both pasture and arable; the same may be observed 
 of the little hills about Downpatrick, compared* to eggs in 
 salt, and of many others in several parts. 
 
 The second kind of mountains, which, with an extensive 
 elevation, rise towards the skies, are not very common in 
 Ireland , and yet there are several such, which though not 
 to be compared to- the Pyrenean mountains, lying between 
 France and Spain, or the Alps, which divide Italy from France, 
 Germany and Switzerland, or to other mountains in the world 
 of the like vast height, yet may be justly accounted among 
 the lofty mountains. In this number may be reckoned the 
 mountains of Carlingford, extending from Dundalk to that 
 place, which, in favourable weather, may be seen from the 
 mountains south of Dublin, at about 40 miles distance ; those 
 about Lough Swilly, in the northern parts of the County of 
 Donegal; the Curliews, which separate the Counties of 
 Sligo and Roscommon in Connaught; the Mangerton moun- 
 tains in the County of Kerry, 3500 feet above the sea; 
 Croagh Patrick, in the County of Mayo, on the S. E. of 
 Clewbay, a cone 1666 feet ; Carrickarde in the County of 
 Mayo, 12 miles N, E. of Castlebar; the Gaulty mountains 
 in the County of Tipperary ; Slievebloom, called by some 
 writers the Blandine mountains, extend in a large ridge 
 through part of the Queen’s and King’s Counties, and part 
 of the County of Tipperary, celebrated by the immortal 
 Spencer in his Fairy Queen ; the Brandon mountains in the 
 County of Kerry, to the east of Smerwick Bay ; the Kil worth 
 mountains in the County of Cork; Slievegallen in the 
 County of Tyrone; the large mountains in the County of 
 Wicklow, in length about thirty English miles, and in 
 breadth about 12, and among the rest Sugar Loaf-hill; the 
 mountains of Mourne and Iveagh in the County of Down, 
 which are reckoned among some of the highest in the king- 
 dom, of which Slieve-Donard has been calculated, at a per- 
 pendicular height, to 1056 yards, and is one of the three 
 sorts of mountains before described, which ends in an 
 abrupt precipice ; Mount Nephin in the County of Mayo, 
 height about 2640 feet; Mount Baughten in the S. of 
 Connaught. Many other mountains are passed over for the 
 sake of brevity ; and yet the character given of Ireland by 
 Cambrensis, is by no means to be admitted for truth. 
 
 Who says “ that the inland parts of it enormously swell 
 *f into lofty and inaccessible mountains ;** the contrary or 
 
Book I]. Geography of Ireland* — Religion . 65 
 
 which experience evinces.— The mountains of this country 
 are oi singular benefit to the inhabitants, not only as they 
 serve for alembic where vapours exhaled by the sun, are 
 condensed into cloudy and descend in rain and showers to 
 render the lower grounds fruitful; but as in their bowels 
 are generated beds of nnnes^- minerals, coals, (juarries • of 
 stone, s’.ate and marble ; in all of which the mountains of 
 this country abound in various parts.— -We afe also indebted 
 to them for the origin of springs and fountains, rivulets and 
 rivers, so absolutely necessary to the well being ®f mankind- 
 
 LECTURE IX. 
 
 Q. What is the religion 9 — A. The established religion of 
 Ireland, by law, is the Episcopal Protestant, under four Arch- 
 bishops and eighteen Bishops.— The Roman Catholics, who 
 compose three fourths of the people, are also tolerated in the , 
 full exercise of their religion. There are a great number of 1 
 other Sectaries in Ireland, as Presbyterians, Anabaptists, 
 Quakers, Methodists, &c. but very few Jews, all of whom 
 aie tolerated. t | 
 
 The Archbishops are those of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel 
 and Tuam ; the first of these is stiled Primate of all Ireland, 
 and the second Primate of Ireland. 
 
 Under the Archbishop of Armagh.*- Meath, Kilmore and 
 Ardagh, Dromore, Clogher, Raphoe, Down and Connor, and 
 Derrv. 
 
 Under the AnhSuhop of Dublin.— Kildare, Ferns and Lough- 
 Kn, and Ossory. 
 
 Under the Archbishop of Cashel — Waterford and Lismore, 
 Limerick, Killaloe, Cork and Ross, and Gloyne. j 
 
 Under the Archbishop of Tuam — Elphin, Clonfert, Killala 
 and Achonry. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have also a Hierarchy nearly similar 5 
 but the Metropolitans and Bishops are considered by their 
 Frotestant Brethren as Titular. 
 
 The Presbyterians being here dissenters, their form of 
 ecclesiastic government necessarily approaches that of inde- 
 pendants, 
 
 Wote . — The following observations may be useful to the 
 I pupil ; the government of the established church (as before 
 
00 Geography. —Government. [Book I. 
 
 remarked) is under four Archbishops, namely, Armagh 
 who i$ the Primate of all Ireland ; Dublin, to which Glande- 
 lough hath l^een united ever since the reign of King John; 
 Cashel, to which Emily was united by A<ft of Parliament 
 in 1568; and Tuam, to which Ennachdunc was United in i 
 the 14th century, Mayo in the 15th, and Kelfenora which 
 was annexed to Tuam upon the restoration of King Charles 
 the II. and hath gone with it ever since, till lately, that it 
 was transferred to Clonfert; and Ardagh in its room, disunited 
 from Kilmore, and carried over to this Archiepiscop al See. 
 
 Note 2d, To Meath was united Clanmacnois about the 
 year 1568.— Clogher, and Down to which Connor was 
 united by the Pope in 1 442; Kilmore, to which 'Ardagh 
 was united in 1661, but lately transferred to Tuam; 
 Dromore, Raphoe and Derry. Under the Archbishop of 
 Dublin, Kildare, Ossory, and Ferns, to which Lougbliii 
 has been annexed ever since the year 1600. Under" the 
 Archbishop of Cashel, Limerick, to which Ardfert 
 and Aghgdoe were united in 1663; Waterford which 1 
 was united in 1363 by the Pope, and confirmed by Edward 
 III. ; Cork united to Ross, Clovne, and Kiilaloe. Under the 
 Archbishop of Tuam, Elphin, to which Kilmacdough, 
 and lately Kilfenora are united; and Killala, to which 
 Achpufv was united in 1f07, and hath continued ever since. 
 These several Prelates have their Deans and uher Dignitaries 
 to assist them with their counsel, except Meath, which hath 
 neither Dean nor Chapter. 
 
 The provision for the Clergy of the established Church of 
 Ireland , is more equal than in England, their number is about 
 3000, and their computed income about «£45O,(5O0 per annum. 
 The Roman Catholic Clergy are much more numerous, and 
 are supported by the voluntary contributions of their congrega* 
 tions. The 'Dissenting Ministers of Ulster are allowed £2 f 700 
 yearly by Parliament, in aid of the bounty of their several 
 congregations. 1 
 
 Q. What if the Government of Ireland ? — A. Since Ireland 
 became annexed to the crown of England, the constitution 
 and government have varied but little from that of England, 
 and Kings of England send the Viceroys here to ad- 
 minister public affairs in their name and by their autho- 
 rity, who, in different ages, haPe in their letters patent and 
 commissions, been stiled by divers names, as Custos or 
 Keeper , Justiciary , Warden or Procurator , Seneschal , Constable , 
 
Book. I.] Geography — Government. 67 
 
 Justice , Justices , Deputy and Lieutenant , all which names 
 import the sarrie thing in -effect ; namely, the administration 
 ot the public justice and affairs of the kingdom, under the 
 authority, and by the commission of the King, and were 
 like the proconsuls of the ancient Romans. The jurisdic- 
 tion and authority of these officers is ample and royal, yet 
 modified by the terms of their commissions, in some re- 
 strained, and in others x enlarged, according to the King’s' 
 pleasure, or the exigencies of the tames. 
 
 Q. How does the Lord Lieutenant enter into office ? — A. His 
 letters patent are publicly read in the Council Chamber, and 
 having taken the usual Oaths before the Lord Chancellor, 
 the sword, which is to be carried before him, is delivered into 
 his hands, and he is seated in the chair of state, attended by 
 the Lord Chancellor, the members of the Privy Council, the . 
 Peers and Nobles, and other, Officers of State; so that if he 
 be considered in regard to his jurisdiction and authority, or ! 
 in attendants or splendor, there is no Viceroy in Chris- 
 tendom that comes nearer to the grandeur and majesty of a \ 
 King. He has a council, composed of the great officers of 
 the crown ; hamelv, the Chancellor, Treasurer, (when in 
 the kingdom) and such others of the Archbishops, Earls, 
 Bishops, Barons, Judges, and Gentlemen, as his Majesty is 
 pleased to appoint. 
 
 Q. Are there any Courts of Justice in Ireland ? — A. There 
 are four terms held yearly for the dispatch of controversies 
 between party and party, and four courts of justice; namelv, 
 Chancery, King’s Bench, Common Pleas and Exchequer; in t 
 the first of which a single person presides, under the name 
 of the King’s High Chancellor, and Keeper of the great Seal. 
 
 In the King’s Bench and Common Pleas are four Judges in 
 each; and in the Exchequer, the Treasurer, Chancellor and \ 
 four Barons^ and in all of them, subordinate officers. 
 
 Q. How is Justice distributed throughout the iuborain^te 
 Divisions of Ireland ? — A. By Judges of Assize and G$ol 
 delivery, being the Judges of the supreme courts, who travel 
 twice a year into the several Counties, (except that of Dublin) 
 for the trial of prisoners and suits of Nisi Prius , between 
 party and party ; as also a Court of Admiralty, which has 
 jurisdiction in maritime affairs, and is administered by com- 
 mission from the Admiralty of England. 
 
 Q. Are there any Ecclesiastical Courts in Ireland T — A. The 
 Prerogative Court, where a Commissary judges of the estates 
 
68 Geography — Governments [Book L ] 
 
 of persons deceased, whether intestate, or by will ; and in 
 every diocese a Consistory Court, from whence appeals lie I 
 to the supreme Court of Prerogative, and from thence to a 
 Court of special Delegates appointed by the King. 
 
 Q. U r hat is the heal administration of Justice in Ireland ? — 
 
 A. There are Governors of Counties, and Justices of the ( 
 Peace, appointed by the King’s commission through the j 
 several Counties, to^ preserve the peace where they preside, 
 whose power is grounded upon several statures ; and high and 
 petty constables, and other officers instituted for the same 
 purpose; but the chief officer of every County is the High 
 Sheriff, who was heretofore chosen in the County Court, by 
 the suffrages of the people, but now is nominated by the 
 Chief Governor, to whom is entrusted in each County, the: 
 execution of the laws. To these may be added, seven'com- 
 mis«joners appointed by the King to manage his revenue, and 
 other inferior officers for collecting it in ; also 118 Cities and 
 corporate Towns, of which Dublin is the chief. 
 
 Note, The constitution of Ireland differs very little from, 
 that of England; on the 1st of January 1801, the Imperial 
 Standard was first displayed in the Castle of Dublin, in con- 
 sequence of the aft of Union* between England and Ireland*. 
 Ireland is represented in the British Home of Lords by 32 
 Peers, and i-n the House of Commons by J00 members; the* 
 British House of Commons, Including the Irish and Scotch. 
 Representatives are 658 members. 
 
 Questions to be answered’ by the Pupil . 
 
 1st, Which are the principal Rivers in Ireland} -*-2d, Which 
 are the lakes in Ireland?— 3d, Which are the principal bay* 
 and harbours in Ireland 4th, Which are the principal 
 mountains in Ireland ? — 5th, How is the established church, 
 governed? — 6th, How many Archbishops? — 7th, How many 
 Bishops ?~- 8th, What is the government of Ireland ?— 9th, 
 How does the Lord Lieutenant enter into office? — 10th, Are 
 theie any courts of justice in Ireland ? — 1 1th, How is justice 
 distributed throughout the subordinate divisions of Ireland ? — 
 12th, Which are the courts of justice in Ireland ? — 13th, 
 When, was Ireland united to England. 
 
 I 
 
69 
 
 Book I.] Geography — Education. 
 
 LECTURE X. 
 
 On Education . 
 
 Q. How many Universities in Ireland ?—A. Trinity 
 College, under the title the Holy and Undivided. Trinity, 
 founded by Qu cen Elizabeth. The first stone of this Edifice 
 was laid on the 1 3th of March, 1591, on the site of the 
 dissolved Augustine Monastery of All Saints, in the suburbs 
 of the City of Dublin, which had been granted by Henry 
 the VIII. to the Mayor and Citizens of that City, and by 
 them appropriated to this use. The buildings of this College 
 are beautifully laid out in squares, with a fine library, an 
 Anatomy-house, a Printing-house, a Museum, and a neat 
 Park for the Students to exercise themselves in. To this 
 seminary has lately been added a School of Law for the Irish 
 Bar. It has also a Royal College of Physic and one of » 
 
 Surgery. Here is reserved a power of obtaining all degrees, 
 of Batchelors, Masters, and Do&ors in all arts and faculties. 
 
 By the first Charter, it consisted of a Provost, three Fellows, 
 and three Scholars. The original constitution of it, however 
 has been greatly changed since its foundation ; a new 
 Charter and Statutes having been granted in the year 1 637. 
 
 By the first Charter the Fellows were obliged to quit the 
 College in seven years after they commenced Masters of 
 Arts; by the second, they were, if they thought proper, 
 made tenants for life in their fellowships; The first orders, 
 that upon the vacancy of a Fellowship or Scholarship, the 
 place shall be filled up by election, within two months after 
 the vacancy, and the election was placed in a majority of the 
 Fellows; but by the new Charter it is ordered, that upon 
 the vacancy of a Senior Fellowship, the same should be 
 supplied within three days after the vacancy is known, by a 
 majority or equal number of the surviving Fellows, together 
 with the Provost ; and upon a vacancy of a Junior Fellowship or 
 Scholarship, the same shall be filled by the provost and 
 Senior Fellows, or the majority of them, on vhe Monday 
 after Trinity Sunday following the vacancy. — By the first 
 Charter, the number of Fellows was only seven, and thev of 
 j equal authority, without the distinction of Senior or Junior: 
 jby the new one the number of Fellows was enlarged, and 
 distinguished into seven Seniors and nine Juniors, and the 
 number of scholar* increased to seventy. The mortmain 
 
70 ' Geography- -Educa: ion. [Book I. 
 
 licence, which, by the first Charter, was four hundred 
 pounds per annum, was by the second extended to six 
 hundred. The visitors appointed bv the old institution, were 
 the Chancellor, or Vice Chancellor, the Archbishop of 
 Dublin, the Bishop of Meath, the Vice Treasurer, the 
 Treasurer at War, the Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, 
 and the Mayor of the City of Dublin; but by the new one, 
 the visitors are confined to thf Lord High Chancellor, and 
 the Archoishop of Dublin. At present this College consis s 
 of a Provost, Vice Provost, seven Seniors and sixteen |un cr 
 Fellows, and seventy Scholars of the house, who n ceive son c 
 benefit trom the foundation ; but the whole number educated 
 in it amounts to about eight hundred. 
 
 Chancellor, His Royal Highness, Ernest Augustus Duke 
 of Cumberland, L. L. D.— Vice Chancellor, Right Hon. 
 Wm. Downes, L. L. D. Chief Justice of the King’s Bench. 
 —Visitors, the Lord Chancellor and the Lord Archbishop of 
 Dublin. . 
 
 PiibvpsT.— Rev. George Hall, D. D.-- Senior Fellows : 
 Rev. John Barrett, D. D. Vice Provost and Librarian.— 
 Francis Hodgkinson, L. L. D. Senior Pro£tor. — Rev. Richard, 
 Graves, D*D. Auditor — Rev, Wm. Magee, D.D. Catechist. — 
 Whitely Stokes, M. IX Register. — Robert Phibbs, L. L. D. 
 Bursar, f— Rev. Thomas Prior, Senior Dean and Seniof 
 Le&urer. — Junior Fellows: Rev. Corn. Henry Usher, 
 D. D. Register of Chambers.fi — Rev William Davenport, 
 D. D Assistant Librarian — f* Rev^ Richard H. Nash, D. D, 
 Censor— f Rev. Eart|. Lloyd, D. D. — fi Rev. Sam. Kyle, 
 D. D — Rev. James Wilson, A. M. — Rev. Henry Wray, 
 A. M. — Rev Arthur Henry Kenny, B. D. — Rev. Daniel 
 Mooney, A. M. Junior Dean. — Rev. Francis Sadlier, A. M. 
 Junior Prc£for. — Rev. Tfiomas Meredith, A. M.— Rev. 
 Chas Wm. Wall, A. M.— Rev. Stephen Creagh Sandes, A. M. 
 —* Philip Crampton, A. M, — * Richard McDonnell, A. B. 
 — * Chas. Hare, A. M. — One vacant. Marked thus \ P teachers 
 for the year 1810; thus * marked Morning Leftuttrs. 
 
 Royal College of St. Patrick , Maynooth . 
 
 This College was instituted by A€t of Parliament^ the 
 first of the kind in Ireland since the Revolution. — The first, 
 stone was laid by Farl^Camden (w hen Lord Lieutenant] 20^ 
 
69 
 
 Book L] Geography — Education. 
 
 of April, 1795 ; was voted £ 800 3 a year for 200 Sr-udents ; 
 the number did not assemble together until 1800, at present 
 ( f& 1 0) the number is 250, and in the year 1811 will be 
 augmented to 270. The late Lord Dunboyne has bequeathed 
 this Colie * * £ 500 per annum. — It is a very elegant building, 
 and bids fair to be of the greatest advantage to the nation as 
 well as to individuals. 
 
 Visitors.— The Lord Chancellor, — Lord Chief Justice 
 King’s Bench, Lor 1 Chief Justice Common Picas, Lord 
 Chief Baron of the Exchequer, Chancellor of the Exche- 
 quer, Arthur James Earl of Fingall, Most Rev. R« 
 O’Reilly, D. D. See. Most Rev J>hn T. Troy, D, D. &c. 
 
 Trustees. — Arthur James Earl of Fingall, Valentine 
 Earl of Ken mare, Jenico Viscount Gormanstown, Most 
 Rev. John T. Trov, D. D he'. Most Rev. Edward Dillon, 
 D. D. &c Right Rev. Pat. Joseph Plunket, D. D. &c. Right 
 Rev. Francis Movlan, D D &c. Right Rev. Dan. D lariv, 
 D. D. &c. Most " Rev. R. O’Reilly, D. D. &c. Most Rev. 
 Thomas Brav, D. D. &c. Right Rev. Edmond French, D. D. 
 &c Right Rev. James Cauiheid, Right Rev. John Cruise, 
 Right Rev. Wm. Coppinger, Sir Edward Bellew, Bart* Lord 
 French, Richard Strange, Esq. 
 
 Secretary to the Board of Trustees , Rev. Andrew Dumi , 
 D . D. — President, Rev. Patrick James Byrne, D. D. — Vice 
 President, Franc s Power, A. M. — J)ean, Rev, Thos. Coen, 
 A.#M. — Bursar, Rev Micllael Montague 
 
 Professors. — Of Diviipty and Sacred Scriptures, Rev. 
 
 ! Lewis De la Hague, D. I). — Of Experimental Philosophy, 
 
 ! Rev. Andrew Da ire, A. M. — Of Logic, Rev. Francis 
 Anglade, A. M. — Of Belies Lett re?, Rev. Charles Lovelock, 
 A. M — Of Greek and Latin, Rev, Patrick M‘Nicholas. 
 
 Assistant Lecturers. — Of Dogmatic and Moral 
 Divinity, Rev. Mathew Crowly.— Of Logic, Rev. Wm. 
 ji Crolly. 
 
 Professor of Modern Languages — Of Engl.sh, 
 
 - Mr. Mark Usher. — Of Irish, Rev, Paul O’Brien. — Of 
 ! French, Rev. Francis Power, V. P. — Note , The Trustees 
 ! are impowered to receive subscriptions and donations, and 
 ji to purchase and acquire lands not exceeding *£1000 per 
 annum. 
 
72 Geography — Education. [Book I. 
 
 Lay College, of Maynooth. 
 
 i 
 
 Established by private Subscription, in 1802 , for the 
 ' Education of Youth. 
 
 TRUSTEES. 
 
 Arthur James, Earl Fingall, 
 
 Jenico, ViscoXjnt Gormanstown, 
 
 Most Rev. John T. Troy, D. D. 
 
 Most Rev. Richard O’Reilly, D. D. 
 
 Most Rev. Thomas Bray, D. D. v 
 
 Most Rev. Edward Dillon, D. D. 
 
 Right Rev. P. Jos. Plunket, D. D. 
 
 Rev. William Russell, 
 
 John O’Shee, Esq. 
 
 John Byrne, Esq. 
 
 Denis Thomas O’Brien, Esq. 
 
 John Mac Lqghlin, Esq. 
 
 David Hinchy, Esq. 
 
 Randal Mac Donnell, Esq. — who is also 
 Treasurer. 
 
 President. — R ev. P. Long. 
 
 The Rev. Messrs. Lovelocke, Mac Nicholas, and Mr. 
 Simon Louergan, Professors of Belles Lettres. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Milet, a native of France, professor of the 
 French ’language ; Mr. Mark Usher, professor of the English 
 language ; Mr. Cornelius McDermott, professor of Mathe- 
 matics, and the higher branches of Arithmetic, antJ Mr. 
 John Morris, professor of Arithmetic. 
 
 The plan of education comprises the Latin, Greek, 
 French, and English languages; History, both Sacred and 
 Profane; Geography, Arithmetic, Book-keeping and Mathe- 
 matics. 
 
 The best Masters are always employed : and the vicinity 
 of the Royal College of St. Patrick, affords peculiar advan- 
 tages to the higher classes in Literature and Sciences. 
 
 Young gentlemen are admitted from the age of ten, to 
 fifteen years ; each to provide two pair of Sheets, two 
 pillow-cases, six towels, a knife, fork, and silver spoon, 
 which he is at liberty to take away at his departure from the 
 College. The holiday dress is uniform, and consists of a 
 blue coat and buff waistcoat'. 
 
Book I j Geography— Education. 73 
 
 Terms — Ten guineas on admission, of whicK five only 
 will be returned on departure; thirty . guineas par ?««•*" 
 and three guineas, washing and repairing, to be paid halt 
 yearlv in advance . 
 
 Students who are sufficiently advanced, and who wish to 
 profit of the Royal College Course, and continue their edu- 
 cation through the higher classes of Literature and the 
 Sciences, pay two guineas to the Professor whose class t y 
 attend. Music, Drawing, Dancing, and Fencing, are extra 
 
 C ^The S 'obje£t of education being not only to -cultivate the 
 understanding, but to improve the dispositions, and form the 
 mind, stria attention is paid to religious and moral duties ; 
 cleanliness, and whatever may contribute to health, aie 
 attended to with particular care. The I resident and Master;, 
 dine at the same table with the Students. , 
 
 During the hours of recreation, a Master will constantly 
 attend, to prevent irregularities, and enforce an exact observ- 
 ance of order and gentlemanly deportment. 
 
 Vacation commences on the first of July, and ends on t«e 
 fifteenth of August, no other vacation in the year.— It is 
 
 the serious and earnest wish of the President, that the young 
 gentlemen should never be called home at any other time; 
 as it is found by experience, that temporary absence generally 
 proves prejudicial^ not only to the application but to the 
 happiness of the Students. 
 
 N. B. If a Student enter on the half year, payment win 
 be required for the whole, and no deduction made for absence 
 
 or removal. , . . 
 
 ^ Students remaining in .College during the vacation are 
 
 to pay an extra charge of half-a-guinea per week. 
 
 Besides the foregoing, there are four Roman Catholic 
 Colleges, established in Ireland ,* namely, one in the city ot 
 Cork, another in the city of Kilkenny, a third in the 
 town of Carlow, and a fourth in the City of Waterford; 
 these have been built by private contributions for the edu- 
 cation of youth; these seminaries are well appointed by able 
 masters in the different courses of education. 
 
 Belfast College . 
 
 A Subscription was opened in 1808 , for the purpose ot 
 establishing this College, on thefollowing extensive and liberal 
 
74 Geography — Education. [Book I. 
 
 plan. Large Schools are to be built and endowed for educat- 
 ing boy's for every department of life, and Professorships are 
 to be founded in the following branches. 
 
 Mathematics, 
 Natural Philosophy, 
 Logic Metaphysics, 
 Moral Philosophy, 
 
 Belles Let (res. 
 Chemistry, 
 lV>tany and 
 Agriculture. 
 
 The direction of the affairs is to be intrusted to a President, f 
 four Vice-Presidents, twenty Managers, eight Visitors and j 
 three Auditor's. These are to be elt&ed in the following 
 manner: the president retains his dffice for life; one fourth L 
 of the other officers vacate their seats annually, and their j 
 places are supplied -by ballot at a general meeting of the. Pro- ’ { 
 prietors. — A subscription of five guineas makes a Proprietor; j- 
 twenty guineas qualifies for holding the office of Manager ; j 
 fifty for "that of Vice-President; that of President continues |.-j 
 lor life,' and has been vested in the Most Noble the Marquis , 
 of Donegal. The fund for carrying this undertaking into ! 
 effeft, already amounts to i 6,000, which was solely col- 
 lected bv private subscription, and this sum is still increasing. 
 An application is to be made to parliament for a charter of 
 incorporation^ and a pecuniary grant in aid of its funds. 
 
 The Marquis of Donegal, President. 
 
 The Marquis of Downshire— Rev. Edward May— Hon. 
 Edward Ward— lion. John O’Neil, Vice-President. 
 
 Honorary Visitors —The Primate of all Ireland— the Mar- 
 quis of .Donegal! — the Bishop of Dromore— -the Bishop of 
 Down — the Moderator of the Synod of Ulster— the Provost 
 of Trinity. College, Dublin— the sitting Members for the 
 county of Down" and Antrim— the sitting Member for the 
 Borough of . Belfast— the Sovereign of Belfast. 
 
 Robert Cal well, Treasurer— Joseph Stevenson, Secretary. 
 
 Managers.—* -Samuel Gibson — Robert ] ennent— -William 
 Tennent— John M- Stouppe— Robert Getty — Jas. M'Cleerv 
 —Robert Bradshaw— John Gregg— William Magee— Edward 
 Mav, M. P. — Edward J Agnew — Hugh Kennedy — James 
 Dotighlas— John MKTammon— William Simms— Js. M 4 Adam 
 — Andrew MCleah— James Baillie — ' William ’Clarke* 
 
Book!.] Geography — Education . G5. 
 
 Visitors.-— Rev. William Holmes— Jn. Templeton— Wm. 
 Drennan, M. D — M. S- Stephenson-,. M. D>— Henry A. o. 
 Harvey— Andrew O’Beirne— Rev Henry Henry— Rev. bp. 
 
 Groves. xr 
 
 Auditors. — John McCracken— Robt. Simms Root. Knox^ 
 
 Kilkenny College— The first Duke of Ormond 
 erected this College at a considerable expence; and a rent 
 charge of one hundred and thirty pounds a year, toget er 
 with a small portion of land for the support of the Mastery 
 ; James I. founded Free Schools in the several Counties ot 
 Armagh, Tyrone, Donegal, Londonderry, Cavan and Fer- 
 managh, endowed each with lands of considerable value. 
 
 In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, an A a of Parliament was 
 passed for erecting a Free School in every Diocese in Ireland, 
 the Schoolmasters of which were to be Englishmen^ or, if 
 born in Ireland, of English parents. — The nomination of 
 these Masters was vested in the Lord Lieutenant ; those of 
 Dublin, Armagh, Meath and Kildare excepted, who are to 
 be appointed by the Prelates of those Sees» — 'Erasmus Smytif, 
 !Esq, endowed the school of Tipperary with one hundied 
 marks annually, besides a house and garden, and a small 
 iparcej of land ; and several other places in the kingdom have 
 tasted the fruits of his munificence. 
 
 I ; The Incorporated Society for promoting English Protestant 
 ;> working schools ; the first rise of this society was affected 
 from a small inconsiderable beginning, in the year 1717, 
 Dr, Henry Maud, the late Bishop of Meath, being then only 
 a benefited clergyman, promoted a private society in Dublin f 
 many jcined in the design, whose subscription was only half* 
 i a-crown a quarter, the anniversary sermons, some of which 
 were printed and spread abroad, and by their influence many 
 Chanty Schools were ereded. In 1730, a proposal was 
 drawn up by Dr. Maud,, then Bishop of Cioyne, assisted by 
 Mr. Dawson, then Curate of St. Mi chan’s parish, entitled, 
 an a.dl for obtaining his Majesty’s Royal Charter, to in cor- 
 i porate a society for education of the Poor of Ireland ; this 
 proposal made its way into the Court of St. James’s, by the 
 means of the late Marquis of Montandre, master qf the 
 Ordnance in hiland \ anci received the Royal Assent on • ue 
 24th of Q&ober, 1733. -The Duke of Dorset, then Lord 
 
 ■H2 
 
76 Geography — Education. [Book I. 
 
 Lieutenant, was defied President, and the Lord Primate 
 Butler, Vice-President and Treasurer. A subscription 
 was immediately set on foot, to which the late Earl o 
 Kildare, contributed ,£500, and . hath since bequeathed 
 £ 1 500, to the society for encouraging the -school erected for 
 4-0 children, and for ere&ing two other schools, one at 
 tStrangford, and the other at Maynooth,^ and many others at 
 the same time contributed lesser sums ; his Majesty contributed 
 a thousand pounds in hand, and a thousand pounds a ) ear 
 to support the design ; and the Parliament of ireiand for r lC 
 same purpose created a new fund in the Hawkers and Pedlars 
 and appropriated the whole produce of the duties arising 
 from thence, to the use of the charter, amounting to near 
 J?3C0 a year, bv means of these and many other benefaction*, 
 there are 33 Charter Schools in Ireland for promoting English 
 Protestant Schools —The number of children in the schools 
 the 1st of November, 1809/ were 118* boys, and 75o 
 «irls, in all 1939 children, there were in the four provincial 
 nurseries of Chariemont-street, Dublin; Monasterevan, Mo- 
 nivea and Shannon Grove on the same day, 400 children, 
 which with those in the schools, made 2339, exclusive of 
 40 boys in the school of Athlone, and 40 girls m that near 
 Roscommon founded for protestants, by the late Lord 
 Ranebeh, and 39 boys in the cotton fa&ory at Lintown uv 
 the county/ of Kilkenny, founded by Bishop Pococke, making 
 a total of 2458, under the care of the society. 
 
 Dublin Weekly and Daily Schools, School- 
 street, Dublin. 
 
 The Weekly Schools commenced in January, 1786 J 
 since which time to 30th September, 1809, there have been 
 admitted above 19621 scholars without distinction of religious 
 opinions, who are all taught reading, writing and arithmetic, 
 and are provided with books, paper, &c. &c. there were on 
 the books at the above date 1 '23 8. -The Lady Schools opened 
 
 The 7:1) of March, 1808; since which there has been ad- 
 mitted 2520 scholar., of whom 784 are now on the book.; 
 the plan of education in these schools is formed on the 
 of that prafiiced by Mr. Joseph Lancaster ^eschod aj 
 •supported by annual subscription, and by a small week y 
 payment front the scholars, subscribers of ten guineas cl 
 
Book r.] Geography— Education. 77 
 
 more are governors for life. Subscribers of one guinea are 
 governors for one year r and may recommend one male and 
 6ne female scholar each; week. • 
 
 Sunday, and Daily School f North Strand r 
 Dublin. 
 
 Established in the year 1736. for the education and instruc- 
 tion of the children- of the poor of every denomination; m 
 such branches of learning as are best suited to their station 
 and condition t but especially in the principles - of the Chris- 
 tian relioion. -Since their commencement, upwards of five 
 thousand bovs and girls have been admitted, there are at 
 present in these schools upwards of 300 children,. 100 or 
 the most deserving of whom, are annually clothed and other- 
 wise rewarded,, according to their application and good 
 conduft.— -This useful, establishment is supported by sub- 
 sen prion, the 1 Sunday , collections, donations, anil an annual 
 Charity Sermon., 
 
 Weekly or Sunday School, Belfast. 
 
 Held ofF Warring-street, supported by a voluntary sub- 
 scription i opened the 31st January, 1802, for the free 
 education of such young persons as require it, and for 
 servants and apprentices in particular, who could not attend 
 any other school, it receives the gratuitous attendance of 20 
 teachers; 1 2 ; members compose its committee ; upwards 
 of 125 scholars were admitted in §09; present- attending 
 scholars 230; admitted since the commencement 912; the 
 committee and teachers look forward with the lively; hope of 
 beino shortly enabled to secure the permanency of this useful 
 institution, by erefting a suitable building, having a consi- 
 derable sum of money at interest for that purpose. 
 
 PRESENT COMMITTEE- 
 
 Thos. M‘Cabe, 
 
 David Biggar, 
 
 Jas. M 4 Adam,- 
 
 * George T hbmpson r 
 
 * A. Barr, Book-keeper, 
 D. Biggar, Treasurer, 
 
 John Whittle*, 
 Duke- Telling, 
 
 * Jas. Dunlap** 
 G. Bernei, 
 
 D. Lyons, 
 
 J. M>Listcr,, 
 
 Those marked thus * are teachers of the above institution. 
 
 n 3 
 
78 Geography— Education. [Book I. 
 
 C£. On national education in Ireland ? — A. Much has 
 been written, but hitherto without effed ; I mean legislative 
 interference. Jt is true, a few spirited individuals have 
 been thereby induced to attempt something on a private 
 scale, and they have succeeded beyond the most sanguine 
 expectation of philanthropy. Their efforts have claimed 
 the highest calculation of benevolence. Luke McGrath, 
 Esquire, of Lakefield, epunty of Cavan, ought to be men- 
 tioned as a striking instance of the extent to which 
 human happiness may be carried by the exertion of an indi- 
 vidual, This gentleman, bred to the law, has in the course 
 of a very few years acquired an ample fortune by his profes- 
 sional merits, and to his honour be it recorded (in hp* own 
 words) from a small beginning; convinced from personal expe- 
 rience of the incalculable advantages produced by a life of 
 industry, it is How his chief employ to influence others to 
 the same course, which he so prosperously pursued himself. 
 He was last year, 1809, chosen High Sheriff of the county* j 
 an appointment which at once gave honor to the discrimina- 
 tion of the Duke of Richmond in his nomination; credit to 
 ’•hose who made the presentation, and conferred a general 
 blessing on the county. The first, attentions of Mr. M 4 Grath 
 were dire&ed to the prison ; it was by his order thoroughly 
 cleansed, white-washed, ventilated, and comfortable beds 
 provided for the prisoners. The windows were constantly 
 thrown open, and a new face of things appeared throughout. 
 Potatoes Oatmeal and Milk, (which are very cheap in that 
 county) were purchased at the first market, and dealt out to 
 the prisoners instead of their weekly stipend; new rules for 
 the regulation of the interior of the prison were established, 
 each prisoner (if in health) kept it clean in rotation, and on 
 nrgleft forfeited his portion of milk for the succeeding day: 
 orlyeek, in proportion to the negleft this wise regulation was: 
 far more effe&ual in promoting cleanliness, than the punish-, 
 ment of the black hole or dungeon I w^as myself informed 
 (.then on my tour in that part of the country) by several of 
 the prisoners, that they found themselves as comfortable as 
 at their own homes, except their confinement; it is much to 
 be hoped, that the laudable example of this gentleman will 
 operate as a powerful stimulus to his successors; after all his 
 exertions, there remains sufficient for the future High Sheriffs 
 . 4) f ihe county of Cavan to perform, and it is nor to be 
 doubted, but that kindred spirits "will be emulous of each 1 
 
Book I.] Geography— Education 
 
 national education. ’ , , . . 
 
 The establishment for educating the Poor has been' insti- 
 tuted by this gentleman on the plan of Lancaster ; at, 
 present there are three schools ere&ed in three different parts of | 
 the county • thev are provided with proper teacher?, .w ho instruct 
 the children in' Reading. Writing, and Arithmetic, and even I 
 some branches of practical mathematics;, the scriptures and , 
 some pious books, on the general principles of the Christian 
 religion, are read daily by each class, but especial care is taken 
 that no works on theological controversy are used in any of jl 
 the«e schools the children are provided with Books, Stan- t 
 onarv, &c. and the master* liberally paid by this gentleman' . 
 out of his. private purse w hat an example f— who can possibly 
 say at what point of public good such a system of bene- | 
 volence is founded —I happened to-be present when one of 
 
 these schools was visited by the bishop of Btummore, his lord- 
 
 ship candidly owned* after a minute examination, that he was | 
 surprised at the improvement made ;. it is rumoured that his 
 lordship and others of the nobility and gentry of the county will 
 follow the example of Mr. M‘Grath.. The children who excel 
 in their improvement and good behaviour, but whose parents , 
 are very poor, are generally clothed, and those whose friend* [ 
 
 are able to find clothing are rewarded with, small premiums in j 
 proportion to their merit,— Those who possess wealth ought f 
 to follow such an example, they should consider (with Mr. 
 M‘Gratb*) that man is not born for hi n self only, and 
 that what he possesses more than he wants is not his own, out 
 the property of the poor and indigent, the Alrmghtv has 
 intrusted the rich with wealth to do good with it; hev are 
 but stewards of the bounty of Heaven* and it is their ctuty to 
 husband it to the best advantage. 
 
 This remark naturally leads me to speak of John Anderson, ‘ 
 Esq. .of Fermoy, county of Cork, who has established a 
 similar school, it contains one thousand boys and girls, this 
 
80 
 
 Geography— -Education. [Book H- 
 
 gentleman is another blessing to all around him, and in a 
 widely extended sphere of utility has caused such amazing 
 public benefits to the country, that it is not saying too much, 
 when I assert that 20 such individuals would, extirpate 
 idleness and poverty from the island, and 1 might add igno- 
 rance also.— He has been much assisted in his plans of 
 educating the poor by the learned and intelligent Dr, , A dare* 
 
 principal of the academy of Fermoy. 
 
 There are numbers of good schools for the education of 
 the higher classes, conduced by teachers of very great abilities, 
 in the different provinces of Ireland namely in Munster 
 Leinster and Connaught ; but these gentlemen are amply paid 
 bv those who employ them. 
 
 "There rs however no portion of the united Empire in 
 which the education of the poor is so much negleCfed, as in* 
 Ireland . We may indeed hope one consequence highly 
 
 important as to its effects will result from the Union, I mean 
 the introdu&iom of parochial schools tlrouEhout Ireland; 
 the most certain means of annihilating ignorance and dis- 
 content, and which must eventually secure the love and 
 affeCtion of the rising generation; to- the government of the 
 Empire.— Ferhaps an acreable,, cess would be the best and 
 easiest means of establishing this national purpose ill Ireland. 
 There are 2296 parishes, li:037.#2 acres (see general 
 summary of Ireland^ pa^ge 42.)— Then let us suppose as 
 many schools as parishes;, the school mastefs of which, let 
 us suppose to be allowed £50 per annum, this would amount 
 to £\ 14. 800, then the cess per acre would be about 2£ 
 nearly, no landholder could surely object to such a trivial 
 payment, when put in competition with the material advan- 
 tages arising therefrom.— The legislature, by sdcli an enact- 
 ment, would (Jo more towards the amelioration of the lower 
 order’ of the inhabitants of this country, than could possibly 
 be achieved by all the Insurrection Bills, &c. which the 
 libellers of Ireland could devise to bring the wild Irish (as 
 some enemies of the country, and f will add enemies of the 
 government and nation at large, 'term us) to due subordination. 
 But, sav the enemies to a general course of education in Ireland, 
 are there not already parish schoolmasters appointed through- 
 cut the island by the ACt of Queen Anne? and what more 
 do the people want; 1 answer this i$ very true with regard 
 to the first interogatory, but in respeCf to the seebnd we d& 
 want something mort.—Tfre salary by law established ^40s, ! i !) 
 
Book I ] Geography of Ireland — Mines. 81 
 
 surely is not sufficient to support the schoolmaster and pro- 
 bably eight or nine in family, he therefore must have recourse 
 to solicit some additional payment from the parents of inese 
 sent for instru&io% or starve ; and does not this circumstance 
 destroy the very foundation of a parochial charity schoo , 
 which ought to be ftee ; and above all, it is seldom if ever 
 found, that these schoolmasters are persons duly qualified for 
 the profession. Can it indeed be supposed that any gen- 
 tleman possessed of merit, and who has received the advan- 
 tages of education would become a candidate for such an 
 establishment ; I am clearly convinced that nothing short of 
 a reform in our public schools for educating the, poor, and a ^ 
 
 regular, and I will add a rigid examination (before the Parish g 
 
 Minister, Parish Priest, the Justice of the Peace of the 
 vicinity, and some others duly qualified of the parishioners, | 
 
 always to be appointed as examiners of the respeftive school- * 
 
 masters, will ever secure the country parts of Ireland from * 
 
 that deplorable ignorance in which many of the country 
 schools are involved. | 
 
 Q. Which are the mineral productions of Ireland A. It 
 principally in the last century that the mines of Ireland hath 
 been discovered, though there appear to be some vestiges, of 
 Danish works of this sort near Clontarf, on the edge of 
 Dublin bay.— Near Arklow, is a mountain named Croaghan; ; 
 Kinsallab, the summit of which is the verge of the counties 
 of Wicklow and Wexford, part of the estate of Lord 
 Carysfort, but the royalty is in the Ormond family ; about 
 the sides and foot of this mountain in the county of Wicklow, 
 gold was first discovered ip the year 1710, by the family of 
 the Byrnes, who, keeping the discovery a secret, were much 
 enriched thereby. — But in September, 1795, the nation was j 
 informed thereof by the means of the newspapers. This 
 valuable metal is found in marshy places, on the banks and 
 in the midst of a small stream or rivulet which issues from 
 the side of the mountain, a small portion of the non Id and 
 gravel of this rivulet having been washed and cleansed, 
 produced gpld dmt; a gravelly stratum is also qbservable 
 
 in foany places.— Gold is likewise discovered hi the clifts of 
 
 a slate rock, so far under the surface, as the poor people 
 £ould penetrate with spades, shovels, knives, forks and such 
 like implements. — The pieces of gold found here vary con- 
 siderably in figure and size, weighing from I grain up to 
 bounces, appearing like .gold which had been in a state 
 
82 Geography of Ireland — Mines. [Book I* 
 
 of fusion, and hi general is equal to standard or sterling gold. 
 
 On rhe N discovery being publicly announced, the poor from 
 the mote parts of the kingdom,' as well as those of the 
 neighbourhood forsook their native fields, and thither flocked -t 
 to glain a golden harvest. — Here were to be seen daily i or 
 near a- 'month, upwards of one thousand of the human race 
 from childhood to trimuious old age of both sexes moving 
 to and fro through water slime and sand, all anxiously v 
 searching for this precious metal.— -from the best and most 
 authentic accounts, it is computed that ,£3000 worth was 
 collected and sold by these poor people. — It is also said that 
 a Jeweller who lately died iri Dublin, often declared that 
 gold from that spot had passed through his hands to the value 
 of <£30,000. The government at length interfered, sent a; 
 part of the army thither and took possession thereof for the 
 crown. The parliament have lately granted ,£1000 for 
 exploring the mine, and it is expeCted their Exertions will be 
 pi’odu&ive of great national advantage (for mines have In 
 all ages ancient and modern enriched and improved the 
 countries where they were found, the exception of Spanish* A 
 America, is to be assigned to causes of a different nature)" 
 one of the largest pieces of gold hitherto discovered, weighing 
 22 ounces, was sold at Id. per grain, amounting to «£8& 
 sterling. 
 
 Q. Are there any silver mines in Ireland ? — A. The silver 
 found in the Irish mines deserve attention ; a mine of this 
 metal intermixed with lead which was wrought in the county , ; 
 of Antrim, and yielded a pound of pure silver from 30 lb. 
 of lead ; another less productive of silver was found near 
 the harbour of Sligo in the province of Connaught, and a 
 third in the County of Tipperary (called silver mines,) 
 
 12 miles from Limerick, and 4 from Nenagh (in* the same, 
 county J ; the ore. of this last place was of two kinds, and 
 generally of a reddish colour, hard and glittering; the other, 
 which was the richest in silver, resembled a blue marl; the 
 works were destroyed in the' reign of Charles the /. by the 
 insurgents. ' 
 
 Copper has been recently found in the county of Wicklow, * 
 and at Micrcss in the county of Kerry --One of the chief 
 mineral productions of Ireland is iron ; the mines of which 
 was little known till the time of Queen Elisabeth. 
 
 Q. Are there any coal mines in Ireland f — A. Many beds j 
 of coal are to be seen. in. various parts of Ireland , b*t have 
 
Book I.} Geography of Ireland— Commerce. 83 
 
 not yet been explored to their proper extent, coals are dug 
 in Ulster and Connaught, and at Kilkenny; (in Leinster) 
 there is a oeculiar species found at Castiecomer (something 
 resembling the canal coal of Lancaster) celebrated among 
 the mineralogists as the purest which has yet been traced in 
 any quarter of the globe — This coal is very hard, of a 
 bright black, burning freely, and emitting little or no 
 smoke. 
 
 Q. Are there any marble quarries in Ireland?— There 
 is a most beautiful quarry discover'd near Kilkenny ; they are 
 cut and polished by a water mill for that purpose, the only- 
 one of its kind, perhaps in Europe, being invented by the 
 late Mr Coliis; others have been discovered in various parts | 
 
 of the kingdom; but those of Kilkenny are far superior. — - 
 Slate quarries of various kinds are also abundant. 
 
 Q. Which are" the mineral waters of Ireland ? — A The * 
 tepid water at Mallow, in the county of Cork ; the chalybeate . 
 at Castieconnei in the county of Limerick; the cathartic ? 
 ones of Francis street and Hanover-lane in Dublin; the * 
 sulphurous ones of Lucan, near Dublin; arid of Swadlingbar 
 in the county of Cavan, with several others.— The water 
 of Lough Neagh, of a petrifying quality, is likewise of some 
 &ote for curing scropfulCus s res. 
 
 Q. What 's the commerce and manuf allures of Ireland 
 A. No country in Europe has such an advantage ior mom- * 
 inerce as Ireland, and yet the discouragement laid on its l 
 trade by England, are so many, that it cannot be expelled 
 that this country should flourish so much in trade as its 
 Natural situation, extended coasts, its rivers, bays and har- 
 bours, commodious for navigation, would seem to promise; 
 and these impedements will continue till the people of * 
 England shall think it their true interest to admit Ireland into 
 a fuller participation of trade, which one time or other will 
 be the case, not only. as it will produce an increase of taxes, 
 
 , which riches can afford, but as the wealth of this country 
 rnust in the event, as it now does for the most part, center in 
 The capital of that kingdom. 
 
 The articles of manufacture and commerce in Iriland 
 are much the same With those of England ; however in the 
 4 comparison between them in this respeCt, we may perhaps 
 fitly Enough consider Ireland as an infant rapidly shooting 
 out, and England as a youth gaining slow bur steady acqui- 
 sitions of strength. The linen manufacture is the staple 
 
84 Geography of Ireland- •Commerce. [Book I. 
 
 trade of Ireland, the increase whereof within the present 
 century is really astonishing.' -The only market for vending 
 the whole produce was comprised in a few room,, in . two 
 or three inns, in and near Churcn-street and Pi 1-lane m 
 Dublin, until the year 1728, when the Linen-hall in that 
 city was built and opened by the trustees of the linen manu- 
 
 fu4ure- since which they have continued from time to time 
 
 to make many and large additions, whereby it now contain* 
 about 400 rooms, all fully occupied, many of them perhaps 
 two or three times each market, there being three annually. 
 The Yarn -hall adjoining, is also an extensive 
 
 wherein a great ileal of business is traiwafted both for home 
 
 m'amifsfture and exportation; yet all this doth not describe 
 one half of the increase,' for from Belfast only there has been 
 for many years pa-t, several hundred thousand pounds worth 
 vearlv exported to London, and sundry other ports m 
 
 England and foreign parts ; and lately a spacious Linen-hall 
 
 has-been built in that town at the expeuce ot the inhabitants, 
 containing near 300 rooms, so that the exports from thence 
 of linens at present fall little short of those from Dublin; 
 but if we add the exports from Newrv, and linen yarn from 
 Londonderry, and other ports in Ulster they exceed those 
 from Dublin, in that line by near half a million sterling yearly. 
 The Colton manufacture, though but a very few years since 
 it took root in this kingdom, has made a more rapid progress 
 in the short time than even the linen trade, there being 
 divers water mills for roving and spinning crofted, many 
 hundred looms at work, and several stamp yards in sundry 
 parts of the kingdom, all for completing the various 
 branches of this useful manufacture. The whole amount -ot 
 exports at this time of linen cloth is about two millions 
 sterling annually, and that of linen yam five hundre^. 
 
 thousand pounds. . . r . 
 
 The other exports from Ireland are live cattle, beef, pork* 
 bacon, butter, cheese, tallow, raw hides, tanned leather, calf 
 skins, dried soap, candles, ox and cow horns, herrings, oat* 
 and oatmeal, wheat, flour, lead, copper oar, &c. broadcloth, 
 frizes fine stuffs, ratteens, camblets, fine tabmets and poplins, 
 /which last exceed those of any other country) wool, bay 
 yarn, with many other things too tedious to enumerate in 
 
 « work of this kind* . - , 
 
 Perhaps no country in the world has improved so much 
 in political capacity during the last century, (if we except 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland — Forests. 85 
 
 Russia,) as Ireland has done.— The unhappy quarrels that 
 took place on account of different national and professional 
 distinctions, which were fostered and fomented by men 
 high in power for their own political purposes, divide 
 and conquer” the intent of which may now be clearly seen by 
 every Irishman, in the accomplishment of the Union, a detail of 
 which would blacken the Irish and the English of those 
 rueful times. The^e unhappy differences have in a great 
 measure subsided, and the remembrance of them, together 
 with the unbecoming distinctions that produced them, appear 
 by degrees to be passing away. 
 
 An union of aClion, it is to be hoped will consolidate the 
 interests of the two islands henceforward, and thus circum- 
 stanced they may defy the world in arms against them, and 
 finally subdue those who might, without such co operation 
 become their conquerors* 
 
 Q. What is the Soil and Agriculture of Ireland P — A. The 
 quantity of cultivated land exceeds in' proportion that of 
 England. The most striking feature is the rqgky nature of 
 the soil ; stones generally appearing on the surface, yet without 
 any injury to they fertility; the are for the most part, cal- 
 careous, and appear at no great depth even in the fiatest 
 and most fertile parts, as Limerick, Tipperary and Meath * The 
 climate being more moist than that of England, the verdure 
 never appears parched with heat; tillage was but little under- 
 stood until of late years, even in the best corn countries. 
 The wheat in general is sown upon fallow, and followed by 
 several crops of spring corn. The farmers are oppressed by 
 the shocking system of laud jobbers or middlemen, who rent 
 farms from the landlords, and let them to the' real occupiers 
 at an enormous advance rent, who, as well as the proprietors 
 suffer greatly by oppression; limestone gravel is a manure 
 peculiar to this country, having on uncultivated land the 
 same wonderful effect as lime, and on all soils it is beneficial. 
 
 Q. Are there any Forests in Ireland?— A. Scarcely the 
 resemblance of a forest remains in Ireland, the woods have 
 been greatly diminished from the extension of tillage; this want 
 qf wood has obliged the proprietors of many iron works to 
 lay down their smelting houses, the charges of procuring the 
 necessary. quantity of fuel exceeding the advantages resulting 
 from the works. Ireland throughout abounds with new plan- 
 tations lately made, and many improvements are making in 
 various parts of the kingdom. Those who have attended to the 
 
'86 Geography of Ireland — Bogs. [Book I. 
 
 draining of morasses, the digging of turf, or the excavations in 
 otir soii must have been repeatedly struck with the remains 
 of the ancient parts thereby discovered. It is certain Ireland 
 ivas once a woody country ; it is foreign to my purpose 
 to inquire how she came into her present condition; but it is 
 necessary here to state that every thing possible is now done 
 by the patriotic encouragement of the Dublin Society to 
 promote the growth of timber, and in the course of 30 years 
 a new scepeof grandeur will arise over the face of the' whole 
 kingdom. Premiums are bestowed on the different holders 
 of land to compemate them for the first five years growth. 
 It would be extremely difficult to ascertain the advantages 
 which Ireland may hereafter enjov, from the encouragement 
 the Dublin Society have given to the ^growth of timber, 
 .and the wise regulations which they have been the means of 
 introducing in the forresr laws of Ireland . 
 
 Q. A he there Bogs in Ireland? —A. The places of the 
 forests are unhappily usurped by the moors or bogs, which form 
 into a remarkable feature of the country. They may be 
 divided ‘ ip to several classes forming an elaborate scale of 
 fertility* The dry heaths are generally confined to the 
 mountains ; the bogs may be divided into four descriptions; 
 1st, The grassy, in which the water being concealed by her- 
 >bage, they become extremely perilous to travellers; some of 
 these are dry in summer. — 2d, The pools of water and mire. — 
 3d. What is termed hassocky bogs or shallow' lakes, studded 
 with tufts of rushes, which are chiefly found in the province 
 of Leinster, especially in the King and Queen’s counties— 
 4rb, The peat moors ; the bog of Allen is an immense tra£k 
 of bog (by much the largest in Ireland) which extends a con- 
 siderable distance, and runs through part of the counties of 
 Dublin, Carlpw., Kildare, Kilkenny and Meath, a great part 
 of it has of late years been reclaimed by burning, and the 
 \ sowing of reap seed ; ornaments of .gold and other riches of 
 antiquity have from time to time been discovered in the bogs 
 of great depths; the g**J den trinkets found in a bog near 
 Cullen, in the south, deserve mention; as gold was found in 
 Gaul, they are perhaps ornaments of ' the ancient chiefs brought 
 from that region ; and there are other indications that they 
 are of comparatively recent formation. It is hoped that the 
 hand of industry will in time remove manv of these blemishes; 
 and one ol the greatest improvements of modern agriculture 
 is that of reclaiming peat moors by means of Calcareous manure. 
 
Book L] Geography of Ireland— Botany. 8 T 
 
 There is a bng in Donegal that is a perfect scenery of hill 
 and dale; the pi nts are heath with some bog mirtle and a 
 little sedgv grass. 
 
 Q. Give a description of the Botany of Ireland?— A. lhis- 
 is a subjeft on which the student is intreated to expert the 
 most extraordinary light from Ireland. The ancient phy* 
 sicians of this country, it is well known, were a class in them- 
 selves; their knowledge was transmitted from father to son 
 and was progressive for thousands of years; their remedies 
 were principally drawn from the vegetable creation, although 
 no treatise in Irish on the subject of Botany, has as yet been 4 
 extracted from the ruins of our antiquities, there is an ex- 
 ; traordirvary mass of information on this subject to be 
 derived from the traditional accounts of the country. A* 
 constant student of Botany, who has attended all the courses, 
 ©f iexflures in Dublin, read the best botanical. authors, and 
 who has been a long time a diligent observer in most parts 
 of the kingdom,, assures me that he has been astonished at 
 the great knowledge of the virtues of plants possessed tradi- 
 tionally by the country people in Ireland, and declares it 
 to be his opinion, if Bergius and professor Murray, who have 
 principally, from popular opinion compiled their works, had 
 seen the success of our rural practitioners, they would hav£ 
 given to the world treasures on* this subject much more ser- 
 viceable to mankind. We have lost much by the death of 
 Do&or Lambert Brown, who had begun i& employ his great 
 abilities op this subje6t. ; Phirlwaid and Keogh are works of 
 j merit, but since, the establishment of that, noble institution, 
 the extensive Botanio Gardens at Glassnevin *, and that the 
 Pupils of DO&or Wade are now every where dispersed- ‘ 
 1 % 
 
 * The Dublin Society have at a very great expense 
 established a Botanic Garden ; it is well laid our, and con- 
 duced on the Lin noan system with great accuracy, noticing 
 even greater varieties than are introduced in the general system 
 of Botany. Trie Hot-houses are furnished with a vast 
 variety of curious exotics, and are now extended considerably 
 by the addition of two large buildings for the same purpose, 
 containing Irish acres, and is well worthy the attention 
 of the curious. , 
 
88 Geography of Ireland — Animals. [Book I. 
 
 throughout the country; we may confidently expe<51 that many 
 and important discoveries on this head will come to light *. 
 
 As I do not wish tov enlarge on this subje&, I beg 
 leave to refer my reader to the Floras of our very learned and 
 indefatigable professor Dr. Wade. 
 
 Mr. White, one of the Dublin Society’s gardeners, at 
 Glass ne-v in, an accurate practical Botanist, will, _ it' is hoped, 
 when his present labors are made public also merit the thanks' 
 of his countrymen for the pains he has taken to ascertain the 
 true Irish names of our mdegenerus plants ; besides the dis- 
 covery of many rare and beautiful Alpine and marshy plants 
 of the Genera, Saxifraga, Erica, Arbutus, &c. A species of 
 grass, the Arogrostjs Stoionifera, has been announced at the 
 last cou'se of tenures on Botany, that bids fair for important 
 agricultural improvements in this country. As the qualities 
 of this grass have been just ascertained in Ireland, and as the 
 progress of this charming science in this country has been 
 hither attended with very distinguished success; I am 
 justified in holding out to' the Pupil the expe&ation, that 
 Irish genius will accomplish what ? in this science, and every 
 other branch of knowledge as yet unlooked for by our 
 predecessors. .. 
 
 Q. What animals are peculiar to Ireland ? — A. There 
 is great reason to believe, that the Moose Deer was 
 formerly an inhabitant of this country, from its horns being 
 sometimes dug up ; one pair of these has measured 11 feet 
 from the extreme tips of the horns ; other great curiosities 
 in this Island are the Goshawks, Gerfalcons.*— Ireland was 
 formerly overrun with Wolves, but many of the woods 
 which harboured them having been destroyed, the Wolf 
 Dogs have altogether extirpated them. The Wolf Dogs 
 are peculiar to this country; they are much larger than 
 Mastiffs, and shaped something like Grey hpunds, but much 
 . grosser, and very gentle and governable. — The other animals 
 are much the same as those of England. In the remaining 
 herds of horned cattle, formerly consisted the chief wealth of 
 
 * Dr. Wade, as Botanical professor, has bestowed that 
 attention to the study which he professes, which may be 
 truly pronounced unremitting. From his research and deep 
 observation, jmany valuable discoveries in the vegetable world 
 have already been made, and, it is highly probable they 
 will yet en crease. 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland-r-Koads. 89 
 
 the inhabitants, and at present fornvone great article of thetr 
 exports. Their flocks of Sheep are also prodigiouslydarge — 
 Hews are likewise very , numerous; as are .Geese, Turkeys, . 
 anf f fowl of various kinds* Rabbits are in much greater 
 Die#* than in England ; and Moles, .and venemous -creatures 
 have-not yet found their way here. The. fish on the coasts 
 of Ireland are in treater plenty than on those- of England, 
 and at the same time frequently, better and larger m their. 
 
 The encouragement, given bv« the Dublin Society to im- 
 provements in . he. breed of cattle, ought here to^ be noticed ; 
 our Sheep in particular have much advanced* their size, xxc. 
 several noblemen and gentlemen, members of that body, .have 
 bv their own example, , set the different farmers on making 
 these experiments, which have* ultimately lead* tm the most 
 gratifying consequences,, formed under the auspices of the 
 Dublin. Society ; it these improvements be continued,. in a.verjr 
 >hort time, our markeisfor the size, flavor, wool, &c. &c« of the 
 Dish bheep, will rival those of England, witness the shews* 
 of cattle at the Farming Society House, Summer-hill, and 
 at Batlinasloe. By an aa passed in the reign , of his present 
 Majt-s y, ' The Lord Lieutenant for the time being is President 
 
 of the two shews. . T 
 
 q. Give a description of the Coins of Ireland f — A. It 
 
 would be a needless undertaking to give a description of the 
 
 ancient coins of Ireland, as they are now totally disused; 
 the money of England since the reformation ever since has been 
 the currency of the country, with this difference only, that « 
 one of our shillings (current 13d.) passes only for 1 2d. in 
 En viand, and other pieces in the same proportion, indeed we 
 have a late currency, since the Union, .of 5d. 10d.; 2s. 6d-.-; 
 and 6s. tokens, generally called the Bank of Ireland tokens, . 
 but these were struck off in the mints of England. . 
 
 Q. Give a description of the. Roads of Ireland ? A. Many 
 of the roads are now the finest in Europe, they are carried 
 several miles in straight lines, to effect which no expence has 
 been spared by our grand juries (agreeably to our late a£t$ of 
 parliament) to cut through mountains, and fill up vallies; in 
 some places they are carried for many miles through the 
 middle of bogs, which before were impassable ; the roads are 
 hard and smooth, in some measure resembling the gravel 
 walks in our gardens; particularly in the province? of Ulster 
 
gO Geography of Ireland — Canals. [Book I. 
 
 and Munster : indeed it is to be hoped those of the provinces of 
 Leinster and Connaught will follow the example of the 
 former. 
 
 Q. What is the most efficacious strength of the coasts of 
 Ireland A. The Martello Towers, construdfed on a circular 
 base of *‘58 feet diameter, and gradually tapering to the height 
 of 50 feet, in form of a frustum of a cone, on the top whereof 
 is placed a long 18 poUnder, and are numerous for the defence 
 of the coasts, from Cariingford in the county of Louth, (o 
 Hook Tower in the county of Wexford, at the entrance of 
 the Haven of Waterford ; besides these Martello Towers there 
 are signal Towers or Telegraphs all round Ireland , about 
 
 5 or 7 miles asunder, according to the local situation of the 
 coast which they are erected on, by which conveyance the 
 approach of an enemy from the most extreme part of this 
 kingdom has been conveyed to the Castle of Dublin in fifteen 
 minutes, a distance of near 190 miles; these signal Towers 
 are 14 feet square in the clear, and 60 feet high; the signal 
 'post resembling that of the mast and top mast of a ship 65 
 
 feet high, from which is erefted a yard arm of about 30 feet 
 in length; from this yard arm are suspended four balls in 
 the form* of a paroholic convic, the conjugate diameter uh feet 
 
 6 inches* and transverse 3 feet. To these are appointed a 
 lieutenant, midshipman and guard. 
 
 Qj 4re there any Canals in Ireland?— A. It would be an 
 unprofitable waste of time to expatiate on the incalculable 
 advantages of water carriage, which are so abundantly illus- 
 trated in all countries possessing extensive Canals* and par- 
 ticularly when fruich interse&ed by navigable rivers. — 
 It was thus that Holland rose from her tens, triumphant over 
 the Spanish monarchy, and drew to herself the treasures of 
 America and India, "inland Navigation supports the exten- 
 sive population of China ; while the want of it keeps Africa 
 desert and barbarous ; and, not to wander to remote times or 
 climates./ our own island exhibits a recent and striking demon- 
 stration since the beginning of the last century* 
 
 Lord Strafford (when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) formed 
 a design of removing a ridge of rocks S. ‘of, KTaloe, spread- 
 ing quite across the river shannon, which caused a cataradt’ 
 onwata-fall, 'and stopped all navigation further up the river 
 -from Limerick, w hieb otherwise was so wide and deep,' that 
 witi'i a few helps,' it. would be ‘navigable almost to its source-, 
 si distance of 170 mfcq not only for boats, but for barges of 
 
Book I.] 
 
 Geography of Ireland. — Canals. 91 
 
 reasonable burthen ; for this purpose he sent some skilful 
 surveyors to take a view of the river, and the parts adjoining, 
 and to examine diligently whether the attempt was practicable; 
 who made their report that it was feasible, and might be 
 dfefted for 7 or ,£'8000 ; but his misfortunes ensuing, put 
 an end to so commendable and good a work. Another design 
 was laid to make this river navigable from the quay of Li- 
 merick, to Carrick Drumrisk,in the county of Leitrim, by an 
 act of parliament passed in the second year of the late King 
 Georoe I by which four persons named in the ait and their 
 nominees were authorised at their own expence, to proceed 
 on this desirable projeft, and as a recompense were em- 
 powered to receive for ever, two pence for every hundred 
 weioht of goods, and three pence for each passenger 
 for every ten miles, that should pass or be conveyed up or 
 down the liver. But notwithstanding this encouragement, 
 
 whether through inability or want of courage in the persons 
 
 empowered, or from some other cause, not the least step 
 was taken to carry on so necessary a work. About 80 
 years ago, a board was established in Dublin, for cleansing 
 the channels of our rivers, and commenced the Grand 
 Canal for vessels of 200 tons, but at length finding their 
 funds exhausted, and seeing the many difficulties they had 
 to encounter, resigned this latter work to the undertakers of 
 
 the Grand Canal. . , , , n 
 
 In 1772, A company was incorporated by Act of Par- 
 liament, called the Grand Canal Company, for the purpose of 
 opening a navigable communication between the Liffey, 
 Shannon, Barrow and Boyne. . 
 
 For this purpose a subscription of £100,000 was opened, 
 but little more than the one half was paid, and the shares of 
 the defaulters being sold at 40 per cent., the whole produced 
 only about £78,000. The Canal was carried on to the Bog 
 of Allen, at' the enormous expence of £77,000; this small 
 progress, at such vast expence was owing to the engineer’s want 
 of ability in the original or his survey. 
 
 In 1783, the funds of the company being nearly exhausted, 
 the same vear they raised a sum of £o0,000, at 5 per cent, 
 and various other sums. In i'788, the* company declared a 
 dividend of 2 per cent, per annum on their capital stock; 
 thev raised in three years after their dividend to 4 per cent, 
 and in 1792 to 5 per cent. In 1 802, they advanced the dividend 
 to 6 per cent. In 1789, the original navigation board (having 
 
<}2 Geography of Ireland. — Canals. [Book Ii 
 
 * 
 
 completely exhausted its funds) -J was dissolved as impro- 
 vident, 
 
 Thet present company have completely opened a free 
 navigation between St. George V Channel, east, to the Western 
 Ocean, a distance of 1 80 miles, and in a tew years will be 
 completed in the most substantial :' manner, , the greatest 
 national blessing to this country that it could expe&. 
 
 This Canal passes through the. following places from- Dublin 
 to Shannon Harbour, .their distances and rates per mile may 
 be of use to travellers and dealers. 
 
 Stages/ 
 
 M. Stages. 
 
 M.. 
 
 Stages 
 
 M7 
 
 Hashe- Hatch 
 
 Tullamore 
 
 32 
 
 Dublin to Athy 
 
 
 Salims 
 
 15 Carrinalor 
 
 
 Hazie Hatch 
 
 n 
 
 Robertstown. 
 
 20 1 G ikn 
 
 45 
 
 Sallins 
 
 15 
 
 Tieknevin - 
 
 26 Shannon Har- 
 
 ■Ml 
 
 Robertstown 
 
 
 Edemlerry 
 
 30 hour 
 
 j 58 
 
 Rathangan 
 
 27 
 
 Bally brit tin 
 Philipstown 
 
 
 63 
 
 Monsterevan 
 
 Vicarstown 
 
 Athy 
 
 32f 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 There are many covered Barges or Pickets which ply daily 
 up and down with passengers from Dublin to Shannon 
 Harbour, which is a very commodious, cheap expeditious, 
 and an agreeable mode of travelling to the passengers ; they 
 are not delayed for dinner or breakfast, and are allowed the 
 enjoyment of free air, exercise and repose; there is no danger 
 from robbers. The fare is generally rated from 3d. to 3£d* 
 per mile in first (or state cabin,) and from 2d. to 2|d. per 
 mile in the second cabin, with an allowance of 56ib. weight 
 of luggage, free from charges to each passenger in the first ; 
 9 nd 41b. to each in the second; ail luggage exceeding that 
 weight to be charged 3d. per stage per pound; no person to 
 carry in the boats any luggage, exceeding in the whole two 
 cwt. 
 
 The rates and regulations of the passage Boats, Hotels, 
 Coilt&ors Houses and waiting rooms on the line of the 
 Canal are generally posted for the inspection of Travellers. 
 
 At the new Hotel Bortobello, {which cost ,£7000) a pas- 
 senger’s bed costs but i s. 8d , ; a servants bed 10d.; a place in 
 the first cabin to Shannon Harbour, above 80 English miles, 
 costs but 15s.; to Athy near 56 English miles ;0s. 5d. being less 
 than 3d. per mile; no gratuity to boatmen or domestics 
 
Book!.] Geography of Ireland.— Canals. 93 
 admitted; infants pass' free; children under seven years pay 
 ^ThTSand Canal is in a prosperous 
 
 Company have completed, in the most g d rav . 
 
 magnificent manner, (besides their an | Th er 
 
 ing Docks, and excellent Hotels,) one Canal tb Cud » 
 
 to Athy, and their main trunk terminating m the i ha non 
 
 near Banagher, together with the navl S at1 '^ hkh 
 
 from Athlone to Vortirmna, the completion 
 
 fair to the national advantage of Ireland. . . course 
 
 The Company, at an immense expence in a arc cQm _ 
 
 round the S. side of the city have ma e e * Rings- 
 
 municate with the sea, at the termination of J 
 
 end, are the Company’s floating and graving Docks whicn a e 
 magnificent work, being of greater extentthan all the Docks 
 
 28 English ,ae, of gsouni « 
 
 capable of hoUIng upward, of 500 vesse s, from OOO io f>00 
 tons burthen water borne, the depth of 
 
 fp P r. a t all times. They were commenced in 1791, ana 
 with unremitting attention were competed and opened^on the 
 
 23d of April 1796, in the presence of a vas ' conco , J 
 people, bv the Earl of Camden, who named the Locks , he 
 large Sea Lock Camden ; the 2d the Buckingham-, the ^3d the 
 Westmorland-, the expence of completing the Docks “ 
 
 to £ 1 00 000 * which expenditure it is imagined w P y 
 
 tepTid^oitht |»op,i«ori,by <hc pel acco m mod,.,bn wh.ch 
 
 ’^T^eilarr^Navigation, which is progressively improving 
 
 i„Id?,ca H»cformfny mil.,, TL7T2- 
 
 cities of Munster; the clear and tranquil Shapnon, aa 
 
 vigation of 180 miles through the heart of Ireland, the Snc^ 
 Navigation (of seven miles) promises by extending 
 branch to the unequalled wool and cattle fair of , ’ 
 
 which will open new avenues of emolument from Connaught, 
 whenever that line is prolonged to GakcayV^y. 
 
 Another Canal is carrying on from the N. side ot the 
 city of Dublin, called the Royal Canal; it was . tnporpomted 
 in 1789, to proceed to the River bhannon, and nortr.ward 
 to Kells, with off branches to such market Q() h 
 
 places as may seem expedient ; parliament grant ed^66 0°°, the 
 subscribers ‘ advanced £ 1 34,000, making £ 200,000 I lie 
 company were impowered, by Royal Charter an 
 
94 Geography of Ireland. — Canals. [Book I* 
 
 Parliament, to add by subscription ^300,000, making in 3,1! 
 ^500,000, and also to borrbw *£500, 000;— The ,work has 
 been completed, and made navigable to Coolnahav, in the county 
 Westmeath, a distance of 46 miles. 
 
 I his Canal passes by the following p!ace p , v?z. Cast!enock r 
 Blanciierstown, Clonseila, Leixiip, Maynootb, Kilcock, Nine- 
 teen-mile-House, Mullingar, and at present er.ds at Goolnahav. 
 1 he ground which the Canal passed through was so favorable*, 
 that one level is 6 miles in length, another 16, and a third 17, 
 without a lock into u hich the grand supply of water comes 
 from Lough Ow/7/, near Mullingar. The construction of the 
 Canal is of the most perfect kind ; the locks arc $0 feet clear i« 
 the Chamber in length, and 14* in breadth, the banks sloaping 
 20 inches for each foot in the rise. — The trading boats c&rry 
 from 80 to 100 tons burthen ; the passage boats are elegant and 
 commodiqus, formed by the engineer upon a plan entirely new*, 
 having two keels which renders it impossible for any accident to 
 happen. — The passengers must have a great pleasure from 
 the variety of beautiful view* the rsuinty presents. ^(Particu- 
 larly in the summer half year.) — The great quarries through 
 which the Canal has been carried with much labour and 
 vast expence near Castlenock, afford immense quantities of 
 lime stone, building stone, and marble, which bears a much 
 higher polish than Italian ; all which stones are fully adequate 
 to the demands of the city of Dublin for many years ; over 
 the Rye Water, near Leixiip, an Aqueduft has been formed, 
 and another at-the end of Constitution-hill near Dublin, far 
 exceeding in magnitude any work of that kind in Europe. 
 
 Adjacent to that formed near Leixiip, a well has been 
 discovered, whose waters are of a most valuable quality* 
 having already cured many persons of various violent dis- 
 orders, and bids fair to prove of public utility. — The harbour 
 for passage boats lies between the Linen-hall and the, House 
 of Industry. A communication is formed from the Canal 
 with the River Liffey and the Sea, through the N. Lotts E. 
 of the Custom-house. —From the direction of this Canal 
 running N. W. from the city into the heart of the country,, 
 through which at present immense quantities of goods are 
 carried, great advantages must arise from the cheapness of 
 still water carriage; but the national benefit must be still 
 higher when it reaches the Shannon, as coals, manufa&ured 
 iron, clay and oars of various kinds will then come from the 
 counties of Roscommon and Leitrim, and turi, stones, aucf- 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland. — Canals. 95 
 
 brick, mill stones, &c. will also be thereby convey to Dublin 
 
 on easy terms. , . . , , ... 
 
 The Whole line of this extensive navigation has been laid 
 out by Richard Evans, E<q. engineer to the Royal Canal, 
 and the works executed under his direction. 
 
 A third Canal is completed from the town of Nevvry, i,n 
 the county of Down, to the sea, which was however intended 
 to have passed that town towards the Collieries o. Drumghss 
 and Dungannon. -This attempt however ro supply Dublin 
 with Irish Coal has hitherto been only success til in part* 
 though the beds of coals are abundant* 
 
 Lewis XIV. Toiled and tormented himself and all Europe 
 through a long life to acquire glory; he made unjust wars, 
 obtained many victories, and sintered many defeats,, and what 
 is the glory that now remains to his name, only theCanal 
 of Languedoc; this is marked a title of true glory. 
 
 Q. Give a description of the ancient city of Dublin within 
 it.; walls f — The walls of the city, including those of the 
 Castle, in their largest extent, did not take up an Irish mile. 
 
 We shall endeavour to trace them our, as far as the ruins of 
 
 time, and the penury of writers will suffer; and as some 
 parts of them in several places are vet visible, we shall con- 
 nect them together, partly by probable conjecture, and pattly 
 by such memoirs as have occurred. 
 
 From the north or Store-tower of the Castle, the city^ wall 
 -was carried bv the garden of Cork-house, which was anciently 
 the church-vard of ISt Marv les Dames, unto Dame s-gate, 
 which stood upon the rising of Cork-hill, opposite to a small 
 alley, called by some Scarlet alley, and some Salutation -alley. 
 It is to be noted, bv the way, that the street now called Cork- 
 hill is no ancient name of the place, but was affixed to it only 
 about a century ami a half since, from a house ere£fed there 
 bv the first JEarl of Cork, in which was formeily kept 
 Lucas's coffeehouse, the Old Exchange, and some other 
 tenements inhabited by tradesmen. The proof of this par- 
 ticular mav, in some measure, be cohered from a grant of 
 the ground on which those buildings stood, to tne said Earl 
 of Cork, now to be seen in his Majesty’s Rolls-office, passed 
 in the rein of King Charles II. among other grants made to 
 that nobleman by Queen Elizabeth, King James 1. and King 
 Charles 1. The grant is, u of one piece of land, with the 
 appurtenances, situate near the .castle-ditch of Dublin, late m 
 
96 Geography. — Ancient Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 the tenure of Jaques Wingfield, extending from the wall on 
 the north part of the said castle, in breadth an hundred feet, 
 and from the bridge of the said castle in length to the wall 
 of the city of Dublin, adjoining to a certain tower of the said 
 castle (which must be the store-tower) towards the east, one 
 hundred and fifty feet. Also the whole piece now or late void 
 ground lying near the east and north wall of Dublin, extend- 
 ?ng from" the castle called FyanVcastle, and so near the wall, 
 from the wall of the said city on the west, unto a gardendate 
 in the tenure of Wiiliam Grace or Patrick Kelly, or one of 
 them, and the orchard called Fagan’s orchard, and so along 
 by the mears of the said orchard unto the Hogg-lane on the 
 east, and from the river Anna Liffey on the north unto the 
 walls of the said city, and the King’s way, # called Dame’s- 
 street, on the south and west, together with the ground, soil 
 or bottom, and other appurtenances of and in the limits afore- 
 said, in the county of the city of Dublin. Also a tenement, 
 late covered with thatch, and two gardens adjoining, in the 
 parish of St. Andrew’s, without the Dame’s gate, within 
 or near to the said city, in the county of the city of Dublin, 
 late parcel oh St. Mary’s-abbey, near Dublin.” 
 
 We have given this part of the record at large, though it 
 does not all properly belong to our pre'sent subjed; yet we 
 thought it necessary, because it shews how much the city is 
 increased in buildings and improvements, even since the reign 
 of King Charles l r when gardens and void spaces of ground, 
 and thatched houses^ were to be seen even within the narrow 
 compass of the walls. 
 
 Dames’-gate, anciently called the eastern gate, and St. 
 MaryVgate, and so mentioned by Maurice Regun, did not 
 take its name from the mill-dam near it, as some have 
 conje&ured, but from the church of St. Mary les Dames, 
 contiguous to it, on the inside of the walls; and till the 
 reformation* the image of the Virgin Mary stood in a niche 
 of stone-work over the gate; the pedestal and other parts 
 whereof remained there till the gate itself was demolished, 
 , about a hundred years since : from this gate, the street called 
 Dame’s-street derives its name, extending in a line from east 
 to west to Hoggin green. This gate was built with towers 
 castle wise, and was armed with a port-cullis. It was one 
 
 * M. S. of Robert Ware. 
 
Book- 1.] Geography. — Ancient Dublin > & / 
 
 of the narrowest entrances into the city, and stmidmg upon 
 an ascent was, when business increased, and the town gre ^ 
 more populous, much thronged and mcumbere w«i ’ 
 for remedy whereof, the Earl of Strafford t emp ed to 
 have the passage enlarged, by_ throwing down a part of 
 citv wall, and some houses adjoining thereto; but the "eg 
 homing proprietors could not be prevailed on to yield tn 
 consent, upon the terms proposed, and the VW*™* ” 
 
 nothing. At this time the places, where now Crane ane, 
 Essexireet, the old Custom-house, Temple-bar, and Heet^ 
 street are builu were a strand and slough, and the 
 S Lrt»u, ,he foot 0 fD^^S™,»h rS 
 
 Archbishop Alan, in 1534, + took boat, intending to tty to 
 Eng^and,to avoid the W of Thomas ^ Z gja^ wlm had 
 that vear broken out into rebel ion, and was g y 
 
 to the Archbishop. % This slough was recla me and the 
 river embanked with quays, in the reign of king Cha tries 11$ 
 
 and the council-chamber, and «her being buht 
 
 there, it was thought necessary by the government because 
 the* incumbrances daily increased by the growth o trade o 
 make another aperture in the city wall ; which was done m 
 the government of Arthur, Earl of Essex, in 167o, by 
 demolishing Isod’s tower, and in t e room o 1 a 
 
 new gate, which then got the denomination of Ess.x-gate 
 
 as the new street leading from it, and the bridge, soon after 
 laid over the Liffey, were called Essex-street 
 in honour of that Lord Lieutenant. Mr. ^ .X^of Lord 
 (who was afterwards knighted, and served the office of Lord 
 Sayorin 1681) was o Q e of the Sheriffs o the a y when 
 these works were undertaken, and promoted them withjreat 
 zeal and aftivity, perhaps not without an eye to private 
 interest, as he had a considerable leasehold estate on the north 
 
 K. 
 
 * M. S, of Robert Ware, 
 ff Waraei Annal. regn. Hen. VIII. ad an 1534. 
 
 Hookers 
 
 , * 
 
 She' was" dr! ve n” o n 's ho re , by contrary winds, near Cion* 
 tarf, from whence he went to a village, cal [ e ^ ^rtam , 
 conceal himself for a time, but was discovered by ^enemies, 
 and the next morning dragged from bis bed* and m 
 manly murdered. \ ’ 
 
 § MS. Rob. Ware ut supra* 
 
98 Geography. — Ancient Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 side of the river ; and the event has shewn that he was not 
 mistaken in his reckoning. Essex-gate, at that time ertbted, 
 has been since demolished. 
 
 The tower before mentioned, under the name of Isod’s- 
 tower, together with Chapeiizod, a village near the city, 
 (and the same may be said of I sod’s fort in the park) are 
 reported by an historian * u to have taken their names frpm 
 La -belle -I so ud, or the fair I solid, daughter to Anguish (I 
 know not what) King of Ireland, and that the tower was a 
 castle of pleasure ibr the Kings to recreate themselves in.” 
 But perhaps it would be nearer the truth to conp dhire, that 
 these places were so called from the surname of I sod, some 
 pf whom vet remain in this country. 
 
 Between Dame’s-gate and Isod’s-tower stood another tower f, 
 now covered with a private edifice. 
 
 From Isod’s-tower the wall extended N. N. W. till it joined 
 Newman’s tower, by some J balled Buttevant’s-tower, on 
 the banks of the river, a little west of the place where Essex- 
 bridge now stands; and from thence, at no great distance, it 
 was annexed to another tower, ancient y called Case’s tower, § 
 but in latter times the- Baker’s-tower, the same having been 
 dong held as t he Baker’s- hall. 
 
 From Case’s- tower, westward on the walls of the city, at 
 the end of Phshamble-street, stood a castle, that in different 
 age? bare turn names, viz. Proutefort’s-castle, and Fyan’s-castle, 
 possibly from some families of both these names, who either 
 built or inhabited it. William Proutefort was a man of some 
 figure in the reign of Ed ward III. and was appointed one of 
 the commissioners j| for levying a subsidy, granted by the 
 communities of the counties of Cofk, Limerick, Tipperary, 
 and Kerry, to Almarick de Sandto Amando, Lord Justice, 
 lor carrying on the war against the Irish enemies, anno 1358. 
 Three of the Fyans bore 51 the high offices of the city in the 
 
 * Stub hurst, p. %i. 
 
 f Demolished in 1768, when Parliament-street was opened, 
 in the middle of which it stood. 
 
 X Robert Ware, MS. 
 
 j It stood at the foot of Essex -bridge, and the remains of 
 the foundation- were taken away when that bridge was 
 re edified. , . 
 
 ’ ;|| Rot. Tur Birm. 32 Fdw. III. No. 8. 
 
 List of the Mayors and Sheriffs of Dublin. 
 
Book I] Geography. —Ancient Dublin. 
 
 m 
 
 15th and 16 h centuries; for John ^ an - W ^ griffs Tn 
 1472 and 1 V79- Thomas Fy«| It 
 
 15,0, and Richard Fyan was Mav or in 1c ^ proufefort or 
 
 must be subm’tted to conje&ur , re spe£tive names to 
 
 the Fyans before mentioned ga . called in the 
 
 this castle, by the latter of w nc na ' * * * § d was sometimes 
 year 16 |O f and by the former m 1678* ana was 
 
 Uie Th: /dS^trong building, and 
 
 a Custom-house stood near the c f ^f ^winetavern-street,. 
 
 quay and Merchants’-quay, at the end « and 
 
 but seems to have been more ™ dern ,^ n "® e d for other 
 castles before mentioned, and to have b ”., di Remained till 
 purposes than defence. Part of th s "f^^e time of 
 of late; and from thence the wa 1, madi e m^. a along 
 
 Edward Bruce’s attempt stretched m ^ thre. qr 
 
 Merchant’s quay, nil k joined the ^ Bndge^n^-tan 
 the south side of the Old-bri ge, v j led f rorn thence 
 
 of the most 'ancient streets in the ^ . into t he city. 
 
 Bridge-street, and afforded a s0 , an0 ^ d * wh i ch was built 
 This gate was not coeval with the hr. g , 1316 , 
 
 in the- reign of King John, I between two turrets, 
 against Bruce’s attempt. It w d P ornamente d with a public 
 furnished with a port-culhs, market-people home- 
 
 clock t for regulating the ^ to 
 
 wards, which was set up in conveniences 
 
 have been done from observations m 1560, by 
 
 which three public clocks, i set up X one at t he 
 
 Queen Elizabeth, afforded the , c ' u ^ n ’ p at ricVs Church, 
 title, one in the city, and » third 
 
 This gate, having throug g » ' glorious Oueen, 
 
 repaired, § at considerable expence, by tha g VJ- ^ 
 
 and at the same time her royal arms , inscription 
 
 north side thereof, front, ng Oxmantowo, and 
 fixed thereon, bearing date MDXC 
 K % 
 
 * Robert Ware, /MS. 
 
 + Robert Ware, MS. ut supra. - War . un der 
 
 T Anna). Q. Eliz. Engl, imputed to Sir James i 
 
 theyearl560. 
 
 § MS. ut supra. 
 
100 Geography .'—Ancient Dublin • [Book I. 
 
 From this gate the wall was 'continued, on the west side of 
 Bridge-street, to another gate which stood between the south 
 end of the said street and the lower end of New-row, near 
 a place called by Stanihurst, * the Cucull, or Cuckold’s-pobt. 
 This gate, supported f with an arch, a castle without turrets, 
 and hath passed under three several names.— Some J have 
 called it Gormund-gate, from one Gormuhd, a Dane, who, 
 they suppose* was the builder of it, and others § frorn 
 Gormund, a Danish saint. But neither of these hypothesis 
 can be well supported, since the gate gave an entrance into 
 the city, through that part of the wall which was built in 
 1316, || during the invasion of Edward Bruce, long after 
 the extindliou of the Danish power here. Others, with more 
 probability, have called it Ormond, or Urmond-gate; and 
 this also is a conjecture of Stanihurst, who adds, that it 
 took' the name from some Earl of Ormond, who issued out 
 of it, and defeated a body of Irish, who were approaching 
 to assault the city, and that, in memory of the a6tion, the 
 gate w 7 as from thence so called; and this, indeed, seems to 
 be countenanced by the name u'hich the place at this day 
 bears, being called, in Irish, Geata va Eorlagh , or the Earl’s- 
 .gate, The place where it stood is now called Wormwood- 
 gate. 
 
 From Ormond-gate the wall stretched up a steep hill to 
 ^Newgate; but between both stood a square tower, within the 
 verge of the Marshalsea of the old Four-courts, commonly 
 called the Black Dog, ** from the sign of a Talbot there hung 
 up. This tower was, till towards the end df the F7th century, 
 called Browne’s-castle, not in regard of any ancient founder. 
 
 * Description of Ireland, p. 2$. 
 
 ^ R. Ware, ut supra. 
 
 .$ Sianishurst, ut supra. 
 
 § R. Ware. 
 
 || Anno 1316, the city walls, on the north, ran close by 
 St. Owen’s church and Winetavern-street; in which places 
 were two gates, (described in Cambden’s Irish Annals) and 
 by the stones of St. Saviour’s, the friars predicants church ; 
 the Mayor and citizens enlarged and built a new wall to the 
 city from Newgate (from whence so called) to Ormond Vgate, 
 which stood at the foot of King John’s- bridge. 
 
 R. Ware. 
 
 ** R. Ware, 
 
Book I.] Geography. — Ancient Dublin . iOL 
 
 but Of a later proprietor Sir Browne, who kept' 
 his mayoralty therein in the years_l6H t61o and , W 
 Newgate was anciently, and still is, made use ot tor tne 
 custeSv of the worst sort of criminals. It was built 
 smiare^orm, and had a tower at each corner; but upon 
 the reparation of it, in the time of the usurpation, the 
 two towers that looked towards the city were taken down. 
 Whether it was called Newgate, as 1( £ 
 
 , h . citv sates, or from Newgate in London, must be le.t 
 oncer aL but it appears from undoubted records, to have 
 born" That name upwards of five hundred years; of which 
 the foundation charter of the Hospital of St, John, withoiu 
 Newgate made by Mured le Palmer, about the year 11 8S* 
 
 ft Z 
 
 D.ni.1, Prior of ,h« HcpM 
 f q. T _i_ n without Newgate, obtained the royal assent to 
 1 kKcI of on tbe 8th of April .2381 though 
 
 'the -ee, being at that time filled by one Christian, Daniel 
 came short of his expeflation. Among the plea-rolls in 
 Birmingham tower f there is an instance also that comes near 
 tbl SX Where Walter, Prior of St. John’s without New- 
 gate P recovered by fine against Richard Bretnagh, _ the lands 
 of Coulkoyl, in the county of Limenckv before tho Justices - 
 
 itinerant at Limerick, in Trinity . term. 35 Hen. ILL >. e.- 
 
 12 A part of the old walls of the city is to be seen. aC the 
 market that nearly adjoined old Newgate. . 
 
 From Newgate the wall was carried S. E. along the 1 ere 
 of Back-lane, to another aperture in W; at St. Nicholass- 
 Vate and in this extension supported three towers , the firs, 
 of which was called the Watch-tower, § placed near New- 
 gate where ordinarily' a centry stood heretofore to guard 
 fhe prisoners therein confined; from which circumstance it 
 pot its name. The second tower was in shape oftangu.ar, 
 but was usually called the Hanging-tower, froni a propen- 
 sioo, .or leaning posture, it had towards the suburbs. The 
 
 K 3 
 
 * Ibid. 
 
 4* Pat. Hen; T 
 
 4 Rot- fin. Berm, tu-de an, 5n Hen. U Lu 
 
 .JfMS. ut supra. 
 
m Geography.— Ancient Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 1 t c hir< [ T of , **»«* Towers sfootl between the Hanging-tower and 
 St. Nicholas s gate, and was called sometimes the Ronnd- 
 tower, from its figure, and sometimes St. Francis’s-tower 
 from its position opposite to the garden of the Franciscan 
 ; friary, which is now ail covered with buildings. 
 
 l 4 i*om St. Nicholas-gate the bounds of the city began to be 
 | contracted, and the walls were carried N. E. at the bac k 
 of a mill-race in Bride’s-afley, where a portion of them was 
 sately to be seen on the south side of Ross lane, till they 
 
 extended to another opening at Pole-gate, or rather Pool-gate, 
 
 from a confluence of water which settled in this hollow, and 
 was oiten troublesome to passengers, till a bridge was thrown 
 e>ver it, which was repaired * by Nicholas Stanihurst about 
 the sear 1544. In latter times, this gate has been called St. 
 \V erburgh’s-gate, m regard to its situation at the south end 
 or a street of that name, dividing the same from Bride’s street, 
 or St. Bridget’s-street. In equi ‘distance between Nicholas- 
 gate and Pole-gate stood anciently a tower, called Geneviile’s- 
 tower, f near adjoining to a building called after the tower 
 Geneville’s-inn, both of which are supposed to have borrowed 
 heir names from Sir Henry Genevilie, whose property they 
 were, and whose wife, Maud Lacy, died in Dublin in the 
 year 1303. 
 
 j Fimm Pole-gate the water proceeded in pretty near a straight 
 hue till it terminated with the castle at Birmingham-towe/ a 
 iitne beyond a small tower which stood on the city wall •’ in 
 the room of which was afterwards ere&ed } a little building 
 projecting out of Hoey ’s-alley.; and here a small part of the 
 city wall is yet to be seen. Anciently there was a small gate 
 hereabouts, that gave an entrance into the citv from Ship- 
 street to Castle-street, called St. Austin’s gate, not (as some 
 have imagined) ij as it opened a passage to a monastery of 
 Augustin Friars, which, to support their notion, they rnis- 
 fakingly place in Castle-street ; for that religious house did not 
 he within the city, but without the walls, northward of 
 Dame-street, almost opposite to the end of George’s- la fie 
 where some foot-steps of the ruins of it were formerly to be 
 seen at the bottom of Crow-street; and it appears also, bv a 
 
 * R - Stanihurst’a description of Ireland in Holingskd, 
 
 f R. W. ut supra. 4 Ibid. 
 
 $ R. W. ut supra, , 
 
 * \ * 
 
Book I.] Geography . — Ancient Dublin. 103 
 
 fiat * in the Rolls- office, that the site and possessions of this 
 Friary, lying near the city, were granted to Waiter Tyrrei, 
 to ’hold in fee, by Knight’s service, and *six shillings and a 
 penny rent ; the heirs of which Tyrrei assigned them to 
 Nicholas Viscount Netterville, by whom they were assigned 
 to William Crow, whose family (for what we know) enjoy 
 them to this day. But this gate took the name of Austin V 
 gate, either as it was dedicated to that saint, or as it afforded a 
 passage to the friars of that order to attend the citizens in their 
 nightly confessions and other duties, when the principal gates 
 of the city were kept close shut and guarded. Before the 
 building of the castle, the wall of the city ran up -short of 
 the same, and to the west of it, until it joined Dame’s- gate ; 
 ami much of the foundation t>f the old walls has been, from 
 time to time, discovered, in digging the earth for laying the 
 foundation of buddings in that tract 
 
 Having thus surrounded the city, and traced the ancient 
 fortifications of it, we shall close the account with an Act 
 of Parliament, f passed in the 14th year of King Edward 
 IV. wherein it is recited, “ That King Henrv Vf bad, on 
 the 6th of February, in the 33d year of his reign, granted 
 to four citizens of Dublin, six pounds out of the fee farm 
 rent of the city, for forty years,, for the reparation of the 
 walls and gates thereof; and that King Edward IV. on the 
 23d of June, in tbe fourth year of his reign, had granted to 
 four other citizens .twenty marks, for forty years, out of 
 the said fee farm, for the same purposes* and all the said 
 citizens being dead, it was enabled, that the mayor, bailiffs,, 
 and citizens should have and retain annually in their hands 
 the said six pounds and twenty marks, during the remaining 
 years, to be employed on the walls and gates of the, city*. 
 Provided the said be not prejudicial to Thomas Kelly* 
 Prior of the Dominicans of Dublin, as to ten marks granted 
 to him for life out of the said fee farm ” 
 
 The buildings of the city of Dublin, were anciently mean 
 and contemptible, ere&ed ot wattles, daubed over with clay, 
 to keep out the cold, and covered with sedge or straw. The 
 Danes, who fortified the' city, applied their labours to make 
 it defensible, and not ornamental ; nor could this latter cir- 
 
 * An. 4 Hen. VIII. July 10* 
 + Rot. Cane. l4£dw. IV. 
 
104 Geography. — Ancient Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 cumstance be expected to be considered by a people engaged 
 in perpetual wars, undefended by laws, and in'a flitting 
 shifting condition, ready to make room for the first powerful 
 invader. . The arts of peace, and the prote6lion of laws, only 
 can inspire the notions of making solid and comfortable 
 settlements. It was of such rude materials that King Henry 
 II. either out of necessity, or in conformity to the fashions 
 of the country, (ad modum patriae illius, as Roger Hoveden* 
 expresses it) erefted a royal palace with uncommon elegance 
 ( miro artificio) of smoothed wattles, in 1172, in which his " 
 majesty, with the kings and princes of Ireland, solemnized 
 the festival of Christmas. The introduftion and establishment 
 of English colonies in Ireland, gradually introduced commerce 
 and the consequences thereof, wealth and politeness, which 
 was followed by an alteration for the better in the buildings- 
 of the city; insomuch, that both before and in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, the citizens fitted up their houses in a more ' 
 durable and convenient form, namely, of timber, built in the 
 cage- work fashion, elegantly enough adorned, and covered" 
 with slates, tiles, or shingles. Several of these houses ere<3ed 
 in that queen’s time, as well as in the reign of her successor 
 have subsisted till of late yeais, and one particularly, in Cook- 
 street, f was totally demolished on the 27th of July, 1745 
 to make room for new houses. On an oak beam, carried 
 over the door the whole length of the said house, was the 
 following inscription, cut in large capitals, and a fair Roman 
 charaffer, nothing damaged by time in the space of 165 years 
 except in one part, whereat) upright piece of timber being 
 mortised into it, had received the drip, and was somewhat 
 rotted ; 
 
 “ thou WHO MADST THE HEAVENS AND 
 THE EARTH, BLESS THIS HOUSE, WHICH JOHN 
 LUTREL AND JOAN-CAUSED TO BE BUILT IN, 
 THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, 1580, AND IN THE 
 22d YEAR OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZA- 
 BE I’H. 
 
 , * Anal, pars posterior, p. 302 edit. Saville 1595. 
 
 J- At the corner of Skipper’s-Jane, .in Cook-street, at the 
 west. side. 
 
Book I.] Geography. — Ancient Dublin. 105 
 
 It is no wav improbable, that John Luttrel, who was sheriff* 
 of Dublin, in conjunction with Gvles Allen, in the years 
 1567 and 1568, was the builder of this house. 
 
 Next door to the former, lately stood a large and stately case- 
 work house, with this inscription over the door in Roman 
 chara&ers, 
 
 * ROBERT EUSTAC, AN MANNING, 1618.” 
 
 This Robert Eustace was sheriff f of the city in conjunc- 
 tion wirh Thomas Alien, in the years 160$ and.. 1609. 
 
 In a lane leading from Cook -street to Merchant’s-quay, 
 called Rosemary-lane, part of the wail of an old cage-work 
 house stands, over the door whereof, cut in timber, are two 
 escutcheons of arms, and between them a date, 1600, with 
 the letters E. P. which may be conjectured to stand for 
 Edmond Purcell, who two years before was sheriff % of the 
 jcity in conjunClion with John Brice. 
 
 An old cage-work house in Big-butter-lane, without the 
 city,- wherein Brigadier General Rorr once lived, and is still 
 the property of one of the name and family It \yas, in the 
 year 164], the house of Sir Francis Willoughby, a gallant 
 and experienced soldier, where he resided upon the breaking 
 out of the rebellion , but left it to take on him the government 
 of the castle, to which he was advanced by the order § of the 
 lords justices, 
 
 Several houses still remain in Patrick -street, .without! the 
 walls of the city, which carry the face of antiquity ; but as 
 there are no dates visible on them, it is not possible to fix 
 their ages. Among these there is one with this inscription, 
 
 “ .VICTORIA MIHI CHRISTIES A. IT 
 
 the last letters of the name, with the date, being defaced. 
 
 There was a large house of the sarr>e form in Fishamble- 
 street,. || many years inhabited by a Mr. Patti n, which had on 
 the front of it two coats of arms, one of Plunket, the 
 other of Plunket empaled wiih his wife. From whence it 
 may be probably concluded, that some person of that family 
 
 * Catalogue of the Mayors and Sheriffs of Dublin. 
 
 > i Ibid. J Ibid. 
 
 § Temple’s History of the Rebellion, p. 47. Borlase’s His- 
 tory, p. 27. 
 
 H BulPs-head, 
 
106 Geography . — Ancient Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 ere&ed the said house, though (according to tradition} it was 
 afterwards inhabited by the Anglesey family. 
 
 But the oldest house of this sort now subsisting, is (for 
 what appears, there being no date to aid an inquiry) the ruins 
 of that in Skinner row, near the Tholsel, in a part whereof 
 Dick s coffee-house had been for a long tigne kept. It was 
 called the Carbrie, and appears by history* to have been 
 inhabited by the Earl of Kildare 250 years ago, and how 
 nuich longer we know not. “ For, in the year 1632, the 
 ~ord Deputy Skeffington, bang displaced, was, by his sue- 
 censor, Gerald, Eari of Kildare, suffered, like a mean private 
 person, «o dance attendance, among other suitors, in his 
 house if; Dublin, named the Carbrie.” This house is called 
 - the said name of Carbrie, in ancient leases, from that 
 no bie family, still subsisting, though, upon the misfortunes 
 attending it after the rebellion of Thomas Fitzgerald, In 15:34, 
 it changed its proprietor, and was inhabited by the Earl of 
 t)rmond (as tradition says) until the restoration of the Earl 
 w Kildare to the estate and honours of his family, the first 
 by King Edward V r I. and the latter bv Queen Mary. In the 
 3 1th of Elizabeth it became again the property, and, for a 
 time, the habitation of that family. 
 
 oome of these kind of houses are yet to be seen in Castle- 
 sfreet, and lately in High -street, the Wood-quay, Thomas- 
 str^et, and other parts of the city and suburbs; but it is 
 sufficient particularly to mention the foregoing. We shall 
 conclude, therefore, this head, with two general observations, 
 ^ I. That before and during the reigns of Henry VIII. 
 Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth, most of the buildings, 
 for habitation here, were of the cage-work fashion, arid only 
 castles, towers, churches, monasteries, and other buildings 
 appropriated to religious or charitable uses, ere built of 
 lime and stone, 
 
 2. That it may be doubted, from what has been said, 
 whether any of the thin modern buildings will continue for 
 so long a period, as some of the cage-work houses before 
 mentioned have done. 
 
 * Stanihurst’s continuation of the Chronicles of Ireland^ 
 published by Holingshed, p, 81. 
 
Book I.] Geography— Modern Dublin. 107 
 
 Q. Give a description of the growth and increase of the city 
 of Dublin .without the walls ? — A. From the description of 
 the ancient, given in the last question, whoever views the 
 city minutely at this present day, will readily perceive the 
 great growth antV increase of the city of Dublin, without the 
 walls, since the former of these periods. At that time the 
 river Liffey was not embanked by quays on the north side 
 and ♦only a part of it on the south. The ground now' called 
 the Batcheior’s-walk, the two Ormond-quays, east -and west 
 of Essex-bridge, the Inns quay, Arran-quav, and Back-quav, 
 taking up in the whole an extent of ground of above 5000 
 feet, on which are many commodious, and some stately homes 
 ere&ed, was then covered with ooze, and overflowed by the 
 tides, except a small part about the King’s-Inns, which had been 
 a monastery of Dominician Friars. Marv’s-abbey was then 
 The extent of that pare of the town called Oxmantown (cor- 
 ruptly Oxmantown) to the east and north-east, from thence 
 to the shipping, containing Capel- street, Abbey -street, 
 Mary-street, Jervis-street, Stafford -street, Henry-street, 
 Great Marlborough-sfreet, Henrietta-street, Bolton-street, 
 Dominick-street, Dorset-street, Drogheda-street, Cavendish- 
 street and Sackvjile-street. This last mentioned street requires 
 a larger description than this place will admit of, which lor 
 elegance of plan and architecture, exceeds any street in London. 
 T bese, with a great number of other streets and lanes have 
 been since laid out in that quarter. On the other side, to the 
 west, Michan’s Church, and Church-street, (so called from 
 thence) were for the most part the bounds, and ail westward 
 of them, as far the Barracks and Montpellier-hill, taking in 
 Bow-street, Smithfield, Hay-market, Channel-row, King- 
 street, Queen-street, JLinen-hall-street, Ann-street, Lurgan- 
 street, Coieraine-street, and many other streets and lanes, have 
 increased on this side. Grangegorman-lane, Stoney -batter, and 
 Glassmenoge, now united to the town, were then villages 
 at some distance frofn it, in the latter of which places the 
 sheriffs of Dublin have been known to hold their courts in 
 the times of the plague, and particularly in the year 1757, 
 as being remote from the city. 
 
 On the south side of the Liffey. the city hath been like- 
 wise much enlarged since 1610. Tae space of ground now 
 occupied by Crane-lane, Essex-street, the Custom-house, 
 Sycamore-alley, Temple-bar, Fleet-street, AstonVquav, and 
 Razor’s hill, was then under the dominion of the water, and 
 
log Geography — Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 George s- quay, with a large tra£l of many acres, (now aood 
 ground) from the lower end of LazorVhiil to Ringsend-bndge, 
 has, in our memory, been recovered from that element. 
 Dame-street then contained only a short range of buildings on 
 the noith side, and extended no farther than to the preempts 
 of the Augustin, monastery, not three hundred feet in 
 length, opposite to the end of George's- lane: The dissolution 
 
 of that religious house made room for enlarging the city 
 eastward, the precincts whereof were first converted into gen- 
 tlemen’s houses and gardens, such as the Lord Chancellor 
 Eustace’s, John Crow’s, and which were again demolished in 
 our memory, and converted into Eustace-street, Crow -street, 
 at the end of which, near Temple-bar, has since been eredled 
 the Theatre Royal (at the place where the said monastery 
 formerly stood) FowneVstreet, and others. The parts opposite 
 to the then Dame-street, were principally taken up by 
 St. Andrew’s church-yard, which at that time stood very near 
 to Dame-gate; and on a part of the sire of the church and 
 church-yard, Castle-lane, and the houses adjoining, were laid 
 our, and on the, remainder the Casrle-ma’rket was built by 
 Alderman William Forbes arid 1 homas Tooley, Esq. so 
 lately as the year 1704. The church of St. Andrew was 
 before that time removed further eastward, near the College, 
 where it now stands* George’s- lane was nearly the extent of 
 the suburbs to the east, and was then but slenderly built, and 
 thinly inhabited; though we are told by Mr. Stanihurst, 44 that 
 44 it was anciently a place of more consequence, but that 
 44 the inhabitants thereof being daily and hourly molested and 
 44 preyed on by their prowling mountain neighbours, were 
 44 forced to suffer their buildings to fall into decay, and to 
 44 embay themselves within the city walls.’’ The same writer 
 adds, 44 That a place therein (called at the time of his giving 
 44 that account in 1536) Collet’s Inns, was, in ancient times, 
 
 44 the seat of the King’s Exchequer ; but that once the barons 
 44 sifting in it solemnly and carelessly, the Irish laid hold of 
 44 the opportunity, rushed in, surprized .the unarmed mul- 
 44 titucie, slew all that fell under their power, and ransacked 
 44 the King’s treasury; after which mishap, the Exchequer was 
 44 removed from thence into a place of greater security.” 
 That author gives no account when this accident happened : 
 but it appears from records, that the site of the old Exchequer 
 was, on the 28th of July, 36 Edw. III. (1632) granted in 
 custodiam to the prior and friars of the Augustinian order in 
 
 * 
 
Book I.] Geography — Modern Dublin . 100 
 
 Dublin, (which lay in the neighbourhood of it) for die profits 
 whereof they accounted in the 17th year of Richard il* 
 (1-393) as appears by a pipe roll of that year in Birmingham 
 tower. The plice nevertheless, though abandoned as to its 
 original use, retained the name of the Exchequer long after, 
 which it communicated to a lane called Chequer-lane, built 
 in the year 1610, and extending from George’s fane to Grafton- 
 street. Stanihurst proceeds, “ That there was in that lane 
 “ (namely George’s-iane) a chappell, dedicated to St. George, 
 « likely to have been founded by some worthy knight of the 
 64 garter; that the mayor, with his brethren, was accustomed 
 44 with great triumphs, and pageants, yearlie, on St. George’s 
 
 * feast, to repair to that chappell, and there to offer; but that 
 t; chappell had beene of late razed, and the stone thereof, by 
 < 4 consent of the assembly turned to a common oven; con- 
 “ verting the ancient monument of a dputie, adventurous, 
 “ and hoiie knight, to the coal-rake sweeping of a puff loafe 
 46 baker.*’ This chapel was under the care and government 
 of a master and wardens, and supported chiefly by oblations; 
 for which reason the parliament thought it proper to take it 
 under their protection, and by a statute provided, “ That 
 * 4 whatever person in the county of Dublin should make any 
 «« prey upon the Irish enemies, exceeding forty cows, should 
 44 deliver one cow, or five shillings in money, towards the 
 * 4 reparation of St. George’s chappell in Dublin; and an 
 
 a&ion was given for the recovery of the same to the master 
 
 * and wardens thereof.” 
 
 A village called Hogges, lay without the city walls, and 
 eastward of GeorgeVlane, in which a nunnery, under the 
 invocation of the B. V. Mary, was founded by Dermod Mac 
 Morough, king of Leinster, about the year 1146, before thfe 
 arrival of the English in this kingdom. It is not improbable 
 that the village took its rise as well as name from the nunnery : 
 For Ogh, in the Irish language, signifies a virgin; and, 
 removing the aspirate, H, the word, by an easy corruption, 
 may pass into Hogges, as much as to say, the place of the 
 virgins- Be this as it may, the village is mentioned in several 
 early charters, particularly in one made about the year 1200, 
 by Sir Jeffery de Constantin ; to the abbey of Tristernagh* 
 in the county of Westmeath, whereby he grants to the said 
 abbey one messuage without the walls of Dublin, near the 
 village of Hogges, the footsteps or traces of the name whereof 
 
MO Geography-— Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 :i; . n ~ ! ? * street called Hogg-hill; and Hoggen-green, 
 waereon St. Andrews church now stands, which took up a 
 large space of ground extending to the river Liffey, is often 
 . mentioned by the Irish historians, as the common place for 
 •the execution of criminals, among whom, to give one instance, 
 Adam Dufte O Toole was in the year 1327 burned here for 
 heresy and blasphemy. Part of this green is row called 
 College-green, from a college founded there by Queen Eliza- 
 t>eth, in ‘he latter end of the 16th century, on the site of the 
 monastery of All Saints. This village is now united to the 
 Ghy, and the whole green taken up by buildings, though 
 -at the period mentioned, scarce a y thing but that little village, 
 the sites of the said rehgious houses, a Bridewell for reception 
 of vagrants, and an hospital, where the late Parliament House 
 (now the National Bank) stands, were to be seen. A place 
 aho on this green was anciently called Hoggen-butt, where 
 the citizens amused themselves at leisure times by playing at 
 
 -Keats or nine pins. Tins pradice seems to be hinted at bv an 
 old proverb, though not applied to this place, namelv, He 
 
 TZ\ %l' h ' d ° Wn fdl Tom - We find these buildings 
 c,.lled lib and Tom mentioned in the will of Richard, the 
 first Earl of Cork^ as mortgaged to him by Theodore Lord 
 Dockwra, and the Lady Anne, his mother, for three hundred 
 pounds, and rented from the mortgagee by Sir Philip Percival, 
 at twenty-four pounds per annum. 
 
 On the eajt and south of GeorgeVIane (the churches of 
 ‘ ’ c er ^ nd Stephen, and the College, excepted) little was to 
 
 b VT n ty enC 0Sed £el(is< Stephen’s green was then so 
 calied which took up its name from the neighbourhood of 
 the church of St. Stephen, and no improvements were on 
 n ; nor was there then any open street or passage from thence 
 ^o the cohege, but round through GeorgeVIane. A part of 
 Kevin s-street was indeed then built, and some residentiary houses 
 of the prebendaries and canons of the cathedral of Saint 
 Patrick, together with the Arichbishop-s palace. From hence 
 the reader will have a just idea of the growth and 
 increase of the city in these quarters, when he sees, that 
 Cnequer-Iane (no w Exchequer-street) Wil liam street, Clarendon- 
 si eet, King-street, Grafton -street, Anne-street, Duke-street % 
 Dawson-streef. Molesworth-street, Ki Id a re-street, Frederick- 
 strect, Merrill -street, Leinsrer-street, Nassau-street, Clare- 
 street, the buildings about Stephen’s green (which is one of 
 the finest squares in Europe, being almost an English mile in 
 
Book I.] Geography -—Modern Dublin* Ilf 
 
 circumference, York -street, Aungier-street, Peter-street, Cuffe* 
 street, with many other streets and lanes, have been added to 
 it since the period aforementioned. But what must be his 
 astonishment at seeing the number of new streets and squares 
 which have been built within the last twenty years. 
 
 The numerous and unbounded institutions in the city, 
 refle£l the highest credit on the inhabitants. There is not zn 
 existence a spot of the size of the city of Dublin, where 
 there is such unlimited munificenfce. The fostering hand of 
 charity has been bountifully held forth, at every critical and 
 perilous period, to the poor ; the citizens have been liberal 
 even to profusion, in behalf of their suffering fellow sub- 
 jects. 
 
 DUBLIN GENERAL DISPENSARY* 
 
 A charitable and useful establishment, held at No. 2^ 
 Temple-bar, where medical and surgical assistance is admi- 
 nistered to the poor, gratis. A physician and surgeon attend 
 every other morning (except Sunday) to prescribe for and 
 dress such patients as attend. There is likewise, a physician 
 and surgeon for each of the six city wards, to visit those who* 
 are unable to go out ; it is supported by voluntary contribu- 
 tions. A subscriber of five guineas becomes a governor for 
 life, with the liberty of always having one patient in attend- 
 ance; and a subscriber of one guinea becomes a governor, 
 with the same privilege, for one year. The medical gentlemen 
 of this dispensary have formed themselves into a humane 
 society, for the recovery of persons apparently dead from- 
 drowning, suffocation, or other accidents. 
 
 HOSPITAL FOR INCURABLES* 
 
 Founded by the Musical Society, who disposed of the pro* 
 duce of their annual subscription, at the close of each year, 
 to such charitable purposes as the exigencies of the times 
 required. On the increase of their fund they fixed on a more 
 permanent method of applying it. They observed several 
 unhappy creatures, labouring under disorders deemed incurable, 
 whose cases excited particular compassion; they, therefore, 
 resolved to apply their fund towards opening an hospital for 
 the support of incurables, on the 23d of May, \1 A. They 
 thought proper to confine their institution to the reception of 
 
112 Geography- -Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 such incurables as were disgusting or offensive to the sight 
 and thereby provide a comfortable support for such whose 
 infirmities rendered them proper obje<5h of relief. 
 
 ,-The undertaking met: with deserved encouragement, and 
 tney were enabled to accommodate twenty-eight persons, which 
 was all their house could at that time contain. 
 
 At length, the utility of the scheme met with the most 
 iioeral su'pport, and a large edifice has been provided near 
 Denny brook-road, for their reception. 
 
 MERGER'S HOSPITAL,. STEPHEN -STREET. 
 
 In 1734, Mrs. Mary Mercer gave a large house, at the end 
 of Stephen-street, for an hospital for the reception of sick 
 poor, and appointed governors and directors for the hospital, 
 ihe ground, on which the house stands, being glebe, was 
 given by Dr. Wbittmgharo, then Archdeacon of Dublin. 
 At the same time, the city of Dublin gave fifty pounds towards 
 fitting up the house ; -and soon after, several contributions 
 were made in aid of the undertaking. Against the 1 7th of 
 August 1734, ten beds were fitted up for the reception of 
 sick poor, and immediately filled. The physicians and sur- 
 geons, who were appointed governors, gave their attendance 
 gratis, and several eminent druggists and apothecaries sub- 
 scribed annually, towards supplying the hospital with medi- 
 cines. The contributions were extended, and the beds were 
 soon increased to forty. In 1738 they had further aid by a 
 fegaqy from Captain Hayes, when the governors built a con * 
 siderable addition to the house ; the number of beds increased 
 to sixty two, which were kept constantly full. The number 
 of out-patients, who receive advice and medicines at the 
 hospital, have also increased yearly to near 4,200. 
 
 Brides casual benefadlions, the annual subscriptions amounted 
 to <LJ40. But the chief support of this useful institution, 
 has been the benefit arising yearly from a musical performance 
 at St. Andrew’s church. 
 
 The governors were incorporated by afl of parliament in 
 1750, by which they can legally recover legacies, receive do- 
 nations, and purchase lands. By this aft, the dean and 
 chapter of Christ- church, and the minister, church wardens, 
 and parishioners of the parish of St. Peter’s, are impowered 
 to grant, in fee- farm, to the governors of this hospital, such 
 
Book I] Geography — Modern Dublin . 1 13 
 
 part of the ground, contiguous to the house, as may hereafter 
 be found necessary towards its enlargement. There is a clause 
 in the aft,. to perpetuate the gratuitous attendance of the phy- 
 sicians and surgeons* 
 
 CHARITABLE INFIRMARY, JERVIS- ST R EET'. . 
 
 Opened the 12th of August, Inn’s-quay, one thousand seven 
 hundred and twenty eight, the first of the kind ever established 
 in Dublin, for the reception of sick and wounded poor, who 
 are maintained, and supplied with all necessaries, and attended 
 by physicrans and 'surgeons, who also distribute medicines to 
 such as rhere is not room for in the house. There is no dis- 
 Vtriftion in the distribution of this charity, but what arises 
 from poverty and disease. There are twenty trustees chosen 
 annually, who meet the first Friday of each month. This- 
 Xn firmary was removed to Jervis- street in 1803. 
 
 OK ARIT ABLE LO' A W. . 
 
 The governors of the charitable musical society, (incorpo« 
 rated by aft of pariiamenr), for lending out money, interest 
 free, to indigent tradesmen, meet at St. Anne's vestry-r®om ? 
 every Thursday . morning, at twelve o’clock, to receive appli- 
 cations from proper objefts, to be relieved by this charity. 
 Their recommendation must be signed by the minister, one 
 church-warden, and by one of four persons appointed in each 
 parish, whose names are hung up in the vestry-rooms of their 
 respeftive parishes.- The recommendation must certify the 
 name of the person, place of abode* occupation, nu mber of 
 persons in his family, that he is a master workman, honest, 
 sober, and industrious; that he is not a publican, or retailer 
 of malt or spiritous liquors, or concerned in combinations. 
 
 The money to be lent is not less than two pounds, nor 
 more than five, to any one person, at any one time, for 
 which he must give a note, with two approved persons joined 
 in it, and to.be payable in such a manner as they shall 
 appoint. 
 
 Since March i T8 1 , to November ?8 v 10, 3.056 persons have 
 been relieved, whose families amounted to 14-.750, and the 
 sum lent £ 1 15^ 9, 
 
 MAGDALEN SSYlUM', LE ESON-STR E ET, 
 
 Founded by Lady Arabella Denny, and opened rhe 11th of 
 June,' one. thousand seven hundred and sixty-six, for the 
 
114 Geography— Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 reception of such unfortunate females as had deviated from 
 the paths of virtue, and, -from a sense of guilt, and penitent 
 tor their crimes, were desirous of abandoning their evil courses. 
 They are supported by voluntary subscriptions about ^ §0 
 and a charily sermon about £150; colleftions in the chapel 
 about £500; interest of <£2,000 about £80, and plain-work 
 performed by the penitents, about <£40 per annum. There 
 are at present about thirty penitents. 
 
 BETHESDA, LOCK PENITENTIARY, AND WORK-HOUSE 
 DORSET-STREET, 
 
 For the reception and employment of women leaving the 
 jreck Hospital, and desirous of returning into the paths of 
 industry and virtue, opened the 19th of March i '794 it 
 has already afforded relief to 412 females, who must other- 
 wise have gone on to perish, without the possibility of 
 extricating themselves from vice and wretchedness. Many 
 of these have been restored to their families, and more placed 
 in services, to support themselves by honest industry, and 
 50 still remain ip the house. 
 
 „T hls chanty has been endowed by the generosity of 
 *V in. Smith, Esq. of Granby-row, with a chapel and other 
 ou tidings, vested in the hands of five trustees, ministers 
 of the established church. The net produce of labour 
 amounts to more than £500 per annum; all branches of 
 washing, caller.dering, mangling, &c. are carried on, and 
 employment is solicited. Several ladies of rank, fortune 
 and humanity, superintend this charity. 
 
 House OF INDUSTRY, CHANNEL-ROW, 
 
 Was partly founded for receiving such as were by age 
 sickness, or misfortune, rendered incapable of earning their 
 bread, and for relieving the city from tile clamours and im- 
 positions of sturdy beggars. 
 
 An aft of parliament was passed in ] 773, and a grant made 
 cn £=4,000 10 carry This design into effect, and it is since 
 supported by subscriptions, beoefeaions, grants from parlia- 
 mt tu, and parochial collections. r 
 
 Poor persons of every description are always admitted into 
 th ; s house, whether young or old, that are in apparent distress • 
 here they are lodged, fed, but not clothed, it beino found 
 to be prodnaive of bad efie&s, many going into the house 
 merely to be clothed, and after-wards disposing of them for' 
 
Book I.] Geography -^Modern Dublin. ] 15 
 
 spirituous liquors ; they are now, therefore, obliged to supply 
 themselves with this comfort from their own exertions, from 
 shops kept for that purpose within the walls of the institution, 
 and, by this means, are better clad than formerly. 
 
 The average number of poor annually maintained , in this 
 house, is 1718; last year there were 8020 admitted; those 
 who are able to work are employed, and are allowed eight 
 pence in the shilling, with which they may buy additional 
 articles of food, s&c. from a shop in the house; 
 
 The articles of employment are spinning, knitting, shoe- 
 making by women, calico weaving, carpentry, turning, 
 making hair combs, making clothes. The instructors of 
 hosiery and calico weaving receive no salaries, but one-third 
 of the earnings of the children. 
 
 The establishment of soup-kitchens, in the late perilous 
 dearth of provisions, for the relief of the poor, branched out 
 from this institution, and was in the year 1799 and 1800, 
 ihe means of saving the lives of thousands. The distribution 
 of rice bv government was also an effectual relief. 
 
 Since the establishment to the year 18 10, there have been 
 received 1 18,959 persons of all descriptions* 
 
 LYING-IN HOSPITAL. 
 
 This is an elegant piece of architecture, designed by Mr. 
 Cassels, and is much admired for the beauty of its proportions. 
 The founder, Dr. Mosse, a physician of Dublin, with the 
 most liberal efforts, and even against avowed opposition and 
 public clamour, ereCted this stately fabric for the purpose of 
 relieving poor lying-in-women, the first and only attempt of the 
 kind in Ireland. There are about seven hundred females 
 delivered here every year. His sole resources for this great and 
 charitable undertaking, were lotteries, and the profits arising 
 from the concerts and gardens, collections in the chapel, and 
 public benefactions. The interior is well adapted ro its several 
 uses, and the chapel is particularly admired for its elegance^ 
 A charter was granted .by the king ; and, w’hen the DoCtor 
 died, parliament bestowed a bounty on his widow. 
 
 Fromjhe opening to 1809, 64040 women were delivered of 
 338 boys 3113129 girls, 1103 had twins, and 19 had 3, and 
 1 had 4. 
 
 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL* 
 
 Was founded in the year one thousand seven hundred and 
 four, for the relief of the poor of the city of Dublin; but, 
 
1 1 6 Geography — Modern Dublin. [Book E . 
 
 by an aft of parliament, passed in 1728, the old corporation 
 was-dissolved and a new one erected,, appointing governors 
 of rank and fortune,, together with the Lord Mayor, Aldermen*. 
 Sheriffs, and Clergy, of the city for the, time being. Fifteen 
 or more of these are annuaUy chosen, the first Monday after 
 the 21th of June,, to be afting governors. By this aft they, 
 were to receive common beggars, and children of all deno- 
 minations, above six. years old, for which a.fund was "ranted 
 to the governors, arising from an estate of £\U Is. per, 
 annum,, from a taxon all carriages plying for hire within the 
 city of Dublin and liberties thereof, and "from a tax of three 
 pence in the pound, according to the valuation for minister's, 
 money on all houses.. 
 
 Since that, another a ft passed,.that, from the 25th of March. 
 1730, the governors should receive into the house, all ex- 
 posed and deserted children of either sex ; and, for further aid- 
 to support this, an additional, tax of three-pence in the pound 
 was laid on houses. This ad changed the original design of 
 the foundation, it being now an hospital for foundlings, exr 
 cept only, a few indigent people, who are admitted by a general j 
 board. b 
 
 The aft for receiving foundlings was designed only. to extend . 
 to the children of the city of Dublin and -its liberties, to which ; 
 part the tax is confined. There is now no limitation to the 
 number of children all offered are received, from all parts , 
 of the kingdom. r 
 
 The preservation of exposed children is" a most laudable 
 chanty, which renders it of the utmost utility and consequence • 
 as it rescues from destruction many infants. u » < 
 
 The younger children, as- soon 'as sent fn,. are suckled by 
 nurses maintained in tire house for- that purpose, under the 
 inspection of proper persons, and as soon as nurses in the 
 country, with proper certificates, can be provided, they are 
 sent out; where they remain until six years old. . 
 
 When they are removed to town, they are instructed in 
 reading, writing, and the principles of the Christian religion 
 and afterwards sent to the spinning, school, &c. where they 
 are inured to labour, till at a proper age they are put appren- 
 tices. There are near 5000 either in the- house or - with the 
 county nnrses. 
 
 HIBERNIAN SOCIETY. 
 
 For maintaining, educating, and apprenticing the orphans 
 of soldiers, open d the first of January, 176§, by subscription, . 
 
Book I.] Geography — Modern Dublin. 117 
 
 for twenty children, since which period there have been 3125 
 admitted, 298 boys and 151 girls are now in the school to this 
 time. Governors were appointed by charter, the ! 5th or July, 
 1769. The society meet the first Monday in November, he-, 
 bruary, May, and August, and a committee of 15 meetthe first 
 Tuesday in each month, for auditing the accounts, and re- 
 ceiving applications for apprentices; and the second Tuesday 
 in each month, for giving out apprentices, and admitting 
 children. 
 
 HIBERNIAN MARINE SCHOOL. 
 
 A marine nurserv, was instituted by a number of gentlemen, 
 in the year one thousand seven nundred and seventy six, who 
 formed a plan for promoting the service of his Majesty’s fleet, 
 by clothing a number of men and boys, and granting encou- 
 ragement -for them to enter the sea service. This enabled 
 them to supply the King’s navy with. 564* men and boys, 
 making them useful members of society, many of whom 
 might otherwise have been great nuisances. Gn peace being 
 made, those gentlemen turned their attention to a more per- 
 manent advantage tor the sea service, both with respedt to. his 
 Majesty’s navy, and the interest of commerce, justly observing, 
 that nothing could contribute more to this purpose, than 
 educating and taking care of the orphans of seafaring men, 
 who either lost their lives, or were old and infirm, in r he 
 service. These Humane and politic considerations induted 
 them to offer not .only immediate protection and .support to 
 their children and orphans but also education and instruction, 
 to prepare them for * that laborious and useful occupation, in 
 which their fathers spent their lives and constitutions. For 
 this purpose a liberal and voluntary subscription was raised, ' by 
 which the society were enabled to open a house at Irishtown, 
 for the reception of twenty boys, and, as their subscriptions 
 increased, the number of boys was increased to 50, and 
 afterwards to 60, and so on as their fund increased, they 
 increased their school. In 1768 they took a lot of ground at 
 the lower end of Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, where they built 
 the present house, calculated for the increasing number of 
 boys, and in a more convenient situation for the governors to 
 inspect them. This new building was opened in 1773, for 
 the reception of the children : it contains on one side a chapel, 
 and on the other side a school-room j the apartments are all 
 
1 1 3 Geography— Modern Dublin . [Book I, 
 
 and was defrayed by parliament In 177 * f i!» ° .* ‘ = ~ 6,600 > 
 
 a charter. > P^ament. In 1 / ,5 the society obtained 
 
 m .f' n , Ce ] 76 p to O^ober 1808, 1252 bovs have been ad 
 
 115 no W in W tr n ur!ery haVe ***"** t0 lhe sea 
 
 or PHAN- HOUSE POE DESTITUTE BOVS, PRUSSI A-STREET . 
 r,ri- P ° rted by v . oIuntar y contributions; opened in I 7 ga f J 
 
 years at the time of admission. Subscribed <?/ tweV ^ 
 and upwards are governors for Kf- I f t T rnt >’ pounds 
 
 are f “ hfe ; s " bK " 1 >™ »f <™ pound. 
 
 ORPHAN HOUSE FOE DESTITUTE FEMALE CHILDREN • 
 
 £””S4 9 Lir pp r d by 
 
 the house. P * ' ’ ^ une > November, and December, a£; 
 
 MASONIC FEMALE ORPHAN SCHOOL, CULLEN’s-WOOD, 
 near ranelagh, 
 
 This institution was funded in May 1797, by Loda e 1901 
 
 sermon dlS TheT db J\ l ' b T r:pti r^ a,ld ‘ n »«wual*charity 
 , Grand Lodge of Ireland having thought 
 
 Ifi no T, ad< ' pt ”* ,he g° vernn ' e > 1 t of it, with the sum § of 
 hv th ,h W3S glVen , U P to their c °mmittee in March 1800, 
 by the, hen treasurer, Mr. James Brush, St. Andrew’s street 
 
 ofThdd tm e / h !, Grand Lod S e voted the sum of jf200 out 
 own funds, in addition to the above, and to aid the 
 institution; and on the fourth of January 17S8, toe Grand 
 Lodge of Ireland came to the following resolutions ; 
 
Book I.] Geography — Modern Dublin . 1 19 
 
 The Right Worshipful Walter Wade , M. D. D. G. M. on- the 
 Thi one. 
 
 Resolved, that it is expedient that a fund be raised, for the 
 purpose of establishing a school for the education and 
 maintenance of orphan children of free-masons. 
 
 On which a committee of the Grand Lodge was appointed 
 and resolved to raise a fund, by contributions from the several 
 warranted lodges in Ireland,' of not less than ten British 
 shillings annually, and, by subscribing among the brethci 
 and other well-disposed persons, and an annual charity sermon \ 
 and that any lodge, paying the sum of ten guineas, shall be 
 exempted from such annua! subscription. Governors were 
 aho appointed, consisting of the Grand Master, D. G. M. ; 
 G W. ; G. T. ; G. S. 5 and the Masters of such Lodges as 
 shall pay ten guineas, all for the time being, and tlfat all 
 persons, paying ten guineas, shall be governors for life; and 
 any person, paying an annual sum of one guinea, shall ’ be a 
 governor so long as he pays that subscription. 
 
 There .are now eighteen female orphans of free-masons 
 lodged, dieted, clothed, and educated • and it is ex ceded that’ 
 the number will be increased. . ’ 
 
 When the funds become adequate to the undertaking it is 
 further intended to establish, in each province, institutions on 
 the same principles. 
 
 There are at present 18 female children lodged, dieted 
 and educated. * 
 
 patricians ; 
 
 A large and useful body of men, who contribute towards 
 maintaining a number of orphans, destitute of friends and 
 support. Every well-disposed person, that chooses, may 
 belong to this society, on paying an annual sum of six British 
 shillings. The committee meet every Monday, to settle 
 accounts. ' 
 
 stranger’s friends society; 
 
 Established in 1790; an institution formed on the most 
 disinterested principles, to. lessen the calamities of life; to afford 
 relief to the deserving objed; to snatch from the jaws of 
 death the creature hurrying untimely to the tomb, the vidUm 
 
120 Geography. — Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 of cold, famine, and disease ; for the relief of the sick and 
 indigent of every description of religion, seft, and party. 
 No other recommendation is required, than a sufficiency of 
 evident distress, ^nv person may apply, or give notice of 
 those, that he knows or sospefts to be in distress; a visitor is 
 immediately appointed, who comes at an hour unexpefted, 
 to be on his guard against imposition; he has ocular demon- 
 stration^ If the distress is found to be real, and the exigency 
 of the case requires it, present relief is afforded, and continued 
 to the extent necessary. 
 
 LITERARY TEACHERS SOCIETY. 
 
 This institution was formed 26th March 1789, by a few 
 literary gentlemen, and since that it has been incorporated by 
 aft of parliament, for the support of superanuated literacy 
 teachers and their families. 
 
 On mature consideration it must be universally acknow- 
 ledged that no class of men in society has a more imperious 
 claim to the favour of the community at large, than that of 
 literary teachers in the decline of liie, who are too generally 
 doomed to the most scornful negleft, after a series of years 
 spent in the most arduous, vexatious, and toilsome employ- 
 ment, in studying to discover the various dispositions of their 
 pupils, and endeavouring, bv indefatigable exertions to instil 
 into their minds (be the genius either fertile or barren) the 
 principles of Christian morality, and the rudiments of a 
 virtuous and sound education. 
 
 It is incontrovertibly true, that from the -most exalted 
 eharafter in the state, to those in the most inferiour 
 profession, all are indebted (though not equally so) for their 
 superior rank in life, to the pious and enlightened instruftions 
 of their preceptors. Some men are indeed indebted to Pro- 
 vidence only for exalted birth and splendid fortunes ; but to 
 their teachers they are peculiarly indebted for those noble and 
 expanded ideas, which mark their genius, improve their 
 understanding, and by a combination of the happy circum- 
 stances which attend overgrown fortunes, dignified rank, and 
 refined manners, guided by the fostering hand of the literary 
 
Book I.] Geography. — Modern Dublin. 12 i 
 
 teacher through the mazes of classical and perceptive lane, 
 render them capable of attaining the summit of human per- 
 fection. 1 
 
 Other men, though the descendants of the humble cottager, 
 the children o, nature only, who when grown to mature years, 
 t e enevolent scnoolmaster, (totally divested of mercenary 
 motives or even the most distant expeftations of anv compen- 
 sation, fosters, cherishes, improves and cultivates, uiitilbv pro- 
 gressive literary attainments they arrive at the meredian of 
 literary renown; and then come forward to grace the bench, 
 the pulpit and the bar, as well as, to fill various situations of 
 distinction, trust and emolument, with which nature never 
 designed them to be acquainted, were they not fostered and 
 instructed by the benevolent teacher, in all' those iiterary ac- 
 complishment^ which alone, independent of great or grand 
 ancestors, absolutely constitute the gentleman of taste and talent 
 ^-Let me then ask my learned and benevolent reader, vvbv 
 . should a class of men be thus scornfully nedeCfed, who'e 
 many amiable qualifications, literary acquirements, and vir- 
 tuous demeanour have been so generally acknowledged, when 
 m the enjoyment of youthful years, sound health, and a com- 
 petency to support nature; and when old age , accompanied 
 by a tiam of concomitants, compels the teacher to resign the 
 sceptre of his literary throne, and abandon his little kingdom' 
 why not be received into the bosoms, and under the foslerin* 
 piote&ion of those noblemen, statesmen, prelates, and in 
 short, by all learned ranss in church and state, who e literary 
 faculties owe their primary existence to their once esteemed and 
 learned preceptors. Injustice to the sacred memory of that 
 dignified and learned prelate, Dr. Law, late Bishop of Elphin 
 mv kniu reader will acknowledge amongst his other distin- 
 guis nng talents, how dearly his lordship appreciated the com- 
 bining qualifications of the teacher, and how sincerely his 
 lordship unshed to promote and encourage tha infant in'stitu- 
 P.°‘! *° r ,. the s “PP o rt of the superanuated preceptors, when 
 his lordship was graciously pleased to honor theliteraiy teachers 
 soc ety with his presence, and to deign to become president 
 of that tru y laudable institution, and to which he most libe- 
 rally contributed ^50 per annum. 
 
 Entertaining a confidence, that if the nobility and gentry 
 o Ireland were apprized of the nature of this (« yet) infant 
 • U ,™ a . n ‘osbtution, they would chearfully contribute to 
 its establishment, and to the support of those aged teachers 
 
 M 
 
^2'2 Geography — -Modern Dublin \ [Book I. 
 
 from some of whom, they themselves, perhaps acquired the 
 brightest gem (education) that ever adorned man. Therefore, 
 for general information, l shall here subjoin the rules, regu- 
 lations, formation, &c. of this generous and honourable insti- 
 tution, and then submit to the better judgment of my bene- 
 volent and kind reader, whether he will not become a sub- 
 ■■server, and recommend the same to his former school-fellows, 
 into whose hands this treatise may not come. 
 
 RULES. 
 
 / ' .. ( ■ I.l, ■ •' f ; : ■ - * > 
 
 1. That the society shall consist of professional and honor a* y 
 members : — The professional members to be literary teachers 
 of either sex, actually engaged in the business of education, 
 and admitted by ballot, in manner hereafter specified : the 
 honorary members to be such benevolent persons, as, from a desire 
 of promoting the laudable and humane ends of this institution, 
 shall propose their names to be enrolled as subscribing members 
 of the society. 
 
 IT. That all literary teachers who desire to become profes- 
 sional members of this society, shall be proposed upon the 
 recommendation of two members, at one quarterly meeting, 
 and balloted for the ensuing quarterly meeting, and that the 
 approbation of three-fourths of the members then present, 
 be necessary to render such eie&ion legal and valid. 
 
 III. That the person so proposed, if in Dublin or its 
 vicinity may be requested to attend the society immediately 
 previous to his or her being balloted for. 
 
 IV. That previous to the admission of any teacher, not 
 in the capital or its vicinity, the society may require a certificate, 
 in the following form, signed by the Minister, Curate or 
 Tj'est of the parish, in which the said teacher resides, viz. 
 
 f, A, 3. Minister or Priest cf the Parish of 
 in the County of do certify, that C. D. is a 
 
 literal v teacher in said parish, of good moral character, of 
 regular life, and a: present in sound health, aged 
 dated this day of in the vear of our 
 
 Lord 
 
 V. That the names of the persons proposing and seconding 
 any one he entered in the society’s books, and that they be 
 -Cxre^c d to be present at his or her being ballotted for. 
 
 VI. Th. t every member admitted into this society, before 
 a sum yielding one hundred and -.twenty pounds sterling, per 
 
Book L] Geography <■ — Modern Dublin. I2J 1 
 
 annum, be accumulated, (before which time according to its 
 fundamental rules, the society cannot distribute relief,), shall' 
 pay on his or her admission, the sum of £\ 2s. 9J. and' 
 such further sum annually as he or she shall think proper, 
 provided said sum. be not less than £l 2s. 9d. per annum. 
 
 VII. Thar after the aforesaid sum shall be accumulated,, 
 and that the society shall be enabled, agreeably to its funda- 
 mental rules, to distribute relief, each professional candidate r 
 previous to admission, shall, by affidavit (if required) ascertain 
 his or her age, and if the same shall exceed thirty, he or she 
 shall pay two guineas admission, if forty, three guineas, if 
 fifty, four guineas, if fifty-five, five guineas. 
 
 After sixty, no professional candidate to be admitted into 
 the society. 
 
 Vill Every candidate, previous to the ballot, must deposit 
 with the secretary, the admission money, which will be 
 returned, should said candidate be rejected. 
 
 IX. The annual subscription of all members to become 
 due on the t wenty-ninth day of September in each year. 
 
 X. 7'hat ten guineas paid at one time, shall constitute an 
 honorary member a subscriber for life, and that fifteen 
 guineas to be paid at one time, be required to constitute a 
 professional member a life subscriber. 
 
 XL That the business of this society shall be condufted 
 by the following officers, viz. A president, a vice-president, 
 three trustees, a secretary, who must always be a professional' 
 member; and a committee of eleven, seven of whom must 
 be professional member^ j ^ny five of the committee to con- 
 stitute a quorum. 
 
 X1L That said officers and committee be chosen annually 
 by b;41ot, on the first Monday of October, in each year, 
 and enter on their office on the first Monday in January, in 
 the succeeding year. No officer to hold the same office two 
 years successively, unless re -elected thereto, by three -fourths' 
 of the members then present. 
 
 XIII. And in case of a vacancy in any of the offices, by 
 resignation or death, the society shall proceed to cleft a sue-- 
 cessor or successors at the ne^t quarterly meeting, or at arc 
 extra generalmeeting, called for the purpose, notice of the 
 eleftion having been given in the previous summonses; the 
 summonses, in case of the Secretary’s death, to be issued- by 
 the vice-president. 
 
1 2 4 Geography.— Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 XIV. President to have a casting vote, to maintain order, 
 to appoint the place of meeting, and to put his signature to 
 the proceedings of the society. 
 
 XV. In case the president, or vice president, shall be 
 absent at any meeting, fifteen minutes after the hour specified 
 in the summons, that then a majority of the members present, 
 shall appoint a chairman for that meeting; and all afts so 
 done, shall be valid, as if the president or vice-president were 
 
 in the chair. . , , , f 
 
 XVI. The vice-president to sit on the right hand o. the 
 president, and, in his absence, to take the chair, and adt as 
 
 That the trustees of this society, one of whom is 
 to be denominated the afting trustee, be invested with such 
 powers and authorities as are given and annexed to such 
 office, in and by the eleventh seftion of an aft of parliament 
 of the 36th of his present .Majesty King George the Third, 
 entitled an aft for the encouragement and relief of friendly 
 societies : and that the capital stock of this society, shall be, 
 from time to time, vested in government securities only, and 
 deposited in the hands of said trustees, for the so e use of said 
 society, to be bv them consolidated in the bank of Ireland , 
 and that the interest arising on such capital stock, shall no 
 he drawn out of the bank, but by or under an order of he 
 society, made at a quarterly or general meeting called for the 
 purpose, said ordr to be signed by the president or chairman 
 for the time being, and countersigned by the secretary. 
 
 XVIII. The secretary shall take and preserve minutes o 
 proceedings and resolutions of the society at their several 
 meetings ; shall give notice of all quarterly and extra meetings 
 oTthe weiety, or Contoiiitee, at least six day, before the day 
 of meeting ; shall keep a regular account of the expences 
 curreT; and previous to the general meeting in January every 
 year, shall apply to each member, professional, or honorary, 
 for the payment of his or her subscription : and that any sum 
 or sums of money received by him for the benefit of this 
 society, be paid into the hands of the afting trustee, before 
 each quarterly meeting; the trustee’s receipt for said sums to 
 
 be produced at said quarterly meeting. . , . ..miner) 
 
 XIX. That the secretary’s accounts shalbbe -examined 
 and balanced by any two members chosen indifferently at ttie 
 quarterly meeting in January every year. 
 
Book I.] Geography . — Modern: Dublin. 125 
 
 XX, That the committee shall prepare and digest business, 
 rtport thereon, suggest and recommend in writing, such 
 matters and things as in their judgment may appear necessary 
 or useful to the interests of the society ; for the due previous 
 preparation of all which, said committee (five members to be: 
 a quorum) shall hold stated meetings, viz- on the last Monday*/ 
 in every month; and extraordinary meetings, to be called* by* 
 the president, vice-president, trustees, or secretary, at dis-» 
 cretion, .or by three members of the committee signed and 
 delivering a requisition in writing to the secretary, spec tying 
 the purpose of such extraordinary meeting of such committee, 
 w ho shall be bound to summon the several members of the 
 committee to such extraordinary meeting, and to insert in the 
 summonses he shall issue, and cause to be served, the purpose 
 thereof, under the penalty of a fine of five British shillings; 
 and any professional member of the committee, residing within- 
 the Circular-road, being summoned as above, who shall negk*6l 
 to attend thereat, shall incur and pay a fine of one British, 
 shilling, to be applied to the benefit of this society ; and if 
 any member of: the committee shall be absent three meetings 
 successively, without a sufficient excuse, he shall be considered 
 as declining to a6f; and another may be elected in his room 
 by the remaining members of the committee, provided five 
 of them be present. 
 
 XXL That the society shall hold four ordinary general 
 meetings in the year, viz. on the first Mondays in January, 
 .April, July and Oftober, to pass and ena6l bye-laws, if neces- 
 sary, (said bye-laws not to be contrary to, or inconsistent with 
 these fundamental rules and regulations, or with the said a& 
 ©f parliament, or any part of either;) and to* transact the 
 other business of the society ; the president, if present, to 
 take the chair,. and keep order; if not, the vice-president; and 
 if he shall be absent, then any member, whom a majority of 
 the meeting shall call to the chair. 
 
 XXU. That at every quarterly meeting, the minutes of 
 the foregoing quarterly meeting, together with the minutes of 
 the intervening monthly committee meetings, also, all such 
 letters or abstra&s of them, as the committee shall dire 61 to be 
 kid before the society, shall be read; after which, the ques- 
 tion of fines shall be disposed of; the members proposed at the 
 former meeting shall be balloted for ; all motions made at the 
 former meeting, and which are required to be made a second 
 time, shall be. repeated and discussed; and all new modems * 
 
126 Geography* — Modern Dublin. [Book I 
 
 made, each motion to be handed to the president, in writing, 
 signed by the proposer, and seconded, and if passed, to be 
 filed by the secretary, and transcribed by him into the journal 
 of the society, previous to the next quarterly meeting, when 
 the transcript shall be compared with the original motion, and 
 if found corred, signed by the president. 
 
 XX HI. That besides the four ordinary general meetings 
 of the society, extraordinary general meetings may also be 
 held, whenever sufficient occasion shall arise to require it; 
 to be called, under a direction of the president, vice-president, 
 or trustees, ora requisition in writing, signed by three mem- 
 members of the Committee, or five members of the body at 
 . large, at the least; said direction or requisition, to specify the 
 purpose of such proposed meeting, and to be delivered to the 
 secretary, at least ten days before such intended meeting, who 
 shall be bound to summon the same, and shall express the 
 purpose in the summonses; and that at such extraordinary 
 general meeting, no business shall be transacted, except that 
 expressed in the direction or requisition, under which it shall 
 have been called ; and if the secretary, having received a di- 
 rection from the president, vice-president or trustees, or a 
 requisition as above, shall refuse or negleCt to issue and cause 
 to be served in the usual way, proper summonses for said 
 extraordinary general meeting, or shall omit to insert the 
 purpose thereof in said summonses, he shall be fined in any 
 sum not less than twenty nor more than fifty British shillings, 
 to be applied to the benefit of this society. And if any 
 officer of the society, or member of the committee, residing 
 within the Circular Road, (who shall have been regularly sum- 
 moned in the usual way, to any extraordinary general meeting, 
 shall negleCt to attend thereat, he shall incur and pay a fine 
 of not less than one British shilling, nor more than two shil- 
 lings and Sixpence, to be applied to the benefit of this society. 
 
 XXV. That in order to establish a permanent fund for the 
 relief of distressed literary teachers and their families, the 
 whole of the subscriptions, and all interest arising from stock, 
 rl ready purchased by the society, with all bequests and dona- 
 tions thereto, shall be applied to increase the capital stock, 
 until it shall amount to a fund in stock, bearing and produc- 
 ing an annual interest of one hundred and twenty pounds 
 veiling, which sum of £\%(\ together with the annual sub- 
 scription of members, shall then be distributed, if needed, in 
 manner hereafter to be specified. 
 
Book I.] Geography. — Modern Dublin. l27 
 
 XXVI. That the capital stock of this society shall in no 
 case be diminished : and that in order to increase it still farther, 
 even after it shall yield an interest of £\ 2 0 per annum, it be 
 recommended, unless in case of pressing emergency, that any 
 surplus money in trustee’s hands, together with all admission 
 fees, life subscriptions, donations and bequests, be applied to 
 this purpose. 
 
 XXVII. That when a sum yielding £120 annual income, 
 shall have been accumulated, the society shall proceed to dis- 
 tribute relief, upon the following conditions, to wit; that the 
 person or family claiming relief shall be real obje&s of dis- 
 tress, (this circumstance to be ascertained, if deemed expe- 
 dient, by visitors chosen for the purpose) provided, however, 
 that the person in right of whom said relief is claimed, shall 
 have regularly paid his or her subscription to the society, three 
 years successively, previous to application for relief; and shall 
 have continued to pay his or her subscription, until exonerated 
 by the society, in consequence of disability or death. 
 
 XXVIII. That each professional member of this society 
 shall, in case of adhial pecuniary distress, and whilst that dis- 
 tress continues, but no longer, receive a sum, not in any 
 case exceeding one guinea per week ; said sum to be propor- 
 tioned by the officers and committees, according to the num- 
 ber of claimants, the state of the fund, and the necessity of 
 the case. The widows and orphans of deceased literary 
 teachers, to receive assistance whilst their pecuniary distress 
 continues, and appears to be inevitable. 
 
 XXIX. That on the death of any member, the secretary 
 certifying to the president the inability of the relations of the 
 deceased member to inter him, the president *hall be em- 
 powered to order a sum not exceeding three guineas for that 
 purpose. 
 
 XXX. That when the committee find it necessary to draw 
 money for the purposes of the charter, then, and in that case, 
 the secretary shall summon all the members of the society, 
 (who may reside in Dublin, or its vicinity) six days at least* 
 previous to such meeting, and insert in the summonses, that 
 it is for the purpose of drawing money from the adding trustee, 
 that seven members must be present to constitute such General 
 meeting; and that at such meeting the society may, ff they 
 think fit, empower the committee to draw upon the trustee 
 or trustees, before the next quarterly or general meeting, for 
 any sum not exceeding ten pounds. 
 
128 Geography— Modern Dublin . [Kook B 
 
 XXX!. That in order to prevent that ill will which might: 
 arise from members publicly opposing an application to the 
 society for relief, every claim shall.be decided by ballot, the : 
 
 majority of votes in this case to decide. 
 
 XXXII. That any member or claimant conceiving him 
 or herself aggrieved by any aft of. the officers, or committee,: 
 or by any- determination of the society itself in its general meet- 
 ings, may appeal from such aft or determination to the next 
 auarterlv or general meeting, when such appeal sha.l be taken 
 into consideration, provided a memorial stating the grounds-' 
 and objefti of such appeal be lodged with the secretary, at 
 
 least fourteen days previous to said meeting ; notice of which 
 
 memorial must be inserted by the secretary, in the summonses, 
 under a penalty of not less than ten, nor exceeding thirty 
 British shillings; provided also, that in case the secretary shall- 
 negleft to insert such notice, such member or claimant shall 
 be allowed to- renew his-or her appeal to the next or. subsequent, 
 nuarterly general meeting until the society shall have decided 
 on such appeal. And if the person or member supposing; 
 him or herself aggrieved, shall . not be satisfied with the 
 decision of the society thus appealed to, the. matter shall be 
 referred to four arbitrators chosen- from the society, viz. wo, 
 bv the society, and wo by the person or party alleged to be 
 a^rieved ; and if said four members shall be -equally divided 
 inmpinion, the said arbitrators shall then choose, by mutual, 
 agreement an umpire, whose award shall, be final and con- 
 clusive, agreeably to the sixteenth seftion of the aforesaid actr 
 
 of parliament. . 
 
 Said award to be given in to the society, at the, next quar- 
 terly or general meeting. , . . 
 
 XXX II T;hat any, professional member, being more- man 
 twelve months in ar rear to the society, may, at a general meet- 
 be declared excluded ; after- which declaration he shall not 
 beesitit led to -receive any beuefit from the fund ; yet notwith- 
 standing, such person so excluded may by petition be pro- 
 posed and balloted for on paying up his or her arrears, and if’ 
 restored, be three years on the hooks, before he or she can 
 be entitled to any benefit from the fund. Any professional, 
 member being twice excluded can never after be re-admitted. 
 
 XXXIV- As by several of the foregoing rules and regula- 
 tions certain fines are annexed to, and imposed upon certain 
 omissions, neglefts of duty, and -other defaults therein- mien-, 
 tioued: that* previous to any fine being established, , the quest- 
 
Book !.] Geography— Modern Dublin. 129 
 
 tion shall be fairly put from the chair, at the next quarterly 
 meeting, whether the fine is ju tly incurred, which shall be 
 decided by a majority of the members then present, and if 
 established, the secretary shall not give any receipt for said 
 member’s subscription until said fine shall be discharged. 
 
 XXXV. That if any former trustee, secretary, or other 
 offiqer of the society shall refuse or ne^leCt to deliver up all 
 or any of the securities, monies, books, papers, or other pro- 
 perty of this society, to bis or their successor or successors 
 duly appointed, within fourteen days after such successor or 
 successors shall enter upon his or their office, such former 
 officer or officers so neglecting, or refusing, shall be, and are 
 , by the very a& held to be expelled the society, and shall be 
 proceeded against according to law, on behalf of this society, 
 until he or they shall have made full and complete satisfaction 
 and restitution of and for said securities, monies, books, papers, 
 and other property so withheld by him or them. 
 
 XXXVI. That the pames of the benevolent persons who 
 may contribute to this charity, whether by annual subscription, 
 donation or bequest, together with the amount of all such 
 contributions, shall be registered in the society’s journals, which 
 shall be open at all times to the inspection and examination 
 of all such contributors, and all other persons interested 
 therein. 
 
 XXXVI J, That the professional members of this society 
 shall consider themselves bound in duty and conscience, to 
 assist in the education of the orphan children in distresf of 
 their deceased brethren, and in getting them introduced, as 
 far as may be reasonable in their power, into suitable employ- 
 ments and stations in life. 
 
 XXXVIII. That the rules and regulations of this society, 
 an alphabetical list of the subscribers, and the general stare of 
 the society’s affairs, be printed for the use of the members. 
 
 XXXIX. 1 hat if any of these regulations or any of the 
 bye laws hereafter to be passed by this society shall be found 
 inadequate to the intended purposes, or insufficient to promote 
 the interest of the institution, the society may, according to 
 the third section of the aforesaid ad of parliament, frame and 
 add such other new ones as time and experience may hereafter 
 point out as necessary to the good government and well being 
 of the society. 
 
 XL- The foregoing rules shall not be altered, or any new 
 rule made otherwise than by the approbation of at least three- 
 
130 Geography . — -Modem Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 fourths of the members present at two successive quarterly 
 meetings, the proposed alteration or addition to be expressed 
 in the previous summonses. 
 
 The society will thankfully receive any benefaction or 
 legacy for the better enabling them to promote the benevolent 
 designof their institution. 
 
 The proper form of a Bcnrfaftion to thi Society , hy Will. 
 
 Also I, A, B. do hereby give and bequeath unto C« Dr 
 of and E. F. of the sum of to be raised a d 
 pa:d out of mv personal estate, upon trust, that they or either 
 ot them do pay the same to the trustee or trustees, for the 
 time being, of a voluntary society commonly called or known 
 by the name of the society for the relief of distressed Literary 
 Teachers, and their families; the same to be paid within 
 months next after my decease, and to be applied to the uses 
 and purposes of that society. 
 
 State of the Society s Funds in the hands f Robert ShaWy Esq, 
 Treasurer , viz . 
 
 d. 
 
 Fight 5 per cent. Government Debentures - 900 0 0 
 
 Five 4 per cent. Grand Canal Debentures - 700 0 0 
 
 Two 3| per cent. Government Debentures 400 0 0 
 
 <£2000 0 0 
 
 SOCIETY FOR THE RELIEF OF SICK AND INDIGENT 
 ROOM-KEEPERS ; 
 
 Established 1790. — The first subscription set on foot, vva> 
 only 2d. per week ; or 8s. 8d per year; the first year therp 
 was about <£28 received, which relieved 112 families, many 
 of whom would have perished, but from the timely aid they 
 received. The evident good arising from this infant under- 
 taking, induced the society to hope, that, if it were more 
 publiciv known, they would meet with aid from the 
 humane and charitable. Plans of the institution were pub- 
 lished, explaining the objects to be relieved. Distressed 
 
 labourers, mechanics • in sickness, indigent room keepers, 
 
Book I.] Geography. — Modern Dublin. 131 
 
 and persons who never begged abroad, having good charadters 
 for sobriety and industry, without distinction of religion. 
 The society increased in number and usefulness so as to 
 render it impossible to receive the report of the inspectors, 
 and to appropriate relief to others. They therefore appointed 
 four divisional presidents, and fixed their meerings on the 
 four first evenings of the week, which is still continued; 
 Once in every month there is a general meeting, to settle the 
 affairs of the charity, receive the report of the funds, and 
 appropriate relief for the ensuing month; they are supported 
 bv annual subscriptions, charity sermons, and casual donarons. 
 The only expences to the society are poundage on the collec- 
 tors of subscriptions, printers bills, a secretary’s salary, (^50 
 a year) w ; th a few incidental expences, all other services are 
 performed by the members gratuitously ; from November the 
 1st, ISO 7, to November 1st, 1809, the sum of <£27,640 
 10s. !0cl. has been expended on 328,168 distressed persons; 
 it is calculated that the number of persons relieved by this 
 society from its origion to the present time, far exceed tht 
 present population of the city of Dublin. 
 
 HOUSE OF RECOVERY, CORK-STREET. 
 
 The establishment or Houses of Recovery or Fever Ho - 
 spitals has been found by experience to be the only efFeCiual 
 method for checking the progress of Contagion among the 
 poorer classes. The institution embraces two objedb^ fir^t 
 the immediate removal of the diseased person from his own 
 dwelling place.— 2d, The adoption of measures for counteradt- 
 angihe progress of infection in the habitation of rhe poor. The 
 want of such an establishment has been no where more severely 
 felt than in the Liberties of the city of Dublin, for the relief 
 of which the institution was originally designed, but it now 
 comprises the whole of the city within the Circular Road, 
 A subscription was opened in Odtober ISO’, for huildino* a 
 house for that purpose, and the hospital was opened Hth^of 
 May, 1804, since which day to 1st Odfober, 1810, - 594 * 
 patients have been admitted, of whom 5 442 have been dis- 
 charged cured, 469 have died, and 32 in the house on that 
 -day. No recommendation is necessary, but poverty and fever 
 ascertained by the report of one of the phvsiciam, who visiis 
 4he patient immediately after the application is left at the 
 -house. — AH patients are conveyed to rhe house in a carriage 
 
132 Geography .'—Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 hunc on springs, and providedfor that specific purpose, and 
 n „ patient admitted who shall be brought to the house in any 
 othe P r manner. — -The institution is now supported by patlia- 
 mentarv aid, with voluntary subscriptions. Female servants 
 of every description resident within the district ate admitted. 
 
 DISrENSARY FOR THE INFANT POOR; 
 
 Was opened on Tuesday the 25th of March, 18C0, 
 where advice and medicine are given gratis, thiee days 
 l the week, viz. Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays 
 from three to four o’clock in the afternoon, to all infants 
 a-d children under twelve years of age, without distinc- 
 tion or recommendation, in all medical and surgjca. com - 
 plaints, infectious diseases only excepted, such as small- 
 pox, measles, or hooping cough, for winch they wn oe 
 suouhed with medicines, on an exaft at conn, o, tiu.r 
 situation being given, as it would be dangerous to bring such 
 
 rhUdren to the institution. . _ , 
 
 ’’ Attendance are given, during the months of April and 
 ‘September, for inoculating the children of the poor; and ,n 
 turnon, h of October, such children as bung certificates from 
 subscribers, of their parents inability 10 clothe them, will 
 receive flannels to prot-cl them from the cold of the winter. 
 
 About three thousand were relieved in the first fourteen 
 
 months. 
 
 CHARITABLE DISPENSARY, MEATH STREET. ^ 
 
 For administering medical and surgical aid to the sick poor, 
 aP d assisting them and their families with the necessaries of 
 p.fe during sickness, and preventing thr spreading of con- 
 t'p'ous diseases ; opened November 1/9*; supporteu by 
 annual subscriptions, and charitable donations, under the 
 coutroui of ths; subscribers, and a committee, who meet 
 "Wednesday night. All persons paying ten guineas are 
 governors for life, and may have one patient constantly on the 
 books- and such as pay one or more guineas annually, are 
 governors for one year, and may have a patient on the books 
 
 ‘"Extern ? 1 ZT auended^at their own houses, if within the 
 parishes of St. James, St. Catherine, St. Luke, St. Nicholas- 
 Within, or St. Audeon. 
 
Book I.] Geography.— Modern Dublin. 133 
 
 T^oo eve r S ' nCe its commencement to November 1809. 
 °* whom have been attended in the last year 8069. 
 
 DISPENSARY FOR THE PARISHES OF ST. MARY, ST. THOMAS 
 AND ST. GEORGE, HEED IN DENM A R K S T R E ET. ’ 
 
 p^s chantabJe institution was the first of the kind esta- 
 blished in Dublin. Medicines and advice are given thrice a 
 week at the Dispensary, or at their own dwellings every dav 
 i necessary, to such of the resident parishioners as are able 
 to procure the common necessaries of life, but whose age 
 complaints, or situation, render them improper objefb for 
 
 ?.“ b i‘f h ”’ P “k Tte °fk» »«£nL£ 
 
 SnSol. ? P " Vare “ bscri P' i »''. “ d P»Wic parochial 
 
 BLUE-COAT HOSPITAL. 
 
 Was originally situated in Queen-street; it was founded 
 ,6/0 ’ ty the contributions of the inhabitants of Dublin 
 together with other benefadions. King Charles the Second 
 
 f. a ; e h th u m 3 Char , ter ’ ^ lth a S rant of the ground, on which 
 the building stands. It was at first intended for the reception 
 2 nd support of the aged and infirm poor of the citv as^well 
 
 as of their children; but the governors finding their fund was 
 
 veaf ?6®0 ? tbC °- ngl K al deS 'f th0Ught P ro P er ’ ab °ut the 
 year 1680, to receive boys only; and from that time, as their 
 
 revenues increased, they enlarged the number to a hundred 
 
 and seventy, the present number; and the annual income 
 
 h a SU ?P° r j ,sab0,lt two tll0Usa nd pounds, of which 
 
 J^.hhn nd TK and i My p0Unds are S ranted by the citv of 
 Dublin. The real estate is now near a thousand pounds' ner 
 
 annum, but m a few years, when the present leases expire^ it 
 w.li be considerably augmented. The remainder, bcing P casuaI 
 benefactions, cannot be exa£l ly ascertained. 
 
 The children to be admitted, are to be sons of reduced 
 freemen, except ten on the foundation of Henry Osborne 
 Esq. and twenty on the foundation of Erasmus Smith, Esq’ 
 besides two, whom the minister of the parish of St Wer- 
 burgh s has the privilege of appointing, agreeably to the will 
 of Mr. James Southwell, who bequeathed four hmdred Tnd 
 thirty-six pounds to the hospital. They are maintained 
 clothed, and instrudted m riding, writing, ajtd arithmetic’ 
 
134 Geography *- — Modem Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 and, when properly qualified, put apprentices to Protestant 
 masters, and a fee of five pounds given with each Die 
 corporation of merchants support a mathematical school, in 
 thediospitai, for the instruction of ten boys in navigation, 
 who are to be put apprentices to merchants, or captains or 
 ships for the sea service The children attend divine service 
 t-vefv day regularly. It is observable, tliat the boys of.ihi, 
 hb'pita! oenerallv prove sober, honest and diligent apprentices, 
 and many of them have become respeftable citizens, which, 
 
 .no doubt, is to be attributed to their having been thus early 
 instrufted in, and accustomed to the duties of religion, 
 and secured from the dangers arising from corrupt company, 
 and, the consequent vices in boys abandoned to their, own 
 
 The beautiful new building opposite Blackall-'streef, which 
 they at present occupy, has already cost twenty-four thousand 
 pounds,' and it is hxpefted that it will take two thousand 
 pounds more to complete it, the steeple being now the prm- 
 cipal obje& to be finis lied* 
 
 CO'U^TT GF DUBLIN, OR MEATH HOSPITAL*, 
 
 Situated on the upper Coombe, was appointed the county 
 Infirmary, for the county of Dublin, .by aft of parliament 
 in the vear 1774. If was at first instituted for the relief ot 
 poor manufafturers in the Earl of Meath’s .Liberty. I « 
 supported by private subscriptions. Subscribers of twenty 
 guineas become governors for life, and such as pay ^ree 
 ■ guineas, annually, are governors for that year, having P » 
 | { ;l ll times, when there is a vacancy, or upon any sudden 
 
 emergency, of sending a patient into the house. # 
 
 The number relieved by this institution proves its «tih y. 
 For above twenty-four years past, it has supported, annua . , 
 from two hundred and fifty to three hundred interns, and 
 relieved by medicine and attendance, last year, fourteen thou 
 sand six hundred externs. 
 
 simpson’s hospital, great britain-street ; 
 
 Incorporated by aft of parliament, in March 1 780, and 
 opened in November 1781, for the reception of poor, decayed, 
 blind, and gouty men ; the annual income is two tnousand 
 five hundred pounds, and it constantly ^ip^ports thirty x 
 gouty and thirty-six blind men ; they are clothed, dieted, and 
 
Book I] Geography. — Modern Dublin. 1 31} 
 
 lodged in the most comfortable manner that is possible, and 
 every department in' the house conduced with the greatest 
 exactness and propriety. The agent gives J?3fiC0 security, 
 and is allowed one shilling in "the pound on all rents and 
 interest money, except the money vested in public securities,- 
 for which he has one per cent. The secretary has a salary 
 not exceeding £50 a year; there is also a house-keeper and 
 a steward, under the best regulations that can be divised. 
 
 swift’s hospital, or st. Patrick’s hospital for 
 
 LUNATICS AND TDIOTS; 
 
 Founded in 1745, by Dr. Jonathan Swift, Dean of S‘£* 
 1 atnck’s, and incorporated by charter, the sixth of August, 
 
 ] 146. The Dean bequeathed £11,000 for this hospital. 
 I ne trustees purchased an estate of <£400 per annum, and 
 the fund has been since considerably augmented by legacies, 
 but not sumcient for more than thirty-eight lunatics and 
 idiots, and twelve more patients received as boarders, for the- 
 sum of thirty guineas each. 
 
 The men and women are kept apart from each other, 
 by a division in the building, r ' 
 
 STEPHENS’S HOSPITAL, STEPHEN’s-L ANE, JAMES’s-STREET, 
 
 !710 ’ Dr - Stephens, an eminent physician, bequeathed 
 ,£600 a year to his sister during hsr life: and after her decease, 
 vested it in trustees, for eretfing and endowing an hospital, 
 0r ’! )c ant * maintenance of curable poor persons. 
 
 , i fS j S ' e P!‘ ens ! soon after the Do&or’s decease, purchased 
 the .and the hospital now stands upon. In 1720 she began 
 to build it on a more extensive plan than the fund would 
 support, but, by the assi tance of several considerable bene- 
 faftions, she was enabled to compleat two-thirds of the 
 uildmg m July 1/23, when the hospital was opened, and - 
 accommodations for the reception of forty patients were 
 
 1700 — 4 * An a<a ° f P arliameI) t "'as obtained in. 
 
 1729, appointing twentv-three governors,. and their successors, 
 to be a body politic and corporate for ever, with power to 
 purchase lands to the amount of £ 2,000 a year, to have a 
 common seal, to sue and be sued, and to grant leases. 
 
 A third of the hospital remaining unfinished, the governors 
 opened a subscription, which brought in .£1,400, and, as 
 Sirs. Stephens continued to pay ,£450 per annum, W 
 N 2 ’ 
 
 m . 
 
136 Geography . — Modern Dublin. [Book I. 
 
 building was soon completed, and rendered capable of con- 
 
 taining three hundred patients. 
 
 They support in the hospital, constantly seventy poor 
 decayed house keepers, tradesmen, servants of both sexes, an 
 poor labourers, besides externs, who attend ior advtce and 
 
 rn The n governors cleft officers, &c. to continue during plea- 
 sure,' and make bye-laws, rules, and orders, for the good 
 
 Frid ? ! ’ ■“* 
 
 receiving 1 day Monday, at eleven o'clock. fd»» ™de, 
 accidents are received at all times. 
 
 NICHOLAS’S HOSPITAL, FRANCIS-STREET, UNITED WITH 
 THAT OF ST. CATHERINE S, 
 
 It was opened the first of April, 1753, and is capable of 
 receiS forty internal surgical patients. Two sk.lful phy- 
 sidans visit twice each week, viz. Tuesday and Friday, and 
 five surgeons attend alternately every morning, from eight 
 
 0 ’ C Eve k ry t0 Monday, at twelve o’clock, is appointed for the 
 reception of patients (sudden accidents^ excepted), each 
 bringing a certificate signed by three subscribers. 
 
 WESTMORLAND LOCK HOSPITAL, TOVVNSEND-STREET, 
 
 For the indiscriminate admission of all indigent persons 
 -ffli&ed with the venereal disease; opened the 20th 
 Nofembel 1792. The hospital generally contains between 
 Jio and three hundred patients, who are regularly attended 
 
 b ' , fiS“.h"tn“'£’ton lately added to this hoapital, 
 for the relief of ruptured poor; the two senior^ surgeons 
 attend every Wednesday and Saturday at eleven o clock, to 
 
 *«<* p~' * ! may ,h “ " d 
 
 there apply. 
 
 OUZEL. GALLEY. 
 
 As this society, though formed upon a different patriotic 
 
 *£-EJi. ?^.ir.r y Th: 
 
 plan. - * p e , ' . • « 
 
 introduced under the list of charitable 
 design of this resp«£table foundation, is to 
 
 institutions. 
 
 determine 
 
 com- 
 
Book I ] Geo. — Population of Ireland. 137 
 
 mercial differences bv arbitration, superseding the necessity 
 of going 10 law, or litigating matters that are'of little moment. 
 This useful society applies the costs, that are decreed against 
 the parties, to charitable purposes. 
 
 RaTHFARNHAM SICK POOR DISPENSARY; 
 
 Established the 25th of March, 180), for the relief of the 
 sick in the neighbourhood of Eathfarnham Subscribers of 
 one guinea per annum have a right of keeping one patient 
 on the booky- and, for every guinea, they have a like privi- 
 lege. Any- labourer, losing his work by sickness, has not 
 only medical rtirc-f, but. is likewise- allowed three shillings per- 
 week during his illness or incapacity for work; and they have- 
 proper medicines and advice gratis. 
 
 There, is another charitable institution, supported with 
 great spirit bv the gentlemen of this neighbourhood, which is 
 that, of distributing provisions, viz. wheat-meal, oatmeal, 
 
 herrings, &c. to the poor,, considerably under the. market: 
 
 price. 
 
 CONFINED DEBTORS. 
 
 - Powell, Esq. has vested ,£800 in the Lord Mavor 
 
 and Aldermens’, hands, from the interest of which ,a benefac- 
 tion of a twel.vepenny loaf, a piece of beef, fuel, and Is. Id, 
 in cash, are given on Christmas-eve to each confined debtor. . 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Q. Give, an historic view of the population of Ireland ?— A* 
 From the invasion of the Danes, between the eighth and ninth 
 centuries ’till within the last 30 years, population has never 
 had fair play in Ireland, and at all times even antecedent to 
 the former event, owing,*© the partition of the island among 
 petty Kings, whose, opposing- interests or quarrelsome dispo- 
 s.tions led them to perpetual warfare, it must have happened 
 that population suffered both diredly and indirectly: but on. 
 these occasions the indirect loss arising from insecurity . of per- 
 sons and property, the prospea of frequent and sudden 
 incursions,. &c. did properly far exceed that sustained - direaiy 
 in the field of battle, as it is well ascertained that the greatest 
 direa loss of men will readily be supplied where other circum- 
 stances are favourable to an increase of people. - The subse- 
 quent invasion of the country by English adventurers only 
 aggravates! the evils arising from these perpetual fends, which, , 
 had England been able to effea a complete subnotion of 
 the island, might thereby -have been effeaually remedied, Tfce 
 
138 Geo. — Population of Ireland. [Book I, 
 
 English Barons assuming the privileges of Irish Princes, as 
 such, carried on their wars, not only against their Irish neigh- 
 bours, but too often against each other, and against the inha- 
 bitants of the English pale. The invasion of an enemy had 
 not the effect of uniting the Irish among themselves, so that 
 the evils of internal warfare, and all its consequences, were 
 daily aggravated. Under such circumstances it was impos- 
 sible that population should advance : it suffered most seriously, 
 nor fromjthe erroneous policy adopted towards the Irish, were 
 they to be kept in subje&ion, or prevented from constant 
 attacks upon the English settlements, until by the devastations 
 of war and famine combined, they were, towards the end of 
 Queen Elizabeth’s reign, after a most miserable diminution 
 o t their numbers, unable to make any further resistance. 
 After the death of that Princess, whose management of Ireland 
 will little redound to her political wisdom, a system of govern- 
 ment was adopted by James, which, if embraced earlier, might 
 have subdued the country without destroying its population, 
 and would at the same time have subdued the hearts of the 
 natives, and thereby made the conquest truly secure. James 
 extended the benefit of the English law to the Irish, a boon 
 they had often previously begged for, but which had been 
 uniformly refused them through the interest of the Anglo-Irish 
 Barons, whose influence and power would thereby have been 
 effe&ually destroyed. Sir J. Davys bears ample testimony 
 of the effe&s of this concession to the Irish, and from thence 
 we may judge what its probable operation must have. been,, 
 had it been earlier granted to them. Dark clouds, however, 
 soon obscured the prospeft of that happiness which had 
 dawned upon the country, and the revolution that followed 
 in the succeeding reign quickly swept away the greater part 
 of that population, which had accumulated in the time of 
 peace. Sir William Petty calculates that in the rebellion 
 between the 23d of O&ober 1641 and 1652 there perished 
 616,000 English and Irish by the sword, plague, famine, 
 hardship and banishment ; he further states, that between !65i 
 and 1654, 3 *,000 men transported themselves into foreign 
 service, in which they a&ed subservient to Charles the 2d’s 
 wishes » r political interest, and by their means alone was he 
 enabled to command rtspeef abroad, and support the ap- 
 pearance of royalty. S? great was the ioss to Ireland at this 
 time in men. cattle, sto< k, and houses that Sir William esti- 
 n 4 ;es the entire at ^ 872255,000. Sir William Temple who 
 
Book I.] Geo. — Population of Ireland. 139 
 
 wrote on the trade of Ireland in 1673, observes that “ the 
 true and natural ground of trade and riches being the number 
 of people, in proportion to the compass of ground they inhabit, 
 the want of trade in Ireland proceeds from the want of people 
 and this from the wars and rebellions under the preceding 
 reigns, and the frequent settlements. So that, had it not been 
 for the numbers of British which the necessity of the late wars 
 at first drew over, and of such, who, either as adventurers or 
 soldiers, seated themselves here on account of the satisfa&ion 
 made to them in land, the country had by the last war and 
 plague been left in a manner desolate ” How immense must 
 have been the depopulation : How desolate the whole face of 
 the country, to have brought such observations from these 
 writers. The entire population at this period (1672) Sir 
 William Petty states to have been 1,100,000— after this fol- 
 lowed^ an interval of some rest, during which population, 
 tnough little favoured by other circumstances, appears to have 
 made considerable advances, when the madness and folly of 
 James the 2d again gave it a serious check. « Forty years 
 says Swift, are now passed since the revolution, when the 
 contention of the British empire was most unfortunately for us 
 and-altogether against the usual course of such mighty changes 
 in government, decided in the least important nation but 
 with such ravages and ruin executed on both sides, as to ’leave 
 the kingdom desert, which in some sort it still continues 
 Neither did the long rebellion in 1641, make half such a 
 destruction of houses, plantations and personal wealth 
 both kingdoms, as two years campaign did in ours by fighting* 
 England’s battles.” s 
 
 During the whole of this period we have seen that agriculture 
 
 had made little or no progress; Potatoes alone were uninter- 
 ruptedly propagated through Jreland : there was no impedi- 
 ments to their cultivation, and the abundance of this food at 
 such a time was probably the cause, why under these adverse 
 circumstances its population did at all increase. The revo- 
 lution in 1638 did not so much injure the population of 
 Ireland, by any direct loss sustained in accomplishing it as by 
 the immense emigrations if gave rise to : Thousands went into 
 foreign service, and the Abbe M‘Geoghegan states that 
 between 1691 and 746, there perished in the service of 
 France 4 SO,: 00 Iris htnen. This statement is probably exa«- 
 gerated : it however, receives considerable weight from the 
 testimony of frim&ie Bouher, as these emigrations were not 
 
] 40 Geo. — Population of Ireland. [Book II 
 
 only permitted, but secretly encouraged by the British govern- 
 ment, French officers being under hand allowed to recruit in 
 Ireland, nor was this permission withdrawn until the battle 
 of Fountenoy fully proved the value of the Irish soldier. 
 Newenham calculates, that S00, 000 at least emigrated in 50 
 years of the last century, besides those who went to England, 
 America, West Indies, &c* and in the years 1771 — 2, 3, 
 the average annual ..emigration from the North was 9533, and 
 these continued uninterruptedly to the present day. During 
 the early part o i the last century, the Irish were excluded from 
 the English military and naval service, and it was even with 
 the greatest caution that the Irish Protestant was admitted; 
 hence as these was not sufficient employment for them at 
 home, they were necessarily compelled to look abroad for 
 that which their own country could not afford them. Still 
 however, there was such an attachment between an Irishman 
 and his native soil, that these voluntary emigrations were 
 principally confined to the Presbyterians of the North since 
 the commencement of the. last century. The restridlions 
 awnst Popery ^.established under Queen Anne, and two fol- 
 lowing reigns," went most effectually to prevent the acquisition ; 
 or accumulation of wealth among its professors, yet as they 
 could not deprive them of that abundance of food furnished 
 by the.potatoe, they did not altogether hinder the increase of 
 population, which advanced slowly to tn&. year 1 779, about, 
 which time the Catholics were allowed to take long leases, 
 and the tillage of. the country, was encouraged by most judicious 
 and beneficial bounties on inland carriage. Since that period 
 agriculture and population have advanced llnd in hand 
 together, and have mutually co-operated, the one to the 
 promotion of the other, as .he latter compels to industry, and- 
 the former furnishes the most irresistible temptation to the 
 increase of population, in the prospect of employment for 
 every hand that can be brought into action ; so at present 
 they require but tht removal of a few other impediments to 
 secure the highest perfedlion in the, one, and the greatest 
 magnitude in -the other The population off Ireland in 1 595 
 
 was I,0' 4yl02, in 1 T 88- under all the disadvantages of that 
 interval it had nearly quadrupled* being then 3,9 00,()00~in 
 1804* it was 5,395, 56, and is now at least about 5| millions,,, 
 though' the country, since 1792, has been largely drawn on for 
 so'diers and sailors, who to the- amount of some hundreds off 
 thousands, have per isbed iii.the service of their country, bit 
 
Book I.] Geo. — Population of Ireland. 141 
 
 William Petty states, that in 1672, when the population of 
 Ireland was but 1,100,000, England and Wales contained 
 six millions of inhabitants. The population of the former is 
 now at least millions, of the latter at the utmost 10: and 
 thus it appears, that in the space of 135 years, the population 
 of England has increased little more than one half \ while th3t 
 Of Ireland has, under all the disadvantages of a civil war, of 
 penal restrictions, of a rehellion , and of uninterrupted emigra- 
 tions, been quintupled \ an increase ten times as great. This 
 vast superiority in the proportionate increase of population in 
 Ireland above England is owing to causes which a little reflec- 
 tion may make obvious, and which as similar causes must 
 produce similar efFe&s, will by their continued operation, 
 unless interrupted by unforeseen events, tend to make that 
 disproportion every day still greater. The principal of these 
 are truly stated by Young to be, 1st. There being no poor 
 laws; 2d, their habitations; 3d, the generality of marriage; 
 4th, children not being burdensome; 5th, potatoes being their 
 food. Our advantages in all these respe&s are most decisive. 
 Sir William Petty in speaking of the Irish peasantry observes 
 in his usual concise and pointed way : u they live in such 
 cottages as they themselves can make in three or four days, 
 eat such food as they buy not from others, and wear such 
 clothes as the wool of their own yarn, spun by themselves* 
 doth make ;” at that time he calculated the whole annual 
 expence of a family so composed to be about £2 !2s. and 
 at the period of Young’s tour, they exactly agreed in this 
 description, for he speaks in the same terms of their cabins, 
 which too generally are still the most miserable hovels that 
 can well be conceived : these they will ere6t with two or 
 three days labour, and “ the young couple pass not their 
 f youth in celibacy, for want of a nest to produce their young 
 in whereas in England, a couple will not marry unless 
 they can get a house, which, at the time he wrote, took 
 from 25 to £60. As to food and clothing the Irishman 
 and his wife are much more solicitous to feed than to clothe 
 either themselves or their children : and most fortunately for 
 them, their food is of that speeies which is produced in the 
 greatest quantity by the smallest space of lard. These cir- 
 cumstances, together with the absence of poor rates and other 
 heavy taxes, have given Ireland a superiority in point of 
 progressive population, which she must ever preserve so long 
 as they remain essentially unaltered. 
 
142 Geo. — Population of Ireland. [Book I. 
 
 As it is obvious, then, that Ireland is possessed of a. 
 very considerable population, and an improved, though still 
 very defective state of agiiculture, as the former must increase 
 every dav, while the latter can by no means arrive at any 
 reasonable degree of perfection, without the removal or 
 certain disabilities under which it has long laboured, as Ireland 
 is possessed of no trade; when we compare what she has, 
 with what it ought or might be in proportion to her popula- 
 tion and her agriculture, and as the only branch of trade she 
 may be said to possess is confined to* one province, it is out 
 of the question that her present agriculture and- manufactures, 
 can furnish employment to her redundant population, and its 
 future probable increase? We will not now, as in ages past, 
 wfish for the transplantation of our people, we cannot trans- 
 port their redundancies to our colonies, and vvill not permit 
 them to be embattled in the ranks of our* enemies: no, it is 
 now admitted, and seems at length to be understood in Ireland, 
 that the “ decay of population is the greatest evil a state 
 can suffer, dnd the encouragement of it, one of the first 
 objects of policy It is now felt, that the greater our popu- 
 lation, the more may England be advantaged; the greater 
 our physical strength, the more w ill England be d leaded,. if 
 that physical strength be conciliated . The great and growing 
 exigencies of the British army and navy call for a redundant 
 population somewhere , and the crops of England, so unequal 
 to the maintenance of her people, loudly demand every pos- 
 sible encouragement to the pursuits of agriculture. And as 
 Ireland neither has nor probably will have sufficient manufac- 
 ture to employ her redundant population, and as the whole 
 of this redundancy cannot be drawn into the service of our 
 armv and navv, she can have no other or betier substitute 
 than tillage, the promotion of which will give^ employment 
 
 to her present population, will multiply it an burnt red iQlci, 
 
 will supply the deficiencies of England, and banish poverty 
 and disaffection from our shores. Swift’s . observations still 
 apply with too much truth to Ireland : “ the cultivating and 
 improvement of land, says he, is certainly a s^bje wort >y 
 of the highest inquiry in ary country, but especially in ours, 
 where \ve are so strangely United in every branch of trade, 
 that can be of advantage to us, and utterly deprived of those 
 which are of the greatest importance, whereof I defy /the 
 most learned man in Europe to produce me an example mom 
 any other kingdom in the world, for we are denied. the benefits. 
 
Book I.] Geography of Inland — History. 14 J 
 
 whidi God and nature intended us. So that I think little is 
 sefi us besides tire cultivating our own soil, encouraging agri . 
 culture., and matting great plantations of trees , that we might 
 not os under the necessity of sending for corn and baric ' to 
 England, and timber to other countries. This would 
 ent'ease the number or our inhabitants, and help to consume 
 Our national prod u£is as well as manufactures at home.” Of 
 course every discouragement to agriculture, which it is ' in the 
 power o\ the legislature to remove, should be quickly done 
 away, for there are several of these with which no legislature 
 can interfere. No government can compel the landlord to 
 set his land at reasonable rates, and on leases of sufficient 
 duration ; no government can compel absentees to reside and 
 take the super intendance of their own estates; no government 
 can raise the price of labour, which must be left”to find its 
 
 own level : all these must beat the option of individuals, who 
 cannot always see their own interests in the best or clearest 
 k gh | t Bm ,s there no assistance that the stare can afford the 
 husbandman ? Are tithes no impediment to his spirited exer- 
 tions r This question naturally leads us to consider the 
 operation of tithe on agriculture and population. 
 
 LECTURE XL 
 
 On the ancient History of Ireland. 
 
 Q. Give a compendious History ?— A. Ireland had formerly 
 several names; it was known bv the Latins by. that of Hibernia, 
 oy some it was called Insula Sacra (as be ‘ore mentioned 
 page 10) the Holy Island, from the happy temperature of the 
 Climate in admitting no venemous creature to breathe in it 
 It. was called by others Inn.sfail, or the island of destinv ; 
 from a fatal stone, according to the historians, brought into 
 the kingdom by the colony of the Tuath de Da nans. It 
 woulu be incongruous with the plan of the work, and even of 
 In tie or no use to insert further on this head; or even to 
 insert a list of all the names whereby this island is mentioned 
 in anaent writers. Let it suffice, that after the propagation 
 o nnstianity, Ireland got the name of Insula Sanctorum, 
 the Island of ‘Saints, from the great number of religious men 
 which it produced in the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, and the 
 many missionaries who went out of it to propagate the Chris- 
 
144 Geography of Ireland — History . [Book I. 
 
 tian faith in other parts of the world; and some call it the 
 Western Isle, by wav of eminence. The Irish poets usually 
 denominated it from several of their renowned kings, as 
 Tuathalii Domus the habitation of Tuathal; Fedhmii Fundu , 
 the land of Felim ; Plaga, Cobthaca, the country of Cobtha.c 
 Hutronis Arvum, the fields of Hugh; Arthuri Reg'®’ d ’ e 
 the kingdom of Arthur; Cormaci fneatrum, the I heatre of 
 
 ^The'very early acquaintance with letters, which the ancient 
 Ii i’ii are on all hands allowed to have had seems, to evince their 
 original to have been from the east, and the ...any remains of 
 antiquity discovered there by the curiops, the like to be found 
 in no other part of the world, but Palestine alone may well 
 support a conjecture, that from thence they had the* origin. 
 
 To form any thing of probability concerning the time of 
 .hJmiSonT.^p.,; of the kbbi.h of fat* bo 
 
 thrown^ aside- that certain Scythians, soon after the flood 
 -.-rived here and found it inhabited by Giant’s; that Goadhel 
 ™ :1 S»»r<!.«b.e, of Pharoab, king of Egypt, , 
 here and that her son gave name to the people, and the 
 mother to the island; of the conference and league of mutual 
 assistance, between Nial, the fa tier of Goadhel, .and ^ m 
 Israelites, at the time of their departure from Egypt, which 
 last though plainly fabulous, seems to lead us to what is 
 more to °be relied on, /. e. that others of the inhabitants of 
 Palestine as well as Jacob and his family, quilted the,r homes 
 on account of the famine, which compelled them to rem J v ® 
 mtoE-vpt; and it is very natural to suppose, that the chie 
 of fb" conferred together, 
 
 different router in that extreme exigency. Though this De 
 t llo'n certainty, ,et adntitting an early k»o» 'edge =| 
 them, and those 
 
 SSSS K'— .1 fori, »nE ibc -i- 
 
 of their first setting out, wholly uncertain; but this being 
 supposed it happened in the year of the world 2296. 
 
 ? r P he Gaodho^ns, so called from their leader, being neces- 
 sitated to quit their native country; we find -them ( ^ “ 
 Crete, next' in Scythia, then in Gothland and from thence m 
 Spain, from whence they passed into Ireland, under 
 ronduft of of Milksius, Anno Mundi, 273/. . 
 
 The most remarkable of their leaders during 
 wasNl AL, under whom the migration began, Gadelius, 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland — History. 145 
 
 Niwl, who succeeded him; Sru, by whom they were con- 
 ducted into Crete; Heber Scot, son of Sau, by whom 
 they were led into Scythia ; Aednon Heber under whom 
 they arrived in Gothland ; Bratha, the tenth in descent from 
 Heber, led them from Gothland into Spain ; Milesius, 
 great grandson of Bratha, conducted them into Ireland , 
 from whom and his descendants to this day, the old and 
 herter sort of gentry in Ireland choose to be stiled Mile- 
 sians, 
 
 The most remarkable princes of the race of Milesius, to 
 the coming of St. Patrick, or the first period of Irish 
 History , were, Heber, Heremon, Ir, sons of MilesiuSy 
 they divided the whole island between them; to Heber 
 Munster ; to Heremon, Leinster and Connaught ; and to Ir 
 Ulster. But Ir soon dying, this amicable partition between 
 tlie two remaining brothers lasted but oneyear ; and Heremon 
 having killed his elder brother Heber, reigned sole monarch 
 of Ireland 14 years; he is said to have sent a colony into 
 South Britain, who from the name of their chief, Breogan 
 was called Bregants. Tighermas, the 7th in descent 
 from Heremon, directed that the Irish should be distin- 
 guished in their dress, from the slaves to the nobility ; he was 
 the first who ere&ed altars to false Gods, for which he and 
 many of his subjects were struck dead, (A. M. 2816) in the 
 aCt of worshipping an idol; if so, the ancient Irish must 
 have been worshippers of the same God with the Israelites 
 until this time. 
 
 Ollham Fodhla, the 20th in vsuccession, a wise, learned, 
 and brave prince; he instituted the grand assembly of the 
 chiefs at Tara, where many laws were enaCted for the 
 well governing of the state; he wrote a history of the voyages, 
 travels, and wars of his ancestors ; he reigned 30 years, and 
 died in peace. 
 
 Seadna IL The 26th in succession from Heremon, but 
 of the line of Heber, was the first who settled a certain pay for 
 the soldiery, and ordained laws by which the army was 
 governed for many ages. 
 
 Eadhna II. The 40th in succession, in his reign money 
 was first coined in Ireland. 
 
 Medebha, a queen, is said to have reigned 78 years in 
 Connaught, and was at last killed by Connor, king of Ulster. 
 
 Tuathal I. And 98 th in succession; he ordained that all 
 the inhabitants should bring their children when of age tv 
 
 _ O 
 
146 Geography of Ireland.— History. [Book I. 
 
 Taltain in Ulster, and their treat about there mam|es ; and 
 for every of which marriage heexa&ed an ounc 
 
 'Corm d r ac. The 106th in succession, s aid 'o ha ^ bee 
 Christian, and to have suffered martyrdom, (A. U, 
 
 J 'n “n S, invaded Bri.ain ala. 
 
 Armorica in Gaul, from whence he returned wrth great boo , 
 among which were 200 children of the nobl«t blood, a Qf 
 
 of whom was St. Patrick, (when 3 yotm (, y 
 
 a-e) and hb two sisters. This monarch was distinguished by 
 
 the name of ^f-^^ccession, also carried his arms 
 
 Jaina •, .her ***** .« 
 
 troops to Gaul, where he commit e gre g ’ 
 
 billed hv lightning at the foot ot the Alps. 
 
 of some convened “ »S “ ^con. 
 
 °(so“ Soo. ’and 3000 I’rnbyier, , establishing 
 secrated 360 Bishops, ana u j was lbe fi rst 
 
 the Metropolitan See at ' ■ d ur ; ng the second 
 
 ntzt srSyJ'on » a,.* 
 
 5* Se»t.ish "a t>n. rchy • » £ 
 
 «Hch the 
 
 crowned, that he tcodanduntUEdward I. King of England, 
 
 stone remained in Scotland unt remains to 
 
 caused i, ,o be ns.no.ed efurir, wherein 
 
 T K(ni“«f 'sigTand receive .he crown; concerning .h». 
 * stone the following prophecy is held : 
 
 Ni fallat fatum, Scoti quicunq, loca, !i™’ 
 
 Invenient lapidem, regnare tenenter ibidem. 
 
 Or fate’s belied, or where this stone is found, . 
 
 A Prince of Scottish race shall there be crowned, 
 
Book I.] Geography of Ireland — History. 1 47 
 
 Hugh II. In this reign was held an assembly of the 
 pnnces, nobles and clergy, in a parliamentary, way at 
 .Dromcear, where the banishment of the poets was enacted 
 ut by the advice of St Colum, they were reinstated, not 
 suppressed, Jn this reign also, the Saxons being invited by 
 e Britains to assist them against the Pi£ts and Scots, 
 made an entire conquest of South Britain. 
 
 Fionnachta Ii. In this reign, ^gfrid King of Nor- 
 uumberiand invaded Ireland , but without success. 
 
 Co ntg a ll II. This prince persecuted the clergy, secular 
 
 a ? ar> ! n a most crue ^ manner , having burned the clergy 
 ot Kildare without mercy. 
 
 Hugh VI. Surnamed Dorndighe. In this monarch’s 
 ^ rst invaded Ireland \ they landed in the west 
 ©r IViunster, plundering the inhabitants and setting the 
 country on fire, but were bravely repulsed by the Irish, , and 
 with great loss obliged to retire to their ships. 
 
 In six years after they returned, and though they had many 
 defeats, yet receiving continual supplies of ships and men, and 
 at length Turgesius King of Norway (a brave but cruel 
 prince) arriving, they reduced the Irish to the lowest extreme, 
 which advantages they obtained chiefly through the dissensions 
 © e Irish $ Hugh) being less attentive to oppose than to 
 prosecute some resentment he had taken against the people of 
 Leinster, and by whom he was slain in battle. 
 
 on nor II. This prince gained several vi Tories over the 
 JL/anes, and obliged them to return from Leinster to Ulster, 
 but not being wholly able to redress the misseries of his country, 
 is thought to have died of grief. 
 
 MoAxsEACHiULN, King of Meath, engaged the Danes- 
 
 Wh r5 re he kiiied their Saxolb; in 
 
 another Rattle tire Earl of Tom a a, heir to the orown of 
 
 k !! ltd > 3nd h * s , forces being put to flight, many 
 P e kingdom rose against them with success, but they 
 
 aad n took1t nUaU> SUpplied from Denmark, laid siege to Dublitr 
 
 „,„ Tufi ! Ges ‘ u . s ’, tlle Dane » se 'zed °n the throne and reigned 
 e a nd ^ years ’ but was at ku gth taken prisoner, 
 s ie o (Beers put to the sword by the contrivance of 
 
 Moalseachluin* r 
 
 I* u/j ANK * the reign of this monarch, union being estab- 
 hshed ^mongst the princes of Ireland, the Danes became 
 apprehensjve thereof, and departed the kingdom. In a few- 
 0 2 
 
148 Geography, of Ireland— -History. [Book I* 
 
 Kino of Munster 
 
 years they returned and 
 
 prisoner through ^ eac ] er y ’ * ) ,l bv was re ; tom) , an d the 
 captains, Ssagda and Casau, n h 4.OOO 
 
 Danes again defeated by stratagem at Ko^crca, 
 
 of them were of Ireland, laid siege to 
 
 soldiers. 
 
 Danes; and by his vigilance and courage, preserved 
 
 and having done great ^Jerc thcri Seated, and Humphry 
 coast and set to Cork, but they were mere ^^^ ^ ^ 
 
 their Commander killed. They g Te; nster hut were 
 
 instigation of Maolmoedh a, king of Teinster, ^ 
 
 were killed on the held or * Q . lived not to enjoy 
 
 ** — ■ *• 
 
 same day in his tent. Brian, restored 
 
 .SEEK S." ,he D "" tad 
 
 *•<* «* ° f 
 
 ao-wv- *• - h.s reign, ’ * 5, of 
 
 England, sent mlnm the Mtdmg of West- 
 
 JC-Hjildiiu, — - 
 
 Ireland, as would be 
 
 minster- hall, which was granted. remarfca ble for 
 
 Mostough III. This Pnncesrejn ^ A D 
 
 a council held at Ceanaunus, Panaro, and Christian 
 
 J m, in Which presided Cardinal J°^/K s L«gatcs.^In 
 
 Sf co n un°dl fAh^nc^ j£*| 1 to a ^ numb^, 
 
 two before, /. e.j Mm AGH an A s . occurred the greatest 
 
 STiStSf 25-- *-•* kith "“ • KU,,w -~ 
 
Book T] Geography of Ireland — History. 149 
 
 Henry II. had long meditated a descent ion Ireland ; 
 it was supposed lie was provoked at the Irish Princes 
 for giving assistance . to France, with whom he was 
 then at war. — It was ’affirmed by his flatterers, that the 
 Irish possessed themselves of these countries by permission of 
 Gurguntius, a British king, and that as descendants of the 
 Britain?, they cere the natural and rightful subjects of the 
 English ; it was also suggested, that the renowned king Arthur, 
 Egfred the Northumbrian Prince, and Edgar one of the Saxon - 
 kings 0<r England, had all. led their armies into Ireland, and 
 there made valuable acquisitions, which their successors were 
 in honor bound to recover and maintain. The kino took 
 a more cffia.ial method of insuring his reputation, be applied 
 to Arriun I V, who, then filled St. Peter’s chair, represented 
 that the inhabitants of Ireland were sunk into the most wretched 
 state of corruption, both with regard to morals and religion; 
 that Henry, zealous for the honor and enlargement of God’s 
 kingdom, had conceived the pious design of ere£fin°- it in . 
 this unhappy country ; was ready ro devote himself and all 
 his power to this meritorious employ; implored the benedic- 
 tion of the Pontiff, and requested his permission and authority 
 to enter lreiand to reduce the disobedient and corrupt, to 
 eradicate all sin and wickedness, to instruct the ignorant and 
 to' spread the blessed influence of the Gospel in all its purity 
 and perfection : promising at the same time to pay a vearlv 
 tribute to St. Peter from the land thus to be reduced to his 
 obedience, and to the Holy See— The Pope rejoiced at this 
 application which tended so much to- the glory of God and 
 his own power. A Bull was therefore immediately formed 
 conformable to the most sanguine wishes of Henry, which 
 was sent to England without delay ; but being then" engaged 
 in war with France, he deferred his purpose; however an 
 occasion presented of itself to further his design; Dermot 
 Mac Murrough, king of Leinster, one of the most oppressive 
 tyrants Inland ever knew, invaded', the territories of all his 
 neighbours, and earned off the wife of O’Rourke, king of 
 Meath— Fired at this indignity, the injured Prince formed 
 an alliance with Roderick, king of Connaught, to espouse 
 his quarrel, who marched, some forces into Leister 
 Dermot finding mmself invaded, and that h!< subjedN " 
 no war inclined to assist him in so bad a cause, was obliged 
 to quit the island, and fly to the king of EugLnd, then in 
 France, and promised to own him as Sovereign, if be would 
 
1 50 Geography of Ireland— ‘History. [Book I. 
 
 restore him to his dominions. — Nothing could be more 
 agreeable to Henry’s design, but he was not then in a con- 
 dition to assist him ; he however tecommended the affair' to 
 his- Barons, particularly to Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke; 
 Robert Fitzs*ephen and Maurice Fitzgerald. Strongbow was 
 a man of unbounded ambition, and had large possessions in 
 Wale«, where his tenants were numerous, and the situation of 
 his estate very convenient for passing over to Ireland. Strong- 
 bow therefore readily undertook to assist Dermot in the 
 recovery of his country, on condition that the latter should 
 give him his daughter in marriage, ^nd leave him heir to 
 , his dominions. — It was also agreed that Dermot should cede 
 for ever to Fitzstephens and Fitzgerald the town of Wex- 
 ford, with the two hundreds adjoining. — The treaty being 
 finished, the adventurers landed in Ireland at the head of a 
 small body of forces, and soon reduced the town of Wexford, 
 and die city of Dublin afterwards surrendered upon capi- 
 tulation, by which it was agreed that the city should con- 
 tinue in the possession of Hasculf, the Danish Prince, to 
 Jwhich it belonged.— Dissensions, envy and avarice prevailed 
 among the Chiefs of Ireland, and Ireland fell a prey to the 
 $ftgfish. —Strongbow took the city of Waterford, drove the 
 Danish Prince from Dublin, and completed his marriage 
 with Eva, the daughter of Dermot.— Alarmed at these unex- 
 pected conquests in Ireland, and the death of Dermot, 
 which ■ happened soon after, Henry resolved to visit that 
 island in person, accordingly he embarked his forces at 
 Pembroke in Wales, on board 400 transports, in the autumn 
 of the year 1171, and the next day landed in Ireland, about 
 Eve miles from Waterford. All the Irish Princes, except 
 the king, of Ulster, immediately repaired to Henry, and sub- 
 mitted to his government. 
 
 A few years after, Henry gave the title of Lord of Ireland 
 Vo his son John, who personally visited Ireland in H85* 
 attended by a company of Norman Knights.- — But John and 
 bis giddy courtiers made a very ill use of their power, and 
 by their imprudent behaviour incurred the hatred of the 
 people. 
 
 He was however soon Convinced of his folly, and after his 
 a accession ro the crown, endeavoured to make amends for 
 his former behaviour to the Irish. He enlarge d his father's plan* 
 and laboured to establish a scheme of policy in his govern- 
 ment Upon the footing in England. For this purpose 
 
 \t0 
 
Book I.} Geography of Ireland — History . 1 5 1 
 
 he ordered sterling money to be struck in Dublin, according to 
 the English standard;, he issued a proclamation to render that 
 money current in both kingdoms; he divided the island into 
 Counties, appointed Sheriffs, ordered a fair copy of the 
 English laws to be engrossed, and deposired in the Exchequer 
 of Dublin; he commanded the observance of the English 
 laws and customs, ereded courts of law on the sa ne plan, 
 and confined their proceedings to the same rules as rho>e in 
 England. 
 
 During the reign of Robert Bruce in Scotland, the Irish 
 (who were much prejudiced against the English customs, par- 
 ticularly during the unsettled reign of Henry III. which gave 
 them a very mean opinion of the English government) seemed 
 willing to transfer their allegiance from the English to the 
 Scottish crown; and Bruce sent his brother Edward, at the 
 head of a considerable army to assist them against the English, 
 Edward defeated the enemy in several engagements , 0 was 
 actually crowned King at Dundalk, but ' miscarried in his 
 attempt upon Dublin, and was afterwards defeated and slain in 
 battle by Bermingham, the English governor (then of Dublin.) 
 After this decisive adion the Irish submitted, and Edward il. 
 in order to gain their confidence* governed them with great 
 moderation, and passed several ads for the benefit of Ireland. 
 
 The same condud was pursued with success by several of 
 the succeeding Kings of England ; and many attempts were 
 made to reduce the inhabitants to an entire conformity with 
 the laws of England, bur without success Henry ViiL 
 persuaded that the title of King would have more powerful 
 effed on the Irish, than that of Lord, passed an ad of par. 
 liament, by virtue of which Ireland was ereded into a 
 kingdom. He was not deceived * the Irish who had so long 
 refused to acknowledge the authority to a Lord, very readily 
 paid a perfed submission to a King. Kuen G'NtiI y who 
 assumed to be successor to the last paramount King of Ireland, 
 swore allegiance to Henry, who created him Earl of Tyrone! 
 
 Until the reign of Henry VIII. the English were pos- 
 sessed of but a very small share of Ireland, distingujshed by 
 the name of the Pale y containing the counties of Dublin 
 Louth, Kildare, and Meath. 
 
 King James. II. having abdicated the Throne of Eng- 
 land, his son-in-law, William Prince of Orange, and his 
 daughter Mary, were declared King and Queen of England, 
 and consequently of Ireland , and all the other dominions 
 dependant on the crown of England* 
 
r 
 
 152 . Geography of Tr eland.- — Tslands. [Book I. 
 
 James retired to France, and was by the assistance of the 
 Kiw' of that nation enabled to make an atsempt on Ireland, 
 wii^re he wasjoined by many of the natives; but having ventured 
 some battles with little or no success, he deserted his party 
 and went again to France, by which the estates of almost ail 
 the Irisn chiefs beca tie forfeited to the crown; and had the 
 government disposed of all the lands which tell into their 
 hands, the vreater part of 1, eland must have been peopled 
 with British subjeds, but it was thought more prudent to 
 endeavour to conciliate the minds of the conquered, than 
 drive them to despair; it was also thought proper to preserve 
 a proper balance of interest between the Catholics and Pro- 
 testants of Ireland , and accordingly after the friends to the 
 reformation were sufficiently gratified out of the forfeited 
 estates the adherents to ‘King lames, ©n a proper submission, 
 were pardoned, and suffered to enjoy their fortunes and the pro- 
 region of the British government.— Since that period the 
 Kings of England have been acknowledged as Kings of 
 Ireland, which had a parliament of its own, and a Cord- 
 Lieutenant who represents the King — bmee the acf of Union, 
 which took place on the 1st of January, 1801, the govern- 
 ment is the same as that of England— Ireland is represented 
 in the British House of Lords by 34 Peers and m the House 
 of Commons by iOO Members; the British House of Com- 
 mons, including Scotch representatives, consists of 058 Mem- 
 
 C A complete History of Inland could not be expeded in a 
 work of this nature; the following works are recommended 
 to the study of the pupil. — O’ Conner, M'CutUn, O Flaherty, 
 O' Halloran, Leland, Warner, Keating , ^gygta Ledwuh, 
 Gordon, Plonmien, and the laborious and erudite Kallancty. 
 
 Q Wh chare the Irish hits ? — A. They are as follow : 
 Lambar, an Island to the N. E. of the coast of Buol.n, about 
 12 miles from the metropolis, from which parties oi pleasure 
 go in summer, lat. 53.30 N. Ion. 6. 13 W 
 S Ireland's Eye , a small Island on the coast of the county 
 Dublin * one mile N. of H'owth* 
 
 The Feihaid and the Salta.— Three Idands on tfre coast 
 of Wexford, about a league from the shore, lat. 5-. 10 N. 
 
 ^CapfcZl, in the county of Cork, in the Island of Clare, 
 deemed the most southern land in Ireland; it is a parish m 
 itself, containing ’ 4 plow lands.-— An Island, also, called Cape 
 
Book J.J Geography of Ireland — Islands. 153 
 
 Clare Island, lies at a small distance from Baltimore Haven, 
 in which there is a lough, the waters of which having a 
 detersive and saponaceous quality, the inhabitants, who are 
 very poor, apply them to the washing and cleansing their 
 iiax, of which they raise a considerable: quantity for so small 
 a place. A little to the E. of the Castie is a Core, called 
 Tra Kjeran, or St. Kieran’s Strand ; in the S. Cove there 
 are from 7 fathoms to 18 feet water. — Many of the rocks of 
 this Island are composed of an excellent white free-stone, 
 resembling Portland stone ; they have also a black kind 
 proper for hearths and flags, which they carry by sea to Ccri 9 
 50 miles S. W. of Kinsale . Ion. 9.24 W. lat 51.19 N* 
 
 Dinish Island , situate in the county of Kerry, in the river 
 Kenmare. 
 
 Hog Island in Bantry Bay, county of Cork; upon thi* 
 and the neighbouring Islands there is rich pasture in the 
 spring. 
 
 Skellig Islands , situated off the coast of the County of 
 Kerry ; there are three of them, the largest is called the great, 
 and the smallest the little Skellig; the former is three leagues 
 from the main, the others are but rocks of marble* it is 
 remarkable that the garnet never nestles any place on the 
 south coast of Ireland 9 button one of those Islands, lat 51.35 
 N, Ion. 10.30 VV. 
 
 Notes— There is a rock on the north coast of the kingdom 
 which has the same peculiarity. 
 
 - ^aleniia cr F’aletuine, an Island which forms a fine 
 harbour on the S. W. coast of Kerry ; it is about 5 miles 
 long, the sea running between it and the main like a river, 
 which is in most places about half a mile broad, and of a 
 sufficient depth for vessels to sail through at anv time of tide, 
 lat. 51.40 N. Ion. 10.30 W. * 
 
 4rran Islands , lie at the mouth of the noble Bay of Galway, 
 on the VV. coast of Ireland, which gave the title of EarJ to 
 the family of Butler, now extinft, and afterwards to that of 
 Gore, long. 10 W. lat. 53. N. they are called the S. Ides of 
 Arrsti, to distinguish them from another island of the 
 same name, called the N. Island, -situated on the coast of 
 Donegal in the province of Ulster, ion. 8.50 W. lat- 55 N. 
 
 The. largest of the S. Isles of Arran was called Arranmo re, 
 these islands are the Caugardi of Pioltmy.— ' Thev are re- 
 markable for a small kind of oats M’hhout anv hu^ks 
 for large caves, the chief is 7 miles hi it notn. 
 
154 Geography of Ireland — Islands. [Book I. 
 
 A number of small Islands encircle the coast which pro- 
 jects further into the Atlantic, such as Ganorena, Littermore, 
 Mulish, Incone, and further to the N. W. Dunioghan, Omey, 
 Crua, &c. Bo fin was famous in the days of monastic sanctity , 
 and has* retained its ancient appellation ; to the N. L. are 
 the Inisture, and another Clare at the mouth of Clewbay, at 
 the bottom of which is a numerous group of small inlands. 
 
 About the centre of Lough Corrio, in this county, is an 
 Island called Imighgile, about one mile -in, circumference, 
 and thickly inhabited. In the middle of *this .island there 
 is a very ancient church yard, and the ruins of an oid 
 dwelling-house, which oral tradition and many corroborating 
 circumstances represent, as the retired abode ©f the heads 
 of some monastic Older in ages past. The Island also con- 
 tains an old chapel, dedicated to the memory of St, Patrick. 
 The different arches and entrances into these buildings were 
 of the common Saxon order, and the stones of which they 
 are composed are all carved into human features, and are 
 ©f a red gritty substance, although there does not appear 
 in the neighbourhood a single vestige of any quarry of 
 that description — Such parts of these decayed edifices as 
 now remain, are supported by woodbine and ivy, which 
 entwine together, and forming a complete roof, present an 
 uncommon appearance. The head-stone of a grave in the 
 S, W. part of the island, having for some reason, recently 
 -attra&ed the attention of a military gentleman of much in- 
 formation and research, quartered near the spot, he was 
 induced to shew it to an intelligent soldier in the Tipperary 
 militia, well acquainted with the Irish language. The 
 soldier, whose name is James O’ Parrel, has ingeniously decy- 
 phered and translated the inscription upon it. It is written, 
 he says, in the hard Irish or Virgin Chara£Ws; and is, in 
 English, 44 Underneath this stone lie Goili, Ardan and 
 bionan.” , T hese three are supposed to have been brother*, 
 and the island, it is believed, was called after Goili, the 
 oldest of them, who was the chief oj the religious orfcer in 
 if, and esteemed for exemplary piety and devotion. There 
 L no mention of lusifhg lit in 44 bir James Ware's ant quities 
 of Ireland/' Nor do i remember tu have seen any notice 
 taken of it by Dr. Ledwich, or any 'other w riter upon the 
 subject. 
 
 Jo the North is Mill.— The largest of the Irish Islands 
 being about 10 miles long by 10 broad* it is separated 
 
Book I.] Geography „r Ireland— Tslands. 155 
 
 ch "" el > b “' “ 
 
 InnHvorty, h a small IsFe at the mnmh nf .l. k r 
 
 ^tfjsrsa: ri=r; - ~ 
 
 Donegal VUp m \\r ° 1 . rran ’ the coast of 
 
 sslSiliP.a 
 
 ‘ ■ ' • - •' .'■ / /•■. . : ' ; 
 
 Questions to be answered by the Pupil. 
 
 1st, Horn many Universities in Island?-— * A r- 
 
 isrZ£,zfftr m t 
 
 IVhu-h are rhe MW 
 
 7 Commercial Manufactures of Ireland ?- 9t ' Wha, *** 
 
 \’^F« *> S 
 
 «* 'there any Bogs^in ^Ireland f— Vith^'u” 
 
 *T ° f the B ° f ™y of Ireland ?- , Mh ^ hi j’ 
 that are peculiar to Ireland Liu V’ ' f ^mmals 
 Coins of Ireland ?—]6th C -> G,V ? a description 6 f ,j 
 Ireland ?-\lthlvh}- 7 ° ° f ,he R ^s of 
 
 Coasts of Ire la nd l t length of the 
 
 Ireland ?— \ 9t h Givlll « desaftton of the Canals of 
 
 of 'he City A> f Duhl^ description of the growth and inn sale 
 
 itv.’ -f V“" °9 °/ dm. • 
 
 %r m r “ f’ r ‘ m ,f,k S/.dZ'~ 
 
 * mff f si fh fr itlo, 
 
 mu!,.,. if/fif i an,,, 1801 P—23J 
 
156 Geo. of Inland - — Cities, Towns . [Book II. 
 
 A. Donegal or Tyrconnel, bounded by the sea on 
 the \ r . and the bay of Donegal, and Fermanagh county on 
 the S., those of Tyrone and Derry on the E. • it is a very 
 lan e and mountaineous coarse country, abounding with good 
 harbours; it gives title of Earl to the family of Chichester; 
 
 It contains 630,157 Irish plantation acres, 40 parishes and 5 
 baronie% 40,CH 0 inhabitants, and returns two members to 
 .parliament; it is 58 miles long, and 38 broad, the linen trade 
 carried on here is mostly 7-8th wide, from 9 to 12 hundred, 
 and averaged at about ^15000 sterling. 
 
 A. Ba i.lysh annon, a market and post town, 101 miles 
 from Dublin, having a good harbour E. of Donegal Bay; it 
 Has a bridge of H arche*. over a river which runs out of 
 Lough Erne, which river falls dawn a ridge of rocks about 
 [2 feer, and at low water forms a most beautiful and pic- 
 turesque; it is rendered singular by being one of the principal 
 Salmon Leap* in Ireland, long. 8*\ 30’. W. lat. 54.25 N. 
 
 A. Killybkgs, Fair Town 123 miles from Dublin on 
 she N. side of Donegal Bay, a place of no great tiade, but 
 / lias a harbour spacious enough to contain a large fleet. 
 
 A. Lifford, 102 miles from Dublin; it gives title of 
 Viscount to the family of Htwlt. 
 
 A. Letter Kenny, a post and fair town, 112 mile* from 
 Dublin, situated on the River Swilly. 
 
 A. Rathoe, a post and fair town ; it is also a Bishoprick, 
 distant from Dublin 107 miles. 
 
 A. R athmelton, a village situated on Lough Swilly; 
 it .is a post and fair town, distant I3!2miies from Dublin. 
 
 A. Buncranagh, inconsiderable village, a fair town. 
 
 B Derry or Londonderry, a city, 115 miles from 
 Dublin, situated on the River Foyle, near its mouth about 
 3 miles, S. of Lough Foyle, and 50 W. of Carrickfergus ; 
 it is remarkable for the long siege it sustained under the com^. 
 mand of Mr. Walker, a clergyman, against the forces of King 
 James II. in 1689; it is a city and county of itself, and was 
 built by the citizens of London in the reign of James I.; 
 it is the Bishops See, and governed by a Mayor, Aldermen, , 
 Recorder and Sheriffs, and returns two Members to Parli- , 
 ament ; it has a military governor who is commander of 
 Londonderry and Culmore Fort. The family of Pitt take 
 the title of Earl from this city ; the walls of the town are in 
 good repair, though built in 1614; here is a superb wooddea j 
 bridge, built by Cox, the Bostonian, it is 1068 feet long* jh 
 
 L—^LA^ nf trafer. 
 
Book II.} Geography of Ireland-— Cities and Towns, 157 
 
 Besides the siege before mentioned, Londonderry is remark- 
 able tor the noble defence it made at the revolution during 
 105 days, under the severest famine, against a numerous army. 
 Derry lies N N. W. of Dublin,- 160 miles longitude, 7° lo] 
 W. of Gr. latitude 55° M. 
 
 B. Coleraine, a post town, situated 114* miles from 
 Dublin ; it lies on the river Bann, 4 miles S. of the ocean, and 
 about 23 N. H. of Londonderry ; it returns one Member to 
 Parliament ; patron Marquis Waterford and the Jackson family, 
 and is noted for the great salmon fishery adjacent to it ; here is 
 a barrack for three companies of foot ; this town is of a 
 tolerable size, and very well built. The port is indifferent, 
 occasioned by the rapidity of the river, which makes the 
 coining up to the town difficult. 
 
 B. Newtown Limavady, a post town, 106 miles from 
 Dublin. 
 
 B. Magherafelt, a fair and post town, distant 88 miles 
 from Dublin. 
 
 B, Portglenone, 105 miles from Dublin; it is plea- 
 santly situated on the river Bann, over which there is a bridge 
 near the end of the town, which divides the counties of 
 Antrim and Londonderry; also a fair town. 
 
 C. Carrickfergus, a sea port in the county of Antrim, 
 83 miles from Dublin ; situated in a bay of its name in the 
 Irish Channel, where is an excellent harbour (as before de- 
 scribed) with a strong castle on a high rock, and an ancient 
 palace, now converted into a magazine for arms. It is a 
 market town, fortified, walled, and has some modern out 
 works; here is a safe and spacious bay, memorable for the 
 landing of the Duke of Schomberg, who anchored in Groom's 
 Port, near Bangor, on the 13th of August 1689, with 10,000 
 men, sent By King William III. The King himself followed 
 the year after, and landed near Carrickfergus, 14th of June 
 1690. The French, under Turot, made a descent here in 
 1760, and laid the town under contributions; but in his 
 retreat he was defeated and killed in an engagement with some 
 English vessels under captain Elliot, and four frigates taken. 
 
 C. Belfast, a borough, market, port and post town, with 
 a good trade, at the mouth of Lagan river, on Carrickfergus 
 bay ; it lies about 9 miles S. W. of Carrickfergus, and 80 from 
 Dublin ; it is a place of the greatest trade in the province, par- 
 ticularly for the export of Knen doth, and has a barrack for 
 
158 Geography of Ireland— CUies and Towns. [Book II. 
 
 two companies of foot ; here is a bridge under which the river 
 ' ja g a n empties itself into Carrickfergus Bay, and is one ot the 
 most stately in the kingdom, consisting of '<21 arches, all turned 
 with hewn freestone raised in the hill of Scraba ; of which 
 are in the county of Down side, and 3 in the county of 
 Antrim- the channel dividing the two counties running 
 t (trough the third arch; the whole bridge, including the dead work 
 at each end running over the marshy ground, isS562 feet lone-, 
 ot which the 21 arches take up 84.0 feet, and the dead work 
 W22, the breadth of the arched part is 22 feet, and that of the 
 ■ 19 ‘ Jtwas built at the joint expence of the two counties, 
 and cost between 10 and ^12,000 ; the foundation of it was laid 
 -aomn the year 1682, and was not completely finished until the 
 1 T evolutlon - This town' is regularly built, and the streets are 
 broad and straight; the inhabitants are noted for their hos- 
 pitality and good nature (which the author very much 
 experienced when on his tour in that country);- Lord Dun- 
 gannon has a seat here ; it contains . 3,100 houses, and 30,000 
 inhabitants, The inhabitants by their industry and spirit of 
 enterprize, have extended their commerce to almost every part 
 of me trading world, except where exclusive privileges- to 
 -chartered bodies mark the bounds of their extension.* The 
 government of the town is vested by charter, in the lord of 
 tne castle. (The most noble the Marquis of Donegal!, Edward 
 May, Esq. Sovereign) of n Sovereign and 12 Burners, who 
 
 itroly returned two members to parliament, and under the 
 att of Union, return one member to the Imperial Parliament. 
 Commissioners and a committee of police, bv virtue of an 
 adt of parliament (obtained in 1800 by the Inhabitants, at 
 the expence of ^1260) are vested with authority to carrv into 
 execution all regulations therein specified, respeftmV- the 
 paving, and cleansing of the streets, as well as many°other 
 circumstances affedting the health, safety and comfort of the 
 inhabitants; this town is rapidly increasing in population and 
 -stir of business, not to be noticed in any oiher part of Ireland. 
 It has 10 houses of public worship ; oiie of the established' 
 Church, one Roman Catholic Chapel, six Dissentiiw Homes, 
 one Quaker Meeting House, and one Methodist; White 
 Linen Hall, situated at the S. extremity of the town, was 
 built in the year 1 78 4* by a subscription of the inhabitants; 
 cost near 10,000; ground granted in perpetuity by the 
 carl of Donegal!. Sale of white linens Commenced in i78o, 
 
Book IL] Geography of Ireland — Cities and Towns. 159 
 
 since which there has been a regular and constant market*. 
 a i r a considerable quantity of linen has been sold and exported 
 to hnglan,}, Scotland the West Indies and America. (For 
 ochools, see Leddure 6th ) 
 
 L ! rcrar y Society; Society for acquiring knowledge; 
 ^Jiosophjcai Society; Medical Society; Irish Music Society, 
 
 There is a handsome Custom-house corner of Hanover-- 
 quay; produce of its revenue for the year 1S09, £377439^ 
 2 cl - ending 10th of G&ober. 
 
 j )e ^ ALL AST Office. This corporation was embodied in 
 l /8o, by an a£t of parliament, (passed 25th George III.) 
 giving power to the corporation to make bye-laws for cleansing 
 a ”. ll ^pt*oving the harbour, &c. &c. the profit arising fronv 
 this office, after defraying the expence of improvements, &c. 
 is, by said acf, at the disposal of the president and com- 
 mittee of the Ballast Charitable Society for the support of the 
 1 oor-house and Infirmary. 
 
 .^ CHANGE » — A handsome building, situated near the 
 middle of the town ; foundation laid iii 1769, erected at the 
 expence of the late Marquis of Donegal!, cost ,£4000. 
 
 Banks.— B elfast paper at 6 per cent.; Dublin bills at 3 
 months 2 per cent. * discount at 2 months per cent; ditto 
 
 at ,, I P er cent.; ditto at 21 days £ per cent.; ditto 
 •English bills at a fair rate of exchange. 
 
 . Chamber of Commerce— W as established in 1800; 
 it is duly understood to be, to guard the mercantile interest 
 against any encroachment whatsoever; and also to arbitrate 
 any dispute between merchant and merchant; a council of 
 17 is annually elected as an executive. 
 
 , Belfast Incorporated Charitable Society.— The 
 house was built by subscription and lotteries; ground granted 
 )y the n.arl of Donegal!. Foundation laid in 1771; cost 
 about £7000, incorporated by a6l of parliament 1774; it is 
 a large commodious house, healthfully situated at the N. end 
 ? an d WC J1 supplied with spring water. 
 
 is directed by a committee annually eleaed by subscribers to 
 the institution, the present year ( 1 8 10) it affords anasvlum to 60 
 aged men; 9 6 aged women; 102 boys, ; 83 girls, who are 
 Ciothed, fed, and the two latter educated, and at a proper age 
 apprenticed to suitable employments; expenditure from No- 
 vember 1808, until November 1809, £2706 2s. 3d. There 
 are many other charitable institutions in Belfast, J House 
 
Qe.ogra.phy of Ireland — Cities and Towns* [Book II* 
 
 industry , a Dispensary , a Fever Hospital , and a Lying-in 
 Hospital . Also several societies for promoting knowledge ; 
 one is held at the central room of the Linen Hall, regulated 
 by a president, vice-president and a committee, and possess 
 upwards of 2000 volumes, many of which are of great value, 
 and several philosophical instruments, Jat. 5L38 N. ion, 
 6. 15 W. 
 
 C. Lisburn, a borough, market, fair or post town, 73 
 miles from Dublin ; it has a large manufactory for linen cloth ; 
 it gives the title of Earl to the family of Vaughan, it returns 
 OKe member to parliament, one half of the patronage of this 
 borough is in the Marquis of Headfort. 
 
 C. Antrim, a post town, the capital of the county of 
 Antrim ; situated at the N. end of Lough Neagh, 13 miles 
 W. of Carrickfergus* and about 84 N. of Dublin; it has a 
 stately castle, long the residence of the illustrious family of 
 Skeffiugton, whose title is derived from the Barons of Masse- 
 reene in this county, long 63 4 W. ; lat. 54.45 N. 
 
 C. Randalstown, a post town, 88 miles from Dublin, 
 two miles beyond which is Shane’s Castle, the elegant seat 
 of the Right Hon. Earl O’Neil. 
 
 C.Ballymenagh, a market and post town; situated 
 20 miles N. W. of Belfast, and 93 N. of Dublin, within a 
 mile and a half of this place, on a rising ground, opposite 
 Gelgorn Castle, is a settlement of the Moravian brethren; 
 the place is called Grace* hill, and worth a travellers attention. 
 
 C. Ballycastjle, situated 113 miles from Dublin; it is 
 a post town, about 30 miles N. of Carrickfergus, and noted 
 for its adjacent ccllerres, and a pier built by parliamentary 
 encouragement ; near it is a Chalybeate spring. 
 
 C. Kkocklade, situated near Ballycastle ; in May 1778 an 
 erruption took place here, which was announced by a noise 
 resembling a continual crash of thunder, with a column of 
 fire and smoke, which ascended above 60 yards in the air; 
 from which fell a shower of ashes and stones which extended a 
 quarter of a mile round the hill; in 46 minutes after the first 
 shock, a stream of lava was powered out, and rushed in a sheet 
 of liquid fire, about 60 yards in breadth down the fields, until 
 H entered the adjoining village of Ballyowen, where it involved 
 the houses and their unfortunate inhabitants in one conflagrate 
 min, none having escaped but one man, his wife and two 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland— ^Cities and 161 
 
 children ; it continued running fof 3§ hour?, and t’ en totally 
 ceased. 
 
 C. Connor, a bishop's see, united to that of Down; six 
 miles N. of A -trim, long, 6° 6% E. lat. 54° 59*, N. about 
 90 miles from Dub’irt. 
 
 C. Larne, a fair and post town, 97 miles from Dublin. 
 
 C. Bali y money, a market and post town, 107 miles 
 
 fiom Dublin. 
 
 Shane's Castle, a fair town, 94 miles from Dublin' 
 is the elegant sear of the Rt. Hon. Earl O'Neil. 
 
 D Omagh, a post and fair town, above 86 miles from 
 Dublin, in which the assizes are held for the county Tyrone ; 
 its ancient name u bigh-magh, /. e. the Residence of the 
 Chief, it being formerly one of the ancients i vths r or castles of 
 O S. bhe old thief of that country; fairs are held 12lh January, 2d 
 Thursday O S; in February; 5th of April; 2d Thursday of 
 Q S. in May ; last Thursday in June ; 5th August ; 2d Thursday 
 O S. in August; 2d October;, 3d November, and 3d Thurs- 
 day in November. 
 
 D. Dun g a n n on, a marker, borough, fair and post town 
 si mated about II miles N. of Armagh , and near 73 N. W. 
 of Dublin ;* it returns one member to parliament ; patron 
 Lord Northland ; fairs 1st Thursday in February ; 2dThursday 
 in April ; 2d Monday in May; 1st Thursday in July; 3d 
 Tuesday in August ; 1st Monday of O. S. in O&ober; last • 
 Tuesday in November ; this town was made remarkable for 
 the Ulster delegation of Volunteers, on the I5rh of February 
 1732; it is*a very ancient place. 
 
 D. Aug her, situated 12 miles S. W. of Dungannon; and 
 75 from Dublin, long. 7° 20 1 W. lat. 51.24 Ni 
 
 D. Aughnacloy, a fair town, 71 miles frorcr* Dublin, 
 about two miles^beyond Aughnacloy on the left is Lismore 
 for% now in rums. 
 
 D. St r a b a n e, a post * and fair town, above 101 miles 
 N. W. of Dublin; it gives the title ©f Viscount to a branch 
 of the family of Hamilton; and is a large populous well built 
 town,, situated on the river Mo urn e. 
 
 D- Steward’s Town; situated about 77 miles from 
 Dublin ; it is a fair and market town. 
 
 D. ClogheR, a city, or rather a village, situated near 
 77 miles from Dublin; it is a post and fair town, and the see 
 P 3 
 
}62 Geography of Ireland — 'Cities and Towns. [Book II. 
 
 of a Bishop, suffragan of Armagh ; it is called Regia by 
 Ptolemy, 20 miles of Armagh, long. 7° 5*, W. lat. 54 , 25 N. 
 
 E. Enniskillen, a borough, market, fair and post town, 
 lying between the two parts of Lough Erne; it is about 24 miles 
 E. of Ballyshannon, and 79 N. W. of Dublin; it sends a 
 member to parliament ; patron Lord Enniskillen. This place 
 gives the title of Earl to the family of Cole ; it has a barrack 
 for three companies of foot. 
 
 E. Newtown Butler, a fair town, 65 miles from 
 Dublin, which gives title of Baron to the Earl of Lanes- 
 borough. 
 
 E. Lisnaskea, a fair and market town, about 70 miles 
 from Dublin. 
 
 E, Clabby, a fair town. 
 
 E. M aguire’s Bridge, situated 72 miles from Dublin; 
 it was the ancient place of one of the petty princes of Ulster 
 of the name of Maguire. 
 
 F. Ardglass, now a decayed, but once a principal town 
 in the county of Down; here is a long range of building in 
 the castle stile, called by the inhabitants the new works , though 
 they have no tradition of its design or use it extends 250 
 ieetin length, in breadth only 24, the thickness of the wails 
 3 feet; it has three towers in front joined to it, one at each 
 end, and one in the center, which shews the design uniform 
 and elegant. It has been divided into 18 apartments below, 
 and the same number above, with a staircase, in the. center,, 
 each apartment on the ground floor,, had a gothic dooc 
 and a large square window, which seems to denote that 
 they were shops or ware rooms, occupied at some very.' 
 early period by merchants who came frpm sea. Within 1Q> 
 feet of the S., turn of this building stands a sr aired castle, .called, 
 Horn Castle,, from the great, quantity, of o*,. deer and cow 
 horns being found about it ; it is 40 feet by 30,. consists of 
 t, wo stories, and* from the fire pla/es.and other marks,., appears, 
 to have been kitchen and dining hall belonging to the 
 merchants;, here are the remains of several other castle towers 
 and gates, and within the N,. £. point of Ardglass harbour, 
 there is a very, curious natural cave .with a large entrance on 
 the shore ; the dqties of this port were let. to farm so lately 
 as t.he beginning of the reign of Charks I it. lies 7 miles 
 N* E. of Down. 
 
 £r. Downpatrick, the chief town of the county of 
 Down, situated about 7 miles W. of Strangford Bay, and: 
 
163 
 
 Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Citl-es and Tv jjUs 
 
 74 miles N. E. of Dublin ; it is a free borough, post and fair 
 town, and sends one member to parliament. It is a bishopricfc 
 united to that of Connor, since the year 1442, 25 miles E. of 
 Newry, long 5.37, lat. 54.18 N. 
 
 F. Newry, a borough and fair town, about 50 miles 
 from Dublin ; it is situated on the side of a steep hill, at the 
 foot of which is the Newry Water, which is navigable, and 
 having over it two stone bridges, and there is a third bridge over 
 navigable canal, by which, it has a communication with 
 Lough Neagh and Cariingford Bay. Newrv is much 
 improved in its trade and; buildings, and is now the largest town 
 in the county of Down, the inhabitans are very industrious 
 and hospitable to strangers. — > — It: has a weekly market on every 
 Thursday, it sends one member to parliament, lat. 54° 124 N. 
 long. 6? 30> W. 
 
 R D R.o mo re, a, post tow n, a n cien tly den ominated Dro- 
 marragh the See of a Bishop; said to be founded in the sixth 
 century..; Considerable quantities of linen cloth are sold 
 in the markets and fairs here. The river Lagan divides the 
 town, there being a, communication by, a bridge of? two arches. 
 It is 17 E.of Armagh, 15. miles S< W. of; Belfast y and 66 N # 
 of Dublin.. 
 
 F. Killileagh* a fait town,, 80 miles, from. Dublin,, 
 seated on an arm of the lake of Strangford, from which it is 
 supplied with a great variety of fish. That celebrated natu? 
 ralist and eminent physician,, Sir Hans Sloan, was born here 
 1,6th of April, 1660., 
 
 F. Bang ov , a tow n 90 miles N. of Dublin on the Sv 
 side of the bay of Carrickfergus, near 4 miles E. N. E. of 
 Newtown, near it to the E. and part of the manor of Bangor, 
 is the great bog of Cotton and Granshaw ; containing about 
 1000 acres, which the owners began to reclaim and improve 
 in 1743. 
 
 F. Hillsborough, a, fair and post town, 69 miles from 
 Dublin, this place gives title of Earl to the family of HilU— 
 It is pleasantly situated and a newJy built town, here is 
 a triving mai.ufa&ory of muslins, it is in view of Belfast 
 Lisburn, and Carrickfergus Bay, lat. 54.30 N. long, 6.20 W. 
 
 Magheselin, alias Maralin, a small built town and 
 agreeable village, with. a handsome church and steeple; this 
 place carries on the linen manufa&ure extensively. 
 
 F. M.oYAiLEN, 63 miles from Dublin, and 3 from 
 Fortadown ; the linen manufacture is carried on here. 
 
* 6 f Geography, of Ireland— Gities and I ovens , r Book. If.- 
 
 F, Dohaughadsb, a post, market and sea port town, 
 situated 21 miles VV. of Portpatrick in Scotland, between 
 which parts are established for the conveyance of the mails 
 and passengers;, it is> 24 miles N. E. of Downpatrick, and 
 94 from Dublin, lat. 54° 45 N. long 5° 40‘ W. 
 
 F. Port a ferry, a fair and pose town, .80 miles from 
 Dublin, situated on the rapid stream of Strang ford ; here- 
 tofore a pretty brisk trade was carried on here, and had be' Ween 
 30 and 40 vessels betonged to its ports. — Front the digit land, 
 about Portaferrv, there are very fine prospers over the 
 whole lake of Strangford, the circumjacent country, the sea, 
 and the Isle of Man. 
 
 F. Strangford, a small but ancient market and post 
 town,, situated on a river of the same name, 80 miles from 
 Dublin, it gives the title of Viscount to the family of Smythe. 
 Strangfoid Bay* this place takes its proper, name from Strong^ 
 the rapidity with which the sea runs in the channel to Strang- 
 ford Lake, the current there being reckoned one of the 
 strongest in Europe. 
 
 F. KiiuwcH, or Port St. Ann, 76 N. E. of Dublin* 
 it lies N. o: St. John’s Point, and has a good quay; the 
 town is agreeably situated, the sea flowing along the backs of' 
 the houses,, where the ships ride in full view, of the inhabitants. 
 They have good fishing in the bay;, but the principal trade 
 of the place consists in the exportation of bailey, and the 
 exportation of such commodities as are consumed in the 
 adjacent country —Manufacture of salt is also carried on here, 
 with gi eat advantage here are a remarkably fine well and a 
 
 mineral medicinal spring ; and at a small distance from the 
 town, near the sea, is a rock,, in which there is an oblong hole, 
 whence a strange noise is heard. at the ebbing and flowing of 
 the ede, somewhat resembling the sound of a huntsman’s 
 horn; at the coming in of the tide, whilst the waters are 
 beating up under the rock, a cold air bursts from it, with a 
 mixture of spray; but as the waters retire during the ebb, 
 
 there is a strong draft of air sets in at the hole to fill up or 
 prevent the vacuam which the retiring of the water would 
 produce.— In an open field, about a quarter of a mile from 
 the town, there is a very curious cave, about 27 yards long, 
 whien has a winding passage, 2| feet broad, with three doors 
 in it besives the entrance leading into a circular chamber, , 
 three yards in diameter, where there is a finS cool limpid 
 well. 
 
165 
 
 •Book II.] Geography of Inland — Cities and Towns. 
 
 F. Killough Harbour, below the town is tolerably safe 
 and commodious, . a small degree of caution, however is neces- 
 sary in sailing into it, for a rock stands in the middle of tne 
 entrance, coverred at half flood, commonly called the Water 
 Rock ; either to the E. or W. of this rock is a secure passage, 
 the inlet lyingS. by. E., and N. bv W. on the W. side of 
 the rock opened to Coney Island, (so named from the num- 
 ber of rabbits thereon) it is a strong quay, and a bason for 
 ships, where they are defended from all winds within ; 
 the harbour on both sides affords good anchorage for vessels 
 of 150 tons ; at the end of the quay the Cana! is 400 yards 
 wide; an impetuous sea runs on all this coast in storms 
 and spring tides* 
 
 F. Saintfield, alias Tull aghn an eve, 80 miles from 
 Dublin, and 6 miles S. W. of Cumber; the linen manu- 
 facture is carried on here. 
 
 F. Banbridge, a small town, remarkable for its great 
 fairs of linen cloth ; it Is so called from a bridge built there 
 over the river Bann ; it is about 18 miles S. W. of Down- 
 patrick, and above 60 miles from Dublin; this is a post 
 town. 
 
 F. Mon allen— At Shanmore, near this place, on the new 
 Canal being cut some years ago, a multitude of fallen trees 
 of oak, ash, alder, &c. was discovered, lying about a mile in 
 length, under a covering of earth, in some places six and others 
 eight feet deep, and many of them of large bulk, tumbled down, 
 one over another, some lying in straight lines, and others in 
 an oblique or transverse position. 
 
 F. Loughbrickl and, a fair and post town, in the barony 
 of Upper Iveagh, part of Agha Derrig, 58 miles from Dub- 
 lin ; the linen manufacture is carried on here very extensively, 
 and the town is a great thoroughfare, being the turnpike road 
 from Dublin to Belfast. The name signifies the Lake of the 
 Speckled Trout, and it was so called from a lake nn? it, which 
 abounds with that particular species of fish. It consists chietiy 
 of one broad street. 
 
 F. Rathfrilanp, a post and fair town, 57 miles from 
 Dublin; two miles N. E. of this town is a celebrated Spa 
 called Tiertally Well, the water is \erv strong Chdyheate. 
 It is seated on arising ground, having four large straight roads 
 up to it, and centeral in the town. 
 
 F. Warringstown, here the linen manufacture is carried 
 an to great advantage. 
 
165 Ge °S>«Pb •/ Ireland-— Cities and Towns. [Book LL 
 
 RoLOTer. RS rt N ^ S I OINT ’ s!luat e d abou ta mile N. W. of 
 Narrow ware l! \ ^ enrrdnce > nro the river Newrv, or 
 'hipTedo'f ’rT T "T 13 that Come down ‘he Canal are 
 between rhi - 0 erry boats here maintain a communication 
 
 t t ;s;,t„ c r£ aad that of *** ■*» — * * «* 
 
 Armagh-, h town formal.. „ _ i » . t • «• 
 
 i “ . " > iorineriv a celebrated cuv, is a 
 
 name^\vhpr^ 1 ^} et, ^ 3DC * ^ 0st town * n ^ le county of that 
 pan” of S !h a Tf Saie he,d > i£ has a barrack for one com- 
 of ail / / y 0l, gi archbishoprick, and the ’'metropolitan 
 le Ji K ’tcontams bntone church, and the rums of 
 
 *}*!?> iB '* ir " re *■“ 2Sl " 
 
 20th ljn«lJh' h Ang , llSt ’ 1 uesday before lOth Oftober and 
 the Primate. ^ °“ e membeT t0 parliament; patron 
 
 wVfitT- 3 h^dsome fair town, about 68 miles N. 
 
 a^rrLn tow,; r^ 3 ^’ and is reckoned 
 
 g to ii, and has a military governor on the establish 
 menr wnth a barrack for three companies of foot Trim 
 
 fami,y of Caulfield > ol 
 
 ® mifSTmuf i'mpof7c?u l n b t ;;r 
 
 J e tSmh are eXUeme!y en S aged in the linen manufac" 
 Louah Ne- t ° n f 3 u™, emi ‘>ence, about two miles from 
 t 0 h Neagh, of which it commands a most beautiful and 
 extensive prosper}, lat..54° 86*, long. 6° 31 % W. 
 
 G. Iortadown, situated about 65 miles from Dublin* 
 it is pleasantly situated on the river Bann, over which it has 
 
 a stone bridge; the canal from Newry falls into the Bam, 
 within 9 miles of this place. Portadown is noted for its 
 extensive business the linen manufacture ; fairs are held 
 
 vember” ^ Ster Monday ’ Whitsun Monday, and 13 N„. 
 
 O. Tander agee, a post and fair town, 61 miles from Dub- 
 ; ’ ; v ‘ ; S r W , e ‘‘ Si< ! tk «l wtth i manufacturers in the linen branch; 
 the Newry Canal is brought, within a mile of this place, and 
 
 contributes tons convenience. V 
 
 from D^ibhn GA1 ' 1 '’ ^ La S acurry » alias RichhlH, 62 miles 
 
 G. Market- IDll', a fair town, situated 58 miles from 
 Gas'ord near U ls Gosfor<1 Castle, the handsome seat of Lord 
 
Book II. J Geography of Ireland- Cities and Towns. 
 
 1 S7 
 
 . M A «HERALr>r, s r tuated 67 miles from Dublin tU\* •» 
 ts pleasantly situated" on the river JaVan and ha"'^ 7"^ 
 
 church. Marble nit* k § ’ 3n ? nas a handsome 
 
 H. Clown es, a post and fair town, 6! N. w of lh„w 
 and ab„ut 9rniles , rom Monaghan ; \hefeds still 1 ^ ' 
 
 ~m he ancient round towers, and two Danish ratbs S 
 
 from'DVb77' CKMACKOSS ’ affoUrishin S fair town > 42 miles 
 
 fsf - p”» «»», 
 
 m iordFarnham; about 6 miles W. of Cavan, i s Leakfi^f 
 ,™ st beautiful seat of Luke Magrath, Esq. e ^ld, 
 
 orri ILM ° RK ’, a B,sho P’ sS «h called in former ages Clunes 
 or Giuoes, the sequestered place; it is situated .fear Lot" h 
 in, theie is also a fair town in the county of Cavan of that 
 name near the r.ver Baliynahinch, 3 miles 8. W. of Cavan 
 
 I. Belturbet, a fair and market town, 6l miles from 
 Dublin, on the river Erne, about 8 miles N. of Cavan 
 
 I Coothill, a fair, market and post town, about 10 
 miles E. o Cavan, near which is the beautiful eat f th, 
 Coote family, called Castlegroye. eat f the 
 
 K. Galway, the capital town of the coua'v of n -,1 
 seated on Galway Bay, in the Western On./ f Ga.way, 
 miteW. from Dublin, 1^7 '. W 
 
 mde. 1. fc governed bv a M.yof Shi,4 a,ri .‘feSZ 
 anc. icturns one member to parliament* it hn? nn ~ • d 
 church, which is a large gothic striiaure, an exchanoe Three 
 nunneries, three monasteries, barracks for ten ° . 
 
 of fom, .a etarter school a„d » 
 
J68 Geography of Ireland— Cities and Towns . [Book II 
 
 Viscount to the family of Monktcn, and has a fair on the 
 4th of September, a post town. ^ . 
 
 This was one of the strongest towns in the kingdom; it 
 held out some time against general Ginkeil, who invested and 
 took it after the battle of Aughrim ; its fortifications are mostly 
 gone to decay. The salmon and herring fishery are carried on 
 here with great spirit, and empioy several hundred boats, the 
 quantity ot kelp exported is considerable, and the growth 
 of the linen n.anufadure, thoueh of late introdu£fion, is 
 become very important, long. 8° 58 1 VV. lat 53° 15 1 N. 
 
 K. Loughrea, a post and fair town, 86 miles from 
 Dublin ; here is a charter school and a barrack lor a troop of 
 horse; near it there is a beautiful lake more than a mile in 
 length, and one in breadth, from which the town derives its 
 name; not tar from Loughrea is Rnthruddy Castle. 
 
 K. Athrnry, an ancient corporate town, is governed 
 by a Portrieve, and gives title of Baron to the family of Bir- 
 mingham, Premier Baron of Ireland ; it has a barrack for 3 
 companies of foot, and stands within 8 miles of Galway* "4 
 91 W. from Dublin, in long. 8° 48* W. lat. 53 14 N. ; 
 fairs are held here 5th May, 2d July and 28th (Mober. 
 Atheory was anciently called Bealatha, /• e. the place °t 
 Bealon, the waters; it was destroyed by Conn or O Bnen 
 
 K. Tuam, a post and fair town, with an Archbishop’s 
 See, on which account some call it a city, but it is now 
 reduced to a small town ; it is 20 miles N N • E of Galway, 
 and 25 W. S. W. of Roscommon, Ion. 8° 46 W. lat. 53.33. 
 Tuam «ives the title of Viscount to the family of Wenman. 
 
 K Clonfert, a Bishop’s See, and (air town. It lies 
 ab ' 0 > 65 miles S. W of Dublin. Tire name signifies the 
 holy retirement; an Abbey, Church, and Bishoprick, was 
 founded here in 558, by St. Brendan, who was interred in his 
 own church in May 557. The bishoprick of Kiimadugh or 
 Kilmacdagh, was united to this see in 1602. , 
 
 K. Lyrecoukt, a fair and post town, near 72 miles from 
 
 D'^gofeT, a fair and post town, 98 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Acghbim’, famous for the battle fought there on the 12th 
 
 nf fnlv 1691, between the Irish forces under James 11. 
 commanded by General St. Ruth, and the forces of King 
 William III- commanded by General Ginkell, in which the 
 latter proved viftorious; St. Ruth was killed m this engage- 
 ment; distance from Dublin 75 milts. 
 
Book II] 'Geography of Ireland.— Cities, Tdton*, 8fc. 16^ 
 
 L, ^ Rc? 0 commox, the Capital of the County of that 
 name, it is a market and Post Town, and has. a Barrack for 
 a troop of horse, it 'is 69 miles from Dublin. 
 
 L.~~Abbey Boyle or Boyl, a Fair, Market and Post 
 Town, situated 32 miles N. W. of Athlone, and 84 miles 
 from Dublin ; -it was incorporated by Charter from James I. 
 and lies on the river Bueile, over which there are two 
 fetbne ■ bridges, on one of which is a pedestrian Statue of 
 jC/f* ^ T * side river, stands a stately 
 
 Abbey of Gothic Architecture, built A.D. 1152. Long*. 
 $ 32. W. Lat. 53. 56. fair days, 30 May, 25 July, and 1 
 October. , 
 
 ^ J * Tulsk, a Market and Fair Town, 75 miles from 
 Oubmi; near this Town are a number of ruined Edifices, 
 Castles, Churches, Forts and Towers, lie in a promiscu- 
 ous heap, levelled to the dust. 
 
 r L.- r ElpiiiK-, a small Market, Post and Fair Town, the 
 She of a Bishop, situated 75 miles N. W. of Dublin. Fair 
 days, 3 May, 10 December. 
 
 L.-Ballinasloe, a Post and Fair Town, situated 72 
 miles from Dublin, remarkable for its great Fairs of Wool, 
 Cattle, &c. Fairs, 27 March, 4 July, 5 to 9 October. 
 
 , ^lynamuck the County of Galway, memorable for 
 the defeat of a detachment of French under General Humbert 
 who surrendered to the King's forces under Lord Cornwallis! 
 m September, 1798. 
 
 L a, a Fair and post Town, 84 Miles from 
 
 Dublin, and about 12 Miles N. W. of Roscommon. 
 
 L —Atklcne, was formerly a Bishop's see, is now a 
 Market, fair and post Town, situated on both banks of the 
 oh an non, part in the County of Roscommon, and part in the 
 County Vt estmeath ; the Counties are here united by a bridg-e. 
 The beauty and strength of this place is now decayed, the whole 
 Town being destroyed by fire during the fury of the war in 
 1641. Athlone gives title of Earl to the family of Ginkill, 
 as a reward to the General of that name, for having passed 
 the River .Shannon in the face of the Irish army in 1691 • it 
 is a noted pass from the Province of Leinster" into that’ of 
 Connaught, distance from Dublin 59 miles. Long. 7. 41. 
 
 lat. 53 22. N. At Athlone, there is a Chalybeate Water 
 or an excellent quality. ; 
 
 L.— Strokestown, situated 70 Miles from Dublin. 
 
 Q 
 
170 Geography of Ireland — Cities , Totvr*, fyc. [Book II. 
 
 M. — Castlebar, situated 114 Miles from Dublin ; near 
 this Town a detachment of French Troops, under General 
 Humbert, defeated the English under General Lake, on 
 27th of August, 1798. Here is a Charter School. 
 
 M — B ALLINROBE, situated 112 Miles from Dublin, it is 
 a Market, Fair and Post Town. The assizes are held here 
 alternately with Castlebar, here are the ruins of a once cele- 
 brated Abbey, and near them is a Charter School, situated 
 near the banks of Lough Shy. 
 
 M Foxford, a Market and Fair Town, it is situated 
 
 on the River Moy, 6 Miles N. of Castlebar, 8 of Ballina, 
 and 112 N W. of Dublin. 
 
 M. — Newport, a fair and post Town, distance from 
 Dublin, 120 Miles. 
 
 M — Westport, a post and fair Town, distant from 
 Dublin 113 miles. 
 
 M — Killala, a Sea-port, Market, fair and post town, 
 also a Bishop’s see, 127 Miles N. W. of Dublin ; here is 
 one of the ancient round Towers and the Bishop’s House ; 
 this see is united to that of Kilfenora, in the Co of Clare. 
 This Town is memorable for the landing of a detachment 
 of French Troops, amounting to 1100, under General 
 Humbert, the 27th of August, 1798, who, after having 
 defeated a superior force, under General Lake, were after- 
 wards taken prisoners of war by him at Castlebar, 8th of 
 September. 
 
 M. — Ballina alias Belleek, situated on the River Moy, 
 a Market, fair and post Town, distance 14 Miles N. of Castle- 
 bar and 6 of Foxford. There is a good Salmon Fishery 
 here, and the growth of the Linen Manufacture, though 
 lately introduced, is becoming very important. This Town 
 was for a short time in the summer of 1798, in possession of 
 the French expedition, which landed at Killala, under General 
 Humbert, on the 3d of August, it is distant from Dublin 
 115 Miles. Long: 9. 10. W. lat. 54. 4. 
 
 M. — Minolla, situated 109 Miles from Dublin, and 4 
 S E. cf Castlebar. 
 
 M. — Ballikdaggln, situated 100 Miles from Dublin, 
 and 2 Miles from Castlemagarrett, the seat of Dominick 
 Brown, Esq. 
 
 M. — Ballagiiy, a fair town, about 20 Miles S. of Sligo, 
 
 and 105 from Dublin. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns , SfC. 171 
 
 M. — Sivneford, distant from Dublin, 103 Miles, and 8 
 of Ballina. 
 
 Shrule, 92 Miles from Dublin, near it are the ruins of 
 a Castle, and also those of the superb Abbey of Shrule ; 
 fair days, Easter Monday, 26th July, and 11th November. 
 
 Sligo Town, 105 miles from Dublin, it is a borough, post 
 and fair town, Lat. 54. 12. N. Long. 8. 40 W. It is a 
 town of considerable trade, and has a Barrack for two compa- 
 nies of Foot, and a Charter School. It is remarkable for the 
 venerable ruins of an ancient Dominican Monastery, founded 
 in 1252 by Maurice Fitzgerald, enough of which still re- 
 mains to mark its ancient splendor ; here are the monuments 
 of several ancient and famous families. Near Sligo is a 
 place called Lugh Clogh, or the Giant’s Grave, where several 
 stones are raised upon the ends of others which are pitched 
 perpendicularly. Sligo returns 1 Member to Parliament and 
 2 for the County. Patronagein the family of Wynne ; it is 
 the shire town of the county, and the assizes are held there. 
 
 N. — Colooney, about 99 from Dublin ; near this town 
 a most gallant resistance was made by a small detachment of 
 the Limerick Militia, under Colonel Vereker, against the 
 French under General Humbert, in August, 1798 ; which 
 by delaying their progress and changing their course, per- 
 verted their design of proceeding to Dublin. 
 
 N. — Achonry, though now an inconsiderable village, yet 
 it is a bishop’s see united to Killala, ’tis situated in the Co, 
 of Sligo, 16 S. W. of Sligo towm, Lat, 54 N. Long. 9. 8.W. 
 
 N. — Bellamont, a small village, which gave title of 
 Earl to a branch of the noble family of Coote, it lies about 
 8 from Sligo and 126 N. W. of Dublin. 
 
 N. — Bellaclare* 22 miles S. W. of Sligo, Long. 8. 
 54. Lat. 54. I. N. 6 6 
 
 Ballasedare, distant from Dublin, 100 miles ; here is 
 a great Waterfall. 
 
 N.— Tobercorry, a fair town, situated 103 miles from 
 Dublin and 12 from Sligo, fair days, 22d May, 27th June, 
 4th October and 29th November. 
 
 N. Ballymote, a fair town, about 16 miles S. of Sligo. 
 
 O. — Jamestown, a fair town in the Co. of Leitrim, 5 
 miles N. W. of Carrick, 73 N. W. of Dublin. Lat. 53. 44 
 N. Long. 8. 15. W. situated on the River Shannon. 
 
 Carrick-on-Shannon, a fair and post town, 77 miles 
 from Dublin, Lat. 53. 45 N. Long. 8. 15, W. 
 
3r7# Geography of Ireland — Cities, Toxvns, fyc, [Book II, 
 
 P«— Drogheda, alias Tridagh, situated near 23 miles N. 
 from Dublin, generally included in the County of Louth,, 
 but is also considered as a County and a Town in itself, 
 returning onp Member to Parliament, elected by freemen 
 and freeholders. It is partly situated in the County of 
 Meath, and lies on the River Boyne, about 5 miles W. of 
 the Irish Channel. It has a fine harbour, and is governed by 
 a Mayor and. Sheriff, and gives title of Marquis to the 
 family of Moore; the town has been entirely walled in, but 
 most of the gates and. greater part qf the walls are much 
 decayed, it was taken by storm by Oliver Cromwell ; this is 
 a town of good trade, large and well built, and containing 
 above 10, OCX) inhabitants, St. Peter’s Church, a new building,, 
 is elegantly finished. Here is a good Tholsel and excellent 
 fish-market, remarkable for the fine salmon caught in the 
 Boyne, Some fine ruins of Abbeys, are to be met with in 
 •and about this town ; two miles up the river is an obelisk 
 erected in memory of the Victory obtained by King Win. 
 III. im 1690, over the forces of James II. this obelisk was' 
 erected in memory of the Duke Schomberg*, it is seated oil* 
 a rock, and esteemed the handsomest of the kind in Europe ; 
 fair days, 12th May, 22d June, 26th August, 29th October, 
 Long. 6. 22. Lat. 53. 43. N. 
 
 Dundalk. — A Borough, Post, Market, Fair and Sea portv 
 Town, having a harbour on a Bay of the Irish Channel bear- 
 ing its name, it lies above 18 Miles N. of Drogheda and 40 
 Miles from Dublin, it returns one Member to Parliament, pa- 
 tronage in the Clanbrassil famiy; is the assizes town, has a very 
 good market house, and carries on that species of manufac- 
 ture called Dundalk Cambrics ; at Dundalk is a seat of the late 
 Lord Cranbrassil ; the town consist* of a wide street nearly 
 a mile long, with some cross lanes, it is advantageously situ- 
 ated for inland trade, the port. is safe, for shipping, the bay 
 has a good mooring, and abounds with fish. 
 
 P. — Carlingford, a sea port and fair town, 52 miles 
 from Dublin,, this place is remarkable for the fine oysters 
 taken near it, the harbour here is betw r een 3 and 4 miles long, 
 and as many broad, .-so that the largest vessel may anchor 
 here ; the entrance is full of rocks, and the place chiefly 
 frequented by fishing boats. At Carlingford is an old castle 
 called King’s Castle, said to have been built by order of 
 King John, when he was in this kingdom, about 1210. 
 The foundation is on a solid rock, washed by the sea, and 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, SfC. 175 
 
 some of the walls are 1 1 feet thick, on the opposite end of 
 the town to that of the Castle, there are still to be seen the 
 ruinous remains of a Monastery ; from the height of the 
 neighbouring mountains, the inhabitants of the town lose 
 sight of the sun several hours before it sets in the horizon. 
 Long. 6. 0. W. Lat. 54. 11. N. 
 
 P. — Dunleer, a post and fair town, 30 miles from 
 Dublin, about 6 miles N. of Drogheda. 
 
 Castlebellingham, a very pleasant fair and post town, 
 distance from Dublin 34 miles. 
 
 Ari>ee stands on Castleguard, a magnificent mount of an 
 amazing magnitude. 
 
 Q. — Trim, a corporate, post and fair town, 22 miles from 
 Dublin ; it is the shire town of the county, and is noted for 
 several parliaments having been held there, and also for an 
 ancient castle, now in ruins, said to have been the resi- 
 dence of King John. The assizes are held here for the 
 county Meath. At Trim is a barrack for a troop of horse, 
 and a charter school for 40 children. The town is governed 
 by a sovereign, recorder, and town clerk, it formerly was 
 walled and a place of great strength ; the steeple of the abbey, 
 called the yellow steeple, was a lofty handsome square tower, 
 it held out a long time as a garrison against Cromwell, who 
 demolished one half of it with his cannon, and the most part of 
 the other half still remains. The Inhabitants are noticed for 
 making a particular kind of cake, called Trim cakes. Lat. 
 53, 32 N Long. 7, 0. W. 
 
 Q— Kells, a fair, post and market town, 31 miles from 
 Dublin. This place gives the title of Viscount to the family 
 
 Cholmondeley, near it is Headford, the magnificent seat 
 of tne Marquis of Headford ; this town is pleasantly situated 
 on the river Blackwater. 
 
 Q — Athboy, a mar - et, fair and post town, 3 miles S. W. 
 of Trim, and 28 N. W. of Dublin. Long. 7, 2 W. Lat. 
 53, 20. 
 
 Q.— Navan, a post and fair town, situated about 23 
 miles N. W. of Dublin, on the river Boyne. 
 
 Q* Rato at ii, a fair town, about 13 miles from Dublin. 
 
 r Q* — AiiDBRACAN,a neat village, the residence of theBishop 
 of Meath, 3 miles W. of Navau, and 25 N. W. of Dublin. 
 Long. 7, W. Lat. 53, 40 N. 
 
 Q.—Clqrakd, a post and fair town, situated on the 
 
 Q 3 
 
£74 Giogrqpky of 'Ireland -4 Cities, Towns, S^c. [Book II; 
 
 borders of the County Meath, 25 miles W. of Dublin, 
 bow an inconsiderable place,, it was formerly a Bishop’s see* 
 ThelBishopric of Clonard, with those oFTrim, Ardbracan, 
 Dunshaughlin, Slane and Foure were all consolidated before 
 the year 1152, and united to that of Meath about the begin ? 
 ning of the 1 3th century. 
 
 JL— Mullingar, a post, fair and market town, 38 miles . 
 From Dublin ; it is the shire toWn of the county, and has a 
 barrack for two companies of horse, and is situated on the 
 River Foyle. Lat. 53, 30 N. Long. 7, 50. W. , 
 
 R. — Casti«£-town*djelvin, a fair and post town, above 
 85 miles from Dublin. Here is the seat of Lord Westmeath, 
 
 S. — Kilbeggax, a fair and post town, 44 miles fromDublin. 
 
 S.~ tDublin, the metropolis of Ireland, and second city of 
 
 the British empire ; it is a seaport, near a Bay of the same 
 name, on the Irish Channel, and not far from the mouth of the 
 river LifFey, over which are 6 Bridges. The appearance ci 
 this metropolis and Bay of Dublin, and the surrounding 
 country, on approaching them from the sea, is very grand 
 and beautiful ; after passing the Isle of Lanibay, and that 
 of Ireland’s Eye, which is small, being principally a lofty 
 grotesque looking rock, and the craggy mountains of Kowth, 
 which is a peninsula, in coming from the N. or after passing 
 the lofty mountains and rocky clifts of Bray, in approaching 
 from the S. the extensive bay of Dublin opens on the view ; 
 on the left are seen the hills and mountains of Wicklow ; oil 
 the right, the flatter or more gentle rising shores of Clontarf y 
 famous for the battle fought between the Danes and Irish, 
 [see Clontarf] to the City, on a rising ground., at the extremity 
 •of the bay, and at several miles distance, with domes and 
 spires terminating the view. The cassoon, a beautiful pharos or 
 lighthouse, four or five miles from the City, seems like another 
 Eddystone light house, to rise out of the sea, from this, how- 
 ever, there is a broad and firm wall or pier now completed 
 reaching to Rings end, on which wall is erected a commo- % 
 dious house in the nature of a hotel, for the reception of 
 passengers who go or come in the packets, and is called the 
 Packet-house. From the S. in tempestuous weather, the 
 sea dashes up against the light-house, and over the adjoining 
 wall. On the N. side of the wall is the harbour, where vessels 
 lie safe at anchor, with an open sea to the N. On the S. side 
 of the wall near the town, are wharfs, principally used for 
 bathing $ and between these and the opposite shore there is 
 
Book II. 3 Geography of Ireland — Cities, 7 owns, fyc. 17 5 
 
 an extensive and smooth strand, whu/h is dry at low water, 
 but when the tide is in, in the warm season, it swarms with 
 people bathing ; there is a wharf also on the N. side of the 
 river, for the purpose of bathing, and elegant baths on both 
 sides of the water. From Rings-end and upwards, through 
 the whole City* the river is embanked with quays on both 
 sides *( probably the most elegant for strength and beauty 
 in all Europe) as they are open nearly through the whole 
 city, they form beautiful walks of very extensive range ; 
 while, however, the observer admires the beauty of these, 
 he may be ready to wonder why the greater part of the 
 town is deprived of the advantage of the navigable river by 
 their architectural bridges, and especially by the one lately 
 built (Carlisle -bridge) which is remarkably low, that it may 
 form a more easy and elegant communication between the 
 two eastern extremes of the C ity, which are the grandest 
 part of it; it is the residence of the Viceroy, the seat of 
 Government, and of the supreme Courts of Eaw ; it is an 
 archbishop’s see, and has two Cathedrals, Christ-church 
 and St. Patrick’s, it has also 19 Parish Churches, viz. 
 St. Mark’s, St. Anne’s, St. Andrew’s, St. Peter’s, St. 
 Bridget’s, St. Luke’s, St. Werburgh’s, St. John’s, St. 
 Nicholas Without, St. Nicholas Within, St. Michael’s, St. 
 Audeon’s, St. Catherine’s, and St. James, S. of the river ; 
 and N. St. Faul’s, St. Michan’s, St. Mary’s, St. Thomas’s, 
 St. George’s, besides one,Chapel of ease, St. Kevin’s; 15 Roman 
 Catholic Chapels, 3 Presbyterean meeting houses, 1 Anabap- 
 tist, 3 of Methodist, and 2 Quakers ; it has also an university 
 and Botanic Garden, [see under head Universities and Bota- 
 ny] ; a royal Academy of Arts, and a Society for promoting 
 manufactures and agriculture. Several public Hospitals, such 
 as the Royal Hospital of Kilmainham, for decayed soldiers 
 on the Irish Establishment, founded by King Charles II. 
 nearly on the plan of Chelsea Hospital ; the Kings’ s Royal 
 Military Infirmary, E. side of the Phoenix Park, a masterly 
 piece of architecture. TheFoundlingHospital, James’s street, 
 supported by charitable donations, and an annual Parliamen- 
 tary grant ; the Blue Coat Hospital, for the education and 
 maintenance of decayed freemen’s children, in Oxmantown 
 green ; Westmorland Lock Hospital, in To wnsend-street; 
 Dr. Stephen’s Hospital and Swift’s Hospital for Lunatics, 
 near Bow-bridge $ Mercer’s Hospital ; the County or Meath 
 
176 Geography of Ireland— Cities , Tovons, [Book II. 
 
 Hospital on the Coombe ; Simpson’s Hospital, endowed by 
 a legacy from a gentleman of that name, for the mainte- 
 nance of blind, gouty and debilitated men in reduced cir- 
 cumstances, who are most comfortably clothed and fed ; 
 the Lying-in Hospital, under the patronage of several 
 ladies of distinction, and supported now by a permanent 
 fund arising from a tax on sedan chairs and the profits of 
 public balls and concerts conducted in its adjacent Rotunda 
 and Gardens, the amusements of which are similar to those 
 of Ranelagh, near London ; there is also a Magdalen Asylum 
 in Leeson-street, for unfortunate females ; and a House of 
 Industry, in Brunswick-street for vagrant poor ; it has also 
 a National Bank, and six private ones. Besides the public 
 Halls of 21 Corporate Guilds, there is a Linen and Yarn 
 Hall of considerable extent, which are the great national 
 marts of those commodities, and where stores and apartments 
 are provided for merchants and manufacturers at the national 
 expence. The City of Lublin is governed by a Lord 
 Mayor, who is by charter a Baron of the Realm during 
 his year of Office, 2 Sheriffs, 24 A ldermen, besides Sheriffs’ 
 Peers, and the Commons, who represent the several guilds 
 of the city irr Common Council. By a statute of the 33d, 
 King George II. the Lord Mayor must be elected first 
 by the board of Aldermen from among their own body, he 
 must then be submitted to the Commons, who have the 
 privilege of approving or rejecting him at pleasure, without 
 assigning any cause, and if approved by them, he must 
 afterwards be accepted by the Lord Lieutenant in council 
 before he can be sworn into office. The preservation of 
 the public peace is committed to a number of Divisional 
 Magistrates, who have the controul of the constables, and 
 5Q0 watchmen, appointed to guard the peace of the city by 
 day and night. That part of the City within the ancient 
 walls is not extensive, but its suburbs are considerable ; for 
 the last 30 years, perhaps tlvve is no city in Europe so 
 much improved in extent, civilization, architecture and 
 public ornaments ; for, besides the erection of a new royal 
 exchange, lying-in hospital, blue coat school, post office, law 
 Courts, Custom-house, and 2 new Prisons the increase of 
 private buildings for persons of opulence and fashion, has 
 been so great as to extend the capital nearly one third beyond 
 its previous dimensions, and give it a splendor equal to any 
 
Book 11.] Geography of Ireland— Cities, Toxuns, fyc. 177 
 
 thing which London can boast. A board or society 
 bas been incorporated by Parliament, under the title of 
 “ Commissioners for making wide and convenient streets, and 
 for improving the city of Dublin, 5 ’ this board is empowered 
 to take cognizance of all narrow and inconvenient streets, 
 and decayed buildings, to purchase the ground or compensate 
 the owners of such houses as are necessary to be pulled down 
 in order to, widen such greets and to dispose of the ground 
 thus altered to the highest bidders ; all expences thus incur- 
 red are defrayed by parliamentary grants ; some streets have 
 already been considerably improved under the direction of 
 this board, particularly Sackville-street ; here is erected 
 Nelson’s Pillar, it is of the Doric order, according to the 
 Grecian stile, is 13 feet diameter, and with a pedestal and 
 figure 140 feet, was built by subscription, and cost £ 6500 . 
 The first stone was laid on the 12th of February, 1808, 
 and the scaffold taken down the 15th of October, 1809. It is 
 situated at the intersection of Earl-street and Henry -street ; 
 oq, the W. side of the pedestal, in large characters, is engraved 
 ST. VINCENT, XIV FEBRUARY, MDCCXCVII ; 
 on the E. COPENHAGEN, 11 APRIL ; MDCCCI, on 
 the N. THE NILE, 1 AUGUST, MDCCXCVIII ; 
 and on the S* side NELSON, TRAFALGAR, XXL 
 OCTOBER, MDCCCV. It was executed under the direc- 
 tion of Mr. Francis Johnston, to whose superior taste Dublin, 
 is indebted for several of its proudest ornaments, particularly 
 the Bank, which will long remain a monument of his abilities 
 in joining together in one pile of building the two opposite 
 designs of the Irish house of Lords and Commons ; his inge- 
 nuity in accomplishing such a task had a far harder trial 
 than in forming from himself the architectural plan of themost 
 magnificent edifice. But all his plans and erections bespeak 
 a happy combination of elegance and utility, with a striking 
 degree of local aptitude. Westmorland-street, College-rgreen 
 and Dame-street, is in a stile of grandeur highly honorable to 
 the metropolis of $ commercial nation, and though their 
 operations are rather slower than was at first, expected, the 
 result will-have ultimately the happiest effect. The new streets 
 are built on a plan ,of regularity and elegance no where else 
 to -be found. — The paving, cleansing and lighting of the 
 City have been vested<by, parliament in the direction of another 
 board of commissioners, who have contributed highly not 
 
178 Geography of Ireland -Cities, Totvns , Sfc. [Book II. 
 
 only to the utility, but to the ornament' of the City. The 
 convex lamps, so much to the honor of the present board 
 for their attention to the citizens of Dublin, should not be 
 overlooked here. Public fountains have been erected in the 
 principal vicinities, ornamented with statuary, as highly 
 honorable to the taste of the projector as useful to the City 
 they so elegantly decorate. 1 
 
 Among the public buildings whic& deserve particular men- 
 tion for elegance, are the new Custom-house, and Trinity 
 College ; the Senate-house in College-green, the most superb 
 structure of the kind in Europe, which building, since the 
 Union of this Country with Great Britain and the consequent 
 removal of theParliament, has been purchasedby theGovernors 
 or the National Bank and converted to commercial purposes * 
 the Four Courts, a superb building ; the Royal Exchange on 
 Cork -hill ; tne Lying-in Hospital, Rutland-square ; the Blue 
 
 u Splta • m . 0xmantown -g reen ; the Cathedrals are both 
 old Gothic buildings, and contain many elegant monuments j 
 the Castle of Dublin is the residence or court of the Viceroy, 
 and forms in itself an handsome square, and is infinitely 
 superior, in point of beauty and convenience to St. James’s 
 Palace, much of its exterior beauty is destroyed by the in- 
 closure of a colonade or piazza on the S, side, which was 
 converted into apartments by the Marquis of Buckingham 
 when Viceroy. The Castle was originally built by Henry 
 De Landres, Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Justice of 
 Ireland, anno 1213, in the reign of King John. The public 
 buildings which deserve notice for their extent, neatness and 
 utility, are the Barracks, and the Linen and Yarn Halls ; and 
 among the private buildings, Leinster Palace stands decided- 
 ly foremost; St. Step hen’s -green is S. of the river, and belongs 
 to the Corporation of the City, the use of the grass and 
 herbage thereof is usually granted to the Lord Mayor for 
 the time being by a vote of quarter assembly, it is a spa- 
 cious and beautiful square area, one mile in circumference, 
 and surrounded by a fosse ; in the centre is a well executed 
 equestrian statue in brass of King George II. elevated on a 
 pedestal ; the interior walks are planted with a double hedge, 
 and those outside the ditch are graveled, planted with a double 
 row of umbrageous trees, andform the most public, fashionable 
 and agreeable promenade in the city ; the houses which sur- 
 rounded the whole, were the residence of rank, but since the 
 union, deserted. Merrion-square, within a short distance of the 
 
r Book II} Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, fyc. 179 
 
 Green, is one of the most beautiful squares in Europe (as to 
 shew and fashion) all the back windows of the houses on the 
 N. side command a most delightful prospect of the Bay of 
 Dublin and its beautiful adjacencies in that direction, as 
 Clontarf, Lambay, Ireland’s Eye, Howth, the Light house ; 
 and those to the E. have the same with the Black Rock, 
 Dunieary, Mapas-hill, Bray-head, the Sugar-loaf-hills, &c. 
 while those on the S, with both these advantages from their 
 upper stories, command also a beautiful prospect of the 
 southern mountains, and their intervaining valleys, and that 
 charming incomparable view, which travellers have so often 
 celebrated, “ A glance from the bay of Dublin at sun rise.” 
 This City, from its contiguity to the Sea and the picturesque 
 beauty of its surrounding country, is most admirably calculated 
 for the health and agreeable relaxation of its inhabitants ; 
 it is nearly surrounded by a new and excellent road called the 
 Circular Road, about 6 miles in circumference, which forms 
 a most agreeable ride, and presents a thousand beautiful 
 prospects in every direction. From the Phoenix-park, which 
 is a royal manor, westward of the City, and in which is a 
 Viceregal Seat, a School for Soldiers Children, a Military 
 Hospital, a Powder Magazine, and a Battery for 22 guns, 
 the views of the surrounding country are truly charming. 
 The Canal, called the grand Canal, finished by a private 
 company under the sanction and encouragemeut of parliament, 
 is navigable from its junction with the river Liffey on the S. 
 side near its mouth with the river Barrow, and from that to 
 the river Shannon, at a place called Shannon Harbour (60 
 miles from Dublin) intersecting the country from E. to W. 
 and forming a communication by water from the Irish Sea 
 to the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 From this canal is filled a reservoir at the western extre- 
 mity of the City, called the City BaSon, which supplies th$ 
 town with water. This canal is terminated in Dublin, in an 
 extensive pool called the canal harbour, whither provisions 
 are daily brought in boats from the inland country, which 
 are freighted back with goods of all sorts for the country 
 merchants ; the docks, however, on the S. side of the fiver, 
 are very extensive, and sufficiently capacious to hold several 
 hundred vessels, covering 28 acres of ground, and are 16 
 feet deep at all times, being of more extent than all the docks 
 in Liverpool united. There are also 12 covered barges as 
 
180 Geography of Ireland— Cities, Tams, 8fc. [Book II 
 
 packets, w hK;h ply daily up and down with passeno-ers and 
 which afford a cheap, expeditious and agreeable mode of tn 
 
 from fhe M ° th d er 
 
 ceedswitl iio K eGt I’ t0 the River Shannon, which pro- 
 of ^t|| as to n ishing expedition, being now navigable upwards 
 
 of M„H ^ B L r ° ad Stone ’ Dublin to Coolmakay w! 
 
 of Mullingar, and both must contribute highly to the benefit 
 
 The Tr ^ afld Pantry and the improvement of Commerce 
 
 withsm 1 d- arC fT h ° Spltab e P 60 ? 16 ’ and even in the Cities not’ 
 withstanding the great increase of commerce, there yet remains 
 
 trade a of de Dubr th ^ a T ble andnationa l characteristic. The 
 trade of Dublin is extensive, the bar at the entrance of the 
 
 Wour renders it difficult and dangerous to large vessels 
 
 the Ck 7 °j ^ r ret , Urns 3 members to parliament, 2 for 
 the City and one for the University; Dublin is seated on 
 
 2nd S30N "w L ff ey, d 6 ° m T eS W< ° f Hol yhead in Wales, 
 d 3301Sf. W. of London, Lat. 53, 20. Long. 6, 6 W 
 
 To do justice to the City of Dublin, in the narrow limits 
 o _this volume, would not be in the Author's pAwer, what is 
 said can scarce communicate an idea of the trade or of the 
 public and private edifices, with which this Metropolis is 
 enriched; a large volume could scarcely give Sinuate 
 ¥oT t th' uumerous improvements that are daily 
 To do t thejustice it deserves, the person who woulLtteS 
 it should have no other object in view. attempt 
 
 a fish ' n 8 tow «V about fifteen miles 
 She" W :! an exce i lent T*a.y, w here large vessels can 
 • he cotton manuiaccure was carried 911 here to a 
 great extent, but now declined so much, that they have con 
 verted one of their principal mills into a flower irdll. 
 
 ““■tiling town six 
 
 frnmTi Bi rn I ' , T ER - r>GE ’ a villa g e one mile and a half 3. E 
 Castle, situated on the sea side. 
 
 . a viIIa £ e one m ^ e and a quarter north 
 east from the Castle, situated on the sea side. 
 
 n. smal1 “ ing town ’ »»» 
 
 foul’^f F CK f’ 3 h T’n bal ? dSOme ’ and pleasant town 
 Dubl^R S ' a' fr ° m the CastIe ’ beautifully situated on 
 D John Bay, and commands a fine view of the harbour and the 
 adjacent country ; there is a great resort of company, "a^ 
 
Book II. 3 Geography of Ir&ahti— Cities, Towns, Oft. 
 
 for the object of bathing and partly for pleasure. It is within 
 erne mile of Donleary. 
 
 8 — BqoterstoWn 3 a small village, sit ifated on the S. side 
 of the Bay of Dublin, Si miles from the Castle. 
 
 9 — Bollock, a small fishing town, formerly ,of some come- 
 quence, on the bay of Dublin, seven miles E. from the Castle. 
 
 10. — Castleknock a small pleasant village near four miles 
 
 V/. from Dublin ; it derives its name from an old castle, 
 the ruins of which are still remaining it was built in the 
 reign of Henry II, ' 
 
 11. — Chapelizob, a large handsome Village, W. from 
 the Castle of Dublin, beautifully situated near the Phoenix 
 Park, on the banks of the river Liffey, with a barrack, for- 
 merly.occupied by the Artillery, but now by a regiment or 
 detachment of. Infantry ; this place is remarkable for supply* 
 ing the Metropolis with the finest strawberries. 
 
 1^. — ChukchtoWiV, a small Villag^ S\ miles - S.- front 
 the Castle, frequented much by invalids to drink goat’s whey. 
 
 13. — Clondalkin, a Village live miles W. from the Castle 
 of Dublin, near the road to Naas, where is an ancient round 
 tower in- fine preservation. 
 
 1 4* . — ClqA f A RF, a large and pleasant village, miles E. 
 of the castle, of Dublin, on the sea side. Vhe Sheds of 
 Clontarf, ay- they are called, derive their name from fishing 
 stages having been formerly erected there, for the purpose 
 of drying and curing fish ; it, now contains a large number of 
 handsome and well built houses, much frequented in the 
 bathing season, being well situated for that purpose. A 
 great convenience has been added to the town by Mr, Weeks, 
 who has conveyed at a great expence, a stream of excellent 
 water several hundred yards, to a large reservoir, which he 
 'built on the beach, for the use of the public. The Danes 
 landed in Ulster, in the reign of Brien Boroihme, and hav- 
 ing done great damage there, proceeded along the coast, 
 and set fire to Cork, but were there defeated, and Humphrey 
 their commander killed. _ They again visited Ireland at the 
 instigation of Mool' Mordha, King of Leinster ; but were 
 defeated by Brien at Clontarf, when 10,000 of the invaders 
 were killed on the’ field of battle, besides multitudes of them 
 Iia ? ursu ^ * m a ^ as * The brave Brien lived not to enjoy 
 the fruits of this perfect victory, dying of his wounds the 
 same day in his tent. 
 
 R . - v - 
 
152 Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, fyc. [Book II. 
 
 15. — Coolock, a small village 3 miles N. E. from the 
 castle of Dublin, with a neat church, 
 
 16 — Chumlin, a large village, 2^ W. from the castle of 
 Dublin. This place is not much frequented by the citizens, 
 but it is a great thoroughfare for travellers to the County of 
 Wicklow. ' • 
 
 17. — Dalkey, a small village, 7$ miles from the castle 
 of Dublin, commanding a view ofjjie bay ; it >vas formerly 
 the repository for goods belonging to the merchants of 
 Dublin. There are some ruins here of old castles, and pla- 
 ces of defence against pirates, who formerly swarmed on the 
 Irish coast ; Bullock was the port where the trade was 
 carried on* 
 
 18. — Dalkey Island, is about a quarter of a mile from 
 the shore, contains about 15 acres, and is tolerably fertile, and 
 is esteemed an excellent salt marsh ; here, sheep particularly 
 soon grow fat, and their flesh acquires a particular fine fla- 
 vour. The Island is uninhabited. 
 
 19*?> — Donn ybrook, a pleasant village, 2 miles S. E. from 
 the castle. 
 
 20. — Don^ycarnEy, a small village 2 miles N. E. from 
 the castle, pleasantly situated on the strand, near Marino, 
 the seat of the Earl of Charlemont. 
 
 21. — St. Doulough’s a small village, 4* miles N. E. from 
 the Castle of Dublin, the neighbourhood abounds with beauti- 
 ful seats. St. Doulough’s church is one of the few structures 
 in this kingdom, erected from the beginning of the 8th to the 
 close of .the 11th century ; and in a different stile of archi- 
 tecture from any now to be found, being evidently built in 
 imitation of the original Christian churches in southern coun- 
 tries, taken from ancient heathen temples of the Greek and 
 Romans. This village has been long noted for a well, dedi- 
 cated to the Virgin Mary,' and adjoining a small place called 
 Cathems-Pond 
 
 22. — Duumcondra, an agreeable and pleasant village, 2 
 miles N. from the castle of Dublin ; it is well inhabited and 
 there are a number of' Gentlemen’s seats in and near it. 
 
 23. — Dundrum, a small village, 3-f- miles S. from the 
 castle of Dublin, on the high road tb Pcwerscourt. 
 
 24 — Dun Leary, a handsome well inhabited sea port 
 tpwn, 5| E* from the castle of Dublin, resorted to by the 
 Packets at low water. , r ** 
 
 25. — D unsink, a very pleasant village, 4 miles N. W. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland— Cities, Temis, fyc. I$3 
 
 from the castle of Dublin ; oh the summit of Dunsinkhill is 
 the Observatory of Trinity College. 
 
 26. -~Finglass, a large and handsome town, 3 miles N. 
 from the castle o'f Dublin. 
 
 27. — Glass-neviiJ, a very pleasant, well built, and large 
 village, 2 miles N. from the castle, of Dublin. There are 
 many fine seats near this place. The Dublin Society have 
 here, at a very great expence, established a Botanic Garden ; 
 it is well laid out, and conducted upon the Linneaen system, 
 with great accuracy, noticing even greater varieties than are 
 introduced in that system. The hot houses are furnished 
 with a vast variety of curious exotics, and are now extend- 
 ing considerably, by the addition of two large buildings for 
 the same purpose, the whole contains 16^ Irish acres, and is 
 well worthy the attention of £he curious. 
 
 28 — Hampstead, a small pleasant village, 2 miles N. 
 from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 29 — Harrold’s Cross, a village or suburb^ joining the 
 city of Dunlin, 1 mile S from the Castle. 
 
 30. — Howth, a small town miles E. from the castle 
 of Dublin ; it is pleasantly situated and enjoys fine, air, there 
 is a stream of water running near the village, that would 
 ( answer well for some manufacture. There is a good light- 
 house upon' the promontory, it being the N. entrance of tbe 
 bay pf Dublin. Howth gives title of Earl to the family of 
 St. Lawrence, who was so called frpm a victory gained by 
 them over the Irish on St, Lawrence’s day, 1371, their 
 former name being Tristram ; and this place has continued 
 in possession of the family above 600 years. Lat. 53, 21 N. 
 Long. 6, 22 W. — Ireland’s Eye is half a mile N. from the 
 hill of Howth and fronting Belldoyle, distant about half a 
 pule ; this little Island is composed of a high "rock, on the 
 north side, and what is called Stags on the E. being a per- 
 pendicular rock of great height, and very dangerous for 
 shipping in tempestuous weather; it is supposed to have 
 been formerly joined to thebill of Howth ; some medicinal 
 and fragrant plants grow upon it, and on the S. W. side are 
 the ruins of an old chapel ; it is about three quarters of a 
 mile in length and half a mile in breadth. 
 
 31. — Island Bridge, a suburb and outlet of Dublin, I* 
 mile W. from the castle of Dublin ; it contains many good 
 houses, and has a remarkable fine new bridge over the river 
 
384 Gwgmghjj of Ireland — Cities, Tomth Jfa' [rB&ok IL 
 
 Liffey, which contains but one clip tic al. : arch of an immense 
 •pan, viz. 104 feet 10 inches. 
 
 3% — K i lgqlbin, v a small village., 8 miles S. E. from the 
 castle of Duplin, on the road to Powerscourt. 
 
 33i — &ii,LipE¥, a small village, 8 miles S. E from the 
 castle, 
 
 34 $, — -Kjllester, a pleasant village, 3\ miles N. E. from 
 the castle of Dublin. 
 
 35— Lilmacud, a stiaall village, 4 miles S. E. from the 
 castle of Dublin.. 
 
 36. — LiLMASBQWjE,, a small village, 4 miles S. from the 
 castle of Dublin. 
 
 . 37 . — KntSfi.pGA.N 9 a village, 83 miles from the castle of 
 Dublin. 
 
 38. — Kilternan* a small village , miles S. E- from the 
 
 castle of Dublin. A mile beyond this is a very remarkable 
 chasm in the mountain, called the Scalp ; it appears as if it 
 bad been rent asunder by an earthquake ; there is an ex- 
 cellent road through the chasm, leading to Enniskerry. 
 
 39. — Kimmage, a small pleasant village, % miles S.. W. 
 from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 40. — Knooksedan, a small village 7 miles N. from’ the 
 castlp of Dublin. 
 
 4L-^Lo,ughI/IN:Stown, a small village, 7 miles- 3 . E. from 
 the castle of Dublin. 
 
 . 42. — Leixlip, a large and handsome town well inhabited 
 and. much improved, on the banks of the Liffey, 8 miles W. % 
 from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 43. — Little Cork, a small village, within, half a. mile* 
 of Bray, and near 10 miles S E from the castle off 
 Dublin. 
 
 44. — Lougij shinny,, a small village. 15 miles N. W. from : - 
 the castle of Dublin, there is a fne harbour here, and a. pier 
 mot finished, bat which well deserves attention,, on account 
 of a good coppermine that has been worked close to the 
 cpiay. It might also, at, no great e>; peace be rendered of 
 great utility t<^ shelter vessels from, storms. 
 
 45. — Lucan, a handsome town, near 6 | miEs froip 
 the castle of Dublin. To the Demesne, of Mr. Yessey there 
 is a sulphureous, spa, most probably issuing from a vein of 
 coal ; another spa of the same nature rises;, in the small river 
 between Lucan and the lands of Eskar. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — pities, Towns? fyc. l&S 
 
 46. — Lusk, a small fishing town between Swords and 
 Rush, 1 1 miles N. from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 47. — Lutterelstown, a small pleasant village 5\ miles 
 W. from the castle of Dublin, beautifully situated on the 
 banks of the Liffey, also the seat of Luke White, Esq. 
 
 48. — Mallahide, a good fishing town, 6\ miles N, from 
 the castle of Dublin, situated on the Irish Channel, much ex- 
 posed to the easterly winds. 
 
 49 — Mallahidert, a village 6 miles N. W. from the 
 castle of Dublin ; here is a remarkable fine well. 
 
 50. - St. Margarett’s, a small village, 5| miles N. from 
 the castle of Dublin. 
 
 51. — Milltown, a large and pleasant village 2 mites S.E. t 
 from the castle of Dublin, not so much frequented as formerly. 
 
 52 — Monkstown, a pleasant small village 5 1 S. E. from 
 the castle of Dublin, where there has been lately built an 
 elegant church. 
 
 53. — Mount Venus, a small village, 5 miles .S. from the 
 castle of Dublin. 
 
 ' 54. — Naul, a small village, 14 miles N. from the castle 
 
 of Dublin, on the verge of the county ; there is a very beau- 
 tiful Glen near it, with rocks and* a number of caves ; the old 
 castle situated over this Glen, gives the whole a most 
 picturesque appearance. 
 
 55. — New Castle, a poor village, though formerly a 
 borough town and returned two members to the Irish Parli- 
 ament'; it is 7 miles W. from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 56 — Knocklion, a small pleasant village 3§ S. from the 
 castle of Dublin. 
 
 57. — Oldbawn, a small village 4^ S. W. from the castle 
 of Dublin. 
 
 58. — Old Merrion, a small village 2|- E. from the castle 
 of Dublin. 
 
 59. — Palmerstown,* a village 3J W. from the castle, 
 much frequented by travellers. 
 
 60. — Philipsburg, a handsome village \\ N. E. from the 
 castle of Dublin. 
 
 61. — Phibsborougii, a handsome village built within a 
 few years, 1^ mile N. from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 62 — Portobello, a suburb, S. of Dublin, near Kevin’s 
 Port, this place has been v very much improved by the Grand 
 Canal Company ; a Hotel for passengers has been erected 
 
 R 3 
 
IBS Geography of, Ir dandy-- Cities > Towns, fyc, [Book II. 
 
 ■which, cost £700 0, it is one of the first in the kingdom for 
 accommodations* 
 
 6St — -P riestiiouse, a small poor village 2| miles S. E. 
 from the castle of Dublin. 
 
 6 k— R A.HENNY, a large village 4 miles N. E. from the 
 castle of Dublin ; there is another village half a mile from 
 this called Rahenny on the Strand, to distinguish it from 
 Rahenny in the country. 
 
 65. — rR a,nel a gh, a large and pleasant village 1\ miles 
 S. E. from the castle of Dublin ; there are a number of 
 good houses* and. it has keen much improved within these 
 few years. 
 
 66. — Rathfarnham, a large handsome village miles 
 Sv from the castle of Dublin situated on- a dry bank. H$re 
 
 the extensive improvements of the Marquis, of Ely. 
 
 67. Rathmines,, a pleasant fine village, one mile" and an 
 half S. from the castle of Dublin ; it is extremely rural and 
 healthy, and well wooded and watered, and is, famous for 
 the defeat of the Duke of Ormond (who lay encamped there 
 with 19000 men) by the Parliament’s forces commanded by 
 Colonel Jones, in 1649* who killed 4,000 and took near 
 3,000 prisoners. 
 
 6 8. ^— Richmond , a beautiful village one mile and an* half 
 
 N. E from the castle of Dublin, the villas and' seats are 
 numerous and pleasant. ^ 
 
 69*. — rRiNGSEND, a village well known, at present little 
 frequented, and' almost in a state* of ruin, 1^ mile from the 
 castle. of Dublin ; the great S. wall begins here, and ends at 
 the light-house, about 2f miles. The Pigeon-house is now 
 converted into a strong fort, and a Garrison kept there to 
 defend the harbour. 
 
 70. — -Roches town, a pleasant village 7 miRs E. from 
 the castle of Dublin ; i.t lies exposed to the sea air, and is 
 frequented by persons to drink goats whey. 
 
 71. — Rush, a large fishing town 18* miles N. from the 
 castle of Dublin, situated on the sea coast, and has the 
 island of Lambay directly opposite, about the distance of 
 
 miles. This Island is about 2 miles long: and 1 i broad, 
 .remarkable for great quantities of rabbits, and numerous 
 flocks of sea fowl ; there is also shell fish about the island. 
 
 72. — Saggar t, a small village 7 miles S. W. from the 
 castle of Dublin?.. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Cities * Towns, fyc. 187 
 
 ' 73. — Sandymount, a pleasant village, greatly improved 
 2 miles E. of Dublin from the castle. 
 
 74. — Santry, a small village situated on the great nor- 
 thern road, c 6\ miles N. from the castle of Dublin; 
 
 75. *-*— Skerries, situated about 15 miles from the metro- 
 polis ; at a small distance are the Skerry Islands or rocks, 
 they are three in number, and remarkable for producing 
 great quantities of' sea weed, from which kelp is made. 
 The Island called John Patrick is famous for having been 
 the residence of St. Patrick, where are still to be seen the 
 venerable remains of a church dedicated to that saint. The 
 town of Skerries is a small fishing, village situated on the s*ea 
 coast. 
 
 76. — Stillorgajn, a village miles from the castle of 
 Dublin. 
 
 77. — Swords, formerly a borough town, 7 miles N. from 
 the castle of Dublin. This town returned two members to 
 the Irish Parliament, but on account of the Union is now dis- 
 continued. 
 
 78. — Tallagh, a large village or town, 4 miles S. W. 
 from the castle of Dublin situated in a fine country, here is 
 the ancient residence of the Bishop of Dublin. 
 
 79. — Tem^pleogue, a small village 3 miles S. W. from 
 the castle of Dublin. 
 
 80. — Turvey, a village 9 miles N. from the castle of 
 Dublin. 
 
 Kilmainham, a decayed sort of a town, situated on the 
 W. extremity of the City of Dublin, in a handsome valley 
 on the great western road, it was sometimes the seat of go- 
 vernment, before the castle of Dublin was appropriated to 
 that purpose. — Without any apparent cause for such a choice, 
 except perhaps, the cheapness of the rents, the manufacture of 
 iron goods, especially oT the heavy kind, have been established 
 here ; the place has very much dwindled, . and the street or 
 road, from its low situation, is often almost choaked up with 
 dirt, at present however, it seems to be improving ; a stream 
 of water runs in the bottom, which turns some mills, and on 
 which there are several tan yards ; on the hill adjoining 
 stands the Royal Hospital for invalids, an elegant building ; 
 and on the opposite hill, the Foundling Hospital. The 
 quarter sessions for the county of Dublin, and the election 
 for the Knights of the Shire are held here. 
 
188 Geography of Ireland — Villas , fyc. [Book II. 
 
 Gentlemens Seats and Improvements about the Vicinity of 
 Dublin . 
 
 Curduff, the seat of Thomas Baker, Esq, a good plain 
 house and garden, with an extensive Demesne of 200 acres, 
 well improved and in high cultivation. 
 
 Mallahide Castle, the seat of Colonel Talbot, beauti- 
 fully situated on a rising ground, commanding a most exten- 
 sive and beautiful view of Lambay, Howth, Ireland’s Eye, 
 dec. together with a most extensive inland view of the adja- 
 cent country ; the demesne is well wooded, highly improved, 
 and laid out with great modern taste. 
 
 , Newbridge, the seat of Thomas Cobb, Esq. is a large 
 and elegant structure, that has been improved within these 
 SO years ; it is delighfully situated in the centre of a park 
 , of two hundred acres, elegantly planted with a variety of 
 forest and other ornamental trees, in the highest state "of pre- 
 servation, commanding a most v extensive prospect of the 
 surrounding country for some miles. 
 
 Turvey, the seat of the Kingsland family, was formerly 
 of some note, but now in ruins ; the demesne is, nevertheless, 
 worthy of attention. 
 
 Rathbane, the seat of the late Hamilton Gorges, Esq. 
 now set to a farmer, by his son, Sir Richard Gorges Me- 
 redith, Bart. Little can be said of it, as the extensive 
 woods, lately on this demesne. ai;e now cut down. 
 
 Santry, the seat of Charles Domville, Esq. an exten- 
 sive demesne, with a large plain building, surrounded 'with 
 a variety of full grown timber, and enclosed by a stone 
 wall 
 
 Abbeville,, the seat of the late Right Hon. John Beres- 
 ford, a fine demesne of -an hundred acres, well improved, 
 
 ' with a large and elegant house, and a fine lake abounding 
 with carp, tench, and trout. The gardens are beautiful and 
 extensive, with a vast range of glass for pines, grapes and 
 peaches, and also an extensive green-house, containing a 
 variety of exotic and other plants. 
 
 Felt rum, the seat of the Rev. Chas. Cobb Beresford, a 
 demesne of about an hundred acres, well improved, and in 
 good order, with a small plain house, well situated, com- 
 manding an extensive view of Howth, the bay of Dublin, 
 Wicklow mountains, &c. 
 
Book IL] Geography of Ireland — Villas . 189 
 
 Greenwood, tjie seat of Richard Sayers, Esq. formerly of 
 Sir William Montgomery, a neat small house and demesne, 
 with good shrubberies, and well planted with all kinds of 
 trees. 
 
 Lissen Hall, the seat of Frapcis Synge, Esq. formerly 
 belonging to the late John Hatch, Esq. pleasantly situated 
 upon an arm of the sea, near Mallahide ; it is a large build- 
 ing, with a few good timber trees interspersed* 
 
 < Balnabrough, now called Seafield, the seat of John 
 Arthur, Esq. beautifully situated on the same arm of the 
 sea as Lissen Hall, containing about an hundred acres/ well 
 improved, and the whole enclosed by a ten feet wall. 
 
 Rush House, the seat of Roger Palmer, Esq. beautifully 
 situated, commanding a most extensive view of the sea and 
 adjacent country, finely wooded, good garden, and the 
 whole highly improved. 
 
 Belcamp, the seat of John Claudius Beresford, Esq. 
 the demesne and farm adjoining, an hundred and eighty 
 acres ; a small neat house, 'pleasantly situated, the farm well 
 cultivated, gardens new and well laid out,, with pinery and. 
 grape-house, &c, 
 
 Belcamp, the seat of the Hon. Francis Hutchinson, a 
 large handsome brick house, beautifully situated, with a 
 fine view of the sea, and adjacent country ; the demesne 
 consists of about fifty acres, Well cultivated and wooded, 
 and excellent gardens. 
 
 IKjllestsR, the seat of Sir Thomas Gleadowe Newcomen-, 
 with a spacious house, a demesne of 40 acres, well wooded ; 
 the walks are judiciously laid out, so as to form a complete 
 country residence, though situated within a mile and an half 
 of the capital. The gardens are elegantly disposed, a large 
 extent of glass, well furnished with pines, grapes &c. of the 
 first flavor. 
 
 Clontare Castle, the demesne of Captain Vernon, a- 
 fine edifice, with noble apartments, excellent gardens, and a 
 beautiful well improved demesne. 
 
 Hampstead, the seat of Hamilton, Esq. a fine 
 
 house, handsomely situated, within a short distance of Bal- 
 briggen near the sea, which forms a beautiful scene, covered 
 with numerous fishing vessels. 
 
 Portrain, late the residence of Hampden Evans, Esq. 
 now. of Counsellor Green, a beautiful modern house, plea- 
 
190 Geography of Ireland— Villas. [Book IL 
 
 santly situated near the sea. The Island of Lambay forms 
 a fine object, at the distance of three miles. 
 
 Cabragh, the seat of Lord Norbury, a capital house, 
 well situated, with a fine prospect, a demesne well wooded, 
 and well improved gardens, &c. 
 
 Bushy Park, the seat of Robert Shaw, Esq. M. P. a 
 very large elegant house, with a beutiful prospect of a well 
 improved neighbourhood. The demesne consists of about 
 forty acres, well improved, laid out in great taste, and en- 
 closed with a stone wall ; the gardens are extensive, and 
 contain a quantity of glass for pines,, grapes, peaches* &c. 
 
 Terrenure, the seat of the late R. Shaw, Esq. The house 
 k large and elegant, with a good view of the adjacent coun- 
 try. The demesne consists of about thirty acres, is well 
 improved, and contains extensive shrubberies. The gardens 
 are well laid out, and in fine order, and the whole enclosed 
 with a sfood wall. 
 
 oodtown, the seat of George Grierson, Esq. a large 
 and elegant house, well situated, with a pleasant view of a 
 good neighbourhood. The demesne consists of about an 
 hundred acres, improved to the highest state of perfection, 
 by draining, liming, &c. There are good gardens, and 
 every attention is paid, to render it a charming retreat. 
 
 Hollypark, the seat of Jeffery Foot, 'Esq The house 
 is excellent and pleasantly^ situated, the demesne laid out 
 witn great judgment, contains about ninety acres, and is 
 well wooded and watered ; the gardens are valuable and ex- 
 tensive, and well laid out. 
 
 - Marly, the aemesne of the Right Hon. David Latouche. 
 
 1 he house is extremely elegant, ancl the farm-yard and 
 offices are very commodious ; the gardens are handsome and 
 extensive, and contain a great deal of glass ; the whole 
 abounding with a variety of fruit, & c The demense consists 
 of upwards of 300 acres, and is beautifully laid out with 
 fine walks, well wooded, remarkably well watered* and 
 sfcilfully planted, and the whole well enclosed with a good 
 stone wall. 
 
 Portfield, the seat of the late Lord Avonmore ; an exp- 
 edient house, well situated ; a fine demesne, well planted, 
 well watered, and beautifully situated, with a fine garden, 
 and the whole well enclosed, 
 
 Rathfarnham Castle, the seat of the most noble 
 Marquis of Ely ; a very grand house ; a large demesne, 
 
191 
 
 Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Villas. 
 
 beautifully wooded and. watered, and laid out in a magnifi- 
 cent stile ; the gardens are beautiful and extensive, with a 
 great quantity of glass, and enclosed with a remarkable 
 
 high wall. 
 
 Roebuck, a fine old castle, in good order, the seat of 
 — Crofton, Esq. a small demesne and good gardens. 
 
 Cork Abbey, the seat of the late Right Hon. Theophilus 
 Jones. The house is large and elegant, which, for situati- 
 on, can hardly be equalled ; the demesne is large, well cul- 
 tivated, and improved, and beautifully ornamented with full 
 grown trees : the gardens are large and well laid out, with 
 a good range of glass for grapes, green-houses, See. 
 
 Woodbrook, the teat of Webb, Esq. a fine 
 
 house, commanding a great view, particularly of the sea ; a 
 a handsome well improved demesne, and the garden well laid 
 out, and in good order. 
 
 Corinken, the teat of Major Cockburne, a fine house, 
 which commands an extensive view, with a demesne of an 
 hundred acres, well planted and improved. 
 
 Leighlinstown, the seat of Judge Day, a good house, 
 with a large and beautifully ornamented demesne, with full 
 grown trees ; it has a fine prospect, and the gardens are in 
 great order, and well laid out. 
 
 Cabinteely, , at present occupied by the widotv of 
 Robert Byrne, Esq. a very large, elegant, , modern house, 
 and extensive demesne, well planted, improved, and beauti- 
 fully situated, commanding a fine view of the sea, and sur- 
 rounding country. * 
 
 Siiankhill, the seat of Counsellor Roberts, beautifully 
 situated on a hill above Old Connaught ; a fine house, which 
 commands a most enchanting view of the whole surrounding 
 country, the sea, town, and harbour of Eray, with its ship- 
 ping, &c. and for planting, shrubberies, garden, &c» 
 stands unrivalled. 
 
 Thornhill, lately the seat of the: Right Hon. Joh» 
 Monk Mason, now of the Rev. — - .. Strong, a large 
 
 and elegant house, commanding a charming view of the sea, 
 Bray, ?nd all the surrounding country \ the demesne is small 
 but highly and picturesquely improved, with shrubberies, 
 gardens, See. This beautiful seat, from a wild uncultivated 
 spot, was built on and improved by Mr. Mason. 
 
 Palermo, the seat of the late Sir Francis Hutchinson, 
 
19Z 
 
 •' Geography of Ireland — Villas . ..[Book IL 
 
 Bart ; the house is large and pleasantly situated ; the de- 
 mesne between fifty and sixty acres, indifferently cultivated 
 shrubberies well planted and laid out ; gardens large and 
 handsome. 
 
 Cabinteely, the seat of John Dwyer, Esq. an excellent 
 house, a small demesne, well improved with gardens, &c. 
 
 Kilmacud, the seat of James Farrel, Esq. a good 
 house, pleasantly situated, with a demesne of forty acres, 
 well wooded and improved, good gardens well laid out, and 
 the whole well enclosed, lately the^ seat of Sir Michael 
 Smith, Bart. 
 
 Stoneville, the seat of Colonel Pratt, a good house, 
 with a fine view, and well improved demesne of twenty-six 
 acres, and good garden. 
 
 Gannat, lately the seat of Sir John Macartney, Bart, a 
 large, handsome house, well situated with a fine improved 
 demesne of twenty-six acres, excellent gardens, and a great 
 deal of glass for pines, grapes, &c. 
 
 Johnstown, the seat of Major Armstrong, with a good 
 house, and a demesne of fourteen acres, well improved, good 
 gardens handsomely laid out, and in fine order. 
 
 Mount Merrion, the seat of Richard Verschoyle, Esq. 
 an excellent house, a demesne of about an hundred acres, 
 well wooded, and a handsome well laid out garden* kept in 
 good order. 
 
 Stillorgan House, at present inhabited by * — *— 
 
 Verschoyle, Esq. the estate of Lord Carysfort. This house 
 and demesne, when in the hands of Lord Carysfort, was 
 one of the most beautiful seats in Ireland ; but at present it 
 is so subdivided, that it loses its former splendor. The 
 original demesne, when united, contained upwards of an 
 hundred acres, finely wooded and watered, with elegant 
 gardens, &c. 
 
 Kilmacud, the seat of James Williams, Esq. a good 
 house, beautifully situated, commanding an extensive view 
 of the sea, and a fine improved country ; the demesne is 
 about twenty five acres. 
 
 Willow Park, the seat of Alderman Alexander, a good 
 house, a demesne of about eighteen acres, well planted and 
 improved ; fine gardens with a good deal of glass, a$d all 
 well enclosed with a stone wall. 
 
193 
 
 Book II.] Geography of Ireland— Villas, $fc. 
 
 Frescati, the seat of the late Lieut. General Needham, 
 and now occupied by the Rev. Mr. Creig, principal 
 of the classical and mercantile academy ; this beautiful seat 
 may be classed one of the first in the kingdom for its present 
 purpose, the purity of the air, and excellence of situation 
 and convenience for sea bathing cannot be excelled ; it is 
 within three miles of the city of Dublin ; the house is elegant, 
 with a demesne of about twenty acres, well planted, fihe 
 walks and shrubberies, excellent gardens, well enclosed 
 with a stone wall. 
 
 The examinations held at Frescati, Christmas 1809 and 
 Summer 1810, the classes examined by mein arithmetic, &c. 
 and as far as my knowledge of that science leads me to judge, 
 the young Gentlemens’ answers in mercantile calculations, 
 &c. were astonishing, particularly from such as were destined 
 for different pursuits in life. 
 
 It is surprising how that noble science, called arithmetic, 
 has been so much neglected in this mercantile country the 
 last century, particularly in our classical schools, where it 
 was only considered as a secondary object ; indeed the course 
 of education is very much changed these last ten years, and 
 our teachers in the different country towns and cities are 
 vieing with each other, who will produce the best mercantile 
 and mathematical class ; this I have observed in my last tour 
 through Ireland, in the years 1808, 1809 and 1810, in most 
 of the schools which I examined. 
 
 W hich of the arts, sciences, or languages is the most 
 .useful to mankind, I pretend not precisely to determine, 
 each having its own peculiar utility ; but this much I may 
 vehtufe to assert, that in the common concerns of life, 
 arithmetic, and the concomitant branches of mathematics 
 take the first place ; and here it may be justly observed, that 
 every one who is inclined to advance in life should make him- 
 self master of arithmetic, before he sets forward on his 
 journey ; some knowledge of accounts is absolutely necessary 
 for every man; /if the King want, to know the amount of 
 his revenue ; the man of landed estate, the aggregate of his 
 rent roll ; the merchant, the state of his affairs and property, 
 arithmetic exhibits the objects of inquiry ; this science alone 
 determines the matter with perfect certainty: This must be my 
 apology for having some what deviated from the objects more 
 immediately before me, the Seats about the City of Dublin. 
 
m 
 
 Geography of Ireland— Villas, Sfc. {Book II. 
 
 Newtown, the seat of Sir John Lees, a beautiful house, 
 finely situated, and for the size, one of the most improved 
 spots in the kingdom, • 
 
 Temple Hill, the seat of John Joseph Henry, Esq. a, 
 beautiful house, situated upon a great eminence, and com- 
 manding an extensive view of the sea and the surrounding 
 country; the demesne about ten acres, js well planted *; 
 there are fine shrubberies and gardens, with a great deal of 
 glass, and enclosed withra stone wall. 
 
 Newtown, the seat of Lord Cloncurry, a remarkable 
 good house, beautifully situated, with a fin,e prospect of the 
 $ea ; the lawn very handsomely, laid out. 
 
 Mervill, the seat of Richard Lolton, Esq, a neat 
 house, beautifully situated, with a small demesne, good gar- 
 dens, and a beautiful green-house. Adjoining to this seat 
 is the highly improving farm of Tipperstown, consisting of 
 150 acres, belonging to Counsellor O’Farrel, under a state 
 of the highest cultivation imaginable, where a very complete 
 farm -yard is erected., 
 
 Kilterna'n, the seat of Captain Anderson, a good 
 house,, beautifully situated, commanding a great prospect of 
 the sea and adjacent country, and a demesne of an hundjed 
 acre s^well planted. 
 
 Leopakdstown, the beautiful seat of Colonel Coote, an 
 elegant house, finely situated, with a demesne of two hun- 
 dred acres, highly improved from an almost barren spot, 
 well laid out with handsome walks, gardens very elegant and 
 extensive ; when the plantations, which are great, are got up, 
 few pi aces will rival it in any country. 
 
 Mervill, the seat of Sir Thomas Lighten, an excellent 
 plain brick house, with a demesne of about thirty acres, 
 well enclosed with a stone wall ; it is well laid out and in 
 good order, with some timber trees, and highly cultivated. 
 The gardens' are remarkable for glass, being more extensive 
 than most in the country. 
 
 Next adjoining the above is the seat of Ambrose Moore, 
 Esq. an excellent new house, just finished ; the demesne 
 lately planted, and promises to be a handsome seat. 
 
 Sans Sousi* the se3t of Peter Digges Latouche, Esq. 
 a good house, with a fine view of the sea and intermediate 
 country. The demesne, is well wooded ; extensive shrubbe- 
 ries, good gardens, and the whole well enclosed with a stone 
 wall. 
 
Book II.] Geography (rf Ireland — Villas , Sfc. ^ 195 
 
 Mespilbank, the seat of David Courtney, Esq, a good 
 house, well situated, with a demesne of about nine acres, 
 and some good timber trees, good garden and shrubbery, 
 and the whole well enclosed with a stone wall. 
 
 Lucan, the seat of George Yesey, Esq. a large and 
 elegant house, situated in the, middle of the demesne, which 
 contains „ about forty acres, extremely well wooded; is 
 bounded on the north by the river LifFey, on the 'banks of 
 which are fine t walks, agreeably diversified ; there are excel- 
 lent gardens, and a great deal of glass for pines, graphs, &c. 
 
 Palmerstown, the seat of the Right Hon. Lord 
 Donoughmore,- originally the xhansioiy seat of the Rt. Hon. 
 Lord Palmerstown, a fine hous.e, elegantly situated On the 
 banks of the river LifFey, commanding a 1 most delightful view. 
 The demesne consists of about forty acres, finely improved, 
 there are very good gardens, and" a great deal of glass. 
 
 LuttrelVtown, now Called Woodlands, late the seat of 
 Earl Carhamp ton, and now of Luke White, Esq. an elegant 
 house ; the demesne, consisting of four hundred acres, k 
 extraordinary well wooded and watered ; there are also ex- 
 cellent gardens, and the whole is enclosed with a stone walk 
 
 Broomfield, the seat of Edward North, Esq. a large 
 and elegant house, well situated, with a demesne of about 
 twenty acres, well wooded and watered ; the gardens are 
 excellent, and contain a quantity of glass ; it is bounded on 
 one side by the river LifFey, and the rest enclosed with a 
 stone wall. 
 
 Diswel’s-town, the seat of Thomas Kennan, Esq. aa 
 elegant, large, -modern house, pleasantly situated on a rising 
 ground, with a fine prospect of a beautiful, improved coun- 
 try. The demesne consists of an hundred acres highly 
 improved, and well wooded ; the gardens are elegant and 
 laid put in the first style. 
 
 Diswel’s-town, the seat of the widow Ricky, a good 
 house, a good garden, and a demesne of about fifty acres, 
 Enclosed with a stone wall. 
 
 Edmundberry, the seat of Thomas Needham, Esq* 
 an elegant house, pleasantly situated, with a charming 
 view of the surrounding country. The demesne consists of 
 about fifty acres, is well wooded and highly improved; 
 bounded by the river LifFey on one side, and the remainder 
 enclosed with a stone wall. The gardens are elegant, with 
 extensive glass for grapes, pines, peaches,' &c» 
 
196 Geography of Ireland -- Villus, fyc. [Book II. 
 
 ■ Woodjfielb, formerly the seat of the late Colonel Cle-' 
 ments, but now converted into an academy. It contains an 
 elegant large house, pleasantly situated on the banks of the 
 river Liffey ; the demesne Contains about fifty acres, and in 
 excellent order ; there is also a good garden, and plenty of 
 glass. , 
 
 Hermitage, the seat of Colonel Handheld, a good house, 
 pleasantly situated, commanding an extensive view om the 
 banks of the riVer Liffey, and enclosed with a stone wall. 
 The demesne consists of about eighty acres, and is /well 
 wooded ; there are good gardens, and the whole laid out to 
 advantage. ’ 
 
 Mount Sackville,’ the seat of .Thomas Kemmis, Esq. 
 a very good house, and pleasantly situated, with a good 
 garden, and a demesne of about fifty acres. 
 
 Milltown, the seat of Judge Chamberlain, a capital 
 house, pleasantly situated, with a beautiful small demesne, 
 well wooded, good gardens, &c. 
 
 Milltown, also the residence of Baron George, a good 
 house, well situated ; a small demesne, well wooded, good 
 gardens, and ail well enclosed with a stone wall. 
 
 Viceregal Loi5ge, Phoenix Park. This house was ori- 
 ginally built by the Right Hon. Nathaniel Clements, father 
 of the present I^ord Leitrim, when Ranger of the Park ; it 
 was purchased from him by government, in the year 1784, as 
 a country residence for the Lord Lieutenant, It is a large 
 brick house, beautifully situated, commanding to the east, a 
 fine view of the city and harbour; to the west, an extensive 
 and varied prospect of a highly decorated country, bounded 
 partly by the Wicklow mountains ; the gardens are superbly 
 laid out, and the whole forms an enchanting scene. 
 
 Drumcondpa, the seat of — — Langridge, Esq. 
 
 (estate of Lady Charleville), a fine house, with a good view ; 
 a demesne of about twenty acres, well wooded, good gar- 
 dens, with a good deal of glass for pines, 4 grapes, &c. 
 
 Primate’s Hill (Drumcondr.a , the seat of the widow 
 Sweetman, a, good house, surrounded with fine Well grown 
 timber trees, in a demesne of about fifty acres, enclosed wdth 
 a stone wall,, good gardens, See, * 
 
 It would be endless to enumerate the vast number and 
 variety of beautiful seats interspersed through this country ; 
 the description of the, m would in itself form a large volume. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Cities , Towns , SfC. 187 
 
 and be far beyond the limits of this work. There are thou- 
 sands of small neat houses, elegant demesnes, with good 
 gardens, hot-houses, and green houses to most of them ; and 
 the beautiful situations, that abound here for those seats, 
 are not to be surpassed, either for number or elegance. 
 
 T.— Naas, a post town, is the shire town of the Co. Kildare, 
 and alternately with Athy, the assizes town, distant about 
 15 miles S. W. of Dublin ; it gives the title of Viscount to 
 the family of Bourke. Lat. 53, 10, Long. 6, 50. W. 
 
 T. — Athy, a market, fair and post town, situated on the 
 river Barrow, 10 miles S. of - Kildare, and 32 S. W • of 
 Dublin, with which it communicates by the Grand Canal, it 
 is alternately with Nass, the assizes town for the Co. Kildare, 
 Long. 6, 37, W. Lat, 52, 58, N. through this town the boats 
 from Dublin to Carlow and from thence to Waterford pass. 
 
 Kildare, a post and fair town, situated 28 miles S. W. 
 of Dublin, it is governed by a sovereign, recorder and tw T <> 
 portrieves. Lat. 53, 9, N. Long. 6, 37. W. 
 
 Kilcock, a fair and post town, 14 miles from Dublin, 
 situated on a branch of the river Liffey. 
 
 T.— Kilcullen, a post and fair town, 2 1 miles from 
 Dublin, having a bridge over the river Liffey. 
 
 Harristown, a small town, governed by a sovereign and 
 burgesses. 18 miles S. W. of Dublin. 
 
 T. — CASTLEDERMaTT, a market, fair and post town ; it 
 is noted for having the first Charter School erected in it for 
 49 children, situated near 34 miles S. W. of Dublin ; you 
 enter the town over a pretty stream, called the Lane. 
 
 T — Rathanuan, situated "28 miles from Dublin ; it is 
 a handsome, thriving village ; the Grand Canal passes by this 
 place. 
 
 U. — Philipstown, a post and fair town, and the shire- 
 town of -the fLing’s County, situated 38 miles S. W. of 
 Dublin, it was so named from King Philip of Spain, hus- 
 band to Mary, Queen of England, it' had formerly a garrison, 
 but there is now a barrack for a troop of horse. 
 
 U.-— -Birr, otherwise called Parsonstown, a good post and 
 market town, situated above 63 miles from Dublin, adorned 
 With a fine castle of the family of the Parsons, which was 
 besieged by General Sarsfield, and relieved by Kirk ; in the 
 midst of this town is a stone column of the Doric order, 
 with a shaf* about 25 feet highj on the 1 top of which is 
 S3 
 
198 Geography of Ireland —Cities, Toms , fyc. [ Book 11. 
 
 placed a pedestrian statue of the late Duke of Cumberland, 
 in a Roman habit, cast in lead and painted stone colour, it 
 was erected in 1747* Lat 53, 2 N. Long. 8, ,0, W. 
 
 U - — Tullamore, a market, fair and post town, 46 
 miles from Dublin, it is but a small place, yet gives title of 
 Baron to a branch of the family of Moore ; the river Tulla- 
 more divides the town into two nearly equal parts. 
 
 Banagher, a market, fair and post town, situated on 
 the river Shannon, about 15 miles S. of Athlone, and 66 
 from Dublin. Long. 5, 15, Lat. 53, 20. W. 
 
 Castlecarbej^ry, situated on the verge of the bog of 
 Allen, distant from Dublin about 26 miles./ 
 
 U — Ballyboy, a market, fair and pest town, distant 
 from Dublin 56 miles. 
 
 U. — Geashill, a fair town, distance from Dublin 53 miles. 
 
 U. ~ Mo^eygall distance from Dublin 66 miles. 
 
 V. — Maryborough, a market and post town, and the 
 assizes town, so called, in honor of Mary, Queen of England, 
 who reduced this part of the country to shire ground by an 
 act of Parliament, 6th and 7th of Philip and Mary ; it is 
 governed by a burgomaster and bailiffs, and has a barrack 
 for 2 troops of horse ; distance from Dublin 40 miles. 
 
 Stradbauly, a fair and post town, pleasantly situated 
 38 miles from Dublin ; though small it is clean and neat, 
 has a church, market house and charter school ; near Strad- 
 bally rs Stradbally Hall, an elegant seat of Mr. Crosby, and 
 within half a mile of the town is Brockby Park, the superb 
 seat of the Earl of Roden. 
 
 V. — Mountmelick, a post town 41 miles S. W. of Dublin, 
 a most prosperous town, mostly inhabited by the people 
 called Quakers ; the wool-combing, malting, and tanning 
 business, with the cotton manufacture and bleaching are 
 carried on here pretty extensively. 
 
 V. — Porta rlington, a post, borough and fair town, 36 
 miles from Dublin, it is handsomely situated on the river 
 Barrow, partly in the King’s County- and partly in the 
 Queen’s County ; it is inhabited by very genteel families, 
 and has a number of excellent schools, particularly for chil- 
 dren under 12 years old, it gives the title of Earl to the 
 family of Dawson, and within a few miles of it is Emo, the 
 elegant seat of Lord Portalington. 
 
 Ballytore a beautiful village, situated about 28 miles 
 from Dublin, w here is a colony of Quakers, it lies in a valley 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Cities , Towns, fyc, 199 
 
 a small distance from the high road leading to Carlow ; the 
 river Griss winds its streams very near the houses, and the 
 buildings, orchards and gardens shew a kind of elegant sim- 
 plicity peculiar to that people ; it is a post town. 
 
 V. — B allin A kill, a borough, market, fair and post 
 town, 48 miles S. W. of Dublin. Long. 7, 15, W. Lat. 
 52, 49, N. Here are the ruins of a castle destroyed by 
 Oliver! Cromwell in 1642, when it bravely resisted his forcfc. 
 
 V. — Mountrath, 7 miles S. W. of Maryborough and 
 47 from Dublin, there are few towns in Ireland more improv- 
 ed, a handsome new church with an entire new street, called 
 Cook street having been built lately, the wool-combing, 
 tanning* malting, stuff-weaving and cotton manufacture are 
 carried on here. The large iron foundery has been converted 
 into a cotton manufactory, the machinery by water. There 
 are rape and flower mills in and adjacent to the town, it is 
 noted for having the best veal in the kingdom. It is a post 
 and fair town, and gives title of Earl to the family of Cook. 
 
 W. — Wicklow, a town situated 24 miles from Dublin ; 
 it is a market, fair and post town, seated on the sea side, and 
 has a narrow haven at the mouth of the river Leitrim, fit only 
 for small vessels, which carry provisions to the metropolis, 
 and that indeed is its chief trade ; here is a rock, by some 
 taken to be the remains of a castle, surrounded by a strong 
 wall ; there are but few buildings, yet it has a barrack, and 
 is remarkable for the best ale in the kingdom ; about a mile 
 and an half on the E. is a point called Wicklow Head ; this 
 pla£e gives title of Viscount to the family of Howard. 
 
 W. — Arklow, a neat market, post and seaport town, 
 situated on the river Oroca, near the Irish Channel, where 
 there are the ruins of a castle of the late Earl of Ormond, 
 and a barrack for 2 companies of foot ; it lies about 12 miles 
 S. of Wicklow, and 26 from Dublin. The tide flows very 
 little here ; its fairs are held 14 May, 9 August, 25 Septem- 
 ber and 15 November. . Long. 6, 5, W, Lat. 52, 42. N. 
 
 W. — Careysfort* a small town, 7 miles S. W. of 
 Wicklow, it gives , title of Baron to the noble family of 
 Proby 
 
 W. — Rathdrum, a post and fair town, about 28 miles 
 from Dublin $ the Merchants of Dublin come here regularly 
 the first Monday of every month, except July, then the se- 
 cond, to purchase flannels, for the sale of which, a hall is 
 
200 Geography of Ireland— Cities, Towns, 8fC. [Book II- 
 
 built at the expence of the Lord of the Manor, and is 
 extremely convenient, to both buyer and seller, as well as a 
 beautiful ornament to the town ; the quantity of cash distri- 
 buted by this means through the country, has been of infinite 
 service to the county ; it is seated among the mountains, 
 having a number of curiosities in its vicinity, such as the 
 Seven Churches, Cronebane and Ballymurtha copper mines, 
 gold mines, together with several beautiful views, with 
 which the country particularly abounds, this, with the fine 
 air of the county induces many from Dublin to spend some 
 time here, which proves highly gratifying to them, as well 
 as healthful ; near it was Dunum, a city and capital of the 
 Manapii mentioned by Ptolomy ; it was the seat of the chiefs 
 of Coulan, and called by the Irish Rathdruim, from which 
 is derived the name of Ratkdrum. 
 
 \y\ Bray, a post and sea port town, seated on St. 
 
 George’s Channel, 10 miles S. of Dublin ; the town is di- 
 vided between the counties of Dublin and Wicklow by a 
 river. Long. 6, 15 W. Lat. 53, 12 N. fairs 1st May, 20th 
 September* x 
 
 W. Blessington, a market town which formerly 
 
 gave title of Earl to the noble family of Stewart, it is plea- 
 santly situated on a rising ground, nekr the river Liffey, 14? 
 miles S. W. of Dublin. Lat. 53, 10, Long. 6, 40. 
 
 W.— Dunlavin, a market town, 10 miles N. E. Athy, 
 20 W. Wicklow, and 22 miles S. W. Dublin. 
 
 ^ W. Baltinglass, a market town on the river Slane^, 
 
 29 miles S. of Dublin. Long.' 6, 25 Lat. 53 N. here 
 
 are extensive manufactories of linen, . woollen and diaper. 
 
 \y. Carnew, a fair town 44 miles from Dublin, where 
 
 are the ruins of a large castle ; this town though seemingly 
 despicable is a place of some trade. 
 
 Glendalougii, or Seven Churches, situated 5 miles N.W. 
 of Rathdrum ; the name signifies the valley of two lakes ; 
 in this valley surrounded by high and almost inaccessible 
 mountains, St Kevin, called also' St. Goemgene, about the 
 middle of the 6th century, founded a monastery, which 
 in a short time, from the sanctity of its founder, was 
 much resorted, and at length became a bishopric, and a 
 religious city ; from the ruins still remaining, it appears 
 to have been a place of consequence, and to have- contained 
 
Book II.] Geography , of Ireland— Cities, 'Towns, fyc. 201 
 
 V churches or religious houses, small indeed, but in a neat 
 stile, in imitation of the Greek architecture ; the cathe- 
 dral, the walls of which are yet standing, was dedicated to 
 St. Peter and St. Paul south of the cathedral stands a small 
 church, and in several parts of the valley are a number of 
 stone crosses, some of which are curiously carved ; in a 
 perpendicular projecting rock on the S. 'of the great lake, 
 30 yards above the surface of the water, is the bed of 
 St. Kevin, hewn out of the rock, exceedingly difficult of 
 access, and terrible in the prosect. The episcopal jurisdiction 
 extended to the walls of Dublin. 
 
 X. — Carlow, a borough, post, fair and market town, 
 anciently called Catherlough, or. the city on the lake, seated 
 on the river Barrow, over which there is a stone bridge of 
 13 arches, the centre one of which divides the Queen’s 
 County from that of Carlow ; it returns one member to 
 parliament,' patronage in the Burton family, and is the 
 assizes Awn for the county ; here. is a horse barrack, and on 
 an eminence, over-hanging the river Barrow", stands ail old 
 castle, with large round towers, said to have been erected by 
 King John ; it was once walled, but submitted to Cromwell 
 on his first approach. Fairs are held here 1st May, .22d 
 June, <?'6th August and 8th November; distance from 
 Dublin 39 miles. It gives title of Viscount to the noble 
 family of Dawson, as it gives that of Marquis to tli£ Duke 
 of Warton. There are also in Carlo wthe ruins of a very fine 
 abbey, built about 634 years ago, whose founder was 
 burned there, and gave name to the structure. 
 
 X — Tullow t , a small town, situated 38 miles from Dublin, 
 on the river Slaney ; here is a small church, and a pretty 
 market house, over the river is a bridge of 6 arches at the 
 foot of which are the ruins of an Augustine monastery ; this 
 place is remarkable for making the best garters ; the castle 
 is converted into a barrack, it was a strong place in the time 
 of Cromwell, who took it with great slaughter of the Irish. 
 
 X. — Old Deighlin, a post town about 43 miles from 
 Dublin, near the river Barrow ; it, is a bishopric united to 
 Ferns ; the Cathedral has been kept in good repair. 
 
 V . — Wexf6rd, sixty-seyen miles from Dublin, it is the 
 shire and assizes town, also, a market, fair and post town ; 
 adjoining it, is the barony of Forth, the inhabitants of 
 which, the descendants of an ancient colony, retain their native 
 
202 Geography of Ireland — Cities , Totems > fyc. [[Book II. 
 
 language; manners and many of their customs to this day ; 
 Wexford situated near the sea, upon the river Slaney, which 
 empties into the Ocean here, over which there has been 
 an elegant wooden bridge built, by much the largest as well 
 as the handsomest in the kingdom, , began in June 1794 and 
 finished in 1795, the length 1554 feet, of near one third of 
 an English mile, the breath 34 feet, it consists of 75 piers 
 of oak drove into the ground, six timbersin each pier, with a ( 
 portcullis for the admission of shi'ping up. the river ; at low 
 ebb tides, there are 16 feet water underneath it is elegantly 
 adorned with Chinese railing from end to end, and two beau- 
 tiful orchestres in the centre, with recesses or roomy seats 
 underneath, as shelter from wet, and resting places for persons 
 who walk for pleasure ; this, with many additional new 
 houses, lately built, has added much to the beauty of the 
 town. The principal part of the inhabitants, being greatly 
 superior to those of most of the other towns in the kingdom 
 with respect to general information, neatness of manners, and 
 hospitality ; it is. governed by a mayor and other magistrates, 
 and sends one member to parliament, patronage in the fami- 
 lies of Neville and Lehunte ; the haven is very large, and the 
 entrance is defended by two narrow necks of land, each 
 forming an istmus, that stretch forward to meet eacln other, 
 leaving an opening about half a mile. It was called by the 
 Danes, who built it, Wesford, and was formerly a place of 
 more strength and trade than at present ; the first forces from 
 England that attemped the conquest of this kingdom, en- 
 couraged by King Dermott, the year before the Earl of 
 Pembroke, they were led by Robert Fitzstepheris and 
 Maurice Fitzgerald ; the former built a castle, two miles 
 from the town called Carrick, which he fortified with the 
 utmost art of those times, but the people of Wexford not 
 brooking to such a neighbour, got him into their power by 
 a stratagem, then confined him and most of his followers in 
 prison, till the arrival of King Henry the II. when the in- 
 habitants delivered him to that monarch, and were the first 
 who submitted as subjects of England. Fitzstephens was 
 appointed governor of the town and the district round it, 
 which in a few years encreased so much by English inhabi- 
 tants daily arriving here, that in some time they spread all 
 over the country, where they still remain, and are famed for 
 the best improvements in the kingdom. From this town 
 
Book II.] Geography of Irela n d— C ities, Towns, fyc, 203 
 
 Kjng Henry embarked for England, after receiving homage 
 from most of the Rings and Princes of the nati n ; here 
 was the ceremony of the first English marriage performed, 
 between Raymont (afterwards Viceroy of Ireland) and the 
 Lady Brasil, sister to Strongbow Earl of Pembroke* and 
 this was the second town which Cromwell besieged, or that 
 had the courage to oppose him ; it is seated in a bottom, 
 though, where the castle stands is a rocky high hill, which 
 overlooks the sea and commands the port and town. There 
 are several parts of the wall standing, which are very thick, 
 and it contains some handsome buildings. At the end of the 
 town are barracks for soldiers, formed out of the old castle, 
 and which have a fine prospect of the harbour ; most of the 
 old buildings are made of stone of a redish colour ; the 
 church is in the main street, of modern taste though partly 
 built on the old foundation ; the town consists of one long 
 street, with some lanes on each side ; there are several ruins 
 of ancient abbeys, and religious houses interspersed ; the 
 market-house and custom-house are handsome modern struc- 
 tures, the quay is in a state of improvement, and has a 
 beautiful appearance. Their chief export is corn, particu- 
 larly barley and malt, of which they send off vast quantities ; 
 provisions of all kinds are plentiful and cheap here, and there 
 is very fine wild fowl to be had from the month of November 
 to May, which contribute much to its encrease in genteel 
 inhabitants, many persons going there from Dublin, and 
 elsewhere for the purpose of living cheap and well. Wex- 
 ford gives title of Earl to the family of Talbot, Earl of 
 Shrewsbury in Great Britain, Lat. 52, 15 N. Long. 6, 25. W. 
 
 Y. — Enniscorthy, a market, fair and post town, alias 
 Corthae, being the capital of the Canandi ; it is situated 59 
 miles almost S. of Dublin. Lat. 52, 25. N. Long 6, 30. W. 
 
 Y.— New Ross, a neat town, it is principally seated on 
 the side of a hill pn the river Barrow, which is here very 
 deep and forms a fine harbour, but the quay and custom- 
 house are both small, and are sometimes flooded ; its principal 
 exports are provisions ; here is an elegant wooden bridge, 
 510 feet long, 40 feet broad and 20 feet deep, erected in 
 1795, by that famous architect Emanuel Cox, it cost 13000L 
 by this bridge, there is a convenient communication opened 
 to the County of Rilkenny,' and will tend greatly to advance 
 this part of the country $ the bridge crosses the river Barrow 
 
204* Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, Sfc. [Book II. 
 
 at a place called Ross Ibracan, a small hamlet of Kilkenny, 
 and is about 8 miles N. E. of Waterford, and 67 of Dublin ; 
 it is one of the staple ports for exporting woo], yet its trade 
 is but inconsiderable, beef and butter are the, principal arti- 
 cles. Here is a barrack for a troop of horse ; it gives title 
 
 of Earl to the family of Parsons. 
 
 Y.— Fethard, a fairtdwn, situated 81 miles from Dublin, 
 near the sea, and governed by a Portrieve. Lat. 52, 10, N. 
 
 Long. 6, 42, YJ. . _ 
 
 Y. Gorey, a fair and post tpwn, it stands about 18 
 
 miles N. of Wexford town, and 45 from Dublin. Lat. 
 52, 40 N. Long. 6, 30. W. _ 
 
 Y. Bannow, a small town about 10 miles, S. W. ot 
 
 Wexford. Long. 6, 50. W. Lat. 52, 5. N. , 
 
 Y.r-CLONMINES, a small town, it is governed by a 
 portrieve, and stands about 6 miles W of Wexford town. 
 Y.— Taghmon, a fair town, about 70 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Y. Dungannon Fort, which commands the harbour of 
 
 Waterford, distance from Dublin 92 miles ; it gives title of 
 
 Viscount to the family of Trevors. . 
 
 2. Kilkenny, seated on the river Nore, 57 miles S. W. 
 
 of Dublin ; it is or\e of the most elegant cities in the king- 
 dom, and the seat of the Bishop of Ossory ; it is governed 
 by a Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Sheriffs, and sends 
 one member to Parliament. It comprises two towns, viz. 
 Kilkenny, so called, and Irishtown, which together are 
 computed to contain 20,000 inhabitants. This city was 
 once of great consequence, as may be seen by the venerable 
 ruins, yet remaining of churches, monasteries, and abbeys, 
 which even now, in their delapidated state, exhibit such 
 specimens of exquisite taste in architecture, as may vie with 
 our modern improvements ; the remains of its gates, towers 
 and walls, show it to have been a place of great strength ; 
 here to, at different times Parliaments were held, in which 
 ■some remarkable statutes were passed ; it has two churches, 
 and several catholic chapels, barracks for a troop of horse 
 and four companies of foot ; the markets are held on Satur- 
 days and Wednesdays, and fairs on 5th and 28th March, 
 Thursday after Trinity Sunday, 17th August, 12 Septem- 
 ber, 11th October, and 9th November. Irishtown is more 
 properly called St Canice, vulgarly, Kenny. • The cathe- 
 dral stands in a sequestered situation, is a venerable Gothic 
 
Book II j Geography of Ireland-— Cities, Tokens, %c. 205 
 
 stature, built about 500 years ; close to it is one of those 
 remarkable round towers, which have so much engaged the 
 attention of travellers ; the Bishop’s palace is a handsome 
 building, and communicates by a covered passage with the 
 church; the Castle was first built in 1195, on the site of 
 one destroyed by the Irish, in 1173, the situation, in a mili- 
 tary view, was most eligible ; the ground was originally 
 coned, the eliptical side abrupt and precipitous, with the 
 river running rapidly at its base, there the natural rampart 
 was faced with a wall of solid ♦masonry, 40 feet high, the 
 other parts were defended by bastions, curtains, towers and 
 outworks, and on the summit the Castle was erected. This 
 place, as it now stands, was built by the ancestors of the Duke 
 of Ormond; here the Ormond family resided, and it is now in 
 the possession of Lord. Ormond, a descendant of that illustri- 
 ous race. The , College, originally founded by the Ormond 
 family, is rebuilt in a stile of elegance and convenience ; the 
 tholsel and market- house are both good buildings, over the 
 latter are a suit of rooms, in which, during the winter and at 
 races and assizes times, assemblies are held. There are two 
 very fine bridges of cut marble over the Nore ; John’s Bridge 
 particularly is light and elegant. The Ormond family built 
 and endowed a free school in the city, where many learned 
 men, among whom, Swift, Berkley, and Congrave are con- 
 spicuous, have been educated. Here are the ruins of three 
 old monasteries, called St. John’s, St. Francis’s and the 
 Black Abbey, belonging to the latter are the remains of seve- 
 ral old monuments, almost buried in the ruins ; the court of 
 St. Francis’s abbey is converted into a horse barrack, and 
 that of St John’s into a foot barrack. The manufacture 
 chiefly carried on here are course w r oollen cloths, blankets of 
 extraordinary fine quality and considerable quantities of 
 starph ; in the neighbourhood, also, are made very beautiful 
 chimney-pieces of that species of stone called Kilkenny mar- 
 ble, they are cut and polished by water, a mill for that 
 purpose,, the only one of its kind perhaps in Europe, being 
 invented by the late Mr. Colles. Kilkenny coal pits are 
 within 9 miles of the town. It was incorporated by 
 Charter from King James I. in 1609 On the 2;;d March, 
 1650, Cromwell came before it and summoned it to surren- 
 der, but Sir Walter Butler as absolutely refused, in cense .j 
 quence of which, in a few days, it was obliged to capitulate. 
 
Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, fyc* [[Book II* 
 
 St. Canice of Irishtown, always enjoyed Very ancient respec- 
 tive rights* .. 
 
 2.— ThomastoWn, a post and' fair town, near 60 miles 
 {fom Dublin, it is likewise called in Irish, Bally mac Andan, 
 it e. thfe town of Anthony. 
 
 21— -Called, a post and fair town, about 65 miles 
 Rom Dublin; This' place seems to be in the satne ruined 
 state in which Cromwell left it, though it waS a fortified 
 town of some note ; it lies on at stream called King’s river. 
 
 2. — Gowra'n, a fair and post tbWn, 8 hi. E. of Kilkenny 
 a*i d 52 from Dublin, it is 5 governed by a portrteve, recorder 
 and town clerks. Eat. 52, 24y N; Long. 7, 0, W. 
 
 Z.-^Ktcocici'OPirER, a fair town, about 63 miles from 
 
 Dublin. .. 
 
 2.— I^isTio'G^,’ a post arid fair town, about 63 miler 
 from Dublin, it is* an inconsiderable place, but admirably 
 stilted for trade; the bridge has 10 arches'. 
 
 z.— GAstLECO^BEii, a market and fair town, about 45 
 miler from Dublin, celebrated for its coal mines, which 
 produce the kind of coal called Kilkenny c6ai, remarkabxe 
 fbr not having any smoke ; it gives title of Viscount to the 
 family of Waitdesford, and lies* about 8 miles N. of Kilkenny; 
 the present Lord, on whose estate the coal pits are, is said 
 to clear by theiti yearly ig 10 , 000 . . 
 
 2, . B a l l V hat, GET , neaT 50 miles from Dublin ; here is 
 
 a fine seat with handsome improvements, also a barrack. 
 
 Z —Grainy, or Grandison Castle, is one of the most 
 considerable remains of antiquity in this country. Here it is 
 said Margaret, the great Countess of Ormond, held a eburt 
 fbr the trial of robbers*. She kept her vassals in great awe, 
 and tire common people still frighten their children by menti- 
 oning Manghreed ny Gkertrd, or Margaret Fitzgerald; 
 several writers speak highly of her wisdom, courage, policy 
 and man I v appearance ; she died in. 1559, ^ 
 
 J\P. C'©RK,\the second city in Ireland for size, trade and 
 
 niirnfer of iivhabrtants ; it is seated on the river Lbe, by 
 v/hich it is nearly suirourided, and by means of vanonS 
 channels, vessels- ccnte up into the different parts- of the 
 city ; its principal trade is* prbvisibns', it is cotttptrted that 
 during the slaughtering season, which CbnfitalH froin Au- 
 mirt to February,; they kiH and eii)t seldom fewer tha'rf 
 5 OG;G0G head of black, cattfe, Ikrkks a consideWbler fiUtttber 
 
Book II.] ~ Geography of Ireland — Pities, Towns, fyc, 2G7 
 
 of pigs ; their other exports consists of hides raw and tailed, 
 butter, tallow, candles, rab.bit§, cabes and lanvb skins ^ 
 wool, linen, -wqllen yarn, worsted and linen ploth j the 
 merchants of Cork carry on £ very extensive trade to almost 
 all parts of the world, which has encreased,very much latter- 
 ly ; the air of the city is clear and healthy, and the country 
 adjacent hilly, and very beautiful y here are 6 churches, 
 The new Custom house, which is now buildjng, promises tjp 
 be a beautiful structure y the Exchange is a handsome regu- 
 lar structure of hewn stone, which divides the mean street 
 into two parts N. and S here is a county court-house, gaols, 
 hospitals and barracks, and a jMshop’s palace ; the shambles 
 are so contrived as to prevent the weather from affecting the 
 purchasers, and are always clean, .comfortable and commo- - 
 dious, here you may purchase flesh, fish and vegetables, in 
 rainy weather without having your feet or head wet. The 
 corporation consists of a mayor, sheriffs, recorder, alder r 
 men and burgesses. Xr*e city is supplied with fresh wa&er 
 by means of a wheel, which raises into a reservoir, and 
 thence into pipes j it is a neat well built city in general 5> and 
 is .still improving, having tyro qf the best distilleries in %$e 
 Kingdom (Mr* ^V r alker’s and IVIr. Wise’s) erected for 
 whiskey, brandy, rum, geneva and all kinds of cordials ; 
 here is also the largest porter brewery in the kingdom 
 (Messrs. Beamisn and Crawford’s.). The cotton and hrqad 
 cloth busipes.s is ,carrjed on here very extensively by machi- 
 nery. There is an elegant bridge lately built with A$Qzt- 
 cullis in the abutment, which, with .the addition of a 
 multiplicity qf new houses, portends great increase r ip the 
 city in a very few years. . There are two .quarries, 
 
 one on each side of the river, which run, many mflos ,pp the 
 country, #nd what is very extraordinary, the.' N* ? side 
 tjie-jtones^re uniformly a red granite, while ith.o*p^w 
 %!>. are a white Jjme-st one ; thehQUseSrareimgencralyyea^her- 
 slated, to prevent water from soaking through the waJU, 
 .Which soakage .seems to be occasioned by .the ipyr situation 
 of tlie city, ; pqd .the ,sand„qf which they mfke jhejr bricks 
 pot being entirely free from saltwater. TheJnjidscape .view? 
 do>vn th.e river on bath sides, help^v *tbe city, affoa^ ^xten^ive 
 apdihyer^ified . prospects.; jhe j&Je .called Qanmir.e, j* 
 
 elegant qey*md description ; and upyhe ydx.er .-are two beaqth 
 'fpl walks, gne .called £jindftyVs well, and *tbe .qtker yhc 
 
208 Geography of Ireland— Cities, Towns, tyc* [Book IL 
 
 ■fjj 
 
 Mardyke, being a beautiful gravel walk, ne&r and English 
 mile in length, the rows of trees on each side meet at top ; 
 an extensive country is on one side, while the river Lee lies 
 gently on the other. A Roman Catholic College has been 
 lately established here, by private contributions, for the 
 education of youth, as also a convent for the reception and 
 education of young ladies, called St. Ursuline, both being 
 well appointed and attended — Cork is said to be founded 
 by the Danes, and enclosed by them with walls, about the 
 middle of the 9th century; it made a resistance of 5 days 
 against a regular army in September 1690, when besieged by 
 the Ear! of Marlborough, who took it from King James’s army, 
 (For population see general summary of Ireland, page 43.) 
 Here is an elegant barrack, which command the city, it 
 contains 12 companies of foot ; it returns one member to 
 Parliament. The English families who settled here are the 
 Boyles and Barrys. It is 15 miles from the sea, about 50 
 miles of Limerick, and 124 S. W of Dublin Lat. 51, 54* 
 Long 8, 23 The vicinity of Cork abounds with many 
 fit subjects for the pencil of the painter, many relicts of 
 antiquity for the contemplation of the antiquarian, and pre- 
 sents many subjects for the consideration of the naturalist and 
 philosopher, but the limits of this work forbid the author 
 to enter into the detail. The ancient Castle of Blarney, 
 Cove Island, Castle Mary, and its druidica! altar, and the 
 Castle of Congrohan, are the places the most worthy of 
 the traveller’s attention, 
 
 Cork, the second city in Ireland for humanity and attenti- 
 on to the poor ; the Inhabitants seem habitually inclined to 
 .relieve those of their fellew-citizens in distress, and are in 
 general a free hospitable people. 
 
 CORK FRIENDLY SOCIETY. The plan of this 
 
 Society was framed and presented* to the public by the gene- 
 ral committee of the Society for bettering the condition of 
 tbe poor, und er whose patronage it has been established. 
 The object of it is to enable industrious Tradesmen, Servants 
 and Labourers, to provide a certain support for themselves 
 in time of sickness and old age, by subscribing One Hriiish 
 Shilling monthly, if under the age of thirty at time of sub- 
 scribing ; one shilling and Jour pence each month, if between 
 80 and 40 ; and on* shilling and nine pence each month, if 
 between 40 and 50 at time of subscribing. The Members of 
 
II. 3 Gepgrajpliy , of freUf, nd— Cities, Tqtwis, Sf£. ££$ 
 
 tjbe^c&P nieptioaed Con)mit.tee are Trustees, anfi t^n^y- 
 one respectable .(^entl^men have agreed to act as Directors. 
 Every attention has Jbeen paid tp the security pf the fund, 
 and aih donations towards increasing it .will ,be .thankfully 
 j received by the Committee. 
 
 LY INGylN^b Sjf 1 T AL.— This institution is undgr 
 the patronage of the Society for bettering .the condition df 
 .the Poor, .and several respectable EacLies have everted 
 themselves tP establish it. A house has been taken in 
 Mardyke-street, which qontains six beds ; upwards of five 
 hundred jpoo.r women ,haye already been delivered ^iace 
 its commencement to the year 18,10, and their infants, 
 when destitute, furnished .with comfortable clothing from 
 the fund,; many of these were .such dangerous cases, .that 
 some must inevitable haye perished in their own .uncom- 
 fortable habitations, .where .perhaps medical aid is the object 
 of least importance. A,s yet, not one has died in conse- 
 quence of labour. — There is a residept matrpn and a female 
 midwife in the house. 
 
 BENEyOLE^T SOCIETY, instituted Oct. 1790,. for 
 the purpose of relieving distressed objects of every religious 
 .denomination, labouring under the united pressure of sickness 
 and want. The distresses of the .Poor have been so' much 
 incresed for 4 pme time past, in consequence of their want 
 of employment, ,th^t several who were aqle to support their 
 families jn time. of sickness, are no. w under the necessity of 
 ^qlicitjng distance from this, charity, which has pbliged the 
 visitP.rs to e.xpend the .snip of from £15 to £20 weekly.— 
 Treasurer, John Thompson, Esq. — -Secretary, Samuel R. 
 Wily, Esq. — The year 1810. 
 
 HOUSE OF RECOVERY, establised m the North 
 liberties, of the City, Apno 1802 — being newly built for 
 the receptipn and cure. of ^Fever patients. By this philan- 
 trpphic ,pstabiishmept.the spreading of tjiis malignant 'disease 
 will rneet a timely check, jand .tfce Inhabitants at large be 
 ^secured from its fearful effects. — Treasure r, S. R. Wily, 
 •Esq. — Secretary, Rev. M. J. Collins. — f . Physicians , John 
 Milner Barry* and Charles Daly, Esqrs.— The year 1810. 
 
 DISPENSARY, and Huftiarie Society \ — Instituted in 
 1787, for the purpose of administering advice and medicines 
 to the poor in both gRy and county, and also for the recovery 
 ,pf persons .apparently drowned — Medical Committee , Messrs. 
 
 T 3 
 
210 Geography of Ireland- — Cuies, Towns, &$c. [Book II* 
 
 Fowler, Beamish, Baldwin, Martin, M'Swiney, Saunders, 
 
 Orpen and O’Brien. Treasurer, Mr. James Young - 
 
 Secretary, Kev. M J. Collins.—- -T. he year 1810. 
 
 CORK SOCIETY. — For the relief and discharge of 
 Persons confined for small Debts, originally formed by the 
 late Henfy Shears, Esq 1774, for the purpose of relieving 
 the distresses of their fellow -beings immured in prison. To 
 which is annexed a Charitable-Loan of Three Guineas , lent 
 interest free, to each fifteen trades folks of both sexes, 
 making 45 Guineas every fortnight.— Treasurer, Samuel R. 
 Wily Esq.— Secretary. Rev. B. Davies.— The year 1810. 
 
 ST. STEPHEN’S, or Bln '-Coat Hospital —Owes its 
 foundation to Dr. Edward Worth, formerly bishop of 
 Killaloe and Dean of Cork, for the maintenance and educa- 
 tion of poor boys. The lands, at the time of the foundation, 
 were set very low, so that in the year 1700, there were but 
 8 boys kept in this house ; but they are since considerably 
 increased in value, and at present there are 40 children pro- 
 vided for, with sufficient food, raiment and schooling, and 
 when of a competent age, are bound apprentice to trades or 
 the sea service, with a fee of £5, which is laid out for two 
 suits of clothes for each boy. The building is situated on 
 a rising ground, iivthe S E. suburb ; it consists of a large 
 house, with one return ; on the top is a lantern with a bell, 
 to assemble the boys to meals, with the school room *, and 
 above are apartments for the Master, with commodious 
 lodgings for the boys. From the garden is a pleasant pros- 
 pect of the city and river. — Governors, the Mayor and 
 Commoh-Council for the time being. — Mr. James Carr, 
 Master . — Y ear 1810. 
 
 GREEN COAT HOSPITAL, was founded Anno 
 Domini 1715, for the clothing and instructing of 30 boys 
 and 10 girls. T}ie design was for two schools, where the 
 boys were to be taught reading, writing and accompts ; 
 and the girls to read, knit, sew and spin, until they become 
 old enough to he bound out apprentices. The V aster, besides 
 teaching the children their Books, &c. is to instruct them in 
 the principles of the Protestant religion, and to attend public 
 and private p ravers. — Phis School consists of a building 
 with two wings, adorned with a cupola and clock. In the 
 centre of .which is the school room, and in the \Y. end is a 
 handsome Library ; the books were given by several worthy 
 
Book II. ] Geography of Ireland — Cities , Towns , fyc. 211 
 
 benefactors. In the Library are the pictures of General 
 Sterne, and Capt. Maule, who gave large benefactions to 
 this House. William Bayloy, Master. — The year 1810. 
 
 SCHOOLS OF INDUSTRY, School-street, esta- 
 blished in 180 f, where One Hundred Children of both 
 Sexes, and of every persuasion, are instructed in various 
 Manufactures, and trained to early habits of Industry ; they 
 are also well fed and clad in uniform. This establishment 
 is as yet dependant on Public Benevolence, but it is expected 
 that in some time it will be equal to its own support It is 
 under the immediate direction of a number of Ladies and 
 Gentlemen of the first respectability. The Lord Bishop of 
 Cork is Patron — Rev. J. Berkeley, Treasurer , Rev. M. 
 J. Collins, Secretary.^— The year 1810. 
 
 PETER’s-STREET Charity-School. — Endowed by Mrs. 
 Shearman, wherein 10 poor boys are clothed and educated 
 until of age to be apprenticed. — Mr. George Nixon, Master * 
 —The year 1810. 
 
 CHARITY SCHOOL, and Alms-House. — Instituted 
 and endowed in 1742, by Mrs. Shearman, in Christ-Church- 
 Lane, for the purpose of educating 1 5 poor Protestant boys 
 of said Parish for ever. — The Alms-House was endowed by 
 Mrs. Newman, for the support of the poor of both sexes. 
 
 POMEROY’s Charity-School. — On, the East side of 
 Fin Barr’s Church, is a Free School and Library, founded 
 by the late Archdeacon Pomeroy, for . the education of such 
 children as the Bishop shall recommend. The Master has ^ 
 salary of #£20 per annum. The children are taught reading, 
 writing and arithmetic. 
 
 FARMING SOCIETY, Co. of CORK. 
 
 This Institution was established in 1802, they hold their 
 meetings at the Council Chamber,' for the purpose of im- 
 proving the Agriculture of this County, by holding put 
 Premiums for the Introduction of the most approved breeds 
 of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine ; for the reclaiming of Waste 
 Grounds ; building Barns ; erecting Sheds for the protection 
 of cattle, and feeding them with clover, vetches and other 
 green crops : for Dairy management: — -Irrigation; encou- 
 raging the best Ploughmen, and several other Premiums, 
 calculated to improve the country. This Society combines 
 the Nobility, Gentry, and principal Farmers of the County 
 ©f Cork. 
 
212 "Geography of Ireland — * Cities , Towns, S^c* -[Book IX. 
 
 CORK LITERARY SOCIETY, SOUTH MALL. 
 
 This truly liberal and useful-establishment was fqunded by 
 a few public and spirited gentlemen in the year 1790.— The 
 annual subscription was one Guinea, at present, an addition 
 *>f half a guinea entrance is required The collection q£ 
 Books exceed 2500 Vols. many of them of the most ra*e 
 and valuable kind ; this increase of the library since its 
 commencement is not less due to %he^ judicious administra- 
 tion of the .Fund, than to the liberal bequest of the late 
 Dominick Lombard, Esq, which consisted chiefly of works 
 of taste and merit. The direction of .the affairs qf the 
 library has been greatly improved, since the learned .Bqctqr 
 Longfield has been chosen president. — The year 1810.^ 
 Every person in having contributed, any way Ten Guineas, 
 becomes a Proprietor of the Library ; but such as .began 
 annual subscriptions, must still continue to pay their sub- 
 scriptions. The Proprietors have equal and transferable 
 shares, and from them are appointed Trustees to take every 
 necessary stej) for the security of the Library. Any Gen- 
 tleman or Lady, proposed by a subscriber, and approved 
 by the Committee, which m?et once a .fortnight, will be 
 admitted a member. . r „ . > 
 
 CORK INSTITUTION,, for the application of -Science 
 to the common purposes of .life. President, the Ea?l of 
 Bandon— Vice-Presidents, the Lari of. Shannon,^ the Rt. Hqn. 
 Lord Carberry, the Rt. Hon. Lord Eanismore, >and John 
 Lon afield, Esq. M. D— Treasurer, John Leslie, Esq.— 
 Secretary, the Rev. T. E* Hinck-S. .Pricje of a sh^re 
 Thirty Guineas — Annual Subscription, Three Guineas. 
 Lectures qn .Qhem^try, Natural Philosophy and Agricul- 
 ture, are given at the house of the .Institution, St. Patrick s- 
 JJilh by the Lecturers, the Rev. T. E- JJinqks, and R r * 
 John Milner Barry.— The year 1810. 
 
 SOCIETY for bettering the coi)ditlqn and mqrqaiung the 
 comforts of the Pook. This Society was .formed in the 
 Spring of the year 1799, for the purpose pf procuring 
 publications respecting the state of the PftQr, qorresppndiQg 
 with Societies or Individuals in other places qn the. subject, 
 and considering how far any plans adopted by them .might be 
 introduced here, ; so as to encourage industry, geco.nomy, and 
 cleanliness. The members of this Society ^subscribe 
 Guinea annually, to defray the exp ences of printing, corrqs- 
 
Book II.] Geography Ireland — Cities, Totvns, 8$c. 213 
 
 pondence, &c, and whatever remains is given in rewards to 
 servants and others, for good conduct in their respective 
 stations.— It is desirable that the Society should be numerous 
 to enable it to continue and increase these rewards, which 
 may be expected to produce very good effects. The 
 number of members at present are 130; his Grace the 
 Lord Lieutenant is the Patron. The Right Rev. and 
 Hon. Lord Bishop of Cork, President. — Right Rev. Dr. 
 Moylan, Cooper Penrose, and Wm. Beamish, Esqrs. Vice- 
 Presidents — Thomas Cuthbert, Esq. Treasurer— Rev. T. D. 
 Hincks and Rev. M. J. Collins, Se retaries —The year 1810. 
 
 Cork Harbour, is large enough to contain the whole navy 
 of Great Britain, water-borne ; the entrance is free, open 
 and bold ; there are the remains of an old fort, on the right 
 hand ; as you enter, on the west side of Cork harbour, within 
 the mouth is an high round land called Corriliny Point, on 
 its summit is one of the ancient Tumuli, raised to the memory 
 some eminent warrior ; the mouth of the Channel is 
 narrow, and the cannon will reach from shore to shore ; 
 where the ruins of the old fort stand the cape is very high, 
 and the channel is not above an 100 yards from the shore. 
 Dog’s Nose Point, which is farther up the harbour, is another 
 formidable situation, when you are in, you come to anchor 
 off a very beautiful small town called Cove ; here you are 
 landlocked and secured from all danger; here are two islands 
 called Spike and HawlhowJing, that serve as bulwarks to 
 protect vessels riding at anchor from being damaged by ebb 
 or floods ; on the latter of these islands are the remains of 
 an old fortification, erected about the end of Queen Eliza- 
 beth’s reign, and which commanded all vessels of burthen 
 passing up to Cork ; one side of Cork harbour is formed by 
 the great island formerly called Barrymore Island, from its 
 belonging to that family ; as a defence to this passage, the 
 only one by which the island can be entered at low water, 
 stands Belvelly Castle. The first Earl of Orrory, in one of 
 his letters, observes, that this island is very fertile, it. is 
 about 6 miles in circumference, and a pass of such consequence 
 that were an enemy about to invade this kingdom, it is one 
 of the first places he should secure, as being near equally 
 distant from Cork, Youghall and Kinsale. This Island is 
 something more than 4 miles long and 2 broad ; the land is 
 e\ery where high and steep, and all round it is great depth 
 of water. 
 
$14* Geography of Ireland— Cities^ Towns, fyc. [Book II. 
 
 AA. — Banbon, a borough, market, fair and post town ; 
 it lies on a riyer which gives name to the town, 12 miles 
 s. W. of Cork, and 137 from Dublin; it sends one member 
 to parliament, patron the Earl of Shannon ; not far from this 
 place is the old castle of Dundane.ere, near the town is a 
 good chalybeate spring, Lat. 51 36. N. Long. 8. 35. W, 
 This town was built in 1610 by Richard Boyle, the first 
 Earl of Cork. 
 
 AA.— Cloyne, a small town in the County of Cork, 125 
 miles 8.W. of Dublin, 10 miles W» of Youghall, about 12 
 miles E. of Cork, and 1 mile from the sea coast ; it is the 
 see of a bishop, and was so erected, and a Church built here 
 by St. Column, wfio died the 4th of November, 1604. The. 
 bishopric of Cluain-Vamah (the anpent name of Cloyne, 
 which signifies the sequestered placq, cave or habitation) 
 was united to that of Cork in 1430, which union continued 
 until 11th November, 1631, when George Synge, B.D. 
 was consecrated bishop of Cloyne. Since that time it has been 
 governed by its own prelates. The cathedral is a decent gothic 
 building. The Bishop’s palace, which was rebuilt at the 
 beginning of the present , century is large and convenient, 
 pear the cathedral is a round tower, 92 feet high and '10 feet 
 in diameter, kalf 3 mile -beyond Cloyqe is Ballynalqe Castle, 
 
 Eat- 54* 5$- N* l*°yg .8- <P* W* 
 
 A A. a mmor, post, fair arid borough town, 
 
 above 1 48 .nules frqm Dublin, it returns one piembqr 4o 
 parliament, patronage in the JephsQu’s family j it is pleasantly 
 fituateii ,qn the N. .bank of -the Bjackwater, oyer which 
 there is an excellent sto^e* bridge, here .is also a good .church, 
 ^market k°use, j^nd barrack tor 3 trqop of h ors e, 
 for from the cpstle is a spring of a moderately tepid water, 
 which bursts ^ut of the bo^orn of a fine limestone rock> 
 gpd approaches neaf in §£1 its,|qiialities to the hot- well Waters 
 0 / Bristol, .which has caused it to be called the Irish Bath. 
 Eat. ^ 2 . 10. N. Long. ,8. & W. 
 
 A-A.— Hess hLvc 14 .miles of 3aptry.$ 
 
 here is. ope of the largest ^nd highest waterfalls in the kingdom* 
 which is collected- from various - sjnajl rivulets apd Springs, 
 Arming a large lake jgtn the top of a high rocky and alpi° 4 t 
 perpendicular mountain, called fjungry Hill, which is at least 
 700 yards aboye the level of JJantry Bay. 
 
 A A. — Baltimore, situated 168 miles from Dublin, 
 having a commodious harbour ; it lies in the ancient disfriqt 
 
Book II. ] Geography of Ireland— Cities, Toums, Sfc. «f5 
 
 of Leum Con, in the W. of Carberry, on a headland 
 which runs into the sea; 15 miles S. W. of Ross, and 5 miles 
 Ni. of the Island of Cape Clear, Long 9. 15. W. Lat 51. 
 15- on the 20th June, 1631, it was taken and plundered 
 by* the Algerines, Which it never recovered, and is now only 
 a decayed fishing town. Lat. 5i. 24. N. Long 9. 14. W. 
 
 AA. YouGHAli,, a considerable trading and sea port 
 town on the eastern frontiers of the co. Cork ; it is a corporate 
 fair and post town, contains about 1 100 houses, and extends 
 upwards' of a mile in length, under a high hill near the mouth 
 of the bay, into which the navigable rivers Blackwater and 
 Bride discharges themselves. It is governed by a mayor, 
 recorder and bailiffs, who with the aldermen, burgesses and 
 freemen return one member to parliament. The original intia- 
 bitants Were a colony from Bristol ; and the present appear- 
 ance of the place arid mariners of the people, prepossess 
 strangers m favour of it, from its cleanliness and regularity, 
 blended with genuine native hospitality in its inhabi- 
 tants; it is a rich populous place, and has a very safe 
 and commodious harbour, in Which ships may securely 
 ride m 24 feet Water at the lowest ebb, protected from all 
 winds. The town has been considerably enlarged within 
 these few years, Several new quays and piers been lately 
 formed at a great expence, large stores erected thereon, to 
 the great convenience of its rising trade, and accommodation 
 to the merchants and traders, who are daily settling here • 
 it has a barrack, custom house and court-house. The main 
 street is divided into Upper and lower town, by a lofty square 
 building, lately re-built, called the Clock Gate The church 
 is a large gothic structure and very ancient, its nave is 135 
 feet long and 66 broad. The people called Quakers are nu- 
 merous here, and with the Presbyterians arid Methodists, have 
 
 also a new Roman 
 
 Catholic Chapel, very elegant and of great extent. On the hill, 
 over the town is a range of pleasant gardens, 'thafconsider- 
 S, a f f to the beauty of the prospect Which the place forms 
 from the opposite side of the river; to the S.W. is an extensive 
 and level strand tour miles long, near the beginning.cf which, 
 s a o ris.ng ground called Clay Castle, commanding an 
 
 e 5 e km Ve , pr08 P ect cf a Wide ex panse of ocean, aiid° the 
 neig bouring Country. The first potatoes introduced into 
 Iidar.d were planted in the gardens of Youghall, by Sir 
 
21(T Geography of Ireland - — Cities, Towns, 8$c. f Book II. 
 
 Walter Raleigh, the person who superintended the growth 
 
 of them appears to have been ignorant of their nature, for when 
 the apples appeared, he attempted to eat them, but not answer- 
 ins his palate he neglected their further growth ; some time 
 after on turning up the land he found the true fruit, from 
 which, itis said the whole kingdom has been gradually supplied. 
 This place held out for the crown, against the Desmond rebel- 
 lion, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and though obliged 
 to submit to Cromwell, for want of succours, yet in the year 
 1618, the Corporation Avere amongst the first to proclaim 
 Charles the 2d, King of England. At this port, Cromwell 
 embarked for England, after his success m this kingdom. 
 The trade of Youghall within these few years, has much 
 increased, a considerable share of mercantile business is trans- 
 acted, and more oats annually exported from it than any other 
 port of the kingdom ; the goodness of its harbour, and the 
 easy communication which it has with several inland towns, 
 and a large tract of interior country, by means of navigable 
 rivers, together with its vicinity to the sea, and other local 
 advantage have very much contributed to its present increase 
 of trade and population. Considerable quantities of beef, 
 pork, butter, &c. are annually shipped from hence, but the 
 principal consists in the exportation of corn. The woollen 
 manufactured in a very thriving state in this town, and there 
 is an extensive pottery or earthenware manufactory m this 
 place, which branch may be considerably improved and 
 enlarged, as it is the only one in this part of Ireland, and 
 the clay and materials hereabouts of a peculiar quality lor 
 that purpose ; it possesses also a share of the Newfoundlanc 
 trade, as several ships load here every spring for that island. 
 A n elegant range of buildings have been lately erected in this 
 town, at the Corporation’s expence, consisting of assembly, 
 card, coffee, billiard rooms, &c. it adjoins the public Mall, 
 or Parade, and is most beautifully situated over the water. 
 The building of these rooms has contributed very materially 
 to establish Youghall as a fashionable watering place , . it 
 being frequented every summer by many of the first families 
 of the kingdom, for the purpose of sea-bathing; and as it 
 affords a variety of conveniencies for so healthful a practice, 
 it may therefore be caljed, with much propriety, the 
 Margate, or Brighton of Ireland. It is 108 miles S. of 
 Dublin, and 24: E. of Cork, Long. 8. 1 / W. Lat 51. 51 • N. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland— Cities, Totems, fyc. 217 
 
 ■A A. — -Cove, a small town, situated in an island called 
 the Great Island, which forms o-ne side of Cork Harbour, it 
 is about 7 miles distant from the City of Cork ; this town is 
 built under a high steep hill, opposite to which the largest 
 vessels trading to Cork generally anchor* upwards of 200 
 sail have been moored here at once. Cove is inhabited bv 
 fishermen and a few Custom house officers; this place is a 
 post town, and usually called the Cove of Cork.' 
 
 A A..- Passage, situated about 130 miles from Dublin j 
 it is a small village separated from the Gfeat Island on which 
 the town of Cove is seated. Here all ships of burden un- 
 load, and their cargoes are carried up to Cork, either on small 
 cars or in vessels of small size, the channel ^higher up admit- 
 ting only those of 150 tons burden ; fairs are held on 1st 
 May and 25th July. 
 
 AA.- Blarney, situated about 3 miles W. of Cork, and 
 128 from Dublin. 
 
 AA. — Kinsale, a sea-port and corporate town, 136 miles 
 fiom Dublin; it is seated on the river Bandon, and govern- 
 ed by a Sovereign and Recorder ; it returns one Member to 
 Parliament, patronage in the : Southwell family. This 
 town is defended by a strong Fort, ’built by King Charles II. 
 called Charles’s Fort ; on the opposite shore there are two 
 well built villages, Cove and Scilly ; in the town and liber- 
 ties are 6 parishes ; the barracks here hold 12 companies of 
 Fpot, besides a Regiment at Charles’s Fort. The Spani- 
 ards took the town in 1600, but were driven out the same 
 year by the Lord Deputy Mpuntjoy, who obliged Don John 
 De Aquilla, the Spanish commander, with 5000 Spaniards, 
 to surrender the place. Charles’s Fort, though a place of 
 great strengh, was taken by the Earl of Marlborough from 
 King James the Second’s forces in 1690. In time° of war 
 Km sale is a place of much. business, being then frequented 
 by rich homeward bound fleets and ships of war* for which 
 reason most of the houses are then let at double rents ; the 
 vicinity of Cork injures its trade ; It gives title of baron to 
 tne ancient family De of Courcy. Kmsale Harbour is very 
 commodious and perfectly secure, and so large that the EnoJisl 
 and Dutch Smyrna fleets have anchored therein at the san 
 Umt ; thefe is a Dock and Yard for repairing slups of w ' 
 and a crane ar.d gun wharf for landing and shipping he 
 
213 Geography of Ireland —Cities, Towns, fc. [Book II, 
 
 artillery ; ip the centre of the town is a good market-house, 
 .and near it is a strong built prison ; 12 miles S of Cork, 
 Long. 8 , 26 , W. Lat. 51, 41, N. 
 
 AA. — Cloghnakilty, a post and fair town, anciently 
 called Clownc.allo, situated in the barony of Carberry, 146 
 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Ross, a market town of little note. This town and Cork 
 forms a bishop’s see, it has a Gothic Cathedral, a barrack, 
 and a good market-house, its harbour was formerly so cele- 
 brated° that the tpwn became a bishop’s see, and had a 
 famous university, but the harbour having "been gradually 
 choked with sand, the importance of the town has sunk, 
 and it now only remains a monument of its former grandeur. 
 About a mile from Ross there are two holes 240 feet deep 
 into which the sea flows by subterraneous passages 
 
 AA. Baltimore, about 16 miles from Ross, a mean 
 
 fishing town, situated on the border of a spacious bay, 
 in which are many inlets, capable of being improved to great 
 advantage} the h.rbour once rendered the town wealthy, but 
 on the 28th of June, 1631, it was plunder by the Algerines, 
 since which it never has flourished. _ 
 
 AA.— -Chaiileville, a fair and post town, situated about 
 112 miles' from Dublin ; here is a Charter School, In which 
 23 children are usually kept ; a decent parish church, and 
 a good horse barrack, a part of the town stands in the 
 county Limerick ; this place gives title of Earl to the family 
 of Bury, 22 miles S. of Limerick, and 31 N. ot Cork. 
 Lat. 52, 23, N, Long. 8 , 30, W. . . . . 
 
 Castle* artyk, a fair and post town ; it gives title oi 
 Baron to a branch of the noble family of Boyle, and has a 
 charter school for 40 children, it is situated above 123 miles 
 from Dublin, and about 12 miles 8 . E, ot Cork. Lat. 
 
 31, 48, N Long. 8,0, W. f . 
 
 AA- Rathcormick, 111 miles from Dublin, a tarn 
 
 town a id 114 miles from Cork, situated on the river Bride, 
 adorned with a handsome parish church, a steeple and court 
 house, it belongs to a branch of the Bury family, called 
 dam, settled here these 600 ye. is 
 
 A A Castle Lyons, in the neighbourhood ot Katti- 
 
 cortnick. is a neat town near the river Bride, Lord Barrymore 
 has a .massy edifice on the site of Q%ehan’» castle ; m re- 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland— Cities, ToivAs, Spr. 219 
 
 moving the walls. of the castle a chnnney-piece was discovered 
 Wltb f^ s inscription, LEMAN O’CULLANE HOC 
 FECIl, MCIIII. which fixes the aera of first erecting 
 stone buildings to be earlier than some Antiquarians assert. 
 1 he above edifice was burned to the ground about 60 years 
 ago, and still remains in ruins ; distant 111 miles from 
 Dublin, and Ilf from Cork. 
 
 Middleton, a post and fair town,. situated 122 miles from 
 Dublin, midway betvven the City of Cork and Youo-hall ; it 
 gives title of Viscount to the family of Brodrick. Lat 
 • 5 , 1 ’ “’„ N - Lo "S- 8, W, W. it is pleasantly situated on 
 the N. v, . angle of Cork Harbour; contiguous to the town 
 tnere is a subterraneous river, and ne. r it is a large romantic 
 
 AA.— -Dgn^raile, a market, fair and post town, in the 
 County of Cork, about 20 miles N. E. of Cork, and 113 
 b. VV. o. Dublin ; it gives title of Viscount to the family of 
 ct. Leger ; near this town are several quarries of beautiful 
 variegated marble. Lat. 52, 5, N. Long. 8, 25, W. 
 
 AA.— Ba n t i: y, a barony town, harbour and bay, the 
 barony is very large, but barren and desolate; the bay 26 
 miles long, a league broad, and in the middle, 40 fathoms - 
 lrfn ls , one of tbe fil) est in the world, capable of holding 
 all the shipping of Europe ; the town is seated at the bottom 
 of the bay, about 30 miles. W. from Cork, and 164 S. W, 
 *£ ■ Lat. 51,30, N. Long. 9, 20, W. 
 
 J Skibbereen, a post and fair town, above 161 
 
 miles from Dubhn, situated by the river lien, within about 
 5 miles of Baltimore. 
 
 TtA A ’~<£ UN - i f Ai 'T AY ’ 3 Peasant village, 12 miles W. of 
 k fr’w m f eS S- of C °rk, and 151 S. of Dublin ^ 
 flourished" PkCe m MunSter where the manufacture 
 
 AA,— Macroomp or Macroom, a town in the barony 
 ma^TmT 7 ’ 142 mJeS fr ° m Dublin ’ >s situated amongst 
 
 onfht — Buttevant > a fair town, 73| miles from Dublin, 
 rtiiW P new turnpike road from Cork to Limerick ; about 2 
 miks from Buttevant, on the right, are the ruins of die Castle 
 
 cdebmJT’ faffiousfor having been the residence of the 
 
 poemof the P F n ^ ’n arid "'Hn he coir -P 1 eted the celebrated 
 poem of th.e k airy Queen. This whole place seems to have 
 
220 Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, fyc* [Book II. 
 
 been formerly an assemblage of Churches and religious hou- 
 ses, which being dissolved, consequently went with them to 
 ruin. Near Kilmaclemine, . 2 miles S. W. of Buttevant, 
 there is a pit of good yellow ochre, used for painting. 
 
 A A. Kanturk, a fair town, Smiles W. of Castlemag- 
 
 ner; fair days 4th May, 3d July and November, and 11th De- 
 cember. , . .. 
 
 A A K i l wo R t h , situated about 108 miles from Dublin 
 and S miles S. of Mitchel’s town; it is a thriving place, with 
 a decent church, at the foot of a large ridge of mountains, 
 called Kil worth mountains, through which a good turnpike 
 road is carried from Dublin to Cork ; below the town runs 
 the river Funcheon, well stored with salmon and trout, and 
 discharges itself a mile S. of this, into the Black water \ at 
 this place is Moorpark, the superb seat of Lord Mount- 
 ^ ash el ; adjoining his Lordship’s improvements stands the 
 castle of Loughleag, boldly situated on the river Funcheon, 
 which has stood several sieges. / 
 
 Fermoy, situated on the river Blackwater, for- 
 merly an obscure village, but now a fine, regular, . unifox m 
 town, one of the best inland towns in Ireland *, this town 
 owes its splendor and flourishing state to its' present owner, 
 John Aederson,’ Esq. it consists of two principal streets, 
 which are flagged and the buildings uniform, it may be truly 
 said to be an" infant city ; it's form is an oblong square, has 
 two barracks, a neat church and chapel, two large inns lor 
 the accommodation of travellers, of which there arc always 
 great resort, there being day coaches to and from Co.&, 
 Limerick and Youghal ; there are grist, boulting and 
 paper manufacturing mills, extensive brewery, with court, 
 play and market houses, also a bank; here evei\ tra e, 
 mechanic, and manufacturer are encouraged ; it is- 16 miles 
 
 from Cork, 108 miles from Dublin. ■ . . ' • ■ 
 
 AA.— Mitchelstown, a post and fan; town, 1C2 miles 
 from Dublin; here is a college for the support of » 2 decay- 
 ed gentlemen and 12 decayed ' gentle women, who nave £40 
 yearly, and handsome apartments, and a chaplain at £l00 
 per year with a house > divine worship « dajly. periormed in 
 a neat chapel belonging to the college ; the whole was found- 
 ed by the late Earl of Kingston ; here is a most magnificent 
 seat of Lord Kiugsborough, and about .a mile and an halt 
 from this town are the ruins of Cahirdriny gastie. 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland— Cities, Towns, %c. 22l 
 
 _ AA.— Enniskeon, a fair town, situated 135 miles from 
 Dublin, and 11 of Cork 
 
 AA-—TMOLMAGVE, distant 4 miles E. of Cloghnakiltv, 
 and U2 miles from Dublin, situated on an arm of the sea, 
 which was formerly navigable but is now choked up with 
 
 Kantt'r N£WiVIARKET ’ Skuated 5 nliIcs English W. of 
 
 • A A--Ba L lynah ASS . A ck, a small village N. side of the 
 river Con bury. 
 
 TS.Altr~5— LYH0 °^> a fa , ir tcwn > about HI miles from 
 -Dublin »,‘his is a small bvt pleasant town, having a new and 
 elegant church delightfully hanging over the Blackwater, 
 
 embeir^bt' m.‘ * C “" ,ry **** *f 
 
 A A. — Ballinohooney, a fair town.’ 
 
 ..lA^ Ballenfh imo,. a fair town; there is a sulphureous 
 
 ebalyoeate at this place. 
 
 ^AA.—Ballynachora, a small village near Middleton, 
 ■K nere there is- a high sepuicheral mount, being one of the 
 ancient tumuli ° 
 
 A A. - Ballyclough, a small town in the barony of 
 Ofrory, within 4? miles of Mallow. " ' ' 
 
 AA.— Ballycotton, a small village. 
 
 AA.~Anmgh, a pretty village near Charleville • the • 
 imen manufacture is carried on in this village. 
 
 A A. -Douglass, 3 26 miles from Dublin ; in this place 
 lougn a small village, is one of the largest manufactories for 
 Sit4*cioth in the kingdom. 
 
 AA.-Gl. AK w° RTH 5 a fair town; this village has gone • 
 to decay though Jtwa* anciently a corporation ; the name • 
 signifies- the golden glen. 
 
 AA -Clanton, situated about 3 A8 miles from Dublin. 
 
 A a h LANMIJ!E > ls a!1 agreeable outlet near, Cork. 
 AC^Gabvff, e !!a 1 je, a fair town. 
 
 A. Gastlemaby,. a handsome seat, 1 mile W. of 
 Uoyne, and no great distance from the E side of Cork 
 haroour, having an agreeable prospect of it. 
 
 fromDT 1 bi AST ' LE3rQWN ' 3 h 5f town * situated 110 miles 
 
 trom Dublin, opposite to the island of Beerhaver • this 
 
 t£T S a S ° ca led Eastledermott, S. E. from which stood 
 th„ famops castle of Dunboy. 
 
 U 3 
 
222 Geography* of Ireland — Cities, Towns, 4 1 — [Book II. 
 
 A A;— Banlahan, a fair town ; fairs are held on Ascen- 
 
 ^°CASTXELEiGiHHN, situated at the extremity of the county. 
 
 A A.— Ballyvoupney, he. the tbwn of my beloved, a 
 small village situated 6 miles W. of Macroomp. 
 AA.-BAUWf»m«) within' a mile W. ot Ross. 
 
 A A — B'a-llyValane, a fair town near the Cove. 
 
 A A-KtLLELEAGH, a smaU town within 112 miles of 
 
 Dublin and 4* of Youghal. v . . , ^ A 
 
 A A. — B ai lynemony or Ballynemona, it is also called 
 
 Mobrne ;here was a preceptory of KnightsH 
 ,p the reign of King John . 1 1 is situated 3 miles: S. 01 Mallow 
 on the high road, 137 mile's from Dublin. ; about a mile o 
 Vhe S. is a small place named Bottlehill, reckoned the mid- 
 way between Cork and Mallow, remarkable for a stout 
 skirmish fought there between the English and King James 
 
 forces on the 29th April, 1691. -i f rom 
 
 A A —Castletown Roach, a fair town 115 miles Irons 
 Dublin ; a mile from Castleroach, on the opposite side ot 
 Owl e g, is the castle of Carngnaconny. , 
 
 Kuxoleman, a ruined castle, of the Earls of IDsmcmd 
 celebrated for having been the residence ot the - 
 
 Spencer, where he composed his excellent poem, caned the 
 
 The Three great sources of national wealth are agriculture, 
 -manufactures and fisheries ; of each of these, the county of 
 Cork enjoys a constable share ; cultivation ha* coW 
 her plains, and njounted the declivity ot many of her hihs. 
 
 The^ numerous towns which fringe the coast 'anh ornam^ 
 the interior, are the residence ot manufacturers ; the coasts 
 
 swarm with fish, trout and salmon are the most numerous, 
 
 hut many other varieties abound. The activity w m pr^ 
 vails ln these three departments, together with the vast 
 commerce which is maintained with the rest of ^pe^ a nd 
 America, unite to render this county the most wealthy in 
 th“wdom. Strong indications of copper and lead are 
 drived, and marbledf different colours is found m various 
 
 WA.TERFORD, a city sithated in the county of rtm 
 
 tame name ; it is a post, market, fair an .» ire t j 
 
 ta-ee 75 miles from Dublin ; it stands on the S. side ot th 
 Suit, a broad and rapid river, and about ,4j miles from ... 
 
Book II. ] Geography of Ireland— Cities, Towns, %c. 223 
 
 junction with the Nore and Barrow, all which are here 
 united, and over which there has been erected an elegant 
 wooden bridge, connecting the counties of Waterford^and 
 Kilkenny, it is 832 feet long and 40 feet broad, with stone 
 abutments, and 40 sets of oak piers with a portcullis for 
 shipping to pass up the river at Is. Id. per mast ; the depth of 
 water at ebb tide is 37 feet, the expence of the brido-e and 
 purchase of the ferry was £ 30,000 ; it was built by Lemuel 
 Cox, a Bostonian ; it has on it this inscription in stone, “ in 
 “ 1793, a year rendered sacred to national prosperity by the 
 “ extinction of religious distinction and prejudices, thefoun- 
 “ damn of this bridge was laid at the expence of associated 
 “ individuals, unaided by parliamentary grants, SirJ. Newnort 
 “ Chairman ;» this bridge with a number of n^w housesSy 
 built, adds to the beauty of the town ; this city is distant 
 about 8 miles from the sea, and is a most convenient port, 
 tne harbour runs almost i 2 miles up the country, nearly in 
 a straight line, all the way deep and clear. Waterford was 
 originally built in 879, but destroyed in 981, was consider- 
 ably enlarged by Strongbow in 1171, and still further in the 
 reign or Henry VII. who granted considerable privileges to 
 ! e “ tlzeD! ’ .Richard 11. landed and was crowned here in 
 13.49 ; in .1690, James II embarked from hence for France 
 auer the battle of the Boyne, and William III. resided here 
 twice, and confirmed its privileges. The city is governed by* 
 a mayor and other magistrates, and sends one member to the 
 imperial parliament ; ( electors, freemen and freeholders ) . It 
 is tne see oi a bishop, who has here a fine palace, built of hewn 
 s^tone, witn two fronts ; to this bishopric that of Lismore was 
 united m 1363 The Cathedral is extensive and elegant, be- 
 sides which there are three churches, one of which is extremely 
 beautiful and spacious ; four Roman Catholic i-hapels, one 
 of which, lately built, is by much the grandest in thl kingdom, 
 the roof is supported by 12 pillars, and has a beautiful archi- 
 tectural front or uewn stone ; there are also places of wcrstrp 
 font-reach Protestants, Presbyterearis Quakers, Anabaptists, 
 ana Methodists. The Court-house, Exchange, Custom! 
 W^andBarr^ks are handsome buildings, and also the new 
 theatre ; Assembly rooms are fitted up in a very fine taste • 
 
 there are several Qharity Schools, and humane foundation! 
 
 Md w-, P h ?0 r| e ' ; ' tire P rmite dwtlhngs are gen .rally modern, 
 nd wuh otlrer improvements of the city keep pice with 
 the increase of its trade ; the white glass and other maiiu- 
 
224 Geography of Ireland — Cities , Totvns, §fc. f Book IT. 
 
 factures of Waterford are lit a flourishing state, and its 
 exports of beef, butter, hides, tallow, pork, corn, & c. are 
 considerable, to which the extensive inland navigation it has 
 by means of the Nore, Suir and Barrow, greatly contributes, j 
 as they also do to the import trade, from the demand for 
 foreign commodities in the several rich counties and flourishing 
 towns adjoining ; the trade it carried on with Newfoundland, 
 and of which it enjoys the principal share, is of the utmost 
 importance, as upwards of 70 sail of shipping are employed • 
 in the supplying it with provisions, &c* and return from 
 thence and the West Indies with fish, rum, sugar and 
 cotton, &c. Some idea of the provision trade here, may | 
 be formed by the vast number, of large hog's killed, which 
 amount to upwards of 3000 per week for many weeks toge- 
 ther, and of butter there have been exported from hence, from 
 60 to 80,000 casks per year. The Lat. of Waterford is 52. 
 18. N. and its Long, from London is 6. 54. W. The 
 difference of time between these two cities being 29 minutes, 
 40 seconds, i. e. when it is 12 o’Clock, or any other 
 houf, by the sun at London, it wants 29 minutes and 40 
 seconds of that hour at Waterford ; the ancient name given . 
 to this city by the Irish, Cuan-nd Groth , i. e, the Harbour 
 of the Sun; a second name it was known by was, ' Clean-na- 
 Gleodh , i. e. the Valley of Lamentation, from a bloody battle 
 between the I rink' and the Danes, in which the former gained ; 
 a complete victory, and burned the city to the ground. 
 
 Several towers and castles have been erected here of which 
 Reginald’s towel* still remains, the founder of which is said 
 to have been the son of Ivcrus, King of the Danes, but can e 
 at last into the possession of the store-keeper of the Fort 
 of Duncannoii, and since 1663, was applied to tne keeping 
 of the King’s stores ; where the barrack now stands was 
 anciently a square fort, mounted with great guns, and partly 
 encompassed by a moat* The quay of this city is about 
 three quarters of a mile in length, and of considerable breadth, 
 is not inferior to, but rather exceeds the most celebrated in 
 Europe; to it, the largest vessels may conveniently come up 
 both to load and unload, and at a small distance opposite 
 may lie constantly a float. . 
 
 This city gives title of Earl to the family of i alhot^ 
 that of Viscouct to the family of Lumley, and that; of 
 Marquis to the Earl of Tyrone. It is believed that Water- 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland — Cities, Toxvns, fyc. 22 5 
 
 ford has been built by some Norwegian adventurers, who 
 also erected it into a Bishop’s see in 1096 ; it was for some 
 time the residence of King John, from whom and his royal 
 successors it received many privileges for its faithful adhe- 
 rance to the crown ; actuated by this spirit of loyalty, it 
 resisted the arms of Oliver Cromwell and King William, but 
 was reduced in both instances. 
 
 Tramore, situated at the head of a bay of the same 
 name ; it is much frequented in the summer season for sea 
 bathing ; the bay is extremely unsafe, and when mistaken 
 for the mouth of Waterford Haven, has proved the destruc- 
 tion to many vessels. 
 
 BB - — DuNGARVAN,aborougK fair, sea-port and post town, 
 100 miles from -Dublin ; this is one of the greatest fishing 
 towns in Ireland, and is seated on a bay of the same name, 
 the inhabitants are celebrated as excellent curers of hake ; it 
 has a barrack for 2 companies of foot, erected amidst the 
 ruins of a castle built by King John, and afterwards possess- 
 ed by the Desmono .family, and giveis title of Viscount to 
 the f noble family of Boyle, Earl of Cork; it sends one 
 member to parliament, patron the Duke of Devonshire. An 
 aqueduct has been constructed here by parliamentary encou- 
 ragement, for supplying the place with fresh water, whic.h is 
 brought for some miles from the river Phynisk ; it has a 
 good market and session house, it is 22 miles S. W. of 
 Waterford. Lat. 56, 6, N. Long. 7, 29, W. 
 
 Lismore, a market, fair and post town, 100 miles from 
 Dublin, a very ancient city, formerly an university, the cas- 
 tle is boldly seated on the verge of a rocky hill, rising almost 
 perpendicularly to a considerable height over the river Black- 
 water ; the entrance is by an ancient and venerable teivenue of 
 trees, over the gate are the venerable arms of the first Earl 
 of Cone, opposite the entrance is a modern portico of Bath 
 stone, of the Doric order, designed by Ignio Jones ; most 
 of the buildings are in ruins, but the several offices make up 
 two sides of the square are kept in repair, at each angle is a 
 t^wer, the chief remains of its magnificence. In October, 
 
 1 185, the Duke of Rutland, then Lord Lieutenant of Ire- 
 land, whilst on a tour, of Munster,, held a council, and issued 
 proclamations from tnis castle ; the cathedral is still pretty 
 well kept in repair ; nere is a fine bridge over the river 
 Liackwater, built by the Duke of Devonshire, the span, of 
 
226 Geography of Ireland Cities , Towns, fyc [Book It j 
 
 the principal arch is 102 feet ; the appearance of Lismorey 
 from the bridge, is awfully sublime and interesting. The 
 rock, on which the castle is seated, rises in perpendicular 
 shelves from the river to a tremendous height ; the rods 
 rocks are richly crowned with trees, whose verdent boughs, in 
 some parts, embrace the placid streams, and in others, as-- 
 cend to shelter the ruined towers and shade the antique I 
 windows of the fort. This venerable and extensive castle the 
 property of the Duke of Devonshire, was built by king j 
 John in 1185, on the ruins of Carthaglds abbey ; in 1 189 it 
 was demolished by the Irish, but soon after rebuilt, when it 
 became the episcopal residence, till its conveyance by Mylet i 
 Jlf agrath, bishop of this see, to Sir I Alter Raleigh ; this j 
 manor was purchased by Sir Richard Boyle, the ancestor to 
 the celebrated philosopher Robert Boyle, who was born in 
 the castle. From the earliest record this place first appears 
 to have been the site of a fort of the chieftans of the Decies. j 
 Upon the expulsion of St. Carthagh from the abbey of 
 Raheny in Westmeath, in the 7th century* he received a 
 grant of this territory, where he founded an abbey. A mirii* 
 ber of monks repairing thither, several churches and cells 
 were built, and then being usually the seat of any learning 
 that existed during the middle ages, a school was soon insti- 
 tuted, which, for a long period became the great resort 
 both of natives and foreigners ; the ruins of several cells and 
 seven churches, at present, cover a great part of the town y 
 the abbey was erected into a bishopric in 633, but in 1363 
 was united to that of Waterford y below the town is a rich 
 fishery of salmon, which is the greatest branch of trade here ; 
 within the precincts of this town stands the remains of an 
 abbey, once the residence of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 BB. — Tallag;h, a post and /fair town, KM* miles from 
 Dublin ; here is a barrack, and near Tallagh are the ruins of 
 Lishnie castle. 
 
 BB — Passage, above 129 miles from Dublin ; it is situ- 
 ated under a hill so steep that few persons (except the inha- 
 bitants) chose to ride up or down. On the top of the 
 church is erected a sun-dial, and as the hill over-hangs the, 
 town considerably, and lies N. and S. it has but little of the 
 sun after mid-day ; here is an excellent road where 500 sail 
 of ships may ride safely ; fairs are held here on 6th May* 
 12 lh June, 8th September and 12th November, 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland- Cities, Towns, %c. 227 
 
 BB.. Cappoquin, a fair town, near 93 miles from Dublin; 
 here is a horse barrack and a wooden bridge over the Black- 
 water, near n is Killbree, formerly belonging to the Knights 
 Templais The castle of Cappoqum was built by the family 
 of tJ T ^M^ lds « but a t what time is uncertain ; in the 
 pansn of White church, a. few miles E. of Cappoquin. area 
 number of remarkable caves ; Cpnagour, or the pigeon holes, 
 is a most stupendous cave of about 1,50 feet in length, from 
 which are passages to a number of others ; a small rivulet 
 runs through this subterraneous cavity, which sinks ip to a 
 deep abyss, and rises at a place called Kenockape, about a 
 miie from the place of its retreat, 
 
 BB. Baelynatray, a handsome seat, situated on * 
 part of the river Blackwater ; near it is a small island, ia 
 this river, anciently called Inis, or the Island of St. Vialan- 
 side, now Malaria, m which are the remains of an abbey of 
 regular canons, founded in the 6th century by that Saint who 
 was the first abbot ; in this abbey Raymond Legross, the 
 
 ng , lsh ^ ener f’ who ’ w th Strongbow, contributed so 
 numh to the reduction of Ireland, is said to be buried. 
 
 iJB.— Carrickbeg, situated on the river Sujr, opposite 
 o .he „ w „ of Crick on- S,ir, being .ep,„.e d ^ ,ZZ£ 
 from the county of iipperary ; this place was formerly 
 called Carnck-acgnffin and here are the remains of an 
 
 Ormond°f T’ founded b 7 James Earl of 
 
 ^ !; 1636 5 a steeple erected on the side walls of the 
 
 feet over the C w D all ted 3 ^ CUri ° sit y io P ro j ectin S about 2 
 
 r ACTHOM As > a fair town, about 12 miles S. E. 
 
 of Waterford, cat. 52. 14. N Long. 7. 10. W. 
 
 Kilemeaden, a parish in the county of Waterford 
 Lord “ * 
 
 is remarkablv^f S * ,° f Cashel. At thls pJace the soil 
 attenrion. b 7 ^ ^ ^ Cultlvated with the most assiduous 
 
 ^ C€ T CA ^ EI ' , ., a Sma11 ancient <% and post and fair 
 town, above 76 miles S W. from Dublin and 16 N. W. of 
 
 Clonmel; it is the see of an Archbishop, is governed by a 
 aaayor, recorder and bailiffs, and sends one member to par! 
 
g28 Geography of Ireland — Cities, Toxvns, fyc. [Book II. 
 
 liament. Cashel has been a very ancient archiepiscopal city, 
 to which the bishopric of Emly is united ; this city was 
 originally surrounded by a wall, and two gates are still re- 
 maining of tolerable workmanship ; on the ascent to the 
 cathedral is a storte, whereon, according to an jancient tradi- 
 tion, the kings were crooned, for Cashel was formerly the 
 royal seat and metropolis of the king’s of Munster; there 
 is also a session-house, a handsome market-house, charter 
 school, and a barrack for 2 companies of foot. King 
 Henry II. in this city received the homage of Donal. king 
 of Limerick, Anno 1172, and here held a synod. 
 
 CC. — Clonmel, a borough, post, fair an< ^ market 
 town, pleasantly and very advantageously situated on the 
 river Suir, on the great road between Dublin and Cork, 19 
 miles S. W. of Tipperary, 39 N. E. of Cork and 85 of 
 Dublifi, it has a barrack for 2 troops of horse, and is govern- 
 ed by a mayor, bailiffs and town clerks ; there is a woollen 
 manufacture carried on here, but the principal business seems 
 to be corn trade ; from the sea and the Barrow the Suir is 
 navigable for barges up to the town, where, having a consL 
 derable fall, and being divided by the Islands, it forms 
 here into several channels ; the .inhabitants have availed 
 themselves of these advantages, and erected a great number of 
 mills on the different channels ; it sends one member to 
 parliament, patron Lord Mountcashel. There is a spring 
 here of spa water that issues out of the side of a rising 
 ground, it has been found very beneficial in scorbutic and 
 chronic distempers. This town gave birth to the Reverend 
 Lawrence Sterne, the celebrated author of Tristram Shandy. 
 Clonmel consists of four cross streets, it has a bridge of 20 
 arches over the Suir, and a well built market-house, with a 
 charter school for 40 children ; this town is very ancient, 
 having been built before the invasion of the Danes ; it for- 
 merly was defended by a wall ; Oliver Cromwell met with a 
 greater resistance here than in any other part of the king- 
 dom ; it gives title of Earl to the noble family of Scott. 
 Clonmel is a neater town than many others in Ireland, and 
 it is still improving, having had several buildings erected 
 lately, in. an elegant manner, such as the barrack (before 
 mentioned), court-house, gaol, &c. with corn stores, and a 
 number of private houses neatly executed. Lat, 527 14, N. 
 Long. 7, 27, W- 
 
Book II.] Geography of Ireland-^Cities, Towns, $. 225 
 
 • C ^-— CA R R iCK-ov-SurR, a fair, post and market town 
 -situated on the borders of the county Tipperary, being join! 
 ed to the county Waterford by a bridge over the rivef £ 
 its distance from Dublin about 74 miles; Lat. 52 12 N* 
 Long, 7, 10, W. ’ N - 
 
 C€^— Thurl'es, a post, market and fair town, distant 
 from Dublin 70 miles ; it has a great market the first Tues- 
 
 p,m " F "’ Easto 
 
 Di!blin THAKD ’ a falr t0Wn ’ situated 73 miles S. W. from 
 
 CC.—Borbisoleagh, above 73 miles from Dublin 
 four mdes beyond which are the ruins of Latragh Castle. * 
 a fair town. 
 
 D,S,Sn~-^ SCREA ’ l ?° St 3nd fair t0Wn > 59 n»>Ies from 
 S” V 18 »■ "eat thriving town ; the church has a ciirious 
 Gothic frontispiece at the W. end, near it, stands ore of the 
 largest round to-wers m the kingdom, built with round stone 
 
 castle* *S’ ed f? ; in tfie town is » largely. 
 
 J&#z. oam * y - “ d a b ““ i » 
 
 i fairand P ost town, 91 miles from 
 
 Dubhn’tolSk ^ Mumter r ° ad ’ leadin g Lorn 
 
 CC.— Silvermines, 77 miles from Dublin .- herear- some 
 wlrim CoS* ’ Tt th ° Se latdj f ° Und on the ^tateW Sir- 
 
 «* ofT n 
 
 wrought in this kingdom to any considerable extent iS 
 mikbe^mnd Silver-mines are the ruins of Donalt.y Castle*. f 
 
 v?as found a golden «rotV" weirtW ” ear thk P kce * 
 ancient curiosities have been dfscOvied^nTt ^ p h f 
 
 ;^ rgetS f S ° ld handled sworiffrr S 
 
 reason it goes by the name of the Golden Bog. 
 
 the q-,,Y A . HI . R or Cahier, a handsome town on the banks of 
 
 o,% i. es fc p ; c :> ss 
 
 A 
 
230 Geography of Ireland — Cities , Towns, fyc. [Book II s 
 
 from Clanwilliam ; the summits of many of these rise to a 
 height, which can only be credited by actual observation, 
 
 # in the language of a descriptive author, “ they seem more 
 the boundaries of two conflicting elements than the proper- 
 ty of private persons;” their rocky base is surrounded by a 
 large space of heath and fir, which is watered by^a stream 
 from the mountains. Cahier gives title of Baron to a branch 
 of the noble family of Butler, descended from the house of 
 Ormond, situated about 8 miles from Cashel, and 85 S.W. 
 from Dublin. 
 
 CC. NenAgH, a fair and post town, 75 miles from Dub- 
 
 lin, situated on a branch of the river Shannon that runs into 
 Lough Derg. 
 
 CC — Killinaijle, a fair town ; it is situated midway 
 between C alien and Cashel, 1 4* miles N. oi Clonmel ; no- 
 thing can be more charming than the country round. 
 
 DD. — Limerick, situated on the river Shannon, it stands 
 partly on an island in the Shannon, and is divided into two 
 towns, called the English and the Irish ; it was the strongest 
 fortress in the kidgdom ; this city was besieged in 1642, 
 and a second time in 1690; it. was ^successively besieged 
 by King William the Third, in' person, when it compelled 
 him to raise the siege; in 1691 it surrendered to general 
 "Crinkle, and the garrison obtained all the honors of war, 
 pnder the conditions entitled the Articles of Limerick, being 
 allowed to retire wherever they pleased, /and toleraceo in cm 
 free exercise of their religion ; tire town is 3 miles in mt- 
 cumference • it is governed by a mayor, sheriffs, aider- 
 men and burgesses ; there is also a Barrack, and a muitary 
 governor and town-major ; it had for some time the pnvilege 
 nof coining, and different Parliaments have been held theie ; 
 the town was formerly entirely walled, and in 1760 there 
 -were 17 of the city gates standing, but to the great im- 
 provement of the city, they are now ah demolished, except the 
 water gate of King John's das tie. Limerick being naturally 
 a city of strength, well fortified by art, and enjoying the 
 advantage of an extensive population, has always peen deem- 
 ed a place of importance. Lat. 52,35. N> lo«tg x 30, W. 
 
 The* name of .the .city is derived from its founders, a 
 wandering sect, who were accustomed to retire to .the island 
 to enjoy the spoils of their enemies ; other writers call it by 
 $he Irish name Lumneack, i. e, a place made bare oy the 
 
Book II ] Geography of Ireland — Cities, Trnns, Sfc. 231 
 
 feeding of horses. In 8.55 the Danes having taken possession 
 of it, greatly 'enlarged if ; in 1651 Ireton, in the interest of 
 the parliament, took it after a vigorous siege. 
 
 Ardfert and,Aghadoe, in the county of Kerry, are united 
 to the Bishopric of Limerick. The linen, woollen and pa- 
 per manufactures are carried on here to a great extent, and 
 the export of provisions is very considerable. Here are 
 three bridges, Thomond-bridge, built in 1210, there is 
 an access on the western side to King John’s citadel ; Ball’s 
 bridge is of great antiquity, which divides the English and 
 Irish town ; the New Bridge, designed by Uzield, consists 
 of three elegant arches ; the streets, in the old town, are 
 constructed in the dark and narrow stile peculiar to ancient 
 times ; those in the new town are spacious and well flagged ; 
 here are many handsome buildings, the custom-house, the 
 exchange, the cathedral, founded by Donald O’Brien, King 
 of Limerick, is a beautiful building, exhibiting in many 
 places the most curious architecture, also many charitable hos- 
 pitals; a charter was granted to the city by King John, and 
 confirmed by Succeeding reigns. The trade of Limerick is 
 very extensive, its ancient privileges rendered it one of the 
 first commercial cities in the kingdom, nor has it lost its former 
 greatness in trade, its improvement still gradually increases, 
 but the current of prosperity has lately flowed with' great 
 rapidity towards Cork. The situation of the town and the 
 spirit of improvement which prevail amongst its inhabitants 
 seem to indicate that Limerick will shortly exceed its former 
 grandeur, and extend her foreign commerce to the most dis- 
 tant climes. Here are weekly markets on Wednesdays and 
 (Saturdays, and fairs on Eastei Tuesday, 4th of July, 4th 
 ° August and 1 2th of December; there is a privilege annexed 
 to the fair held oh the 4th August, that during 15 days no 
 person can be arrested in the city or liberties, on any process 
 issuing out of the Tholsel Court of Limerick. Limerick 
 possesses every fashionable amusement capable of rendering 
 w,,* clt L’ arid every comfort necessary to happiness. 
 
 us city returns one member to parliament, and gives title 
 qi .Lari to the family of Perry. 
 
 Limerick is 50 miles from Cork, 50 from Galway, 73 from 
 W aterford and 94 from Dublin. It appears that' Limerick 
 obtained the privilege of having Mayors 10 years before that 
 right was allowed to the citizens of London, it was pre- 
 Piously governed by provosts. * 
 
3 32 Geography of Ireland — Cities , Toims , fyc* [Book IL 
 
 In the course of the numerous wars which Ireland has 
 had with foreign enemies, and during the many civil commo- 
 tions which have been agitated between her haughty chief- , 
 tans, the County of Limerick has never been exempt from 
 the general calamity.' The fertility of the soil, and the 
 natural security which many situations afford, held out this 
 county as a desirable object of conquest; in ^855 the Shannon 
 and neighbouring parts were possessed by the Danes, who 
 held their power uiitib the reign of Bri-en Boroihme, who 
 obliged them to pay a yearly tribute of 365 tons of claret. 
 This monarch was a most vigorous and successful opposer of 
 those northern invaders, yet their power was 1 so extensive 
 that they had the influence, to obtain bishops from among 
 themselves, to be consecrated by the archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. When Henry II. invaded Ireland, O’Brien of 
 Thorn and, did homage for Limerick, and was created a 
 baron Donald O-Th len died 1 1 94, -and although he was .suc- 
 ceeded by. his son, 'GurJirac, yet his administration- was so feeble, 
 that with him died the kingdom of Li merick or North Munster. 
 At this period, the English invaded the County, commit- 
 ted great cruelties upon the family of Donald; and succeeded 
 in establishing their superiority over it. Tor a loftg period it 
 \yas the seat of the turbulent De Burgo’s power. Comigno - 
 gwaal Castle vras one of the strongest holds of the O’Briens 
 of Thomond, sovereigns of Limerick or North Munster. 
 — The ruined castles of the Desmonds are built in a style 
 descriptive of their ancient power. This family was perpe- 
 tually at variance with the house of Ormond. In the reign 
 pf Elizabeth, Gerald of Desmond penetrated into the 
 territory of Ormond, but after being severely wounded* was 
 taken prisoner ; the conquerors conveyed him from the field 
 pn a bier, triumphantly exclaiming “ where is' now the great 
 Lord of Desmond ?” the brave w arrior replied, u Where* 
 hut in his proper place, on the necks of the Butlers I” 
 
 For four centuries they continued to flourish in feudal 
 Splendor and magnificence, their jpower apd ancient inde- 
 pendence could ill -brook the iron rod of bondage, and in 
 1580 they made a last effort to gain their ancient sovereignty ; 
 hut superior force crushed them rebellion ; and after years 
 pf w r ar, with variable success, the royal forces, under Sir 
 George Carew, succeeded in taking and digmantelling hri ; 
 ^Stleg, and dispersing his foUowers. Desmond, meanly 
 apparelled* and with a few fajtikul attendants, retired to a 
 
Bobk II. 2 Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, fyc. 233 
 
 wood, about four miles from Tralee, with some booty they 
 had ventured to seize. To this spot they were followed/ 
 and, on entering a ruined house, his pursuers found only the 
 venerable man stretched before a fire, and regardless of 
 inferior strength or age, assailed the old man, who faintly 
 exclaimed, “ spare me, I am the Earl of Desmond;” his head 
 was cut off, and carried to the Earl of Ormond, who sent 
 the bleeding remains of his ancient foe to the Queen, who 
 embalmed them upon London bridge. The lands forfeited 
 by the Earl amounted to 574,628 Irish acres. 
 
 DD.— Newtown Perry, adjoining to and may be con- 
 sidered as part of the City of Limerick. 
 
 DD. — Castleconnel, situated 6 miles N. of Limerick, 
 on the E. side of the river Shannon ; at Castleconnel is an 
 excellent spa, which Dr. Rutty places in the same class 
 Vvith the German spa ; the soil about it is of a calcerous 
 nature, the water every where having an ochre-colour, the 
 sediment of it is used successively in curing ulcers and sores ; 
 an earth worm put into this water instantly dies, hence it 
 has been found effectual for worms in children ; it is a strong 
 chalybeate, and seems tp be peculiarly adapted to those 
 complaints where preparations of steel are ordered by the 
 physicians; it is an agreeable place, draws to it much of the 
 fashionable folk ; the houses are neat, and the vicinity much 
 ornamented. 
 
 DD — Kilmallock ? a fair town, 107 miles from Dublin, 
 formerly a place of great splendor, as may be seen from the 
 magnificent ruins of monasteries, churches, &c. lat. 52. 
 24. N. long. 8. 34. W. 
 
 • DD. — Askeyton, a place formerly of note, is now a 
 neglected village. It is remarkable for the ruins of a ponde- 
 rous castle of hard grey marble, situated on a rock, and 
 insulated by the Deel. The Abbey of Askeyton, founded by 
 James the seventh Earl of Desmond, in 1420, is washed by the 
 Deel. It is a noble ruin, unprotected from the inclemency 
 of the weather. Askeyton is 16 miles from Limerick, 110 
 from Dublin. 
 
 DD. — Rathkeal, a post, fair and market town, 108 
 miles from Dublin, situated on the river Deel It was 
 formerly a corporation town, and of much more consequence 
 than it is at present. 
 
 DD.— Newcastle, situated 10S miles from Dublin. 
 
 X 3 
 
234 Geography of Ireland*— Tytims, fyc. [Book II. 
 
 HD» — Hospital, a fair town, distant from Dublin about 
 1 00 miles. 
 
 B allin GARRY, a fair town distant from Dublin about 
 122 miles 
 
 DD. — Abbeyfeale, a small market town, so called from a 
 river which runs through it ; in tracing the windings of the 
 river Feale, through a fine valley, the traveller arrives 
 at the small beautiful town of Listowel, seated on its banks. 
 One mile beyond Abbeyfeale, on the left, are the ruins of 
 Purt Castle. Fair days 29th June, 18th October, distant 
 from Dublin 123 miles. 
 
 DD.- — Adare, the unfrequented shades, venerable religious 
 edifices, and the, sequestered station of this village raises in 
 the mind the most delightful sensations ; the ruined castle of 
 the Desmonds, the White Abbey, the Abbey of Trinitarians 
 and other romantic piles amply repay a visit to this village, 
 distant from Limerick 8 miles, 102 from Dublin, having a 
 good bridge over the river Maige,~ which is navigable for 
 large boats. Fair days, 17th March, 14th October. From 
 its extensive ruins of convents, &c. it appears to have been 
 once a place of considerable importance. 
 
 EE.— Tralee, a borough, fair, post and market town, 
 144 miles from Dublin ; it is the shire town of the county, 
 situated about a mile from the sea, near a bay of its own 
 name, and sends one member to Parliament, patronage in 
 the Denny family ; considerable quantities of herrings are 
 taken in the bay, which, however is open, shallow and un- 
 safe for shipping ; vessels of 50 or 60 tons cannot come 
 . within a mile of the town, but boats are rowed up to it at 
 high water ; on the N. side of the bay there is a fine chaly- 
 beate spa. 
 
 EE, — Ardeert, a bishop’s see, said to have been 
 fpunded by St. Ert about the middle of the 6th century 
 and successively governed by its own bishops till 1663, 
 when it was united to the see of Limerick. Long. 9, 40, W. 
 Lat. 52, 10, N. — distant from Dublin 144 miles. 
 
 EE. — Dingle, a post and sea port town, situated on a 
 bay of the same name, about 79 miles W. of Limerick, and 
 is governed by a sovereign ; it is the most westerly town in 
 Europe, and has a barrack for a company of foot, and a 
 tolerable good Saturday market. Dingle was incorporated 
 by Queen Elizabeth in 1855, and allowed £300 to the in- 
 
Book IL] Geography of Ireland — Cities, Totvns , fyc. 23 5 
 
 habitants to wall the place ; King James I. renewed its 
 privileges ; this -place is distant 166 miles from Dublin. 
 Long. 8, 40, W. Lat. 52, 42, N. and 21 miles W. S. W. 
 of Tralee. Several of the houses are built in the Spanish 
 fashion, with ranges of stone balcony windows, this place 
 being frequented by people of that nation who came to 
 the coast. 
 
 EE.« — -Aghaboe, a bishop’s see, united to Limerick and 
 Ardfert ; nothing remains of this but the ruined walls of 
 the cathedral, which stands 8 miles Sr E. of Tralee ; it is 
 situated on the N. side and near, the western extremity of 
 Killarney lake. 
 
 Killarney, a post and fair town, seated near a hne lake 
 called Loughlane or Lake of Killarney, situated N. W. of 
 Cork, and 145 miles from Dublin ; at this town are the seat 
 and gardens of Lord Ken many ; within half a mile of this 
 place are the ruins of the cathedral of Aghadoe, an ancient 
 bishopric united to Ardfert. Lat. 51, 52, N. Long. 9, 30. 
 
 EE. oastle island, ii fair town, about 133 miles from 
 Dublin, and 8 miles E. of Tralee ; here, is a decent parish 
 church; a good parsonage house, a foot barrack, a session 
 house, a market house with, a handsome assembly room for 
 dancing, and some tolerable inns ; this place give 9 title of 
 viscount to the ramily of Gage. Castle Island lies about 
 30 miles N. W. of Cork ; the castle is said to have been 
 elected in 1226, by Geofrey Maurice, Lord Justice of 
 Ireland. , 
 
 EE. — Lixnaw, aTarony which gives title of Baron to 
 the Earls of Kerry ; the village here of this name being their 
 Ancient seat, where the caxStle was erected. 
 
 EE\ -Listowel, a fair and post town, seated on the river 
 Feale; about two miles below the town, the Feale,. the 
 BricK and the Gale 'unite their waters, and, assuming the name 
 of the Cashen, falls into the Shannon’s mouth.' Upon the 
 summit of a steep precipice, above the river at Listowel, 
 stands considerable remains of an ancient castle, which was 
 the last strong hold, that held out for the Earl of Kerry in 
 the troubles against Queen Elizabeth, in 1600. Listowel is 
 
 distantfromDublinl31mil.es. 
 
 EE. Ross Castle, situated on an isthmus in the cele- 
 brated Loughlane or Lake of Killarney ; it was formerly a 
 strong place, and was besieged and taken in the wars of 1641 
 
236 Geography of Ireland — Cities, Towns, SfC. [Book II. 
 
 by General Ludlow, it is now converted into a barrack for 
 2 companies of foot, and has a governor on the establish- 
 ment ; it was the last place that held out in munster against | 
 the English Parliament during the troubles. 
 
 Kilgarvin, situated about 162 miles from Dublin. 
 
 YY. Ennis, otherwise called Clare, a post, fair and 
 
 market town, also the , assizes town of the county; it is 
 situated on the river Fergus, which is navigable for large j 
 ' boats from the Shannon, which adds greatly to the trade of 
 the town ; the church comprehends a spacious aisle, in the 
 remains of a fine Gothic abbey, built for conventual francis- | 
 cans, by Donagh Corbrac O’Brien, in 125 ; the architecture 
 pf this church is extremely elegant, and has few; rivals in ;j 
 Ireland. Ennis is 17' miles N. W. of Limerick, and 112 ! 
 S. W. of Dublin. Lat. 52, 42, N. Long. 9, W. it re- j 
 turns one member to Parliament, patrons Lord Cunningham 
 and Sir E. O’Brien ; about 8 miles W. of Ennis rises Callan j 
 mountain, called in Irish Altoir na Criene , or altar of the sun. ] 
 In an ancient historical fable, supposed, with great probability", 
 to have been written by Ossian, it is thus denominated, “ the' | 
 << intrepid hero, Conan, was not at this bloody battle, for, 
 
 « going to the adoration of the sun the preceding May, he 
 “ was cut off by the Leinster troops, though he but a 
 “ single Knight of Connaught, and his body lies interred 
 “ on the north west side of the dreary mountain of Collan, 
 u and over a hag is his- name inscribed in Ogham ; ,J this 
 Ogham was a sacred character peculiar to Druidical rites, 
 the flag was discovered by Theophilas O’blanagan, A. B. 
 author of the celebrated Irish poems, and the inscription is 
 still legible, it imports that beneath this flag is interred 
 j; Conan, the turbulent and swift footed ; on the S. side of j 
 
 i| the mountain is a very ancient Druidical altar, twelve feet 
 
 long and four broad. . j 
 
 Clare, 2 miles from Ennis, is a poor deserted vil- 
 
 lao-p, though the capital of the county ; is situated at the 
 • junction of the Fergus with the Shannon, which here forms 
 an extensive bay of greater beauty in the landscape than advan- 
 I tage as a harbour ; it is spotted with a number of small islands, 
 fertile and luxuriant ; near thjs place is the rums °f Cla j^ 
 Abbey, founded by Augustine Canons in 1195, by Donald 
 O’Brien, the gteat King of Limerick. 
 
Book II.] Qeogrwphy of Ireland-*- C ities, Towns, ^c. 237 
 
 FF.— /Kjllaloe, a bishop’s see, 86 miles from Dublin, 
 is an ancient town, which casts a gloom over its gay and 
 beautiful situation ; here is a noble bridge over the Shannon 
 of 19 arches. The old Gothic Cathedral, on an elevated 
 situation, attracts attention ; this is a large and venerable 
 building, it was built by Donald, King of Limerick in 
 1160; a monument in this Cathedral is said to grace the 
 tomb of Bryan Boroihme,. the famous king of Munster, but 
 this tradition, as well as many others relative to the place of 
 his burial, is not confirmed by any solid evidence ; this 
 Prince was renowned for his bravery and refinement, having 
 fought in person and achieved more victories than. Julius 
 Caesar, and excelled the celeorated King Alfred as a patroct 
 of literature and civilization, he was slain in the battle 
 against the Dories at. Clontaif ^ as before related j ; Armagh, 
 
 ( Swoids, Kilmaipham and Killaloe have all claimed the honor 
 of containing his ashes ; a public, dispensary, and laboratory 
 has been instituted m this town, ‘for the laudable purpose of 
 dispensing advice and medicine to the poor, gratis; adjoining 
 Killaloe fs an. Eel fishery* 
 
 FF.- Claresford, near a mile beyond Killaloe, this 
 was the old English name of this place, given it by the first 
 settlers, in or about the time of Thomas' de Clare , Earl of 
 Gloucester, and was so called from being only the ford over 
 the river Shannon in the County. 
 
 F F. — O ’ B rien s-b ridge, situated 88 miles from Dublin, 
 built on the River Shannon, near which is Mountpelier* 
 Here is a mineral water of a sulphureous nature, and of 
 considerable efficacy in several disorders. It has been Ion?- 
 neglected, owing to the superiority of Castleconnel on the 
 opposite shore ; this bridge was the scene of a fierce conflict 
 between M‘Arthy of Desmond, a'nd the English, who were 
 routed with great slaughter, and pursued to Limerick, whence 
 they were also driven, and the superiority of the native 
 
 chieftans confirmed- ' 1 
 
 FF. ■Kilfenotra, situated about 116 miles from Dublin, 
 la but a small village, was formerly a' bishop’s see, which has 
 been united to Killaloe, the old cathedral is still in a high 
 state of preservation. The nave is full of old family orna- 
 ments, and in the cnoir is that of St. Fichnan, its original 
 iQunuer, llie South Isles of Arran appear off the Coast 
 m this direction. The ruins of Inchequin Castle, grace a 
 
238 Geography of Ireland— Cities, Tffivns , Sfc. [Book II. 
 
 small island on a beautiful lake of that name, which is 
 celebrated for its delicious fish. 
 
 FF. Innistymonr, situated 118 miles from Dublin, a 
 
 beautiful seat, the residence of Sir ,E. O’Brien, who is now ,1 
 t.he head of the O’Briens, the ancient chieftans of this 
 district, and would be Earl of Thomond had not the 
 Lord Clare, through whom he derived the succession, been 
 
 attainted. . , 
 
 FF. - Six MrLE Bridge, a fair and post town, situated 
 about 102 miles from Dublin ; fairs held 6th May and 5th 
 December Lat. 52. 40. N. Long. 8 40. W. 
 
 FF. Newmarket, a fair and post town, distant rrom 
 
 Dublin, 101 miles. 
 
 FF . — Corrofin, situated about 109 miles from JJublin. 
 FF. — Broadford, a fair town, 95 miles distant from 
 Dublin ; fair days' 21st June and November. 
 
 FF. Callaghans Mills, a fair town, situated about 
 
 98 miles from Dublin. 
 
 Tullow, a fair and post town, situated about 10'/ mil-* 
 
 from Dublin. rr ^ 
 
 FF.— Spancilhill, a fair town, situated about 
 miles from Dublin; a few miles from this place are tte rums 
 of Ouin Abbey, the most perfect of its kind in Ireland, 
 having a complete quadrangular building, with piazzas 
 supported with a number of pillars of the Corinthian order. 
 Fairs are held at Spancilhill, 23d and 24th June and 2Qth 
 
 August. 
 

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