m 
 
 
 :•: .;■*! 
 
 
 i^Ji»l^??!ls2?^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 ^Jfl«i«^! 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■■'/ 
 
 ^- 
 
 \
 
 I E> RARY 
 OF THE 
 U N IVLRSITY 
 or ILLINOIS
 
 EEPORT 
 
 CONaEESS OF CONSTANCE, 
 
 HELD SEPTEMBER 12th, 13th, Uth. 
 
 BY THE REV. 
 
 JOHN E. B. MAYOR, M.A., 
 
 FELT.OW OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE 
 AKD PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE ANGLO-CONTINENTAL SOCIETY. 
 
 RIYINGTONS 
 1873,
 
 REPORT. 
 
 The Third Congress of Old Catholics was held in Constance in 
 September 1873, from Friday the 12th to Sunday the 14th, inclusive. 
 
 On Tuesday the 9fch, the birthday of the Grand Duke of Baden, 
 services were held in all the churches and in the synagogue. In 
 St. Augustine's, the church assigned to the Old Catholics, a large 
 congregation, comprising most of the principal inhabitants of the 
 tovt^n, and schools both of boys and girls, assembled at 11 o'clock to 
 hear mass. The simple earnestness of the whole proceedings, the 
 active part taken by the congregation in the singing, which was led 
 by a powerful volunteer choir, may serve as the first of the many 
 proofs furnished by the congress, that the positive side of this move- 
 ment is the predominant one, that negation and destruction of what is 
 corrupt are valued by its leaders merely as means to a nobler affirma- 
 tion and reconstruction on a broader basis and with stouter materials. 
 
 It may be as well here to give a few particulars of the present 
 position of the Old Catholics in Constance. Almost the whole 
 of the educated " Catholic " residents take an active part in the 
 movement, which is also cordially supported by the evangelical 
 church of the city. It is hoped that the noble minster may before 
 long be won for the cause. Pastor Hosemann supplies the following 
 statistics of the schools of the town, premising (1) that he is not 
 acquainted with the number of Protestant or of Jewish children ; 
 (2) that another year will shew a greatly increased number of Old 
 Catholics. 
 
 Orphanage,^ 37 (boys and girls) receive Old Catholic instruction. 
 
 Refuge,' 27 (girls only) receive Old Catholic instruction. 
 
 Fortbildungschule (^secondary school), 77 (girls only), of whom 22 receive 
 Old Catholic instruction. 
 
 Biirgerschule (secondary school), 107 (boys), of whom 9 receive Old Catholic 
 instruction. 
 
 Volksschule (primary school), 720 (390 boys, 330 girls), of whom 64 receive 
 Old Catholic instruction. 
 
 Cloister school, 120 (girls, taught the new Catholic religion by nuns). 
 
 Gymnasium (Grammar school), 200 (boys), of whom 7 receive Old Catholic 
 instruction. 
 
 Total 1288, of whom 166 receive Old Catholic instruction. 
 
 * Founded by Bishop J. H. v. Wessenberg, an Old Catholic before Old Catho- 
 licism was known by that name. He died in 1860, and bequeathed to the 
 town his house, with a rich collection of paintings, engravings and books. As 
 he expressly ordered that the cliildren in his schools should never be entrusted 
 to Jesuits, or to their friends, the town council have committed the instruction 
 of these waifs and strays of humanity to Mr. Hosemann, who devotes fourteen 
 hours a week to work in his several schools. Bishop J. H. v. Wessenberg's life 
 has been written by J. Beck, Freib, 1862. 
 
 A 2
 
 4 REPORT. 
 
 Pastor Hosemann liimself was for upwards of twenty years a 
 Benedictine. His former parish was a noted place of pilgrimage ; 
 and, as lie discountenanced pilgrimages and rejected the Vatican 
 decrees, his flock, feeling that their craft was in danger, resolved to 
 stai-ve him out. The butcher refused to supply meat, the baker 
 bread ; only the innkeeper did not dare, with the law before his eyes, 
 to withhold that third staff of life, the most necessary of the three 
 to a Bavarian — beer. So the brave PfaiTcr imported his bread from 
 Munich, and set up a warren, with near 200 rabbits, to furnish his 
 table with meat. The poor folk believed that he was doomed to 
 everlasting perdition, and that horns were sprouting from his head. 
 He bade them search for the diabolical ensigns with their own hands, 
 and assured them that he had never felt his conscience so light as 
 after his excommunication. 
 
 As a specimen of the laymen who head the Old Catholics of Con- 
 stance, I may name my most generous host, Herr Apotheker Ludwig 
 Leiner. A druggist by profession, he is a consummate penman, 
 artist, antiquary, naturalist, and unflagging in his services to local 
 and general institutions. To him Constance owes the preservation 
 of its " Council Hall," where the famous assembly of 1414-8 was held. 
 He has dredged this and other lakes for relics from the lake dwell- 
 ings ; has collected fragments of buildings, armour, apparel, imple- 
 ments, coins, tapestry, and all other work of men's hands which in 
 any way bear on the history of the town and neighbourhood. So 
 too all beasts, birds, fishes, insects, fossils, minerals, which belong to 
 his home, have been most neatly arranged and labelled by him; 
 whatever relates to human history being described in the hand- 
 writing of the period, or, where that is impossible, in the character 
 of eai-ly Roman inscriptions. Old buildings that have been de- 
 molished still remain for perpetual memory in drawings by his hand. 
 Well might one of his friends, who has also ransacked the lake 
 dwellings of Germany a,nd Switzerland, dub him " the last Bene- 
 dictine"; well might the president of the local committee exclaim to 
 me, " That would be a happy city which possessed many citizens so 
 disinterested, so intelligent and so ardent in their patriotism"; well 
 might the Abbe Michaud declare that twenty or thirty men would be 
 required at the British Museum to discharge the functions which 
 one single citizen of Constance has voluntarily imposed upon himself. 
 All visitors of the Rosengarten will be able to satisfy themselves of 
 the justice of these panegyrics. 
 
 Bishop Reinkens came to the congress from Freiburg, which he 
 reached on the 6th. On the 8th he, with Professor von Schulte 
 of Bonn and Dr. Hasenclever^ of Diisseldorf, addressed a large 
 
 * As one of the many proofs of the assertion frequently made during the 
 congress, that Old Catholic laymen are taking up the theological studies which 
 are decaying in the universities, I may cite the fact that Dr. H., a medical 
 man, has taught himself Hebrew in order the better to understand the Old 
 Testament. 
 
 f^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^u\uc
 
 PRELIMINARY MEETING. 5 
 
 assembly ; tlie next day there was service in tlie university cliurcli.* 
 The Freiburg paper says, " As the bishop before his arrival had 
 deprecated any public reception, so during the service he displayed 
 an unpretending simplicity elevated by moral earnestness." A new 
 German hymn-book was used at this service for the first time. 
 
 On Wednesday Sept. 10th the bishop, whose approaching re- 
 cognition by the Prussian government^ had just been made known, 
 arrived at the station at three o'clock, and was received with cordial 
 respect by a great crowd, which followed him to his hotel, where the 
 youngest daughter of the house presented him with a nosegay, 
 welcoming him, after the manner of the country, in a short speech. 
 
 On Thursday Sept. 11th, at seven o'clock, began the preliminary 
 meeting in the council hall, which was gay with flowers and festoons 
 of leaves. 
 
 Staatsanwalt Fieser, president of the local committee, welcomed 
 the guests at eight o'clock, reminding them that where they stood, 
 the fathers of a reforming council had deliberated, and that the 
 chief benefactor of the city was the reforming Bishop Wessenberg. 
 He ended by proposing three cheers for Bishop Reinkens. 
 
 Bishop Doane of Albany spoke in English.^ He had himself 
 moved in the convention of his church a vote of sympathy with the 
 Old Catholic movement, and brought the greetings of the Bishop of 
 Maryland. The American church admired (1) the courage of the 
 priests who had preferred conscience to place and comfort, and (2) 
 the patience and moderation which had marked every step of their 
 course. He hoped the day for entire union and intercommunion 
 between the churches was not far distant. 
 
 Archpriest Wassiljeff spoke in German, but was very indistinctly 
 heard. He summed up his discourse in the maxim, Catholici sumus^ 
 nihil Catholici a nobis alienunn putamus. 
 
 Professor Holtzmann, of Heidelberg, spoke as representing the Pro- 
 testantenverein. Notwithstanding the differences (hitherto a " Chinese 
 Wall ") which parted Catholics from Protestants, the late debates in 
 Parliament proved that the points of union were more important. 
 Both had one enemy, one German fatherland, one Christian ideal. 
 Neither regarded the modern state as a beast from the pit, but as a 
 moral being (em sittliches Wesen). Science, ecclesiastical reform, civili- 
 sation were so many common fields of action. In the recognition of 
 the rights of the laity both confessions would find the best counter- 
 balance against religious indifference ; theology was winning its way 
 into home and school and parliament ; honest study could not fail to 
 inspire mutual esteem amongst theologians of different schools. 
 
 * See Dean Howson's letter in the ' Guardian,' 17th September, p. 1187. 
 
 2 Officially announced 20th September ; signed by the King of Prussia on 
 the 19th; the orisjinal document is printed in the Deutscher Merkur 11th 
 October, a translation in the ' Standard,' 14th October. Bishop Keinkens took 
 the oath of allegiance on 7th October ; it is printed in the same number of the 
 Merkur. Both documents are given in the ' Guardian,' 22nd October, p. 1343. 
 
 3 See the speech at length in the ' Guardian,' 24th September, pp. 1229, 1230.
 
 6 MICHAUD — KELLER. 
 
 Next followed tte Abbe Michaud. No speaker througbout the 
 whole congress acquitted himself with a more exquisite tact, or 
 carried the audience more entirely with him; and certainly none 
 had so delicate a part to play. The local paper says : " The Abbe 
 Michaud was understood by almost everyone ; he pronounced every 
 word more clearly and distinctly than we have ever heard from a 
 Frenchman. The Abbe is said to be thirty-seven or thii-ty-eight 
 years old, but looks much younger. There was no trace in him of 
 the consuming fire and theatrical effects of French oratory. He 
 spoke calmly and impressively ; we may say, he spoke like a German." 
 He lamented the strange contrast of extremes in his country ; on 
 the one hand indifference and atheism ; on the other, les folies ultra- 
 montaines imaginables et inimaginables, la commune rouge et la com- 
 mune hloMche, the latter the more terrible of the two, a cause de ses 
 insanites, dervishes tourneurs en politiqiie et en religion. All these 
 frivolous and intriguing crusaders, he maintained, were not the true 
 France. Over against the masses who simply leave God out of the 
 account, comme s'il n'existait pas, and the pilgrims who seek des 
 miracles de chaque jour, there stands a true Catholicism which unites 
 authority and faith. The elements of reform may still be invisible ; 
 so are hydrogen and oxygen ; but let an electric spark fall, and the 
 clear stream of water will visibly roll down, Le hien ne fait pas de 
 bruit, et le bruit ne fait pas de bien. We look to the future, which 
 Lacordaire called le grand asile. We look for a union, not of enforced 
 subjection, but of common faith and prayer. In this hall, 460 years 
 ago, Gerson the chancellor of Paris, though the champion of national 
 liberties, did not hesitate to set his hand to the death-warrant of 
 John Hus. In this hall there stands at this day a representative of 
 liberal French Catholicism, who declares that Hus died a martyr's 
 death. 3fes frhres de Vavenir et du present, to whatever nation you 
 may belong, I greet you as brothers in Christ. 
 
 Dr. Heidenheim, English chaplain at Ziirich, gave in German the 
 substance of Bishop Doane's speech, and expressed the sympathy 
 with which the English church watched the movement. The English 
 desire that the Bible should be in every man's hand and heart ; they 
 desire to hold fast to the old confessions of the church. 
 
 Landammann Augustin Keller, of Aarau, a leadiug Swiss states- 
 man, of powerful frame, keen eyes,^ snow-white hair and a voice of 
 thunder, made a most effective speech. As England, Russia, France 
 and America had bidden them God-speed, the neighbouring Switzer- 
 land could not hold her peace. Once before he had stood in that 
 hall, in 1822, when he was still j)nzzled with the declension of musa 
 and aquila. His master, a liberal priest., scholar of Wessenberg's, 
 
 ' Mr, Keller's resemblance to the late Prof. Sedgwick struck me more and 
 more every time I saw him, and spontaneously occurred to everyone who has 
 seen liis photograph in my hands. The determination of the set, compressed 
 lips, and the searching gaze of the eagle eyes, in the one and the other face, 
 betrayed the master mind at work within.
 
 BISHOP BEINKENS. 7 
 
 had brought him and some comrades across the border to see the 
 bishop. In the council hall stood the cart ^ on which John Hus was 
 drawn out to execution. The master broke off a loose splinter, 
 divided it among the boys, and said : " My boys, we stand on holy 
 ground. Swear by the wood in your hands that you will always 
 fight for the truth, and if need be, die for it." A cold shudder ran 
 through me as I swore, and we marched far without speaking a word. 
 It was the time of the Holy Alliance. Now, after fifty years, I 
 revisit Constance. The grass grows no more in your streets; the 
 railway and the telegraph tell of the conquests of material civilisa- 
 tion. But clumsy watchmakers have arisen to stay the march of 
 intellect, to arrest spiritual reform. They cry: "Sun, stand thou 
 still upon Gibeon, and thou, moon, in the valley of Ajalon." But let 
 them do their worst to spoil the springs of the clock of time ; the sun 
 stands not still, and the moon marches onward in spite of them. 
 We Swiss, unscared by tiara or violet scarf,^ took the syllabus to 
 pieces, plucked this chrysalis of the Yatican clean, laying bare ghosts 
 and many worse things, and the eggs shrivelled up in the light of 
 God's sun. Let us go onward from word to deed. As we read in 
 Nehemiah that Israel held the trowel in one hand to build the temple, 
 and the sword in the other to beat off the foe, so let us, as we build 
 anew the pure apostolic church, be wakeful at our post. Let our 
 watchword be, " From word to deed ! Onward ! God with us ! " 
 
 Bishop Reinkens was received with loud applause.^ I rise merely 
 to say a few words of thanks. We have heard voices from many 
 lands, from America, from Russia, from Paris, from London, from 
 Switzerland, but to me they all spoke one language, the language of 
 the heart. An ancient hymn says : " The earth trembled, and was 
 still." I too see the earth trembling, but it is a trembling that ends 
 in rest. This present movement, under the guidance of the Divine 
 Spirit, the Spirit of truth, love, and jDcace, will lead to a settled calm, 
 to a true intercommunion of the Spirit ; indeed this intercommunion 
 exists already, and it will find for itself an outward form. We will 
 have no more Chinese Walls, parting Christian from Christian, no 
 more idolatry of a man ; but will serve the One God in spirit and in 
 truth. When at NUrnberg, in August 1870, I was one of the four- 
 teen who signed a protest against the Yatican decrees, I said, " Fear 
 not, little flock, for thy Lord hath overcome the world." I repeat it, 
 " Fear not, little army, marching to the battle ! in this spiritual 
 
 ' Still preserved in the Rosen gar ten. The spot on which Hus and Jerome 
 of Prague were burnt is now marked by a huge block of stone, to the removal 
 of which from its bed all confessions contributed some years ago — CathoKes, 
 Protestants, Jews. In conversation afterwards Mr. Keller declared that tlie 
 remembrance of his youthful vow had often encouraged him to persevere in 
 the conflict with Rome. I could not help remembering young Hannibal led 
 by Hasdrubal to his country's altars, to swear eternal enmity against the same 
 insatiate power. 
 
 ' An allusion to M. Mermillod. 
 
 ^ See a fuller report in the Deutschcr Mcrkur^ 27th Sei)tcmbcr.
 
 8 FITXST MEETING OF DELEGATES. 
 
 campaign there are no tears to mar your ti-iumplis ; tte more 
 victories, the more comrades we shall have." Though our adversaries 
 clothe their troops in a clerical uniform, and their leader sets his 
 throne above the stars, He who sits above this throne, and above 
 these stars, calls to us, " Fear not, thou little flock ! " I too take 
 up the cry, " Onwards ! God with us ! " 
 
 With three more cheers for Bishop Reinkens, the meeting broke 
 up at 10.30 P.M. 
 
 The assembly of delegates from the several congregations met on 
 Friday, 12th September, in the Theatersaal. Tlie number present, 
 including guests who were invited to obsei-ve the proceedings, 
 amounted to upwards of 200. Professor von Schulte was unani- 
 mously elected president, as in the two former congresses : as vice- 
 presidents he named Professor Cornelius and Landammann Aug. 
 Keller ; as secretaries. Dr. Zimgiebl and Staatsanwalt Fieser. 
 
 The president began with an exhortation to sobriety and caution. 
 We now know our goal ; it is twofold, partly near, partly still far 
 off. Let us not huiTy, for "the better is ever the enemy of the 
 good." In the council of Constance Sigismund endeavoured to give 
 one head to Christendom ; but the enemies of reform, acting on the 
 maxim divide et imjpera, in the concordia Constantiensis sowed dis- 
 cord between the more ardent and the cooler reformers. We have 
 now one head, and a head freely chosen by a unanimous vote. (Three 
 cheers are given to the bishop.) 
 
 Bishop Wordsworth of Lincoln had, in reply to an invitation to 
 the congress, addressed a Latin elegiac epistle to Professor Cornelius 
 (it is printed in the ' Augsburg allg. Zeitung ' of September 18, and, 
 with an English version, in the ' Guardian ' of 17th September, 
 p. 1188; a version by Field-Marshal Sir Wm. Gomm, ibid., 24th 
 September, p. 1215 ; a very happy one, into German elegiacs, in the 
 Deutscher Merhur of Oct. 25). The Archbishop of Syra and Tenos had 
 intended to be present, but was forced to content himself with writing 
 a German letter of apology and sympathy. Both of these documents 
 will appear in the acts of the congress. 
 
 The Evangelischer Kirchentag would have sent a deputation, but 
 its committee was dispersed, and many of its members were at New 
 York. 
 
 On 21st July 1873 Professor Schaff invited the Old Catholics to 
 send three delegates (whose expenses would be paid) to the meeting 
 of the Evangelical Alliance at New York, 2-12 October. Some O.C. 
 professors would gladly have gone if their engagements had left 
 them free. To the proposal of a delegate, that the entire literature 
 of the movement should be dispatched to New York, it was replied 
 that it would weigh at least 2 cwt. ; nor was there time to collect it. 
 Professor Reusch remarked (and that he and the meeting should 
 have regarded the remark as a matter of course shews the healing 
 influence which this movement has already exerted on the diff'erent 
 confessions) that it was wholly unnecessary to send the literature,
 
 PROFESSOR VON SCHULTE S ADDRESS. 9 
 
 as one of his evangelical colleagues at Bonn wonld be at New York, 
 and miglit be trusted to state their case with entire good-will and 
 competent knowledge of the facts. Finally, it was resolved that a 
 reply should be sent, signed by the bishop and presidents, setting 
 forth the principles of the reformers, and expressing a hope for 
 unity. 
 
 The president then gave a report of the proceedings of the com- 
 mittee ^ appointed to bring about the election of a bishop. Prince 
 Bismarck and minister Falk in no way I'equired a sacrifice of the 
 freedom of the church. They look upon our movement with favour 
 from the point of view of civilisation, as catholic, religious, moral ; 
 as national, but in no exclusive sense German. They understand that 
 we are no political battering-rams (keine politische Mauerbrecher). 
 The committee undertook that no one should be elected who did 
 not possess the confidence of the government, and that the bishop 
 should take the oath of allegiance to the state. In a shoi-t time the 
 formal recognition of the bishop by Prussia would be published. 
 
 On 29fch November 1872 a memoir including the resolutions of 
 the Cologne congress, was addressed to the governments of Prussia, 
 Bavaria, Baden and Hesse. On 16th November 1872 a reply had 
 been published to the pastoral in which the ultramontane bishops 
 had illustrated, by the fable of the ' Wolf and the Lamb,' their rela- 
 tions with the governments. The synodal committee ^ elected as the 
 bishop's council had acted throughout in perfect hai-niony, and had 
 been cordially supported by the congregations and unions, though 
 held together by no coercive power, by no threats of excommuni- 
 cation. This free submission of each to all greatly impressed the 
 governments. After the consecration at Rotterdam (11th August 
 1873) an authentic protocol was given to the government of Prussia. 
 
 Early in August nine learned canonists met at Cassel, and unani- 
 mously declared that the Old Catholics had not ceased to be members 
 of the catholic church recognised by the state, and had a legal right 
 to share in all its privileges.^ 
 
 Statistics are still very imperfect. In Prussia there are 22 fully 
 constituted congregations, consisting of 4200 men enrolled as mem- 
 bers, and a total of about 14,000 souls. In Bavaria 33 congregations, 
 with 4100 men, 13,000 souls. In Baden (where the reports are very 
 defective^) 27 congregations, 2000 men, 9000 souls. There are other 
 congregations in Hesse and Birkenfeld. On the whole there must 
 be at least 50,000 registered Old Catholics, and the whole number of 
 adherents cannot be less than 200,000. 
 
 In the course of the year two new priests have been ordained, 
 
 ' Professors von Schulte, Eeuscli, Micbelis, Friedrich, Maassen, Messrs. 
 Wiilffing and Hasenclever. 
 
 - Professors v. Schulte, Knoodt, Eeiisch, Michelis, Cornelius, Friedrich, 
 Gcngler, Messrs. Kottels and Hasenclever. 
 
 3 See the report in the ' Guardian,' 3rd September, p. 1 1 28. 
 
 4 e.g. One congregation, amounting to 200, did not apjjear on the official Hsts.
 
 10 " PllOFESSOR REUSCH. 
 
 several, including Domherr v. Riclithof en ^ of Breslau, have joined 
 US. Not a few of the old clergy will come over when our bishop is 
 formally acknowledged by the_ state. Look back for an instant. On 
 22 September 1871 the first proposal was made for the constitution 
 of a communion, and already 100 congregations are in full action. 
 Luther in three years after the publication of his theses in 1517, 
 made much slower progress, and he was supported by the power of 
 his state. Our numerical strength would be far greater, if the in- 
 diflference and materialism, which Roman despotism spreads abroad, 
 did not hold many back. Bonghi estimates that of the Italian people 
 three-fourths are wholly devoid of religion. So true is the proverb, 
 " The nearer to Rome, the worse Christian." Our movement is from 
 the idol who has set himself up in God's place, to God Himself, 
 Never in my life have I seen around me, never have I felt within, 
 such devotion as during these months in our Old Catholic churches. 
 
 Professor Reusch then explained the church constitution which 
 had been drawn up in seventy articles under six heads by the 
 synodal committee. This document will appear in its revised form 
 in the official report of the congress.^ The bishop (appointed by an 
 absolute majority of the synod) is assisted by a synodal committee 
 of nine members, four ecclesiastics and five laymen. He may choose 
 a vicar-general from among these four ecclesiastics, or (with the 
 consent of the synodal committee) from the entire body of the 
 clergy. The synodal committee is named by the synod. The synod 
 meets once a year (its first meeting will be next Whitsuntide) ; it is 
 composed of the bishop, of the synodal committee, of all the clergy 
 of the diocese, and of one delegate for every 200 men. 
 
 Each parish has its church council, varying in number from six to 
 eighteen, elected for three years and re- eligible. All men of full age 
 are electors who declare that they adhere to the catholic religion and 
 are formally enrolled as members of the parish, or presented as such 
 by authorised persons. The parochial assembly meets at least once a 
 year: it is composed of all male members of the church who are of age 
 and in the enjoyment of civil rights ; it nominates the incumbents, 
 curates and members of the synod ; it fixes the budget and ecclesias- 
 tical contributions. No one can be nominated incumbent who does 
 not satisfy the requirements of the canon and the national law, and 
 
 ' Canon v. Richthofen had been induced by misrepresentation to submit to the 
 Vatican conncil, but finding npon inquiry that he had been deceived, he pub- 
 lished a formal retractation of his submission. On this the Prince Archbishop 
 of Breslau excommunicated him, without pretence of trial, but the govein- 
 ment confirmed him in his post, and will not allow tlie validity of any act of 
 the chapter which lacks his signature. On 14th September, when Profess(^r 
 Weber was addressing tlie congrt ss at Constance, Canon v, Richthofen olHoiated 
 in his stead among the Old Catliolics at Breslau ; a most significant proof that 
 in the eyes of the law the Old Catholics have not ceased to be Catholics. Tho 
 sermon (2 Cor. iv. 18, '1 believe, therefore do I speak') has been printed by 
 Gosohorsky at Breslau. Baron v. Richthofen was one of tlic witnesses when 
 Bishop ReinkeuH took the oath of allegiance on 7ih October. 
 
 2 It is printed in the ' Guardian,' 1st October, pp. 125G, 1257.
 
 CHURCH CONSTITUTION. 11 
 
 who has not passed a theological examination, held after the close 
 of a three years' university course, by a committee of three theolo- 
 gians and one canonist under the presidency of the bishop or his 
 deputy. The examiners are selected by the bishop out of a board 
 of six, four theologians and two canonists, yearly appointed by the 
 synod. All fees are abolished. 
 
 Before the adjournment, a message arrived from the second presi- 
 dent of the Evangelischer Kirchentag, Hofprediger Dr. Kogel of 
 Berlin ; he regrets his inability to be j)resent. 
 
 Friday, 12th September, 3 p.m. The president communicated 
 messages (1) from Canon Yan Thiel of Haarlem, conveying the good 
 wishes of his bishop; (2) from the Bishop of Maryland, who was 
 present at the last year's congress; (3) from the O. C. community 
 of Neisse in Silesia, who urged the claims of Breslau as the seat of 
 the congress of 1874, insisting on the great .promise of success in 
 Silesia and Poland. 
 
 The remainder of the day was spent in the consideration of 
 amendments, most of which were proposed by Ober-Regierungs- 
 Ratli Wiilffing of Cologne. No amendment could be discussed 
 which was not supported by thirty delegates ; in default of this pre- 
 liminary condition the great bulk of the amendments fell through 
 at once, and of the remainder very few were carried. The zeal, 
 brevity, and close logic with which the amendments were advocated, 
 the cheerfulness of the advocates (including the bishop) under 
 defeat, the adroitness, courtesy, fairness and undisputed authority 
 of the president, were matters of universal wonder to the strangers. 
 Bishop Whittingham, confessedly the ablest chairman of our 
 daughter church in America, might' well say, from his last year's 
 experience, that Professor v. Schulte's control of an assembly sur- 
 passed all that he had imagined as possible. 
 
 The first section of the synodal constitution (general declarations) 
 was adopted without amendment. (These four paragraphs contain a 
 justification of the movement, vindicate the title of the Old Catholics 
 to endowments, &c.) 
 
 The second section (" the bishop") was adopted without debate, 
 the proposed amendments not having obtained the requisite sup- 
 port. 
 
 The third section (" the synodal committee") was carried with a 
 slight amendment, which determines the mode of election of the 
 synodal committee, viz. by an absolute majority of votes given by 
 ballot. 
 
 The fourth section ("the synod") led to considerable discussion, 
 especially as regards the provision that all clergy should be ex officio 
 members of the synod. Some wished that those only should have 
 the right who had actual cure of souls ; others proposed to add pro- 
 fessors and teachers : the bishop suggested the formula, " all catholic 
 clergy who are engaged in the service of the church with the bishop's 
 sanction " ; but Prof. Friedrich pointed out that he, as a Bavarian
 
 12 REUNION — PROFESSOR MICHELIS. 
 
 professor, could not apply for this sanction. Ultimately the original 
 proposal passed. Mr. Busch of Carlsruhe objected to the number of 
 foreign terms (e. g. resp., i. e. respective, for wbich be would substitute 
 heziehungsweise ; eventuell, Constitution, provisorisch, Beprdsentanz, 
 Fundionen, Anciennetdt, Delegirter, Legitimationen). He caused 
 much laughter by stumbling himself into one of these French pit- 
 falls, declaring class es einen choMrt to hear such barbarisms. Prof. 
 E-eusch undertook to uproot as many outlandish weeds as were not 
 indispensable termini technici. The fourth section finally passed 
 almost unanimously. 
 
 Appellationsgerichtsrath Rottels of Cologne explained sections 5 
 and 6 of the constitution, relating to " the congregation," and " the 
 incumbents and curates." He pointed out especially that the clergy 
 were directed to enforce obedience to the civil power as part and 
 parcel of Christianity, and that every pastor would have an indepen- 
 dent position, not being liable to removal at any man's pleasure, but 
 only for a grave cause. 
 
 Mr. Lowry Whittle, in a German speech, suggested that in para- 
 graph 45 not only men, but women also of independent position, 
 should be allowed a vote as members of the congregation. 
 
 The president explained that, as matters stood in Germany, such a 
 reform was premature, and after much discussion the two sections 
 were accepted with but slight alterations. The entire amended con- 
 stitution was then adopted, and will become law when definitely 
 confirmed by the synod. 
 
 On Saturday, 13th September, the delegates met for the last 
 time, at 9 a.m. The president invited the members to attend the 
 funeral of Mr. Gasser, a member of the Constance committee, who 
 had died the day before of apoplexy, and spoke warmly of the general 
 sympathy which even the ultramontane Coblentz had displayed on 
 occasion of the death of Oberlehrer Stumpf , a leading champion of 
 the cause, and originator of the famous " Lay Address." A letter 
 was read from the Rev. W. Chauncy Langdon to Bishop E-einkens, 
 conveying the congratulations of the Bishop of Maryland, who spoke 
 also in the name of the presiding bishop of his church. 
 
 The president then proposed to authorise the synodal committee 
 to name sub-committees for the purpose of corresponding with the 
 Greek, the Anglican and the Protestant churches. 
 
 Professor Michelis, in a long and eloquent speech, advocated re- 
 union. It was a heart-stirring scene at Cologne in 1872, when 
 Russians, Englishmen, Americans, Orientals, joined with us in the 
 declaration, " We all believe in Christ as our Redeemer, and we 
 believe that He has founded one catholic church, not Anglican, not 
 Greek, not Roman, but universal." The great heresy which has 
 broken up the one church has been intolerance : each party has 
 said, " We, and we alone, are in the right." The exclusive assump- 
 tion by the Greek church of the title " orthodox," is no less heretical 
 than the papacy itself. Hitherto we have done little for re-uniou ;
 
 PROFESSOR FRIEDRICH — PROFESSOR HUBER. 13 
 
 we tave been perfecting our own organisation; but our work will 
 bear fruit for all mankind. Already it is bringing about peace 
 between church and state; the emperor has read, and warmly 
 approved, the pastoral of our bishop. We hope to restore the 
 church from its caricature to its native purity ; we fear no results 
 of science, for a cowardly faith is no faith; rather we gratefully 
 acknowledge our debt to protestant critical theology. "We look 
 forward to a true general council, gathered from all confessions, 
 which may put to shame the mock council of the Vatican. I propose 
 (1) that two committees be appointed, one to sit in Munich, and to 
 correspond with the Greek and eastern churches ; the other to sit in 
 Bonn, and to correspond with the western churches ; (2) that these 
 committees work in concert with one another, and with members of 
 other communions resident in Germany ; (3) that a literary organ 
 of union, weekly or monthly, be founded, which shall receive articles 
 in various languages ; (4) that the ultimate aim kept in view be the 
 convocation of a general council. 
 
 Professor Friedrich, as secretary of the committee appointed at 
 Cologne, spoke of the practical impediments which had hampered 
 the work; the members were dispersed at Munich, Prague, Bonn, 
 Vienna; but now the bishop and synodal committee would be able 
 to negotiate with more authority. The defeat of ultramontanism 
 would demolish the middle wall of partition between the churches. 
 
 Professor Huber (who has just published an admirable history of 
 Jesuitism) recommends the establishment of a monthly correspond- 
 ence with the members of other churches, the exchange of books and 
 reviews, the formation of special committees, whose members should 
 all reside in one place. 
 
 Oberamtsrichter Beck of Heidelberg : It is a question of science, 
 and may be left to the synodal committee. 
 
 This was agreed to, the president undertaking that the committee 
 would duly weigh all the suggestions which had been made. 
 
 The president then proposed on behaK of the synodal committee, 
 (1) that all the congregations be invited to contribute to a fund for 
 the support of theological students ; (2) that a collection be made at 
 the congress itself for the same purpose ; (3) that the synodal com- 
 mittee be entrusted with the administration and expenditure of this 
 fund ; (4) that a like appeal be made for the help of Old Catholic 
 clergy who are past work or ill-endowed ; this fund likewise to be 
 administered by the synodal committee ; (5) that the committee make 
 a yearly report to the congress and synod of the receipts, expendi- 
 ture and existing state of the two funds. 
 
 Sanitatsrath Hasenclever, as reporter of the committee, briefly 
 explained the necessity of the measure. At present the Old Catholics 
 are excluded from all endowments of the catholic church. 
 
 Ober-Reg. E,. Wiilflang : I doubt whether any unemployed or ill- 
 paid clergy exist among us; often a congregation oifers 2000 or 
 3000 florins, and is unable to obtain a pastor.
 
 14 THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS. 
 
 Prof. Knootlt : We want a higher stamp of clergy, and must 
 enlist youths of capacity, and give them the best education. I 
 know two emeriti pastors^ who have long laboured and suffered for 
 the cause. 
 
 Pastor Thiirlings : We may by exhibitions tempt the lowest of the 
 people, as is the case now in Bavaria, to seek holy orders as a means 
 of living. The bursaries in the universities are open to Old Catho- 
 lics also. The individual congregations may defray the expenses of 
 any students of special promise. 
 
 Burgomaster Stromeyer supports both proposals as a makeshift. 
 But we must not be too modest ; we must assert our claim to a share 
 in public endowments. In Constance we have rich exhibitions for 
 studdnts. 
 
 Bishop Reinkens: The synodal committee will not fail to urge 
 our claim on public funds. The present call is merely designed to 
 meet an immediate need ; when better times come, existing endow- 
 ments can be applied to the same purposes. The synodal committee 
 will secure, by examining candidates and requiring testimonials from 
 them, that the exhibitions do not fall into unworthy hands. We 
 must endeavour to raise the character of our clergy ; its reputation 
 has sunk very low. We must bring about such a change, that 
 princes' sons may covet the office of the priesthood. The candidates 
 who have hitherto presented themselves to us are poor, but capable. 
 Many of the existing clergy are a blot upon the order ; four offered 
 me their services, whom I could not accept, though they stand well 
 in their bishops' books. I can bear witness that two of our deserving 
 priests are past work and stand in need of help ; also that several 
 congregations are unable, without external aid, to support a pastor. 
 It must be remembered that we have abolished all fees and per- 
 quisites. 
 
 On this Mr. Wiilffing withdrew his opposition. 
 
 Oberamtsrichter Beck supports the claims of needy students. 
 
 Prof. Reusch: I have been nearly twenty years a professor at 
 Bonn, and have lived perhaps on more familiar terms with my class 
 than many others ; I know that very great poverty exists amongst 
 theological students; I know that there is a real danger of men 
 seeking holy orders as a means of living ; but my colleagues and I 
 may be trusted not to encourage anyone to study theology, who has 
 no vocation for it ; I have myself induced at least twelve students of 
 theology to seek another faculty, because I was convinced that they 
 had no call to the clerical office. 
 
 The President : We do not ask for contributions from the poorer 
 
 * One of these, no doubt, is Thomas Braun, sometime of Holzkirchen in the 
 bishopric of Passau. He printed at St. Gallen, as early as 1863, a vigorous 
 sermon " against the false prophets," who had promulgated the dogma of the 
 immaculate conception, and has since lived in poverty under the ban of 
 excommunication. [The other is Lie. Buchmann, formerly pastor in Canth, 
 now resident in Brcslau, author of many works. — Pkof. Reusch.]
 
 OLD CATHOLIC PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. 15 
 
 congregations, but from the wealthy towns. Many of my protestant 
 friends will support us. I hope that our movement may lead to a 
 reform of the law of endowments. 
 
 Both proposals were adopted. 
 
 The Old Catholic union in Crefeld proposes : (1) the congress shall 
 nominate a committee of three, living in the same town, to draw up 
 a list of works of merit bearing on the Old Catholic movement; 
 (2) in this list shall appear {a) the publisher, (b) the price, (c) the 
 conditions on which copies may be obtained more cheaply, (cZ) a 
 mark of distinction for works suited to general readers, and another 
 for such as may be distributed among the masses ; (3) authors and 
 publishers shall be invited in the ' Mercury ' to send to the committee 
 the necessary information; (4) the general list, and also quarterly 
 and half-yearly supplements, shall be issued as an appendix to the 
 ' Mercury ' and other important journals, and copies supplied to the 
 several unions at a moderate price ; (5) the unions shall be requested 
 to distribute these lists among their members, to further the circula- 
 tion of suitable publications, and to nominate one of their number 
 to communicate with the publishers; (6) every July the several 
 unions shall make a report to the committee of the number of publi- 
 cations purchased and distributed by their means. 
 
 The proposal was adopted, and it was agreed that Professors v. 
 Schulte, Knoodt and Reusch, of Bonn, should form the com- 
 mittee. 
 
 The answer^ to the invitation of the Evangelical Alliance ex- 
 cited universal applause. " Cet admirable document," as M. de 
 Pressense calls it, "plein de largeur et d'elevation," will of course 
 appear among the proceedings both of the alliance and of the 
 congress. 
 
 Dr. Gaspard, a Hungarian, read a paper in German, but did not 
 succeed in making himself heard. 
 
 The president, who commended the labours of the author in the 
 Old Catholic cause, promised that his speech should be printed. 
 
 Dean Howson : Mr. President and Gentlemen,— You must kindly 
 allow me to follow the example of my friend the American bishop, to 
 whom you listened last Thursday, and to speak my few words to you 
 in English. I assure you I feel it to be a great honour to address this 
 assembly, and I set a high value on the opportunity thus afforded for 
 expressing the respect which is felt in England for the courage, faith- 
 fulness, zeal and prudence displayed by the leaders of this great move- 
 ment. I hope your example will not be lost upon us. There is quite as 
 much need of these Christian virtues in our country as can possibly 
 exist in Germany or in Switzerland. My chief excuses for speaking to 
 you on this occasion are that I bear a message from my dear and 
 
 * This noble paper, the most important manifesto, if we except the bishop's 
 pastoral, of the new reformation, full to overflowing of thought and fact and 
 feeling, is the work of Prof. v. Schulte. An English translation appeared in 
 ' The Times ' of Oct. 24, p. 4 ; see also the suppl. to the ' Guardian ' 5 Nov.
 
 16 THE BISHOP OF WINCHESTER AND BISHOP REINKENS. 
 
 honoured friend the Bishop of Ely,^ now appointed to the bishopric 
 of Winchester, whom you learnt to know last year at Cologne, and 
 that I have been one of his chaplains since the time when he was 
 made a bishop, and am one of his chaplains still. He " prays the 
 God of light and grace to be with the Congress at Constance," and 
 he desires me to " assure the Old Catholic leaders. Bishop Reinkens 
 and others, that he feels the deepest interest in their proceedings, 
 and offers up daily supplications for their guidance and blessing." I 
 could not improve upon these words. The new Bishop of Winchester 
 is one of our best bishops and one of our best men. You could not, 
 gentlemen, have a better expression of the thoughts which occupy 
 the minds of all true members of the Church of England in reference 
 to this Congress. I thank you heartily for your patience. 
 
 After discussion, it was resolved to leave to the two central com- 
 mittees (in Munich and Cologne) the choice of the place of meeting 
 for the next congress. Professor Huber advocated E-atisbon ; Pro- 
 fessor Weber his own residence, Breslau, because many of the clergy 
 in Silesia and Poland were favorable to reform. 
 
 Bishop Reinkens thanked Dr. Howson, and through him Bishop 
 Browne, whom he had learned to esteem and love at the last con- 
 gress. 
 
 The president, in closing the session, lamented first the great loss 
 sustained by the death of Professor Munzinger of Bern. The work 
 of this year has not been less important than that of the two former 
 congresses. Everyone has been free to speak ; serious debates have 
 taken place, yet in all essentials we have been unanimous. There is 
 no " right " and no " left " party among us ; each is ready to give up 
 his private preferences with a good grace. None amongst us says, 
 " You must submit to my authority," and yet bishop, clergy and 
 laity have agreed together. For more than a thousand years the 
 church has been degraded into a juristical machine for crushing 
 consciences ; we have returned to the constitution of the apostolic 
 church; our motto is "Free submission to God's commandments." 
 It is well for us that we have not yet been recognised by the state ; 
 the state must now take us as it finds us ; we lawyers know how to 
 tie knots tight. 
 
 The president hopes that every congregation will send deputies to 
 the first synod, and calls on all to rally round their bishop. (Three 
 " Hochs " are given to the bishop.) 
 
 Turning to the guests, the president said : We have freely admitted 
 you to our discussions, w(i have no arcana. You will do us the justice 
 
 * The Bishop of Winchester wrote to Bishop Reinkens from Ely, 11th Oct. 
 1873, an admirable letter, which may be seen in German in the Deutschcr 
 Merkur of 11th Oct. ; unfortunately it arrived too late to find a place in the 
 acts of the congress. In the same number of the ' Mercury ' is a letter, written 
 in German, from Bishop A. C. Coxe of West New York. The ' Mercury ' of 
 4th Oct. gave a long extract from a speech delivered by Bishop Browne to his 
 diocesan conference in July, and spoke of the bishop's services to the O. C. 
 cause in the warmest terms.
 
 FIRST PUBLIC MEETING. 17 
 
 to believe that we are men, and men of character and courage, who 
 mean what we say. In your presence here we see an earnest of the 
 re-union of Christendom. To the church of Utrecht, and its repre- 
 sentatives here, we owe peculiar gratitude. When on one and the 
 same day, 4th June, our bishop was elected, and Archbishop Loos, 
 who had undertaken to consecrate him, was taken away from this 
 earth, ultramontane fanaticism saw in the coincidence a divine 
 judgement, the digitus Dei. But the work which he was not spared 
 to complete lived after him, and our bishop was consecrated by the 
 only remaining bishop of the Dutch church, the Bishop of Deventer. 
 I invite you to rise in reverence for the memory of Archbishop Loos. 
 (The whole assembly, delegates and guests, rise.) 
 
 The meeting broke up with a hearty cheer for the president. 
 ^^, Saturday, 13th September, 3 p.m. — First public meeting in the 
 council hall. The president began by thanking the burgomaster 
 and city for their princely hospitality. It is a proverb, Aller guten 
 Binge sind drei, " All good things go in threes." At Munich we 
 resolved to form congregations, and we have now 100 fully consti- 
 tuted ; at Cologne we instituted an episcopate ; and now at Constance 
 we have established a synodal government, which will bring about 
 necessary reforms with authority. We have rejected the pretensions 
 of an earthly god — a mere mortal man — but we hold to the catholic 
 church as founded by the only Mediator Jesus Christ ; the Scriptures, 
 which are His authentic witness, we retain, while we cast away the 
 forgeries which have overlaid them. We are not content with denial, 
 but we mean to build up. Some of us have learnt what those words 
 mean. Whosoever loveth father or mother more than Me is not worthy of 
 Me. Our constitution is that described by Ignatius and Clement of 
 Rome, " The church is there where the congregation musters around 
 its bishop." For centuries bishops have been imposed upon congre- 
 gations to whom they were unknown. On the 4th of June 1873 
 clergy and laity united in the choice of a bishop of proved learning 
 and character, No parade of many- coloured vestments was there, 
 but the Spirit of the Lord passed over us. It was an inspiring mo- 
 ment. The bishop elect was, as it were, stunned, thunderstruck ; he 
 entreated us to spare him the honorable burden. It needed the 
 tears of eighty men to bend him to our will ; and his own prayei's 
 and tears were his first consecration. We felt ourselves transported - 
 to the upper chamber at Jerusalem, bound to the apostolic age by a 
 direct chain of inheritance. Seeing that all mischief in the church 
 has come from above, we have endeavoured to reconcile necessity and 
 order with freedom ; we will have no autocrats, no blind submission. 
 Our bishop asked of us love and reverence, but deprecated the vow 
 of canonical obedience. Our constitution for the synod and the con- 
 gregation carries out these principles; it assigns to the laity an 
 active part in the work of the church, gives every member of the 
 congregation a voice in all elections. The re-union of Christian con- 
 fessions, which we proposed as one of our main aims at Cologne, has 
 
 B
 
 18 ROL — GOBBERS — WEBER. 
 
 been kept in view at Constance also. We have been subject to many 
 revilings, but let no word of violence be here heard in reply ; for our 
 Saviour with His dying breath prayed for His enemies. 
 
 Pastor Rol of Utrecht, speaking in German : The church of 
 Utrecht also feels the need of reform on catholic principles ; it does 
 not intend to remain fossilised in the bare protest against the bull 
 Unigenitus, but firmly and cautiously to advance with its sister 
 church in the conflict against papal tyranny. Tour movement has 
 awakened new sympathy for us, and has swelled our numbers. Many 
 eyes, long closed to the light, are now unsealed. Hidden in a remote 
 nook, we have been brought to public notice by you. New, fresher 
 blood courses through our veins, and we take courage as we think of 
 the rich past of our church ; we are full of hope for the bride of 
 Christ. We thank you for the tribute which you have paid to the 
 memory of our archbishop. 
 
 The president conveys the thanks of the congress to the Bishop 
 of Deventer, who consecrated Bishop Reinkens. 
 
 Mr. Gobbers, a manufacturer of Crefeld, spoke of the resolution 
 (adopted that morning by the delegates) for the diffusion of O. C. 
 literature. Already the renewed spirit of research has brought to 
 light many pearls long buried in the accumulated rubbish of ages. 
 In the sore need of our mother church her professors, like loyal 
 children, have rallied round her, careless of the volleys of curses and 
 excommunications which have fallen upon them. Our views of 
 Christian peace, of Christian patriotism, have been purified. The 
 Old Catholic religion has been disinterred by criticism, and history 
 has revealed to us what crimes, what cruelties have been wrought in 
 the church's name. The services in our congregations have done 
 much to dispel prejudices, but our literature has done more; it 
 pushes its way everywhere ; many are with us in heart, who are not 
 yet borne upon our books. The ultramontane maxim is, " It must 
 be night, if Rome's star is to shine." They are afraid of our books, 
 which will overthrow the crumbling Goliath of the papacy, the 
 dragon's teeth of the Jesuit schools. We say, " Read by all means 
 the ultramontane controversialists ; we have no prohibitory index ; 
 read their books and read ours, and judge for yourselves." They are 
 ever dinning in our ears, " The gates of hell shall not prevail 
 against us"; yet no child trembles more for his house of cards, 
 than the Jesuit for his church founded on the rock. Of all their 
 papers the ' Germania ' alone ventured to print the pastoral of 
 Bishop Reinkens ; the others said, " It would be too sour for their 
 readers." If they tell us of pilgrimages, we too are pilgrims; but 
 our pilgrimage is with a guide, our way is the way to Christ. 
 
 Fiirsprech Leo Weber of Soleure (Solothurn) : We Swiss thank 
 the German theologians, especially DoUinger and Michelis, who is 
 now labouring among us, for all that they have taught us. Even the 
 ultramontane Pius-society, in its meeting at Zug, advocated religious 
 freedom as the basis of national freedom. But the show of liberality
 
 ZOHLEN — PROFESSOR MESSMER. 19 
 
 was hollow, for the same meeting telegraphed to Rome, "We believe 
 in papal infallibility," and accepted the syllabus in the lump. 
 Switzerland has had many a struggle with Rome ; witness Arnold 
 of Brescia; in the fourteenth century we declared that we knew 
 nothing of privilege of clergy before the law. When Rome laid us 
 under an interdict, we forced her to recall it. Rome blessed the 
 Sonderbund, and we passed to the order of the day. In this reform 
 there are two elements, the religious and the political ; in Germany 
 the religions predominates, in Switzerland the political. Our reform 
 can only prosper, if it is more religious than political. Religious 
 and moral regeneration will quicken and elevate our national life. 
 Come to us again and again ; we on our part will send our students 
 to Bonn. We do not fear annexation to Prussia, with which the 
 comedian Mermillod threatens us. Wir sincl erhdben i'lber solches Zeug, 
 " We are too old to take fright at such scarecrows." One annexa- 
 tion only is possible, and we do not fear it, viz. the annexation of 
 hearts. Bishop Reinkens, by his late speeches amongst us, prepared 
 the way for this annexation. 
 
 Mr. Zohlen, a merchant and town-councillor of Crefeld : There is 
 a universal ferment in men's minds, a universal sense of the need 
 of reformation in church and school. The power of the church is 
 mighty, and it has been prostituted to serve a party. We will not 
 worship an idol. The church ought to foster the love of our neigh- 
 bour, the love of our country, the progress of knowledge ; too often 
 it has checked and blasted these best gifts. The 0. C. movement 
 reasserts the old, forgotten lessons of Christianity. On the 28th of 
 March 1871 Bollinger foretold that the new dogma, if accepted, must 
 tmdermine the German empire, by setting the clergy in opposition to 
 the laws. The prophecy has been verified: the hierarchy claims 
 supremacy over the state, the pope usurps a universal monarchy. 
 Roma locuta est is preached as our only law, against which national 
 usage, right, possession, are to count for nothing. We are required 
 implicitly to surrender our reason to men fallible as ourselves ; to see 
 in the clergy something less than God, but far above angels. The 
 church must resume her true pastoral office, and so bring men 
 together ; the purity of the teachers' lives must adorn and commend 
 their doctrine. Men's minds are awaking, and it is a joy to live. 
 Friend and friend, man and wife, father and son, who have been 
 severed by Jesuit intrigues, are drawing nearer to one another. We 
 shall best advance our cause by speaking out our convictions frankly, 
 without bitterness and personality. At last even the comfortable 
 folk, who believe all this fuss needless, wiU be aroused from their 
 slumbers. The spiritual war which was declared against the German 
 church on 18th July 1870, will have the same issue as the secular 
 war, which broke out on the same day. 
 
 Professor Messmer, conservator of the Museum at Munich, made 
 a most effective speech ; he began in a low tone, but, soon warming 
 with his subject, filled the vast hall with his voice, and his action 
 
 B 2
 
 20 PROFESSOR MESSMER. 
 
 became vehement and dramatic— almost French in its passion — as 
 lie drew picture after picture of the heathen fanaticism which Jesuits 
 leave in their trail. The Journal de Geneve describes him as a " petit 
 homme grele, a la physionomie vive, spirituelle, parfois humoris- 
 tique"; and M. de Pressense, in the Journal des Bebats of 18th 
 September, waxes eloquent in his admiration of "the grand and 
 truly reforming words of this burning harangue against the gross 
 superstitions which defile the sanctuaries where miraculous images 
 are adored. Son esprit est mordant et incisif ; il a ce trait precis et 
 pittoresque qui fait voir les choses, et il sait unir une verve presque 
 bouffonne a la plus rare elevation. C'est une eloquence a Shake- 
 speare, qui fait tour a tour rire et pleurer. Avec ses traits fins et sa 
 maigreur ascetique il fait I'effet de ces premiers reformateurs sortis 
 du convent qui s'emparent des masses en faisant vibrer toutes les 
 cordes. II fallait I'entendre decrire ces eglises de nos modernes pele- 
 rinages, avec leurs idoles peintes qui sont les fetiches du dix-neuvieme 
 siecle." We have been sunk to the lowest depths by our ultramon- 
 tane teachers, with their worship of saints and relics. Picture to 
 yourselves an Israelite, worshipper of the one true God, the Father of 
 all ; picture to yourselves a Jew in the church of a place of pilgrimage ; 
 he has learnt in his law to bow down before no graven image. Must 
 you not blush for your religion before that Jew, as he sees crowds 
 prostrate before an idol black with smoke ? Deacons and acolytes 
 are busy lighting candles white or red before the saint at the risk 
 of singeing his toes. 
 
 These images are worshipped, and miraculous virtues are ascribed 
 to them. Take away the image, and it will go, and its authority will 
 go with it. The pope, the bishop, may remove it : but no ; the priests 
 encourage these superstitions, which revive the mediaeval faith in 
 magic and in charms. I have seen at Rome, in the Vatican church, 
 a bronze statue of St. Peter, and a poor man rubbing his head on its 
 foot, as if to strike out a miracle by the friction. In Jerusalem they 
 shew the stone which the builders refused, and which is become the 
 headstone of the corner. Tes, we have fallen far below the Jew. 
 
 These things might move to laughter and to scorn ; but on a nearer 
 view they arouse our deepest pity for the victims of this new paganism. 
 What has been done to elevate these poor folk, to inspire them 
 with a purer conception of God most high ? Nothing. Idolatry has 
 been diffused of set purpose; and why? I can appreciate the poetry 
 of popular legend ; but here is full-blown heathenism, and we have 
 winked at it. We know why. Many, ecclesiastics and laymen, have 
 their living by this craft. The pastor of this city ^ was driven from 
 his cure,^ because it was a place of pilgrimage, and he would be no 
 party to these impostures. 
 
 It is too much to expect from an innkeeper's conscience that he 
 should drive away customers to serve the truth. The people must 
 be entl)ra]led in ignorance, that shops and taverns may thrive. 
 ' Hosemann. 2 Tuntenhausen.
 
 PROFESSOR MESSMER. 21 
 
 Materialism has invaded every part of our religion. Every misfor- 
 tune is regarded as a special judgement, to be averted by the magic 
 aid of such a statue or such a chapel. 
 
 So Tertullian said of the heathen of his day, "Is there a war or 
 famine, or pestilence ; does the Tiber flood the city ? The cry is at 
 once, The Christians to the lions /" If once I lose the intuition of 
 God, holy and true, I fall lower and lower, and become a heathen, 
 the votary of demons and of charms. If we are to shake off these 
 superstitions, we must become christians indeed; otherwise things 
 will go from bad to worse. The epistles of St. Paul or of Ignatius 
 are a sealed book to us ; we cannot understand them : the first chris- 
 tians also had their mysteries, their secret doctrine, but they were 
 mysteries known to all ; to us they have been long unknown. Not 
 at Jerusalem, said Jesus, and not on this mountain, shall they worship 
 the Father, but in spirit and in truth. Hold up the practice of our 
 devotees in the light of these words, and say, are we christians? 
 Among our thousand prayer-books how few prayers are there which 
 breathe the spirit of Christ ! Here also we are far below the level of the 
 Jews. Contrast with these modern devotions the canon of the mass, 
 which, thank God, is not liable to change. There we find no mention 
 of saint-worship, but of revere7ice for the memory of the saints, and 
 of communion with them. One family gathered around Christ our 
 Pastor, that is an image worthy of a man. The remembrance of 
 those to whom we owe so much, of the cloud of witnesses, this will 
 not hide from us the one High Priest of whom the apostle writes to 
 the Hebrews. But, thanks to our prayer-books and our catechisms, 
 we know absolutely nothing of what is most needful to be known for 
 our souls' health. The glorious fragrance of God's truth, the spiri- 
 tual food of Christ's doctrine, are denied to us. As a special grace 
 we may allow an apostle to say at most a line or two in the notes 
 to a catechism ; but on no account may he lift up his voice freely, as 
 in the gospels. The Spirit of Christ lives in His word, which He 
 gave as a cordial not only for the past, but for us. Open the sources 
 of that word, and they will cleanse us from this poor, miserable 
 paganism ; once more there will be set up in the church an image 
 worthy of God's greatness. All has become outward, formal, mecha- 
 nical, in our church and our worship : if we desire a more inward 
 religion, we must ourselves labour might and main ; we cannot have 
 it on cheaper terms. We are asked, what results we have to shew 
 for our pains ? Whatever they may be, they are due to no outward 
 aid, to no material force ; our only means are the word and the truth : 
 with these we may rear an image which an apostle would recognise 
 as his own ; without them our service will be as lifeless as the pray- 
 ing machines of Thibet. 
 
 Saturday, 13th September, 7 p.m. — 260 ladies and gentlemen sat 
 down to supper in the council hall. President v. Schulte proposed the 
 healths of the Emperor of Germany and the Grand Duke of Baden. 
 Since Frederick the Great religious freedom had prevailed in Prussia,
 
 22 PUBLIC SUPPER — ANGLO-AMERICAN SERVICE. 
 
 and constitutional government had for several years been established 
 in Baden. The present constitution of Germany secures unity with- 
 out a deadening uniformity. 
 
 Burgomaster Stromeyer proposed the health of Bishop Reinkens, 
 whose ]pastoral had roused himself and many others, before luke- 
 warm in the cause, to energetic action. 
 
 The bishop returned thanks for the hearty reception which had 
 been given to him, and then set forth the true idea of the " mili- 
 tant " church, which Rome had perverted. The church's warfare is 
 not quarrelsome, but peaceful. He concluded with a cheer for the 
 guests of other confessions, which was taken up with great warmth. 
 
 Archpriest Wassiljeff returned thanks in French. Other toasts 
 followed in honour of the president v. Schulte, the city of Con- 
 stance and the local committee, the central committees of Cologne 
 and Munich. 
 
 Mr. Bodenheimer of Bern, councillor of state, made an important 
 speech on the education of the young. When mothers are assured 
 that our agitation is not against, but for religion, our children will 
 be weaned from superstition and bigotry. He ended with proposing 
 a cheer for the Old Catholic ladies. 
 
 Professor Messmer made a humorous appeal on behalf of Katto- 
 witz, the poor parish, situate in the extreme north-east of Germany, 
 of his " colossal " friend Kaminski. Ladies went round the tables 
 collecting alms for the church of Kattowitz, and the pastor thanked 
 the company in the name of his needy flock. 
 
 Sunday, 14th September, 7. 30 A.M. — The following report is from 
 the Constance paper: — "To-day an Anglo-American service, pro- 
 bably the first in our city, was celebrated in the Evangelical church,^ 
 at the instance of those members of the English and American evan- 
 gelical church who have come to attend the Old Catholic congress. 
 The resident English families and a number of other inhabitants 
 were also present. Two clergymen, Bishop Lyman from America 
 and Dean Dr. Howson from England, both in simple white vest- 
 ments, officiated at the liturgy and at the Lord's Supper. The 
 liturgy is distinguished from that employed in the German evan- 
 gelical church chiefly by the occasional responses of the congrega- 
 tion, who also join in the Creed and Lord's Prayer. After the 
 reading of Scripture, Professor Mayor of Cambridge delivered a 
 German and an English speech,^ in the former of which he denounced 
 lukewarmness and indiff'erence as specially censurable in times of 
 conflict, and cited examples from the history of England, which had 
 again and again stoutly taken up and carried through the struggle 
 with Rome; he also remarked that Hus, the martyr of Constance, 
 had been awakened by the writings of an Englishman, — Wickliffe. 
 The celebration of the communion which followed was full of dignity 
 
 ^ The church of the Old Catholics was also freely offered for our use, after 
 arrangements had been made with the Lutheran i>astor. 
 2 See them at tie end of this report.
 
 OLD CATHOLIC SERVICE. 23 
 
 and beauty. The entire service produce'd a powerful impression upon 
 the audience by its seriousness, solemnity and warmth." ^ 
 
 September 14th, 9 A.M. — The Augustinian church (which was 
 decorated in exquisite taste with flowers and shrubs, and bore on 
 the wall the inscription, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and over 
 the portal, Fray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest, that He will send 
 forth labourers into His harvest) was crowded from the altar to the 
 door, which stood open that the throng in the street might hear. 
 Many were obliged to turn away for want of standing-room. Many 
 peasants from the villages, in spite of the threats of ultramontane 
 pastors, came to hear the new bishop for themselves. The mass 
 was said in Latin by pastor Thiirlings of Kempten, but the re- 
 mainder of the service was in German. Many of the congregation 
 were evidently protestants, some had German and French Testa- 
 ments, some followed the Latin in the German translation of Pro- 
 fessor Friedrich : the entire assembly was to all appearance attentive 
 and devout, and many voices joined in the singing, conducted and 
 sustained by the admirable choir. The sermon of Bishop Reinkens 
 on the gospel for the day, the raising of the widow's son at Nain, 
 will unfortunately be lost. He spoke without a note, nor were 
 reporters present to record his words for the acts of the congress. 
 The Journal de Geneve says : " Le sermon de M. Reinkens a de- 
 passe comme profession de foi evangelique, tout ce que nous atten- 
 dions." He spoke of Christ as the source of all life, mighty to 
 comfort. His comfort is not the cold comfort of words, but is 
 fruitful in acts of mercy ; so too the Christian must press onwards 
 from words to deeds, must shew forth his faith by his works. 
 Quickened by Jesus, our life is even now in some sort raised from 
 earth heavenwards ; citizens of heaven, we must walk in the Spirit. 
 The church herself may seem dead, but her divine Bridegroom 
 watches over her, and at His appointed time He will cry to her also, 
 " I say unto thee, arise." Not an allusion was made to the heats of 
 the time, not a word said to wound the most sensitive adversary. 
 After the service, the bishop visited the orphanage and female 
 refuge. He spoke to the inmates in simple words, which all could 
 follow, and they crowded about him to shake hands. 
 
 Sunday, 14th September, 3 p.m. — Second general meeting in the 
 council hall. Many strangers from Switzerland and S. Germany 
 poured into Constance during the day, and before the appointed 
 hour the vast hall was packed full " like a herring-barrel," as the 
 local paper said. Many could not find room, many more were di'iven 
 out by the heat as the day wore on, but some 2500 hearers listened to 
 the speeches, almost all standing, for nearly four hours, with the 
 utmost patience and interest. It was the first time within tlie 
 memory of man that the hall was crowded in every part. 
 
 Professor Weber of Breslau spoke with admirable ease and power : 
 
 * The collection at the offertory was hauded over to Biahop Eciukens as a 
 contribution to the fund for theological students.
 
 24 SECOND PUBLIC MEETING — PROFESSOR WEBER. 
 
 The O. C. movement has a religious and a political element; in 
 Germany, as a Swiss speaker bore witness yesterday, the religions 
 factor is predominant, and it is the more important of the two ; for 
 the only sound principles in politics are those which are rooted in 
 religion. If you reject the "Vatican dogmas of July solely from 
 political motives, you surrender the true vantage ground ; it is in the 
 name of conscience only that you can combat them with success. 
 The church has received from her Lord a deposit of saving truths 
 and of means of grace ; these she is bound to dispense to the people. 
 As the teacher of mankind, she may not demand blind obedience ; 
 she must enlighten men with heavenly tnith, that they may know 
 themselves and their duty to God and man. She dare not spread 
 night abroad, in order to rule under its cover ; out of darkness light 
 cannot come, and her office is to shed light over the world. One aim 
 of the O. 0. movement is to open the gospel once more to the laity, 
 and to enable them to form an independent judgement on religious 
 questions. For this pui-pose the O. 0. clergy must themselves be 
 better instructed, must labour not only during their university 
 career, but all their lives long. Those who have tried it know that 
 such studies involve earnest toil and self-sacrifice; it would have 
 been far easier for us to have passed over to the ultramontane ranks. 
 For the clergy Old Catholicism is no ottoman, no easy lounge, but a 
 spur and a goad to constant intellectual effort. This is one reason 
 why BO many pastors hold aloof from us. A second office of the 
 church is the education of the will. It is therefore an aim of the 
 O. 0. movement to lead believers to practise from inmost conviction 
 the moral precepts of Jesus ; we do not fight against the church, but 
 we offer to the church, destroyed by the Vatican council, the hope of 
 rescue, so far as it depends on men to rescue her. Our reformation 
 leads to true spiritual freedom, which is not all one with licence ; 
 rather by the overthrow of a usurped authority it establishes the 
 true, legitimate authority. 
 
 Whoever is convinced that the Vatican decrees run counter to 
 christian truth and to the genuine constitution of the church, is 
 bound to express his conviction, and zealously to co-operate in the 
 work of reform. We hope that this congress may win recruits to our 
 ranks. Centuries may elapse before such an opportunity recurs; 
 now is the time to serve the church of Christ, for everywhere the 
 harvest is great, far and wide men's minds are opening to receive 
 the truth. 
 
 Dr. Volk of Augsburg, representative in parliament : The present 
 crisis is indeed very momentous from the religious point of view. 
 These days which we have spent in Constance are big with issues for 
 the future, if each of us will but do his part. But this movement of 
 reform has also a political significance. It is a new phase of the old 
 war between Germanism and Romanism, between liberty and slavery 
 of the reason. Our enemies know that if the German empire grows 
 np in its full glory, there will be no stage for their intrigues. The
 
 DR. VOLK. ^ 25 
 
 people beyond the Alps set us tlie example of revolt against the curia 
 Romana. If the Germans take up the struggle and fight it out to 
 victory, the day of true freedom will dawn also on our neighbours 
 beyond the Rhine. The night of Romanism and curialism will 
 never more overspread Germany. The more our opponents disclose 
 their designs, the more will the German people break off from them 
 and withstand them. It is for the interest of states to further our 
 movement, though we do not trust to their support for success. 
 Every day will make it more plain that no state can for long live at 
 peace with the papal system ; the court of Rome will content itself 
 with nothing short of unconditional surrender. To this the German 
 empire can never stoop. Well said the German chancellor, " We will 
 not go to Canossa." It is the duty of legislation to make everyone 
 independent of Rome. We will no longer endure to be slaves of the 
 Roman church from the cradle to the grave. No doubt the ultra- 
 montanes repel with indignation the charge that they are working 
 for the overthrow of the German empire. Tet the charge is true, 
 and facts patent to the dullest eye prove it. They may indeed for the 
 time render to Csesar what is Csesar's, for just now it might be 
 hazardous to withhold it. I know however that there are still in the 
 ultramontane ranks many, especially of the clergy, who do not see 
 the goal of their party's efforts, and who will join us at once when 
 their eyes are opened to the necessary results of their principles. 
 These results are coming ever more and more clearly into view. 
 The German ultramontanes do not disguise their sympathy with 
 Henry Y. ; do they not know that his accession and the restoration 
 of the temporal power mean war with Germany ? These are poHtical 
 sympathies, not religious ; for pilgrimages to the sacre coeur to call 
 down heaven's vengeance on Germany are no acts of religion. If I 
 hated France, if I desired her utter degradation, I should rejoice at 
 these convulsions ; but they can only pain bitterly every humane 
 and Christian heart. We owe much to that nation, and we have 
 learnt much from her in the past ; but so long as France leagues 
 herself with Romanism and the infallible pope, so long Germany has 
 nothing to fear from her, for such an alliance has ever been the bane 
 of nations. Germany did not begin the war with France as a war of 
 conquest. I know from Prince Bismarck's niouth that in 1868 he 
 did not desire war ; in 1870 Germany was driven to arm in self- 
 defence. The progress of the Old Catholic movement will promote 
 Germany's political welfare. Among our most effective supporters 
 we must reckon our adversaries, whose blind resistance has often 
 given force to the current when it was beginning to stagnate ; e. g. 
 the saying of the Bishop of Ratisbon about the overthrow of the 
 thrones ; the pope's allegory about the stone which should shatter 
 the colossus of the German empire ; the sermon of that pastor who 
 preached that the battle of Sedan was the death-blow of the catholic 
 church. " And to all this. Sirs, we must listen quietly, and dare not, 
 for fear of the magistrate, take such a caitiff by the ears !" The
 
 26 DR. VOLK AND M. DE PRESSENSE. 
 
 German cliaracter and tliat wliich has prevailed for centuries in 
 Rome can never be reconciled. Germany's soul will find a body in 
 tlie German state. Five years ago, bere in Constance, I foretold the 
 advent of spring in Germany's year, the promise of a union of the 
 nation. This prediction is fulfilled. I now add the hope that in 
 religion also spring may burst forth, and the confessions of Germany, 
 now severed from one another, may be united. If on a still summer 
 evening you sail across the lake of Constance, you will hear, as you 
 near the further shore, the bells of Lindau ringing their vesper peal. 
 One harmonious melody will steal on your ears; you cannot dis- 
 tinguish between bell and bell, for all are chiming praise. Yet some 
 of the bells hang in protestant towers, and some in catholic, and you 
 cannot say this is catholic music or that protestant. May this be 
 an omen of the harmony of confessions ; let us, in the spirit of love, 
 so draw towards one another, that at last catholic and protestant 
 voices may blend in one full concert of thanksgiving. 
 
 [This is the speech which certain French and Swiss, and I believe 
 English, newspapers have denounced as an uncourteous, ungenerous 
 tirade against France. M. de Pressense, who explains his reasons in 
 the Journal des Dehats, 18th September, and the Pere Hyacinthe, 
 rose and left the room while the orator was speaking of their country. 
 Great allowance must be made for men whose influence at home is 
 much crippled already by Jesuit calumnies ; for in Jesuit eyes every 
 Frenchman who is not ultramontane is sold to Prince Bismarck. Still 
 I must say that I heard every word spoken by Dr. Volk respecting 
 France ; I discussed the speech afterwards with a Frenchman, a Rus- 
 sian, and several Englishmen, as well as with Germans, and though 
 some of them regretted the very mention, e. g. of Sedan, as betraying 
 a want of tact and as a word out of season, all agreed that every 
 sentence might have been uttered by the most loyal of Frenchmen. 
 Father Hyacinthe himself, when I read to him the report from the 
 Constance paper, more than once acknowledged, " Those are words 
 of sympathy." Abbe Michaud declared that similar sentiments are 
 daily expressed in the republican press of France. The words put 
 into Dr. Yolk's mouth ^ by the Journal de Geneve, 18th September, 
 " II avait ete necessaire que I'Allemagne prit ses precautions en 
 s'emparant de 1' Alsace et de Lorraine," were not taken down from 
 Dr. Yolk's lips, nor did I hear anything at all resembling them. I 
 am happily able to confirm my version by that of La Patrie de Geneve, 
 20th September : " Je dois protester contre une interpretation erronee 
 du discours de M. Yolk, qui n'a pas pris, comme Ton a pretendu dans 
 une depeche, un ton agressif vis-a-vis de la France. (Then follows a 
 true report.) Je ne vois la dedans rien qui ne soit relativement vrai, 
 ni qui ressemble a une insulte ou a une agression. Ce sont des 
 paroles d'ami, que tons ceux qui ont jusqu'a present estime et aime 
 
 ' Of. Le Salut public^ Journal de Lf/on, IStli September, " Digression assai- 
 sonc'e de reflexions amcres ct injuriouses contre la France et son caractere 
 national."
 
 PROFESSOR FRIEDRICH ON SUPREMACY. 27 
 
 la France, liii crient et doivent lui repeter sur tons les tons." An 
 exact parallel to Dr. Yolk's lament over the French pilgrimages is 
 supplied by the language of mingled sorrow and shame employed by 
 leading Old Catholics, when deploring the voluntary degradation of 
 the Duke of Norfolk and other men of historic name. Noblesse oblige. 
 I may add that so far as I have seen and heard, bitterness against 
 France is by no means prevalent in Germany ; and I am sure that 
 the men of Constance, with their boundless hospitality, would have 
 resented any insult offered to a guest, and called the offender to order 
 on the spot.] 
 
 The president : Dr. Yolk has not indulged in any reflexions but 
 such as would be allowed in any other country. For my part I 
 thank him for his fervent patriotism. But I take you to witness 
 that he said not a word to wound the national feelings of Frenchmen, 
 or to cast a slur upon France. 
 
 Professor Friedrich of Munich (known by his History of the early 
 German church, Diary of the Yatican Council, Documents relating 
 to the council, and ' God my only hope,' a translation from the 
 Latin prayers of the church, with comments and suggestions for 
 reform) : I have already in Constance proved the falsehood of the 
 dogma of infallibility from the mouths of the bishops themselves ; 
 Bishop Ketteler did indeed attempt to refute me, but he has not 
 replied to my rejoinder. He and his colleagues are only bishops cle 
 facto; we have in their place a German bishop, who is at once 
 catholic and national. The ultramontanes assert that Bishop Rein- 
 kens, notwithstanding his valid consecration, lacks jurisdiction and 
 authority for want of recognition by the pope. But this is an error. 
 It is true that our states acknowledge many privileges as consequent 
 upon the papal approval of bishops ; the privileges e. g. of traflB.cking 
 in dispensations, of collecting Peter's pence, of excommunication, of 
 agitating against their own country. But all these are abuses; 
 Bishop Reinkens has no hankering after such prerogatives. A 
 bishop instituted by Rome is wholly dependent on the pope : accord- 
 ing to Roman maxims the pope is the only true bishop, the sole 
 owner of ecclesiastical endowments, entitled to annul political laws 
 and to meddle in political affairs. It is a great gain, religious and 
 political, to abolish these pretended rights of the papacy. After the 
 overthrow of the temporal power, it is an anachronism on the part 
 of states to accredit envoys at the Yatican, and to receive papal 
 nuncios. Least of all can I understand what need the free Swiss 
 have of a nuncio. These claims of Rome are grounded on mediaeval 
 forgeries ; the primitive Christians knew nothing of them ; even in 
 the middle age, even at Trent itself, the church refused submission 
 to the curia Romana ; only after three centuries of Jesuit training 
 was this submission imposed upon the Yatican council. Rome's appro- 
 bation is not necessary to our bishop for the exercise of his jurisdic- 
 tion; as the other apostles possessed an authority essentially the 
 same as St. Peter's, so all bishops have an authority essentially the
 
 28 PROFESSOR VON SCHULTE ON SUPREMACY. 
 
 same as that of the Boman bishop. The supremacy asserted by 
 the pope cannot be proved by Scripture or tradition ; it rests on no 
 surer foundation than legends and usurpations. According to the 
 doctrine of the ancient church, the bishop receives his jurisdiction 
 by election and consecration. Assuredly Pius IX. cannot convey 
 jurisdiction to Another, for he has forfeited his own by stubborn 
 persistence in heresy. Our episcopate, being free of Rome, is under 
 no obligation to be anti-national ; rather it will foster an indepen- 
 dent national life. We hope that the German nation will duly 
 appreciate our patriotic efforts. Assuredly no HohenzoUer will go 
 to Canossa, or hold the pope's bridle, as you may see the emperor 
 doing in the fresco yonder.^ 
 
 The president v. Schulte delivered a lecture, which (as a Swiss 
 paper says) might have been addressed by M. Guizot to the FacuUe 
 des Lettres at Paris. It speaks highly for the intelligence of the 
 audience, and for the power and dexterity of the lecturer, that a 
 discourse bristling with citations of civil and canon law, of fathers 
 and councils, could be made interesting to many hundreds of people 
 of all ranks. I stood in the midst of the throng, and can answer for 
 the rapt attention with which the entire speech was honoured. 
 
 A master was catechising a child on the divine attributes. "Is 
 God almighty ? " — " Yes." " Is He omnipresent ? " — " Yes." " Is 
 He at Rome ? " — " No, for there is His vicar." In Boccaccio we read 
 of a Jew who became a Christian at Rome : " that religion must 
 be divine which can subsist in spite of the scandalous corruption 
 of its chief priests in its chief temple." These anecdotes, of Italian 
 origin, testify that the divine Spirit has abandoned Rome. The 
 reason is, that the church has been gradually perverted into a 
 juristic organisation. In the first centuries the church was known 
 only as the congregation, the assembly of the faithful. The pre- 
 dominance of the bishop of Rome was due mainly to the importance 
 of his see, the capital of the world ; partly perhaps to the founda- 
 tion of that see by the apostle Paul. Whether St. Peter was ever in 
 Rome, is an open question ; for my part I believe, on early testimony, 
 that he suffered martyrdom there ; but that St. Paul was there, we 
 know from the Acts of the Apostles. Yet (so entirely has the Scrip- 
 ture been neglected in Rome) one pope condemned as heretical the 
 assertion that any apostle, except St. Peter, was ever there. Till the 
 fifth century we find no trace of any jurisdiction of the Roman 
 bishop over other bishops, except those in his immediate neighbour- 
 hood. Constantine, a very dubious Christian, from political motives 
 granted to Christianity equal rights with the established heathenism ; 
 
 * Pech's fresco representing the triumphal procession of pope Martin. The 
 emperor Sigismund, himself on foot, leads the pope's horse. On the 12th of 
 Sept. 1871 the present emperor of Germany, seeing this fresco, exclaimed : 
 Das Erhe h ihe ich eintretcn mib-scn, aber die Ziigel halten wilrde ich nicht : '' I have 
 been forced to enter upon the inheritance, but I wonld not hold the bridle." — 
 {Kblnisciic Zeitung of Oct. 21, from the Constance paper.)
 
 PROFESSOR VON SCHULTE ON SUPREMACY. 29 
 
 under his successors Christianity became the state religion, and its 
 profession was enforced by laws of the state. The imperial edicts 
 did much to exalt the rank of the Roman bishop ; fictitious legends, 
 and later the pseudo-Isidorian decretals, &c., completed the work. 
 It is as easy to write anything you please on old parchment as on old 
 paper. When a pope required the Africans to submit to him on the 
 strength of the canons of an early council, they consulted authentic 
 copies of the acts of that council, and so detected the forgery.^ 
 Thus by degrees the church was organised as a political power. Since 
 the fourth century the clergy became a distinct order, invested with 
 many privileges, while the rights of the congregation were abolished. 
 Further, the rights which had belonged to the whole body of the 
 clergy were limited to a select portion of their number. To isolate 
 the clergy from the laity, men discovered that ecclesiastics are indis- 
 pensable mediators of salvation; a spii-it of caste spread abroad, 
 outward marks, as the tonsure, were devised to distinguish the 
 sacred order from the profane. The only layman who still reserved 
 rights to himself was the emperor, to whom the clergy conceded the 
 power of convening, dissolving and confirming councils, and of 
 ecclesiastical legislation. Because the church had become a political 
 engine, all mediaeval essays of reform had a social and political ten- 
 dency. In these last centuries also, Rome has upheld its power only 
 by a league with absolutism. Unless the idea of freedom in the sphere 
 of the state had dawned upon princes and peoples, our reformation 
 would have been crushed at the outset. As free, tintrammelled by 
 worldly alliances, our movement is not political, but religious. There- 
 fore no German state can be hostile to us, for we maintain the only 
 true principles of the relation between church and state. 
 
 Bishop Reinkens ^ was received with loud applause. M. de Pres- 
 sense says of him : " II a vraiment prononce le fiat lux de la reforma- 
 tion nouvelle, le verbe puissant qui deja, au seizieme siecle, a dissipe 
 tant de tenebres. Ce fiat lux, c'est le mot qu'entendit saint Augustin 
 dans son jardin de Milan: Tolle et lege, prends et lis." The bishop 
 said : Once more I declare that it is not my ofiice to thrust myself 
 between God and men, but rather to lead men to God. In 1414 the 
 council of Constance deposed three popes, and for more than two 
 years ruled the church without a pope. But the reforms of the 
 councils of Constance and Bale failed; and why.P The canonists 
 and theologians, instead of being full of the spirit of holy Scripture, 
 were entangled in the meshes of scholastic sophistry and of historical 
 forgeries. The Romish bishops and their clergy forbid the reading 
 of holy Scripture. In vain do they appeal for sanction of this pro- 
 hibition to the council of Trent, for that council simply declared one 
 Latin translation, viz. the Yulgate, as authentic, ^. e. as trustworthy, 
 
 ' See the history of the council of Carthage, a.d. 419. 
 
 2 The bishop's speech may be seen at length in the Kolnische Zeitung of 17th 
 September and in the Deutscher Merkur of 20th September, and will be trans- 
 lated into English.
 
 30 BISHOP REINKENS ON THE BIBLE. 
 
 and furtlier forbad any interpretation of Scripture contrary to tliat 
 which has always been received in the church, according to the una- 
 nimous testimony of the fathers. An essay of Cardinal Wiseman's 
 states Rome's motives for withholding the Scriptures from the faith- 
 ful. He says, " God has not commanded us to read the Bible ; " but 
 Christ says, Preach the gospel to every creature ; and what is the Bible 
 but the record of prophetic and apostolic teaching ? Do we suppose 
 that while the Jews and heathens of the first age could comprehend 
 the gospels and epistles, we Christians are incapable of sounding 
 their depths? If we are told that the pope alone has the key to 
 Scripture, what is to become of us when a pope, as is the case with 
 Pius IX., knows no syllable of Greek or of Hebrew ? Cardinal Wise- 
 man says, " God has not given to the church the instinct to circulate 
 the Scriptures." But in the first centuries no limit was placed upon 
 their use ; they were regarded as the common heirloom of Christians, 
 and translated into every tongue. Scripture is the reflexion of the 
 Sun of Righteousness, and we wiU not obscure His rays. The Old 
 Catholics committed to my charge hnow of no prohibition, no impedi- 
 ment in the way of reading the Bible. Rather I urge you all to read 
 it. The Apocalypse and the historical portions of the Old Testament 
 may be more adapted to learned study than to general use; but I 
 commend the great bulk of the New Testament to the diligent study 
 of all. The preaching of the apostles is a more immediate procla- 
 mation of the word than the preaching of the best of the popes. 
 Above all, the Lord's discourses should be constantly read; the 
 Sermon on the Mount speaks home to every believing heart. Wise- 
 man says, " Restrictions on the reading of the Bible are the safe- 
 guard of the church's unity." True, if you mean the unity of Rome. 
 You say that harmony will be disturbed. Yes, if you mean that 
 harmony which sets a triple crown on the pope's brow, which invests 
 the pope with the right to condemn mankind ; for Christ has said, 
 Judge not, that ije be not fudged. Holy Scripture is the Father's 
 open house ; let us enter in, and sit down at Christ's feet. Our soul 
 should turn to the divine book as the flower to the sun. Not from 
 curiosity, not to puzzle ourselves with debates of the schools, should 
 we read, but that we may draw ever nearer to God. Christ alone 
 has the words of eternal life. 
 
 The president then dismissed the assembly a few minutes before 
 
 7 P.M. 
 
 Monday, September 15th. — Many of the citizens and guests went 
 across the lake to Lindau to dine ; on the way, and during the hours 
 which we spent in Lindau, the weather was very fine, while violent 
 rain fell at Constance, to the delight of the ultramontane party. On 
 the way back a storm broke out, which shewed the wilder beauties of 
 the lake and its crown of hills. At Bregenz and Lindau guns were 
 fired, and the Lindau musical society greeted us with songs. The 
 freedom of access aff'orded by the trip brought strangers into closer 
 intercourse than had been possible during the congress.
 
 ENGLISH AND AMERICAN VISITORS. 31 
 
 Those who wish to help the Old Catholic cause may contribute 
 to the Old Catholic Fund of the Anglo-Continental Society, or to 
 the funds (1) in aid of students of theology ; (2) in aid of poor con- 
 gregations and of emeriti pastors, I have also been asked to plead 
 for the Theologisches Liter aturhlatt, published fortnightly at Bonn 
 by Professor Reusch. (D. Nutt 270 Strand, "Williams and Norgate, 
 Asher, Triibner, or any other foreign bookseller, will arrange for its 
 delivery by post.) I have taken it in from the commencement (in 
 1866), and can bear witness to the candour and learning by which it 
 has been distinguished from the first. The curse pronounced by 
 Rome upon its conductors has had the effect of reducing the number 
 of subscribers from 1100 to something under 400, and without aid 
 from abroad the rapturous prediction of the ultramontane Sand- 
 weiser of Miinster may be fulfilled, and one of the few represen- 
 tatives of theological learning may cease to adorn the press. Com- 
 munications respecting the reform may be addressed to the Cologne 
 committee (president, Ober-Regierungs-Rath WUlffing), or to the 
 Munich committee (president. Professor Cornelius) ; to Professors 
 V. Schulte, Reusch, Langen, Knoodt, of Bonn; Messmer, Friedrich, 
 Huber, of Munich; to the secretaries of the Anglo-Continental 
 Society; and probably also to any of the following American and 
 English guests at the congress : — 
 
 Bishop Doane, of Albany. 
 
 Assistant Bishop (elect) Lyman, of N. Carolina. 
 
 Dr. J. S. Howson, Dean of Chester, with his son. 
 
 The Rev. Robert J. Nevin, rector of St. Paul's American church 
 at Rome, 
 
 The Rev. William Chauncy Langdon (Foreign Secretary of the 
 Italian Church Reformation Committee of the American church, 
 now temporarily residing in Geneva), with his wife. 
 
 The Rev. Muehleisen Arnold, of Leyton, London E., with his wife 
 and family. 
 
 The Rev. George E. Broade, British Chaplain at Diisseldorf. 
 
 Dr. Heidenheim, British Chaplain at Zurich, editor of the 
 Quarterly Journal (Germ. Eng.) of Theology. 
 
 The Rev. C. F. Lowder. 
 
 The Rev. John Hunt, with his wife. 
 
 Professor Mayor, St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 J. Lowry Whittle, Esq., an Old Catholic Irish barrister, author of 
 * Catholicism and the Vatican ' and other works. 
 
 Messrs. Carmichael, Oxford ; Willington, with his family ; 
 Wilshere. 
 
 Many laymen of distinction and ladies attended the meetings, but 
 it is difficult, in a moderate compass, to make foreign titles intelli- 
 gible. I therefore confine my list of continental members to profes- 
 sors and pastors. 
 
 Bishop Reinkens. 
 
 Professors v. Schulte, Reusch, Knoodt, Langen, Ritter, Doutrele-
 
 32 GERMAN MEMBERS — FRENCH AND RUSSIAN VISITORS. 
 
 pont, of Bonn; Messmer, Huber, Cornelius and Friedricli, of 
 Munich; Miclielis, of Braunsberg (now pastor of Ziiricli); Lutter- 
 beck andWiUbrand, of Giessen; Ernenwein, of Wiirzburg ; Weiss- 
 liaupt, of Kempten ; Holtzmann (protestant), of Heidelberg ; Stabl, 
 of Mannheim; Weber, of Breslau ; Schmid, of Rothweil; Charles 
 Secretan^ Dr. jur. Brecker, of Christiania. 
 
 Pastors,— Thlirlings, of Kempten; Herzog, of Olten; Kaminski, 
 of Kattowitz ; Hassler, Klihn, Duren, Prof. Hort, Renftle; Gschwind, 
 of Starrkirch; Rol, of Utrecht ; van Ylooten, of Amersf oort ; Bernus, 
 of Oi-mont-Dessus ; Hoffmann, of Essen ; Hosemann, of Constance ; 
 Santen, sub-deacon of Utrecht ; L. Thomas, of Cologny ^ ; Tatschaloff 
 (Russian), of Wiesbaden. 
 
 Abbe Michaud and M. de Pressense (protestant), of Paris ; Abbes 
 Loyson (Hyacinthe) and Chavard, of Geneva ; M. Wallon, of Nanci ; 
 Archpriest Wassiljeff, of St. Petersburg, with the Russian colonel 
 von Kirejeff. 
 
 The Journal de Geneve of 16th September gives an excellent 
 sketch of the two principal leaders of the movement. (I may 
 premise that a large and admirable photograph of Bishop Reinkens 
 may be had, price 7s. 6d., of the bookseller Meek in Constance ; or 
 through Nutt, Williams and Norgate, Asher, &c., London.) The 
 smaller photographs do scanty justice to the calm dignity and 
 simplicity of the man. It is hoped that in a short time a card may 
 be published containing photographs of all the chief reformers. 
 
 " Voici Reinkens qui entre ; taille moyenne et bien jDrise, une tete 
 de toute beaute, cheveux boucles, les yeux bleus, la bouche fine sans 
 durete, physionomie douce sans moUesse, un air d'autorite qui 
 impose et qui attire en meme temps. Chacun se range sur son passage, 
 et quoique la reunion soit familiere, on ne se permet avec lui aucune 
 familiarite. C'est un eveque, et on lui temoigne d'autant plus de 
 respect que ses titres ne sont pas encore reconnus officiellement ; il 
 est eveque par le choix de I'eglise, c'est le veritable episcopat." 
 [Bishop Reinkens refused to receive from his flock the vow of 
 obedience, because that vow had been degraded by the Vatican into 
 an instrument of slavery ; he asked instead for a promise of Liehe 
 und Verelirung, *' love and reverence " ; and every witness of the con- 
 gress will testify that the promise has been kept ; in a thousand 
 simple and unobtrusive ways the loyal affection of the people to " the 
 bishop" (for they seldom named him otherwise than by his title) 
 shewed itself.] 
 
 " Voici maintenant le professeur et docteur de Schulte, le plus 
 illustre canoniste de I'Allemagne. Autrefois professeur a Prague 
 il f ut charge par I'empereur d'Autriche de se rendre a Rome pour 
 faire modifier certains clauses du dernier concordat, que la cour de 
 Vienne elle-meme trouvait un peu trop dures, et il reussit dans sa 
 
 ' Named in the Journal de Geneve (I believe protestants).
 
 PROFESSOR mayor's ADDRESSES. 33 
 
 mission malgre le cardinal Antonelli.^ Jadis nltramontainfonguenx [?], 
 il a conteste au pape le droit de f aire de nouveanx dogmes, et depuis le 
 syllabus il est entre dans le mouvement. Le gonvernement prnssien 
 
 I'a appele a Bonn Figure pleine, coloree, intelligente, il sait 
 
 couper court aux discussions oiseuses, quelquefois meme aux autres, 
 quand elles lui paraissent dangereuses. En tout cas, il n'est pas 
 pour aller vite, et ses habitudes ultramontaines d'autref ois ne I'ont pas 
 entierement abandonne [?]. Tete cliauve, barbe taillee a la Grant, 
 grisonnante, tres-myope et portant de fortes lunettes en ecailles; 
 environ 55^ ans." 
 
 One more picture of a pastor who has held his ground in his 
 parish in defiance of the pope. "Get homme fort et vigoureux, 
 c'est Renftle de Mering. II y a du Luther dans ses manieres. II 
 faut I'entendre raconter son histoire avec le journal ultramontain 
 de Rorschach, et comme quoi la feuille catholique, obligee d'inserer 
 une retractation, I'a imprimee en tout petits caracteres et a neglige de 
 passer le cylindre a encre sur la colonne ou se trouvait le desaveu, 
 de maniere a empecher ses abonnes de lire les lignes effacees : ' Oh ! 
 pour 9a,' dit-il, * on pent leur pardonner ; c'est trop dans leur tem- 
 perament.' " 
 
 Appendix referred to above, p. 22. Several of those who were pre- 
 sent desired to have a copy of what I said in the Lutheran church ; 
 as the first words spoken by an Englishman in a church at Constance 
 since the Reformation, they may have an interest for others. 
 John xvii. 11, 2nd half. 
 
 In der Offenbarung Johannis spricht der heil. Seher liber Nie- 
 manden ein strengeres Wort aus, als iiber die Lauen : " Ach dass du 
 kalt oder warm warest ; weil du aber lau bist, und weder kalt noch 
 warm, werde ich dich ausspeien aus meinem Munde." Ebenso der- 
 jenige Dichter, der in kiihnem Fluge Himmel, HoUe und Fegefeuer 
 besuchte, der sich ja anmasste sogar Unfehlbare dem ewigen Banne 
 zu ilberliefern. Den Neutralen namlich, den Indifferenten, den 
 Gleichgultigen weist Dante in seinem geheimnissvollen Reiche den 
 
 * [Schulte did not go to Rome ; the plan was abandoned at Vienna. — Pkof. 
 Reusch.] In an interesting meeting held on Oct. 11 at Dortmund, in his native 
 country Westphalia, Prof. v. Schulte said : formerly he had been regarded 
 as a pillar of ultramontanism ; probably no man was more f^ted than he, when 
 he entered an episcopal town ; probably few men living could shew more 
 autograph letters from Pius IX. Few men also had suffered so much pain 
 on account of the conflict which had broken out in the church since 1869. 
 Trouble at the course adopted in spite of continual warnings had robbed 
 him of sleep for the greater number of the nights during the Vatican Council. 
 It Lad cost him a severe struggle to be true to his convictions, and to take up 
 his present position ; he had done so only from love to his church and from the 
 belief that the road on which she was entering must lead to her utter ruin.— ■ 
 {Kolnische Zeitung of 13 Oct.) 
 
 ^ [45. — Prof. Reusch.] 
 
 C
 
 34 PROFESSOR mayor's ADDRESSES. 
 
 allertraurigsten Aufenthalt an. Nun, so woUen denn wir eurem 
 muthigen Kampfe niclit etwa als kalte und miissige Zuscliauer bei- 
 wolinen, sondern vielmehr ancli unser Scherflein in den Schatz eures 
 Heiligbhumes werfen. Unsere Yergangenheit insbesondere, die Ge- 
 schichte unseres Yolkes und nnserer Kirche, konnte eucli in mancber 
 Hinsicbt als warnendes oder aucb als ermutbigendes Beispiel vor- 
 leucbten. Icb scblage das Bucb Bedas des ebrw. auf , wo es gescbrieben 
 stebt \ wie der papstlicbe Gesandte, der beil. Augustinus, der altbriti- 
 scben Kircbe die Herrscbaft Roms anfbiirden woUte. Was baben denn 
 unsere Yorf abren getban ? Sie baben sicb ein Zeicben gewablt, ein 
 Zeicben des ecbten Obristen. Blieb etwa der Fremde sitzen, als sie 
 eintraten, so konnte er unmoglicb dessen Jiinger sein, der nicbt 
 gekommen ist, dass er sicb dienen lasse, sondern dass er diene. So 
 ist es bei uns stets fortgegangen. Es wacbsen von Jabr zu Jabr die 
 papstlicben Anspriicbe und die Ungeduld des Yolkes. Man mag 
 wiiblen wo man will unter dem Staub unserer Arcbive ; iiberall findet 
 man in tbeologiscben und bistoriscben Scbriften, und vorziiglicb in 
 unseren Gesetzen, dieselbe Auflebnung des freien,forscbenden Geistes 
 gegen das Macbtwort eines geistlicben Despotismus. Seit uralten 
 Zeiten baben die Konige unserer Literatur die langen Hande ibrer 
 Rede binausgestreckt, um zum gemeinsamen Kampfe aufzufordern. 
 Aucb nacb Konstanz : denn Jobann Hus bat ja sein Licbt an der 
 Fackel Wickliffe's angeziindet. So ist aucb seit der Reformation 
 der Streit nocb immer fortgesetzt worden: einerseits jesuitiscbe 
 Yerscbworungen, andererseits friedlicbe Weltpriester, die fiir diese 
 Yerscbworungen mit ibrem Blute biissen mussten. 
 
 Heutzutage ertont wieder aucb bei uns der Ruf : Wir woUen uns 
 nicbt mebr unter einander anf einden. Friedlicb woUen wir zusam- 
 men leben im weiten Temp el des Yaters. Jeder leiste das Seinige. Es 
 soil zwar die Kircbe Ein Leib sein und Bine Seele ; aber in diesem 
 Einen Leibe befinden sicb mancberlei Glieder, und jedes Glied bat 
 
 1 See hist. ecd. ii. 2, whicb reads like a propbecy of the entire course of 
 Koine's dealings with England. Augustine, when requiring the submission 
 of the British bishops, challenges them to work a miracle. Still unconvinced, 
 they seek counsel of a holy hermit, whether they ought to forsake their own 
 traditions. ' If he be a man of God, follow him.' ' How can we test that ? ' 
 ' The Lord said : Take My yoke upon you, and learn of Me, for I am meek and 
 lowly in heart. If then that Augustine of whom you speak is meek and lowly 
 in heart, it is credible that he both himself bears Christ's yoke and offers it to 
 you to bear ; but if he be ungentle and proud, it is plain that he is not of God, 
 and we need not heed his words.' ' How are we to discover this also ? ' ' Arrange 
 it so, that he and his may come first to the place of the synod ; if then he rises at 
 your approach, knowing that he is Christ's servant, hear him with all obedience ; 
 but if he shall slight you, and be unwilling to rise before you, though you 
 are more in number, then let him in his turn be slighted by you.' When they 
 came in, Augustine remained seated, and they, acting on the hermit's instruc- 
 tions, charged him with haughtiness, and refused to receive him as their arch- 
 bishop : * If even now he scorned to rise to receive us, how much more will he 
 set us at naught, if we begin to submit to him.' On which Augustine, in 
 true papal style, threatened them with war and destruction from their enemies, 
 as they had rejected peace at their brethren's hands.
 
 PROFESSOE mayoe's addeesses. 35 
 
 sein eigenes Amt. Nur greife nicht der Eine in des Anderen Rechte 
 und Wirkungskreis storend ein; sondern bieten wir uns vielmelir 
 gegenseitig die Bruderliand, wie ja eurem Hiis nnser Wickliffe zum 
 Vorbild geworden ist. 
 
 Noch Ein Bild aus unserer GescMclite. Als der gewaltige Yolks- 
 redner Latimer anf dem Scheiterlianfen stand, und sclion die Flam- 
 men aufioderten, so rief er in prophetischer Erhebung dem Ridley 
 sterbend zii : " Fiircbte dich nicht, Bruder Ridley ; sei guten Mutbes ; 
 wir z linden beute in England ein Licbt an, das mit Gottes HiiKe nie 
 wieder erloschen soil." 
 
 So rufen denn aucb wir euch beute zu, Martyrer der Wabrbeit und 
 der Liebe : " Seid guten Mutbes, Bruder aus der Feme : es leucbte 
 euer Licbt vor den Menscben, dass sie den Vater des Licbtes preisen 
 mogen in alle Ewigkeit." Das walte Gott. 
 
 We of tbe motber and daughter cburcbes of tbe English tongue 
 need no words to prove to us tbe beauty and tbe worth of unity. 
 What we have seen with our eyes, what we have beard with our ears, 
 in this distant town, proves that freedom and law may live together 
 in perfect peace in tbe bosom of one and tbe same church. Follow 
 out that lesson, and you will have one flock under one Shepherd, wide 
 as mankind, lasting as eternity. Already, a thousand years ago, 
 Constance was bound to England by tbe links of Christian love ; to 
 Britain Constance owed, if not tbe first entrance of Christian truth, 
 yet at least some of its earliest teachers ; to this hour one ^ of its 
 " God's acres," or " courts of peace," one of its graveyards, bears tbe 
 Scottish name. 
 
 We have long looked to German Christians for guidance in study ; 
 we must now confess that many another charisma, wisdom, patience, 
 charity, flourish here to a degree that puts us to shame. Consider 
 this very service, held indeed in an evangelical church ; but the 
 church of tbe Old Catholics was also open to our use, and our alms 
 will serve for the support of Old Catholic students of theology. 
 This is something new, big with larger promise. May the Father of 
 all, who has brought us together thus far, complete the work begun, 
 and make of us unwearied fellow-labourers in His vineyard. 
 
 ^ Friedhof zu den Schotten near the Schottenstrasse. Robert Hallum, bishop 
 of Salisbury, died at the council of Constance 4th September 1417; his 
 gravestone may be seen to this day in the minster.
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY WltLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET 
 
 AND CHARING CROSS.
 
 ,^^:- 
 
 ^;^^^