DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 
 GEOUWt 
 
 55lL3 Af&h&L 
 
 ibh-a-utt of 
 
 /7/W'i 1<J //(?//■) t;ia/ f Lt(/tii>et:Vfy, 
 
 Books are Not to be Taken From the Library Room. 
 
Return this book on or before the 
 Latest Date stamped below. 
 
 GEOLOGY LIBRARY 
 
 University of Illinois Library 
 
 A p * < fift 
 
 
 
 DEC1 
 
 3|974 
 
 
 MAR1 
 
 4 
 
 MAY^ T 
 
 S 1976 
 
 at 
 t 
 
 977 
 
 
 
 
 ONLY 
 
 L161— H41 
 
WAR department. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE 
 
 CARROLL, MONTANA TERRITORY, ON THE UPPER MISSOURI, 
 
 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, AND RETURN, 
 
 THE SUMMER OF 1875 
 
 WILLIAM LUDLOW, 
 
 CAPTAIN OF ENGINEERS, BREVET LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, U. S. ARMY, 
 
 CHIEF ENGINEER DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1 8 7 C. 
 

55-7- 
 
 0*™ ^" 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ra R e. 
 
 Letters of transmittal •- 5 
 
 General report 7 
 
 Orders 10 
 
 Composition of tlie party and instruments employed ■- 10 
 
 Saint Paul to Carroll via Northern Pacific Railroad and Missouri River 10 
 
 Carroll to Camp Baker, Montana, via Carroll Road 13 
 
 Judith Basin 14 
 
 Camp Baker to Fort Ellis, Montana, via Bridger Pass 15 
 
 Fort Ellis to the National Park 17 
 
 Mammoth Hot Springs 18 
 
 Yellowstone Falls 21 
 
 Yellowstone Lake 24 
 
 Tho Geysers 25 
 
 Upper Geyser Basin 2G 
 
 Return to Ellis 29 
 
 Ellis to Carroll 31 
 
 Trip to the Little Rocky Mountains - 33 
 
 Return to Saint Paul 35 
 
 Remarks and recommendations with reference to tho Yellowstone Park 35 
 
 Legal euactnients establishing the park 37 
 
 Astronomical observations for time and latitude at Carroll, Camp Lewis, and Camp Baker 38 
 
 Summary table of daily instrumental observations, with deduced altitudes, latitude, and longitude of each camp, 
 
 and of the Montana posts, distances traveled, &.0 52 
 
 Table of Missouri River distances from Benton to Bismarck, from survoy by Liout. F. V. Greene, United States 
 
 Engineers, under direction of Capt. William J. Twining, Corps of Engineers 53 
 
 Report of Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infautry, United States Army 55 
 
 Trip to the Judith Basin - 55 
 
 Trip from Carroll to Ellis, via Yellowstone River 50 
 
 Zoological report, by George Bird Griunell 59 
 
 Chapter I — Mammals 03 
 
 Chapter II— Birds 72 
 
 Partial list of mammals and birds 90 
 
 Geological report, by Edward S. Dana and George Bird Griunell 93 
 
 Preliminary remarks on the alluvial deposits of the Upper Missouri River 97 
 
 From Carroll to Box Elder Creek 99 
 
 Judith Mountains 103 
 
 From Box Elder to Camp Lewis 107 
 
 Camp Lewis to tho Judith Gap 109 
 
 Snow Mountains 109 
 
 Little Belt Mountains i HO 
 
 Judith Gap to tho Musselshell Canon »j| HI 
 
 Musselshell Canon to Camp Baker 113 
 
 Camp Baker 115 
 
 Camp Baker to Fort Ellis 117 
 
 Bridger Mountains H8 
 
 From the Bridger Mountains to the Forks of tho Mussellsbell l'-'l 
 
 From Armells Creek to tho mouth of the Judith 1 -' I 
 
 Little Rocky Mountains 1'-' 
 
 The Geysers of tho Yellowstone Park - 130 
 
 General conclusions '■'-' 
 
 Distribution of formations l ;i - 
 
 Period of mountain-elevation 137 
 
 Description of new fossils, by R. P. Whitfield 139 
 
 MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 General map of the reconnaissance, scalo 1 iuch=12 miles ; at end of volume. 
 
 Map of tho Judith Basin, scale 1 iuch=G miles ; to faco 1 ' 
 
 Map of tho Upper Geyser Basin, scale 1 ineh=500 feet ; to face 26 
 
 Two plates of new species of fossils; at end of descriptions of now fossils. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/reportofreconnaiOOuni 
 
LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Office of the Chief of Engineers, 
 
 Washington, D. C, July 21, 1870. 
 Sib: Capt. William Ludlow, Corps of Engineers, Chief Engineer Department of Dakota, has 
 submitted to this office a copy of the report of his reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana Territory, 
 on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and return, made in the summer of 1875. 
 It embraces the reports of reconnaissances by Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, and scientific 
 reports by Messrs. George Bird Griunell, Edward S. Dana, and It. P. Whitfield. 
 
 I have respectfully to recommend that the report bo printed at the Government Priutiug- 
 Office, and that 1,500 copies be furnished on the usual requisition. 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 A. A. Humphreys, 
 Brig. Gen. and Chief of Engineers 
 Don. J. D. Camebon, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 Approved by the Secretary of War : 
 
 II. T. Crosby, 
 
 Chief Clerk. 
 War Department, July 21, 1870. 
 
 Headquarters Department of Dakota, 
 
 Office of the Ciiief Engineer, 
 
 Saint Paul, Minn., March 1, 1S7C. 
 Sir: I have the honor to forward herewith a copy of my report of the reconnaissance of last 
 summer from Carroll, Mont., over the Carroll road, to Camp Baker, Mont., thence to Fort Ellis, 
 Mout., including a brief tour through the Yellowstone National Park, and the return journey to 
 Carroll. Accompanying my report, for incorporation therewith, are those of Messrs. Griunell and 
 Dana, which will be found both interesting and valuable. 
 
 A map of the reconnaissance is presented, which shows the authorities used, iu addition to my 
 own field-notes, which were made as complete as possible. Two sketches are added, one of the 
 Judith Basiu and the other of the Upper Geyser Basin, to be inserted iu the proper places iu the 
 report. 
 
 A set of astronomical observations at Carroll, Camp Lewis, and Camp Baker, three principal 
 points on the Carroll road, are furnished ; also a tabular statement of latitudes, longitudes, distances, 
 &c, and a list of distances on the Missouri Eiver, from a survey by the United States Boundary 
 Commission. The region included within the limits of the Yellowstone Park is, for its area, the 
 most interesting in the world. It is situated at the very heart of the eoutiueut, where the hidden 
 pulses can, as it were, be seen and felt to beat, and the closely-written geological pages constitute 
 a book which, being interpreted, will expose many of the mysterious operations of nature. My 
 own interest in this laud of wonder is so keen as to lead me agaiu to hope that it will be protected 
 from the vandalism from which it has already suffered, and that the suggestion of an accurate 
 topographical and geological survey, to complete the work so well inaugurated by Professor Hay den, 
 may be made the subject of favorable consideration and recommendation by the Chief of Engineers. 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Wllliaiu Ludlow, 
 
 Captain ofEngineei .v. 
 The Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., 
 
 Washington, I). C. 
 
RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 GENERAL REPORT. 
 
GENERAL REPORT 
 
 Headquarters Department op Dakota, 
 
 Office of Chief Engineer, 
 
 Saint Paul, Minn., February 1, 187G. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith my report of the reconnaissance from Carroll, Mont., 
 to Camp Baker, thence to Fort Ellis anil the Yellowstone National Park, made during the months 
 of July, August, and September, 3.875, in accordance with the instructions given in Special Orders 
 No. 110, dated Headquarters Department of Dakota, Saiut Paul, Minn., June 14, 1875. 
 
 My report includes those of Mr. George Bird Grinnell on the paleontology and zoology and of 
 Mr. Edward S. Dana on the geology of the region traversed. These reports will be found highly 
 interesting and valuable. Drawings of fossils collected by Mr. Grinnell form a portion of his report. 
 
 Lieut. R. E. Thompson's report of the trip to the Judith Basin, and of the return from Carroll to 
 Ellis, are also submitted; Lieutenant Thompson's topographical work having been incorporated in 
 the general map. 
 
 A map of the route pursued is presented on a scale of six miles to the inch, and a tabular 
 statement is appended to the report, giving the astronomically-determined positions of important 
 points, tables of distance, instrumental observations, &c. 
 
 The determinations of Forts Shaw and Ellis are those of Lieut. F. V. Greene, Corps of Engi- 
 neers, who was at those posts last summer on duty connected with the United States Boundary 
 Commission. His labors obviated the necessity for my going to Fort Shaw (which would have 
 consumed some valuable time), and also saved me additional delay at Fort Ellis, at which place, 
 out of sis days I speut there, rain fell continuously for five. 
 
 The position of Fort Benton and the map of the Missouri Biver below that post are from the 
 survey of the same officer, under direction of Capt. William J. Twining, Corps of Engineers, chief 
 astronomer of the Boundary Commission, who with his party descended the river from Benton to 
 Bismarck in Mackinac boats, at the close of the season's operations in 1874, carefully mapping it, 
 and establishing almost daily astronomical statious. The river distances determined by this survey 
 show an enormous reduction from the crude and exaggerated estimates given in existing tables, 
 and which have heretofore been accepted as fair approximations. Above Benton, the river is from 
 the various published authorities collated, and as far as possible reconciled. 
 
 The topography adjoining the route is from the field-notes of the reconnaissance. 
 
 Sketches of the Judith and Upper Geyser Basins are given in the body of the report, also from 
 field-notes. 
 
 The general topography of the Yellowstone Park is mainly taken from the published maps of 
 Dr. Haydeu and Captain Jones; using, however, my own latitudes wherever good observations were 
 taken. This, however, was but seldom, since showers fell every day but one that we were in the 
 park, and the nights were almost invariably cloudy. 
 
 Inasmuch as no one who has seen this interesting region can fail to be deeply solicitous for its 
 care and preservation, I am impelled to express a hope for favorable cousideratiou from the depart- 
 ment commander of the remarks and suggestions in relation thereto. 
 
10 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 I left Saint Paul ou the evening of June 30, iu obedience to Special Orders No. 110, series of 1875, 
 De >art ure from ft' otu lieadquartcrs Department of Dakota, and proceeded, via the Northern Pacific 
 Saint Paul. Railroad, to Bismarck, its western terminus, ou the Missouri River. 
 
 [Special Orders No. 110.] 
 
 Headquarters Department of Dakota, 
 
 Saint raid, Minn., June 14, 1875. 
 Capt. William Ludlow, chief eugiueer of tbe department, will, on July 1 proximo, proceed, via the Northern Pacific 
 Railroad and the Missouri River, to Carroll, Mont., and make a reconnaissance of the route from 
 that place to Camp Baker. Having completed this duty, he will proceed to the several posts in 
 the district of Montana, and determine their latitudes and longitudes. He will also, if time permits, make a recon- 
 naissance from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone Park. Captain Ludlow is authorized to take with him his assistant and 
 the enlisted men of engineers under his command. He is also authorized to take with him a geologist and such other 
 scientific gentlemen, not exceeding four in all, as may desire to accompany his party. The commanding officer of the 
 District of Montana will furnish escorts to Captain Ludlow from point to point, wherever, in his judgment, it may be 
 necessary, sending a party to Carroll for that purpose ; the transportation being sufficieut to furnish one wagon, one 
 ambulance, and five saddle-horses for use of Captain Ludlow's party. 
 By command of Brigadier-General Terry: 
 
 O. D. Greene, 
 Assistant Adjutant-General. 
 [Special Orders No. 127.] 
 
 Headquarters Department of Dakota, 
 
 Saint Paul, Minn., July 7, 1875. 
 
 III. The Quartermaster's Department will employ one civilian guide and scout to accompany the 
 under Capt. William Ludlow, United States Engineers, authorized in Department Special Orders No. 110, current 
 scries. He will be paid at the rate of |75 per mouth for the time he is actually employed, and will be furnished with 
 transportation by steamboat for himself aud horse from Bismarck to Carroll and returu. The acting assistant qnarter- 
 m.ister at Fort Abraham Lincoln will take him up on his " Report of persons and atricles." 
 
 IV. Second Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth Infantry, will report to Capt. William Ludlow, Engineer Corps, for duty 
 as topographer, with the recounaissance under the latter-named officer, authorized by Special Orders No. 110, current 
 series, from these headquarters. 
 
 By command of Brigadier-General Terry : 
 
 O. D. Greene, 
 Assistant Adjutant-General. 
 
 My party consisted (beside my brother, Mr. Edwin Ludlow, of New York, and assistant, Mr. W. 
 com ositionofthe H - Wood) of Messrs. George Bird Grinnell and Edward S. Dana, both of Yale Ool- 
 i'»ny- lege, who had come out to Saint Paul upon my invitation for the purpose of join- 
 
 ing me. 
 
 These geutlemeu traveled at their own expense, receiving no compensation for their services ; and 
 Messrs. Gnnneii I cannot but consider myself extremely fortunate in having iuduced them to 
 ■"'id ^in-niilpen'rated accompany me as special assistants. Mr. Grinnell would report upon the paleon- 
 assistauts. tology aud zoology and Mr. Dana upon the geology of the country passed over. 
 
 The reports attest tbeir zeal aud industry, as well as tbe fullness of their qualifications for, and 
 conscientious devotion to, their voluntarily-assumed tasks. 
 
 Special Orders No. 121 directed my detachment of engineer soldiers, consisting of Sergeants 
 Becker and Wilson aud five men, to report to me at Carroll for surveying purposes. 
 
 At Bismarck, the party was increased by the addition to it of Lieut. R. E. Thompson, Sixth In- 
 ueutenantThomp- fan try, who was to accompany it as topographer aud general assistant, and of 
 n.is"a!uied 1 'to I: tfi'e Charles Reynolds, a well-known frontiersman, who was to act as guide and hunter 
 ''■" lv - for the expedition. 
 
 The instruments taken on the trip were a small Wurdemann transit-theodolite, No. 94 ; a Spencer 
 Browning & Co.'s sextaut, No. 6o3G ; a Gam bay & Son reflecting-circle, No. 212; and 
 „i, I'lie're'i'oiHi'iiis- two chronometers, a meau solar of Arnold & Dent, No. 1362, and a sidereal of Bond 
 & Sons, No. 202. These instruments, with the exception of the circle, had been 
 used on the reconnaissance to the Black Hills of the previous seasou, aud were known to be good. 
 In addition were four odometers, two thermometers, two aneroid barometers, and an odometer-cart, 
 constructed for the purpose of measuring distances. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK. 11 
 
 The party, after three days' detention at Bismarck, embarked on the steamer Josephine the even- 
 ing of July 5, and sailed early on the morning of the Cth. Directions had been Leave Bismarck on 
 giveu Sergeant Becker to make a survey of the river while going up. This was tbe Jose P Wl,e ' 
 continued during the day; but as night fell, and the boat continued to run, it was found impossible 
 to take the necessary compass-bearings to points in advance. 
 
 Fort Stevenson, eighty-four miles from Bismarck, was reached at midnight. Here Lieutenant 
 Thompson and Reynolds landed for the purpose of procuring some necessary Fort stevenson, 
 articles, intending to join the boat again at Fort Berthold, which, although twenty- Djk ' 
 five miles above Stevenson by water, is only seven or eight miles by land. 
 
 July 7. — At 5 a. m., the boat reached Berthold, and stopped for two hours to land some freight, 
 and Lieutenant Thompson and Reynolds again came on board. Berthold is the port Berthold 
 
 agency for the combined tribes of Rees, Gros Ventres, and Mandans, who occupy 
 in commou a village built on the north bank of the river, surrounding an old stockade of the North- 
 western Fur Company, which had formerly a trading-post here. At that early hour, the village was 
 still asleep, and a stroll through it resulted only in arousing the numerous Indian curs that with 
 snarls and threatening aspect resented the intrusion. 
 
 July 8. — Was hot and uneventful. Toward afternoon, the mosquitoes became more and more 
 troublesome, and at night forbade sleep. About 11 p. m., the boat was stopped for the purpose of 
 landiug Reynolds (who had his horse with him), and dispatching him in advance to Fort Buford, 
 with a note to the post-quartermaster for supplies and one to the post-surgeon. A member of the 
 party had been severely attacked with a disorder brought on by the heat and the effect of the river- 
 water, which it is injudicious for one unaccustomed to its use to indulge in freely. 
 
 July 9. — Arrived at Buford, three hundred miles above Bismarck, at 3 a. m. The surgeon, Dr. 
 Middletou, kindly came down at once and announced that the invalid was suffer- For tn„f rd Dak 
 ing from a sharp attack, and that it would be in a high degree dangerous for him 
 to proceed. I made preparations at once to go ashore and remain until the next succeeding boat, 
 which would pass in a week or ten days, should enable me to continue the journey. gto at Bnford 
 
 Meanwhile Lieutenant Thompson would be in charge of the party, and instruc- 
 tions were given him to proceed to Carroll and examine thoroughly the neighboring country. A 
 full opportunity would at the same time be afforded to determine the latitude and L i et ,t6nsntThoni 
 longitude of Carroll as a starting-point for the survey of the Carroll road, thence son and party go on 
 to Camp Baker, which might then be proceeded with immediately on my arrival. 
 
 July 15. — The Josephine returned to Buford from Carroll, having safely lauded the party, and 
 brought a note from Lieutenant Thompson to the effect that the Indians had been Newa from CarroU 
 very troublesome on the Carroll road, had run off a drove of forty mules belong- received at Buford. 
 ing to the Transportation Company, and had even boldly invaded Carroll and attempted to steal 
 horses from the picket-rope. 
 
 I received information also that three recruits of a large detachment which had recently gone 
 up the river, destined for Fort Shaw, had been killed in the immediate vicinity of Camp Lewis, sev- 
 enty-five miles out of Carroll. 
 
 Under the circumstances, and feeling some apprehension for the safety of the party, which had 
 an escort of ten men only, it was weary waiting at Buford for the next boat up, the arrival of which 
 was delayed from various causes, until I had nearly determined upon the overland trip of two hun- 
 dred and seventy-live miles to Carroll, dangerous as this would have been, on account of the activity 
 of the Indians and their large numbers in the vicinity of Fort Peck. However, the start ., s;lin ,„, tll „ 
 Key West at last arrived, on the morning of the 23d; and, hastily getting on K 'yw..-«i. 
 board, the journey was resumed. Wolf Point, the Assiniboine agency, was reached at 10 p. m. of 
 the 24th, and Fort Peck, the general up-river agency for the Sioux, on the evening of the 25th. 
 
 Peck, one hundred and eighty miles above Buford by water, stands on a narrow plateau of the 
 north bank of the river, almost overhung by the hills in rear. The buildings are 
 of logs, one story, and inclosed within a stockade. This agency is the most consid- 
 erable on the Missouri River. I was informed that from 8,000 to 10,000 people were fed there. 
 
 The distance to the hostile camps of Sitting Bull on the Yellowstone is not much in excess of 
 one hundred miles, and intercourse is easy and not infrequent. It seems more than probable that 
 
12 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 in order to make up the large number which it is claimed is furnished with food and clothing from 
 this agency, the Indians of the Yellowstone must be included, the attitude of whom is one of vigi- 
 lant and unvarying hostility to all white men. 
 
 July 26. — Left Fort Peck at 3 a. m. Up to this point, the character of the river and its valley 
 
 character of the appeared to be measurably unchanged, a broad, rapid, and turbid stream, about 
 nver - three feet deep in the channel, cutting into its banks at every turn, sandbars fre- 
 
 quently appearing in the muddy bed ; the valley heavily timbered with cottonwood, and well defined 
 by hills. Above Peck, the bed of the stream became more gravelly, the channel consequently more 
 stable, and the water somewhat clearer. The river narrowed to a width of from 150 to 300 yards; 
 the clay bluffs from 150 to 600 feet in height, more closely approached the banks, and became 
 exceedingly barren and unattractive, of dark-gray hue and ashen texture, with thin alkaline streaks 
 near the base. Small plates of selenite scattered over the surface glittered in the sun, and the 
 grass was exceedingly poor and scanty. As we advanced, small cedars appeared on the higher 
 elevations, and game became more abundant. Glimpses of deer half-concealed in the shrubbery were 
 frequently caught ; large bands of elk were seen in the timbered " points f and the shore of the river 
 was everywhere dotted with the footprints of wild animals. 
 
 Three buffalo crossed the river in advance of the boat. One was killed and hoisted on deck ; 
 some Indians who had come on board at Wolf Point greedily appropriating the refuse portions. 
 Just before sundown, a herd of seventy five or eighty buffalo were seen dashing down the left bank 
 
 a h.ni of l.uffaio iu eager pursuit of three iu advance, who had already entered the water and were 
 crossing the river. half-way across the stream. The herd at once plunged in, aud it was soon evident 
 that the boat would intercept them. They kept on, however; the calves, of which there were sev- 
 eral, swimming by the lower side of the cows, and all making strenuous efforts to overtake the 
 leaders, who had meanwhile climbed the opposite bank. The stupid animals only turned back 
 wheu the foremost actually struck the boat with their heads, and then, with bovine snorts and bel- 
 lowings, they heaped together and climbed upon each other in desperate fright, within a few feet 
 of us. It would have been butcliery to kill them, especially as we did not need the beef, and they 
 were allowed to escape uuhurt. 
 
 July 27. — Carroll was reached at 7 p. m. I found a note from Lieutenant Thompson to the effect 
 
 Carroll jiont t,iat tlie vicinity of Carroll had been examined and the necessary observations 
 
 taken ; aud, finding that forage and rations were becoming scarce, it had been 
 determined to proceed on the road toward Camp Baker in order to save delay. 
 
 A courier was dispatched to Camp Lewis for escort and transportation by Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Otis, assistant inspector-general of the department, who was en route to Helena, and we awaited 
 the reply. 
 
 Carroll is a frontier " town " of perhaps twenty or twenty-five log buildings, on the south bank of 
 the river, six hundred and forty miles above Bismarck and one hundred and sixty-five miles below 
 Fort Benton, the limit of navigation on the Upper Missouri. The town is situated on a timbered 
 plateau 15 or 20 feet above the level of the stream at low water, iu the river-valley, which is some 
 800 to 900 feet in depth, with steep clay slopes covered with pine. It owes its existence to its being 
 the terminus of the road recently opened from Helena, and the point at which freights are trans- 
 ferred to and from the boats. 
 
 Montana has long suffered from its isolation and from the want of an outlet for its productions. 
 Until the opening of the Carroll road, the only regular communication with the outer world was by 
 the road from Helena to Corinne, on the Union Pacific Railroad, a distance of over four hundred 
 
 The carruii route aI1(l &ft y miles. The distance from Helena to Carroll is more than two hundred 
 miles less than this, a difference which, to the heavy bull-trains averaging only 
 twelve or thirteen miles per day, represents a saving of fifteen or sixteen days in time. The Mis- 
 souri River as far up as Carroll is generally navigable for the flat-bottomed stern-wheel boats that 
 ply upon it until some time in October; and it is evident that by the aid of a connection at Bis- 
 marck with the Northern Pacific an important and valuable outlet for the wealth of the Territory 
 has been discovered, available from the opening of navigation in the spring until quite late in the 
 fall, a period of over five months. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 13 
 
 In addition to tbe encouragement to the industries of Montana, a largo saving can be made by 
 the Government in tbe cost of transporting its troops and supplies for tbe up-river and Montana posts 
 by tbe use of tbis route. These considerations, supported by tbe necessity for maintaining troops to 
 act as a check upon the lawlessness of tbe large number of Indians annually congregating in tbe 
 vicinity of Fort Peck, constitute an appeal to tbe Government to protect tbe road against forays by 
 tbe Indians, an obligation which is recognized in tbe distribution of troops along tbe line of tbe 
 road. At Camp Baker, fifty-two miles east of Helena, is a permanent garrison of Military posts on 
 two companies of infantry; at the forks of the Musselshell, fifty-six miles farther the Carro11 Ioad - 
 east, is a summer camp of two companies of infantry and one of cavalry ; at the Judith Gap, thirty 
 miles farther, is a detachment of eighteen or tweuty men ; and at Camp Lewis, thirty miles farther 
 and seventy-five miles out of Carroll, is another summer garrison of two companies of infantry, 
 from which a small detachment guards the stage-station at Box Elder, forty miles out of Carroll. 
 These posts can conveniently receive their supplies from Carroll. 
 
 If, in addition to the garrison at the forks of the Musselshell and Camp Lewis, a force of cavalry, 
 sufficiently large to patrol the road and push reconnaissances south and east, could gn „ e8tiona a9 t0 
 be established between Camp Lewis and the Judith Gap, — and in this range the th " "" "f^vair.v uu 
 
 1 L ' D the Carroll road. 
 
 requisites of wood, water, and grass are both excellent and abundant, — the route 
 
 could be made as permanently safe as any other highway, and such loss of property and life as 
 
 occurred last summer be prevented. The truth of the general proposition caunot, I 
 
 A ° L L ' Suggestions as to 
 
 think, be questioned that the settlements of Montana can best be protected by ti.e defense or the 
 troops removed from their immediate vicinity and pushed out toward tbe sources ments.' 
 whence hostile incursions are to be apprehended. 
 
 July 30. — The stage came in an early hour, bringing word from the commanding officer at Camp 
 Lewis that, much as he desired to do so, he had no transportation or men that he could possibly 
 send. Colonel Otis therefore hired such transportation as could be obtained in 
 Carroll ; and securing a few rifles and rounds of ammunition, we started soon after 
 midday, our escort beiug half a dozen unarmed recruits, en route to Shaw. 
 
 The road out of Carroll leads up a long sharp ridge to the west, constantly ascending, with many 
 turns, until an altitude of over nine hundred feet above the " town " is attained ; the view thence 
 was wide and varied. Up and down the river, the valley, sinuous and green, its steep slopes scored 
 by deep ravines, could be traced for many miles. Bordering that, the tumbled Bad Lauds on the 
 south bank and the yellow prairie on the north, and in tbe distance the various ranges of mount- 
 ains in detached groups— tbe Bear's Paw, seventy miles to the north and west ; the Little Rockies, 
 thirty miles north ; the Judith Mountains, forty miles south and west ; with the Great and Little 
 Moccasins close by, and the Snowies beyond. 
 
 The road at first traversed a rolling, sterile prairie, gradually descending. Camp was made on 
 Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles from Carroll, and in what are called the Bad Lands, which 
 extend out from Carroll for over thirty miles. The landscape is dreary to the last 
 degree, with rolling and broken outlines. The soil throughout the region is a a "™' 9es Torres. 
 
 finely-ground clay of dark ashen hue and texture and irregularly striped by dirty alkaline streaks. 
 In tbe absence of rain, it is dry and dusty; but thoroughly wetted, it becomes a Cmp on Little 
 greasy, slippery, fathomless mass of clinging mud, through which the straining Crooked Creek - 
 animals can hardly drag the heavily-weighted wheels. Wood is almost entirely wanting ; water 
 is very scarce, and when found is alkaline and tepid. The vegetation is sage and cactus, with 
 occasionally a little thin, poor grass. Near camp two trains were encountered going in to Carroll ; 
 they halted for the night two or three miles behind us. 
 
 July 31. — Camp was broken early, and the journey resumed through the same enlivening scenery 
 for twenty miles, crossing Crooked Creek, a sluggish alkaline stream, deeply cut into the dark-gray 
 clay (where the sight of a party of mounted Indians some miles away disturbed our lunch and 
 started us on the road), to where the bounds of the Bad Lands were reached, and the road 
 ascended upon high rolling prairie, over which a push of seven miles led into the valley of Box 
 Elder Creek. This is a stage-station, forty miles from Carroll, where a guard of 
 four soldiers is maintained from Lewis. The halting-place is marked by a log tb^mSS 
 cabin standing on the bank of tbe creek, a small stream of swift-flowing water, ro " 
 
14 RECONNAISSANCE FEOM CAREOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 which has its source in the slopes of the Judith Mouutaius. During the clay, two or three single 
 buffalo were seen, and antelope had appeared from time to time since leaving Carroll. 
 
 August 1. — The road led in a general southwest direction along the northern foot-hills of the 
 mountains, which were eight to ten miles distant, rising steep and wooded to the height of some 
 2,000 feet. The road was good, although somewhat hilly, the grass fair, and the creeks, several 
 of which we crossed, were all bright little streams of good water. As we advanced, the mountains 
 began to define themselves. The Little and Greater Moccasins separated from the Judith and from 
 each other, between them appearing the distant Highwoods, with patches of snow; the Snowies, 
 to the south, also snow-crowned; and, separating them from the Little Belt, could be seen the 
 depression which marks the Judith Gap. The road follows the western flank of the Judith, at the 
 southwest extremity of which, on the banks of Big Spring Creek, finally appeared the garrison-flag 
 Camp Lewis, on aua * ue white tents of Camp Lewis, thirty-five miles from Box Elder. The camp 
 MTOnty-fivf mi?e k s is situated in the level valley of the creek, the garrison consisting of two com- 
 lrom Oarroii. panies of the Seventh Infantry, Captain Browning commanding. The creek, the 
 
 main affluent of the Judith River, rises a few miles above Lewis, in a huge spring, from which the 
 stream emerges, full-grown, with a rapid, tumultuous current of ice-cold water, abounding with the 
 black-speckled mountain-trout. The course is northwest in a gravelly bed 15 or 20 feet wide and 
 1 to 2 feet deep. Wood has in a great measure to be hauled by the garrison from the mountains, 
 but the grass is rich and luxuriant. 
 
 August 2. — Lewis is the second stage-station on the Carroll road, seventy-five miles from the 
 "town." We lay over one day to rest the animals. 
 
 August 3. — Took the road again at an early hour, ascending upon a partly level and rolling 
 prairie fairly grassed over, where rapid progress, parallel to the Snowy Range, was made, crossing 
 several fine creeks which rise in the Snowies and flow north and west into the Judith River. 
 
 The Judith Basin, a sketch of which is given, opened to the north and west, showing a fine, 
 well-grassed, gently-rolling prairie, some fifty miles east and west and sixty miles 
 north and south, of irregular diamond- shape, and inclosing about 1,500 square 
 miles, from the borders of which rose, massive and detached, the encircling ranges, the Judith, 
 Snowy, Little Belt, and Highwoods. Throughout this elevated region (and more especially later 
 in the Yellowstone Park), we had daily occasion to observe the marked depth and clearness of the 
 coloring, owing, I presume, to the utter purity of the atmosphere; the colors of objects compara- 
 tively near by seemed to possess an unsurpassable richness and reality, and even on distant mount- 
 ains, seventy-five or eighty miles away, while the colors were necessarily blended and their details 
 lost, they exhibited a wonderful transparency and distinctness, undi named by the haze and vague- 
 ness which usually obscure such distant objects. It is this quality of the atmos- 
 phere that furnishes the chief beauty of the Judith Basin, which can hardly be 
 termed a mountainous country, although the various ranges grouped about it, and separated from 
 each other by broad intervals, form the principal feature of the landscape. Painted in a clear, 
 transparent purple upon the sky, and seeming hardly to rest upon the yellow prairie which forms 
 so fine a contrast, they look like massive islands in the tawny ocean that rolls against them. 
 
 The basin will some clay be a great stock-raising, and, by the aid of irrigation, an agricultural 
 region. It has always been considered a flue hunting country, where game of all kinds could be 
 found, although we saw none, with the exception of a few antelope; the recent presence of the Crow 
 camp having driven it off. 
 
 At Ross's Fork of the Judith, near the gap, and twenty-seven miles from Lewis, we met Lieu- 
 tenant Thompson, who had come out from Baker with two spring-wagons to meet us. Camp was 
 made, with good grass and fair water ; wood scarce. 
 
 August i. — Pulled out at 6 a. in. The road led directly through the gap. From the southeast 
 extremity of the Little Belt Mountains rises a fine spring, flowing east at first, and then doubling- 
 back through the gap into Ross's Fork. 
 
 The gap is formed by a depression five or six miles in width between the timbered Snowy and 
 Belt Ranges. It constitutes the head of the Judith Basin ; to the south appearing 
 a broad, level stretch of prairie, sloping clown to the Musselshell, twenty or twenty- 
 five miles distant. The Crow T camp at the time we passed was said to be seven or eight miles to 
 

TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 15 
 
 the eastward, on the southern slope of the Snowies. We also heard that a tight had taken place 
 two uights before between the Crows and a party of Sioux, and that a war-party of one hundred 
 Sioux had passed subsequently through the gap, going northward. 
 
 Emerging from the gap, the road led west and south over a dry, sterile, and dusty prairie, in the 
 teeth of a blistering southwest gale, across lloppley's Hole and Haymaker's aud Daisy Dean Creeks, 
 iuto the valley of the Mussellshell, whose freshness and greenness and abundance of timber afforded 
 the strongest contrast to the country behind us. The hired teams were mortally weary, and had 
 beeu with the greatest difficulty urged all day against the strong, hot wind. Released from har- 
 ness, they ran to the bank aud leaped bodily iuto the stream, thrusting their muz- C amp on Muaaoi. 
 zles deep into the cool water with great contentment. The river is twenty-five or anellKlver ' 
 thirty feet wide, aud on the average seveu or eight inches deep, of clear, rapid flow, over a gravelly 
 bottom ; the valley level, wide, fertile, aud richly grassed, with heavy clumps of timber on the low 
 banks of the stream. 
 
 August 5. — Made au early start, and at two or three miles from camp came to the " forks" of the 
 Musselshell, where the north aud south branches unite. Here a ranchman had Fwk3 of the Mas- 
 established himself, raising cattle, aud, by means of an irrigating-ditch, cultivating scllslKl1 - 
 some seventy-five or eighty acres in oats aud wheat. Throughout Montana, owing to the very thor- 
 ough drainage, the general altitude above the sea, and the prevailing dryness of the atmosphere, 
 irrigation is essential to successful agriculture. 
 
 A stage-statiou of the Carroll road is made at this rauch, sixty-five miles from Lewis and fifty- 
 six miles from Baker. 
 
 The road followed west aud north up the North Fork, passing through a rocky, wooded canon of 
 considerable beauty. Here the road, overlooking the stream, whose windings it North Fork of the 
 followed, and deeply shaded by pines, made a very agreeable drive, the more so M » 8ael8lieI1 - 
 that we were now beyond any danger from Indians. Emerging from the canon, the road led west 
 and south over a high, rolliug, aud hilly prairie. At the foot of a long dowu-grade lay Copperop- 
 olis, which was found to cousist of a miuiug-shaft and a deserted shanty. The North Fork of Deep 
 North Fork of Deep Creek was reached at 4 p. m. and camp made. The creek Creek - 
 abounded with trout, aud the wood, water, and grass were plenty aud good. 
 
 August 6. — The road led down the valley of Deep Creek west and south to Brewer's Springs, 
 where the luxuries of a hot bath, followed by a generous breakfast, were enjoyed. The waters well 
 up freely, strongly impregnated with sulphur, from several springs, with temperatures varying from 
 105° to 115° Fahrenheit. They are taken up in wooden pipes, aud introduced into Brewer's Hot sui- 
 the bathing-houses. The odor is at first unpleasant, but the water is soft and phurspnnga. 
 thoroughly delightful to the skin. The color is a milky, cloudy blue, and soft, delicate filaments 
 of sulphur adhere to the sides- of the bath and stream from the mouths of the supplying-tubes. A 
 small hotel has been built for the accommodation of visitors. At this point unite the two forks of 
 Deep Creek, which, bearing the name of Smith's River, flows here north aud west past Camp Baker 
 to join the Missouri. The Carroll road bifurcates, one branch going west over the Bifurcation of the 
 mountains, the other following the rich and fertile river- valley, which supports CarroUroad. 
 thousands of cattle on its lush pasturage, until at sixteen aud three-fourths miles from the springs 
 the road reaches Camp Baker, where it deflects to the west, toward Helena. 
 
 The post is an irregular-looking cluster of buildiugs planted in the midst of a level aud stony 
 plain, surrounded by mountains, upon which frequent patches of snow appear. c Bakor Mout 
 An irrigating ditch brings a current of water through the garrison, but hardly 
 appears able to vivify the arid soil. The troops at Baker are two companies of the Seventh Infan- 
 try, Major Freeman commanding. I found here my party awaiting me, and without loss of time 
 made preparations for the trip to Ellis. The transportation and escort which had hitherto accom- 
 panied the party had returned to Ellis, and as the road to that point was considered comparatively 
 safe, a small force only was needed. 
 
 August 7. — Pulled out at 8 a. in., with transportation consisting of two six-mule teams and a 
 four-mule ambulance, with saddle-horses for the party, and a sergeant and two men for guard and 
 camp duty. There are two routes from Baker to Ellis : one, called the Duck Creek Tw0 ronte3 from 
 route, via the Missouri and Gallatin Valleys, is perfectly safe, being within the set- Baker t0 Fort Ellis - 
 
16 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 tlements, but several miles longer than the other, called the "outer" route, which, returniug nearly 
 to Brewer's Springs, goes up the South Fork of Deep Creek almost direct to Ellis, passing betweeu 
 the Crazy and Big Belt Mountains. From the springs south, the valley is at first broad and level 
 and heavily grassed, the creek flowing northward. Many antelope were seen grazing in the inead- 
 . q ows. Camp was made at 3.30 p. m. uear a fresh, cold spring issuing from the hill- 
 side ou the east bank of the creek. The locality is the ordinary halting-place, 
 twenty-seven miles out of Baker, and is called Moss Agate Springs. The grazing and water are 
 excellent, but the supply of wood is small. 
 
 August S. — Course continued nearly south up the valley. The creek gradually became smaller 
 and finally was dry. " Sixteen-mile Creek", a branch of the Missouri, flowing a strong currentwest 
 and south, was crossed eleven miles from camp, and the road beyond lay over a dry, yellow, gently- 
 undulating prairie, which farther ou grew more hilly, and became an interminable waste of sage- 
 brush. The antelope were numerous during the day. Cottonwood Creek, a small branch of Shield's 
 River, was crossed thirteen and a half miles from Sixteen-mile Creek. The water is pure and 
 camp <m branch of plenty, and the valley well supplied with cotton- wood trees. Continuing, the sage- 
 sbieida' Kivei-. brush still occupied the ground, and camp was finally made on a small creek flow- 
 
 ing east, the valley of which furnished au ample supply of excellent water and grass, and wood 
 sufficient for camping purposes. Bridger Pass appeared seven or eight miles south of us, and 
 Flathead Pass opened to the westward through the Big Belt Range. 
 
 August 9. — Pulled out at 6 a. m. The trail led into a broad valley, stretching eastward at the foot 
 of the mountains, richly grassed, intersected by several small streams, and affording the finest pas- 
 turage for three or four herds of cattle which were browsing iu the meadow. These had probably 
 been driven over the mountains from the Gallatin Valley for the summer. Crossing the valley 
 brought us to the foot hills of Bridger Pass, which, though much lower than the 
 neighboring mountains, still gave promise of an arduous climb for the heavy 
 wagons. A creek flows out of the pass, up the valley of which a road of fair grade could be easily 
 constructed. In the absence of this, the trail climbs several steep hills in succession, alternately 
 ascending and descending, but constantly rising, though with more than double the necessary labor, 
 until at the summit of a long, sloping hog-back, falling steeply on both sides, a preliminary divide 
 was reached, whence descent was made, following a small branch, into the valley of Brackett's 
 tt's creek Creek. This is a tributary of Shield's River, flowing eastward and separating the 
 group of mountains over which we had passed from the main range, the pass 
 through which still lay before us. Crossing the creek, the second ascent was found to be more 
 gradual and less severe than the former, although of about equal altitude. Reaching the second 
 summit, the descent began down the left bank of Bridger Creek, flowing southward. The peaks 
 to the west across the valley were lofty, varied in form, and from certain points 
 
 Bridger Mountains. " ■" ■ L 
 
 of view exceedingly fine. Huge patches of snow rested iu the more sheltered 
 places on their summits, and one could begin to realize the altitude of 10,000 feet above tbe sea, 
 which sufficed to maintain this wintry feature even under the clear, hot rays of the summer sun. 
 The timber throughout the pass is pine, with various small woods in the creek bottoms. Grass is 
 abundant, even among the timber, aud the brooks are bright mountain-streams constantly fed from 
 the snow-fields above, and abounding with trout. Elk and deer are numerous, though they are 
 driven from the immediate vicinity of the trail by frequent travel and possibly by the flies, which in 
 great numbers and varieties proved a serious annoyance to the cattle. Still following Bridger 
 Creek, the road made a long bend to the south aud west, around the base of Bridger Mountain, into 
 the main valley, which turns west to join that of the Gallatin. Crossing the creek, the trail wound 
 
 over a range of hills, and descended into the vallev of the North Gallatin, upon 
 
 Port Ellis, on Hie s> > J ! 1 
 
 East Fork of Gaiia- the south bank of which, three or four miles farther west, Fort Ellis is situated. 
 The Bozeman Pass road, leading east and south to the Yellowstone, climbs the 
 hill-side opposite to where the road reaches the river. 
 
 Fort Ellis stands near the head of the Gallatin Valley, for the defense of which it was constructed. 
 It appears as an assemblage of log houses, irregularly placed from frequent additions, of uninviting 
 exterior, but comfortable within. The garrison, General Sweitzer commanding, includes four com- 
 panies of the Second Cavalry aud one of the Seventh Infantry ; but during the summer the mounted 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 17 
 
 troops are required to guard the passes and make frequent scouts, sometimes of considerable extent, 
 and hence spend but little time in garrison. At the date of my arrival, two companies were absent, 
 one scouting, the other acting as escort to the party of the Secretary of War in the Yellowstoue 
 Park, while a third was preparing for the field, and started early next morning. 
 
 August 10. — Employed the day in preparations for the trip to the park. The greater portion of 
 the necessary pack-animals were then in the park, and my arrival was fortunately Pre „ f 
 timed, since they were on the return, and expected back in two or three days. B v '•■« « ri P >nt» the rei- 
 
 lowatone Park 
 
 advancing to meet them, double that time could be saved. Accordingly, the bag- 
 gage was reduced to the smallest possible amount. All trunks and boxes were left behind, and the 
 necessary articles put into canvas sacks, brought from Saint Paul for the purpose. Tents were dis- 
 carded and only tent-flies carried. The instruments were carefully rolled in bundles of bedding, 
 and the basket containing the chronometers strapped to the spring-seat of the odometer-cart. 
 Riding-animals were obtained and a six-mule team secured to carry the baggage and stores until 
 the pack-train should be met. Toward evening we went into camp about three 
 miles southeast from Ellis, on Coal or Rocky Canon Creek, a small affluent of the Cam P° IlCoaU reek 
 Gallatin, uniting with it near the fort. 
 
 August 11. — Broke camp at 6 a. m., and proceeded across the creek and up its valley. The 
 trail followed the creek-bottom, crossing it several times, and over a rocky, hilly 
 
 -, ., , _ ~ .-.««, , . . . « . . ,. Canon on Coal Creek. 
 
 road, through a canon of considerable grandeur, shaded by lofty, precipitous lime- 
 stone pinnacles. The general course was south and east, up the east bank of the creek, gradually 
 ascending and bending more to the southward. The road improved, the available space becoming 
 greater and the hills less steep. Crossing a low divide extending across the valley, the head of 
 Trail Creek, a tributary of the Yellowstone, was reached. Through both creek- Trail Creek 
 
 valleys, the flies were very numerous and annoying. There are two ranches on 
 Trail Creek, the second one twenty-five miles from Ellis, where the creek-valley widened and entered 
 that of the Yellowstone, which presented the familiar features of a broad, dry, stony stretch of 
 prairie, sloping down to a beautiful stream, with borders fringed with trees. The Yellowstone River 
 river has a stony and gravelly bed, an impetuous current of six or seven miles an 
 hour, a depth of as many feet, and width of about 100 yards. The waters, constantly freshened by 
 mountain springs and torrents, are cold and clear, and alive with trout of great size and variety. 
 These range in weight from half a pound to two pounds and upward. Their favorite food is the 
 grasshopper, great numbers of which fall into the stream, but they will also take the fly freely. 
 
 The Snow Mountains border the river on the south and east, their lofty pinnacles glittering 
 with snow. Chief among the range is Emigrant Peak, rising 6,000 feet above the „ . , „ , 
 
 " " ' ° * JSmignuit l vak 
 
 valley and attaining an altitude of 11,500 feet above the sea. It is a very hand- 
 some mountain, of fine outline and great richness of coloring. Debouching from Trail Creek, the 
 road bends south and west up the left bank of the river. We here met the party of the Secretary 
 of War, iu two spring-wagons, going in to Ellis. The pack-train had been left behind at Gardner's 
 River Springs, to follow more leisurely. Pushing on up the valley, crossing several small brooks 
 flowing from the mountains, and passing two or three ranches, camp was made Camp noar B nt 
 near Bottler's ranch, half-way to the Mammoth Springs and thirty-five miles from tier's Raucu. 
 Ellis. Sufficient wood was readily attainable, and a swift-flowing brook was close at hand ; but the 
 grass, never luxuriant, had been thinned by frequent camping. 
 
 August 12. — Broke camp at 8 a.m. The road passed Bottler's ranch, where travelers can fiud 
 fairly good food and lodging, and proceeded up the level valley to a rocky point coming down from 
 the mountains to the river-bank. Surmounting this, we followed up the valley again, crossing two or 
 three rude but sufficient bridges, at one of which was a toll-house. It appeared that To i lro .,ii from 
 a company iu Bozemau had obtained a territorial charter for a toll road from that E " z ™;;» t0 ,? Iu . u 
 
 L •* moth [lot or li:ir.h- 
 
 place to the Mammoth Springs. The road had been made practicable for wagons, »er ■» River springs. 
 and considerable work expended upon it up to the toll-bridge; but the main labor directed to the 
 canon above, which had hitherto been a serious obstacle and impassable to vehicles. Continuing, 
 the road bent more to the south, and entered the canon, following a hilly trail, blasted out of the 
 rocks. The canon is some three miles in length, and the view from the highest part of second Cason of 
 the road is very fine. The river, compressed to a width of 75 or 80 feet, is of a rich the YeUoT8luue - 
 3 w 
 
18 EECONNAISSANCE FROM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 green hue, splashed with white, and flows with great velocity ; its surface breaking into great waves 
 and swirls. The mountains ou either side are 2,000 or 3,000 feet in height, rising precipitously from 
 the brink, and exhibiting dark browns and grays, contrasting with the deep, somber hue of the pines 
 and the more sparkling green of the river, flecked with foam. 
 
 Camp was made at the upper end of the canon, on the bank. All the essentials for camping 
 camp in second w ere present, and trout abounded in the swift and turbulent waters. The gray- 
 CaSoD - ling, a long, slender fish, of less weight than the trout, but rivaling it in activity 
 
 and game qualities, competed successfully for the fly with the larger fish. 
 
 August 13. — Started at 6.30 a. m., and soon afterward met Lieutenant Doaue, with the pack- 
 train. The six-mule team was exchanged for pack-mules, and, after some threehours' 
 
 Tbe pack-train met. b L 
 
 delay, the journey was resumed. 
 Cinnabar Mountain stands in the valley, on the right of the trail, and, as seen from any point 
 „. v „ 4 . of view, is a handsome peak. Looking from above it, on the river- bank, it stands 
 
 Cinnabar Mountain. ' r ° , ' ' 
 
 out from the other elevations and makes a very striking picture. The strata are 
 nearly vertical, with a perceptible overhang to the eastward, and strike nearly north and south. 
 On the south front of the mountain is an immense "Devil's Slide-', with smooth, dark, nearly verti- 
 cal walls, some 150 or 200 feet in height (the intervening material having been removed), which 
 curve to the right in ascending and reach the summit. Adjoining this are broad bands of red and 
 yellow, which follow the same curve, and seize the eye at once from their brilliancy of color and 
 vivid contrast. 
 
 The trail led us on up the valley, past two ranches, from which supplies were obtained, to 
 campatGardinera within a few miles of Gardiner's Eiver. At this point, it leaves the valley of the 
 River Hot springs. Yellowstone, and, over a hilly route, passes across the angle between the two 
 streams, until, at the farther side of a level, well-grassed piece of prairie, it reaches the valley in 
 which the Mammoth Hot Springs are situated. The rain had descended heavily all the afternoon 
 and continued into the night. 
 
 August 14. — The day opened wet, but cleared in a few hours. A thorough examination was 
 made of the springs, which well repaid it. 
 
 They have been already described with great particularity and minuteness in the reports of 
 Dr. Hayden and Captain Jones, and a few words of description from me will suffice. 
 
 This remark is not to be confined to the locality of the springs, but must be understood as 
 No fnii description a PP lvm g> and in a sti11 greater degree, to the whole park, of which I shall not even 
 w'iiVi','. •■lurni'pt'e'd' 1 *' attem Pt a full description, but content myself with recording only a few of the 
 more prominent and enduring impressions received in our hurried visit. 
 
 Pressed for time, with other work to do, our constant idea was one of eager haste, and we passed 
 rapidly from place to place, thoroughly enjoying every hour, but always with some new wonder in 
 advance, to divert our attention and to draw us on. 
 
 The park scenery, as a whole, is too grand, its scope too immense, its details too varied and 
 minute, to admit of adequate description, save by some great writer, who, with mind and pen equally 
 trained, could seize upon the salient points, and, with just discrimination, throw into proper relief 
 the varied features of mingled grandeur, wonder, and beauty. 
 
 The Mammoth Hot Springs are the first point of interest in the park, the northern boundary 
 Mammoth not or " which was crossed yesterday some miles back. They occupy a small valley, 
 Sp "" K8 ' discharging eastward into that of Gardiner's Eiver, and which the spring-deposits 
 
 have partly filled. Our camp was pleasantly situated in the valley below the springs, among trees 
 growing out of these deposits, in which occasional pits and holes 15 to 20 feet in depth existed. 
 Above the camp rose the extinct spring, called, from the shape of the mausoleum which it had 
 itself constructed, the "Liberty Cap", or "Giant's Thumb", and beyond this again a succession of 
 terraces, rising to a height of some 200 feet, dazzling white in the sun, indicated the presence of 
 the active springs, which, indeed, had all along been evident enough from the vast clouds of vapor 
 constantly arising. The terraces exhibited great variety and beauty of form, much enhanced by 
 the quivering and sheeny effect of the thin, descending sheets of water. 
 
 The material is a carbonate of lime, deposited by the cooling of the waters, of a nearly pure 
 white, and, while wet, of a moderate hardness. Upon drying, the deposit becomes soft and friable, 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 19 
 
 and a hunting-knife could be easily plunged iuto it to the hilt. The main springs occupy the upper 
 portion of the terrace, aud spread out into large limpid pools of a superb blue tint, boiling violently 
 in places, and emitting clouds of steam. Overflowing the pools, the waters escape down the face of 
 the terraces, and, iu cooling, gradually part with the carbonate held in solution, making constant 
 additions to the ornamentations of the surfaces, and constructing scalloped pools aud "bath-tubs" 
 of every form and temperature. 
 
 The whole vicinity of the springs returns a hollow echo to the tread, highly suggestive of pit- 
 falls beneath. The party, however, overrau the neighborhood, at first witb tentative step, and 
 afterward with all confidence, no accident occurring. Kemains of extinct springs abound above 
 aud below the active ones, while still others in full flow exist near the river's edge. 
 
 The grass iu the valley of the springs is poor, but on the small prairie above is excellent. Wood 
 and cold water are sufficiently abundant and convenient. 
 
 There are two " ranches" near the springs, which do duty as " hotels", and are available for the 
 use of travelers. 
 
 August 15. — Wagons can be taken as far as the springs without much difficulty ; the road having 
 been made entirely practicable, though of an occasionally undesirable steepness. At the springs, 
 however, wheels must be abandoned, and everything carried upon pack-animals. 
 
 The odometer-cart was left behind, both on account of the difficulty of getting it along, and 
 the danger of rendering it unfit for use on the return trip to Carroll. The mean The ack ., outflt ., 
 solar chronometer was left with it, in charge of the "hotel "-keeper, and the sidereal 
 was rolled in a bundle of bedding, and intrusted to the somewhat uncertain fortunes of the packs. 
 All other reductions had been made at Ellis, and camp was broken at 8.15 a. in. ; the "outfit" con- 
 sisting, besides the party and the engineer soldiers, of three packers, a farrier, and a cook, in all 
 twenty-two persons and thirty-three animals, of which eleven were pack- mules carrying about two 
 hundred pounds. 
 
 The trail (a bridle-path only) leads up the valley of Gardiner's Eiver (which is of considerable 
 depth, and slopes steeply down to the water's edge) across the West Fork, and Gardinei , s Kiver Yal . 
 then the East, gradually cliuibiug the eastern side of the valley to a plateau, ley. 
 whence on the right of the trail descend the waters of the river, aud form a very pretty fall. The 
 slopes of the river-valley are composed of loose basaltic debris, making a toilsome path, deeply 
 gashed in places by washings from the foot of the great basaltic wall which towers above it on 
 the east. Although not insecure, the ascent to the plateau is unnecessarily difficult, and a little 
 labor expended upon it would serve to improve it greatly. 
 
 The falls are some 20 feet in width, and make three plunges, estimated at about G diner . 8KiTBrFill8 
 45, 55, and 30 feet each ; in all a descent of 130 feet. 
 
 Leaving the river,^the trail follows up in au easterly direction the shallow valley of a small 
 brook called Black Tail Deer Creek, which traverses an open hilly prairie, and 
 
 ' „ ' Divide betwiin Ganl- 
 
 affords an excellent and easily-traveled road. Beaching the head of the creek, the imv s aud Yellowstone 
 
 trail bore to the right, through a dry caiiony place to the edge of the valley of 
 
 Meadow Brook, where, turning sharply to the left, it descends along a steep high slope, out of which 
 
 the narrow trail is cut, to a fine open meadow, well grassed aud watered, where camp was made, 
 
 thirteen miles from the springs. Several of the party rode ou a mile aud a half YeUowstone River 
 
 farther to the Yellowstone Eiver. It was found to be a foaming torrent, some 60 *™ r the tails. 
 
 feet in width, with steep rocky banks. The water, a rich green in hue, was broken iuto pools aud 
 
 eddies by obstructing bowlders, and a strong odor of sulphur pervaded the air. Th( , brillKe over the 
 
 Spanning the stream is a rough bridge some SO feet in length, resting upon cribs Yellowstone. 
 
 at either extremity, and affording a passage to the east bank, where, at a short distance from the 
 
 "bridge", is the "ranch" of Jack Baronet. 
 
 Two or three miles below the " bridge ", the two forks of the Yellowstoue unite, aud, to the 
 traveler approachiug it, the locality is marked by a large flat-topped butte, with steep escarpments, 
 which stands in the angle, and from its shape is a noticeable object, contrasting with the pointed 
 hills and peaks which surround it. The West Fork drains the lake, and the East, a mountainous dis- 
 trict not yet thoroughly examined. 
 
20 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Rain fell again during the afternoon and night, and our experience of the weather iu the park 
 seemed to be similar to that of Captain Joues, as recorded iu his report. On one 
 day only of the two weeks passed in the park did we fail to have rain or shower, 
 and night observations were in consequence greatly interfered with. 
 
 August 16. — Camp was broken at 8.30. The herd had wandered during the night, and a couple 
 
 ,_ , of hours were lost in getting them in and readv for the road. The pack-nudes had 
 
 been employed on similar duty just before, and heavily laden. The construction or 
 
 adjustment of the army pack-saddle is doubtless capable of great improvement ; at any rate, the 
 
 backs and shoulders of the animals were in very bad condition, and one of them was found to be so 
 
 unfit for a load that it was necessary to leave him at the bridge. 
 
 While in the park, as there was no grain for the animals, they were allowed free range at night, 
 and the grazing is so plentiful and nutritious that the majority of them held their own, although the 
 work was occasionally severe. There need be little or no apprehension from Iudiaus, and guards 
 were not posted after leaving the Mammoth Springs. 
 
 The trail from Meadow Brook leads up the left bank of the Yellowstoue, winding among some 
 
 Tow ^ low hills, and at four and a half miles from camp makes a precipitous plunge into 
 
 the valley of Tower Creek, crossing which it ascends the opposite bank by a more 
 
 gradual incline. The stream is a strong rapid brook, 12 or 15 feet in width, and a foot or two in 
 
 depth, with a stonv bed, the waters fed from the snow-fields of the mountains. A 
 
 Tower Falls. r ' * ' 
 
 short distance below the crossing are the falls, which leap down 150 feet into a 
 narrow, dark canon some 480 feet in depth. Basaltic-tufa cones and columns in the vicinity of the 
 fall have suggested the name, and all the surroundings are picturesque in the highest degree. The 
 fiuest view of the falls can be gained from a projecting spur on the south bank just below them, 
 whence both the canon and the ereek-valley above can be seen. The stream discharges into the 
 Yellowstone River near by, and at its mouth very fine fishing rewards the visitor. 
 
 There seem to be two varieties of trout here, the bulky oues of the Yellowstone, with bright- 
 
 yellow bellies and stripings of red, and a smaller kind more silvery in appearance, 
 
 and exhibiting much greater activity and game qualities. These latter seemed to 
 come generally from the creek. The mouth of the creek may be called the lower end of the Grand 
 Canon, which exteuds up the river some sixteen miles to the foot of the Great Falls. 
 
 Leaving the creek, the trail, alternately rising and falling, and curving to the right and left, 
 Elephants Back gains the foot of a long, somewhat rolling ascent, which finally attains the western 
 
 shoulder of Mount Washburne. The flanks of this incline fall steeply on both 
 sides, displaying to the west an ocean of deep-green pine, surrounded by ragged, bare pinnacles, and 
 to the east breakiug into the foot-hills of Washburne. This incline is approximately located on 
 Rayuolds's map, and called the Elephant's Back, which name has on some later maps been trans- 
 ferred to a minor elevation near the Yellowstone Lake. The name is appropriate and descriptive, 
 and, having been given by the first topographer of the region, should be allowed to have its original 
 application. 
 
 Over this the trail by a gradual ascent reaches a high point on Mount Washburne, passing 
 
 between banks of snow, which had remained uumelted by the summer's sun. Here, leaving the trail, 
 
 summit of Monnt the party ascended to the summit of the mountain. The climb was made in less 
 
 than an hour, and can almost be accomplished on horseback, so rounded is the 
 moun tain-top, although consideration for the saddle-horses would suggest making it on foot. In 
 passing some stunted pines near the trail, it was observed that there were no branches or twigs on 
 the northwest side of the tree, aud that those which sprung from the northeast and southwest sides 
 were twisted back and trailed away to the southeast. The explanation of this was not long in 
 doubt. Reaching the summit, the whole panorama of the park sprung iuto view : the lake, with 
 deeply sinuous shores and silver surface, interspersed with islands, with the Yellowstoue River 
 crooking away from it toward us, was set, as it were, iu a vast expanse of green, rising aud falling 
 iu huge billows, above which here and there jets of steam arose like spray; the encircling peaks, 
 ragged and snow-clad, almost too numerous to count; Mount Humphreys, thirty or forty miles 
 southeast, Sheridan and Hancock the same distance to the south, aud beyond and above them, 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 21 
 
 ninety miles away, looking almost mysterious from their distance and vast height, tbe Tetons, of a 
 pale purple hue, with their piercing summits glittering' like icebergs. Only to the southeast, look- 
 iug toward the great Idaho Desert, did a space appear which showed no prominent peaks. We had 
 scarcely time to more than glance at this superb landscape, while resting and eating lunch with the 
 aid of a hatful of snow from a neighboring bank, when a ferocious squall of hail, rain, and snow 
 burst upon us from the northwest, and swept us like dust from the bald summit of the mountain. 
 We were instantly compelled to seek shelter on the lee side, where, cowering and half-frozen, we 
 awaited the passing of the storm. Motion, however, was absolutely essential to warmth ; so, with- 
 out again trusting the untender mercies of the mountain, over which the wind „ . '„ 
 
 & w Mount W aebbnnie. 
 
 still blew keen aud cold, we plunged into a deep ravine leading steeply down its 
 western flank, and regained the trail at the foot. The storm had wet the rich black mold, and 
 made the path slippery and difficult through the densest timber of spruce and pine, where hardly 
 sufficient cutting had been done to afford the narrowest of passage- ways. The projecting branches 
 napped back their freight of rain-drops into our faces and clothing, and many of the broken twigs 
 bore trophies snatched from the packs. 
 
 There were several sharp pitches into aud out of the valleys of small brooks, which could easily 
 be avoided. At present, the. trail is unnecessarily hilly and fatiguing, although delightful on account 
 of the fine forest and the great number aud variety of the flowers. The grass is everywhere luxu- 
 riant and sweet, the brooks are frequent, and flow in all directions, aud camp could be made at 
 almost any point. The trail, however, might be greatly improved by means of a little well-directed 
 labor and the exercise of better judgment in selecting it. The work of a pack or saddle animal is 
 vastly increased by unnecessary ascents and descents, which both their conformation and the posi- 
 tion of the load render arduous, and the easiest road is one of even grade, though it be thrice the 
 length of the more direct one. 
 
 Ascending to a low divide between two mountains, the valley of Cascade Creek was reached aud 
 followed to camp. The last three or four miles were over a meadow which in many Mount waahbume 
 places was wet and very boggy. The hail here had fallen in considerable quantity, c ' r ™™ p on Ca8cade 
 aud whitened all the ground ; the sky was dark, and the air raw aud wintry. 
 Camp was made on the east bank of the creek, where it leaves the meadow aud enters the narrow, 
 steep valley through which it reaches the Yellowstone. A roaring camp fire soon restored the 
 warmth aud cheerfulness of the party, which had been somewhat impaired by the shivering weather. 
 We were only about a mile from the falls, and after everything had quieted down to silence their 
 deep roar became vaguely audible. The evening was again cloudy and rainy. Distance traveled 
 during the day estimated at eighteen miles. 
 
 August 17. — Lay over in cainp to visit the falls. The night had been cold, and by 8 a. m. the 
 hail of yesterday had not disappeared. Waiting an hour longer for the suu to dry 
 
 „ ■ ■ i • . Yellowstone Falls. 
 
 the heavy grass, we took on foot the trail which led us to the brink of the river- 
 valley, half-way between the Upper and the Lower Fall, which are half a mile apart. Eeserviug the 
 Lower Fall, whose deep thunder we could now plainly hear, we descended toward the Upper, and, 
 after a short scramble over loose trachytic blocks, climbed out upon a point which, projecting into 
 the canon below the fall, furnished a fine view of it almost en face. The river makes a sharp bend 
 to the eastward just above the fall, which in consequence fronts nearly at right angles to the gen- 
 eral direction. From the sharp and narrow pinnacle on which we stood, or rather to which we clung, 
 the cataract, some 150 feet distant, was exposed in its full height and beauty. It upper Fail, no feet 
 is a slanting one, having a base of perhaps one-half its altitude, which, as measured in hei s ht - 
 by a cord brought for the purpose and marked in ten-foot lengths, is 110 feet. The water leaps dowu 
 its rocky slope between black, shining walls of trachyte, and its pure green is broken iuto foam and 
 spray from the very summit. From the foot the currents of air drove the clouds of vapor up the 
 steep sides of the caiion, which were clothed in vegetation of the freshest and most brilliant hue, 
 while a double rainbow illumined the surface of the stream below. The picture was certainly a 
 beautiful one, and we hung over it in delight for an hour, which, with the thunder of the Lower 
 Fall still fresh in recollection, was all the time we could afford. Half an hour of rough climbing 
 over bowlders and loose trachytic blocks, across Cascade Creek, and down the side upper Fail 
 
 of the main valley, brought us to a small plateau at the very crest ©f the main fall, 
 
22 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 and almost at the water's edge, where the eye could plunge into the vast chasm below the fall, 
 known as the Grand Canon. I had not time to think of it then, but was afterward not a little 
 amused to remember that we passed on the way one of the men who, seated on the bank, was pen. 
 sively watching for a trout to seize his grasshopper. He had evidently wearied of too much bacon 
 and scenery,'and proposed a change at least of diet. 
 
 The view of the Grand Canon from the point where we stood is perhaps the finest piece of scenery 
 in the world. I can conceive of no combination of pictorial splendors which could uuite more 
 potently the two requisites of majesty and beauty. 
 
 Close at hand, the river narrowed in its bed to a width of some 70 feet and with a depth of 4 
 Lower Fall height or 5 teet > through the pure deep green of which the hardly wavering outlines of 
 310 feet. the brown bowlders beneath are distinctly visible, springs to the crest with an 
 
 intensity of motion that makes its clear depths fairly seem to quiver. Just before making the plunge, 
 the stream is again contracted, and the waters are thrown in from both sides toward the center, so 
 that two bold rounded prominences or buttresses, as it were, are formed where green and white com- 
 mingle. Lying prostrate, and looking down into the depth, with the cold breath of the caiion fan- 
 ning the face, one can see that these ribs continue downward, the whole mass of the fall gradually 
 breaking into spray against the air, until lost in the vast cloud of vapor that hides its lowest third, 
 and out of which comes up a mighty roar that shakes the hills and communicates a strange vibra- 
 Lower Fin and tion to the nerves. From far below this cloud emerges a narrow, green ribbon, 
 Grand canon. winding and twisting, in which the river is hardly recognizable, so dwarfed is it, 
 
 and creeping with so oily and sluggish a current, as though its fall had stunned it. On either hand, 
 the walls of the canon curve back from the plunging torrent, and rise weltering with moisture to 
 the level of the fall, again ascending 500 or GOO feet to the pine-fringed margin of the canon ; pinna- 
 cles and towers projecting far into the space between, and seeming to overhang their bases. 
 
 These details are comparatively easy to give, but how find words which shall suggest the mar- 
 velous picture as a whole ! The sun had come out after a brief shower, and, shining nearly from the 
 meridian straight into the caiion, flooded it with light, and illuminated it with a wealth and lux- 
 uriance of color almost supernatural. 
 
 The walls appeared to glow with a cold, inward radiance of their own, and gave back tints of 
 orange, pink, yellow, red, white, and brown, of a vividness and niassiveness hopeless to describe, 
 and which would overtax the powers of the greatest artist to portray. The lower slopes, wet with 
 spray, were decorated with the rich hue of vegetation, while through the midst the river, of a still 
 more brilliant green, far below pursued its tortuous course, and the eye followed it down through 
 this ocean of color until two or three miles away a curve in the caiion hid it from view and formed 
 its own appropriate background. 
 
 The height of the fall, as ascertained by attaching a heavy weight to the measured cord, and 
 Measurement of lowering it down, is 310 feet. The first attempt to get the height was made from 
 the Lower Fail. tlie little plateau by the side of the crest, but the spray soon hid the weight from 
 
 view, and the water so tore at it that it was impossible to tell when the bottom had been reached. 
 A point was found, however, to the left and in advance of the crest and some eighty feet above it, 
 from which the weight fell nearly vertically, and by aid of the colored tags which marked the in- 
 tervals of the cord could be followed with the eye until it reached the brink of the stream below. 
 From this same point, a sort of perch upon the very border of the precipice, can be had a most 
 comprehensive view at once of fall and canon. 
 
 After making the measurement, weasceuded the side of the caiion, and climbed out to one of 
 the projecting pinnacles, half a mile farther down stream, whence a full view of the fall was 
 obtained. It was remarkable to note how small a portion of the view was actually filled by the fall 
 itself. Tremendous as it is, it seems but a minor incident in the picture constructed on the huge 
 scale of the canon. 
 
 From the projecting point, the width of the chasm across the top was estimated from the range 
 
 Lower Fall and of a carefully-sighted rifle at 700 yards. This, however, is greater than the aver- 
 
 Grand Canon. a g e ^n^ the caiiou just below narrowing considerably and gaining at the same 
 
 time in depth, which is about 300 yards. The corresponding cross-section would be similar to that 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 23 
 
 in the accompanying sketch, which is intended to show the dimensions just below the fall, and 
 another section farther down. 
 
 Sections of cation just below the Lower Fall and farther down. Scale, GOO feet to 1 inch. 
 The descent to the bottom of the canon from the east side is comparatively easy. From the 
 west side it has also been accomplished, but it is toilsome and not unattended with danger, and the 
 time necessary to descend and return would be considerable. Among other „ , , 
 
 J ° Descent to the lint- 
 
 improvements that suggest themselves to the visitor as proper to be made in the tom of the canon at- 
 future is the construction of facilities for making this descent, such as rude but 
 strong ladders, which could readily be placed in position where their aid would obviate all danger 
 and decrease the fatigue. One of the party made an attempt to get down, but lost time in looking 
 for the most favorable place, and the afternoon waning, he was compelled to abandon the under- 
 taking. 
 
 August 18. — The morning opened cold and foggy. Camp was broken at S. Took the trail 
 which crosses Cascade Creek near the river by a steep pitch, and after a short ride Break camp for the 
 over hilly ground and through timber reached comparatively open ground on the lake - 
 bank of the river, which was there 100 to 200 yards wide, and peaceful enough, flowing with smooth, 
 gentle current, between low, grassy banks. The pack-train meanwhile had taken a trail somewhat 
 farther to the westward, which avoided the steep descent into Cascade Creek and made an easier 
 crossing of it. The two trails united at a small creek discharging into the river, crossed it, and 
 through dense timber climbed around the shoulder of a mountain to again descend into the broad 
 open valley of Alum Creek. This is a shallow, sluggish stream of tepid, undrink- 
 able water, some 30 feet in width and an inch or two deep, with a general north- 
 east course to the Yellowstone. Off to the right, across an open prairie, appeared the Sulphur 
 Springs, or Soda Mountain, as it has been called, which we visited. Some forty , , , „ . 
 
 r ° ' ' ' J Sulphur Springs. 
 
 or fifty acres are covered with extinct and active springs aud their deposits. Pure 
 sulphur in considerable quantity is distributed over the surface. Several springs were boiling 
 violently, one of them to a height of 3 or 4 feet, and emitting large volumes of steam. Pursuing 
 the course again toward the river, over a hilly prairie, and crossing one or two creeks aud arms 
 of the river, and a broad meadow, the borders of which were springy and boggy, the trail led to the 
 edge of some timber, soon after entering which the Mud Geysers were found. We Mud 
 
 passed on to a small pine grove, favorably situated for camp near the river and 
 twelve miles distant from Cascade Creek. Leaving the horses, we returned on foot to examine 
 the geysers. The main one is a bubbling pool of muddy, hot water, some 50 or 60 feet across, 
 with a sloping shore 4 or 5 feet high, and numerous small vents and springs within the perime- 
 ter. The water is thick with gray, uuwholesoine-looking mud, aud exhales a foetid odor. 
 
 Another geyser, much more impressive in appearance, which however has not been seen to spout, 
 at least of late years, has a crater some 50 feet in diameter aud 25 feet deep, narrowing at the bot- 
 tom to a mud pool of the consistence of boiling mush, about 15 feet across. From the northwest 
 side of this a perpetual boiling takes place, with a threatening roar and huge clouds of steam. If 
 the mud apparently splashed upon the trees in the vicinity would serve as an indication, when an 
 explosion does take place the display must be a very fine one. The " Devil's Workshop " is a small 
 steam spring issuing from a little cavern apparently 15 or 20 feet in depth horizontally, but con- 
 
24 EECONNAISSANCE FEOM CABBOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 stantly obscured by a great volume of vapor. Hollow, bubbling noises continually issue from it, 
 which simulate, by aid of the cavern, the metrical clang and clash of great pieces of machinery, 
 turning and splashing, accompanied by a recurring hiss of escaping steam. About 4 p. m., pistol- 
 shots from the Mud Geyser summoned us to witness an explosion. The water had risen gradually 
 until the smaller springs were submerged and the basin enlarged to its full dimensions. Near the 
 center, the geyser was boiling and bubbling actively, and soon spurted to a height of 5 or 6 feet, 
 falling and rising again, and after about three minutes of excitement subsided, the water lowered, 
 being gradually swallowed down the several orifices, and the discharge was over. The geyser has 
 a period of about 4J hours, and several of the subsequent eruptions were witnessed. None 
 exceeded 10 or 15 feet in height. The force is evidently weakening, as indeed the large number of 
 dead and dying thermal springs seen in other localities additionally testify. This geyser has been 
 known in previous years to spout 50 and 75 feet. There is still, however, a wonderful amount of 
 force at work, and in a marvelous variety of forms. 
 
 The fish taken from the river near camp were in appearance large and fine, weighing two pounds 
 and upward; but out of the large number caught, all, with one exception, were 
 wormy trout. affected by the worm mentioned by previous visitors and described by Professor 
 
 Leidy. The appearance aud health of the trout do not seem to be noticeably injured by them, but 
 the presence of the worm in the flesh can almost invariably be detected from a slight protuberance 
 or rounding-out ou the sides. Laying this open, the worm is found, white, the size of a knitting- 
 needle, and twisted in the flesh. We made no experiments to determine the flavor of these fish, 
 although many of the men ate them heartily and pronounced them perfectly good. It is certainly 
 most unfortunate that these fine fish should be so spoiled for the table. They abound in the lake 
 and river, and, affording the finest sport, would be an immense attraction could they be used for 
 food. 
 
 August 19. — Without moving camp, we rode seveu or eight miles to a " ranch" in a grove on the 
 west shore of the lake. From the Mud Geyser, the trail led through alternate for- 
 e owsone a e. ^ ^^ river side, with an occasional marsh, the landscape generally quiet and 
 pastoral. Ascending upon a high prairie point, the lake lay before us, a beautiful sheet of water, 
 with deeply-indented shores, and the wooded mountains closing it in on all sides. We chartered a 
 small center-board cat-rigged sail-boat, cleverly constructed by the owner of pine cut out of the for- 
 est with a whip-saw, and crossed to the east shore. The water appeared filled with a round green- 
 ish seed, probably of some aquatic plant, and little windrows of the same seed lay upon the beach, 
 thrown up by the waves. Some trout were taken with a spoon ou the way over, all wormy, aud a 
 squall or two gave variety to the sail and tested the weatherly qualities of the boat. 
 
 We passed the mouth of Pelican Creek, in the valley of which large numbers of thermal 
 springs have been found, and landed near Steamboat Point, seven miles from the 
 eam oa om . starting-point. Two or three steam-vents were seen, and one of them on the far- 
 ther side of the point has suggested the name. From a small aperture, colorless superheated steam 
 escapes with a hiss and roar that indicate an excessive tension, and imitating precisely the blowing- 
 off from a full boiler. Multitudes of grasshoppers, unwittingly encountering the steam, had met 
 instant death. 
 
 From the projecting point, some 12 feet above the water, the finest fly-fishing was found. An 
 arc of nearly 180° could be covered with the fly in from 6 to 10 feet of water, out into the lake as 
 far as the skill of- the fisherman would admit. The fish, though sometimes gorged with grasshop- 
 pers, would rise eagerly to the fly, aud weighed from 1 J to 4 pounds and upward. The largest meas- 
 ured 20 inches in length. None of them could be eaten. 
 
 August 20. — The trail to the Great Geyser Basin breaks away from the vicinity of the Mud Gey- 
 ser to the west and north over an open sage-brush prairie, gradually becoming 
 Yei 1 i!w8tone W au3 more hilly, crosses Alum Creek near its head, and following up a small coule with 
 Mad.sou lovers. flowing water at six miles from camp, climbs a hill and enters a heavy forest richly 
 
 grassed. The ascent through this forest to the summit of the divide between the Yellowstone and 
 Madison Basins is very gentle from the east. Two or three groups of sulphur springs were passed 
 on the way. The descent from the divide into Madison Valley is precipitous, winding down a drop 
 of a thousand feet through fallen and bnrued timber, and over a rocky, bare, and stony soil destitute 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 25 
 
 of grass. Reaching the border of the valley of the East Fork of Madison River, the Ea8t Fork of Maa . 
 trail winds along the foot hills, to avoid an alkaline, boggy meadow, finally crosses lsonRlver - 
 the meadow and two or three alkaline brooks, in which the animals mired badly, and follows down 
 the bank of the East Fork, which was forded two or three times. The stream is 10 to 20 feet wide 
 and 2 or 3 feet deep ; a clear, swift current and gravelly bottom, the water tepid and alkaline from 
 the numerous hot springs which discharge into it. Gamp was made in a grove of cam ■ in Lower 
 pine, after having traversed a pass between two hills which project into the Lower Geyser Basin. 
 Geyser Basin. A small rill furnished a sufficient supply of good water, but the grazing was infe- 
 rior. Several hot springs' had been passed before reaching camp, and to the south the geysers ap- 
 peared covering a large area. The distance traveled during the day was about twenty-six miles. 
 
 The upper valley of the Madison, including those of the forks, is quite barren and unattractive, 
 owing probably to the action of the chemical hot springs which abound everywhere. The border- 
 ing hills are stony and bare, and at the time of our visit were covered with dead and burned timber. 
 The landscape in consequence is uninviting, the grass poor, and good camping-places, such as can 
 be made at almost any point in the Yellowstone Basiu, are not to be found. 
 
 August 21. — The morning was devoted to the examination of the springs and geysers of the 
 Lower Basin, which are very numerous, and cover a large extent of ground, the Lower GevserBa- 
 principal ones being about half a mile to the southward and eastward of camp. 8ln - 
 Miuute descriptions of them have been published, and a detailed account is here unnecessary. Some 
 are boiling, others spouting springs, the latter generally intermittent. On a high mound built by 
 the geyser, we found a large pool about 25 by 15 feet, which was known to play, and the discharge 
 of which we awaited. The water, of a deep azure hue and a surpassing clearness, was rising grad- 
 ually but constantly to the level of its scalloped and ornamented rim, constantly becoming hotter, 
 with bubbles of steam escaping more and more rapidly. Ebullition began near the middle, and the 
 geyser finally commenced to spout, throwing the water about in all directions and to heights vary- 
 ing from 10 to 50 feet. The display continued for over an hour, and we left it playing, but with 
 gradually diminishing force. Meanwhile other smaller geysers in the vicinity played from time to 
 time, all apparently independent of each other. The pools of all these, exhibiting every variety of 
 form and ornamentation, possessed in common the beautiful azure tint and clearness of the water, 
 contrasting finely with the light-gray hue of the silica deposited by them. The margins of all were 
 iucrusted with this in various forms of bead, coral, and sponge work, and wherever the geyser 
 water flowed silicious shale was deposited. 
 
 Passing over a low ridge, a few hundred yards to the southeast, we came upon the " Paint Pots". 
 This singular phenomenon consists of a " pool" some GO by 40 feet, with a raised 
 margin of dry and cracked mud, within which numerous mud puffs slowly rose and The Pamt Pot8 ' 
 
 fell, some through the partially liquid mass, which again closed over them, others possessing a small 
 crater of their owu, to which additions were constantly making from the bursting of the sluggish 
 bubbles. The pool displayed various colors, white, yellow, and red predominating, but shading into 
 each other very beautifully through all the intermediate and combined tints. The clay was soft and 
 smooth to the touch, with scarcely a trace of grit, and near where the bubbles emerged from below 
 exceedingly hot. 
 
 Leaving these, and passing by many other springs and small geysers, we went down to the Fire 
 Hole River, crossed it, and pushed on up the west bank toward the Upper Basin, Between the two 
 wherein are situated the Grand Geysers. After some two or three miles of travel basms - 
 over fallen timber and through marsh and bog, we came upon some immense springs and pools, boil- 
 ing violently and discharging a great amount of water into the river. These exhibited many hues 
 of red, yellow, and green, from the presence of iron and vegetable growths; the pure geyser blue 
 appearing where the spring was deepest and clearest. From the pools, we continued, passing many 
 curious springs and small geysers, and then, crossing to the east bank, pushed rapidly on through 
 a sort of canon on the river, until at about seven miles from camp, in the Lower Basin, we reached 
 the lower end of the Uppeiyaud were at once hurried across to the west bank again to examine the 
 " Grotto", which began to play as we arrived. This geyser does not spout to any me ■ Grotto" Gey- 
 great height, 20 or 25 feet being the limit, but it is beautiful and interesting from 8er - 
 the shape of its crater, which, some 12 or 11 feet in height, is curved and convoluted into massive 
 4 w 
 
26 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 arches and exceedingly graceful forms. It played whenever we were by to see it, and evidently con- 
 tinues in operation for considerable periods, from the dimensions of the crater it has built. These 
 craters are all constructed, by the geysers themselves, of the grayish- white silica, or geyserite, depos- 
 ited by the cooling of the water ; the process being very gradual and slow. The water in all is of 
 the same pure clear blue, without a trace of any impurity. The taste, when cool, is the flat, insipid 
 one of distilled water. 
 
 Close by the " Grotto " stands the picturesque crater of the "Giant ", or " Broken Horn", a geyser 
 of the first class. From the aperture of this, large volumes of steam were escaping, and the water 
 was boiling violently 8 or 10 feet below the surface, occasionally rising in huge spurts and splashing 
 over, symptoms which led us to watch it unavailingly for an hour in hope of a discharge. 
 
 Meanwhile the pack-train had been making its way along the regular trail up the east bank, and, 
 
 camp id upper reaching the Upper Basin, camp was established in the center of the basin on the 
 Geyser Basin. west Dan k f Fire Hole River, in a small group of trees, with a fairly good marsh 
 
 in front for the cattle. We found the waters of the river cool and palatable, and sufficient wood for 
 camping purposes at hand. At short range from camp, and in full view of it, were the first-class 
 geysers named " Old Faithful ", the " Bee Hive", the " Giantess", the " Grand", and the " Castle"; 
 while the "Giant" and "Grotto" were but a short distance farther down stream. Beside these, 
 the " Pyramid" and " Punch Bowl", near the " Giant", could be easily seen. Almost as we reached 
 camp, "Old Faithful", which stands at the head of the valley overlooking it, and 
 ait u ' which has earned its name from the regularity of its discharges, gave us his first 
 display. The time was noted and the secoud discharge awaited. An hour after, we walked over to 
 the elevation which marked his crater, 400 yards from camp. In a few minutes, after some prelim- 
 inary spurts and splashes, the geyser, emitting a deep roar which shook the ground, shot up a clear, 
 straight shaft of water, which, with two or three rapid impulses, gained an altitude of over 100 feet ; 
 clouds of steam towering far above and drifting with the wind. For full five minutes, the superb 
 column maintained its height, and then, with some unavailing efforts to check its fall, sank down, 
 and was swallowed up in the crater. An examination of this followed. An immense quantity of 
 water had been ejected, which, after bathing the crater and refilling the adjacent pools, flowed down 
 
 crater of "old the slopes and discharged by various channels into the river. The crater of " Faith- 
 FaithM". f u j » j s one f tne mos t beautiful of all. The lips are molded and rounded into 
 
 many artistic forms, beaded and pearled with opal, while closely adjoining are little terraced 
 pools of the clearest azure-hued water, with scalloped and highly-ornamented borders. The wetted 
 margins and floors of these pools were tinted with the most delicate shades of white, cream, brown, 
 and gray, so soft and velvety it seemed as though a touch would soil them. The material, however, 
 is the constant silica, of which also are composed the pretty pebbles which furnish an additional 
 charm to the pools. 
 
 The only blemishes on this artistic handiwork had been occasioned by the rude hand of man. 
 
 vandalism of the The ornamental work about the crater and pools had been broken and defaced iu 
 Ti8itora - the most prominent places by visitors, and the pebbles were inscribed in pencil 
 
 with the names of great numbers of the most unimportant persons. Such practices should be 
 stopped at once. The geysers are more than worthy of preservation. It is not only that they con- 
 stitute a superb spectacle in themselves: they are likewise unique, both iu performance and desigu. 
 Nature, abandoning for the time all thoughts of utility, seems to have been amusing herself in this 
 far off and long-hidden corner of the world by devoting some of her grandest and most mysterious 
 powers to the production of forms of majesty aud beauty such as man may not hope to rival. 
 
 The geysers, in the slow process of centuries probably, have built up miracles of art, of an 
 
 mduriug though brittle material, that can be ruined in five minutes by r a vandal armed with au 
 
 Destrnction of the ax i an d nearly all the craters show signs of the hopeless aud unrestrained bar- 
 cratera by visitors. barity of many of their visitors. It cannot fail to fill the mind with indignation to 
 see the utter ruthlessness of these sacrilegious invaders of nature's sanctuary. To procure a specimen 
 of perhaps a pouud weight, a hundred pounds have been shattered aud destroyed, and always in 
 those places where the most cunning art has been displayed, aud the ruin produced is correspond- 
 ingly great. Upon our arrival iu the basin, we fouud several persous already eucamped, aud a 
 

 UPPER GEYSER BASIX 
 
 Drawn undertlie difec£Lan of 
 CaptWLUDLOWCoipS of Engineer^ 
 
 To axx»:mpeuqyliis report. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 27 
 
 whisky-trader snugly ensconced beneath his 'paulin, spread in the shelter of a thick pine. The vis- 
 itors prowled about with shovel and ax, chopping and hacking and prying up great pieces of the 
 most ornamental work they could find; women and men alike joining in the barbarous pastime. 
 
 With regard to the play of the geysers, our visit was well-timed. Just at twilight, the " Bee 
 Hive", 400 feet distant, on the opposite bank of the river, gave an exhibition of its The ., BeoHive „ 
 power. The crater is a small, conical, gray mound of silica, severely simple and 
 unpretentious in appearance, with an aperture of some IS inches, from which steam gently escapes. 
 Near by is a small vent, which is the herald and precursor of its greater neighbor. 
 
 Before the " Bee Hive" plays, this vent commences to emit steam loudly, with occasional splashes 
 of water. Soon the geyser begins to boil and steam, the water occasionally surging over. Sud- 
 denly comes a burst of 15 or 20 feet, and then almost instantly the slender shaft rises to a height of 
 nearly 200 feet. So great is the impetus, and so slender the column, that the water, in its swift 
 ascent, is nearly all dissolved into fine spray, which drifts off with the clouds of steam before the 
 wind, to fall like rain. The play lasted about three minutes, and ceased as suddenly as it had 
 commenced. 
 
 An hour and five minutes after his previous display, "Faithful" again reared his magnificent 
 column, and during the night, whenever the roar was heard, we looked out from our tents at the 
 grand sight, rendered more beautiful by moonlight. The intervals were exactly 65 minutes in every 
 case. 
 
 August 22. — We were aroused at an early hour by the report that the " Bee Hive" was again 
 about to play. This proved a false alarm, but sufficed to draw us across the river, which was some 
 25 feet wide and H to 2 feet in depth, and while on the opposite bauk we examined „ , „ , „. 
 
 1 ' 1L Pool of the <ri:inti'SM. 
 
 the huge pool of the "Giantess", which was known not to have played for some 
 weeks, for symptoms of agitation. We found it full to the brim with beautifully clear water, of a 
 deep blue, boiling gently, and giving out clouds of steam. It stands upon a hill of silica, 420 feet 
 from the "Bee Hive" and 300 yards from camp. 
 
 While waiting for breakfast, attention was called to the Grand Geyser, half a mile below camp, 
 on the east bank, which had begun to send out great volumes of steam. Hastily , trm _ „ 
 
 700 J "The Grand.' 
 
 mounting the nearest horses, we hurried down to it. The Grand Geyser is 
 double, the two orifices 15 or 20 feet apart. The down-stream one has a handsome crater, while the 
 other has only an ornamental pool, several feet lower. It is from the pool, however, that the dis- 
 charge takes place. Rising with rapidly-succeeding impulses, the column rushed to a height of some 
 80 feet, sustained itself for a few seconds, fell, rose again, and receded to its basin. In a minute or 
 two, it again shot to the same height, again faltered, rose, and subsided. Still a third effort was 
 made and exhausted, and the waters receded until the empty basin was exposed to view, and could 
 be examined with impunity. Meanwhile the neighboring geyser was splashing its waters in all 
 directions, and discharging clouds of steam, while a steam-vent close at hand kept up a most out- 
 rageous roar. Though not so lofty a play as some observed by previous visitors, the exhibition was 
 very fine; the swiftly successive pulses of water and steam breaking into beads and spray at inter- 
 vals up the full height of the column, accompanied by vast clouds of vapor, and the mighty roar 
 combined to make an imposing and beautiful spectacle. 
 
 The surroundings of the "Grand" are the most ornate of all, and exhibit greater variety and 
 beauty than any other. 
 
 The " Turban ", which stands at the northern edge of the " pool", serves to distinguish the gey- 
 ser. It is of singular form, highly ornamented, and I experienced almost a pang "Turk's Head", or 
 in becoming conscious of an apprehension that I should meet it agaiu somewhere " TurbaD "• 
 on exhibition. Some visitor, a little more enterprising than his predecessors, will be sure to detach 
 it and carry it off. Shovel and ax had been busy with the geyser, and large quantities had been 
 removed. 
 
 While returning to camp, the " Castle", on the west bank, was observed to be in agitation aud 
 giving out vast quantities of steam. A discharge soon took place, to a height of 10 
 or 15 feet only ; but from the commanding position of the geyser and its handsome 
 appearance, possessing, as it does, a high mound, richly r decorated, and several apertures through 
 which it plays at once, the sight is very fine. Several times during the morning it repeated its per- 
 
28 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 forinance, rarely exceeding, however, 20 or 25 feet. After breakfast we returned to the " Giantess", 
 which was evidently becoming more excited, and, while awaiting its discharge, examined the 
 surroundings more closely. 
 
 The basin is some 25 by 16 feet and 25 or 30 feet in depth, with scalloped margin ; 70 feet 
 north of this stands a handsome boiling spring, which has built itself a sarcophagus 2h or 3 feet in 
 height, like a huge bath-tub, with richly ornamental borders. This operates in sympathy with the 
 "Giantess"; is excited, and boils violently with her ; and we afterward found it empty and desolate, 
 upon the dissipation of her power. 
 
 About 11 o'clock, this, the greatest geyser, gave its first spout, and we continued watching its 
 Th „ subsequent action until nearly 3 p. m. The water was expelled by a succession of 
 
 violent splashes to a height of 15 to 50 feet, but without at first reaching a great 
 altitude. With occasional lulls, the performance went on, the water sometimes being thrown 100 
 feet in the air. Large stones and stumps were cast into the basin and hurled instantly to a height 
 of 200 feet, the high wind which prevailed at the time preventing the water and steam from attain- 
 ing a similar elevation. The water fell occasionally, leaving the basin empty: and by standing on 
 the windward side we could look down into it and see the large triangular-shaped vent at the 
 bottom, whence issued the transparent steam. Again and again the geyser renewed its strength, 
 sending out vast volumes of steam with a deafening roar that shook the whole valley, and occa- 
 sionally snatching hold of a new reservoir of water and instantly ejectiug it; each fresh access of 
 wrath or travail being heralded by deep, mighty thuds, as though some vast machinery were at 
 work beneath. The exhibition of enormous power wasted in these prolonged spasms of blind 
 rage was both fascinating and terrible, and the imagination, powerfully stimulated in the pres- 
 ence of such strength and fury, could not avoid imputing to the scene the attributes of gigantic 
 passion and suffering. It seemed as though the geyser, maddened by some inexpressible and 
 mysterious torment, were imprisoned beneath and gradually exhausting herself in unavailing 
 struggles to escape it by bursting the bonds that held her, the paroxysms of efforts being alternated 
 with intervals of stupor, again and again overcome by her still unabated rage. 
 
 During the afternoon, the " Bee Hive" again played, the high wind depressing its column below 
 that of the previous discharge. 
 
 A party, about dark, came in from Virginia City. Following up the valley of the Madison 
 
 Virginia city to River, they had brought two wagons without much difficulty through the Lower 
 
 the geysers. Basin, but were compelled to leave them a short distance above on account of the 
 
 fallen timber and bog along the trail. The distance to the Upper Basin from Virginia City is one 
 
 hundred aud ten miles. 
 
 August 23. — All the first-class geysers had now been favorably seen, with the sole exception of 
 The "Giant", or the " Giant ", to ward whose picturesque crater we went, with the intention of devot- 
 "Broken Horn'. ing the day to it. The ■" Broken Horn " is a well-chosen and descriptive name, aud 
 worthy of being retained. The crater is a steeply conical mound of geyserite, 12 or 15 feet in 
 height, tapering toward the summit, aud having the west side broken down, or rather partly 
 unconstructed. The geyser still boiled strongly, and we felt great hopes of seeing it play. Near by 
 are the "Grotto", seeu yesterday, aud which played almost constantly during the day ; the " Pyra- 
 mid", a cone of silica 25 or 30 feet high, with steam slowly escaping from it, but its life now nearly 
 extinct; the " Punch Bowl", and smaller ones. The last-named geyser played frequently during 
 the day, some of its exhibitions being very fine. We waited the greater part of the day for the 
 "Giaut" to give us a display, but though evidently powerfully excited aud from time to time arous- 
 ing fresh hopes, to our great regret it failed to do so. Returning toward camp, the "Grand " again 
 gave indications of strong disturbance, and we remained there for an hour, but without result. 
 
 While waiting, we had additional evidence of the brutality of the average visitors, several of 
 whom, of both sexes, were busilv chopping and prying out the most characteristic 
 
 More vandalism. ,. , • 
 
 and conspicuous ornamental work. An earnest remonstrance was followed by a 
 sulky suspension of hostilities, which were, however, no doubt renewed as soon as we were out of 
 sight. 
 
 The " Saw Mill ", above the " Grand ", is an interesting geyser. Its lively play, aud its quick, 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 29 
 
 energetic spouts of 25 or 30 feet iu every direction, are very pleasing, and its 
 
 borders abound in tbe pretty geyserite pebbles, some smooth, others ornamented, TLe SawMlM ■ 
 
 and others again resembling a rose-bud, with closely-folded leaves. 
 
 Eecrossing to the west side of the river, a close examination was made of the "Castle:" it has 
 quite a lofty mound, broad, handsomely terraced, and profusely decorated with scal- 
 loped pools and little upright pinnacles and towers. It plays with great frequency, 
 though not to a height exceeding perhaps 40 feet; still its very frequent flow and almost constant 
 escape of large quantities of steam, with its striking-looking and highly-ornamented crater, con- 
 stitute it properly a geyser of the first class. This, too, showed, and even in a greater degree than 
 others, how greatly protection against vandalism is needed. From every part of the "Castle" 
 pieces had been chopped, loosening quantities of the rock and threatening to ruin the construc- 
 tion. Two women, with tucked-up skirts and rubber shoes, armed, one with an ax, the other with 
 a spade, were climbing about. Should this continue for another year or two, !;he beauty of form 
 and outline of the geyser-craters would be destroyed. It should be remembered 
 that these craters were constructed with the greatest slowness by almost imper- 
 ceptible additions, which cau only be made by a discharge from the geyser; while the material, 
 though hard, is very brittle, and easily knocked to pieces. We got back to camp just in time to 
 prevent the fall of an uplifted ax, which a woman was evidently about to bring straight down on 
 the summit of the "Bee Hive", whose modest crater forms so strong a contrast to the grandeur of 
 its play. Our shouts fortunately reached her just in time, and subsequent remonstrance induced 
 her at any rate to postpone the attack. 
 
 Another party of four men came over in the afternoon from the lake. Including my party, 
 there were now some thirty visitors in the basin. 
 
 August 24. — Broke camp for the return to Ellis. I should have liked to return by way of the 
 Madison Valley for the purpose of examining that route, which at present is the 
 only practicable one for wagons into the park ; but I had reason to believe that 
 the Missouri River navigation would probably close about September 20, and the long journey of 
 three hundred and seventy-five miles back to Carroll had yet to be made, and a few days' delay at 
 Ellis, in order to refit and procure fresh transportation, to be allowed for. We took the back trail 
 to the Lower Basin, examining en route the Fan, Riverside, and Sentinel Geysers. The day was 
 cold, dark, and wet, the air chill and raw. Below the Upper Basin we met three men going to the 
 geysers, each of whom, I supposed, would carry off 20 pounds of specimens and destroy 500. The 
 trail between the two basins is about the worst in the park, aud stands in urgent Trail from tj pper 
 need of improvement, which could readily be effected, and without the use of to Lower Ba8in - 
 skilled labor. Timber, fallen and standing, could easily be chopped aud thrown aside, aud the 
 marshy places in great part avoided by making the trail on higher ground along the foot-hills. 
 Crossing the Lower B^sin, which the rain had made miry, and passing our former camp, we 
 continued up the valley of the East Fork, the principal features of which are alkaline marsh, 
 dead timber, and little or no grass, the surrounding hills being equally uninteresting to the rapid 
 traveler. 
 
 I was desirous, on the score of time, to take the trail direct from the East Fork to Gardiner's 
 River Springs, but a brief examination convinced me that nothing would be gained, Trail bact t0 th9 
 as it was obstructed with fallen timber. The ascent out of the Madison Valley lake - 
 to the divide was laboriously made, the rise being fully 1,000 feet, and the back trail down the 
 Yellowstone slope pursued. The Sulphur Springs, three in number, were briefly examined en route. 
 They exhibit considerable activity, though evideutly waning iu force. The jets of vapor deposit 
 small cones of nearly pure sulphur. 
 
 Emerging from the timber, and soon after reaching the head of Alum Creek, we left the trail 
 going on to the Mud Geyser, aud inclining to the left crossed a range of prairie-hills, and followed 
 down the left bank of Alum Creek until the main trail down the Yellowstone was reached. This 
 was pursued for two or three miles farther, and camp made iu a drenching rain on a small creek, 
 which we named "Jay Creek," aud near the point where the two trails from Cascade Creek had united 
 coming up. We had traveled for eleven hours and made about thirty-six miles. 
 
30 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 August 25. — Took the back trail over which the pack-train had traveled on the journey out, past 
 our former camp of the 16th and 17th on Cascade Creek, and up the creek-valley. The day was 
 very wet and cold, and desirous as I was of again looking at the Grand Canon, I was unwilling to 
 impair my vivid recollection of it by seeing it for the last time deprived of its marvelous wealth 
 and brilliancy of color. 
 
 As we neared the belt of hills stretching nearly east and west across the trail, and commenced 
 to ascend the shoulder of one of them, we were greeted with a sharp burst of hail, followed by suc- 
 cessive gusty showers. The rain made the mountain-trail a hard one, turning the rich, black mold 
 in the narrow bridle-path to a slippery mud, and making the up and down grades equally severe on 
 the animals. The trail gradually ascends from the head of Cascade Creek to the divide between 
 two mountains, thence following partly the valley of another creek, which rises nearly at the sum- 
 mit of the divide, descends a long wiuding slope, with many fatiguing and unnecessary rises and 
 
 im „ falls, until the west part of Mount Washburne is reached. Ascending this rap- 
 
 Mount Washburne. I *» a f 
 
 idly but laboriously to the shoulder, we were in a few minutes enveloped in a 
 blinding snow-storm from the west and north, which forbade another ascent to the summit of the 
 mountain, and continued until we were about to descend from the Elephant's Back. The ther- 
 mometer fell below freezing, the wind blowing in furious gusts, and the snow occasionally turning 
 to hail, with frequent splashes of rain. As we were about leaving the Elephant's Back, half- 
 frozen and entirely discontented with the weather, a change took place. A rift suddenly opened 
 in the clouds to the northward, and rapidly widening disclosed the mountain-tops brilliantly white 
 with fresh-fallen snow, which reflected the clear rays of the sun; the dense strata of clouds drifting 
 black and heavy beneath: the sun soon after reached us with grateful warmth. 
 
 The trail winds rapidly down to Tower Creek, just before reaching which two deer were seen, the 
 only game animals we encountered in the park. A number of trout were taken at the mouth of the 
 creek, and we were much disappointed to find that out of twenty-five cooked for supper two certainly 
 were affected by the worm previously mentioned. It has been hitherto stated, and generally 
 believed, that the wormy trout were confined to the lake and river above the falls. It afterward 
 appeared that one captured in Cottonwood Creek between Ellis and Baker, and several from Deep 
 Creek east of Baker, were affected in the same way. Camp was made at the former place on 
 Meadow Brook, and rain came on again in the evening. 
 
 August 26. — A visit was paid to Baronet's Ranch, across the bridge, in the forks. We found 
 Baronet's Ranch there a large collection of specimens from Amethyst Mountain, on the east side of 
 at the bridge. ^ ne r j ver) a locality which we had not time to visit. The specimens were mainly 
 
 impure amethysts and forms of quartz chalcedony, &c. 
 
 The weather continued nnpropitious as ever, and in a drenching rain the back trail up Meadow 
 Trail from the Brook was resumed. In such weather, the trail is difficult and in places not a little 
 Ga r rd^u'er b iu ve? daugerous. It leads along and ascends slopes of clay which the rain makes exceed- 
 Springs. ingly treacherous and slippery, where a misstep would precipitate a mule with 
 
 its pack or a horse with its rider down several hundred feet. A great improvement could be 
 made with comparatively little labor by widening the trail and placing rocks on its outer edge. Rain 
 fell all day, with occasional intervals of sunshine; the trail over the broad rolliug divide between 
 the Yellowstone and Gardiner's River affording a good road, however, even in such weather. The 
 Gardiner's River Falls were passed, and the long, sloping descent made into the valley, out of which 
 we again climbed to the springs, just before reaching which camp was made. The rain lasted all 
 night with great severity ; the temperature steadily falling nearly to the freezing-point. Soon after 
 our arrival, an ambulance from Ellis reached the springs, bringing Major Benham and his wife, who 
 were about to make a tour of the park. 
 
 August 27. — Leaving Lieutenant Thompson in charge of the party, I took the ambulance, and 
 accompauied by Mr. Wood set out for Ellis, desiring to precede the party and gain time by having 
 transportation ready to take us on to Carroll. The mountains and hills were covered with heavy 
 snow but two or three hundred feet above us. The roads were exceedingly muddy and slippery; 
 fresh rain falling at intervals during the day. At the toll-house, a certified memorandum of the 
 Government transportation taken over the road was given to the proprietors. The tolls charged 
 each way were $5.50 for a six-mule team, $i for a four-mule team, and $1 for a single animal. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 31 
 
 Bottler's Ranch was reached at 5 p. m., and very good meals and lodging obtained. We 
 observed a small herd of cattle nearby, with which three young buffalo were Bottlers Ranch 
 
 apparently entirely domesticated. 
 
 I was informed that the gold washings at Emigrant Gulch, adjoining the peak of the same 
 name, were this year paying well ; the owners taking out $10 to $25 per man, and waahingaat Emi- 
 the net profit on each laborer being $5 to $15 per day. grant Gnich. 
 
 August 2S. — Started at 7 a. m. The heavy rains had cleared up in a hard white frost. The 
 Bottlers have about 90 acres under cultivation, irrigating from the mountains. 
 
 Under the bright sky, Emigrant Peak looked exceedingly handsome : the upper 2,000 feet covered 
 with a broad mantle of new-fallen snow, and the air washed clean of all impurities, brought out with 
 exceeding clearness the noble outlines and rich coloring. The road out of the Yellowstone Valley 
 up Trail Creek needs additional work upon it, side-cutting and bridging. That down Coal and 
 Rocky Canon Creek is capable still of great improvement. Ellis was reached at Arrive at eiks 
 
 2.30 p. m. 
 
 August 29. — Rain fell all day. The Gallatin valley was a sea of mud. 
 
 August 30. — Rain continued throughout the day. At 2 p. in., Lieutenant Thompson, with the 
 party and pack-train, arrived. 
 
 August 31. — Weather showed no signs of improving. The necessary transportation could not 
 be procured at the post, and it became necessary to hire a citizen's team in Bozeman. 
 
 September 1. — Still raining. This prolonged continuance of wet was pro- Hea rain 
 
 nounced to be unparalleled in the valley. 
 
 September 2. — Still raining. Despairing of any cessation of bad weather, I determined to make 
 a start and try to get over the ground if only a few miles a day. Accordingly pulled out of Ellis 
 in the afternoon with a train consisting of a four-mule ambulance, a six-mule team, Transportation out 
 and a citizen's team, consisting of six mules and a wheel-team of two broncos or of EIh8 ' 
 Montana ponies, the eight hauling a wagon and a trail- wagon. This is the ordinary freight-wagon of 
 the Territory. The trail is attached to the lead-wagon by a broad, short tongue, at the extremity 
 of which an iron eye fits upon the pintle or trail-hook, projecting from the rear of the rear axle. 
 Both wagons are provided with powerful brakes, which are set in descending hills. The two wagons 
 can together carry over fair roads from 6,000 to 8,000 pounds. The escort consisted of two ser- 
 geants and eight men of the cavalry. 
 
 By 9 p. m., the train, with the greatest difficulty, had made about six miles only, and camp was 
 pitched in Bridger Creek Valley. The trail-wagon had to be left for the night some two or three 
 miles back. Unfortunately, this wagon contained the greater part of our bedding and personal 
 belongings, and, as the temperature was very low, water freezing in the buckets, the night was 
 anything but a comfortable one. 
 
 September 3. — Sent back and brought up the trail, after which, with almost infinite labor, we 
 made four miles and camped. Much of the difficulty of hauling over this Bridger Brid ^ 
 
 Pass could be obviated by cutting and rough-bridging, with the labor of troops. 
 
 Three of the party came into camp late. They had been hunting in the pass ; had seen a num- 
 ber of elk on Bridger Mountain, and killed two or three. 
 
 September 4. — Broke camp at 7, with the sun shining, and pulled up the long hill, the descent 
 from which reaches Brackett's Creek. This hill is a plain illustration of the slight trouble required 
 to avoid excessive labor. A road around this hill, nearly on a level grade, might easily be made. 
 In fact, the road is there, except that in one place, for a hundred yards, the slope is so steep as to 
 imperil the equilibrium of a heavily-loaded wagon. A half-day's work with fifty men would make 
 it entirely practicable. From Brackett's Creek there is a road leading down it for a short distance ; 
 then north, up the valley of Shield's River, past the Three Peaks, to the headwater of the South 
 Fork of Musselshell. It was represented, however, that this road was marshy in places, and, with 
 the immense amount of rain which had fallen, would probably be impassable. I concluded, there- 
 fore, to take, in preference, the more hilly route over which we had come from Baker. About dark, 
 after ten miles of very laborious pulling, camp was made on the north side of the mountains, at 
 the intersection of two small streams flowing out of the pass. 
 
 September 5. — Pulled out at 6.30, and, after great difficulty, and with continual doubling of 
 
32 RECONNAISSANCE PROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 teams and dropping the trail-wagon, which had again to be brought up, we got clear of the foot- 
 hills at the entrance of the pass. Crossing the creek, which flows from the westward out of Flat- 
 head Pass, and its broad meadow- valley, we continued past the camp of August 8, and over the 
 rolling sage-brush prairie to Cottonwood Creek, where we camped, having made sixteen miles- 
 During the day, three of the party ascended the mountains on the west of Bridger Pass, and obtained 
 a superb view over the Gallatin Valley beyond. 
 
 September 6. — Broke camp at 7. Fair progress was made, but the effect of the wet weather 
 
 camp-on South was st iU evident in the lower places, and wherever a small creek crossed the road. 
 Fort of Deep creek. Fourteen miles from Cottonwood Creek we passed Sixteen Mile Creek, and inclin- 
 ing eastward, and leaving the Baker road, made camp three miles farther on, at the head of the 
 south fork of Deep Creek. There was but little wood in camp; the grass and water, however, being- 
 good. 
 
 September 7. — Taking Reynolds, the guide, I started on in advance of the train for the forks of 
 the Musselshell, with the double object in view of intercepting the Carroll mail-stage at that point, 
 with probable advices for me, and of obtaining, if possible, some additional, or at least fresh, trans- 
 portation, the animals having been greatly pulled down by the severity of the work since leaving 
 Ellis. 
 
 Leaving the head of Deep Creek, the trail crosses a divide 200 or 300 feet high, and strikes the 
 head of the South Fork of the Musselshell, which it follows to the junction with the North Fork. 
 The route for five or six miles is rough and broken, but finally follows the creek, which flows 
 
 South Forkof Mns- gently in a wide, fairly-grassed valley, surrounded by mountains. Many hundreds 
 eeisheu. of catt i e were g raz i n g i n this valley, which is an excellent stock-range. The 
 
 "Forks" were reached at noon, thirty miles from camp. Captain Ball's company of the Second 
 
 Forts of Mussel. Cavalry and Rawu's of the Seventh Infantry were in camp on the broad, level 
 8hen - tongue of land in the angle of the two streams. This camp is just on the border 
 
 of the Indian range; is well supplied with all the principal requisites of wood, water, and forage; 
 and would be an admirable location for a permanent post for the protection of the Carroll road and 
 
 Eemarksand sug- the thriving settlements to the westward. These districts are threatened almost 
 S.yran™dis°r!bu n every summer with forays by the Indians, from which garrisous far in their rear 
 tion of garrisons. could scarcely avail to guard them. These hostile invasions are always sudden 
 
 and generally unforeseen, and only the promptest movements of troops can be of effect. It is not 
 difficult to see that such movements would be greatly expedited and their effect by so much increased 
 by meeting the Indians at the very door, as it were, and punishing them there, rather than by 
 trusting to the uncertain chance of overtaking them after the depredations had been committed. 
 The garrison and post of Camp Baker, for example, moved forward and established anew at the 
 forks of the Musselshell, would make almost secure the whole, country behind, and, in addition, 
 would afford a most favorable point from which to send out scouts and reconnaissances, or, on occa- 
 sion, to initiate a campaign into the Indian country. Another consideration would be that the 
 farther east such a post was established the cheaper and easier it would be to supply. 
 
 September 8. — The train came in at 9 a. m., having camped for the night five or six miles back. 
 
 CampatHoppieys I was fortunate enough, through the kindness of Lieutenant English, Seventh 
 Hole - Infantry, to obtain the loan for two days of an additional six-mule team, with 
 
 which at noon we pulled out ou the Carroll road, in company with Captain Browning and Lieuten- 
 ant Woodruff, Seventh Infantry, made the twenty miles to Hoppley's Hole, and camped by a spring 
 just north of the road. Wood was obtained from the eastern margin of this broad and deep couli, 
 in which, however, the grass was poor and thin. 
 
 September 9. — Started at 7 a. m., in advauce of the train, with Captain Browning and a small 
 
 cam Lewis P ar ty) f° r Camp Lewis. Near the spring, in Judith Gap, a small detachment of 
 
 Eighteenth Infantrymen was in camp. Scattered herds of buffalo could be seen 
 grazing on the prairie south of Snowy Mountains. Deviating to the right of the Carroll road, we 
 kept along the foot-hills of the mountains, crossing two or three small streams, and finding the grass 
 of the hill-slopes rich and luxuriant. An hour's halt for rest was made ou Little Trout Creek, and, 
 resuming the journey, a heavy, recently-made Indian trail was crossed, leading northward. Lewis 
 was reached at 5.15 p. in., after a rapid ride of forty-five miles. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 33 
 
 September 10. — The train came in at 2 p. m., having camped on Buffalo Creek the night before. 
 
 September 11. — Pulled out at 8 a. m., and in a couple of hours met the Carroll stage at Warm 
 Spring Creek. I was informed that tbe steamer Josephine would probably leave 
 Carroll on the 18th or 19th, but was likely to make another trip, certainly if the Creek, 
 stage of the river would admit. Camp was made on Armell's Creek, twenty-five miles from Lewis, 
 with excellent wood, water, and grass. Opposite camp, on the other side of the creek, was a 
 plantation of wild hops in full bearing. Mr. Griunell was exceedingly desirous of examining for 
 fossils the lower extremity of the Judith Basin near the Musselshell Biver. As there was still a 
 margin of seven or eight days, with the chance of a later trip of the boat, I determined to divide the 
 party, sending a portion of it, under command of Lieutenant Thompson, to the mouth of the 
 Judith Biver, while I should go on to Carroll, ascertain as exactly as possible the probabilities of a 
 later boat, and send out word at what time the party should re-assemble. Mr. Dana concluded to 
 accompany me to Carroll ; his engagements at theJDast not admitting of any further delay on his 
 part. The wagons were therefore reloaded with the view of sending one six-mule team and the 
 greater part of the cavalry escort to the Judith. 
 
 September 12. — The six-mule team was loaded with fifteen days' rations; all superfluous baggage 
 being loaded into the others. The supposed best route to the mouth of the 
 Judith was to incline southwest from camp for a few miles, until the divide 
 between Warm Spring and Armell's Creeks was reached, thence west and north to the head of 
 Dog Biver, and along the divide between that and Judith Biver, through a certain pass in the Bad 
 Lands, of which we had general information only, to Claggett's Banch or Camp Cooke, at the mouth of 
 the Judith. At 8.30 the load was completed, and the two parties separated ; Mr. Dana and myself, 
 with a sergeant and one man of the cavalry escort and a sergeant and four men of the engineer 
 detachment, proceeding on the road to Carroll, while all the others started for the 
 Judith. We reached Box Elder Station nine miles from camp, the edge of the Bad 
 Lands at sixteen miles, and Crooked Creek at thirty-two miles. 
 
 The day had been very hot and dusty, and we found no water between Box Elder and Crooked 
 Creek. The bed of the creek was absolutely dry, and the single pool near the road had been trampled 
 into a thick mud by the thirsty animals unhitched from two mule-trains and one bull-train, which 
 had halted for the night on the creek. We had brought no water with us, and Cam inBa0 . Lands on 
 the prospects of a camp were wholly uninviting. About a mile farther down the crooked creek. 
 creek-bed I observed two or three cottonwood-trees, and an examination of the locality resulted in 
 the pleasing discovery of three small but undisturbed pools of water, tepid and alkaline, but 
 much better than none. The grass in the vicinity too, though exceedingly poor and thin, had not 
 been grazed by the freight-trains. Numbers of antelope had been seen all day, and from the high 
 ground on the edge of the Bad Lands small herds of buffalo dotted the broken landscape toward 
 the river. 
 
 September 13. — Pulled out at 8 a. m. Crossed Little Crooked Creek, and soon after ascended 
 upon the high, rolling prairie, winding over which the road eventually leads out upon a high, narrow 
 ridge near the river, where, turning to the eastward, the steep descent of 900 feet „ "„ „ 
 
 - , • , . ,, i ~ „ . . , T . , , Return to Carroll. 
 
 is made into the river-valley, where Carroll is situated. It was ascertained that 
 the boat would probably reach Carroll on the 19th, and leave next day. 
 
 There was a possibility that a later trip would be made ; but, as this depended entirely upon the 
 stage of water, which was very low and still falling, reliance could not be placed upon it. The 
 week's heavy rains in the upper valleys had caused a rise of about six inches in the channel at 
 Carroll, but this rise had been already exhausted, and more rain could hardly be looked for. I 
 therefore dispatched a messenger to Lieutenant Thompson to be back in Carroll on the night of the 
 19th. 
 
 September 14. — Mr. Dana was desirous of examining the Little Bocky Mountains some thirty 
 miles to the north and west, and we accordingly made preparations for a trip to them. The ambu- 
 lance was placed in a Mackinac boat ready for transportation across the river in the morning. 
 
 September 15. — Crossed theriverin the Mackinac, swimming the animals. The party consisted of 
 Mr. Dana and myself and four men; one driving a pair of mules in the ambulance, T . to the Little 
 ■which carried the rations and scanty allowance of bedding. Some of the Carroll E° ck y Mountains. 
 5 w 
 
34 RECONNAISSANCE FEOM CAEROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 hunters at first wished to accompany us, but were afterward deterred by reports of Indians near 
 the mountains. I did not altogether regret this; for a small party entirely under control might be 
 safer than a larger one without discipline. In orderto get the ambulance out of the boat, we dropped 
 down stream a mile and a half to the " point " below on the north bank, whence a hay-road led up 
 the hill, climbing the S00 or 900 feet of ascent which was necessary to reach the prairie above, 
 En route to Little tuence winding along narrow ridges formed by the deeply-penetrating coules and 
 Eocky Mouutains. ravines setting back from the river- valley. Reaching the prairie, the Little Rockies 
 were in full view, and we traveled rapidly toward them over a dry, stony, nearly level road, with 
 a brief halt for water at a pool in an unnamed creek-bed. Reaching the margin of the high prairie 
 overlooking Little Rocky Creek, the descent appeared precipitous and the valley below difficult 
 to travel. We therefore proceeded directly toward the mouutains, and took our chauce of finding 
 camp near the Little water - Approaching within three or four miles, a very good camp for our small 
 Rocky Mountains. party was found near some springs. There was no wood, but we were fortunate 
 enough to find a few pieces of drift brought down from the mountains during a freshet, and buffalo, 
 chips were abundant. Two or three herds of buffalo were grazing within sight, 
 gradually moving off as they became aware of our presence, and the antelope were 
 more numerous than I had ever seen them. Soon after sunset, the harvest moon swung its broad 
 disk above the eastern horizon, and flooded the yellow prairie with almost the light of day, shining 
 brilliantly all night from a cloudless sky. The air was still, and the temperature mild and pleasant- 
 About midnight, the snorting of the horses aroused me, and I found the men all up to keep the 
 buffalo which surrounded the camp from coming so near as to stampede our cattle. They were 
 approaching us to get water from the springs upon which we were encamped. The animals loomed 
 uj) huge and black in contrast with the yellow prairie, and were evidently in great numbers, as their 
 deep rattling snorts and snuffles could be heard in all directions. 
 
 In the gray light of early dawn, an antelope, attracted by the white cover of the ambulance, 
 walked nearly into camp, and furnished an excellent breakfast. It was a barren doe, very fat and 
 tender, with small horns, an inch or two in length. 
 
 September 16. — Mr. Dana spent the day exploring and examining the mountains. Camp was 
 broken at 8 with the intention of finding another farther east in a sort of bay in the south side of 
 the range, where wood would be more convenient, and which should offer better protection in case 
 the Indians should discover us. 
 
 The presence of buffalo in such great numbers, and the known propinquity of a large Indian 
 Little Eock camp some twenty-five or thirty miles to the eastward, on Pouchette Creek, induced 
 Mountains. me to believe that a more concealed camp would be much safer. The party was 
 
 so small that it would be just as well to remain undiscovered. Entering the valley, it was found full 
 of buffalo and antelope. The adjacent coules and ravines were thoroughly examined for water 
 without success,, and I finally concluded to return to last night's camp. This is ordinarily an inju- 
 dicious thing to do; but the quiet demeanor of the buffalo induced me to believe that they had not 
 recently been hunted. Sending the ambulance back to camp, I took one man, and entered a pass 
 behind the prominent mountain, where a well-worn game-trail furnished a good path. The mount- 
 ains are well wooded and some 1,200 or 1,500 feet in height, apparently destitute of running water 
 at this season. At a narrow place iu the trail, a buffalo was encountered, who, after an instant's 
 halt, uttered a frightened snort, and whirling his huge bulk around with ludicrous suddenness, set 
 off at full speed. A few deer were seen, but no elk or sign of any. The mountains, in fact, seem 
 to be too destitute of water to abound in the ordinary game. Emerging from the pass directly north 
 of and in view of camp, the bed of the stream which supplied the springs below was found to be dry 
 and stony. High up on the mouutaiu-slopes a herd of buffalo were grazing, and Mr. Dana was dis- 
 tinguished approaching them with his carbine. His shots killed one, and started the herd at head- 
 long speed down the mountain. Hastily concealing ourselves iu the bed of the stream, the herd 
 swept past, losing two more of their number. I endeavored to overtake on horseback a calf, the 
 mother of which had been killed, but my horse developed no great amount of speed, and the calf 
 certainly did, skipping away from me with the utmost agility. We returned to camp and had a 
 quiet night, though unpleasantly cold without tents, water freezing iu the buckets. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK. 35 
 
 September 17. — We had seen all that was necessary of the Little Rockies, and had more game than 
 could be carried in; a prolonged stay might be attended with serious consequences, i n( i ian9 en coun- 
 and camp was therefore broken at S for the return to Carroll. Steering by com- tered - 
 pass, we had proceeded for a couple of hours, when we saw half a mile ahead three men engaged in 
 skiuniug a buffalo. Observing us, they mounted and started off, but soon halted and began to 
 approach us. They proved to be Indians, a small hunting-party from the large camp, and got us to 
 understand that they wanted to go in to Carroll with us as soon as they could dispose of the buf- 
 falo they were occupied with and another farther on. Though not anxious for their society, I 
 assented, intending, in case of the appearance of a large party, and having any trouble with them, to 
 hold the three as a sort of hostage. They worked with great earnestness and skill ; and, having 
 loaded three ponies with beef in a very short space of time, two of them joined us. The head-man 
 pointed northeast, to where he said were forty-five lodges of his people. He denied being a Sioux, 
 but spoke the language too well to be anything else. Approaching the river opposite Carroll, the 
 two Indians wanted Mr. Dana and myself to go directly down the bluft to the river 
 with them ; but as my rifle had become disabled by an accident, and the pistol 
 cartridges were exhausted, their offer was declined. One of them wished to assure me that he was 
 unarmed, and throwing back his blanket showed an empty pistol-holster, and said he had lost it 
 running buffalo. The same movement, however, exhibited the handle of a pistol on the other side. 
 Apparently disgusted at our refusal, they plunged down the hill out of sight, and eventually reached 
 town first. 
 
 September 18. — Crossed the ambulance back to Carroll. The steamer Josephine was looked for 
 hourly during the day. 
 
 September 19. — At 2 p. m., Lieutenant Thompson, Mr. Wood, and the wagon arrived, and a few 
 hours later Messrs. Grinuell, Ludlow, and Reynolds reached town in a small Mack- Judith Basin party 
 inac, with which they had descended the river from the Judith. " r1 ™' 
 
 A march of forty-four miles in two days — September 12 and 13 — had taken the party from the 
 camp on Armell's Creek to the mouth of the Judith, where they remained two days, and returned to 
 Carroll in four days. The lower portion of the Judith Basin is largely occupied by Mauvaises 
 Terres, precipitous and forbidding, and very difficult to travel. A few interesting fossils were found; 
 but the extent of the field and the limited time available prevented thorough search. A large camp 
 of Gros Ventres was in the basin intending to winter there, and game was scarce. At 5 p. m., the 
 Josephine reached Carroll and discharged. 
 
 September 20. — Boat took on 60 tons of freight, and left at 4.30 p. m. Lieutenant Thompson 
 was instructed to take the cavalry escort and transportation to Ellis and to return 
 to Saint Paul via the Union Pacific. 
 
 The subsequent journey down the river was uueventful. The stream was very low, with only 
 18 inches of water on Buffalo Rapids, and we were frequently aground. When within fifteen or 
 twenty miles of Buford, we met the Key West and exchanged freights; the Josephine returning to 
 Carroll to make one more trip. 
 
 September 26. — We left Buford on the Key West at 8 a. m., reached Bismarck on the 29th, and 
 Saint Paul October 2. 
 
 Thus terminated this most interesting trip, which had covered by rail, water, 
 and on horseback thirty-three hundred miles of travel in ninety-three days through every variety 
 of landscape, from the most forbidding to the grandest and most picturesque. 
 
 I beg leave to add the following suggestions relative to the National Park. The main points 
 are such as would present themselves to any visitor capable of appreciating the 
 
 j * x, , ■. , , • ,..,-,.., , = Remarks and sug- 
 
 wonders of the park, and have been in some cases anticipated in the remarks and cesfions relative to 
 recommendations of previous visitors! Nevertheless, a repetition of them can do 
 no harm, and will at least show what the concurrent testimony on the subject is. 
 
 Congress, by an act approved March 1, 1872 (sections 2471 and 2475, Revised Statutes, ap- 
 pended hereto), set aside the area therein defined (and which intended to include all the more 
 remarkable objects and scenery) as a national domain, and consecrated it to the enjoyment and 
 improvement of all mankind. For this purpose, the park was placed under the control of the Sec- 
 
36 EECOKSTAISSANCE FEOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 retary of the Interior; but, unfortunately, the act provides uo further practical measures for its 
 improvement than authorizing the making of small temporary leases (the revenues from which should 
 be devoted to the proper management and improvement of the park) and the promulgation of 
 regulations mainly looking to the preservation of the game. I am not informed as to whether any 
 such leases have been made ; but it is certain that no expenditures have been made for the improve- 
 ment of the park, nor even for its proper protection. Of the preservation of the game I will men- 
 tion some facts further on. The park remains in the same wild, secluded condition in which it was 
 discovered, a few squatters and hunters inhabiting it. The number of visitors is not great, but is 
 yearly increasing, and is mainly made up from the inhabitants of the Montana towns. Until some 
 railroad facilities shall make the journey less expensive and fatiguing, the people at large can 
 hardly avail themselves of the " pleasuring ground "so provided. Meanwhile, 
 
 •Wanton destine- J , . ,,-, . , 
 
 tionuf eurin 3 ities in however, those who from propinquity are able to do so are entering upon the pos- 
 session of their privileges, and abusing them by the wanton destruction of what 
 was intended to be for the edification of all. 
 
 The treasures of art and beauty, cunningly contrived by the hand of nature, are in process of 
 removal to territorial homesteads, and the proportion of material destroyed to that carried off is 
 as ten to one. Hunters have for years devoted themselves to the slaughter of the 
 game, until within the limits of the park it is hardly to be found. I was credi- 
 bly informed by people on the spot, and personally cognizant of the facts, that during the winter 
 of 1874 and 1875, at which season the heavy snows render the elk an easy prey, no less than from 
 1,500 to 2,000 of these, the largest and finest game animals in the country, were thus destroyed 
 within a radius of fifteen miles of the Mammoth Springs. From th is large number, representing 
 an immense supply of the best food, the skins only were taken, netting to the hunter some $2.50 
 or $3 apiece ; the frozen carcasses being left in the snow to feed the wolves or to decay in the 
 spring. A continuance of this wholesale and wasteful butchery can have but one effect, viz, the 
 extermination of the animal, and that, too, from the very region where he has a right to expect 
 protection, and where his frequent inoffensive presence would give the greatest pleasure to the 
 greatest number. 
 
 The cure for these unlawful practices and undoubted evils can only be found in a thorough 
 mounted police of the park. In the absence of any legislative provision for this, recourse can most 
 readily be had to the already existing facilities afforded by the presence of troops in the vicinity and 
 by the transfer of the park to the control of the War Department. Troops should 
 be stationed to act as guards at the lake, the Mammoth Springs, and especially 
 in the Geyser Basin. A couple of signal-sergeants might profitably be employed in keeping 
 meteorological and geyser records, which would be of great interest and value. 
 
 In time, with faithful supervision, the park could easily be made self-supporting. Franchises 
 and leases will be valuable, and properly administered would furnish a revenue sufficient to pro- 
 ceed gradually with all the improvements required. But meanwhile, and before any improvements 
 can be judiciously undertaken, an indispensable preliminary would be a thorough and accurate 
 topographical survey, which, having been completed, would serve to indicate where roads and 
 bridle-paths could best be opened or most improved. The boundaries of the park could at the 
 same time be run and laid down upon the ground. 
 
 For this a small annual appropriation of from 88,000 to $10,000 should be made, and the survey 
 might properly be under the charge of an engineer officer, who, while making his survey and map, 
 might at the same time be turning his attention and devoting perhaps a certain sum to the selection 
 and construction of better routes of travel. While it would not be possible at once to make the park 
 practicable for vehicles, the pack-trails could be vastly improved at slight expense ; the survey indi- 
 cating the best routes. An observatory on Mount Washburne, with a wire to Bozeman, could be 
 constructed cheaply, and furnish a starting-point whence all the higher peaks, and from them the 
 intervening country, .could be mapped. Eough bridges could be constructed where needed, and 
 the worst portions of the trail corduroyed. This preliminary work accomplished, and about two 
 seasons' work would be required for it, the yearly appropriation being continued, the roads could 
 by degrees be made practicable for wagons and carriages. Lodging-places could be constructed at 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 37 
 
 the Mammoth Springs, the bridge, the falls, the lake, and tue geyser basins, for the accommoda- 
 tion of visitors ; and these, after the construction by the engineer officer, should be under the 
 charge of an officer detailed to make constant inspections of them and of the detachments doing 
 guard and police duty in the park. Visitors should be forbidden to kill any game. The hunters 
 should have their arms and spoils confiscated, besides being liable to prosecution. 
 
 For the accomplishment of these purposes, it would certainly be most convenient and expedient 
 to take advantage of the presence and organization of the military, and to intrust the care of the 
 park, at least temporarily, to the War Department ; at least until such time as a civilian superin- 
 tendent, living in the park, with a body of mounted police under his orders, should suffice for its 
 protection. 
 
 The day will come, and it cannot be far distant, when this most interesting region, crowded with 
 marvels and adorned with the most superb scenery, will be rendered accessible to all ; and then, 
 thronged with visitors from all over the world, it will be what nature and Congress, for once work- 
 ing together in unison, have declared it should be, a National Park. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 William Ludlow, 
 ■ Captain Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., 
 
 Chief Engineer Department of Dakota. 
 
 The Assistant Adjutant-General, 
 
 Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn. 
 
 ACT APPROVED MARCH 1, 1872. 
 {Revised Statutes of the United States, sections 2474 and 2475.) 
 
 Sec. 2474. The tract of land in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming, lying near the headwaters of the Yellow- 
 stone River, and described as follows, to wit, commencing at thejunction of Gardiner's River with Revised statutes 
 the Yellowstone River, and running east to the meridian passing ten miles east of the most eastern sections 2474 and 
 point of the Yellowstone Lake ; thence south along said meridian to the parallel of latitude passing 
 ten miles south of the most southern point of Yellowstone Lake ; thence west along said parallel to the meridian passing 
 fifteen miles west of the most western point of Madison Lake ; thence north along said meridian to the latitude of the 
 junction of the Yellowstone and Gardiner's Rivers ; thence east to the place of beginning, is reserved and withdrawn from 
 settlement, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated aud set apart as a public park or 
 pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and all persons who locate or settle upon, or occupy any 
 part of the land thus set apart as a public park, except as provided in the following section, shall be considered tres- 
 passers and removed therefrom. 
 
 Sec. 2475. Such public park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty 
 it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and publish such regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the care 
 and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all tim- 
 ber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within the park, and their retention in their natural condition. 
 The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant leases for building purposes, for terms not exceeding ten years, of small par- 
 cels of ground, at such places in the park as may require the erection of buildings for the accommodation of visitors ; 
 all of the proceeds of such leases, and all other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with the park 
 to be expended under his direction in the management of the same, and the construction of roads aud bridle-paths 
 therein. He shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish aud game found withiu the park, aud against their 
 capture or destruction for the purpose of merchandise or profit. He shall also cause all persons trespassing upon the 
 same to be removed therefrom, and generally is authorized to take all such measures as may be necessary or proper to 
 fully carry out the objects and purposes of this section. 
 
38 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR TIME AND LATITUDE AT CARROLL, CAMP 
 LEWIS, AND CAMP BAEEE. 
 
 Observation for time. 
 
 Double altitudes observed. 
 
 73 50 00 
 
 <■'] 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 35 00 
 
 
 
 
 N. po: 
 
 ar dist. = A 
 
 
 70 10 00 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 True altitude = A 
 
 
 37 08 20 
 
 18 
 
 54 
 
 25. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 55.5 
 
 2m = 
 
 L + A + A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57. 
 
 
 
 
 77 26 40 
 
 
 5fi 
 
 26.5 
 
 
 
 
 40 18 20 
 
 
 56 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1H 
 
 57 
 
 29. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 19. 1480447 
 
 
 
 
 log CO 
 
 logBii 
 
 Lain A 
 
 iP 
 
 = 
 
 9. 8024365 
 
 
 19. 3456082 
 
 
 9. 6728041 
 
 Refraction = R = 
 
 Parallax = P = 
 
 Si-mi-diam. = Sd = 
 
 E, P, and Sd = 
 
 Observed 2 alt. = 
 
 2 alt. corrected = 
 
 74 
 
 SO 
 - 1 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 74 
 
 19 
 
 00 
 
 37 
 
 09 
 
 30 
 10 
 
 37 08 20 
 
 9. 8589930 
 9. 9734435 
 
 = 9. 8024365 
 
 Equatio 
 True (in 
 Time bj 
 
 i of time = 
 
 6 = 17 54 39.77 
 
 chron. = 18 55 56.87 
 
 = 1 01 17.1 
 
 Chron. fast 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 
 
 Station Carroll, Montana.— Date, July 12, 1875.— Sextant, Spencer Browning.— Index error, — 60".— Chronometer, Bond &. Son, 202.— Observer, 
 Wood.— Computer, "Wood. 
 
 Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 
 = 9. 3515862 
 
 
 9. 98875 
 
 19 
 
 43. 
 
 
 = 3. 6897527 
 
 log A 
 
 3. 68975 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 log A COS 
 
 p = 3. 0413389 
 
 
 3. 67850 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '>■> 
 
 42.5 
 
 
 
 log (A sin p) 
 
 7. 35700 
 
 23 
 
 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 4.38154 
 
 
 
 
 — 18 19.9 
 
 
 0. 03425 
 
 
 
 
 — 47 15 24. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 77579 
 
 
 
 2d term 
 
 = 47 33 44. 4 
 
 2dterm 
 
 59". 7 
 
 
 
 Latitude 
 
 = 59.7 
 
 
 
 47 34 44. 1 
 
 16 14.5 
 
 50.0 
 
 15 24.5 
 
 Refraction — 50" 
 
 Chron. correction l h 01m 17..1 
 
 Dec 88° 38' 25" 
 
 A 4895" 
 
 h. m. 8. 
 
 jRPolaris 1 12 47.7 
 
 Sid. timo at mean noon at this station 
 
 Sid. interval from mean time of cnlniiuation 
 
 Eetardati >f mean on sidereal time 
 
 Mean time nt culmination tit' star 
 
 Error of chron. at time of observation 1 01 17.1 
 
 Time by chron. of culmination 2 14 04.8 
 
 Sid. time of observation 19 22 08.5 
 
 Hour-angle, j), in mean timo 6 51 56.3 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc 102° 59' 05" 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 89 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 Station, Carroll, Montana.— Date, September 20, 1875.— Object observed, ©.—Sextant, Spencer Browning, 6536.— Index error, — 1' 15".— Chr 
 Arnold & Dent, 1362.— Observer, Wood. -Computer, Wood.— Bar., 27'-. 61.— Ther., 61°. 
 
 Times of 
 obs. by 
 
 iler. dist. 
 
 2 ein» } p 
 
 cos I cos D 
 
 Red. tomer 
 
 Obs'd 2 cir- 
 
 Obs'd a 1 
 
 H. 
 
 
 True mer. alt's 
 deduced = a 
 
 +!C = A. 
 
 
 = P- 
 
 = * 
 
 cos a 
 
 m arc = x. 
 
 diau alti- 
 tudes. 
 
 rected 
 index ei 
 
 for 
 
 tudes = a. 
 
 = 90°+D-A. 
 
 A. m. «. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o - « 
 
 o I 
 
 
 o l n 
 
 o . ,/ 
 
 o . // 
 
 12 50 43. 
 
 4 42. 
 
 43 
 
 
 40 
 
 86 24 50 
 
 43 11 
 
 47 
 
 43 26 56 
 
 
 
 51 12. 
 
 4 13. 
 
 35 
 
 
 33 
 
 87 29 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 42.5 
 
 3 42.5 
 
 27 
 
 
 25 
 
 86 25 30 
 
 12 
 
 
 27 16 
 
 
 
 52 18. 5 
 
 3 06.5 
 
 19 
 
 g 
 
 18 
 
 87 29 50 
 
 44 
 
 17 
 
 27 30 
 
 
 39 
 
 52 47. 
 
 2 3a 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 27 26 
 
 27 39 
 
 48 
 
 53 14.5 
 
 2 10.5 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 87 30 00 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 53 39. 
 
 1 46. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 86 25 40 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 27 21 
 
 27 27 
 
 60 
 
 54 15. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 87 30 10 
 
 
 27 
 
 27 40 
 
 
 
 54 53. 5 
 
 31.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 26 00 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 27 31 
 
 
 
 55 27. 
 
 02. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 30 00 
 
 44 
 
 '.!-.' 
 
 27 35 
 
 27 35 
 
 52 
 
 55 50. 
 
 25. 
 
 
 
 
 86 25 50 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 27 26 
 
 
 
 56 19.5 
 
 54.5 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 87 29 50 
 
 44 
 
 
 27 30 
 
 
 55 
 
 56 46. 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 86 25 40 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 27 21 
 
 27 25 
 
 62 
 
 57 24. 5 
 
 2 00. 
 
 8 
 
 
 8 
 
 87 29 50 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 57 57. 5 
 
 2 32.5 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 86 25 30 
 
 12 
 
 
 27 16 
 
 27 28 
 
 59 
 
 58 25. 5 
 
 3 00.5 
 
 18 
 
 
 17 
 
 87 29 30 
 
 
 117 
 
 27 20 
 
 27 37 
 
 50 
 
 58 46. 5 
 
 3 21.5 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 86 25 20 
 
 12 
 
 (12 
 
 27 11 
 
 
 
 59 20. 
 
 3 55. 
 
 30 
 
 
 28 
 
 87 29 20 
 
 44 
 
 (12 
 
 27 15 
 
 27 43 
 
 
 12 59 49. 
 Mean la 
 
 4 24. 
 
 38 
 
 
 35 
 
 86 25 00 
 
 43 11 
 
 52 
 
 43 27 01 
 
 43 27 36 
 
 47 • 34 51 
 
 
 47 34 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. 82899 
 9.99993 
 0. 13922 
 
 Chron. correction -1 02 04.16 Semi-diam. +15 58.5 
 
 Equation of time + 6 38. 92 Refraction — 55. 9 
 
 Parallax + 6.3 
 
 Determination of the time by observed equal altitudes of the sun's limb. 
 
 TO CORRECT THE 
 
 Observed 
 
 double alti- 
 
 Corresponding times. 
 
 elapsed 
 time. 
 
 Equation of 
 equal alti- 
 
 Chron. fast of 
 
 appt.noonby 
 each pair of 
 equal alti - 
 
 A. M. = t 
 
 P. M. = V 
 
 72 10 00 
 
 73 10 00 
 
 ft. m. ». 
 
 10 51 40.5 
 52 04.5 
 52 29. 
 
 52 51.5 
 
 53 14.5 
 
 53 38. 
 
 54 03. 
 54 27. 
 
 54 50.5 
 
 55 14.5 
 
 55 38.5 
 
 56 02. 
 10 56 26.5 
 
 ft. m. s. 
 2 58 34.5 
 
 58 10. 5 
 
 57 47. 
 
 57 23. 
 
 57 00. 
 
 56 37. 
 
 56 14.5 
 
 55 50. 
 
 55 27.5 
 
 55 04. 
 
 54 42. 
 
 54 16. 5 
 2 53 53. 
 
 A. m. 
 
 4 2 
 
 +16. 80 
 
 ft. m. s. 
 1 02 04.16 
 
 T = 4» 2m 
 i = — 58". 33 
 L= 47° 35' 
 let term = +17'. 
 
 log A (page 164) = 
 log i 
 
 - 9 - i"P 
 
 0. 0392 
 
 : +16'. 8 = equation of equal altitudes. 
 
 'of? =: 
 
 log tan D =H 
 
 10 
 14 
 
 54 
 56 
 
 03.08 
 13.81 
 
 2.-, 
 
 50 
 
 10.89 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 
 08.44 
 16.80 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 53 
 
 25.24 
 21.08 
 
40 
 
 EECONNAISSANCE FKOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Observation for time. 
 
 Double altitudes observed. Corresponding times. 
 
 767 w id 
 
 h. 
 
 m 
 
 B 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 45. 
 
 
 18 
 
 30.5 
 
 
 IX 
 
 :«. 
 
 
 14 
 
 an. 5 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 55. 5 
 
 
 IK 
 
 34.5 
 
 
 17 
 
 38.5 
 
 
 IK 
 
 31.5 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 80.5 
 
 is 
 
 15 
 
 33.0 
 
 Latitude = L 
 N. polar dist.= 
 True altitude = 
 
 «!— A 
 
 = 
 
 44 
 
 57 03 
 34 11 
 
 log cos m 
 
 log sin (m-A) 
 
 log cos m sin (m— 
 
 -A) = 
 
 9. 0227658 
 9.84619S9 
 
 1-. 80r9047 
 9. 8284436 
 
 log sin» J j) 
 log sin I p 
 
 19.0405211 
 9. 5202605 
 
 pin arc 
 
 = 
 
 38 
 
 20 58 
 41 56 
 
 » in time 
 
 = 
 
 h. 
 
 3 
 19 
 
 34 47.7 
 44 43.8 
 
 Equation of time 
 True time 
 Time by chron. 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 09 56.1 
 
 Chron. fast 
 
 1 
 
 05 37.5 
 
 E.P.andSd 
 Observed 2 alt. 
 
 2 alt. corrected 
 
 Altitude 
 B, P, and Sd 
 
 True alt. = A 
 
 log cos L 
 log sin A 
 
 = 39 23 55 
 
 = 39 22 52 
 
 = 9.9951575 
 
 log COS L sin A = 9. 8284436 
 
 Observation for time. 
 
 212.— Chronometer, Bond & 
 
 Double altitudes observed. 
 
 212 32 10 
 
 Corresponding times. 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 17 56 00. 
 59 00. 
 59 54.5 
 
 18 01 19.5 
 
 02 21.5 
 
 03 14. 
 
 04 13.5 
 
 05 01. 
 
 06 09. 
 18 07 02. 
 
 Latitude = L 
 
 N. polar dist. = A 
 
 True altitude = A 
 
 2m = Ii + A + A 
 
 m 
 
 m— A 
 
 log cos m 
 
 log sin (m— A) 
 
 log cos m sin (m— A 
 log cos L sin A 
 
 log sin 2 i p 
 
 log sin i p 
 
 iP 
 
 p in arc 
 
 p in time 
 
 Equation of time 
 True time 
 Time by chron. 
 
 Chron. fast 
 
 
 47 03 40 
 
 70 10 00 
 46 36 46 
 
 163 50 26 
 
 Refraction = E 
 Parallax = P 
 Semi-diam. = Sd 
 E, P, and Sd 
 Observed 2 alt 
 Index error 
 
 2 alt. corrected 
 
 Altitude 
 E,P,andSd 
 
 True alt. = A 
 
 log cos L 
 
 log cos I, sin A 
 
 = 
 
 50 
 93 15 13 
 
 81 55 13 
 35 18 27 
 
 9! 7619011 
 
 
 93 15 13 
 
 46 37 36 
 50 
 
 18. 9097346 
 9. 8067296 
 
 46 36 46 
 
 18 02 
 
 25.5 
 
 
 19. 1030050 
 
 9. 9734435 
 
 
 9. 5515035 
 
 20 51 29 
 41 42 54 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 2 46 51.6 
 14 09 59.2 
 
 9. 8067296 
 
 
 16 56 50.8 
 18 02 25.5 
 
 
 
 1 05 34.7 
 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 41 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 
 
 Station, Camp Lewis, Montana.— Date, July 25, 1875.— Ref. Circle, -Garaday & Son, 212.— Chronometer, Bond & Son, 202.— Ohse: 
 
 931 
 
 55 00 
 
 03 
 
 11 30 
 
 46 
 
 35 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 log COS J) 
 
 = 9. 5393080 
 
 log sin p 9. 97228 
 
 1H 
 
 :.o 
 
 
 
 = 3. 6895752 
 
 log A 3. 68958 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 44.5 
 
 
 p - 3. 228-838 
 
 log A sin; 3. (iCieo 
 
 
 5,1 
 
 53.5 
 
 
 — 1694" 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 42. 
 
 
 
 logfAsinp)' 7.32372 
 
 19 
 
 Oil 
 
 
 
 
 lop a 4. 38454 
 
 
 III 
 
 30.5 
 
 1st terra 
 
 
 log tan A 0.02399 
 
 
 
 30.5 
 
 Alt. — A 
 
 — 46 34 55 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 19.5 
 
 
 = 54 
 
 log 2d term 1.73225 
 
 19 
 
 04 
 
 08.5 
 
 Latitude 
 
 •— - — — 
 
 2d terra 54" 
 
 18 
 
 57 
 
 34.75 
 
 
 
 46 34 55 
 
 Refraction 50" 
 
 Chron. correction l h 05'" 36".l 
 
 & .yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 4893" 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 M Polaris 1 12 59.65 
 
 Si*', tirao at mean noon at this station 
 
 Sid. interval from mean time nf culmination 
 
 Mean time of culmination ol star 
 
 Error oi chrou. at time of observation 1 05 36.10 
 
 Time by chron. of culmination 2 18 35.75 
 
 Clock-time uf observation 18 57 34.75 
 
 HonraDRlo.j), iu sid. time 7 21 01. 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc 110° 15' 15" 
 
 Pin arc 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 Times of 
 obs. by 
 
 
 J, -in 2 \ p 
 
 
 
 Obs'd 2 cir- 
 
 Obs'd alti- 
 rected for 
 
 True alti- 
 
 True nier. alt's 
 deduced = a 
 
 + X = A. 
 
 Lat. deduced 
 
 
 =p. 
 
 = k 
 
 
 in arc — x. 
 
 dian alti- 
 
 tudes = a. 
 
 = 90°+ D— A. 
 
 
 ft. in. s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o / 1, 
 
 o / „ 
 
 o i 11 
 
 o , ii 
 
 o , it 
 
 
 18 26 45. 5 
 
 8 00.5 
 
 126. 
 
 
 2 27 
 
 111 07 30 
 
 55 33 35 
 
 55 33 01 
 
 55 35 28 
 
 47 03 39 
 
 
 27 16. 
 
 7 30. 
 
 110. 
 
 
 2 08 
 
 08 4u 
 
 34 10 
 
 33 36 
 
 44 
 
 13 
 
 
 27 44. 
 
 7 02. 
 
 97. 
 
 
 1 53 
 
 08 00 
 
 33 50 
 
 33 16 
 
 09 
 
 58 
 
 
 28 10. 
 
 6 36. 
 
 85.5 
 
 
 1 39 
 
 08 50 
 
 34 15 
 
 33 41 
 
 20 
 
 47 
 
 
 26 36. 5 
 
 6 09.5 
 
 74.3 
 
 
 
 09 40 
 
 34 40 
 
 34 06 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 
 29 14.5 
 
 5 31.5 
 
 60. 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 10 10 
 
 34 55 
 
 34 21 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 
 29 45. 5 
 
 5 00.5 
 
 49. 
 
 
 57 
 
 
 35 20 
 
 34 46 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 
 30 26. 
 
 4 20. 
 
 37. 
 
 i 
 
 43 
 
 11 20 
 
 35 30 
 
 34 56 
 
 39 
 
 28 
 
 
 30 54. 
 
 
 29. 
 
 
 
 
 34 56 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 31 49.5 
 
 ' 2 56. 5 
 
 17. 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 11 30 
 
 35 35 
 
 35 01 
 
 21 
 
 46 
 
 
 32 19. 
 
 2 27. 
 
 12. 
 
 
 14 
 
 11 30 
 
 
 35 01 
 
 15 
 
 52 
 
 
 32 47. 
 
 1 59. 
 
 8. 
 
 J 
 
 9 
 
 11 50 
 
 35 45 
 
 35 11 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 33 !s2. 5 
 
 1 23.5 
 
 4. 
 
 ■E 
 
 
 
 36 00 
 
 35 26 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 
 34 12.5 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 | 
 
 
 12 00 
 
 35 50 
 
 35 16 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 
 34 53. 
 
 7. 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 50 
 
 36 15 
 
 35 41 
 
 41 
 
 26 
 
 
 35 38. 5 
 
 52.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 35 50 
 
 35 16 
 
 18 
 
 49 
 
 
 36 16. 5 
 
 1 30.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 12 00 
 
 35 50 
 
 
 21 
 
 46 
 
 
 36 50. 5 
 
 2 04.5 
 
 
 
 
 35 55 
 
 35 21 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 
 37 30. 
 
 2 44. 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 17 
 
 12 00 
 
 35 50 
 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 
 38 01. 5 
 
 3 15.5 
 
 21. 
 
 
 24 
 
 11 30 
 
 35 35 
 
 35 01 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 3 49. 
 
 28.6 
 
 O 
 
 
 11 00 
 
 35 20 
 
 34 46 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 39 05. 
 
 4 19. 
 
 36.6 
 
 
 42 
 
 10 50 
 
 35 15 
 
 34 41 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 40 18. 
 
 5 32. 
 
 60. 
 
 
 
 
 35 05 
 
 34 31 
 
 
 
 
 40 47.5 
 
 6 01.5 
 
 71. 
 
 
 1 23 
 
 10 00 
 
 34 50 
 
 34 16 
 
 39 
 
 28 
 
 
 41 39. 
 
 6 53 
 
 93. 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 06 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 
 42 10. 
 
 7 24. 
 
 
 
 2 03 
 
 08 00 
 
 33 50 
 
 33 16 
 
 19 
 
 48 
 
 
 42 42. 5 
 
 7 56.5 
 
 124. 
 
 
 2 24 
 
 
 
 33 16 
 
 40 
 
 27 
 
 
 18 43 17. 
 
 8 31. 
 
 141.8 
 
 
 2 45 
 
 111 07 30 
 
 55 33 35 
 
 55 33 01 
 
 55 35 46 
 
 47 03 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 03 37 
 
 
 
 
 App. lat. = 1 = 47 03 50. 
 Dec. — 12 39 07. 
 
 9.83326 Chron. correction 1 05 36 Refraction 34" 
 
 9. 99932 M of # '7 29 10 Parallax 
 
 0. 24785 
 
 18 34 46 
 
 0. 07043 
 
4l> 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Observation for time. 
 
 ""• " Be 
 
 nd& 
 
 Sou, 202.— Index < 
 
 iblo altitudes obser 
 
 ved. 
 
 Corresponding 
 
 o / II 
 
 
 h vi. s. 
 
 60 40 00 
 
 
 20 na os. 
 
 02 37. 
 
 03 06. 5 
 
 03 36. 
 
 04 05. 
 04 35.5 
 
 59 40 00 
 
 
 20 05 04.5 
 
 Latitude = L 
 
 X. p..lar dist. = A 
 
 True altitude = A 
 
 = 
 
 47 03 50 
 70 10 00 
 30 02 54 
 
 2 m = L + A + A 
 
 TO— A 
 
 log ens TO 
 
 log sin (m-A) 
 
 log cos m sin {m—A 
 log eos L sin A 
 
 147 16 44 
 
 73 38 22 
 43 35 28 
 
 9. 4497575 
 
 19. 3882963 
 9. 8067069 
 
 logsin* J J) 
 
 19. 4815894 
 
 log sin ft j; 
 
 9. 7407947 
 
 Refraction — R 
 
 = 
 
 1 26 
 
 Parallax = P 
 
 
 
 Semi-diam. - Sd 
 
 
 
 R, P, and Sd 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 10 00 
 
 
 :- 
 
 1 SO 
 
 2 alt. corrected 
 
 60 08 40 
 
 
 _ 
 
 30 04 20 
 
 R, P, and Sd 
 
 = 
 
 _ 1 26 
 
 True alt. = A 
 
 = 
 
 30 02 54 
 
 log cos L 
 
 _ 
 
 9. 8332634 
 
 log sin A 
 
 = 
 
 9. 9734435 
 
 log cos L sin A 
 
 = 
 
 9. 8067069 
 
 h. m. s. 
 p in time = 4 27 14. 13 
 
 *jt = 14 09 58.65 
 
 Equation of time = 
 
 True time = 18 37 12.78 
 
 Time by chrou. = 20 03 35. 93 
 
 Chron. = 1 26 23. 15 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 
 
 — 1' 20".— Chronometer, Bond 
 
 Camp Lewis Montana.— Date, September 1", 1875.— Sextant, Speneer llruwning. 6,-,3i'..— Iml 
 & Son, 202,— Observer, Wood.— Computer, Wood.— Bar., 25". 75.— Thi 
 
 Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 
 
 M 
 
 (10 
 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 
 55 
 
 10 
 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 
 56 
 
 30 
 
 
 56 
 
 40 
 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 93 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 93 
 
 54 
 1 
 
 49 
 20 
 
 93 
 
 53 
 
 29 
 
 16 35. 
 
 18 25. 
 '1 53.5 
 
 log COS p 
 log A 
 
 llie A ."(IS j 
 
 
 8. 9318631 
 3.6884198 
 
 2. 6202829 
 
 Alt. = A 
 2d term 
 
 Latitude 
 
 = 
 
 6 57. 1 
 
 46 55 55. 
 
 1 01.3 
 
 47 03 53 
 
 lo- (As 111)1,2 7 ;(-; :t i;ii 
 log a, 4. 3,-454 
 
 log tan A 0. 02931 
 
 46 55 55 
 
 Refraction v 50" 
 
 Chron. correction l h 26m - :i ' 15 
 
 Dec °e° 38' 40" 
 
 4 4880" 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 .RPolaris 1 « 33.66 
 
 Sid. time at mean i at this station 
 
 Sid. interval from me. m Nine id culmination 
 
 Retardation of mean nil sidereal lime 
 
 Mean time of culmination of star 
 
 Error of chron. at time of observation 1 26 23.15 
 
 Time bv chron. of culmination 2 39 56.81 
 
 Clock-time of observation ... 20 20 19.96 
 
 Hour angle, p. in sid. time 6 19 36.85 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc 91° 54' 13" 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 4:; 
 
 Determination of the time by observed equal altitudes of the 
 
 TO CORRECT III 
 
 »'s limb. 
 
 Arnold & Dor.t, 1362.- 
 
 
 Corresponding times. 
 
 
 
 Cbron fast of 
 
 double alti- 
 
 
 
 cbTpsed 
 
 Equation of 
 
 equal alti- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A. M. = t 
 
 r. M. = V 
 
 
 
 tildes. 
 
 , » 
 
 It m a 
 
 ft. m. s. 
 
 ft. m. 
 
 ». 
 
 ft. m. ». 
 
 73 20 00 
 
 9 3:1 53. 5 
 40 07. 
 40 23.5 
 40 38. 
 
 40 52.5 
 
 41 07. 
 
 5 00 45. 5 
 00 30.5 
 00 15. 
 00 00. 5 
 
 4 59 45.5 
 59 30. 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 24. 
 
 59 16. 5 
 
 > 7 18 
 
 
 1 14 21.94 
 
 
 41 37.5 
 
 59 01. 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 53. 
 
 58 45.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 08.5 
 
 58 31. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 16. 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 38.5 
 
 58 01. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 74 20 00 
 
 9 42 53. 
 
 4 57 46. 
 
 
 
 
 9 41 23. 
 
 4 59 15. 73 
 
 A (page 164) = — 9. 4742 
 <S =—1.5687 
 
 logB 
 
 log<S 
 log tar 
 
 = 9. 2355 
 
 = — 1. 5687 
 
 D = 9.5182 
 
 = — 0. 3224 
 
 16 59 15.73 
 9 41 23. 
 
 = + 1. 0683 
 of equal altitudes. 
 
 26 40 38.73 
 13 20 19.36 
 + 9.60 
 13 20 23.96 
 12 06 07.H2 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 1 14 21. 94 
 
 Times f 
 ohroh. 
 
 Mer dist. 
 = p. 
 
 2 sin' { p 
 
 cos* cos D 
 
 Red. to mer. 
 
 Obs'd 2 cir- 
 dian alti- 
 
 Obs'd alti- 
 
 True alti- 
 tudes = a. 
 
 True mer. alt's 
 deduced = a 
 
 Lat. deduced 
 =90° +D— A. 
 
 ==*. 
 
 cos a. 
 
 h.m. s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 , „ 
 
 / „ 
 
 , » 
 
 , „ 
 
 / a 
 
 1 10 37. 5 
 
 9 51.5 
 
 190.8 
 
 
 4 21 
 
 123 33 10 
 
 61 46 10 
 
 61 30 01 
 
 61 34 22 
 
 46 40 43 
 
 11 11.5 
 
 9 17.5 
 
 169.5 
 
 
 3 52 
 
 122 30 50 
 
 61 15 00 
 
 30 27 
 
 34 19 
 
 40 46 
 
 
 8 46. 
 
 151.0 
 
 
 3 25 
 
 123 34 50 
 
 61 47 00 
 
 30 51 
 
 34 16 
 
 40 49 
 
 12 12! 
 
 8 17. 
 
 134.7 
 
 
 3 04 
 
 122 32 00 
 
 61 15 35 
 
 31 02 
 
 34 06 
 
 40 59 
 
 12 35. 5 
 
 7 53. 5 
 
 122.2 
 
 
 2 50 
 
 123 35 50 
 
 61 47 30 
 
 31 21 
 
 34 11 
 
 40 54 
 
 13 01. 5 
 
 7 27.5 
 
 109.3 
 
 
 2 29 
 
 122 32 50 
 
 61 16 00 
 
 31 27 
 
 33 56 
 
 40 69 
 
 13 42. 5 
 
 6 46.5 
 
 90.0 
 
 
 2 03 
 
 123 37 20 
 
 61 48 15 
 
 32 06 
 
 34 09 
 
 40 56 
 
 14 19. 5 
 
 6 09.5 
 
 74.5 
 
 
 1 42 
 
 122 35 00 
 
 61 17 05 
 
 32 32 
 
 34 14 
 
 40 51 
 
 14 47. 5 
 
 5 41.5 
 
 63.6 
 
 
 
 123 38 40 
 
 61 48 55 
 
 32 46 
 
 34 13 
 
 40 52 
 
 15 32. 5 
 
 5 06.5 
 
 51.2 
 
 
 1 111 
 
 122 35 40 
 
 61 17 25 
 
 32 52 
 
 34 02 
 
 40 63 
 
 16 03. 
 
 4 26. 
 
 38.6 
 
 
 53 
 
 123 40 20 
 
 61 49 45 
 
 33 36 
 
 34 29 
 
 40 36 
 
 16 31. 
 
 3 58. 
 
 .31.0 
 
 
 42 
 
 122 36 30 
 
 61 17 50 
 
 33 17 
 
 33 59 
 
 40 66 
 
 17 06. 5 
 
 3 22.5 
 
 22.4 
 
 
 31 
 
 123 41 00 
 
 61 50 05 
 
 33 56 
 
 34 27 
 
 40 38 
 
 17 47. 
 
 2 42. 
 
 14 3 
 
 S 
 
 20 
 
 122 37 10 
 
 61 18 10 
 
 33 37 
 
 33 57 
 
 40 68 
 
 18 15. 
 
 2 14. 
 
 9.8 
 
 
 13 
 
 123 41 20 
 
 61 50 15 
 
 34 06 
 
 34 19 
 
 40 46 
 
 18 45. 5 
 
 1 43.5 
 
 5.8 
 
 
 
 122 37 50 
 
 
 33 57 
 
 34 05 
 
 40 60 
 
 19 21. 5 
 
 1 07.5 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 3 
 
 123 42 10 
 
 61 50 40 
 
 34 31 
 
 34 34 
 
 40 31 
 
 19 55. 
 
 34. 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 122 38 10 
 
 61 18 40 
 
 34 07 
 
 34 08 
 
 40 57 
 
 20 32. 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 
 123 42 00 
 
 61 50 35 
 
 34 26 
 
 34 26 
 
 40 39 
 
 20 58. 5 
 
 29.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 122 38 00 
 
 61 18 35 
 
 34 02 
 
 34 03 
 
 40 62 
 
 . 21 33. 5 
 
 1 04.5 
 
 2.3 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 123 42 00 
 
 61 50 35 
 
 34 26 
 
 34 29 
 
 40 36 
 
 22 16. 
 
 1 47. 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 
 122 38 00 
 
 61 18 35 
 
 34 02 
 
 34 10 
 
 40 55 
 
 22 44. 5 
 
 2 15.5 
 
 10.0 
 
 s 
 
 14 
 
 123 41 20 
 
 61 50 15 
 
 34 06 
 
 34 20 
 
 40 45 
 
 23 23. 5 
 
 2 54. 5 
 
 16.6 
 
 
 23 
 
 122 37 20 
 
 61 18 15 
 
 33 42 
 
 34 05 
 
 40 60 
 
 23 55. 
 
 
 23.0 
 
 32 
 
 123 41 10 
 
 61 50 10 
 
 34 01 
 
 34 33 
 
 40 32 
 
 24 32. 
 
 4 03! 
 
 32.2 
 
 
 44 
 
 122 36 40 
 
 61 17 55 
 
 33 22 
 
 34 06 
 
 40 59 
 
 25 00. 
 
 4 31. 
 
 40. 1 
 
 
 55 
 
 123 40 40 
 
 61 49 55 
 
 33 46 
 
 34 41 
 
 40 24 
 
 25 30. 5 
 
 5 01.5 
 
 49.5 
 
 
 1 08 
 
 122 36 00 
 
 61 17 35 
 
 
 34 10 
 
 40 55 
 
 25 56. 
 
 5 27. 
 
 58.3 
 
 
 1 19 
 
 123 39 00 
 
 61 49 05 
 
 32 56 
 
 34 15 
 
 40 50 
 
 26 21.5 
 
 5 52.5 
 
 67.8 
 
 
 1 33 
 
 122 34 50 
 
 61 17 00 
 
 32 27 
 
 
 40 65 
 
 26 52. 
 
 6 23. 
 
 80.0 
 
 
 1 49 
 
 123 37 30 
 
 61 48 20 
 
 32 1 1 
 
 34 00 
 
 40 65 
 
 27 24. 5 
 
 6 55.5 
 
 94. I 
 
 
 2 09 
 
 122 34 30 
 
 61 16 50 
 
 32 17 
 
 34 26 
 
 40 39 
 
 27 57. 5 
 
 7 28.5 
 
 109.7 
 
 
 2 30 
 
 123 37 30 
 
 61 48 20 
 
 32 11 
 
 34 41 
 
 40 24 
 
 28 29. 5 
 
 8 00.5 
 
 126.0 
 
 
 2 52 
 
 122 32 20 
 
 61 15 45 
 
 31 12 
 
 34 04 
 
 40 61 
 
 29 11.5 
 
 8 42.5 
 
 149.0 
 
 
 
 123 35 10 
 
 61 47 10 
 
 31 01 
 
 34 25 
 
 40 40 
 
 29 42. 5 
 
 9 13.5 
 
 167.0 
 
 
 3 48 
 
 122 30 40 
 
 61 14 55 
 
 30 22 
 
 34 10 
 
 40 55 
 
 30 12. 
 
 9 43. 
 
 185.4 
 
 
 4 14 
 
 123 33 20 
 
 61 46 15 
 
 30 06 
 
 34 20 
 
 40 45 
 
 1 30 41. 5 
 
 10 12.5 
 
 204.5 
 
 
 4 40 
 
 122 29 20 
 
 61 14 15 
 
 61 29 42 
 
 61 34 22 
 
 46 40 43 
 
 
 46 40 49 
 
 
 Equation of time 
 
 07.02 K.-fraetii 
 
 Parallax 
 
 28.96 
 
44 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Determination of the latitude bij observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 
 
 amp Baker, Montana.— Date, July 31. 1875.— Bef. Circli 
 
 72(1 
 
 ill 
 
 on 
 
 •Jul 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 921 
 
 22 
 
 so 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 08 
 
 u 
 
 46 
 
 04 
 
 07 
 
 4(i 
 
 [■responding tim 
 
 h. 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 
 3.1 
 
 49.5 
 
 
 3fi 
 
 48. 
 
 
 37 
 
 22. 
 
 
 37 
 
 57. 
 
 
 :<- 
 
 22. 5 
 
 
 SH 
 
 53. 
 
 
 3d 
 
 23. 
 
 
 40 
 
 30. 
 19.5 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 54. 
 
 l.^iAsiuj/j' :;-'»!) 
 
 03 21 
 
 Berraction 46' 
 
 Chron. correction — 1' 12m 'v, 
 
 Deo ... 1° 21' „2' 
 
 A 48S 
 
 A. TO. s. 
 
 ^« Polaris 1 13 05 
 
 Siil. tinii- at mean noon at this station 
 
 Sid. interval from me. in time of culmination 
 
 Betardation nf im-an mi si.b-real time 
 
 Mean time of cnlmlnation of star 
 
 Error of cbron. at time of observation 1 12 35 
 
 Time by chron. of culmination 2 25 40 
 
 Clock-time of observation 18 38 50 
 
 Hour-angle. p, in sirl. time 7 46 50 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc lie 3 42 30" 
 
 pin arc 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 45 
 
 Station, Camp Baker, Mo 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 —Ditto, August 1, 1875. — Object observed, 0.— Sextaul, Spencer Mrownin^, Orv.JO. — Tin 
 , Am, .lil & DL'lit, 1362.— Observer, Wooil.— Computer, Wood.— liar., -25^.20. — Thcr., 85° 
 
 Times of 
 obs. by 
 
 Mer. diet. 
 
 Ssin'ip 
 
 cos I cos D 
 
 Red. tonier. 
 
 Obs'd 2 cir- 
 
 diau alti- 
 tudes. 
 
 Obs'd alti- 
 
 reoteu for 
 index error. 
 
 T ,:;.:^ 
 
 True mor. alt's 
 
 ili iliu i-il i' 
 + x=A. 
 
 L:it. deduced 
 
 = 90°+ D— A. 
 
 sic 1" 
 = *. 
 
 COB a 
 
 h.V!. S. 
 
 1 14 17. 
 
 14 53.5 
 
 15 40. 5 
 
 16 26. 
 10 48. 
 
 17 21.5 
 
 17 49. 
 
 18 33. 5 
 
 19 11.5 
 
 19 40. 
 
 20 13.5 
 
 20 44. 
 
 21 09. 5 
 
 21 40.5 
 
 22 04. 
 
 22 36. 
 
 23 4L 
 
 24 25. 
 
 25 02. 
 
 25 38. 
 
 26 05. 
 26 29. 5 
 
 1 26 48. 5 
 
 6 09 
 5 33 
 
 4 46 
 4 00 
 
 3 38 
 
 2 37 
 1 53 
 
 1 15 
 16 
 13 
 18 
 43 
 
 2 io 
 
 2 43 
 
 3 15 
 
 3 59 
 
 4 36 
 
 5 12 
 
 5 39 
 
 6 03 
 6 22 
 
 60i 5 
 
 3b 4 
 26.0 
 18.7 
 13.4 
 7.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.(1 
 0.0 
 1.0 
 3.0 
 
 9.2 
 14. 5 
 20.7 
 31.1 
 41.5 
 53. 1 
 62.7 
 71.9 
 79.6 
 
 1 
 
 1 41 
 
 1 22 
 
 1 01 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2c 
 42 
 56 
 
 1 25 
 1 38 
 1 48 
 
 122 05 00 
 
 123 08 30 
 
 122 06 40 
 
 123 09 40 
 
 122 06 40 
 
 123 10 30 
 
 122 07 20 
 
 123 10 40 
 
 122 07 40 
 
 123 11 10 
 
 122 08 00 
 
 123 11 10 
 
 122 07 50 
 
 123 11 00 
 
 122 07 50 
 
 123 10 40 
 
 122 07 10 
 
 123 10 10 
 
 122 06 40 
 
 123 09 20 
 
 122 05 30 
 
 123 08 30 
 
 122 04 40 
 
 123 07 40 
 
 61 02 13 
 61 33 59 
 61 03 03 
 61 34 34 
 61 03 03 
 61 34 59 
 61 03 23 
 61 35 04 
 61 03 33 
 61 35 19 
 61 03 43 
 61 35 19 
 61 03 36 
 61 35 14 
 61 03 36 
 61 35 04 
 61 03 18 
 61 34 48 
 61 03 03 
 61 34 24 
 61 02 28 
 61 33 59 
 61 02 03 
 61 33 34 
 
 61 17 40 
 61 17 50 
 61 18 30 
 61 18 25 
 61 18 30 
 61 18 50 
 61 18 50 
 61 18 55 
 61 19 00 
 61 19 10 
 61 19 10 
 61 19 10 
 61 19 03 
 01 19 05 
 61 19 03 
 61 18 55 
 61 18 45 
 61 18 39 
 61 18 30 
 61 18 15 
 61 17 55 
 61 17 50 
 61 17 30 
 61 17 25 
 
 61 19 21 
 61 19 12 
 61 19 31 
 61 19 08 
 61 19 05 
 61 19 15 
 61 19 08 
 61 19 04 
 61 19 04 
 61 19 11 
 61 19 10 
 61 19 10 
 61 19 04 
 61 19 09 
 61 19 10 
 61 19 07 
 61 19 05 
 61 19 07 
 61 19 12 
 61 19 11 
 61 19 07 
 61 19 15 
 61 19 08 
 61 19 13 
 
 46 40 44 
 46 40 53 
 46 40 34 
 46 40 57 
 46 411 60 
 46 40 50 
 46 40 57 
 46 40 61 
 46 40 61 
 46 40 54 
 46 40 55 
 46 40 55 
 46 40 61 
 46 40 56 
 46 40 55 
 46 40 58 
 46 40 60 
 46 40 58 
 46 40 53 
 46 40 54 
 46 40 58 
 46 40 50 
 46 40 57 
 46 40 52 
 
 46 40 54.4 
 
 24 ) 15 12 
 
 122 38 20 
 33 
 
 
 2 ) 122 37 47 
 
 61 18 53. 5 
 21 
 
 61 18 32. 5 
 38 
 
 61 19 M. 5 
 108 00 04. 7 
 
 46 40 54. 2 
 
 
 108 00 04.7 
 
 . = I = 46 
 = 61 
 
 22.38 
 
 Semi-dian 
 
 . — 15 48. 
 
 03.83 
 
 Refractio 
 
 l — 25. 2 
 
 
 
 + 4.2 
 
 26.21 
 
 
 
46 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 Times of 
 obs. by 
 
 Mer. dist. 
 
 2 sin'JP 
 
 cos I cos D 
 
 Red. to mer. 
 
 Obs'd 2 eir- 
 
 Obs'd alti- 
 tudes, cor- 
 
 True alti- 
 
 True mer. alt's 
 deduced — a 
 
 + x=A. 
 
 Lat. deduced 
 
 = P- 
 
 = k. 
 
 cos a. 
 
 iu arc = x. 
 
 dian alti- 
 
 rected for 
 
 tudes = a. 
 
 =90°+ D— A. 
 
 Km. s. 
 
 
 
 
 , „ 
 
 o - II 
 
 I ,' 
 
 o / ,/ 
 
 o - „ 
 
 I n 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 26 
 
 122 05 00 
 
 61 02 17 
 
 61 46 07 
 
 61 48 33 
 
 46 40 38 
 
 
 6 51 
 
 92. 1 
 
 
 2 07 
 
 121 02 20 
 
 60 30 58 
 
 46 25 
 
 48 32 
 
 39 
 
 13 53. 5 
 
 6 36 
 
 81.3 
 
 
 1 53 
 
 122 06 00 
 
 01 02 47 
 
 46 37 
 
 48 30 
 
 41 
 
 14 24. 5 
 
 5 55 
 
 
 
 1 35 
 
 121 03 10 
 
 
 46 50 
 
 48 25 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 58.7 
 
 
 1 21 
 
 
 61 03 17 
 
 47 07 
 
 48 28 
 
 43 
 
 IS 23. 
 
 4 56 
 
 47.8 
 
 
 1 06 
 
 121 04 10 
 
 60 31 53 
 
 47 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 122 08 10 
 
 61 03 52 
 
 47 42 
 
 48 32 
 
 39 
 
 10 32. 
 
 3 47 
 
 
 
 
 121 05 00 
 
 60 32 18 
 
 47 45 
 
 48 24 
 
 47 
 
 17 00. 
 
 3 19 
 
 21. 6 
 
 
 29 
 
 122 08 40 
 
 61 04 07 
 
 47 57 
 
 48 26 
 
 
 
 
 16.1 
 
 
 22 
 
 121 05 30 
 
 60 32 33 
 
 48 00 
 
 
 49 
 
 18 04.5 
 
 2 15 
 
 10.0 
 
 
 14 
 
 122 09 40 
 
 61 04 37 
 
 48 27 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 121 05 30 
 
 00 32 33 
 
 48 00 
 
 48 09 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 
 122 09 50 
 
 61 04 42 
 
 48 32 
 
 48 36 
 
 35 
 
 19 30. 5 
 
 49 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 1 
 
 121 06 20 
 
 60 32 58 
 
 48 25 
 
 48 26 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 09 40 
 
 61 04 37 
 
 48 27 
 
 48 27 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 
 121 06 10 
 
 60 32 53 
 
 48 20 
 
 48 20 
 
 51 
 
 21 52. 5 
 
 1 33 
 
 4.7 
 
 
 122 09 20 
 
 61 04 27 
 
 48 17 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 121 05 40 
 
 60 32 38 
 
 48 05 
 
 48 19 
 
 52 
 
 
 2 50 
 
 15.8 
 
 
 22 
 
 182 09 00 
 
 61 04 17 
 
 48 07 
 
 48 29 
 
 42 
 
 23 34. 
 
 3 15 
 
 20.7 
 
 
 2!) 
 
 121 05 20 
 
 60 32 28 
 
 47 55 
 
 48 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 08 20 
 
 61 03 57 
 
 47 47 
 
 48 25 
 
 46 
 
 24 36. 
 
 4 17 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 121 04 50 
 
 60 32 13 
 
 47 40 
 
 48 30 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 03 
 
 122 07 40 
 
 61 03 37 
 
 47 27 
 
 48 30 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 22 
 
 121 03 30 
 
 60 31 33 
 
 47 00 
 
 48 22 
 
 49 
 
 26 42. 5 
 
 
 80.0 
 
 
 1 51 
 
 122 06 10 
 
 61 02 53 
 
 46 42 
 
 48 33 
 
 38 
 
 27 14.5 
 
 6 55 
 
 94.0 
 
 
 2 10 
 
 121 02 00 
 
 60 30 48 
 
 61 46 15 
 
 . 61 48 25 
 
 46 40 46 
 
 Mean 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 40 44 
 
 
 = 17 29 11 
 
 cos 9.83648 
 
 
 Semi-diam. — 15 48.3 
 
 + 15 48.3 
 
 cos 9.97945 
 
 
 Refraction — 25.6 
 
 — 25.6 
 
 cos 0.32555 
 
 
 
 Parallax + 4.3 
 
 + 4.3 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 Times of obs. 
 by chron. 
 
 Mer. dist. 
 
 2 sin 2 J p 
 
 sin I" 
 
 = 4 
 
 cos I cos D 
 
 ^aS 
 
 Obs'd 2 circum- 
 meridian alti- 
 tudes. 
 
 cos a 
 
 K m. s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o / ,/ 
 
 18 31 34. 
 
 10 12. 
 
 204.2 
 
 
 1 
 
 111 50 40 
 
 
 9 26. 
 
 174.7 
 
 
 
 51 30 
 
 33 07.5 
 
 S 38.5 
 
 146.6 
 
 
 
 53 00 
 
 33 51. 
 
 7 55 
 
 123.1 
 
 
 
 53 50 
 
 
 
 102.5 
 
 
 
 54 50 
 
 35 09. 
 
 6 37. 
 
 86.0 
 
 
 
 55 20 
 
 36 11. 
 
 5 35. 
 
 61.2 
 
 
 
 56 00 
 
 37 14.5 
 
 4 31.5 
 
 40.2 
 
 
 
 56 50 
 
 38 06. 
 
 3 40. 
 
 26.4 
 
 
 
 57 30 
 
 38 43.5 
 
 3 02.5 
 
 18.2 
 
 
 
 58 00 
 
 39 22. 
 
 2 24. 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 
 58 10 
 
 40 13. 
 
 1 33. 
 
 4.7 
 
 
 
 58 20 
 
 41 00.5 
 
 45.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 [> 85. 1 - 
 
 58 50 
 
 
 07.5 
 
 
 
 58 20 
 
 
 1 08. 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 
 58 30 
 
 43 51. 5 
 
 2 05.5 
 
 8.6 
 
 1 
 
 
 58 20 
 
 44 38.5 
 
 2 52.5 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 58 10 
 
 45 25. 
 
 3 39. 
 
 26.2 
 
 
 
 57 50 
 
 46 10. 
 
 4 24. 
 
 38.0 
 
 
 56 40 
 
 46 55.5 
 
 5 09.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 46.5 
 
 65.5 
 
 
 
 56 00 
 
 48 16. 
 
 6 30. 
 
 83.0 
 
 
 
 55 10 
 
 
 7 07. 
 
 99.7 
 
 
 
 54 20 
 
 
 7 45. 
 
 117.9 
 
 
 
 54 00 
 
 50 34.5 
 
 8 48.5 
 
 152. 3 
 
 
 
 52 30 
 
 18 51 32. 
 
 9 46. 
 
 187.3 
 71.14 
 
 
 J 
 
 111 51 50 
 
 111 55 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 54 48 
 
 55 57 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 55 56 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 25. 1 
 
 55 58 17. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 102 39 08.6 
 
 46 40 51.5 
 
 9. 836-18 
 9. 98932 
 0.25188 
 
 Equation of t 
 
 17 29 10.38 
 
 18 41 46. 03 
 
 Soini-di.im. 
 Refraction - 
 Parallax 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 47 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 
 
 Station, Camp Baker, Montana.— Date, August 4, 1875.— Ref. Ciivlo, Gauibav & Son, '212.— Chronometer, Bond & Sou, 202.— Observer Wood - 
 Computer, Wood.— liar., 25i».22.— Thor., 57°. 
 
 Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
 
 72(1 till (III 
 
 92 49 42 
 46 24 51 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 17. 
 
 
 37 
 
 59.5 
 
 
 UK 
 
 48. 
 
 
 39 
 
 26. 
 
 
 39 
 
 58.5 
 
 
 4(1 
 
 32. 
 
 
 41 
 41 
 
 17.5 
 53. 
 
 
 4V. 
 
 25. 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 56. 
 
 log COS p =9. 2947207 
 log A = 3. 6893977 
 
 log sin p 9. 991395 
 log A 3. 689398 
 
 log A cos p — 2.9841184 
 = 964". 1 
 
 1st term = 16 04.1 
 Alt. = A = 46 24 05. 
 2d term = 58. 5 
 
 log A sin p 3. 680793 
 
 log (A sin p)2 7.36159 
 log a 4. 38454 
 log tan A . 02125 
 
 log 2d term 1. 76738 
 2d term 58". 5 
 
 
 19 40 15. 25 
 
 Latitude = 46 41 07.1 
 
 46 24 05 
 
 Refraction . 
 Chron. 
 
 Dec 88° 38' 29" 
 
 A 4891" 
 
 .ft Polaris 1 13 08.00 
 
 Sid. tiine .it liu-an I liatlliNst.illi.il 
 
 Sid. interval In. in mean tune of culmination 
 
 Retardation of mean on sidereal time 
 
 Mean time ot* culmination ot star 
 
 Error of chron. at time of observation 1 12 35.65 • 
 
 Time by chron. of culmination 2 25 43.65 
 
 Clock-time ot observation ig 40 15.^5 
 
 Hour-angle, p, in sid. time 6 45 28.4 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc 101Q 22» 06" 
 
 p in arc 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 Station, Camp Baker, Montana.— Date. August 1, 1875.— Object observed, >j Serpentis.— Sextant, Spencer Browning 6536.— Index ( 
 Chronometer, Bond A: Sou, 202. — Observer, Wood. — Computer, Wood.— liar., 20'". '22. Tiler!, 57°. 
 
 obs. by 
 chron. 
 
 Mer. .list 
 =p. 
 
 2 sin' 1 p 
 
 cos I cos D 
 
 Red. to mer 
 
 Obs'd 2 cir- 
 dian alti- 
 
 = fc. 
 
 cos a 
 
 h m ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 , ,/ 
 
 19 23 18.5 
 
 4 10.5 
 
 34.3 
 
 1 i ' 
 
 
 
 24 07. 
 
 
 22.3 
 
 
 
 
 2 40. 
 
 14.0 
 
 
 
 
 25 37. 5 
 
 1 41.5 
 
 5.7 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 26 42. 5 
 
 46.5 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 
 27 19.5 
 
 09.5 
 
 .0 
 
 ' 13 ' 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 28 01. 
 
 32. 
 
 .6 
 
 
 
 28 42. 
 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.6 
 
 
 
 30 04. 5 
 
 2 35.5 
 
 13.8 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 30 46. 
 
 3 17. 
 
 21.2 
 
 
 
 31 24. 
 
 3 55. 
 
 30.1 
 
 
 
 
 19 32 11. 
 
 4 42. 
 
 43.4 
 
 J 
 
 ' l 
 
 80 47 40 
 
 15.0 
 
 80 48 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 80 48 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 24 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 40 23 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 40 23 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 87 04 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 40 42 
 
 : S. 2 55 48. 3 
 
 h. m. s. Semidiam. 
 
 .9. 831348 Chron. correction 1 12 35.65 Refraction 57 
 
 9.99943 * M 18 14 53.22 Parallax 
 
 1 0. 11824 
 
48 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Observation/or time. 
 
 Station, Camp Baker, Mo 
 
 -Chronometer, Bond . 
 
 Double altitudes observed. Corresponds 
 
 86 
 720 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 
 30 
 
 00 
 
 806 
 
 53 
 
 30 
 
 Hi 
 
 41 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 -I'l. 3 
 
 56.8 
 
 40 
 
 19 
 
 44 
 
 47.5 
 16. 
 06.5 
 37. 
 07.5 
 
 A = 168 47 57 
 
 H£ Sill (1/1 . 
 
 og ens 111 Sill 
 
 og cos L sin 
 og sin 2 i p 
 ogsinij) 
 
 = 9. 5057860 
 
 = 18 41 29 
 
 Semi-diam. =Sd = 
 
 R, P, and Sd = 
 
 Observed 2 alt. = 
 
 Index error = 
 
 2 alt. corrected = 
 
 Altitude = 
 
 R, P, and Sd = 
 
 True alt. = A = 
 
 = 9.8315447 
 
 = 19 44 43.9 
 
 Observation for time. 
 
 Double altitude observ 
 
 720 00 
 
 00 
 
 10)788 49 
 
 30 
 
 78 52 
 
 57 
 
 39 26 
 
 ■>. 
 58 
 
 55 55. 5 
 
 56 28.5 
 56 55.5 
 
 Latitude = L 
 N. polar dist. = 
 True altitude = 
 
 A 
 A 
 
 = 
 
 46 40 40 
 70 10 00 
 39 25 30 
 
 2m=L+A+ 
 
 156 16 10 
 
 78 08 05 
 3S 43 35 
 
 log cos m 
 log sin (m-A) 
 
 log cos m sin (»n — A 
 
 
 9. 3130467 
 9. 7961406 
 
 19.1091873 
 9. 8098313 
 
 log sin 1 i p 
 
 
 = 
 
 19. 2993560 
 
 log sin J p 
 
 9. 6496780 
 
 iP 
 
 jj in arc 
 
 
 = 
 
 26 30 36 
 
 53 01 12 
 
 Refraction = R 
 Parallax = P 
 Serai-diam. — Sd 
 E.P.andSd 
 Observed 2 alt. 
 Index error 
 2 alt. corrected 
 Altitude 
 R. P, and Sd 
 True alt. = A 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 49 
 
 . Camp r.alcor, Mmitiiii 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum meridian altitudes. 
 
 Observed 2 cir- 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 IS 35 33.5 
 
 37 54.5 
 
 12)1343 
 
 26 
 
 40 
 
 111 
 
 57 
 
 13.3 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 36. 6 
 33 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 03.6 
 40.8 
 
 55 
 102 
 
 58 
 39 
 
 08! 7 
 
 1 12 35. 8 Semi-diam. 
 17 29 10.4 Refraction 33" 
 Parallax 
 
 Determination of latitude by circum-meridian altitudes. 
 
 
 
 Times of ol>s. 
 by cbron. 
 
 
 ■2 sin 2 i p 
 
 cos ; cos D 
 
 Obs'd 2 circum- 
 meridian alti- 
 
 
 
 
 = p. 
 
 sin 1" 
 = k 
 
 
 
 cos a 
 
 
 
 ft. m, s. 
 19 23 15. 
 
 24 53.5 
 
 25 55. 
 
 26 55.5 
 
 27 56.5 
 
 28 54. 
 30 24.5 
 
 19 31 34. 
 
 4 14. 
 
 2 35.5 
 
 1 34. 
 
 33.5 
 
 27.5 
 
 1 25. 
 
 2 55.5 
 4 05. 
 
 35.2 
 13.2 
 4.8 
 0.6 
 0.4 
 3.9 
 16.8 
 32.7 
 
 Constant multiplier, 
 .879. 
 
 8)646 29 00 
 80 48 37.5 
 
 
 
 13.45 
 
 
 
 40 24 18.7 
 56.4 
 
 
 
 40 23 22.3 
 11.8 
 
 
 
 40 23 34.1 
 
 
 t- 
 
 I = il 
 
 = 4 
 
 40 40 COS 
 55 48. 3 cos 
 23 20 cos 
 
 79 
 
 9. 83648 
 0. 99943 
 0. 11824 
 
 9. 94415 
 
 Chron 
 *4l 
 
 correction 
 
 I. TO. ». 
 
 1 12 35.8 
 18 14 53.2 
 
 9 27 29.0 
 
 Semi-diam. 
 Krlrartion 56". 4 
 Parallax 
 
50 EECONXAISSAXCE FKOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Folaris off the meridian. 
 
 Station. Camp Bator, Slonta 
 
 Observed double altitudes. Corresponding t 
 
 37 
 
 06,5 
 
 37 
 
 37. 5 
 
 38 
 
 03.5 
 
 38 
 
 44. 
 
 39 
 
 17.5 
 
 19 39 
 
 57.5 
 
 log cos p =9.32270-16 
 log A =3. 6893977 
 
 
 log sin p 9.99018 
 log A 3. 6e940 
 
 log A COS p = 3. 0121023 
 = 1028". 3 
 
 
 log A sin p 3. 67953 
 
 log(Asinp)s7. 35SHC 
 log a 4. 38454 
 log tan A .02091 
 
 log 2d term 1. 76461 
 
 1st term = 17 08. 3 
 Alt. = A = 46 22 43.2 
 8d term 58. 2 
 
 Latitude = 
 
 10 ) 927 50 00 
 
 46.8 
 
 >2 43.2 
 
 Kefractiou 46". 8 
 
 Cbron. correction 1" 12m 35'. 8 
 
 Dec 83° 38' 29" 
 
 A 4891" 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 ^IPolaris 1 13 08.76 
 
 Sid. time at mean u at tbis -tat ion 
 
 Sid. interval from tin-ail mm- nt* culmination 
 
 Retardation of mean on sidereal time 
 
 Mean time of culmination of star 
 
 Error of cbron. at time of observation 1 12 35.8 
 
 Time bv cbron. of culmination 2 25 44.56 
 
 Clock time of observation 19 37 11.9 
 
 Honrangle, p, in mean time 6 48 32.66 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc 102° 08' 10" 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Folaris off the meridian. 
 
 Station Camp Baker, Montana.— Date, August 5, 1875. — Sextant. Spe-necr Brnwninc. 6536.— Index error, —60".— Cbronometer, Bond & Son, 
 
 - "->!». 30.-Tber., 53°. 
 
 Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
 
 o / 
 
 
 h. 
 
 m 
 
 s 
 
 log COS p — 9. 4822605 
 
 log sin p 9. 97901 
 
 92 30 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 
 51.5 
 
 log A =3. 6893977 
 
 log A 3. 68940 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.5 
 
 log A cos p= 3. 171 6538 
 
 log A sin p 3.66841 
 
 31 
 
 50 
 
 
 14 
 
 01.5 
 
 = 1434". 8 
 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 
 14 
 
 40. 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 15 
 
 23. 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 10.5 
 
 1st term = 24 44.8 
 
 
 34 
 
 00 
 
 
 16 
 
 49.5 
 
 Alt = A =46 15 00. 7 
 
 
 34 
 
 15 
 
 
 17 
 
 21.5 
 
 2d term — 55. 
 
 
 92 34 
 
 35 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 06.5 
 
 
 2d term 55". 
 
 Latitude = 46 40 40.5 
 
 
 
 
 92 33 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 00 
 
 
 1.. 
 
 03.25 
 
 
 
. 
 
 TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK. 
 
 ->[ 
 
 Determination of the latitude by observed double altitudes of Polaris off the meridian. 
 
 Observed double altitudes. Corresponding times. 
 
 10 ) 924 13 30 
 
 
 = 9. 5388061 
 
 log sin p 
 
 9. 972:15 
 
 log A 
 
 = 3. 6893977 
 
 log A 
 
 log A siu p 
 
 3. 68940 
 
 log A cos 
 
 p = 3. 2282038 
 
 3.06175 
 
 
 — 1691". 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. 32350 
 
 1st term 
 
 
 logo 
 
 4. 38404 
 
 = 28 11.2 
 
 log tan A 
 
 0.01817 
 
 Alt. = A 
 
 - 46 11 53. 7 
 
 
 
 2d term 
 
 = 53.2 
 
 log 2d term 
 2d term 
 
 1. 72621 
 
 
 
 
 53". 2 
 
 Latitude = 46 40 58.1 
 
 Eifrao Hon 46".8 
 
 Cbron. correction l b 12'" 35".ri 
 
 Dec 88° 38' 29" 
 
 A 4891" 
 
 h. m. s. 
 
 Ai Polaris 1 13 08.76 
 
 Sid. time at iii.mii noon at llii.i station. 
 
 Sid. interval fr. m-nii time of culmination 
 
 Ketardation of ui<-an on sidereal time 
 
 Mean time of eu lmi nation tit' star 
 
 Error of cbrou. at time of observation 1 12 35.8 
 
 Time by cbron. of culm illation 2 25 44.56 
 
 Clock-time of observation 19 04 49.45 
 
 Hour-angle, p, in moan time 7 20 55.1 
 
 Sidereal equivalents in arc 110° 13' 47" 
 
 p in arc 
 
52 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Summary table of daily instrumental observations with deduced altitudes, latitude, and longitude of each 
 camp, and of the Montana posts, distances traveled, &c. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Start. 
 
 Arriye. 
 
 Barom- 
 
 Eleva- 
 tion. 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Day's 
 
 march. 
 
 Total dis- 
 
 
 1875. 
 July 13 
 July 13 
 July 16 
 July 18 
 July 25 
 •July ■>.; 
 July 27 
 July is 
 July 29 
 July 30 
 
 Aug. 9 
 Aug. 10 
 Aug. 11 
 
 Aug! 13 
 Aug. 15 
 Aug. 16 
 Aug. 18 
 Aug. 19 
 Aug. 20 
 Aug. 21 
 Aug. 24 
 Aug. 20 
 Aug. 26 
 Ang. 27 
 Aug. 28 
 Aug. 2:1 
 Aug. 30 
 Sept. 2 
 Sept 3 
 Sept. 4 
 Sept. 5 
 Sept. 6 
 
 Sept. 8 
 Sept. 9 
 Sept. 10 
 Sept. 11 
 Sept. 12 
 Sept. 13 
 
 Sept. 16 
 Sept. 17 
 Sept. 18 
 Sept. 19 
 
 h. 
 9.00 a. m. 
 
 ""8."o"o"a".*ru.' 
 
 ft. 
 
 "i."3~o'p.'m.' 
 10.00 a. m. 
 
 Inches. 
 27.50 
 26.80 
 26.95 
 26. 28 
 25.83 
 25. 54 
 25.07 
 
 24. 70 
 24.80 
 
 25. 20 
 24.66 
 
 Feet. 
 2. 247 
 
 2, 923 
 2,776 
 3,437 
 
 3, s!IO 
 4,186 
 4,673 
 5,063 
 4,957 
 
 5, 106 
 5, 191 
 4,747 
 
 ' _ 4,' 873 
 4,958 
 6,114 
 6,037 
 7,767 
 7,626 
 
 47 34 48 
 47 30 01 
 47 28 00 
 47 20 43 
 47 03 47 
 46 47 03 
 46 30 00 
 46 33 13 
 46 32 50 
 46 40 44 
 46 23 40 
 46 00 05 
 45 40 15 
 
 108 24 00 
 108 34 30 
 
 108 41 30 
 
 109 02 00 
 109 26 30 
 
 109 44 00 
 
 110 06 40 
 110 28 30 
 
 110 55 40 
 
 111 11 00 
 110 53 30 
 110 48 40 
 110 59 04 
 
 Miles. 
 
 MiUs. 
 
 Little Crooked Creek 
 
 13 
 
 19.5 
 
 36 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 19.25 
 
 27 
 
 16.75 
 
 27 
 
 28.75 
 1.5 
 
 33.25 
 
 15.5 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 19.5 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 9 
 
 15 
 18 
 15 
 
 16.5 
 18.5 
 6 
 
 10.25 
 
 16 
 
 16.5 
 
 21.75 
 
 27. 25 
 
 24 
 
 21.5 
 
 26 
 
 16.25 
 
 28 
 
 17.5 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 22.5 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 38.5 
 74.5 
 101.5 
 130.5 
 149. 75 
 176.75 
 193. 5 
 
 2SL 23 
 
 282. 75 
 
 316 
 
 331.5 
 
 349.5 
 
 364.5 
 
 384 
 
 395 
 
 411 
 
 437 
 
 446 
 
 486 
 
 509 
 
 524 
 
 542 
 
 557 
 
 573.5 
 
 592 
 
 598 
 
 602 
 
 612. 25 
 
 628. 25 
 
 644. 75 
 
 666.25 
 
 693.5 
 
 717.5 
 
 739 
 
 765 
 
 781.25 
 
 tOO. 25 
 
 849^ 75 
 875. 75 
 898 25 
 
 
 
 6.00 a. in. 
 7.30 a. m. 
 7.00 a. m. 
 7.30 a. m. 
 7.45 a. m. 
 8.30 a. m. 
 8.00 a. m. 
 
 5.00 p. m. 
 4.30 p. m. 
 4.20 p. m. 
 2.00 p. m. 
 4.00 p. m. 
 
 s'ob p! in. 
 
 
 
 North Fork Musselshell 
 
 Brewer's Springs 
 
 Camp Baker 
 
 Muss Ag:tto Springs 
 
 Twenty-live Yard Creek... 
 
 6.15 a. m. 
 8.00 p. m. 
 
 5.00 p. m. 
 8.45 p. m. 
 
 25.00 
 
 Drane'sDarn 
 
 
 6.30 a. m. 
 
 12.30 p. m. 
 
 24.80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.20 a. m. 
 
 8.40 a. m. 
 
 8.20 a. m. 
 
 9.30 a. m. 
 
 8.30 a. m. 
 
 1.10 p. m. 
 
 8.40 a. m. 
 
 8.00 a. m. 
 
 7.50 a. m. 
 12.30 p. in. 
 
 8.30 a. m 
 
 8.50 a. m. 
 
 9.15 a. m. 
 
 3.00 p. ra. 
 10.30 a. m. 
 
 8.20 a. m. 
 
 1.10 p. m. 
 
 6.45 a. m. 
 
 7.30 a. m. 
 
 7.00 a. m. 
 
 6.30 a. m. 
 
 6.45 a. m. 
 
 6.30 a. m. 
 
 7.30 a. m. 
 
 3.00 p. m. 
 5.00 p. m. 
 11.45 a. m. 
 
 23.80 
 22.28 
 22.40 
 
 
 
 
 44 43 40 
 44 37 17 
 
 
 
 
 Yellowstone Lake anil return 
 
 Lower Geyser Basin 
 
 Upper Geyser Basin 
 
 
 4.20 p. m. 
 
 7.30 p. m. 
 
 3.50 p. m. 
 12.30 p. m. 
 
 5.30 p. m. 
 12.30 p. m. 
 
 1.50 p. m. 
 
 1.50 p. m. 
 
 7.50 p. m. 
 
 4.00 p. m. 
 
 6.00 p. m. 
 
 7.00 p. m. 
 
 5.30 p. m. 
 
 4.00 p. m. 
 
 6.15 p. m. 
 
 1.30 p. m. 
 
 1.45 p. m. 
 
 3.30 p. m. 
 
 3.45 p. m. 
 
 22. 73 
 22.64 
 22.40 
 
 7,238 
 7,347 
 
 
 
 44 27 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'.nteler's Ranch 
 
 Spra-ue's Ranch 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24. 28 
 23.70 
 24 37 
 24.25 
 24.61 
 24.86 
 25.37 
 25.83 
 25.90 
 26.05 
 27. 40 
 26.50 
 
 5,513 
 6,147 
 5,416 
 5,545 
 5.160 
 4,894 
 4,360 
 3,890 
 3,820 
 3,668 
 2,343 
 3,220 
 
 45 45 27 
 
 45 53 40 
 
 46 05 30 
 46 20 12 
 46 26 08 
 
 110 53 45 
 110 53 30 
 110 45 15 
 110 45 30 
 110 24 50 
 
 
 ( Vtti.mv.ioil Creek 
 
 South Fork .'I' Musselshell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 19 12 
 47 25 10 
 47 41 30 
 47 31 17 
 
 109 12 00 
 109 20 30 
 109 39 30 
 109 27 30 
 
 
 
 
 6.30 a. m. 
 
 7.00 a! ni! 
 7.30 a. m. 
 
 3.30 p. m. 
 4.30 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.15 p. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 30 33 
 47 49 38 
 
 111 48 19.5 
 110 39 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 53 
 
 Distances on the Missouri River from Bismarck to Benton, from a survey by Lieut. F. V. Greene, 
 United States Engineers, tinder direction of Capt. W. J. Ttcining, Corps of Engineers. 
 
 Miles. 
 805.4 
 
 787.7 
 
 707.6 
 
 li'.O. 7 
 689. 6 
 
 621.7 
 619.4 
 600.9 
 486.2 
 
 321. 9 
 
 309.4 
 305 
 302. 9 
 
 Fort Benton 
 
 Marias River 
 
 Little Sauily River 
 
 Citadel R.x-'k 
 
 Cathedral Rook. 
 
 Hole in the Wall 
 
 Arrow River 
 
 Drowned Man's Rapids.. 
 
 Old Camp Cook 
 
 Judith River 
 
 Holmes Rapids 
 
 Dauphin Rapids 
 
 Lone Pine Rapids 
 
 Sturgeon Island 
 
 Cow Island 
 
 Grand Island 
 
 Two Calf Island 
 
 Emile or Harriett Island. 
 
 Little Rock Creek 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Beaucliamp's Creek 
 
 Boyd's Island 
 
 Musselshell River 
 
 Fort Peck 
 
 Milk River 
 
 Porcupino Creek 
 
 Frenchmen's Point 
 
 Big Muddy River 
 
 Little Muddy River 
 
 Fort "Union 
 
 Yellowstone River 
 
 Fort liuford 
 
 Muddv River 
 
 White Earth River 
 
 Little Knife River 
 
 Little Missouri 
 
 FortJBerthold 
 
 Fort Stevenson 
 
 BigKuifo River 
 
REPORT OF A RECONNAISSANCE OF JUDITH BASIN, AND OF A TRIP 
 FROM CARROLL TO FORT ELLIS, VIA YELLOWSTONE RIVER. 
 
 By Lieut. R. E. Thompson. 
 
 Fort Stevenson, Dak., March S, 187G. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to forward herewith a report of the reconnaissance of the Judith Basin, 
 made during the past summer, in accordance with your orders, and an account of my subsequent 
 return from Carroll, Mont., to Fort Ellis, by way of the Yellowstone River. 
 
 The trip to the Judith River, which was laid out as part of the summer's work, on condition 
 that it could be completed before the close of navigation on the Upper Missouri, was ordered from 
 the camp on Armell's Creek, September 11. Its object was the examination of the country in the 
 vicinity of the Judith, with regard to its topographical features, to accurately locate its position, 
 but more particularly to afford an opportunity for a thorough search for fossil remains in the cut 
 banks of its valley, which offer so extensive an exposure. The party consisted of a sergeant and 
 one private of the Engineer Battalion, charged with runniug the trail by compass and odometer; a 
 detachment of a sergeant and seven privates of the Second Cavalry as escort; and Reynolds as 
 guide. 
 
 Mr. G. B. Griunell and Mr. Ludlow accompanied the party; the former interested in the 
 paleontology and zoology of the country. Sextant-observations were made by Mr. W. H. Wood 
 whenever practicable. 
 
 Including myself, the party numbered fifteen men, all mounted, save the teamster, the ser- 
 geant in charge of the odometer-cart, and the man charged with the care of the chronometers. 
 
 On the morning of September 12, the party was put en route across a stretch of rolling prairie 
 country. The general course was toward Square Butte, a landmark in the vicinity of Benton, 
 considerably west of the point to be reached ; but it/was deemed advisable, from lack of knowledge 
 of the country, and from the broken appearance to our right, to make the divide between Dog 
 Creek and the Judith, and to follow this up till opportunity offered to descend to the valley of the 
 latter stream near its mouth. The headwaters of Dog Creek were reached in the afternoon. Here 
 I was joined by Beed, who had volunteered his services as guide. Camped at a pool near this 
 creek. 
 
 In the morning (September 13), a course more to the north was taken, bearing nearly on Bear's 
 Paw Mountains. The divide was kept from necessity, either valley being impassable for wagon. 
 Shortly after leaving camp, the broken character of the Judith Bad Lands began to appear to our 
 left and front. 
 
 For twenty miles back from the mouth of the stream, the country immediately tributary to it 
 is washed and cut iuto the wildest and most rugged shapes. The soil is of that clayey character 
 capable of supporting itself at steep inclines ; and where ordinarily the drainage would be con- 
 ducted in simple valleys or natural depressions, here gulches and ravines, with precipitous sides, 
 are formed by the flow of the water. The worst of these were avoided, and to within ten miles of 
 the mouth of the Judith our path was over a country such that a heavily-loaded wagon-traiu could 
 have been conducted with but little difficulty. 
 
56 EECONNAISSANCE FEOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 The Judith and Dog Creeks from their sources converge gradually, and, at their junction with 
 the Missouri, are but three miles apart. The valley of Dog Creek is broken in a manner similar to 
 that of the Judith ; and, back ten miles from their mouths, this erosion, from long-continued action 
 of water, has gone to such extent that the summit of the divide between these two streams is a 
 simple backbone of a few feet iu width, and the passage of this ridge with a single wagon, lightly 
 loaded and conducted with care, nearly entailed the loss of the team. This difficult piece of road 
 lasted but a few hundred yards. For sis miles farther on the valleys keep apart, and give a good 
 stretch of prairie. 
 
 A descent into the valley of the Judith was made at a point four miles from its moutb. 
 Camped on the river; abundance of wood ; grazing x^oor. 
 
 The Judith is a swift-running stream, from 60 to SO feet in width, and has a depth of water 
 varying from 2 to 4 feet. Its sources in the Judith Mountains are clear, cold springs, but the 
 character of the water changes completely in its course to the Missouri. Its temperature is very 
 much increased, and a considerable amount of earthy matter is taken up and held iu suspension. 
 Though all its upper branches are plentifully stocked with trout, none of these fish were taken in 
 the main stream. Its valley proper, from bluff to bluff, is about a mile wide, well timbered with 
 a young growth of cottonwood. Scrub pines and cedars are sparsely scattered over the highlands, 
 principally on the sides and at the heads of ravines. From the rate at which the wood is now 
 being taken out for the supply of steamboats, the whole will be exhausted before many years. 
 
 September 14, moved camp half a mile down stream for better grazing; visited Fort Claggett, 
 a small Indian trading-post on the Missouri, a short distance above the Judith. It consists of two 
 log buildings facing each other; their ends joined by a stockade, with a small flanking arrange- 
 ment at the alternate angles. A few Indians were seen about; their tepees standing near the fort. 
 
 From the ruins of old Camp Cooke, in the west angle between the Judith and Missouri, the 
 plan of the post can be distinctly traced; some of the adobe walls still withstanding the effects of 
 the weather. 
 
 The 15th and lGth were consumed in a vigorous search for fossils by nearly all the party. 
 Observations were made by Mr, Wood. 
 
 On the night of the 16th, a courier arrived from Carroll, with orders from you for the return of 
 the party. Preparations were made accordingly. As it is highly probable that a more lengthened 
 search in this vicinity than our time had allowed would be richly rewarded, and, in order to afford 
 every facility for the improvement of the time that could be gained, a mackinaw was procured, by 
 which Mr. Grinuell, at whose disposal it was placed, with Messrs. Ludlow and Eeynolds, was enabled 
 to remain somewhat longer upon the ground, and then make Carroll by way of the Missouri as 
 soon as the overland party. 
 
 The return trip began on the 17th. My old trail was necessarily taken for part of the way 
 back ; but, as soon as opportunity offered, a course to the east of it was taken ; but little was gained 
 by this, however, for from the nature of the ground I was compelled to pass near the old camp on 
 Armell's Creek. 
 
 But little game was seen on the Judith. The Indians, as well as white men in that vicinity, 
 kill for hides alone for purposes of trade. The consequence is very apparent. Bat three or foar 
 herds of buffalo and a few autelope were seeu there; antelope becoming more plentiful as we left the 
 river behind us. 
 
 Carroll was reached the afternoon of the 20th; the party by boat making the landing soon 
 after. % 
 
 This trip demonstrated the practicability of a wagon-road through the Judith Basin to the 
 Missouri ; though for general use a considerable amount of work would first needs be done. 
 
 The trail was carefully kept; the principal topographical features being sketched iu. The data 
 for the plotting of the course and the astronomical notes are already iu your hands. 
 
 Every facility was afforded Mr. Grinuell in his collection of fossils. It is to be regretted that 
 longer time could not have been taken in this work. 
 
 After the departure of the main party from Carroll for the East, it devolved upon me to con- 
 duct the transportation back to Ellis. 
 
 The party T under my charge consisted of but two sergeants and ten privates of the Second 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 57 
 
 Cavalry, and it was my intention to follow the road previously passed over by the party ; but on 
 my arrival at the forks of the Musselshell River, I found a company of the Second Cavalry, com- 
 manded by Lieut. L. H. Jerome, under orders to scout the country east of the Crazy Mountains as 
 far as the Yellowstone, and thence to return to Fort Ellis by way of that river. 
 
 Through the courtesy of Lieutenant Jerome, I was enabled to avail myself of the opportunity 
 (which the small force at my disposal rendered it imprudent to attempt) to strike the Yellowstone 
 at Big Timber Creek, a point within about seventy miles of that to which General Forsyth had 
 ascended with his expedition in the spring. 
 
 Camp at the forks of the Musselshell was struck ou the 28th of September, crossed to the 
 south side of the Musselshell a mile below the forks, followed the general course of this stream for 
 about four miles to the Little Elk — a well-wooded stream, crossed from this creek to the Big Elk 
 (seven miles) in a course a little east of south, passed this stream, and three-quarters of a mile 
 farther ou a branch of the same. About eight miles more of travel brought us to the Porcupine 
 (or American Fork). Here camped. 
 
 Throughout this day's march, an exceedingly large number of antelope were observed, and at 
 our camp on the Porcupine the woods and underbrush were alive with deer, showing in a very 
 marked manner the absence of the skin-hunter. 
 
 September 29. — Traveled seven miles to Summit Creek; four miles farther on crossed the Sweet 
 Grass, a tributary to the Yellowstone. It is fed by springs and melted snow from Crazy Mountain, 
 and flows a volume of water nearly equaling that of the Musselshell. 
 
 Beyond this, several small streams were passed: Beaver Creek, standing in pools at this season, 
 two miles; a branch of same, half a mile ; three miles farther on, Williamson's Greek, and a mile 
 from this, Burnt Creek, all emptying into the Sweet Grass. 
 
 The first crossing of Big Timber Creek was at three miles ; we recrossed half a mile beyond, 
 and camped on left bank. This stream is about 20 feet wide, clear and cold. The valley is very 
 heavily timbered. 
 
 On the department maps, several small streams are noted as running into Big Timber from 
 the north. There are no streams of any moment after passing Burnt Creek going south ou this 
 trail. 
 
 October 1. — Traveled down left bank of Big Timber for about five miles; crossed within half a 
 mile of its mouth. Here observed indications of Indians, probably Crows. 
 
 Two large tripods, 20 feet or more in height, had been erected, and from the legs of these were 
 suspended hundreds of moccasins, some of them beautifully beaded. It was remarkable that none 
 of these moccasins were more than 5 inches in length; the most of them averaging about 3 inches; 
 probably some offering, or medicine. Traveled up Yellowstone on its left bank. Little Timber 
 about four miles and a half from Big Timber, about a third of the size of the latter ; well wooded. 
 The country between these two streams is very poor, almost no grazing; sage-brush being the main 
 production. Half a mile farther on crossed a branch of Little Timber ; the two unite about three 
 hundred yards from the Yellowstone. Three miles beyond, Cherry Creek. In succession, we 
 passed Duck Creek three miles on, Hot Spring Creek three miles beyond, and Cold Spring Creek a 
 mile beyond that. Went into camp on the Yellowstone near the latter. 
 
 October 2. — General course still along Yellowstone. Crossed Yellowstone ten miles from camp 
 at a point nearly opposite old Crow agency. The ford was very circuitous, ranging, back and 
 forth along the bars to avoid deep water. At this season, the greatest depth on this ford brings the 
 water nearly to the wagon-body. 
 
 The old Crow agency, recently abaudoued, is at the foot of the Yellowstone Mountains, oppo- 
 site to, and about four miles from, the mouth of Shield's River. It consists of a collection of rude 
 buildings, principally adobe. Recrossed the Yellowstone about five miles above the agency. There 
 are two fords equally good, one above and one below " Benson's Ferry." Formerly, the passage of 
 the stream at high water was made by a ferry-boat conducted by means of a cable stretched across 
 the river. At the time of my crossing, the ferry was not in existence. Its place is marked by two 
 stones on the left bank. Camped two miles below, just opposite one of the highest points of the 
 Yellowstone Mountains, called Medicine Peak. 
 
 October 3. — After leaving camp, crossed Fleshman's Creek about eight miles from Shield's River. 
 8 w 
 
58 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA. 
 
 Half a mile beyond is a small stream, which 1 followed up for about twelve miles, then pulled over 
 a high divide; at this poiut the only difficult road was encountered. Across the divide, the head of 
 the Middle Fork of the Gallatin River was struck, and a general course with that of the stream was 
 followed to Fort Ellis. 
 
 In the progress up the Yellowstone River, a very noticeable feature presented itself; the 
 change of the character of the country adjacent to it. Throughout its whole length on the lower 
 stream, the elevations on either side never attain to more than the dignity of " buttes." But from the 
 moment of passing Crazy Mountain, the scenery of the river becomes more in keeping with the 
 grandeur to which it attains above. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 R. E. Thompson, 
 Second Lieutenant Sixth Infantry. 
 Capt. William Ludlow, 
 
 Corps of Engineers, Saint Paul, Minn. 
 
RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 ZOOLOGICAL REPORT. 
 
 GEO. BIRD GRINNELL. 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Tale College, New Haven, Conn., 
 
 June 1, 1876. 
 
 Sir: I beg leave to hand you herewith, as a partial report ou the zoology of the region trav- 
 ersed by your expedition last summer, a list of the mammals and birds observed ou the trip. In 
 making out this list, I have taken care to give only such species as I actually saw and identified 
 either in life or by their remains. I have added a list of such species as have been noticed in the 
 immediate vicinity of the Yellowstoue Park, combining the observations made by Mr. Merriam, of 
 Hayden's survey, 1872, with my own during the past summer. 
 
 I It may not be out of place here, to call your attention to the terrible destruction of large game, 
 for the hides alone, which is constantly going on in those portions of Montana and Wyoming through 
 which we passed. Buffalo, elk, mule-deer, and antelope are being slaughtered by thousands each 
 year, without regard to age or sex, and at all seasons. Of the vast majority of the auimals killed, 
 the hide only is taken. Females of all these species are as eagerly pursued in the spriDg, when 
 just about to bring forth their young, as at any other time. ) 
 
 It is estimated that during the winter of 1874-'75 not less than 3,000 elk were killed for 
 their hides alone in the valley of the Yellowstone, between the mouth of Trail Creek and the Hot 
 Springs. If this be true, what must have been the number for both the Territories! | Buffalo and 
 mule-deer suffer even more severely than the elk, and antelope nearly as much. The Territories 
 referred to have game laws, but, of course, they are imperfect, and cannot, in the present condition 
 of the country, be enforced. Much, however, might be done to prevent the reckless destruction of the 
 animals to which I have referred, by the officers stationed on the frontier, and a little exertion in 
 this direction would be well repaid by the increase of large game in the vicinity of the posts 
 where it was not unnecessarily and wantouly destroyed. / At one or two points, notably Camp 
 Baker, efforts have been made to drive off the skin hunters, and with such success that the officers 
 have very fine hunting within easy reach./ The general feeling of the better class of frontiersmen, 
 guides, hunters, and settlers, is strongly against those who are engaged in this work of butchery, 
 and all, I think, would be glad to have this wholesale and short-sighted slaughter put a stop to. 
 But it is needless to enlarge upon this abuse. The facts concerning it are well known to most 
 Army officers aud to all inhabitants of the Territory. It is certain that, unless in some way the 
 destruction of these animals can be checked, the large game still so abundant in some localities 
 will ere long be exterminated. / 
 
 I am, sir, Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Geo. Bird Grlnnell. 
 
 Col. Wm. Ludlow, 
 
 Chief Engineer Department Dakota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 
 
ZOOLOGICAL REPORT. 
 
 By Geo. Brur> Grinnei.l. 
 
 LIST OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 MAMMALS. 
 
 FELID.E. 
 
 1. FELIS CONCOLOR, Linn. 
 Mountain Lion; Cougar. 
 
 Although not a common species, a few of these animals are killed in the mountains every 
 winter. 
 
 The skins of the Cougar were formerly imported in large quantities from the east and from 
 California for purposes of trade with the Iudiaus. A few years since, a good skin was sometimes 
 sold for seven or eight buffalo-robes; but at present they have little or no commercial value. A 
 single individual of this species was seen by our party on the Yellowstoue River, near the mouth 
 of Alum Creek. 
 
 2. LYNX RUFUS, Baf. 
 
 Bat Lynx; Wildcat. 
 
 Very abundant in the mountains. 
 
 3. LYNX CANADENSIS, Baf. 
 
 Canada Lynx; Catamount. 
 
 Not a common species, though taken occasionally. I saw a few skins at Fort Peck, and was 
 told that it was sometimes killed in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 CANID.E. 
 
 4. CANIS OCCIDENTALS, Bich. 
 
 Gray Wolf; Timber Wolf. 
 
 Although the Gray Wolf is always killed whenever the opportunity offers, it still exists in con- 
 siderable numbers wherever the Buffalo are abundant. On the return march, just before entering 
 
64 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 the Judith Gap, I saw one pack of twelve, another of nine, aud, besides these, many individuals 
 singly or by twos aud threes. Buffalo were very numerous here, and, although uot much hunted, 
 enough were killed to furnish abundant food for the wolves. This species was also abundant near 
 the Judith River, and during the hours of darkness their bowlings were heard almost coustautly. 
 
 Wolfing, as it is called, is an established industry in Montana; and, being pursued only in 
 winter, it gives employment and support to a large number of teamsters, steamboat-bands, aud 
 others who are necessarily idle at this season. The method is sufficiently simple. The wolter, 
 starting out, kills a deer, a buffalo, or some other large animal, and, thoroughly poisoning it with 
 strychnine, leaves it for a day or two. When he returns to it, he finds from one to a dozen wolves 
 coyotes, aud foxes lying dead about the carcass. As wolf-skins, large aud small, i. e., gray wolves 
 and coyotes, bring $2.50 apiece at the trader's store, it is not unusual for two men to make $1,000 
 or $1,500 at this work in a winter. 
 
 Almost all the dogs seen among the Assinaboines, Crows, and Gros Ventres of the Prairie, 
 appeared to have more or less wolf-blood in their veins, aud many of them would have been taken 
 for true wolves had they been seen away from the Indian camps. 
 
 5. CANIS LATRANS, Say. 
 Prairie Wolf ; Coyote. 
 
 This species is abundant between Carroll and Fort Ellis ; being, I think, much more common 
 on the prairie than in the mountains. 1 have always found it most numerous iu a plain country, 
 where there are deep washed ravines, to which the animals may retire during the day, and in holes 
 in the sides of which the young are brought forth. When searching for fossils in such places dur- 
 ing the past summer, I have often come upon an old female lying at the mouth of a hole in the 
 bank, and surrounded by her litter, of from four to eight half-grown pups. At my appearance, the 
 family would spring to their feet, stare at me for a few seconds, and then two or three would dart 
 into the hole, as many wildly scramble up the bank, and the rest would start off up the ravine at 
 a good round pace, looking back over their shoulders every few steps, as if there were a constant 
 struggle between their fears and their curiosity. 
 
 A puppy, perhaps three months old, was captured while we were in camp on Crooked Creek 
 He had taken refuge in a hole in the bluffs, aud was dug out and brought to camp. Although so 
 young, he was utterly wild and vicious ; snapping at any one that ventured to touch him, and refus- 
 ing to eat. His unceasing efforts to escape were at length successful, and one morning we found 
 that during the night he had gnawed off his fastenings and departed. 
 
 6. VULPES ALOPEX MACRURUS, Baird. 
 
 Prairie Fox. 
 
 This is an abundant species throughout the country traversed by our party. It is often found 
 dead near the carcasses poisoned for wolves. 
 
 7. VULPES VELOX, Aud & Bach. 
 
 Swift; Kit Fox. 
 
 This pretty little fox is common on the prairies of Dakota and Montana, and, as it is a species 
 that has but few enemies, it is often quite tame. I have sometimes come upon one of these animals 
 as it lay sleeping iu the sun at the mouth of its burrow, and have been amused to see it, after a 
 brief examination of me, stretch, yawn, and then with its tail held straight up in the air, aud an 
 appearance of the utmost iiHconcern, trot slowly into the hole. This has generally two openings ; 
 and sometimes, while you are examining one entrance, the Swift may be seen inspecting you from 
 the other. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. G5 
 
 MUSTELID^. 
 
 8. MUSTELA AMERICANA, Turtou. 
 
 Marten. 
 
 The Marten is said to be quite abundant in the mountains of the Yellowstone Park, and it 
 doubtless is found some distance down the Missouri River. I saw skins at Fort Peck which I was 
 told had been taken in the immediate neighborhood. 
 
 9. PUTORIUS YISON, Rich. 
 
 Mink. 
 
 This species was quite abundant all through the mountains. Some very fine dark specimens 
 were seen along Bridger Creek near Fort Ellis. 
 
 10. GULO LUSCUS, Sabine. 
 
 Wolverene; Skunk-bear. 
 
 No living individuals of this species were seen by any of the party ; but we noticed their tracks 
 quite often while in the park, aud saw many skins in Bozeman. Hunters there informed me that they 
 were seldom killed, except in the severest weather of the winter. In this region, they were spoken 
 of as the " Skunk-bear"; farther south they are called "Carcajou". The young, when first born, 
 are said to be snow-white in color. Although this species is seldom found far from the mountains, 
 an indivdual was killed during the winter of 1872-'73 near Fort Stevenson on the Missouri River. 
 It had probably wandered out on to the prairie from the high Bad Lands of the Little Missouri. 
 
 11. LITTRA CANADENSIS, Sab. 
 Otter. 
 
 Although nowhere a very abundant species, the Otter occurs perhaps as frequently on the 
 Missouri River as on the purer mountain-streams. The furs taken on this river, however, are by 
 no means so valuable as those which come from the mountains ; being much lighter in color and 
 less glossy. This difference is regarded by trappers and dealers in furs to be due to the muddy 
 character of the Missouri water. Whether this be the case, or whether it is merely an exemplifica- 
 tion of the law which obtains with regard to the birds aud mammals of the plains as contrasted with 
 those of the mountains, I am unable at present to determine. It seems quite possible, however, that 
 the former explanation is the true one, since animals like the Otter and Beaver, to which latter 
 the above remarks also apply, from the conditions of their lives are but slightly exposed to the modify- 
 ing influences which act on animals living on the uplands and more or less diurnal in their habits. 
 
 The fur of the Otter is highly prized by the Indians ; being used by them to tie up the hair, to 
 ornament their " coup-sticks ", to cover bow-cases and quivers, and for a variety of other purposes. 
 
 12. MEPHITIS MEPHITICA, Baird. 
 
 Skunk. 
 
 This species is exceedingly abundant throughout Eastern Montana. While ascending the 
 Missouri River, we often saw them ou the low benches of alluvium left bare by the rapid falling of 
 the waters. Having slipped or climbed down the almost vertical banks to get to the water, they 
 seemed unable to retrace their steps, and could only escape from their prison by swimming. 
 
 At Camp Lewis, these animals were so numerous as to have become a terrible nuisance. Mr. 
 Reed, the post-trader, told me one morning that during the previous night he had been obliged to 
 rise four times to kill Skunks. 
 9 w 
 
66 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 13. TAXLDEA AMERICANA, Bated.- 
 
 Badger. 
 
 The Badger was quite common all through the prairie country over which we passed, but was 
 most often seen in the vicinity of the prairie-dog towns. It is a slow animal, and may easily be 
 overtaken by a man on foot. If unable to reach its hole in time to escape, it will turn and rush 
 toward its pursuer in the most courageous manner ; snapping and snarling in such a way as to 
 inspire one with a wholesome respect for it. 
 
 URSIDiE. 
 14. PROCTON LOTOR. Storr. 
 
 Raccoon. 
 This species occurs occasionally along the Missouri River. 
 
 15. URSUS HORRIBILIS, Orel. 
 Grizzly Bear. 
 
 The Grizzly is rather common in some localities along the Missouri; and from the upper deck of 
 the steamer I saw three one evening digging roots in a wide level bottom. In the Bridger Mount- 
 ains and in the Yellowstone Park, they were numerous, so much so that we would often see sev- 
 eral sets of fresh tracks in a morning's ride. From their abuudance in the vicinity of Fort Ellis and 
 Bozeman, it was evident that they were not much disturbed by hunters. 
 
 In Bozeman, I was shown two cubs about six months old ; and two more sullen and vicious 
 little brutes I never saw. A Black Bear cub of about the same age was as friendly and playful 
 as a puppy ; but no one dared to venture within reach of the Grizzlies. 
 
 But little seems to be known about the breeding-habits of this bear. It is pretty well estab- 
 lished, however, that the young are brought forth about the 15th of January, and that they are 
 then very small, scarcely larger than new-born puppies. 
 
 1G. URSUS AMERICAN US, Pallas. 
 
 Black Bear. 
 
 Not nearly so common as the preceding species. Only one living specimen was seen. At a 
 ranch near the bridge over the Yellowstone River, however, I was shown a single skin of the so 
 called Cinnamon Bear, which, I was told, had been taken in the Park. 
 
 sciurid^:. 
 
 17. SCIURUS HUDSONIUS, Pallas. 
 Red Squirrel; Pine Squirrel. 
 
 Red Squirrels were abundant wherever pine timber was found. In the mountains, they seem 
 to feed chiefly on the seeds of the pine; and I frecpiently came upon little heaps of coues gathered 
 together by the squirrels just as they collect nuts in the East. Most specimens taken in the Yel- 
 lowstone Park seem to be referable to var. Eichardsonii, but several killed in the Fire Hole Valley 
 are not to lie distinguished from ordinary Connecticut specimens. 
 
 IS. TAMIAS QUADR1YITTATUS, Rich. 
 
 Missouri Ground Squirrel. 
 This pretty little squirrel seems equally at home among the most desolate Bad Lauds, where 
 no vegetation is to be found save a few straggling sage-bushes, and amid the dense pine forests 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 07 
 
 aud luxuriant undergrowth of the mountains. They are very gentle and unsuspicious, and would 
 play about in the most unconcerned manner while 1 was standing within a few feet of them. 
 
 Although by no means tree-climbers, in the strict acceptation of the term, I often saw them, 
 while at play or when frightened, ascend the pines to a height of 20 or 30 feet. It would seem 
 that they are not exclusively vegetarian in their diet ; for I interrupted one of them while making 
 a meal of the dried carcass of a Hesperomys. It sat up, holding the food in its fore feet in the 
 ordinary manner, aud gnawing the meat from the back and shoulders. No doubt, in some localities 
 it feeds, partially at least, on grasshoppers, as many of the small rodents of the West are known 
 to do. 
 
 19. SPERMOPHILUS TRLDECIM-LINEATUS, Mitchell. 
 
 Striped Prairie Squirrel. 
 
 This species was common everywhere on the prairies. When anything unusual attracts its 
 attention, it raises itself up on its haunches to examine the object of its curiosity. As this approaches, 
 the squirrel gradually lowers itself until at last it is quite flattened out upon the ground. In this posi- 
 tion, if the eye is removed from it for a moment, it is very difficult to find it again, as its colors 
 harmonize admirably with the yellowish gray of the soil. 
 
 20. SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONII, Guv. 
 Richardson's Ground Squrrel. 
 
 This species was not seen until after we had passed Camp Lewis in Montana. Along the 
 North Fork of the Musselshell River it was abundant in the valley, and it was observed in con- 
 siderable numbers about Camp Baker and Port Ellis. 
 
 In their habits, they resemble the Prairie-dog (Gynomys) more nearly thau any other species 
 with which I am acquainted. They live in communities, act as do the Prairie-dogs when approached, 
 aud are equally hard to secure when shot near the entrance of their burrows. A young one, killed 
 with a charge of fine shot at short range, moved himself over two feet along the smooth sur- 
 face of a flat rock, on which he had been lying when shot, by convulsive pushes of his hind feet. 
 After I had taken him in my hand, these kickings continued for half a minute or more, although 
 the animal could not have been conscious after the shot struck him. 
 
 I several times saw the young of this species playing with one another very prettily. One 
 standing over the other would hold him down and pretend to bite his head and neck, just as we 
 often see young puppies play together. 
 
 At Camp Baker, there were many of these animals in and about our camp, and they soou 
 became very tame. Often jthey would come to the open tent-door, and, sitting on their haunches, 
 would watch the occupants with an appearance of the greatest curiosity. We often tried to catch 
 them alive, but were never successful. They would always manage to slip into some hole that we 
 did not know of, just as our hands were on them. Between Fort Ellis and Bozeman there is quite 
 a large settlement of these animals, aud they were more tame here than at any other locality where 
 we met with them. 
 
 21. CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS, Baird. 
 
 Prairie-dog. 
 Quite abundant on the plains near the foot of the mountains. 
 
 22. ARCTOMYS FLA YI VENTER, Bach. 
 
 Western Wood-chuck. 
 
 Common in the mountains, but rather a shy species, more often heard thau seen. 
 
 23. CASTOR CANADENSIS, Euhl. 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 While ascending the Missouri, we saw the houses and " slides " of the Beaver very frequently, 
 
 and often, just at evening, the animals themselves were observed, sitting on the banks gazing at 
 
68 EECONNAISSANCE FBOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 the steamer, or feeding on the tender shoots of the cottonwood and willow. They were by no 
 means shy, and would sometimes permit the vessel to pass within a few yards of them without 
 taking to the water. 
 
 The streams In the mountains through which we passed were sometimes dammed by the 
 Beavers for miles, and the backwater spreading out over the level valleys makes wide ponds. 
 These in the course of time are partially filled up with the mud carried down by the stream, and 
 when this takes place are deserted by the Beavers, which move away and build another dam some- 
 where else. As the pond fills, a rank growth of rushes and underbrush springs up, and before long, 
 what was a pretty little lake has become an impassable morass. 
 
 The value of the fur of the Missouri Eiver Beaver is diminished by the same causes spokeu of 
 in reference to that of the Otter. 
 
 SACCOMYIDiE. 
 
 24. THOMOMYS TALPOIDES, {Rich.) Baird. 
 Gopher. 
 An individual of this species was taken among the high mountains near the head of Gardiner's 
 Eiver. It was running over the snow-drifts when captured. 
 
 MURIDJE. 
 
 25. ZAPUS HUDSONIUS, Cones. 
 Jumping Mouse. 
 This species was observed several times in the Bridger Mountains, and again on Cascade 
 Creek near the Yellowstone Eiver. 
 
 26. MUS DECUMANUS, Pallas. 
 
 Brown Eat. 
 
 The common Wharf-rat is sufficiently abundant in all the settlements on the Missouri Eiver to 
 
 be a great nuisance and to do considerable damage. In the trader's store at Fort Peck, they were 
 
 very numerous, so much so that the trader told me that he had recently poisoned one hundred and 
 
 fifty in one week. 
 
 27. MUS MUSCULUS, Linn. 
 
 House Mouse. 
 Abundant in towns and large settlements, but in isolated ranches replaced by the following 
 
 species. 
 
 28. HESPEEOMYS LEUCOPUS SONOEIENSIS, LcConte. 
 
 Western White-footed Mouse. 
 This species was very abundant along the North Fork of the Musselshell Eiver and along the 
 Yellowstone. In many places, they had deserted the woods and fields and taken to the ranches, 
 where they are quite as annoying as the common House Mouse. 
 
 29. AEVICOLA EIPAEIA, Ord. 
 Meadow Mouse. 
 Very common along the Yellowstone Eiver. 
 
 30. FIBEE ZIBETHICTJS, {L.) Cuv. 
 
 MUSKRAT. 
 
 Abundant on streams flowing into the Missouri. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK. 69 
 
 HYSTRICID^E. 
 
 31. EEITHIZON EPIXANTHUS, Brandt. 
 Yellow-haired Porcupine. 
 
 Quite common along the Missouri and in the "bottoms" of streams flowing into that river. 
 We saw signs of its presence also in the National Park along the Yellowstone Eiver. 
 
 LEPORID.E. 
 32. LEPUS CAMPESTEIS, Bachman. 
 
 Prairie Hare. 
 This species is very abundant in some localities, while in others, quite as favorable for it, it is not 
 found at all. In fact, the abundance or scarcity of the Prairie Hare in any district depends almost 
 altogether on the number of wolves to be found in the same tract of country. Where all the 
 coyotes and gray wolves have been killed or driven off, the hares exist in great numbers ; but 
 where the former are abundant, the latter are seldom seen. We saw none near the Missouri Kiver, 
 where the buffaloes, and consequently the wolves, were numerous ; but at Camp Baker, where there 
 were scarcely any wolves, the hares were very common. 
 
 33. LEPUS AETEMISIA, Bachman. 
 Sage Eabbit. 
 Very abundant west of the Missouri in suitable localities, but its numbers controlled by the 
 same causes spoken of in regard to the preceding species. 
 
 CERVID.E. 
 31. ALCE AMEEIGANA, Jardime. 
 
 Moose. 
 
 This species is quite abundant iu suitable localities in the Yellowstone Park, although, like all 
 the large game, it has been driven away from the neighborhood of the trail by the constant pas- 
 sage of travelers. We saw signs of its presence in the Bridger Mountains, and were told that there 
 was a famous country for Moose about fifteen miles from the mouth of Trail Creek. 
 
 The only living specimen that we saw was a young calf that had been captured by the sou of 
 a settler when it was but a few days old. W r hen seen by us, it was probably about three mouths 
 old, and was a most grotesque object. It was very tame, and would come at the call of its owner. 
 
 35. CEEVUS CANADENSIS, Hrxleben. 
 
 Elk. 
 
 Elk were rather abundant all through the country which we traversed. They were seen in con- 
 siderable numbers along the Missouri Eiver, among the Bridger Mountains, and in the Yellowstone 
 Park. Those killed early in September, at the commencement of the ruttiug-season, were fat and 
 well flavored, furnishing us with delicious meat. 
 
 The Elk rut in September, and the young are brought forth late in May or early in June. 
 
 The "whistling" of the Elk is heard only for a few days during the early part of September. 
 It is made up of several parts, and is so peculiar a cry that it can hardly be described, much less 
 imitated. The first part consists of a prolonged, shrill whistle, which seems to come to the hearer 
 from a long distance, even though the animal uttering it be quite near at hand. This is followed 
 by a succession of short grunting brays or barks, three or four in number, and the call is completed 
 by a low, smooth bellow. Sometimes the whistle is sounded without the succeeding parts. 
 Withal, the cry is an odd one, and one that once heard will always afterward be recognized. 
 
70 EECONNAISSANCE FEOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 36. CERVUS VIEGINIANUS, BoMaert. 
 
 Eed Deer; White-tailed Deer. 
 
 This species was by no means abundant in the country through which we passed. We saw a 
 few along the Missouri, and I noticed one in the Judith Mountains; but on the whole they were 
 seldom seen. 
 
 37. CEEVUS MACEOTIS, Say. 
 
 Mule Deer; Black-tailed Deer. 
 
 The Black-tailed Deer, as it is usually called in the Missouri Eiver country, is an abundant spe- 
 cies in Eastern Montana. It is quite unsuspicious, and, except where it has been much hunted, will 
 often permit the hunter to fire two or three shots at it before it takes to flight. This species, and 
 the same may be said of all large game iu that section of the country, is at present most recklessly 
 slaughtered for the hides alone. It will soon, unless some means are taken for its protection, be 
 unknown in the regions where it is now so plentiful. 
 
 ANTELOPIDiE. 
 
 38. ANTILOCAPEA AMEEICANA, Old, 
 
 Prong-horned Antelope. 
 
 Everywhere abundant on the plains, the antelope forms one of the most pleasing and attractive 
 features of those barren wastes. Although where they have-been much hunted they are difficult 
 to approach, they are very uususpicious and curious where they have been accustomed to seeing 
 and mixing with large animals. About Gamp Baker and between that post and Fort Ellis, there 
 are large droves of cattle which roam at will over the prairie. The antelope become used to the 
 presence of these large animals, and are often seen mingling with the herds when feeding or resting. 
 
 One day while out from Camp Baker in search of Tertiary fossils, my companion and myself 
 stopped on the borders of a little stream to rest and cook some food. The saddle-horses and pack 
 mule were picketed near at hand ; a fire had been kindled, and we were discussing some broiled 
 venison, when two antelope suddenly appeared over the brow of a bluff about seventy -five yards 
 distant. On seeing us, they scarcely hesitated, but trotted gracefully on toward us and would, I 
 have no doubt, have come quite up to us, if it had not been that my companion shot them both 
 when they were still about forty yards distant. When in the buffalo country, antelope, if the wind 
 was right, would ofteu approach very near me, several times coming to within a few yards of where 
 I was standing. 
 
 It is well known that the female antelope sometimes has horns and is sometimes without them- 
 Observations extended over several years, together with the testimony of several plainsmen, among 
 them Charles Eeynolds, a hunter of seventeen years' experience and a man of close observation, 
 lead me to conclude that the horned does are always barreu. I have myself examined a great num- 
 ber of doe antelopes with and without horns, and have never seen one of the former class that gave 
 evidence of having produced or being about to have young. Nor have I ever seen a hornless doe 
 that was barren. The horns on the does vary from one to three inches in length, have no prong, 
 and are soft and easily bent. Their length no doubt depends in a measure upon tho ago of the 
 animal. Those that I have seen lack the hard bony core which is found in the horns of the perfect 
 males. 
 
 The barren does are always fat, and on this account arc, when it is possible, selected by the 
 hunter in preference to the other members of the herd. 
 
 OVIDiE. 
 
 39. OYIS MONTANA, Cur. 
 
 Bighorn ; Mountain Sheep. 
 
 The Bighorn occurs iu considerable numbers in the Judith Mountains and iu tho Yellowstone 
 Park, away from the trail ; but they are so wary that they are not often seen. As is well known, they 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 71 
 
 affect the most rugged and barren country, and they are perhaps more plentiful in the Bad Lands 
 of the Judith and Missouri Rivers than anywhere else. 
 
 On the Cone Butte and Sweet Grass Mountains, which are covered for half their height with a 
 talus of platter-like blocks of trachyte, the sheep in their passage up and down the sides of the hills 
 have worn regular paths among and over the loose blocks, and it is only by following these paths 
 that the ascent can bo made on the cast and south. 
 
 BOVID^. 
 
 40. BOS AMERICANUS, Omclhi, 
 
 Buffalo; Bison. 
 
 No Buffalo were seen while we were ascending the Missouri River until just before we reached 
 Carroll. From that place westward, they were occasionally observed until we reached the Judith 
 Gap, although, owing to the presence in the region through which we were passing of the Sioux and 
 Crows, they were not abundant. On our return march, we saw great numbers of them before 
 reaching the Gap, but none afterward until we were quite near the Missouri. 
 
 The statement that the herds of bulls that are everywhere met with during the autumn consist 
 of individuals driven away from the main herd by their stronger rivals may, I think, be doubted 
 It is said that these assemblages are not seen in spring before the rutting-season. It seems more 
 probable that during the late summer and autumn, many of the old and strong bulls exhausted by the 
 fatigues of the rutting-season, thin in flesh, and generally run down, are unable to keep up with the 
 active and constantly-moving herd of cows and young animals, and devote all their energies to 
 recruiting for the winter. Early in the spring, they rejoin the herd, and remain with it until the end 
 of July. 
 
 During the past autumn the Buffalo have proceeded down the Missouri River much farther 
 than is usual. They have been quite numerous a few miles north of Fort Berthold, Dakota, and a 
 few stragglers have been seen near Painted Woods, about twenty-five miles above Bismarck. 
 
 The so-called "Mountain Buffalo" was abundant in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 TURDID^. 
 1. TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, Linn. 
 
 ROBIN. 
 
 This species was abundant'along the Missouri River, and was also seen in considerable numbers 
 in the mountains about Camp Baker and in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 2. TURDUS SWAINSONI, Cab. 
 Olive-backed Thrush. 
 Quite common along the Missouri above Bismarck. 
 
 3. OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS, ( Towns.) Bd. 
 Mountain Mockingbird. 
 I first saw this species on Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles west of Carroll. It was abundant, 
 and doubtless had bred there, as I took some very young birds. It was generally started from the 
 ground, whence it would fly to the top of some little sage-bush, where it would sit jerking its tail 
 and constantly uttering low cries of anxiety. They were quite shy. and I was often obliged to 
 follow them for some distance before I could secure them. 
 
 This species was abundant in the valley of the Yellowstone River. 
 
 i. MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, {Linn.) Gray. 
 
 Catbird. 
 
 Quite common along the Missouri River, and very abundant in the Yellowstone Park and in 
 the mountains generally. 
 
 5. HARPORHYNCHUS RUEUS, {Linn.) Cab. 
 Brown Thrush; Thrasher. 
 This species was seen occasionally in the Missouri River bottom. 
 CINCLID^. 
 G. CINCLUS MEXICANUS, Sw. 
 Water-ouzel; Dipper. 
 On Cascade Creek, near the Upper Falls of the Yellowstone, we first met with this interesting 
 species. Although tolerably familiar with the accounts of its habits given by various authors, I 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 73 
 
 must confess to having experienced a ludicrous feeling of astonishment the first time I saw the 
 bird walk unconcernedly down a sloping rock until its head disappeared under the water. It 
 repeated this performance several times, occasionally rising to the surface as if forced up by the 
 water, and then immediately diving again. When carried down a few yards by tho force of the 
 current, it would fly a short distance up the stream and dive from the wing. 
 
 With the help of a good glass I saw from the top of the canon two of these little birds flying 
 about over the river where it boiled and surged along below the Lower Falls. 
 
 SAXICOLIDiE. 
 
 7. SIAL1A AECTICA, Stc. 
 
 Arctic Bluebird; Western Bluebird. 
 
 One of the most abundant birds in the wooded region through which we passed. It was espe- 
 cially numerous in the Yellowstone Park late in August and early in September, when it formed a 
 large division of the army of small birds that were being constantly started from the ground. 
 
 PARID^E. 
 
 S. PAKUS ATEICAPILLUS SEPTENTEIONALIS, (Harris) Alien. 
 
 Long-- tailed Chickadee. 
 
 Common along the Missouri River and in the mountains. 
 
 9. PARUS MONTANDS, Gamb. 
 
 Mountain Chickadee. 
 
 A few birds of this species were seen searchiug for food among the pines that grow among 
 the Bad Lauds near the mouth of the Judith River. In habits, they seemed to resemble closely 
 the preceding species; but the note was slightly different, being more slowly uttered, almost drawled 
 in fact. 
 
 SITTID.E. 
 
 10. SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA, (Cass.) Allen. 
 
 Slender-billed Nuthatch. 
 
 Common in the Yellowstone Park and in the mountains toward the Missouri River. 
 
 TROGLODYTID.E. 
 
 11. SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS, (Say) Gab. 
 
 Rock Wren. 
 
 Very abundant in the Bad Lands along the Missouri and among the sandstone bluffs near the 
 Judith Mountains. These birds were also common in the Little Belt Mountains near White-tailed 
 Deer Creek, darting about among old stumps and wood-piles, just as they do among tho bluffs of 
 the Bad Lands. A nest found near Haymaker's Creek was nothing more than a short burrow 
 under a flat rock. The little chamber at the end contained three nearly full-grown young. 
 
 12. TROGLODYTES AEDON PARKMANNI, (Aim*.) Coues. 
 
 Western House Wren. 
 
 Abundant on tho Missouri near Bismarck. 
 10 W 
 
74 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 13. CISTOTUORUS PALUSTRIS, ( Wils.) Baird. 
 Long-billed Marsh. Wren. 
 This species was seen but once, on a reedy slough near the bridge over the Yellowstone River. 
 
 ALAUDID.E. 
 14. EREMOPIIILA ALPESTRIS LEUCOLiEMA, (Forst.) Cones. 
 Horned Lark : Shore Laek. 
 Abundant everywhere on the plains. 
 
 MOTACILLIDiE. 
 15. ANTEIUS LUDOYICIANUS, (Gm.) Liclit. 
 
 TITLARK. 
 
 A single individual of this species was seen among the snows on the highest point of the 
 Britlger Mountains. 
 
 16. NEOCORYS SPRAGUEI, (Aud.) Scl. 
 
 Missouri Skylark. 
 
 This little-known bird was not uncommon between Camp Lewis and Camp Baker. It was 
 most often seen in the road searching for food, and, when alarmed, running along in the ruts as 
 the Shore Larks are often seen to do. It was usually seen in company with these latter, and seems 
 somewhat to resemble them in its habits. 
 
 SYLVICOLID^E. 
 
 17. DENDRG3CA ESTIVA, (Gm.) Baird. 
 
 Y'ELLOW WAEBLER ; SUMMER Y^ELLOWBIRD. 
 
 Abundant and breeding along the Missouri River. 
 
 IS. DENDRCECA AUDUBONII, {Towns.) Baird. 
 
 Audubon's Warbler. 
 
 A family of this species, the young of which had but just left the nest, was seen among the 
 pines near the Y'ellowstone Bridge. 
 
 19. (?) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS, (Linn.) Sic. 
 
 GOLDEN-CEOYfNED TnRUSn. 
 
 The characteristic song of this species was often heard along the Missouri ; but I was unable to 
 secure any specimens, or even to see the birds. 
 
 20. GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, (Linn.) Cab. 
 Maryland Yellowthroat. 
 
 Scon quite often along the Missouri. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 75 
 
 21. GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA MACGILLIVRAYf, ( WiU.) Allen. 
 
 Westeen Mourning Warbler. 
 
 A female of this species \v;is found dead on the shore of the Yellowstone Lake. 
 
 22. ICTERIA VIRENS, (Linn.) Baird. 
 
 Yellow-breasted Chat. 
 
 Abundant along the Missouri River. Its familiar notes were heard whenever we passed a 
 wooded bottom, and its curious antics often seen. 
 
 23. SETOPHAGA RUTIC1LLA, (Linn.) Sw. 
 
 Redstart. 
 
 Seen on several occasions in the Missouri River bottom. 
 
 TANAGRID/E. 
 24. PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA, ( Wils.) Bon. 
 Louisiana Tanager. 
 Observed quite frequently in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 HIRUNDINIDiE. 
 25. UIHUNDO HORREORUM, Barton. 
 Barn Swallow. 
 Abundant throughout the region which we traversed. 
 
 26. niRUNDO THALASSINA, Sw. 
 
 Violet-green Swallow. 
 Very numerous about Fort Ellis, and more or less abundant throughout the Yellowstone Park. 
 27. PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS, (Say) Scl. 
 Cliff Swallow. 
 Extremely abundant along the Missouri River, breeding on many of the high bluffs betweeu 
 which it flows. They were also common iu the mouutaius, and especially so about Camp Baker. 
 
 Early one morning late in July, -while traveling along the road near the Judith Mountains, I 
 was surprised to see great numbers of these birds feeding on the ground. A little investigation 
 showed mo that they were picking up insects that had been chilled by the severe frost of the 
 previous night, and were as yet unable to fly. 
 
 28. COTYLE RIPARIA, (Linn.) Boie. 
 Sand Martin ; Bank Swallow. 
 Observed iu large numbers on the Missouri River; often breeding in the same bluffs to which 
 the preceding species had attached their nests. 
 
 29. PROGNE SUBIS, Baird, 
 
 Pueple Martin. 
 Abundant iu the mountains, where it breeds. 
 
76 RECONNAISSANCE FEOM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 AMPELIDJE. 
 
 30. AMPELIS GARRULUS, Linn. 
 
 Bohemian Waxwing. 
 
 At Camp Baker, I saw the remains of an individual of tliis species which, I was informed by 
 Major Freeman, had been taken there in winter. It is said to be common there at that season. 
 
 31. AMPELIS CEDRORUM, (Viclll.) Gray. 
 
 Cedar-bird. 
 Quite common along the Missouri. 
 
 LANIIDJE. 
 
 32. COLLURIO LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITOROIDES, {Sir.) Cones. 
 "White-rumped Sheike. 
 Common along wooded ravines on the plains west of the Missouri. 
 
 FRINGILLnLE. 
 
 33. CARBODACTJS CASSINI, Baird. 
 
 Cassin's Purple Flnch. 
 
 A single individual of this species was taken at the Mud Volcano in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 31. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, (WUs.) Cone*. 
 
 Red Crossbill. 
 
 This species was found in great numbers near the Falls of the Yellowstone in August. It had 
 undoubtedly bred in the immediate viciuity, as I saw old birds feeding young just from the nest. 
 Their food seemed to consist entirely of the seeds of the pine. The males uttered almost constantly 
 a short monotonous whistle. 
 
 35. CHRYSOMITRIS PINUS, (WUs.) Bp. 
 
 Pine Finch. 
 
 Though this species was noticed several times while in the park, it did not seem to be common 
 there. The birds were seen among the pines or else feeding on thistle-blows, after the manner of 
 C. tristis. 
 
 36. CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, (Linn.) Bp. 
 
 Yellow-bird ; Thistle-bird. 
 Abundant along the Missouri and on the plains near the mountains. 
 
 37. PLECTROPHANES ORNATUS, Towns. 
 
 Chestnut-collared Longspur. 
 
 Abundant, and one of the most characteristic birds of the high plains. The most eastern 
 point at which I saw it was Jamestown, Dak. From that place west, it was more or less com- 
 mon until we left the plain country. Late in July, I took, near Box Elder Creek, young birds that 
 had but just left the nest. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 77 
 
 38. PLECTEOPHANES MACCOWN1I, Later. 
 
 Maccown's Longspur. 
 
 Abundant, breeding on the plains iu company with the preceding. 1 secured m uiy fully- 
 Hedged birds of the year late in July. 
 
 39. PASSEECULUS SAVANNA, ( Wils.) Bp. 
 
 Savannah Sparrow. 
 
 Quite common about Camp Baker. 
 
 40. rOOCETES GEAMINEUS CONFINIS, (Cm.) Band. 
 
 Grass Finch; Bay- winged Bunting. 
 
 Abundant everywhere on the plains. 
 
 41. COTFJENICULUS PASSEEINUS PEEPALLIDUS, ( Wils.) Ridyway. 
 
 Yellow- winged Sparrow. 
 
 Common on the plains near the Missouri. 
 
 42. MELOSPIZA MELODIA FALLAX, ( Wils.) Ridgway. 
 
 Western Song Sparrow. 
 
 Common iu the mountains, especially iu low brush along the banks of streams, but so shy as 
 to be quite difficult of approach. 
 
 43. J UNCO OEEGONUS, {Towns.) Sel. 
 
 Oregon Snowbird. 
 
 Very abundant iu the mountains of the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 44. SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, {6m.) Baird. 
 
 Tree Sparrow. 
 
 Three or four individuals of this species were seen in the Bridger Mountains early in Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 45. SPIZELLA SOCIALIS ARIZONA, {Wils.) Cones. 
 
 Western Chippy. 
 
 Abundant in the mountains. 
 
 4G. SPIZELLA PALLIDA, (&>.) Bp. 
 
 Clay-colored Sparrow. 
 
 Abundant on the plains in bushy raviues and along the river-bottoms. 
 
 47. ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHEYS, {Forst.) Sw. 
 
 White crowned Sparrow. 
 
 This species was abundant in the Yellowstone Park. It was seen during August and Septem- 
 ber iu small flocks of ten or twelve individuals, old and young, feeding on the ground in company 
 with 8. aretica and a host of small sparrows. 
 
78 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 48. CnONDESTES GRAMMACA, [Say) Bp. 
 Lark Finch. 
 Very abundant on the plains near the Missouri River and westward. 
 40. CALAMOSriZA BICOLOK, {Towns.) Bp. 
 
 WHITE-WINGED BLACKBIRD. 
 
 Very abuudaut ou tbe plains, especially in somewhat broken country along ravines aud dry 
 water-courses, aud also iu the neighborhood of isolated buttes. I found it breeding near Little 
 Crooked Creek. 
 
 50. EUSPIZA AMERICANA, [6m.) Bp. 
 
 Black throated Bunting. 
 
 A breeding female taken in the Missouri River bottom uear Bismarck early in July was the 
 only individual of this species seen. 
 
 51. CYANOSPIZA AMCENA, {Say) Baircl. 
 Lazuli Finch. 
 This beautiful species was abuudaut along the Missouri River bottom. 
 52. PIFILO MACULATUS ARCTICA, {Sw.) Coues. 
 Arctic Towhee. 
 Abuudaut, breeding iu the Missouri River bottom, and ofteu seen about Camp Baker. 
 ICTERIDJE. 
 53. DOLICHONYX ORIZIVORUS, {Linn.) Sic. 
 Bob-o-link; Rice-bird. 
 This species was breeding in large numbers in the wide river-bottom uear Bismarck when we 
 passed through early in July. I saw none except here during the trip. 
 
 54. MOLOTHRUS PECORIS, [Gm.) Sw. 
 
 Cow-bunting. 
 Abundant everywhere. 
 
 55. AGELiEUS PBKENICEUS, {Linn.) Yieill. 
 
 Red-winged Blackbird. 
 
 Noticed on several occasions along the Missouri River. 
 
 56. STURNELLA MAGNA NEGLECTA, {Linn.) Allen. 
 
 Western Meadow Lark. 
 
 Abundant all through the open country. We heard their sweet songs all through the summer 
 and as late as September IS. 
 
 57. SCOLECOPUAGUS CYANOCEPL1ALUS, ( Wagl.) Cab. 
 
 Blue headed Grakle. 
 
 1 found this species very abundant near Carroll, and, in fact, everywhere on the plains. At 
 Little Crooked Creek, their nests were found placed on little " greasewood" bushes ouly two or 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 7 f J 
 
 three feet in height. The young were most of them so well grown at this time (July 15) that they 
 would leave the nest at my approach and fly a few yards to another bush, where they would sit 
 uttering the sharp cry that we hear from all young blackbirds at that age. "When I approached 
 the nests or young, flocks of a dozen or more old birds would fly over me uttering constantly cries 
 of anxiety. 
 
 About Camp Baker, they were very numerous; the flocks being so large as fairly to blacken the 
 ground where they alighted. The birds were familiar enough and readily ventured up to our 
 tent doors. 
 
 CORVIDyE. 
 58. COEVUS COEAX, Linn. 
 
 Eaven. 
 
 Bather common on the plains west of Carroll. 
 
 59. COEYUS AMEPJCANUS, And. 
 
 Crow. 
 
 Extremely abundant on the streams flowing out of the Sweet Grass Hills. They were breed- 
 ing here in the tall undergrowth that fringed Box Elder and Armell's Creek, and on the return 
 march were seen in largo flocks feediug on the dead buffalo that strewed the prairie. It is hardly 
 necessary to remark that they were very tame, in striking contrast to their eastern relatives. 
 
 60. PICICOEYDS COLUMBIANUS, (Wils.) Bp. 
 Clark's Crow. 
 I first noticed this species near Camp Baker, but it did not become very abundant until we 
 reached the Yellowstone Eiver on our road to the park. Its striking plumage and lond harsh 
 voice makes this bird one of the most noticeable features of the animal life of this region. 
 
 CI. PICA MELANOLEUCA HUDSONICA, {Sab.) Coues. 
 
 Magpie. 
 
 Abundant everywhere in the mountains, and universally execrated by hunters and trappers on 
 account of the injury it does in winter to the fresh skins that are stretched out to dry. and the 
 annoyance that it causes to their sore-backed animals. 
 
 C2. CYANUEUS STELLEEI MACEOLOPHUS, {Baird) Allen. 
 
 Long-crested Jay. 
 
 Abundant from the Bridger Mountains through the Yellowstone Park. In habits, this species 
 resembles most closely G. cristatus; but its notes are quite different, being harsh and grating, more 
 like those of P. columbiamis. 
 
 03. PEEISOEEUS CANADENSIS CAriTALIS, Baird. 
 
 Gray Jay. 
 
 I found this species extremely abundant all through the mountains of the Yellowstone Park. 
 They are noisy restless birds, continually passing to aud fro among the'branches of the pines witli 
 easy, graceful movements. They are at all times bold and even impudent, remaining in the trees, 
 beneath which we encamped, aud frequently descending to the ground within a few feet of some 
 one of the party to pick up a piece of meat or a crumb of bread. When a morsel of food has been 
 secured, it is taken to a low limb and there leisurely broken up and devoured. 
 
 This species is said to cause considerable annoyance to trappers by removing the bait from 
 their mink aud marten traps. 
 
80 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 TYRANNISE. 
 64. TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, (G-m.) Tcmm. 
 Kingbird. 
 Abundant along the Missouri and on the plains to the west. 
 
 05. TYRANNUS YERTICALIS, Say. 
 Arkansas Flycatcher. 
 Abundant along the Missouri ard on the plains. 
 
 CO. SAYORNIS SAYUS, {Bp.) Baird, 
 
 Say's Flycatcher. 
 
 I saw but two or three individuals of this species, all of them near Crooked Creek. 
 
 G7. CONTOPUS YIRENS RICHARDSONII, (Sw.) Allen. 
 
 Western Wood Pewee. 
 
 I frequently noticed this species while in the Geyser Basins, but did not observe it at any other 
 point on the route. In the Lower Geyser Basin, I saw one of these birds taken by a Sharp-shinned 
 Hawk, which was immediately attacked with the utmost fury by another Pewee. The latter kept 
 up the chase for a considerable distance ; finally following his enemy into the woods. 
 
 CAPRIMULGID^. 
 
 CS. CHORDEILES YIRGINIANUS HENRYI, {6m.) Coues. 
 
 Western Nighthawk. 
 
 This species was common ou the plains. Near Little Crooked Creek, late in July, I took a 
 female sitting on two eggs, which were far advanced toward hatching. 
 
 ALCEDINID^. 
 
 09. ALCEDO ALCYON, (Linn.) Bote. 
 
 Kingfisher. 
 
 Abundant on all streams which we passed, though apparently less common on the Missouri 
 
 below Carroll than elsewhere. This is probably due to the fact that the river below this point is 
 
 very muddy, and the Kingfishers are hence unable to find and pursue their prey as successfully 
 
 as in the clear streams of the mountains. 
 
 CUCULIDiE. 
 
 70. COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, ( Wils.) Bp. 
 Black-billed Cuckoo. 
 Common along the Missouri, at least as far as Wolf Point, forty miles below Fort Peck. 
 
 PICIDiE. 
 71. PICUS VILLOSUS HARRISII, {Linn.) Allot. 
 Harris' Woodpecker. 
 Seen once in the Little Belt Mountains near Camp Baker. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 81 
 
 72. PIOUS PUBESCENS, Linn, 
 Downy Woodpecker. 
 Occasionally noticed in the Yellowstone Park near the bridge. 
 
 73. SPHYEAPICUS THYEOIDEUS, {Cass.) Bain]. 
 Black-breasted Woodpecker. 
 Observed but once, near Tower Creek in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 74. MELANEEPES EEYTHROCEPHALUS, (Linn.) 8u>. 
 Eed-headed Woodpecker. 
 Very common wherever there was timber. 
 
 75. MELANEEPES TOEQUATtJS, (Wile.) Bp. 
 Lewis' Woodpecker. 
 We first saw this species in the mountains near Camp Baker, where it was quite abundant. 
 It was afterward seen in considerable numbers near the mouth of Trail Creek, and along other little 
 timbered streams running into the Yellowstone River. These birds were several times seen search- 
 ing for food upon the ground after the manner of Colaptes. 
 
 7G. COLAPTES AURATUS, {Linn.) Sw. 
 Golden-winged Woodpecker; Flicker. 
 Abundant along the Missouri Eiver, at least as far up as Fort Bnford. 
 
 77. COLAPTES MEXICANUS, Sw. 
 Eed-shafted Woodpecker. 
 
 Abundant about Camp Baker and in the Yellowstone Park. 
 
 STRIGLD.E. 
 
 78. BUBO V1EGINIANUS, (Gm.) Bp. 
 
 Great Horned Owl. 
 Seen once near Carroll. 
 
 79. OTUS PALUSTEIS, (Bcchst.) Gould. 
 
 SHORT-EARED OWL. 
 
 Common on the plains. 
 
 SO. SPHEOTYTO CLNICULAEIA HYPOGJEA, (Bp.) Cones. 
 
 Burrowing Owl. 
 Seen occasionally on the plains. 
 
 FALCONID^E. 
 
 81. CIECUS CYANEUS HUDSONIUS, (Linn.) Schl 
 
 Marsh Hawk. 
 
 Very common throughout the country which we passed over. 
 11 w 
 
82 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 82. NISUS FUSCUS, (Gm.) Kaup. 
 Sharp-shinned Hawk. 
 This species was seen but twice; oue specimen having been taken on tbe shores of the Yellow- 
 stone Lake, and another observed in the Lower Geyser Basin. 
 
 S3. NISUS COOPEEI, (Bp.) Bid g way. 
 Coopek's Hawk. 
 A single individual of this species was seen while we were ascending the Missouri. 
 84 FALCO LANIAEIUS POLYAGEUS, {Cass.) Bidgway. 
 American Lanner Falcon. 
 This species, although not common in the country through which we passed, was occasionally 
 seen, and no doubt bred on the mountains. I felt quite sure that a pair had a nest on Cone Butte, 
 but was unable to find it. "While at Camp Baker, a bird of this species used to fly over our camp 
 every morning to a corral just beyond, where he would secure a blackbird or two for breakfast, and 
 then return to the mountains. 
 
 85. FALCO COMMUNIS ANATUM, {Gm.) Bidgway. 
 Duck Hawk. 
 While ascending the Missouri, we several times saw the nests of this species placed on little 
 ledges of the high washed clay bluffs by which the river is bordered. These nests all contained 
 unlledged young. Oue or both of the parents was always to be seen sitting near the nest. This 
 species was abundant in the valley of the Yellowstone above Emigrant Peak, and had no doubt 
 bred there, as I took a very young bird, 
 
 SG. FALCO COLTJMBARIUS (?) EICHARDSONT, {Linn.) Bidgway. 
 Bichakdson's Falcon. 
 A Tigeon Hawk, probably to be referred to this variety, was seen September 5, hovering low 
 over the summit of the Bridger Mountains. 
 
 87. FALCO SPAEVEEIUS, Linn. 
 Sparrow Hawk. 
 Abundant on the plains and along the Yellowstone Eiver. 
 
 SS. BUTEO BOEEALIS, {Gm.) Yieill. 
 
 Eed-tailed Hawk. 
 Seen on several occasions on the Missouri Eiver. 
 
 89. BUTEO BOEEALIS CALURUS, {Gm.) Cass. 
 Western Eed-tailed Hawk. 
 
 This was the most common hawk seen in the mouutains. We must have seen fifteen or twenty 
 the day that we passed through Bridger's Pass ; and they were equally abundant in some parts 
 of the Yellowstone Tark. 
 
 90. BUTEO SWAINSONI, Bp. 
 
 Swainson's Hawk. 
 
 Rather numerous in the valley of the Yellowstone. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 83 
 
 91. AKCH1BUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS, (Gm.) Ridgway. 
 
 Rough-legged Hawk. 
 
 Abundant about Gardiner's Springs and in the valley of the Yellowstone. 
 
 92. AECHIBUTEO FERRUGINECTS, (Licht.) Gray. 
 
 Ferruginous Hawk. 
 
 This striking species was common on the plains from the Missouri River westward until we 
 reached the mountains. It was often seen sitting on the little mounds raised by the prairie-dogs, 
 gazing intently at the entrance of the burrow, apparently waiting to seize the first one that 
 should appear. 
 
 93. PANDION HALIAETUS, (Linn.) Guv. 
 
 Fish-hawk. 
 
 The Fish-hawk, although occasionally seen on the Missouri, is not, iu my experience at 
 least, common on that river below the point where it becomes muddy. Above Carroll, however, 
 the river is quite clear, and there it seems much more numerous. It was nowhere so abundant as 
 n the Yellowstone River; and while traveling along that stream I saw from six to twelve of these 
 birds every day. At the falls of the Yellowstone, this species was constantly iu sight, sometimes 
 sailing like a black speck close to the water far below us, or balancing itself on some dead pine that 
 grew half-way up the sides of the cauon. 
 
 91. AQCILA CHRYSAETOS, Linn. 
 
 Golden Eagle. 
 
 Occurs more or less frequently all through the couutry which we traversed, but is most often 
 seen iu the mountains and ou high wooded buttes. I saw it at the Forks of the Musselshell, near 
 Bridger Pass, and once over the Missouri River. 
 
 95. HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, (Linn.) Sic. 
 White-headed Eagle. 
 Seen several times ou the Missouri. 
 
 CATHARTIDJE. 
 9G. GATHARTES AURA, (Linn.) HI. 
 Turkey Buzzard. 
 Abundant ou the plains. 
 
 COLUMBILLE. 
 
 97. ECTOPISTES MIGEATORIA, (Linn.) Sw. 
 
 Passenger Pigeon. 
 
 Seen iu small companies iu July along the Missouri River bottom, where it was doubtless 
 breeding. 
 
 98. ZENJEDURA OAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) Bp. 
 
 Common Dove; Turtle Dove. 
 
 Commou everywhere. 
 
84 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 TETRAONIDiE. 
 
 99. TETRAO OBSCURUS, Say. 
 Dusky Grouse; Blue Grouse. 
 
 We found this species very abundant from the time tbat we reached the mountains until we 
 left them again. The first seen were a mother with a brood of small young, taken in the Judith 
 Mountains. From this point to and through the Yellowstone Park they were frequently met with. 
 
 There seems to be a wide variation in the time at which these birds deposit their eggs. In the 
 Musselshell Canon and along Deep Creek I saw many broods of half-grown chicks, and in some 
 cases the young were nearly as large as the parent bird. This was late in July. On the 4th of 
 August, I saw a brood on an extensive prairie in the Little Belt Mountains near Camp Baker, 
 which must have been less than a week old; at all events, they were so young that I had no diffi- 
 culty in catching several of them alive. Two weeks later I saw a brood on Trail Creek near the 
 Yellowstone River, that were certainly not more than ten days or two weeks old. 
 
 The females with their young seem to pass the night in the creek-bottoms, and it is in such 
 places that they must be looked for early in the morning and late in the afternoon. About 9 or 10 
 o'clock a. m., they proceed on foot to the uplands, where they remain until about two hours before 
 sunset, when they come down to the stream to drink, and remain all night. In returning from the 
 hills, they always fly. The young, when alarmed or uneasy, have a fashion of erecting the feathers 
 of the sides of the neck just below the head, which, when seen at a little distance, gives them a 
 very odd appearance. The female, when the young birds are nearly approached or captured, 
 makes no attempt to draw away the enemy by any of the artifices employed by Bonasa umbellus, but 
 contents herself with wandering anxiously about at a short distance, holding the tail quite erect, 
 and clucking after the manner of the domestic hen under similar circumstances. The young when 
 well grown are delicious eating, and many were killed by us for food when large game could not 
 be obtained. When a brood has been scattered, the individuals which compose it lie well and 
 furnish fair shooting. Though swift fliers, they are easily killed in the open, and I secured most 
 of those that I killed with mustard-seed shot. The birds would sometimes let me approach within 
 three or four feet of them before rising, and they were pretty objects as they crouched waiting for 
 me to take one more step toward them. The body flattened out on the ground, the head and neck 
 straight and pressed against the earth, the tail slightly elevated, and all the while the bright brown 
 eye watching for the slightest sign that the bird's presence was discovered, together made up a 
 picture which, though familiar enough, ever possesses a new interest for me. 
 
 But one brood was seen in heavy pine timber. In this case, the family, which consisted of the 
 mother and six or eight well-grown young, took refuge in the lower limbs of a large pine, from 
 which they refused to move until several shots had been fired at them. 
 
 Having in mind Dr. Cooper's statement that, in Oregon and Northern California, this species 
 is not seen in winter, I made diligent inquiry among the settlers in the mountains of Montana for 
 information on this point. All of those with whom I spoke informed me that the Blue Grouse was 
 apparently quite as abundant in winter as in summer. 
 
 It is to be noticed that I found this species almost invariably in the open creek-bottoms, and 
 sometimes in quite extensive prairies, although always among the mountains. This state of things, 
 which is exactly the reverse of the experience of most other observers, was no doubt due, in part 
 at least, to the fact that the birds had their tender young with them, and that these would be more 
 safe in the valleys than on the mountain-sides. 
 
 During the trip, not a single adult male was secured. On the high mountains, however, at and 
 near timber-line, I several times started single birds and small packs of this species. The only one 
 secured in such situations was a barren female ; but I think it probable that most of those seen 
 here were old males. 
 
 The specimens preserved on the trip seem to be intermediate between varieties obscurus and 
 richardsoni. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 85 
 
 100. CENTEOCERCUS UROrn ASIAN US, (Bp.) Sw. 
 
 Sage Grouse. 
 
 We first saw this species near Wolf Point on the Missouri, where several were started from 
 the river-bottom by the passage of the steamboat. On Box Elder Creek, where we remained in 
 camp for several days late in July, they were extremely numerous, and broods of young were seen 
 of all ages, from the little cbicks that could fly but a few feet to the large strong winged birds 
 that almost equaled their parents in weight. All were painfully ignorant of the effect of firearms, 
 and I have seen a brood of ten or a dozen well-grown birds walk quietly along before two men who 
 were trying to shoot their heads off with rifles, until half their number had been killed. At each 
 report, they would stretch up their necks and gaze around as if a little curious to find out whence 
 the noise proceeded and what it meant, and would then move leisurely on toward the hills, feeding 
 as they went. If, however, a ball touched, but did not fatally wound or cripple a bird, and it rose 
 or fluttered about on the ground, the whole flock took the alarm and were off without delay. 
 
 About Box Elder, they seemed to pass the night on the uplands, coming down to the water 
 morning and evening, and retiring to the higher ground before the sun became hot in the morning, 
 and just about sunset in the evening. The young, even when nearly full grown, utter a plaintive 
 peeping cry, which has the peculiar effect of appearing to come from a long distance off, even 
 though the bird may be quite close at hand. 
 
 When seen during the summer, the birds were, of course, in families; but ou our return inarch 
 in September, they had commenced collecting together, and packs of from thirty to fifty individuals 
 were several times seen. 
 
 101. PED1CECETES PLTASIANELLUS COLUMBIAN US, {Ord.) Coucs. 
 
 Sharp-tailed Grouse. 
 
 I saw this species only ou the plains, a state of things which somewhat surprised me; for, 
 although, of course, essentially a prairie bird, I found it during the summer of 1874 in great num- 
 bers among the Black ITills of Dakota. They were more numerous on Box Elder Creek than at 
 any other point ; and indeed they seem to prefer streams which have a wide bottom overgrown 
 with rose-bushes and other shrubs, on the fruit of which they feed. The young birds were from 
 one-half to two-thirds grown late in July. 
 
 During our passage down the Missouri River, we often saw this species on the dry sand-bars 
 that dotted the river, rolling and dusting themselves in the sand. I did not see these birds roosting 
 on trees until about September 10, at which time the weather at night was quite cold. 
 
 102. BONASA UMBELLUS UMBELLOIDES, (Linn.) Baird. 
 
 Rocky Mountain Ruffed Grouse. 
 
 Although this species was said to be extremely abundant in the Yellowstone Park, we saw 
 very few of them, not twenty in all. In habits, they seem to resemble almost exactly the eastern 
 variety. A female, with six or eight young only about a week old, was seen August 19. The 
 young, instead of hiding, flew into the lowest branches of a dead pine, a distance of three or four 
 feet, which they just managed to accomplish, while the female fluttered about at my feet as if in 
 the death agony. I had not the heart to molest the charming little family, and after watching 
 them for a short time I moved off, leaving them to their own devices. 
 
 CHARADRIID^E. 
 
 103. .EGIAL1TIS VOCIFERUS, (Linn.) Bp. 
 Killdeer Plover. 
 Abundant, breediug on the plains near water. 
 
86 EECONNAISSANCE FEOM GAEEOLL, MONT AX A, 
 
 104. iEGIALITIS MONTANUS, (Toicns.) Baird. 
 Mountain Plover. 
 
 I did not find this species at all abundant in that portion of Montana which we traversed. 
 Two females, each followed by a newly-hatched young one, were taken near Haymaker's Creek 
 August 1, and were the only individuals observed during the trip. The mothers displayed much 
 anxiety for their young, and endeavored to lead me away from them by the artifices usual with 
 this family of birds. The young were pretty but rather awkward little objects, and tottered along 
 with uncertain steps, as if their legs were too long and they found difficulty iu balancing them- 
 selves upon them. 
 
 RECURVIROSTRIDaE. 
 
 105. EECURVIEOSTEA AMERICANA, Gm. 
 
 Avocet. 
 
 This species abounds on the small alkaline pools that are so common iu Dakota, and is quite 
 common in that portion of Montana through which we passed. It was quite numerous on the 
 Yellowstone Eiver above the falls, where the stream is wide, and the wet, grassy banks slope 
 gradually dowu to the water's edge ; and many were seen on the shores of the lake. I also saw a 
 large flock on a small pool near Fort Ellis. They were rather shy, rising iu a thick flock at long 
 gunshot, and making the air ring with their shrill cries. A wounded bird unable to fly attempted 
 to escape by diving, making use of the wings for progression under water. 
 
 PHALAROPODID.E. 
 
 100. LOBIPES HYPEEBOEEUS, (Linn.) Guv. 
 
 Northern Phalarope. 
 
 A flock of thirty or forty of these graceful birds was seen on a small pool near Fort Ellis. 
 
 SCOLOPACLTLE. 
 107. GALLINAGO WILSONII, (Temm.) Bp. 
 "Wilson's Snipe. 
 Oue individual seen near Fort Ellis. 
 
 10S. TEINGA MINUTILLA, Vieill. 
 Least Sandpiper. 
 
 This species was only observed near Fort Ellis, where, however, it was abundant early in 
 September. 
 
 100. TEINGA BAIEDII, Cones. 
 
 Baird's Sandpiper. 
 
 This species was noticed at Fort Ellis, at Gardiner's Springs, and in the Lower Geyser Basin. 
 In the last-mentioned locality, it was seen iu flocks of from fifty to sixty individuals. 
 
 110. TOTANUS SEMIPALMATUS, {Gm.) Temm, 
 
 ^VlLLET. 
 
 Abundant on alkaline pools iu Dakota and on the Yellowstone Lake. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 87 
 
 111. TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS, (Gm.) YiciU. 
 
 Gkeat Yellowshanks ; Telltale. 
 Abandant on the Yellowstone Lake, and, during September, on the Missouri and streams 
 ilowiug into it. 
 
 112. TOTANUS FLAYIPES, (Gm.) Yieill. 
 
 Lessee Yellowlegs. 
 
 A few birds of this species were seen near Fort Ellis and on the shores of the Yellowstone 
 Lake. 
 
 113. TOTANUS SOLITAEIUS, (Wife.) And. 
 
 Solitary Sandpiper. 
 
 This species was observed but twice during the summer; once near Fort Ellis and once in the 
 Upper Geyser Basin. 
 
 114. TRINGOIDES MACULAEIUS, (Linn.) Gray. 
 
 Spotted Sandpiper. 
 
 Abundant along the Missouri River, and along mountain-streams as well. On the Missouri, 
 
 when startled by the approach of the steamboat, they would fly a short distance, and then alight 
 
 on the slender and pliable twigs projecting from the fresh beaver-houses, on which they would 
 
 balance themselves with the oddest bobbings and noddings imaginable. 
 
 115. ACTITUEUS BARTRAMIUS, ( Wils.) Bp. 
 
 Bartramian Sandpiper; Upland Plover. 
 
 Abundant on the plains in Montana. Late in July,l secured young birds nearly as strong on 
 the wing as their parents, and at the same time noticed broods of newly-hatched young. 
 
 116. NUMENIUS LONGIEOSTEIS, Wils. 
 
 LONOr-BILLED CURLEW. 
 
 Abundant on the plains. Near Bos Elder, and all along the base of the Judith Mountains, 
 large scattering companies of these birds were seen feeding on the prairies. They were quite shy, 
 and could not often be approached within gun-range except by strategy. As we drew near, they 
 would rise, oue after another, each uttering his loud, rolling note, until finally all were on the 
 wing. They would then, in a dense flock, for a short time perform a variety of beautiful evolutions 
 high in the air, finally re-alighting at a considerable distance. 
 
 ARDELD^E. 
 117. AEDEA HEEODIAS, Linn. 
 
 Great Blue Heron. 
 
 This species was abundant along the Missouri Eiver in July and September. Prominent 
 objects as they stood on the bare sand-bars, they often drew half a dozen rifle-shots from the steamer 
 as it passed. 
 
 gruid^:. 
 
 US. GEUS CANADENSIS, {Linn.) Temm. 
 Sandhill Crane. 
 Very abundant all through the Yellowstone Park, but not seen on the plains. 
 
88 EECONNAISSANCE FEOM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 RALLID.E. 
 119. FULICA AMEBICANA, 6m. 
 
 Coot; Mud-hen. 
 Abundant in Dakota. 
 
 ANATIDiE. 
 
 120. (?) CYGNTJS BUCCINATOE, Rich. 
 
 Trumpeter Swan. 
 
 A single swan seen in flight at the Yellowstone Lake was probably of this species. It was 
 taken on this water by Mr. Merriam in 1S72. 
 
 121. ANSEB HYPEEBOEEUS, Pall. 
 
 Snow Goose. 
 A flock of these birds were seen on the Yellowstone Eiver near the lake ; and the species was 
 again observed in considerable numbers on the alkaline pools near the Missouri Eiver in October. 
 
 122. BEANTA CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Gray. 
 Canada Goose ; Common Wild Goose. 
 
 The common wild goose was seen in the greatest abundance on the Missouri Eiver, and was 
 numerous ou the Yellowstone Lake as well. Early in July, while on the way from Bismarck to 
 Carroll, we saw many broods of young, and, when coming down the river late in September, hardly 
 an hour passed without our seeing one or more large flocks of these birds. The young gosliugs are 
 pretty little things, and the devotion to them of the mother is interesting. Four was tlie smallest 
 number seen in a brood, and nine the largest. Ou one occasion 1 saw what seemed to be a union 
 of two families. The two females swam in advance side by side, while the ganders brought up the 
 rear, and the nine young ones followed directly behind the females. 
 
 When approached while in the water, the birds would gradually sink until nothing but the 
 bill and upper part of the head appeared above the surface ; the young would then disappear one 
 after another, and last of all the old female would dive. The male always flew off to a safe 
 distance before the diving commenced ; but in no instance did I see the mother leave her brood. 
 
 123. ANAS BOSCHAS, Linn. 
 
 Mallard. 
 
 Abundant, breeding along the Missouri and on smaller streams in the mountains. 
 
 121. DAFILA ACUTA, (Linn.) Bp. 
 
 Pin-tail Duck. 
 
 Observed in considerable numbers on the Yellowstone Lake. 
 
 125. CIIAULELASMUS STEEPEECS, (£i»n.) Gray. 
 
 Gadtvall; Gray Duck. 
 
 Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota; a female with a brood of newly-hatched young was 
 seen on Box Elder. 
 
 120. MAEECA AMEEICANA, (6m.) Steph. 
 
 American Widgeon. 
 
 Abundant on many of the streams in Dakota and Montana. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 89 
 
 127. QUERQUEDULA CAEOLINENSIS, (dm.) Steph. 
 
 Green-winged Teal. 
 
 Abundant, breeding on streams in Eastern Montana. On Deep Creek, early in August, I saw 
 many broods of young apparently only a few days old. 
 
 12S. QUERQUEDULA DISCORS, (Linn.) Steph. 
 
 Blue-winged Teal. 
 
 Seen in considerable numbers on the Missouri River in September. 
 
 129. SPATULA CLYPEATA, (Linn.) Boie. 
 
 Shovelee. 
 
 Quite abundant on alkaline pools iu Dakota. 
 
 130. FULIGULA AFFINIS, Eijton. 
 
 Lessee Blackhead. 
 
 Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota. 
 
 131. BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA, (Linn.) Bd. 
 
 DlPPEE; BUFFLE-HEAD. 
 
 This species was rather common on the little mountain lakes and streams of Montana. On 
 one of the forks of Deep Creek, a female with half a dozen young not yet able to fly, was seen, 
 and several of the young secured. Afterward families of this species were quite frequently observed 
 
 132. (!) OEDEMIA FUSCA, (Linn.) Flem. 
 
 White-winged Suef Duck. 
 
 Seen on the Yellowstone Lake in August. I mention this species with a query, because, 
 although 1 recognized it satisfactorily to myself, I took no specimens. The locality is quite out of 
 the range usually ascribed to this bird. 
 
 133. MERGUS MERGANSER, Linn. 
 
 GOOSANDEE. 
 
 Observed iu considerable numbers on the Yellowstone Lake. Iu August, the young were not 
 yet able to fly. 
 
 134 MERGUS CUCULLATUS, Linn. 
 
 Hooded Meegansee. 
 
 Rather common along the Missouri River. 
 
 PELECANDXE. 
 135. TELECANUS TRACHYRHYNCHUS, Lath. 
 
 White Pelican. 
 
 Very abundant on the Yellowstone Lake, but shy and difficult of approach. 
 12 W 
 
90 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA. 
 
 LARIELE. 
 
 136. LARUS DELAWARENSIS, Ord. 
 Ring-billed Gull. 
 Common on Yellowstone Lake and on the Missouri River. 
 COLYMBID.E. 
 137. COLYMBUS TORQUATUS, Brunn. 
 Loon; Great Northern Diver. 
 Observed frequently on alkaline pools in Dakota and on the Missonri River. 
 PODICIPIDiE. 
 138. PODICEPS CORNUTUS, Lath. 
 Horned Grebe. 
 Abundant during migrations on tlie Missouri, and all streams and pools in tlie mountains. 
 * 139. PODILYMBUS PODICERS, (Linn.) Lain: 
 
 PlED-BILLED GREBE. 
 
 Abundant on alkaline pools in Dakota. 
 
 PARTIAL LIST OF THE MAMMALS AMD BIRDS OF THE YELLOWSTONE FARE. 
 
 This list, which is of course very incomplete, consists merely of the observations of Mr. C. LT. 
 Merriam in 1872 aud those made by myself in 1875. Such species as were noticed by only one 
 observer are followed bv the initial letter of his name. 
 
 3IAMMALS. 
 
 1. Nycticejus erepmscularis, Allen, M. 
 
 2. Ycsi)ertUio lucifugus, LeConte, M. 
 
 3. Vespertilio yumanensis, Allen, M. 
 
 4. Felis concolor, Linn, G. 
 
 5. Lynx rufus, Raf., G. 
 
 6. Lynx canadensis, Raf., G. 
 
 7. Canis oecidentalis, Rich., G. 
 
 8. Canis latrans, Say, G. 
 
 9. Mustela americana, Turtou, G. 
 
 10. Putorius pusillus, Aud. & Bach., M. 
 
 11. Gulo luscits, Sabine. 
 
 12. Mephitis mcphitica, Baird, M. 
 
 13. Mephitis hicolor, Gray, M. 
 1-1. Ursus horribiUs, Ord. 
 
 15. Ursus americanus, Pallas. 
 
 16. Sciurus hudsonius, Pallas. 
 
 17. Tamias quadrivittatus, Say. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK. 91 
 
 IS. SpermophUus townsendi, Bach., M. 
 
 19. Arctomys flaviventer, Bach. 
 
 20. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. 
 
 21. Thomomys talpoides, Rich. 
 
 22. Zapus hudsonius, Coues. 
 
 23. Hesperomys leucopus sonoriensis, LeOoute. 
 
 24. Arvicola riparla, Orel. 
 
 25. Urithizon cpixanthus, Braudt. 
 
 26. Lepus bairdii, Kayden, M. 
 
 27. Lagomys princeps, Rich., M. 
 
 28. Alee americanus, Jardine. 
 
 29. Cervus canadensis, Exlebeii. G. 
 
 30. Cervus macrotis, Say, G. 
 
 31. Antilocapra amerieana, Ord. M. 
 
 32. Ovis montana, Cuv., G. 
 
 33. Bos americanus, Ginelin, G. 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 1. Tardus migratorius, Linn. 
 
 2. Oreoscoptes montanus, (Towns.) Baird. 
 
 3. Mimus carolinensis, (Linn.) Gray. 
 
 4. Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. 
 
 5. Sialla aretica, Sw. 
 
 0. Regulus calendula, (Linn.) Licht., M. 
 
 7. Pants atricapillus septentrionalis, (Harris) Allen, G. 
 
 8. rams montanus, Garnbel, M. 
 
 9. tsitta carolinensis aculeata, (Cass.) Allen. 
 
 10. Troglodytes aedon parhnanni, (Aud.) Cones, M. 
 
 11. Cistothorus palustris, (Wils.) Baird, G. 
 
 12. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gin.) Licht., M. 
 
 13. Dendrccca audubonii, (Towns.) Baird. 
 
 14. Geothlypis Philadelphia macgillivrayi, (Wils.) Allen, G 
 
 15. Myiodioctes pusillus, (Wils.) Bp., M. 
 1(3. Pyranga ludoriciana, (Wils.) Bp. 
 17. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. 
 
 IS. Hirundo thalassina, Sw. 
 
 19. Petrochclidon lunifrons, (Say) Scl. 
 
 20. Carpodacus cassini, Baird. 
 
 21. Loxia curvirostra amerieana, (Wils.) Coues, G. 
 
 22. Chrysomitris pinus, (Wils.) Bp. 
 
 23. Pocccwtcs gramineus confinis, (Gm.) Bd. 
 
 24. Melospiza melodia fallax, (Wils.) Ridgway. 
 
 25. Junco orcgonus, (Towns.) Baird. 
 
 26. Spizella soeialis arizonw, (Wils.) Coues. 
 
 27. Zonotriehia leucophrys, Sw. 
 
 28. Zonotriehia leucophrys intermedia, Ridgway, M. 
 
 29. Chondcstcs grammaca, (Say) Bp., M. 
 
 30. GoniapJuca mclanocephala, (Sw.) Gray, M. 
 
 31. Cyanospiza amcena, (Say) Baird, M. 
 
 32. Pipilo chlorurus, (Towns.) Baird, M. 
 
 33. Molothrus pecoris, (Gin.) Sw., G. 
 
 34. Icterus bullocUi, (Sw.) Bp., M. 
 
 35. Picicorvus columbianus, (Wils.) Bp., G. 
 
 36. Pica mclanoleuca hudsonica, (Sab.) 
 
92 EECONNAISSA^CE FEOM CABBOLL, MONTANA. 
 
 37. Gyanurus stelleri macrolophus, (Baird) Allen. 
 
 38. Perisoreus canadensis capitalist Baird. 
 
 39. Tyrannus verticalis, Say, M. 
 
 40. Gontopus borealis, Baird, M. 
 
 41. Contopus virens richardsonii, (Sw.) Allen. 
 
 42. Empidonax pusillus, Cab., M. 
 
 43. Geryle alcyon, (Linn.) Boie, G. 
 
 44. Picus villosus harrisii, (Linn.) Allen, M. 
 
 45. Pious pubescens, Linn., G. 
 
 46. Picoides areticus, (Sw.) Gray, M. 
 
 47. Picoides americanus dorsalis, (Brehm) Baird, M. 
 
 48. SpTiyrapicus tliyroideus, (Cass.) Baird. 
 
 49. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, (Linn.) Sw., G. 
 
 50. Melanerpes torquatus, (Wils.) Bp. 
 
 51. Golaptes mexicanus, Sw. 
 
 52. Otus vulgaris wilsonianus, (Less.) Allen, M. 
 
 53. Surnia ulula hudsonia, (Gm.) Coues, M. 
 
 54. Circus cyaneus liuclsonius, (Linn.) Schl. 
 
 55. Nisus'fu'scus, (Gm.) Kaup. 
 
 56. Falco communis anatum, (Gm.) Eidgway, G. 
 
 57. Falco sparverius, Linn. 
 
 58. Buteo borealis calurus, (Gm.) Eidgway. 
 
 59. Buteo swainsoni, Bp. 
 
 GO. ArcMbuteo lagopus sancti-johannis, (Gm.) Eidgway, G. 
 
 61. Pandion lialiaetus, (Linn.) Cuw 
 
 62. Tetrao obscurus, Say. 
 
 63. Bonasa umbellus umbelloidcs, (Liuu.) Baird. 
 
 64. JSgialitis wciferus, (Linn.) Bp. 
 
 65. Becurvirostra americana, Gm., G. 
 
 66. Tringa bairdii, Coues. 
 
 67. Totanus semipalmatus, (Gm.) Temra., G. 
 
 68. Totanus melanoleucus, (Gm.) Vieill. 
 
 69. Totanus Jlavipes, (Gm.) Vieill., G. 
 
 70. Totanus solitarius, (Wils.) Aud., G. 
 
 71. Grus canadensis, (Linn.) Temm., G. 
 
 72. Cygnus buccinator, Bicb. 
 
 73. Anser liyperboreits, Pallas, G. 
 
 74. Branta canadensis, (Linn.) Gray, G. 
 
 75. Dafila acuta, Jenyns, G. 
 
 76. Bucephala albeola, (Linn.) Baird, G. 
 
 77. (?) CEdemia fusca, (Linn.) Flem., G. 
 
 78. Mergus merganser Linn, G. 
 
 79. Pelecanus tracltyrliynclius, Latb., G. 
 SO. Larus delawarensis, Ord, G. 
 
 81. Podiccjys cornutus, Latb., G. 
 
RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 
 
 EDWARD S. DANA and GEO. BIRD GKINNELL. 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 
 
 June 1, 1876. 
 
 Sir : We have tbo honor to hand you herewith a report on the geology of a " Eeconnaissance 
 from Carroll, Montana, to the Yellowstone Park, and return," made under your command during 
 the months of July, August, and September, 1875. 
 
 In submitting the narrative of our examination of the country passed over, we wish to express 
 to you our grateful appreciation of your uniform kindness, and constant willingness to facilitate 
 our investigations by every means in your power. To Lieut. C. F. Eoe, who commanded our 
 escort from Carroll to Camp Baker, we are under obligations for many kindnesses. At Camp 
 Baker, Fort Ellis, and Camp Lewis, we were the recipients of most generous hospitalities from the 
 officers of those posts ; and our brief delays at those points are remembered by us as being among 
 the pleasantest days of the trip. 
 
 The vertebrate fossils collected during the summer were submitted to Prof. O. C. Marsh, and 
 by him identified. The invertebrates were examined by Mr. E. P. Whitfield, of Albany, and bis 
 identifications, with occasional comments on the specimens, will be found in the body of the repoft. 
 A paper by Mr. Whitfield, describing such new forms as were discovered during the summer, 
 accompanies our report. To both of these gentlemen our thanks are due for the many favors that 
 we have received from them. 
 
 We remain, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servants, 
 
 Edward S. Dana. 
 Geo. Bird Grinnell. 
 
 Col. Wm. Ludlow, 
 
 Chief Engineer of the Department of Dakota, 
 
 Saint raul, Minn. 
 
GEOLOGICAL REPORT 
 
 By Edward S. Da 
 
 PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE UPPER MIS- 
 SOURI RIVER. 
 
 The towu of Carroll is situated in the alluvial bottom of the Missouri, which is at this point 
 quite extensive, and well timbered with a fine growth of cotton wood. The course of the river-valley 
 is here easterly, and it continues for a considerable distance with but little change in general dirce. 
 tion, though the valley varies very considerably in width between the high walls of Cretaceous clays 
 which rise on either side of it. The river sometimes winds along through a bottom two or three 
 miles wide, and again is confined to a narrow passage between the steep washed bluffs several 
 hundred feet in height. 
 
 The alluvial pheuomena are those which are always observed under similar circumstances, though 
 they take place here more rapidly and on a larger scale than is often the case, in consequence of the 
 vast amount of solid matter which the river is constantly carrying down. On this account, the 
 " muddy Missouri" offers peculiar advantages for the study of alluvial changes ; and, could a series 
 of observations be carried on at a few points during two or three seasons, a large amount of data 
 might be collected which would lead to interesting and valuable conclusions. At Carroll, we have 
 an example of a condition of things which may be observed at almost any point in this part of the 
 river, and a few words of explanation may consequently not be out of place. At «, on the outer 
 bank of the river, the current is strong, and has forced itself 
 close up under the high bluffs, whose top forms the border of the 
 broad prairie above. The older deposits, at points such as this, 
 are directly acted upon by the running water, and are thus grad- 
 ually undermined and worn away, the material being carried on by / 
 the current. Upon the opposite side of the stream, at c, the current 
 is weaker, the water shallow and eddying, and the shore runs out cmamxa- 
 to meet the water in a long low sand-bar. At b, there is a high ] 
 
 bank of alluvial clays, 10 feet or more above the stream, deposited | 
 
 long before in time of flood, but now being rapidly torn away. Still c * 
 again at a' the water washes at the foot of the older bluffs, while 
 opposite is the never-failing sand-point. 
 
 Thus the river winds on its course, touching the hills, which form 
 the true limit of its valley, only here aud there. For the greater 
 part of its course, it is confined between the alluvial banks. It is 
 safe to say that, except in the spring, the river deposits compara- 
 tively little solid matter, and this, chiefly on the sand-spits and 
 bars, where the force of the moving water is small. The work 
 of the river is at^this season one of destruction more than deposition, tearing down what it hag 
 13 w 
 
98 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 itself previously built up, and also to a less extent carrying away tbe older deposits. It acts 
 alone, unaided by any minor tributary streams; for tbey are dry except in tbe early season. Even 
 during tbe summer, however, tbe cbaunel is constantly changing. Tbe mud-and-sand bars which 
 ai - e everywhere formed do not long retain their positions, bat are moved on down tbe river and 
 heaped up again iu otber places. Thus the process is one of gradual trausferral down the stream; 
 the solid matter going to make one alluvial bank after another until it is finally deposited in the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 It is interesting to note, in this connection, the explanation recently given by Frof. James 
 Thomson (Proc. Royal Society, 1876) of the origin of the windings of rivers in alluvial plains. He 
 snows that, upon hydraulic principles, the velocity of the stream must be greater on the inner bank 
 than on the outer, and yet, as shown here, tbe wearing away takes place upon the outer bank, and 
 the deposits are made on the inner bank. This is in part due to the centrifugal force, which tends 
 to make the surface-water move away from the inner bank, while its place is taken by a partial 
 upward current of the bottom water retarded much by friction. This current moves obliquely 
 toward the inner bank, and serves to protect it from the rapid scour of the stream-line. On the 
 outer bank, however, there is a tendency of the rapidly-moving surface-water, unimpeded by fric- 
 t on, downward against tbe solid bank; this it tends to wear away, the worn substance is carried 
 d iwn to the bottom, where the oblique current spoken of carries it toward tbe inner bank. Sooner 
 or later it will reach this point, and more or less of it will find a resting-place. 
 
 These principles find an application in the flow of the Missouri through its alluvial plain. It 
 is on the outer bank of the successive curves of the river that the wear is greatest, and that tbe 
 river has forced its way up to the older bluffs, while on the inner bank the deposits are being made, 
 more or less, all the time, sand or mud, or both, according to tbe relative velocities of tbe different 
 parts of the stream. 
 
 As has been remarked, tbe work of the river in summer is destructive, and no additions are 
 made at this time to the height of the alluvial banks. In spring, the case is very different, and it is 
 at that time that the chief deposits of alluvium are made. The river is then full, the snows all over 
 t he wide area drained by tbe Missouri are melting, rains are frequent, and a vast amount of material 
 is brought in from the surrounding country. The amount of solid matter held iu suspension at this 
 season is enormous. In floods, the waters rise many feet, overspreading tbe lower alluvial ground, 
 and in subsiding and evaporating tbey deposit their load of sand and clay, sometimes covering a well- 
 grown and fertile plain with a bed of alluvium a foot and more in thickness. This sometimes takes 
 place for a number of successive years at the same points, as is shown by the fact that the roots 
 of trees which must have been close to tbe surface of the ground when they commenced to grow 
 were often seen buried beneath from four to six feet of alluvium. We could of course only observe 
 this on the very edge of the bank, where the water had removed a part of tbe old alluvium, expos- 
 Fig. 2. * ij^s^ ing to view the roots, and that part of the trunk which 
 \. sf^ bad been buried. Some of these trees were quite small, 
 f'JI A&, & "°* more ^an 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and most of them 
 "^Ht^ F J y^^^€^- were still living; thus indicating how rapidly such depos- 
 . "t^T I i i r rW!!rT^ 3 'i its as tuose referred to are made. The trees were mostly 
 _ M^-l^^fM^ ^F H'l- -H&- cottonwoods and elms, species of rapid growth. That these 
 - ■===-*==SS|,~ a — — ^--z ^r ir— — ^ deposits are made very rapidly is also shown by the thick 
 
 — _i=r ^r - layers to be noticed in any section of a bank so deposited, 
 
 ^ ^^ sometimes a foot or more, perfectly homogeneous. It is 
 
 _^ — ^ ^g^^^^^^ ^^ ^^T^ s==i-=^ — interesting to note the great variation in the height of the 
 ~"Z^=Z = -jSlZ perpendicular alluvial banks. From point to point, in some 
 
 ^^"^ cases, it is only three or four feet; in others twenty-live feet 
 or more. This depends obviously on the strength of the current, and the extent to which the water 
 is backed up. It bears upon the general subject of river-terraces. Not infrequently we observed a 
 second terrace above, or rather a long line of high cut bluffs separated from the stream by another 
 alluvial plain (see figure 3). This is all of recent origin, and merely means that tbe river stopped 
 washing away the bluffs here, and commenced to fill up at its foot. 
 
 The energy of the stream is at all times directly proportional to the amount of the descending 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK. 99 
 
 water; and hence is immensely greater in spring than in summer. This energy is probably all 
 expended in overcoming friction, aud in carrying the load of solid matter. The difference in the 
 amount of detritus held in suspension by tho stream in early July and in late September was very 
 marked— at the latter time tho stream seemed to have to a great extent cleared itself. This is 
 doubtless due to the diminished volume of the water, in consequence of which the carrying power 
 of the stream was so much diminished. A river of this character seems to act as a destructive 
 agent rather through the weight aud moving force of its own water than by meaus of the abradiug 
 power of tho solid matter it carries with it. 
 
 A true upper terrace was not observed at any point above tho mouth of the Yellowstone. At 
 points below, it was not uncommon to see one hugging the liguite bluffs, aud separated from .the 
 river by a wide alluvial plain. Whether it be a true terrace or ouly a recent deposit is doubtful. 
 Such a place was noticed a short distauce below Fort Buford, where the water must once have 
 spread over an immense area, pointing to tho time when the Missouri was a much larger stream 
 than it is at present. 
 
 Above Carroll, the river-bottom becomes much less wide, and, although sometimes flowing 
 through valleys more or less broad, tho stream generally passes along between and close beneath 
 frowning banks of washed clays and sands. The undermining of the banks takes place here in 
 the same mauuer as where they are alluvial; but, owing to the greater hardness aud thickness 
 of the older rocks upon which the water acts, the process is much more slow. It goes ou con- 
 stantly, however, so that at last a great mass of the rock above, perhaps a hundred feet in thick- 
 ness, deprived of its support, slips down into the water. This has occurred at many points, and 
 gives to the rocks, as viewed from the river, a great variety of dip, which has been considered by 
 some observers as indicating an extensive disturbance of these beds, due to the elevation of the 
 mountain-ranges of this section of the country. We cauuot doubt, however, that all these apparent 
 disturbances are purely local, and have been caused by the action of ruuuiug water. 
 
 FROM CARROLL TO BOX ELDER CREEK. 
 
 Fort Pierre Group of the Cretaceous. 
 
 The clay bluffs at Carroll rise abruptly above the alluvial bottom ou both sides of the river. 
 They belong to what Dr. Hayden has called the Fort Pierre Group, Cretaceous No. 4. These bluffs 
 consist of a dark-blue to purplish-black laminated clay, occasioually stained with iron, and some- 
 times containing very thin layers of white saud. They are remarkably constant iu character from 
 top to bottom. Dr. Hayden has stated in general that the clays of No. i are not laminated ; 
 but this is not true of those which came under our observation. 
 
 The characteristic features of this clay are (1) tho large calcareous concretions, which will 
 be spoken of more particularly iu connection with Crooked Creek; (2) the plates aud crystals of 
 transparent gypsum, or selenito ; aud (3) the alkaline deposits. 
 
 The seleuite plates arc quite conspicuous, as they lie on tho surface of the ground, aud glisten 
 brilliantly as the sun strikes them. In general, they are irregular crystalline fragments; but occa- 
 sionally perfect crystals are found of the form common in the clay of Poland, Ohio. The surface 
 of all these fragments is roughened aud etched by the solvent action of tho water which has 
 flowed over them. These etchiugs are most distinct on the cliuopiuacoid, aud are similar to those 
 described by Baumhauer as having been produced artificially by the action of caustic potash. The 
 
100 EECONNAISSANCE FROM CABBOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 selenite plates are found most abundantly near the level of the river, having been washed together 
 here, but they occur also more or less frequently on the plains, twenty-five miles from the river, 
 at a level nearly 1,000 feet above. 
 
 The alkaline deposits seem to be particularly abundant iu some layers, exuding from the 
 bluffs along the river iu long white lines. Considerable deposits of it are seen at various points 
 on the banks of the river, and all the little dry creek-bottoms leading into the Missouri are wbite, 
 as if frosted with it. The following is an analysis of a particularly-pure specimen of the alkali 
 collected near Carroll. For this analysis we are indebted to Mr. Fred. P. Dewey, of the Sheffield 
 Scientific School of New Haven, and we would here express our acknowledgments to him: 
 
 I. II. Mean. 
 
 MgO 11.69 11.91 11.80 
 
 Na*0 15r81 16.20 16.00 
 
 CaO 0.53 0.68 0.60 
 
 Li = 0.88 0.88 0.88 
 
 SO] 44.09 44.12 44.10 
 
 CI trace trace trace 
 
 H ; 23.09 23.00 23.05 
 
 Insoluble.. 3.29 3.27 3.28 
 
 99. 38 100. 06 99. 71 
 
 As will be seen from this analysis, the alkali consists essentially of the sulphates of sodium aud 
 magnesium ; in fact, the amount of sulphuric acid given is almost exactly what is required to unite 
 with the several bases. The presence of the lithia is also to be noticed. 
 
 This alkali is a constant attendant of this member of the Cretaceous, wherever observed in the 
 West, and is one of the causes of its barren character. The water of the Missouri is so entirely 
 derived from pure mountain-sources — even the large rivers, as the Musselshell, which flow through 
 the alkaline prairie, being nearly dry at their outlets — that it is little affected by the salt which is 
 brought into it, though the white deposits on the alluvial banks show that the quantity is not 
 small. 
 
 These Cretaceous clays have a laminated shaly structure wherever exposed: they weather 
 down so readily, however, that often only the rounded beds of clay are seen. These are so soft and 
 yielding, that the foot sinks deeply into them, and they have much the feeling of a bed of ashes. 
 Iu the neighborhood of Carroll, there is more or less of a scanty vegetation ; but farther down the 
 river, perhaps one hundred and fifty miles, there seems to be no vegetation whatever, aud the 
 appearance of these black clay-beds is desolate in the extreme. 
 
 The height of the Cretaceous bluffs above the river is quite variable as viewed from the water ; 
 but, when we examine the total elevation attained in passing back from the river, we find that it 
 is remarkably constant. The Helena road at Carroll rises in two or three very steep pitches the 
 greater part of its final ascent, aud, within two or three miles of where the road leaves the valley 
 the high plateau is reached, which is kept, with little change of level, beyond Crooked Creek. The 
 height here, as given by an aneroid, is 605 feet. On the other side of the river, the height of the 
 corresponding plateau is GS0 feet ; though iu this case the fiual elevation was fouud a little farther 
 from the river, the rise of the plain being more gradual after the first steep asceut had been made. 
 
 The appearance of the surrounding country, as viewed from the top of the bluffs back of 
 Carroll, is very forbidding. The whole landscape is of a somber, gray tint; the color of the soil and 
 the sagebrush sparingly relieved by the dark green of the stunted pines that grow here aud there 
 on the summits of the bluffs and along the little ravines. There is little vegetation, except the 
 Artemisia, and, altogether, the region seems incapable of affording sustenance to man or beast. 
 Notwithstanding its uninviting appearance, the neighboring country abounds iu game. This region 
 has been, and still is, though to a less extent than formerly, the favorite feeding-ground of a por- 
 tion of the great northern herd of buffaloes: autelope are numerous on the plains, and mule-deer 
 and elk are found iu the pine timbered ravines. Farther back from the river, in the hill-country, 
 the big-horn, or mouutaiu-sheep, and the grizzly bear occur, though nowhere numerous. 
 
 On both sides of the Missouri, the high bluffs are cut into numberless ravines, which divide 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 101 
 
 and subdivide again to a wonderful extent, thus carrying the surface-drainage back into the river. 
 These ravines are often quite well wooded, and some of them contain a little strongly alkaline 
 water. 
 
 As has been remarked, the height of the plateau varies but little as we proceed away from the 
 river, though we soon pass over the divide which separates the immediate drainage of the Missouri 
 from that of Crooked (Jreek, a tributary of the Musselshell River. 
 
 Little Crooked Creek, thirteen miles from Carroll, retains water in holes until midsummer, 
 when it generally dries up entirely. Five miles beyond, a branch of Crooked Creek also affords a 
 little poor water in the early summer ; but, late in the season, the only water on the route is found in 
 pools in the bed of Crooked Creek, and this is decidedly unpalatable. All these creeks, with their 
 many dry branches, certainly contain swiftly-running water in the early season, wheu the spring- 
 rains unite with the melting snows to swell the streams. This is plainly shown by the high, cut 
 banks and the large accumulations of drift pebbles in the turns in the creek-beds. 
 
 The surface of the prairie from Carroll to Crooked Creek (twenty-one miles) and beyond, 
 though this point is only about fifteen miles from the river in a direct line, is scattered with drift 
 deposits. These are of two kinds: (1) large, mostly angular, blocks of syenite and other horn- 
 bleudic rocks, with occasionally some semi-crystalline limestone; and (2) small, smoothly-rounded 
 pebbles, consisting to 90 per cent, of a brown quartzite or jasper. Some fragments of fossil wood 
 may here and there be found, and a largo variety of pebbles of various kinds of rocks in small 
 quantities. This drift is entirely superficial, no proper deposits having been observed at any point. 
 The lithological character of the drift will be described more in detail hereafter, when it will be 
 connected with observations made north of the Missouri River (p. 135). 
 
 At Carroll, in the lower levels of the Cretaceous No. 1, the only fossils observed were Baculites 
 ovatus, Say, and a large Inoceramus. At Little Crooked Creek, where we made our first camp 
 (July 13), we had more opportunity for search, and here, and farther on, at Crooked Creek, we found : 
 
 1. Lucina ventricosa, M. & II. 
 
 2. Lucina occidentalis, Morton. 
 
 3. Mactra, sp.f. 
 
 4. Inoceramus tenuilineatus, II. & M. 
 
 5. Anchura, sp. (specific features not shown). 
 G. Ammonites If alii, M. & U. 
 
 7. Scaphites nodosus, Owen. 
 
 8. Baculites ovatus, Say. 
 
 Inoceramus tenuilineatus, II. & M., Ammonites Halli, M. & H., and Baculites ovatus, Say, were 
 extremely abundant at these localities, and the specimens secured comprise individuals of all ages. 
 
 These fossils, as far as our observations go, are found only in the concretions previously men- 
 tioned in connection with these beds. These concretions occur in great numbers from the level of 
 the river to the highest point above it where these clays were seen. Those which contain fossils 
 seem to be much more abundant in the upper layers than in those nearer the water's level. Fossils 
 were occasionally found in concretions from the lower ravines ; but such concretions were not seen 
 in place. They were generally found imbedded in the loose, washed clays of the ravine, and had 
 the appearance of having been carried down from some point above.^ The concretions are quite 
 compact wheu found in place in the cut bauk, though they yield readily to a blow of the hammer. 
 Whenever exposed for any length of time, however, to atmospheric influences, they separate into 
 hundreds of angular fragments ; and here and there over the prairie may be seen the little piles of 
 these blocks, a conspicuous feature among the low cactus-plants. 
 
 The concretions are generally a foot or two in diameter, though sometimes much larger, and 
 are extensively cracked; the seams having been filled with crystallized calcite aud sometimes with 
 gypsum. One fine specimen of an Ammonite was found, the interior of which was lined with exceed- 
 ingly delicate crystals of the selenite. The concretions, as a rule, aro not distributed at random 
 through the clays, but lie in layers, sometimes closely contiguous, so as to form an almost uninter- 
 rupted stratum. The large majority are destitute of fossil remains; but occasionally they are met 
 with, containing large numbers of the shells, a considerable number forming the nucleus of a single 
 
102 
 
 llECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 concretion. It is to be noticed that these fossils, as a rule, are not clustered together in the center 
 of the concretion, but lie in a single layer; and it is not uncommon to see this layer continued iu 
 line from one concretion to the others lying immediately adjoining 
 it. This fact indicates the relation iu point of time between the 
 deposit of the shells and the formation of the concretions. 
 
 The most common fossil in this association, aud one \vhich is 
 met with almost everywhere ou the prairie, is the Baculites ovatus, 
 Say. These remains are often called "fossil fish", "fossil ferns", 
 &c, by the white inhabitants of that section of the Territory ; and, as 
 they are so well known and so often spoken of, it may not be amiss 
 to make a remark iu regard to them for the benefit of the unscientific. 
 They are not fish-skeletons, but are simply the shell of an animal 
 somewhat allied to the present Nautilus, but having the shell straight 
 aud tapering instead of curved iu a spiral. The delicate lines on 
 the shell show the divisional walls, or septa, of the successive cham- 
 bers iu the shell. 
 
 During a delay of a day at Crooked Greek, we were enabled to 
 follow along the dry bed of the stream for several miles. This bed 
 is filled with alluvial deposits of the black clay deposited by the 
 stream, and through which it has agaiu washed out its path, leaving 
 steep walls three feet or more in height. The banks on either side 
 show evidence of having been washed over, looking white, aud a little 
 sandy, aud with the drift-pebbles collected iu large numbers. Here 
 and there the Cretaceous clays are exposed iu high bluffs ou either 
 side of the creek-valley. These bluffs have sometimes a height of 
 50 to 75 feet above the stream-bed. The clays are not to be dis- 
 tinguished from those forming the immediate banks of the Missouri. 
 They are blue-black or slate-colored, shaly, the layers beiug very 
 distinct and everywhere characterized by the concretions. The 
 layers of the clay are pretty uniformly horizontal, though an occa- 
 sional slight dip is to be observed. At one point, we noticed a very 
 low syucliual fold followed by a fault; the strata being displaced 
 some 15 or 20 feet. This and other similar disturbances observed in 
 this neighborhood we decided were undoubtedly local, being due to 
 slips in the loosely-laminated clays, through the influence of run- 
 ning waters. Many similar disturbances were observed along the 
 river which were obviously due to a similar cause (see p. 125). 
 
 From Crooked Creek, the road runs on nearly southwest, rising 
 slightly till a point some few miles from Box Elder Creek is reached, 
 wheu there is a more suddeu rise of 50 feet up to a plateau, which 
 ou top, is very level, aud the northern edge of which can be dis- 
 tinctly seeu extending some distance iu both directions. 
 
 The following cut (fig. 4) gives au ideal section* from Cone Butte 
 to the Missouri along the line of the road, as obtained from measure- 
 ments made by an aneroid. It is to be observed that the line ruus 
 obliquely, making tho distance somewhat farther than in a direct 
 line, as will bo seen by reference to the map. 
 
 The highest point at which the undisturbed Fort Pierre Group 
 was observed was 1,0G0 feet above the river; and deposits of this 
 age were seeu at yarious points along the llelena road until Camp 
 Lewis was reached. The last point at which they were noticed was 
 near the crossing of Warm Spring Creek, south of the Moccasin Mountains. 
 
 'The vertical distances are increased niuo times to admit of beiug brought within the limits of the page. The 
 horizontal scale is (as ou tho map) G miles to the iuch ; tho vertical scale is J mile (3,520 feet) to the inch. 
 
 iu: 
 
 Si 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAKK. 103 
 
 The rise of the land continues until we reach Box Elder Valley, where the high plateau is seen 
 extending east and west, and here a descent of 80 feet is made to the level of the stream. 
 
 Box Elder Creek takes its rise in the Judith Mountains, and, after a northerly course of about 
 seven miles, turns easterly and then southeasterly, finally reaching the Musselshell Eiver. At the 
 stage-station, where we camped for several days, its course is nearly east and west. It is a running- 
 stream and furnishes fair water. Our delay at this point gave us an opportunity to explore to 
 some extent the Judith Mountains. 
 
 In the neighborhood of Box Elder, we pass from the Fort Pierre clays, Cretaceous No. 4 of 
 Ilayden, to the sandstones of the Fox Hills Group, or Cretaceous No. 5, overlying them. At a 
 locality lying nearly south of Box Elder station and distant from it about a mile, we observed a 
 ledge of sandstone containing some tolerably-preserved shells. The rock is a yellow ferruginous 
 sandstone in rather thin beds, but quite firm. Occasional calcareous layers contain fossils similar 
 to those in the sandstone, but much bettor preserved. The thickness of this yellow fossil-bearing 
 sandstone is small ; and beneath it is a friable white sandstoue, easily rubbed into powder with the 
 fingers. The dip of the exposed strata is slight, toward the northeast. The fossils found at this 
 locality are as follows : 
 
 1. Sanguinolaria oblata, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
 
 2. Liopistha (Cymella) undulata, M. & H. 
 
 3. Tellina isomma, Meek. 
 
 4. Tellina scitula, M. & H. 
 
 5. Mactra warreniana, M. & II. 
 (i. Mactra maia, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
 
 7. Tapes montanensis, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
 
 8. Ostrea congesta, Con.???. 
 !). Lunatia concinna, II. & M. 
 
 10. Inoccramus, sp. 
 
 11. Fastis Qalpiniaiius,M. & H. 
 
 Sandstones of a similar character to that mentioned may be seen at a variety of points where 
 the excavation of the deep coulees has laid bare the rock beneath. One striking locality was visited 
 some four miles east of the station, where, on the east bank of a deeply-cut coulee, the sandstoue 
 is exposed at a height of 200 feet above the creek-bottom. 
 
 The section was as follows : 
 
 Two feet of a white sandstone, in thin layers ; 
 
 Thirty feet of a white, soft, thickly-laminated sandstone, underlaid by an uncertain thickness of 
 rusty-yellow sand-rock. 
 
 No fossils were fouud here, though they were searched for with care. 
 
 JUDITH MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Our examination of the Judith Mountains was hasty and incomplete, owing to lack of time at 
 this point; and our movements were still further embarrassed by the necessity of taking some pre- 
 cautions against the hostile Sioux, known to be in the vicinity at the time. 
 
 The following cut (lig. 5) will give some idea of the extent and bearings of the Judith Mountains, 
 
 
 1 ;K 
 
i04 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 although it makes no pretensions to topographical accuracy. The few bearings which were takeri 
 from Cone Butte are indicated. It is to be noticed that these mountains do not lie north aud south 
 on the east bank of the Judith River, where they are generally represented on the maps of this 
 region. Ou the contrary, their trend is essentially east and west, so that the axis of the range lies 
 almost at right angles with the course of the river. The general appearance of the range as viewed 
 from a point to the northeast is shown in figure G. 
 
 Black Bulte. ' -""' ijxuc. 
 
 In tbe neighborhood of Box Elder, we pass, as has been stated, from the Fort Pierre clays to 
 the sandstones of the Fox Hills Group overlying them. The rocks of this group extend widely east 
 and west from this point, and from the hills which slope up to the foot of the Judith Mountains. 
 
 Near Box Elder station, the sandstone shows itself nearly on the level of the stream at a point 
 hardly a mile distant from it to the south. This is the locality where the fossils above mentioned 
 were found. From this point, in approaching the hills, we took a course nearly south up a coulee, 
 then dry, but which had been deeply excavated by running water, and which in the spring is no 
 doubt a considerable tributary of Box Elder Creek. The eastern bank of this coulee is quite high 
 above the bed, perhaps 200 feet, and all the way has a very uniform slope up to the mountains. 
 On the west side the terrace is quite low, but has also the same gradual slope upward; the surface 
 being for the most part remarkably level. The slope is about 50 feet to the mile. The sandstone 
 of No. 5 is seen at a number of points, both in the bed of the cou!6e and above in the high eastern 
 bank just referred to. The slope upward on the east continues until within a mile or so of Cone 
 Butte, where the sandstone strata are more upturned and the surface of the hill is more broken. 
 Close to Cone Butte, at its foot (at c, fig. 5), we observed the sandstone, elevated 750 to 800 feet 
 above Box Elder. It was here whitish, compact, weathering out into peculiar forms, with irregu- 
 lar layers of ferruginous sand ; dip, 10°; strike north 80° west. 
 
 The thickness here, as elsewhere, is difficult to estimate, because of the insufficient exposure. 
 It must be two or three hundred feet, or perhaps more. It may be mentioned here that the hills 
 and terraces are so much covered with grass and soil that exposures of rock are rare. Below this 
 point (at b, see map) is an exposure of blue laminated clays, with abundant concretions, probably 
 the Fort Pierre Group again, though here 600 feet above the highest exposure observed below, and 
 400 feet above the sandstone identified as No. 5 (a, on map). The elevation is due to the upturn- 
 ing of the mountains, involving both members of the Cretaceous alike. 
 
 From here we made the ascent of Cone Butte. The immediate foot-hills, aud indeed those at 
 some distance from the peak, are made up of the talus from the mountain as far as the surface- 
 exposure goes. Loose blocks of the trachyte, which forms the mass of the mountain, have been 
 spread over the surrounding country to a remarkable extent, aud the smaller fragments were found 
 abundantly within a mile or two of Crooked Creek ; that is, having crossed Box Elder Yalley. 
 Cone Butte is, as has been intimated, a trachytic hill, and according to the readings of our aneroid 
 it is 2,200 feet above Box Elder, and 3,400 above the Missouri River. This is about the average 
 height of what are called the Judith Mountains, though there are several points which are probably 
 a little higher. 
 
 The summit of Cone Butte commands an extensive view over the prairies to the north. The 
 Little Rocky Mountains and the Bear's Paw Mountains, though far in the distance, are the most 
 conspicuous points to be noticed. Its commanding position is well appreciated by the Indians 
 who use it as a lookout, for which it is most conveniently situated. A shelter which we found on 
 the summit, formed of large fiat blocks of trachyte resting upon the spreading branches of a stunted 
 pine-tree, had doubtless been used as a resting-place by many an Indian scout. 
 
 Cone Butte is itself a conspicuous object from all the surrounding country, even as far north 
 as the Little Rocky Mountains ; its perfectly conical shape being very striking from any point on 
 the Carroll road. Viewed from the west, the sides of tho cone aro broken, and not so symmetrical 
 as shown in figure G. Tho slopes are covered with loose blocks of trachyte, aud at some points are 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAKE 
 
 105 
 
 precipitous. The angle of the cone is about 40° or '41°; indeed, it is so steep, and the loose blocks 
 of trachyte furnish so insecure a foot-hold, that, were it not for the trails made by the mountain- 
 sheep ascending and descending, it would be no easy task to climb it from the west side. 
 
 The miueralogical character of this trachyte deserves to be described a little in detail, as it 
 may be taken as a type of the variety which occurs most widely in these mountains. It is in gen- 
 eral of uniform texture, hard and firm, though occasionally showing minute cavities containing 
 quartz crystals as a secondary product. It breaks on weathering into the large thin slabs which 
 cover the sides of Cone Butte. The main constituent of the rock is a triclinic feldspar, as revealed 
 by a thin section under the microscope, though occasional crystals of orthoclase of greater size may 
 be observed. Hornblende follows next in order, the crystals being very distinct ; and, further than 
 this, magnetite plays an important rdle— this is distributed more generally than is common in 
 similar rocks, and is seen by the microscope as extremely minute grains, whose metallic character 
 is revealed only in reflected light. These particles of magnetite have suffered alteration to a 
 considerable extent, and the feldspar is often stained red and yellow in a ring about them by the 
 oxidized iron. It is to this alteration that the peculiar red color of the talus on the sides of the hills, 
 as seen from a distance, is undoubtedly due. A critical examination shows that a little quartz is 
 also present; but, as it was often otherwise noted in minute cavities, it may be questioned whether 
 it is not merely a secondary product. 
 
 The descent from Cone Butte was made by way of the deep ravine which separates it from the 
 trachytic hills to the south. The white trachyte is carried down nearly to the gap, where (see 
 fig. 7) we passed a transverse dike, east and west in direction, of a hard green trachyte, with a 
 cubical fracture breaking into large angular blocks, in striking contrast with the loose slabs of the 
 other trachyte which cover the slopes of Cone Butte. This is probably a later dike, subsequent to 
 the formation of the other hills. This trachyte, as well as that of Cone Butte, was found in frag- 
 ments abundantly over the prairie, even to a distance of fifteen miles from the mountains. It is 
 characterized by large crystals of a glassy orthoclase, which give it a porphyritic structure. Under 
 the microscope, these crystals are found to be more or less clouded, in consequence of incipient 
 alteration : this is also shown by the indistinct colors obtained in polarized light. Accompanying 
 the large crystals of orthoclase are smaller thin-bladed crystals in large numbers. The other essen- 
 tial constituent is the hornblende, which is seen in simple distinct prisms : it has a deep-green 
 color, and is strongly dichroic. No quartz was observed. The most interesting feature of the rock 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 rig. 7. 
 
 is the green base, which, under a low magnifying power, seems to be without structure, but, when 
 magnified highly, is resolved into countless minute, acicular crystals, jumbled together in a con- 
 14 w 
 
106 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 fused mass. Tliey show very little color in polarized light. They may be zeolitic ; but a chemical 
 analysis, which the circumstances do not now admit of, would be required to settle the point. 
 
 In the ravine spoken of, 355 feet below the summit of Cone Butte, we were surprised to find a 
 series of slates and sandstones. The cut (Fig. 7) will give some idea of the relations of the rocks, 
 it being a sketch taken from a point below to the west. The total width of the gap is about 70 
 yards ; the trachyte rising abruptly on both sides. The trachyte of the hill to the south is quite 
 similar to that of Cone Butte. The section in the gap is as follows : 
 
 Coarse ferruginous sandstone, vertical 3 feet. 
 
 Fine blue shale, vertical 20 feet- 
 Slate, sometimes shaly, sometimes a good slate, and very sandy, in layers ; color 
 
 whitish and yellowish ; dip 70° south ISO to 200 feet. 
 
 The strike of these slates is east and west. 
 
 The age of these rocks is uncertain, as the only fossils found in them were some cycloidal fish- 
 scales, with occasional impressions of fish-vertebras and spines, which were quite numerous in some 
 layers in the slate. It is hardly to be doubted, however, that they are Cretaceous ; and the position 
 of some rocks, also containing fish-scales and probably identical with these, observed at another 
 point, as noted below, suggests that they are probably Upper Cretaceous, perhaps No. 5. 
 
 The present position of these slates is very remarkable : they lie far above (about 600 feet) 
 the rocks visible in the hills below, and doubtless owe their elevation to the eruption of the 
 trachyte, having been squeezed up between the two great masses of igneous rock. They show 
 little trace of the influence of heat upon them. 
 
 The hills to the south and east, forming the eastern extremity of the Judith Mountains, are, as 
 far as observed, trachyte. Black Butte, or Buffalo Heart Mountain, was not visited ; but its posi- 
 tion and similar appearance show that it is also eruptive, probably exclusively so. The sand- 
 stones dip away from it even more distinctly than from Cone Butte. It may be remarked here 
 that the trachytic hills are very distinctly marked in appearance, and may be recognized with 
 certainty even at a considerable distance. Their sides are covered with the loose blocks of the 
 rock, and have a distinct reddish color, due to the oxidation of the iron which exists in considerable 
 quantities in the trachyte (see description), which is quite conspicuous and characteristic. 
 
 West of Cone Butte (see e, fig. 5), there is a break in the hills, and a low pass called "Ross's 
 Cut-off" gives passage to frequent Indian parties. It is free from timber, and of gradual slope, so 
 that upon one occasion wagons were brought through without serious trouble. It is from this low 
 pass that Box Elder takes its rise. 
 
 In this gap, the observations made were unimportant; the rocks being mostly covered up with 
 soil and grass. It was interesting, however, to note that the even, gradual slope of the terrace 
 before mentioned extends quite into the pass, with the same character well preserved. At e, (Fig. 
 5,) just on the edge of the hills which rise on the west side of the gap, a series of black shales were ob- 
 served, vertical, and with a strike nearly north and south. These hills at g and to the south are all 
 trachyte. We crossed them at one point, dragging our horses over the loose talus, much to their 
 and our own discomfort, and found the height a little less than that of Cone Butte. On their west- 
 ern side, the trachyte shows itself in a series of columns, which are very regular and well formed ■ 
 much more so than is common in this rock. This trachyte differs somewhat from the others 
 described in the larger proportion of hornblende present. As before, the orthoclase appears in 
 distinct crystals of large size, and the triclinic feldspar in thiu-bladed fragments. The whole has 
 a pasty base. A little valley, in which rises a small stream of cool water, lies just to the west, and 
 on the other side is a high limestone hill (at h), the only exposure of the older sedimentary rocks 
 which we met with in this part of the hills. 
 
 This limestone rises in a series of sharp ridges, very distinct, and seen from a distance as a 
 number of white lines running up the sides of the hills. It dips 50° northeast: the strike beiug 
 northwest. The upper layers are white, semi-crystalline, and very profuse in flinty fragments. 
 These are exposed by the weathering, and, on the surface, the rock has quite a coralline aspect. 
 Lower layers are firmer, blue, and also cherty, though not to the same extent as those above. A 
 very careful search showed that fossils were very rare, though a few were found, enough to deter- 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 107 
 
 mine the age of the rock to bo Carboniferous. The following is a list of the fossils obtained at this 
 point : 
 
 1. Crinoidal remains too indistinct to be identified. 
 
 2. Terebratula or Gryptonella. 
 
 3. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata, Martin. 
 
 4. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 5. Orthoceras ? f ?, possibly filling of outer chamber. 
 
 Spirifera centronata, Winch., was the most abundant and characteristic form noticed here. 
 
 The thickness of these limestone beds must be very considerable ; at least 300 or 400 feet were 
 seen on this side of the hill, but as we were unable to foliow them farther, we cannot venture to 
 estimate their whole extent. This limestone is intersected at one point by a ridge of hard trachyte. 
 On the other side of the little creek valley, the limestone also appears, containing hero only a 
 few imperfect crinoidal stems. Here it is apparently overlaid by a sandstone which has all the 
 appearance of dipping under the hill, or, in other words, is overlaid by the trachyte. The outlying 
 hill,/, is made up of sandstone, or a sandy slate ; its summit is 1,200 feet above Box Elder, and hence 
 a thousand feet lower than the adjoining trachytic hill. The observed thickness of this slate is 200 
 feet ; dip 10° a little east of north, and strike nearly east and west. It can hardly be conformable 
 to the limestone described ; but the eruption of the trachyte, which doubtless accompanied the 
 elevation of the mountains, has very much complicated the relations of the beds.. 
 
 This slate contained large numbers of poorly-preserved fish-scales, which would seem to show 
 its probable identity with the elevated slates in the ravine behind Cone Butte. Further than this, 
 its position seems to suggest that it may be nearly parallel with the sandstones near Cone Butte, 
 which are, as has been stated, Upper Cretaceous. No trace was seen at this point of any rocks 
 between the Cretaceous and the Carboniferous limestone. 
 
 FKCCU BOX ELDER TO CAMP LEWIS. 
 
 The road from Box Elde.: to Camp Lewis follows along the foot of the mountains, but at such 
 a distance from them that very few observations could be made. The character of the country is 
 much better than that nearer the Missouri, but cannot be very highly praised. The Judith Mount- 
 ains give rise to several running streams, which occupy wide valleys, and the region seems well 
 adapted for stock raising. Near Armell's Creek, a mile to the north of the road-crossing, gray clays 
 are conspicuous, forming high bluffs with perpendicular faces, quite different from anything seen 
 near Crooked Creek. This exposure was visited later, on the way to the mouth of the Judith 
 Eiver, but yielded no fossils, and its age is therefore uncertain. It is probably, however, near the 
 top of the Cretaceous. 
 
 Our road approached quite near the mountains at Bald Butte (see m on map), and here, and at 
 several points beyond, we observed a considerable thickness of a soft white sandstone, fine-grained 
 and even-textured, but without fossils. It is in very thick beds, and weathers out in vertical walls, 
 taking fantastic shapes, which are like those of the "Quader Saudstein" of the Saxon Switzer- 
 land. This is undoubtedly Upper Cretaceous. From this point, the road bears away from the hills 
 again, crossing the divide between the Musselshell and Judith Bivers, and passing bstweeu the 
 Judith and Moccasin Mountains. As has been before remarked, the dark clays of the Fort Pierre 
 Group are seen again south of the Moccasin Mountains and just before reaching Warm Spring 
 Creek. At this point, there was a considerable exposure of these beds, and, although no fossils 
 were collected here, the characteristic features of the deposit were unmistakable. Farther on, a 
 cut bank on the creek gave the following section : 
 
 Yellow clays, somewhat sandy 20 feet. 
 
 Hard gray shaly clays seen 20 feet. 
 
 These beds had a very slight dip a little east of north. 
 
 The Moccasin Mountains we were unable to visit ; but their appearance, as viewed from vari- 
 ous points on the road, and again from the northeast, indicated that, like the Judith Mountains, 
 they are largely trachytic. 
 
 Camp Lewis is situated on Trout Creek, or Big Spring Branch, as it is sometimes called, which 
 
108 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 is the largest branch of the Judith River. This is a wide stream of clear, very cold, water, which 
 takes its rise in a spring about five miles from where the camp is situated. The immediate valley 
 of the stream is covered with excellent grass, and when the country becomes safe from the incur- 
 sions of hostile Indians— far from being the case at present— it must prove of high value for 
 settlement. 
 
 About Camp Lewis there are considerable deposits of red clay. This is the case on both sides 
 of the stream, but most conspicuously on the east bank, where the bluffs for a considerable dis- 
 tance are of a deep-red color. It is rare to find any exposures of the beds which give rise to these 
 red slopes. In general, they are so washed down that only the red surface-deposits are seen. In 
 some ravines, however, on the east bank of Trout Creek, we found the hardened red clays in place. 
 No fossils could be discovered, though they were searched for with care. These beds seemed to be 
 somewhat irregular and of rather local character. In the place where opportunities for observa- 
 tion were most favorable, we found 10 feet of red laminated clay, underlaid by a gray shale and 
 overlaid by a sandy slate of a brown color. A little farther north, other layers of sandstone were 
 observed, and beneath these some very thick bedded sandstone deposits ; the red clays running 
 out eutirely. There was nothing to settle positively the age of these deposits. Except in color, 
 they do not resemble the "red beds" of the West, generally referred to the Triassic; and as 
 similar deposits were seen on the slopes of the Snow Mountains, twenty-five miles distant, overlying 
 sandstones containing Cretaceous fossils (the same was true elsewhere), as noted later, it is more 
 than probable that they are all Cretaceous in this vicinity. From this point, on our return journey, 
 we made a detour and crossed the west end of the Judith Mountains ; and, as we have just stated 
 our observations in the neighborhood of Cone Butte, it may be interesting to add the others in this 
 place. 
 
 Passing on from the red beds just mentioned, we crossed a low divide, and came down into 
 the wide valley of a branch of Trout Creek, passing over some more red clays at a little higher 
 level than those seen before. From here, our course was about north; our objective point being 
 some white limestone bluffs conspicuous on the summit of the range. The foot-hills first passed 
 over consisted, as indicated by one or two rock-exposures, of a brown, firm sandstone, in which no 
 fossils were found. It had a dip of 20° away from the hills. These hills, in both directions, are- 
 covered with timber and grass, and the rock is rarely seen on the surface. 
 
 The limestone bluff's (I, fig. 5) were reached without much clue to the structure of the inter- 
 vening country having been gained. This limestone stands up in a series of high buttresses, which, 
 with their vertical fronts, are quite conspicuous objects. They show no evidence of stratification 
 or structure. The rock contains occasionally masses of flint, though they are not so conspicu. 
 ously cherty as those seen near Cone Butte. Some few fossils show that the rock is of Carboniferous 
 age. 
 
 The following is a list of those obtained : 
 
 1. Zaphrentis centralis, Ev. & Shum. 
 
 2. Syringapora mult-attenuata, McChes. 
 
 3. Stictopora, sp. 
 
 4. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 On the hill to the west of this, a broad band of stratified limestone is exposed, in which some 
 similar fossils were found. This same band apparently appears again on the north side of the hill, 
 but here with a changed dip, northwest instead of southwest, pointing to a fold over at this point. 
 
 We crossed the higher ridge here, from which we could see off to the east, noting, as before, 
 that the hills to the north are mostly trachyte, while those behind them to the south are as uni- 
 formly limestone. Near the source of Deer Creek, we descended into a broad, green meadow, quite 
 surrounded by the hills. At one point, a patch of bright-red soil suggested a return to the red 
 clays before seen. Crossing over by Bald Butte, a hill of trachyte, we reached the road again. 
 The excursion was not altogether a satisfactory one, though showing the presence of the limestone 
 at this point, but, as au investigation into the further structure of the hills, it was not successful. 
 The difficulty lies in the fact that the hills are principally of igneous origin, and the thrusting in of 
 the trachyte between the sedimentary rocks has destroyed the regular succession in the strata 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK. 109 
 
 which would otherwise exist. Further than this, while the trachytic hills are mostly bare and 
 rocky, the other hills are, with the exception of the occasional sharp ridges of limestone, covered 
 with grass and timber, so that little can be seen by one who must hurry on and make few stops. 
 Probably two-thirds of the area of the hills is covered with trachyte, of which that found at Cone 
 Butte may be taken as the type. 
 
 CAMP LEWIS TO THE JUDITH GAP. 
 
 From Camp Lewis, the road passes on thirty miles to the Judith Gap, crossing a portion of the 
 country which has some promise of becoming valuable in time. Quite a number of running streams 
 pass through it, of which Cottonwood Creek, Little Trout Creek, and Buffalo Creek are the most 
 important. The latter becomes dry late in the season. Little Trout Creek is famous for the num- 
 ber and beauty of the trout which it contains. In the immediate vicinity of the streams, the grass 
 is excellent; but, on the higher prairie, it is rather thin. The streams flow fresh and cold from the 
 neighboring Snow Mountains, and could doubtless be used extensively in irrigation. This Judith 
 Basin is a region that has been highly spoken of, and it will no doubt in time furnish farms for 
 hundreds of settlers. 
 
 Very little opportunity for geological work is afforded over this portion of the route ; for the 
 prairie is much of it almost level, sloping away to the northwest to the Judith Biver, and giving 
 no exposures of the underlying rocks. Considerable surface drift is found here, which is entirely 
 local, consisting, for the most part, of pebbles and masses of a blue limestone, some of them con- 
 taining Carboniferous fossils. The source of this limestone is to be found in the Snow Mountains, 
 whcih rise ten or twelve miles to the east, and from which it has been very abundantly carried off. 
 
 A short distance before reaching Boss's Fork, a bluff was examiued, of a black shale, containing 
 many reddish iron concretions, but no fossils ; and a little farther on, to the left of the road, were 
 seen some washed exposures of light-gray shales, also without fossils. Not far beyond, the soil 
 becomes red again ; and, for a distance of several miles up to the Judith Gap, the presence of beds 
 of red clay is indicated. Associated with them was a limestone, impure and knotty, with many 
 veins of calcite. These red-clay beds appear also at the foot of the Snow Mountains, and, as has 
 been said, also at the foot-slopes of the western end of the Judith Mountains. Their thickness seems 
 to be small. They appear to belong to the Cretaceous, which doubtless extends under the grassy 
 prairie from Camp Lewis to the Judith Gap. 
 
 SNOW MOUNTAINS. 
 
 From Buffalo Creek, ten miles before reaching the Judith Gap (that is, north of it), we made a 
 short detour, to examine the west end of the Snow Mountains. This range extends in an approxi- 
 mately east and west direction for a distance of some twenty miles. It is low, like all the other 
 minor ranges. The average height can hardly be more than 2,000 feet above the surrounding 
 prairie. Buffalo Creek takes its rise in the north side of the west end of the range. Following up 
 the stream for a mile and a half from where the road crosses it, we found some outcrops of sand- 
 stone, with indistinct vegetable remains, undoubtedly Upper Cretaceous. A little farther this on 
 
 the north side— on the hill-tops, there was a gray sandstone, and below it, on the hill-side, a sand- 
 stone of a deep yellow color. Both of these broke into irregular, wavy fragments. Dip 10° west- 
 erly ; strike north 20° east. These, which are in thickness perhaps GO feet, are probably Upper 
 Cretaceous. 
 
 On the opposite (south) side of the stream appears a thinly-laminated sandstone, with a south- 
 westerly dip of 10°, but a strike north 30° west. Beneath this followed the slopes of red soil, 
 pointing to the presence of thin beds of clay beneath, like those at Camp Lewis. Following and 
 underlying this was a firm, thick sandstone, breaking into massive slabs, which covered the top 
 and sides of the hill, giving it much the appearance of having been paved ; the strike was as before. 
 Beyond, also south of the creek, a hard, gritty sandstone was noticed, with layers containing a large 
 number of poorly-preserved shells. These were not specifically recognizable, but have been iden- 
 tified as Cretaceous by Mr. Whitfield. Beneath this was what seemed to be a second deposit of the 
 red-clay beds. These last are visible, though not so distinctly, on the opposite side of the creek, 
 
HO EECONNAISSANCE FROM CAEEOLL, MONTANA, 
 
 where they are followed by about 5 feet of a firm limestone, and tbat by a considerable thickness 
 of green and black shales, which last may be traced for a short distance on both sides of the stream. 
 It is to be noticed that the strike and hence the dip of similar layers on both sides of the stream is 
 quite different ; and, though further study is needed to make out all the facts, we think it can hardly 
 be doubted that at this western end of the mountains there is a distinct fold ; the axis probably 
 running a little north of west. 
 
 Continuing up to the source of the stream, we found the limestone here with a very slight dip 
 to the northwest ; strike northeast. The final point which we reached was a little canon, with high 
 and bold limestone walls, from which we obtained a few not very perfect Carboniferous fossils, viz|: 
 
 1. Zaplirentis centralis (?), Ev. & Shum. 
 
 2. Streptorhynchus Keokuk, H. 
 
 3. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 i. Stictopora, sp. 
 
 To reach these Carboniferous rocks, we had doubtless passed over in succession the Cretaceous 
 rocks, having perhaps a thickness of 900 feet, and also the Jurassic, if it exists here. We found no 
 fossils belonging to this age, and doubt the existence of any considerable thickness of Jurassic beds. 
 The limestone with the green and black shales noted above may possibly belong here. 
 
 Leaving the ridge, we turned at right angles to it ; that is, nearly north. Here we passed over, 
 first the limestone dipping northwest, then successive beds of sandstone with beds of red clay inter- 
 stratified. Near the foot of the hill, a reversal of the dip occurs in the sandstones, pointing to a 
 minor fold parallel to the general course of the range. No older rocks than the Carboniferous 1: 
 stone were observed ; and from the numerous limestone pebbles containing Carboniferous fossils ; 
 picked up at different points along the sides of the mountains, it is safe to conclude that the range, 
 as a whole, is made up of Carboniferous limestone ; the younger rocks lying on its outer slopes. No 
 evidence of any older rocks than the Carboniferous was noted ; certainly not of any crystalline rocks. 
 The trachyte, so common in the neighboring Judith Mountains, seems to be almost or entirely 
 absent. 
 
 LITTLE BELT MOUNTAINS. 
 
 The Judith Gap is the divide between the Judith and the Musselshell Eivers. At this point 
 the Little Belt Mountains and the Snow Mountains approach one another quite closely. The 
 former are quite an extended and somewhat irregular range, reaching for a long distance north and 
 west. Of its general geology, we can say little, as we can speak only of a few widely-separated 
 points where we were able to visit it. One of these points was the extremity of the range at the 
 Judith Gap. Near the Gap, we have already spoken of finding, on the north side, beds of red 
 clay, which are associated with a little limestone, and nearer the hills with an underlying sandstone. 
 Crossing the hills, which form the extreme eastern end of the range, perhaps a mile west of the Gap, 
 we found a bed of yellow sandstone, which contained Ostrea congesta, Con.; then, some distance up 
 the slope, a limestone containing corals, and dipping in a northerly direction; then some thin layers 
 of limestone containing Productus. 
 
 The fossils" found here were as follows; the identification by Mr. Whitfield: 
 
 1. Ostrea congesta, Con. 
 
 2. Cyathophylloid coral. 
 
 3. Canipnphyllum torquium, Owen '? *J . 
 
 4. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 5. Spirifera, sp. May possibly be Spiriferina KentuoTcensis. 
 
 6. Productus, sp. Eesembles P. Wortheni, II.; but perhaps more nearly related to J*, multi- 
 striata, Meek. 
 
 7. Schizodus, sp. Nearly or quite S. Bossicus, (DeVern.,) M. & W. 
 
 Here were seen 20 feet of green and black shales, dipping 50° northeast. From here, as we 
 go up and across the hills, the strike gradually changes, and with it the dip, so that on the south 
 side of the hill we have strain dipping southeast instead of northeast. The succession observed 
 here is from below up : 
 
 Limestone, dip 05° south, strike north 70° east 2 feet. 
 
 Eed clays, with purple slates underlying it 10 feet. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. Ill 
 
 These beds bend around some 50°, so that in a vertical section they describe a quarter circle. 
 
 The upper and central part of the hill consists of limestone, overlaid by a considerable thick- 
 ness of slates and sandstones, dipping mostly east-southeast. The hill alluded to forms the 
 extremity of this portion of the Little Belt Mountains. Farther along to the west, in the main 
 range, is a limestone which has every appearance of dipping under all the rocks thus far men- 
 tioned ; it probably corresponds to the firm limestone which forms the lower portion of the Carbon- 
 iferous as developed in this region. The structure of this hill, thus imperfectly made out (a hasty 
 run across it while the party was going round being all that circumstances admitted of), may be 
 better understood upon the statement that it is an anticlinal fold ; the axis pointing about north 
 30o west, and somewhat elevated in this direction. The south side of the fold is apparently the 
 steeper. 
 
 JUDITH GAP TO THE MUSSELSHELL CANON. 
 
 From the Judith Gap to the Musselshell Canon, a distance of rather more than forty miles, 
 the underlying rock belongs for the most part to the Upper Cretaceous ; the only fossils found hav- 
 ing been referred by Mr. Whitfield, as stated below, to No. 5. This district is remarkable, perhaps 
 more so than any other seen by us, for the deep and wide valleys which have been cut through the 
 nearly horizontal rocks, and which lead away from the neighboring range, the Little Belt Mount- 
 ains. There are now no streams running from the mountains, with the exception of Haymaker's 
 Creek near the Forks of the Musselshell, and yet the otherwise remarkably level prairie is broken 
 by a number of striking ravines or valleys. These are all alike in that they show no evidence of 
 any important action by recent running water, but, on the contrary, point to agencies which must 
 have done their work in glacial times. The beds of these valleys, and also, though to a less 
 extent, the prairie above them, are strewn with pebbles and masses of limestone, whose source is 
 in the mountains, only a few miles distant. 
 
 Three very conspicuous valleys, one of them a mile wide, with steep banks more than one 
 hundred feet in height, are crossed before going twelve miles from the gap. Hopley's Hole is by 
 far the most remarkable of these. A section is given in the following cut (fig. 8). 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 A Section across Boptcy's Hole. 
 
 The width of the coulee at the top is about 1,000 yards. From the level of the prairie on 
 either side, there is a steep plunge down ; the total depth to the dry bed of the little stream being, 
 according to aneroid measurements, 150 feet. On the west side, a second terrace of 50 feet in 
 height is very distinct, while on the eastern slope a similar terrace, at about the same height, seems 
 to be indicated ; at present, however, there remains only a series of little conical hills all lying in 
 a continuous line and presenting quite a peculiar appearance. This ravine is now dry, with the 
 exception of a few springs of moderately good water on the west side. The water from these springs 
 moistens the ground for a little distance about the point where they appear, but soon sinks out of 
 sight. In the early part of the year, after the melting of the snow, more or less water evidently runs in 
 the bed of the stream, which is dry in summer ; but its erosive power is small, and there is nothing in 
 the present relations which will explain the existence of such an extended valley. Hopley's Hole is 
 important to those who pass over this road, not only as furnishing one of the few sources of water in 
 this part of the route, but also because along the eastern edge of the valley there is here and there a 
 little timber : a few straggling pine-trees which have ventured out into the prairie from the adjoin- 
 ing hills, and which show, by their appearance, that they have here a hard struggle for existence. 
 The western slopes of this ravine, over which the limestone pebbles before mentioned are thickly 
 scattered, are more gradual than the eastern ; and, while the former are covered with thin grass, the 
 latter shows a line of exposure of the sandstone which underlies the level prairie here. The upper 
 
112 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 part of this is yellow and quite ferruginous; that below whitish and a little shaly. It varies some- 
 what at different points; in one place turning into a soft, dark-colored slate in very thin layers. 
 The whole exposure maybe 15 or 20 feet in thickness ; the sandstone having a very slight south- 
 easterly dip. No fossils could be found, and the rock seemed to be without any special character- 
 istic features, with the exception of pipe-stem pieces of carbonate of lime, which were quite common. 
 They occupied a vertical position, sometimes curving more or less, and were 6 to 15 inches in 
 length ; possibly they were holes in the sand made by borers and subsequently filled up. 
 
 West of Hopley's Hole, the plain is nearly level for a long distance, broken only by one or two 
 gullies. The general slope of the whole is very gradual to the south toward the Musselshell River 
 and far beyond. In this direction, there is nothing to break the view, and the eye wanders unre- 
 lieved over a vast range of dry, parched prairie, from which, at midday, the heated vapors arise, 
 producing the illusive phenomena of the mirage. 
 
 Haymaker's Creek, twenty-five miles from the gap, offers another example of the extensive 
 erosion which has taken place in this region. The stream at present carries very little water, and 
 that quite strongly alkaline, especially late in the summer, at which time it barely moves at all. 
 On the west side, the terrace is high and distinctly marked. It may be traced from the mountains 
 to the Musselshell River with the same gradual slope noticed elsewhere ; here also quite inde- 
 pendent of the dip of the strata, which make a small angle with its upper surface. On the east 
 side, the slope is very gradual ; the final height not beiug attained for several miles. 
 
 A short distance below the road-crossing, the sandstone is exposed. For the most part, it is 
 a fine-grained rock of even texture, and of a light-bluish color, becoming yellow on exposure to the 
 weather. Much of this lies in exceedingly thin, paper-like layers.- There are also a few layers of 
 a blue, impure limestone, and toward the top a bed of coarse sandstone, almost a conglomerate, 
 containing some indistinct plant-remains, shells, and a few sharks' teeth and vertebra, which show 
 the beds to be Cretaceous No. 5. The remains are too poorly preserved to be specifically identified. 
 The genera are as follows : 
 
 1. Grypluva, sp. 
 
 2. Ostrea, sp. 
 
 3. Lamm, sp. (teeth). 
 
 4. Galeocerdo, sp. (teeth). 
 
 The strata have a slight dip (5°) northerly; and a little to the north, where the thin-bedded 
 sandstone only is visible, the beds are horizontal or dip slightly to the south. A mile or two far- 
 ther, i. e., west, we meet several outcrops of a dark ocher-yellow sandstone, in which some pipe- 
 stem calcareous fragments suggested those found at Hopley's Hole. A few indistinct vegetable 
 remains were also obtained, but nothing characteristic. The slight dip is reversed in a subsequent 
 exposure, showing an extremely low fold, the meaning of which will be explained later. Fol- 
 lowing these are a series of bluffs, sandstones, or sandy shales, some of which we were enabled to 
 visit. None of them afforded us any fossils. Over these, we noticed a few washed exposures of 
 white and cream-colored clays. 
 
 These doubtless all belong to the Upper Cretaceous, though, in view of their very slight dip, it 
 would require more time than we had at our disposal to make out their exact stratigraphical rela- 
 tions. In general, it may be said of these sandstone bluffs that they are more tilted as we approach 
 the mountains, and seem to owe their position to the forces which threw up this range of hills. 
 
 On reaching the Forks of the Musselshell, we come into a more attractive region. From the 
 Judith Gap to this point, the prairie is almost a desert, dry and parched, and the grass very thin- 
 Both branches of the Musselshell River, however, are fine running streams, and at their union the 
 alluvial country is wide and susceptible of profitable cultivation. Just before reaching the Forks, 
 we passed a ranch where a system of irrigation had produced excellent agricultural results. 
 
 From the Forks our road took us along the north branch of the Musselshell River, and two 
 miles beyond we entered the Musselshell Canon. The open country here is rough, and is charac- 
 terized by many step-like ridges of sandstone, on one side steep, showing the edges of the strata, 
 and on the other sloping off gradually, and covered over with grass. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 113 
 
 MUSSELSHELL CANON TO CAMP BAKER. 
 
 The Musselshell Cafion divides the Little Belt Mountains from what is called the Elk Range. 
 It is a narrow mountaiu-ravine, with steep hills on both sides, which sometimes approach very 
 closely together, and again recede, giving room for a little strip of green meadow-laud on the border 
 of the stream. It is, throughout its length of eight miles, very picturesque, especially near the 
 eastern end, where the abrupt walls and buttresses of white limestone contrast strongly with the 
 dark-green foliage of the pines and spruces. All together, it was a most delightful relief from the 
 parched alkaline prairie on which we had made our camps for the preceding fortnight. The waters 
 of the stream are clear and cold, and abound in what is apparently a species of Corcgonus. This 
 fish rose readily to a fly, affording to some members of the party fair sport, and furnishing a very 
 agreeable variety to the sameness of our daily fare. 
 
 On leaving the open country and entering the calion, we came abruptly upon the Carboniferous 
 rocks. A baud of red clay a few feet wide is quite conspicuous at its eastern opeuiug, followed 
 by several others less striking and quite narrow, all red or ocher-yellow. These are interstratified 
 with a sandstone which contains great numbers of Ostrea congesta, Con., as identified by Mr. Whit- 
 field. These dip west 50°. Immediately following these are successive layers of limestones and 
 slates, and then several hundred feet of limestone. 
 
 From the former beds the following fossils were obtained : 
 
 1. Bryozoan (undescribed). 
 
 2. Atilopora, or bases of Syringopora. 
 
 3. Zaplirentis centralis, Ev. & Shum. 
 
 4. Productus semireticuiatus, Mart. 
 
 5. Productus muricatus, N. & P. 
 
 6. Productus, sp., probably young of P. punctatus. 
 
 7. Productus, sp., approaches forms referred to P. Prattenanus. 
 
 8. Productus multistriatus, Meek. 
 
 9. Athyris, sp. 
 
 10. Pinna Ludlovi, Whitfield (n. sp.). 
 
 The overlying limestone-beds all dip like the others, a little south of west, 50° to G0°. These 
 limestones form a number of high vertical walls and isolated towers, which are worn out into a 
 variety of fantastic forms which have already been alluded to. These are especially conspicuous 
 on the north side of the stream, though similar walls are seen too on the other side in the line of 
 the strike. This limestone is very cherty, the fragments of flint being numerous ; and it is to their 
 presence that the rock owes the peculiar forms in which it now appears. The walls show no evi- 
 dence of structure or stratification. They abound in little cavities and holes, often partially 
 filled with stalactitic masses of carbonate of lime, showing the extent to which the solvent action 
 of water has worked upon them. 
 
 A similar relation of the rocks was observed on the upper slopes of the Bridger Mountains ; 
 that is, the series of bright-red indurated clays, with a little Cretaceous sandstone, followed by thin 
 layers of limestone full of Carboniferous fossils, and then 500 feet or more of a firm cherty limestone, 
 weathering out into walls showing no stratification and rarely containing fossils. The limestones are 
 overlaid by (Jurassic and) Cretaceous and underlaid by Silurian. The similarity in the succession 
 of the beds makes it quite certain that the underlying rocks at the entrance of the Musselshell 
 Canon are really the youngest, forming the upper part of the Carboniferous series, while the rocks 
 which follow and overlie, apparently conformably, are older, and, in part at least, Lower Silurian. 
 
 The later layers of the limestone, going west through the canon, have a somewhat different 
 look from those seen farther to the east, being darker-colored and more uniform in appearance. 
 Leaving the limestone, we passed over perhaps a quarter of a mile without finding any rock in 
 place, though on the hill-slopes to the south masses of a hard, reddish quartzite indicate the pres- 
 ence of this as a member of the series. The next exposure reached was an argillitic slate, with 
 veins of quartz, also dipping westerly. The hills for a considerable distance are rounded and 
 covered with grass, exposing no rocks within the limits that we were able to cover. 
 
 The prevailing rock, as we continue up the canon, following the course of this branch of the 
 low 
 
114 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Musselshell, is a clay-slate, of which there must be a very great thickness, iuterstratified with some 
 sandstone-beds. The central portion of the range is trachyte, which is very abundant, forming a 
 series of high hills and seriously interrupting our observations in the succession of the strata. 
 Occasional outcrops of sedimentary rocks, principally slates and shales, appear; but as they 
 contained no fossils, and as their succession was everywhere interrupted by the trachyte, their 
 relations to what had preceded remain very uncertain. On the whole, the caiion gives a very 
 fair exposure of the successive rocks, and to one -who could do more than take passing notes in 
 riding through it would no doubt yield some important facts. 
 
 Leaviug the canon, we emerge into an open rolling country, covered with grass, and with few 
 exposures of the underlying rock. This, as far as could be observed, was a yellowish fragmentary 
 slate, with occasional veins of quartz and calcite. A number of openings have been made by indi- 
 viduals prospecting for metal, but only faint indications of copper were observed. At Copper- 
 opolis, a mine has been sunk some 40' feet into this slate, and some very fair copper-ore and a little 
 silver ore are being taken out. The mine is being worked on a very small scale indeed, only two 
 men being engaged in it ; but the ore obtained is sufficiently valuable to pay its way to the East, 
 where (at Baltimore) it is smelted. 
 
 Near this point we pass the divide, and descend rapidly to the valley of Deep Creek, leaving 
 the Musselshell behind us, and striking waters that flow into the Missouri near Sun River; that is 
 above Fort Benton. 
 
 The valley of Deep Creek, though here somewhat narrow, becomes rapidly wider as we follow 
 it down to Camp Baker. It is a fertile alluvial -plain, and is no doubt susceptible of successful and 
 profitable cultivation. There is as yet, however, no market for cereals in the vicinity, and the 
 grassy meadows are given up to large herds of cattle, which range at will over the valleys and 
 foot-hills. Every settler owns some cattle and horses, and these require little or no care, even in 
 winter. The inhabitants state that they cut no hay for the winter-consumption of their stock, nor 
 do they build stables or shelters for them at that season. The animals are said to run out all 
 winter and to keep fat on the standing hay. Montana beef has quite a reputation for excellence 
 west of the Missouri, so that the raising of cattle is likely to prove the most profitable pursuit for 
 the settler until railroads shall have supplied him with a market for other products. Deep Creek, 
 like most of the streams in this neighborhood, abounds iu delicious trout and grayling (Thymallus), 
 both of which attain a large size, sometimes weighing three pounds and more. 
 
 To our left, as we come down the valley of Deep Creek, we have the Elk Range high above us, 
 the summits of which consist of trachyte. This has taken many curious forms, as pinnacles and 
 towers, which rise above the timber, and give to the hills a very castellated appearance. An out- 
 crop of purplish-red slate to the left of the road, and dipping 40° southerly, deserves to be men- 
 tioned, as its exact counterpart was seen at Camp Baker, sixteen miles distant, there overlying the 
 Potsdam limestones. To the right, that is west, were a series of limestone ridges with masses of 
 trachyte iuterstratified. These beds of trachyte have all the appearance of sedimentary rocks at 
 a distance, so entirely do they conform to the uptilted beds of limestone. These latter have a dip 
 of 40° to the southwest. They have the appearance of the Potsdam limestone beds just spoken of 
 as occurring at Camp Baker, and since, if continuing, their strike would make them appear there, 
 it is hardly to be doubted that they too are Silurian. 
 
 The Sulphur Springs are about 17 miles from Copperopolis, and beat the point where the road 
 to Camp Baker turns at a sharp angle to the west. The springs have a temperature of 150° or 
 thereabouts, and are strongly impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen. They are quite well known 
 through the Territory, and are believed to have the beneficial effects generally ascribed to similar 
 springs, and to be especially valuable in cases of rheumatism, a complaint very common among 
 miners. Considering the vast trachytic upheaval which has taken place in that vicinity, the pres- 
 ence of hot sulphur springs can hardly excite surprise. 
 
 From the Sulphur Springs, the road continues west, at the foot of the Big Belt Mountains, cross- 
 ing a wide grassy plain, which has an even, uniform slope up to the edges of the hills. The stream, 
 some ten miles from the springs, where Newlaud Creek joins it, runs through a gorge of por- 
 phyritic trachyte with a distinct columnar structure. This rock borders the creek for some dis- 
 tance, and the dike runs across the road, continuing ou in a northerly direction. From here a 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 115 
 
 march of seven miles took us to Camp Baker; tlie road passing along by bluffs of Miocene Tertiary, 
 to be described later. 
 
 CAMP BAKER. 
 
 At Camp Baker, where we made a sbort stay, we were the recipients of most kind hospitalities 
 from the officer at that time iu command there, from whoin also we received valuable informa- 
 tion in regard to the surrounding country. During the time spent at this point, we were enabled to 
 make an imperfect reconnaissance of the immediate vicinity. The descriptions given below may be 
 better understood by reference to the following cut (fig. 9): 
 
 Camp Baker lies in a broad plain, which is surrounded on all sides by mountains, of which the 
 Big Belt to the south are the most conspicuous and highest. We are here on the eastern border 
 of the mountain-region, which extends far to the westward. The valleys of Deep Creek and its 
 tributaries are filled with deposits of Miocene Tertiary. These consist for the most part of homo- 
 geneous cream-colored clays, so hard as to be with difficulty cut with a knife. The lower layers 
 are generally more loose and homogeneous, while the upper beds are harder, firmer, and sometimes 
 quite calcareous. Some of the upper beds are remarkable for the lai'ge number of white clay con- 
 cretions which are found iu them. 
 
 The beds are horizontal, and rest nnconformably on the somewhat upturned yellow and red 
 slates below; the clays of which they are formed resemble closely those of the Miocene beds 
 at Scott's Bluffs near the North Platte Biver in Wyoming. The deposits at Camp Baker have 
 been extensively denuded, and nowhere reach any very great thickness. At a point about three 
 miles southeast of the post, some bluffs were noticed where the Miocene beds attained a thickness 
 of 200 feet, and these were capped by 50 feet of Pliocene clays, both beds containing characteristic 
 
 We saw the first exposures of these beds a few miles west of the Sulphur Springs, just after 
 crossing the high ridge of trachyte before referred to, through which Deep Creek flows. Prom 
 here, the lake bed was traced continuously along Deep Creek for a distance of fifteen miles. Beds 
 of the same character, containing fossils, were found on Spring Creek to the east, on White-tailed 
 Deer Creek, about seven miles to the north of Camp Baker, as well as on Camas Creek to the south- 
 west. On Camas Creek, the beds are exposed for a mile or more iu bluffs ranging from 20 to 25 
 feet in height. The exposures on White-tailed Deer Creek are much more extensive than those last 
 
116 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 mentioned. Those on Camas Creek are in thick, rather indistinct, layers, and contain more or 
 less bluish sand in irregular layers, and sometimes a little coarse gravel. Traces of this deposit, 
 containing what appear to be remains of Rhinoceros, were also observed two miles or more south of 
 Moss Agate- Springs (to be referred to later), and at a considerable elevation above the creek-bed. 
 With more time than we had at command, they could, no doubt, have been traced much farther, 
 although in many places the beds have been washed out, or have been covered by the later local 
 drift. 
 
 In the Miocene beds were found a species of Rhinoceros ; several species of Oreodon, Leidy, and 
 Rporeodon, Marsh; a canine tooth apparently of Rlotherium, Pomel; and remaius of Turtles. In 
 the Pliocene beds, the principal fossils were a species apparently of Merychyus, Leidy; remains of 
 an equine smaller than the modem horse; and Pliocene Turtles. These fossils have not yet been 
 carefully studied, and, for this reason, their relation to the remains found in the other lake-basins 
 of similar age cannot here be stated. The line of separation between the Miocene and Pliocene 
 beds is, iu some places, well marked. It consists of about six feet of hard sands iuterstratified with 
 layers of very small, water-woru pebbles, soldered together into a hard mass. Each of these layers 
 is about 6 inches in thickness. Immediately above these strata, the Pliocene fossils were found. 
 
 It is known that in the neighborhood of Fort Shaw, and near Helena, Pliocene deposits exist; 
 and near Fort Ellis, and in the valley of the Yellowstone, we saw, but were unable to examine, 
 gray sands and marls, which Dr. Hayden refers to the same age. No Miocene beds, however, have 
 been identified at any of these localities. It seems probable that, in Pliocene time at least, the 
 Baker Lake may have extended north to the Missouri River, and perhaps up that stream to the 
 " Three Forks ", thus connecting with the lake which existed near Fort Ellis. Indeed, it would 
 seem that we just touched upon the southern edge of this basin, which may have extended far to 
 the north and west. 
 
 An interesting point in connection with these deposits is the fact that, with the exception 
 of one deposit in Colorado, they are at a much greater elevation than any other beds of the same 
 age now known on the continent. The elevation of the White River beds is about 3,000 feet, and 
 that of the Oregon basin somewhat less; while that of the deposits near Camp Baker is over 
 5,000 feet. 
 
 On the east side of the plain on which Camp Baker stands, the Miocene has entirely disap- 
 peared. It is to be noticed that these Tertiary beds were deposited after the elevation of the older 
 rocks, and that most of the denudation now visible in these rocks must have been accomplished 
 before the deposit of the Tertiary, as it is repeatedly seen filling the depressions and unevennesses 
 iu the slates, as also covering over the ridges of trachyte. Underlying the Tertiary, and tilted 
 up at a small angle, appear a series of yellow slates and shales, which are quite generally distrib- 
 uted in this region, though not seen elsewhere. They are seen generally as a fine-grained slaty 
 rock, friable and weathering readily, so that exposures of the rock in place are rarely found. Occa- 
 sionally, there are observed in them immense black concretions of remarkable structure. In the 
 interior, these consist mostly of a calcareous clay, very hard, and showing distinctly what is called 
 the cone-in-cone structure. Outside of this, the lime is purer, though lying in concentric layers, 
 and the exterior shell is made up of fibrous calcite half an inch iu thickness. The clay cones 
 radiate from the center of the concretions. 
 
 The slates are destitute of fossils, and their age is only a matter for conjecture. The most 
 remarkable feature connected with them is that they have, in spots, a bright brick-red color; 
 thus, iu riding over the country, a patch of intensely red-colored soil will be seen here and there, 
 strongly suggestive of the burned lignite beds of the Missouri River. The slate has at such points 
 the appearance of burned pottery; the material being harder and firmer than the surrounding rock. 
 In some cases the red color was uniform in the rock; but generally it was distributed in successive 
 bands, as though produced by the action of hot water. The red patches are quite local, and seldom 
 cover more than a few square yards, though in one case they were seen extending along a range of 
 hills for a hundred yards or more. That the effect produced has been caused by the action of heat 
 cannot be questioned, though under what conditions no attempt is made to conjecture. As has 
 been said, these shales and slates are tilted up unquestionably ; but their exact relations to the 
 underlying rocks could not be made out without more opportunity for investigation than we had. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK. H7 
 
 The difficulty in settling the matter arose from the fact that the loose shale seldom showed its true 
 position. 
 
 We find this formation in the immediate vicinity of Camp Baker, both to the east, where it 
 forms high hills 250 feet above the plain, also to'the south and west, where it is intersected by some 
 dikes of porphyry, and quite extensively below in the valley of Deep Creek, as well as along the 
 valley of White-tailed Deer Creek. Its general distribution seems to conform to a certain extent 
 to that of the Miocene Tertiary that is filling the valleys between the older rocks. 
 
 The older rocks alluded to form the rauges of hills conspicuous about Camp Baker. Immedi- 
 ately north of the post lies a range of hills, having an east and west trend, through which Deep 
 Eiver takes its course by means of a canon, which gives an excellent section of the rocks of which 
 the hills are composed. The rocks all dip south, and this dip continues the same for a mile or two 
 to the north. South of the range alluded to, and close to the post, are several minor hills, and, at a 
 distance, a series of others all singularly alike in appearance. The section of rocks alluded to is 
 as follows : 
 
 Quartzite 20 feet. 
 
 A series of colored shales, chiefly red, but also green and blue, with a bed 
 
 of trachyte interstratitied 150 feet. 
 
 Two ridges of limestone, in all 80 feet. 
 
 These limestones show abrupt bluffs to the north, and dip southerly. In the northernmost of 
 the ridges were found — 
 
 1. Crepicephalus {Loganellus) montanensis, Whitf. (n. sp.) ; 
 
 2. Obolella, sp.?; 
 
 identifying the formation as Potsdam, according to Mr. Whitfield. Following this is a quartzite, 
 which forms the south side of the hill alluded to. The section is continued through the canon : 
 quartzite 40 feet, firm and solid, with a reddish tinge of color, breaking into massive blocks; under- 
 neath is a series of bright green slates, followed by a variety of clay-slates, mostly dark-colored, 
 with occasional beds of hard solid quartzite and some thin layers of limestone. After half a mile, 
 the ridge is passed, and the stream comes out into the open country. The rocks, for a mile or two, 
 however, are mostly the same iu dip, and are conformable. They are chiefly dark blue shales. 
 
 The appearance of the quartzite hills in this neighborhood is peculiar, as they all have a grad- 
 ual slope to the south, but are nearly vertical toward the north, on which side there is at their foot 
 a talus of large cubical blocks of quartzite. 
 
 We were unfortunately not able to visit the Big Belt Mountains. 
 
 CAMP BAKER TO FORT ELLIS. 
 
 From Camp Baker, the party marched to Fort Ellis ; the road for a short distance being the 
 same as that before traveled. The road passes to the right of the Elk Bange. Twenty miles from 
 Camp Baker, we reached the extremity of this range. At this point, we passed immediately from 
 the grassy meadow onto the older rocks. Here we found first a red shale similar to that at Camp 
 Baker, and also to that observed higher up, four miles the other side of the Springs. This was fol- 
 lowed by a heavy massive quartzite, a little reddish and very firm ; and overlying this was a 
 considerable thickness of limestone. This last is well exposed just above Moss Agate Springs, and 
 in some of the layers we found an abundance of fragments of Trilobitcs. The limestone is much of 
 it very cherty, and in many places it formed the same abrupt and peculiar shapes noticed elsewhere. 
 Just above Moss Agate, there is a little superficial syucliual fold in the limestone, the axis of which 
 has an approximately northeasterly direction. Moss Agate Springs takes its name from the frag- 
 ments of flint, chalcedony, and agate, which are common on the adjoiuiug hills, and many of which, 
 from the presence of the arborescent forms of psilomelaue, are popularly called "moss agates". 
 These fragments of silica are evidently from the limestone, and are quite characteristic of it. 
 Similar fragments of chalcedony, though without the moss effect, were found abundantly iu some 
 of the little hills just by Camp Baker. The limestone is evidently the same as that, as is moreover 
 proved by its association with the quartzite and by the few fossils found in it; these were all of one 
 species, a new TriloUte, — Arionellus tripimctatus, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
 
118 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 The road from Moss Agate passes, it is true, more or less at the end of the hills, but at such 
 a distance from them as to afford hut little opportunity for observation. From a distance, it is 
 observed to how great an extent the hills are made up of limestone, with the conspicuous trachylic 
 prominences before mentioned. From the limestone, we pass immediately to a dark, somber sand, 
 stone of granular texture and quite peculiar in appearance. This had a dip to the west, and con- 
 tained some indistinct plant-remains. 
 
 On our return journey, we found time to touch at the southeastern extremity of the same hills 
 near the source of Flathead Creek, and here we passed directly from sandstones resembling the 
 one spoken of to the limestone exactly similar to those so often observed at various points in this 
 range. It agreed in all respects with the other exposures. A few indistinct fossils were obtained 
 from a loose block, which had evidently come from close at hand, and these show it to be Carbon- 
 iferous. They were identified by Mr. Whitfield as Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 The country near the branch of Deep Greek on the south side of the Elk Range is attractive 
 and covered with good grass, supporting large herds of cattle; but, after passing the low divide which 
 separates the above-named stream, a tributary of the Missouri, from Shields River, a branch of the 
 Yellowstone, a more or less decided change is observed. The prairie is here dry and barren, espe- 
 cially to the south of Cottonwood Creek, and supports nothing but a thick growth of sage-brush. 1 1 
 is watered by several running streams beyond Sixteen-mile Creek, of which Cottonwood is one of 
 the most important, in view of the fact that its banks are fringed with fine trees, from which 
 it takes its name. 
 
 As we approach Bridger's Pass, the character of the country improves again, and the large 
 numbers of cattle met with near this point indicate its capabilities in the way of grazing. Of the 
 geological relations of this part of the road, we saw little on our way south. While returning, how- 
 ever, our opportunities for observation were better, and the results are presented immediately below. 
 Bridger Pass is a high mountain-divide, thickly wooded, and with the high limestone cliffs of the 
 Bridger Mountains overhanging it on the west side. The scenery is fine, and the change from the 
 bare prairie to the grateful shade of the wooded mountainside is gladly welcomed by the traveler 
 Geologically speaking, the prevailing rock is the dark sandstone described later, and known to 
 belong to the Upper Cretaceous. The position of the strata is nearly vertical. An occasional dike 
 of igneous rock was observed, and one of these was conspicuous on the north side of the pass. It 
 consists of a greenish basalt in spherical nodules, separating in the fracture into successive thin 
 slabs. High above the road, as we approach Fort Ellis, we noticed the horizontal strata of the 
 Pliocene Tertiary, which, according to Haydcn, extends far away toward the west. 
 
 From Fort Ellis, the party extended their trip into the Yellowstone Park. We introduce here, 
 however, the additional observations made on our return-trip through the country just mentioned. 
 
 BRIDGER MOUNTAINS. 
 
 On our return to Carroll from Fort Ellis, early in September, we encountered much trouble at 
 first from the condition of the roads, which were almost impassable, owing to the unprecedented 
 amount of rain that the country had recently received. We made use of the delay which this occa- 
 sioned in the movements of the wagons, to make a little exploration of the Bridger Mountains, or 
 East Gallatin Range, as it is sometimes called. These observations could not be extended beyond 
 the east side of the range, and hence are only fragmentary. Considerable time was devoted to the 
 same mountains by Dr. Haydeu and his parties in 1S71 and 1872, and reference may be made to his 
 reports for those years for the facts observed by them. 
 
 This range of mountains is especially conspicuous as viewed from the east side, rising up steeply 
 from the deep and narrow valley, and terminating in a nearly perpendicular white wall, with a 
 sharp knife-edge for its summit. We ascended the ridge from two points : first, September 4, from 
 a point in the valley below, about six miles from Fort Ellis; and, again, September 5, from our 
 camp, a short distance to the north side of the divide in the Bridger Pass. 
 
 The rock of the valley, and indeed of the pass, as far as observed, is a sandstone of somber 
 lints, gray, brownish, or greenish. The texture is generally granular and gritty, and the rock is 
 more or less speckled with grains of quartz and feldspar. Iu general, it may be said to be a sand- 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK. 119 
 
 stone ma from poorly-assorted materials. It contains, in some layers, impressions, generally 
 indistinct, of vegetable remains. It is referred, as a whole, to the "Coal Series", by Dr. Hayden ; 
 and he further estimates its thickness at 10,000 feet. This seems to us considerably to exceed the 
 truth. "We found the same series of sandstones extending in a number of wide folds over the prairie 
 to the north ; and this would make it probable that even if there be a thickness of 10,000 feet of 
 vertical strata belonging here, it has been formed by the pressing together of an anticlinal fold par- 
 allel to the range of mountains. This is the more likely, as the strata of the beds all dip steeply, 
 and are often overturned, the dip being reversed. 
 
 Ascending the hills from the point first mentioned, somewhat north of the Bridger Peak, we 
 passed for a long distance through the timber, crossing, here and there, little open parks and valleys, 
 up to the foot of the range proper. Up to this point, we had seen but few exposures of rock, and 
 those similar to the sandstone already described. The section observed from this point to the 
 summit is as follows : Eed earth and clay, with occasional masses of indurated red clay, seldom 
 showing any stratification ; in all, CO feet. Following this, and, in its present position, overlying, 
 though, in fact, geologically, underlying it, is a thick-bedded sandstone, dipping 00° west; strike 
 north 20° west. This rock was mostly yellow and ferruginous; its texture gritty, at times becom- 
 ing a mass of coarse pebbles. Occasional layers were calcareous, aud contained multitudes of indis- 
 tinct Cretaceous shells (see list below). These often yielded to the weather, the rock becoming 
 then rusty aud cellular. The visible thickness of this deposit was 40 feet. Then, after a small 
 interval, follows a firm, blue, compact limestone; the first layers containing a few Jurassic fossils, 
 and those following the same in greater numbers (see list below). The thickness of this bed is 
 about GO feet. Following this is a sandy limestone; and then comes the Carboniferous limestone, 
 which forms the remainder of the upper part of the hill for a distance of 700 or S00 feet, the total 
 thickness of these strata being perhaps 500 feet. This limestone has the same massive and, on 
 weathering, structureless character remarked elsewhere. Some layers seem to be a conglomerate 
 of fragments cemented together by a calcareous paste. Thin layers of dark flint, two or more inches 
 in thickness, are common, running irregularly through the limestone blocks, and also isolated masses 
 of the same rock of greater or less size. At the summit, the dip is 70° east. Fossils were not com- 
 mon in this rock ; those found were chiefly corals. Continuing along the narrow summit for some 
 distance toward the north, all the time on the solid limestone, we found its dip varying consider- 
 ably from east to west. On descending, a band of red clay was passed over at the foot of the com- 
 pact limestone, aud calcareous layers iuterstratified with it contained some Carboniferous fossils. 
 The dip here was west. This is the same band noted on the succeeding day, and to be described 
 farther on. In other respects, the return trip added nothing to what had been before observed. 
 
 On the following day, the ridge was ascended again from a point some eight miles beyond ; 
 but it did not yield us the complete section of the rocks that we had hoped for. The approach to 
 the mountains was, for the most part, of necessity through the timber; the rock appearing but 
 seldom, and this the dark-colored saudstone before noted. What was observed here would not 
 enable us to do more than guess at its total thickness. Emerging into the open ground, high up 
 on the range, we came upon a high ledge of a very massive, coarse sandstone, or rather a conglom- 
 erate. The strike was north and south, aud the dip east 35°. The thickness actually exposed was 
 small. Eisiug 500 feet from here, we found a series of limestone exposures mostly covered with grass- 
 They yielded some Jurassic fossils, similar to those obtained the day before. The rock following 
 was, as before, a white, sandy limestone, sparkling in the sun, and without fossils; then appeared 
 the Carboniferous limestones. 
 
 The point we had now reached is conspicuous from all parts of the surrounding country, being 
 marked by two lines of deep red, like bloody gashes, in the side of the mountain. These red bands, 
 though narrow, may be traced along the east slope of the hills for a considerable distance north 
 and south, and form quite a striking feature of the range. The lower bed, made up of an indurated 
 red clay, was only i feet in thickness ; but the color was very intense. Iuterstratified with these 
 bands was a small thickness of variegated limestone, generally purplish, sometimes vermilion or 
 greenish. This limestone abounded in Carboniferous fossils; not infrequently the shells occupied 
 the center of little grayish circles in the reddish rock. These soft red bands have generally yielded 
 
120 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE FEOM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 to denuding influences, and the point where we stood was a narrow neck of land with a deep gulf 
 opening below us to the south and southeast. 
 
 From here to the summit, we were on the massive Carboniferous limestone containing corals 
 and crinoidal plates, with here and there a Spirifera. The summit of the ridge attained here was 
 considerably higher than that previously ascended, and was evidently as high as, or higher than, any 
 neighboring point north or south. The aneroid barometer indicated that the height was in the 
 neighborhood of 10,000 feet. The higber points of the summit were thickly covered with snow, on 
 which were lying thousands of dead grasshoppers : and in many places we saw the tracks of the 
 grizzly bears which had ascended the range to feed on these insects. 
 
 The prospect from this point is exceedingly grand and extended. The ridge, as has been 
 remarked, is, at its summit, extremely narrow, coming to a sharp knife-edge, and the view is unob- 
 structed in all directions. Nearly north and south stretch the irregular summits of this rugged 
 range, while on either side the eye sweeps over the open prairie till arrested by the mountains 
 which rise above the plain. To the east, the Crazy Woman's Mountains are most conspicuous; to 
 the south, the ranges near the Yellowstone River ; and westward, the rich Gallatin Valley extends 
 to the " Meeting of the Three Waters" ; and far beyond were the Bitter Root Mountains. At the 
 foot of the abrupt cliffs on which we stood was a little mountain lake, far below us, though seem- 
 ingly at our very feet. With its deep-blue waters, it was prettily set off by the white limestone 
 cliffs above and the dark pines inclosing it on the farther side. 
 
 The following cut (fig. 10) will give some idea of the general trend of the summit of the range. 
 The points lettered (A, B, C, D) refer to the cuts which follow, showing roughly the dip of the 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 strata where indicated. No special importance is attached to these, except as showing the irreg- 
 ularity which exists at different points. The younger rocks lie on the east side, the Carboniferous 
 
 limestones form the summit, and the older rocks are on the west, with a reversed dip. We were 
 unable to extend our observations below the summit, and hence have nothing to add in this relation 
 to what is given in the reports already referred to. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 121 
 
 The following is a list of the fossils obtained during our examination of thoio mountains as 
 identified by Mr. Whitfield : 
 
 Cretaceous, September 4 and 5. 
 
 Ostrea congesta, Con., associated with fragments of carbonized wood. 
 
 Jurassic, September 4 and 5. 
 
 1. Camptonectcs extenuatus, Meek. 
 
 2. Camptonectcs bellistriata. Meek. 
 
 3. Myacites (Pleuromya) subcompressa, Meek. 
 
 4. Myalina {Qervillia) perplana, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
 
 5. Qervillia erccta, M. & H. 
 
 6. Gervillia sparsaradiata, Wfiitf. (n. sp.). 
 
 7. Qrypluca planoconvexa, Whitf. (n. sp.). 
 
 Carboniferous, September 4. 
 
 Summit. 
 
 1. Cyathopylloid coral. 
 
 2. Crinoidal plates. 
 
 3. Platycrinus, sp. ?. 
 
 4. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 Limestone iuterstratijied with tin: nd hands. 
 
 5. Productus ncbrascensis, Meek. 
 
 0. Chonetes mesoloba, Norwood & Pratten. 
 7. Athyris, sp. 1 
 
 Carboniferous, September 5. 
 
 Summit. 
 
 1. Cystiphyllum, sp.?. 
 
 2. Campopkyllum, sp.!. 
 
 3. Campophylhim torquium, Oweu. 
 
 4. Chwtetes, sp.?. 
 
 5. Zaphrentis centralis, Ev. & Shu in. ?. 
 G. Syringopora mult-attenuata, McOhes. 
 
 7. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 Limestone intersiratified with the red bunds. 
 
 8. Spiriferina Ecntuchensis, Shum. 
 
 9. Athyris planosulcata, Phil.i 
 
 10. Athyris subtilita, (H.) Meek. 
 
 11. Iihynchonella Osagcnsis, Swall.?. 
 
 12. Slrcptorhynclms crassns, M. & W. 
 
 13. Productus punctatus, Mart. 
 
 14. Productus costatus, Sow. 
 
 15. Productus Prattenanus, Norwood. 
 
 10. Productus coraf, or perhaps P. Prattenanus, Norwood. 
 17. Productus, sp. ; may be P. ncbrascensis, Meek. 
 1 S. Chonetes mesoloba, N. & P. 
 
 19. Chonetes granulifera, Oweu. 
 
 20. Euomphalus, sp. 
 
 FROM THE BRIDGER MOUNTAINS TO THE FORKS OF THE MUSSELSHELL. 
 
 We camped September 5 ou Cottonwood Creek, and made from here a short excursion to the 
 west of the road. The main valley of Shields River is a synclinal, lying between the Bridger 
 Mountains and the Crazy Woman's Mountains, with an axis pointing in a direction about north 
 20° west. In the valley, the rocks are rarely exposed ; but riding up the creek, two or three miles 
 from the road-crossing, we find the rocks dipping 30° east, with the strike north 30° west. The 
 exposures here show a friable sandstone, disintegrating readily. The rock has a dark, somber 
 appearance, and is made up of a greenish or brownish base, with small grains of quartz and a little 
 16 w 
 
122 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CAEROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 feldspar. For a distance of two miles, tbe inclination reinaius the same; the rock standing up in a 
 series of wave like ridges, all having an abrupt side toward the west, and a gradual slope to the 
 east. Looking from the eastern side, the existence of the abrupt rock exposures would hardly be 
 expected, so gradual is the rise of the grassy slopes. From the west, on the contrary, the eye is 
 immediately struck by the remarkable series of hills with precipitous fronts. 
 
 Some five miles from the road-crossing, there is a sudden change of dip, and as sudden a 
 return to the easterly direction: this is very probably a local change, occasioned possibly by a dike 
 of igneous rock noticed at that point. The rock is here generally a sandstone, answering more or 
 "less closely to the description given above, sometimes a sandy slate, sometimes a whitish-gray sand- 
 stone. At the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek, about six miles from the road, we found an 
 exposure of a brown sandy slate, full of fucoidal remains, and containing a few indistinct shells. 
 As this rock is apparently one of the lowermost layers in the group of rocks being described, these 
 fossils are of interest as furnishing a clue to the thickness of the strata. The fossils are very poorly 
 preserved, but have been identified by Mr. Whitfield as follows: 
 
 1. Crassatella, sp. 
 
 2. Cras&atella. near enough to ft vadosa, Morton, to have come from New Jersey. 
 
 3. Inoceravms, sp. 
 -1. Pholqdomya, sp. 
 
 5. Uryphmi, sp. 
 
 6. Panopcea, sp., very near P. occidentalis, M. & II. 
 
 7. Seaphites tarveeformis, M. & H. 
 
 Scaphites larvceformis is regarded as characteristic of Dr. Haydeu's No. 2. Above this bed 
 there must be 5,000 feet of rock belonging to the Cretaceous, though referred in part by Dr. Hayden 
 to the Coal Group. 
 
 At the point mentioned we pass a deep grassy valley a few liundred feet in width, and on the 
 other side rises along range of high bluffs lOOfeetabove, audexteudiug for a mile or more (see fig. 12). 
 p=SEr— -_ Tne rocliS are exposed for a height of from 10 to 
 ~~ 50 feet in the perpendicular eastern front of the 
 bluffs, and form a feature of the country quite 
 conspicuous even from a distance. The rock is 
 a brown and gray sandstone in alternate layers, 
 with occasional slaty bands. The dip is here 
 westerly, it being the under part of a very long 
 and low fold. From the summit, quite a good view is obtained to the west ; the bluff has an abrupt 
 frout both to the east and northwest. The valley alluded to occupies the position of the axis of 
 the anticlinal, and the fold itself is a continuation north of the folding which took place in the 
 Bridger Range. 
 
 Turning north from here, we crossed the divide a mile beyond, and came iuto a long valley 
 which trends a little west of north. The rock observed here was a brownish-yellow saudstoue, with 
 a clay-shale underlying it, and is undoubtedly Cretaceous, though containing no fossils. The valley 
 alluded to drains iuto Sixteen-mile Creek. We followed it for a distance of ten miles, keeping 
 along with the strike of the rocks, and found it abundantly covered with thick grass, or rather at 
 this season with hay cured in the ground, which could afford grazing for multitudes of cattle. 
 Turning again easterly, across the strike of the rocks, we cross a long series of wave-ridges dipping 
 east as before, and much resembling those previously observed. A very white fine-grained saudstoue 
 forms a series of bluffs not much west of the road. 
 
 The valley of the south branch of Deep Creek is wide and level. Ou the northeastern side, 
 where the road to the Forks of the Musselshell turns off to ascend the divide, there is quite a high 
 ridge, extending from the end of the Elk Range across toward the Crazy Woman's Mountains. 
 This valley is obviously, like its continuation below, a synclinal, for the strata dip sharply to the 
 west 70°, the strike being the same northwest. The same dark-colored sandstone forms the first 
 layer : this is underlaid by a saudy slate with large clay caunou-ball concretions. From here on for 
 a mile, the dip is continuously westerly, there being the same series of wave-ridges observed before, 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 123 
 
 only Lere tbe dip is reversed, and tbe abrupt side is toward tbe east. Tbestiike remains tbe same, 
 but tbe dip is gentler, averaging 40°. After some 5,000 feet of strata, tbe dip is reversed. An 
 exposure of rock on tbe east side of tbe trail shows a laminated sandstone, generally soft and friable, 
 but in some places very bard. Tbe dip of tbe first layers is 30°, and tbis increases as we proceed 
 to 45°, tbe inclination being bere toward tbe east or nortbeast. A mile farther on, near the head 
 of Flathead Creek, we notice another fold. The rock is here a soft yellowish sandstone, dipping 
 west at a small angle, 15° to 20°. This contained many oval clayey concretions, and in the seams 
 in the rock there was more or less calcite. Ripple-marks were noticed in one or two places. Still 
 farther on, the opposite side of tbe fold is seen, and here it appears that the dark-green and gray 
 rocks seen just after leaving tbe south branch of Deep Creek underlie the soft yellowish sand- 
 stone observed near Flathead Creek. For a mile or two more, we pass over the sandstones, chiefly 
 the dark rock, but occasionally noting beds of tbe lighter-colored. This latter is much cracked 
 and broken, scaling off into platter-like slabs, so that good exposures of it are seldom seen. Another 
 fold is passed over just before reaching the broad valley of Norton's Creek. We have thus 
 the indications of three great folds between South Deep Creek and Norton's Creek, a distance of 
 ten miles in a straight line. The strike varies from north to west, the dip is generally as much as 
 40°, and sometimes much more. A mile or two before reaching Norton's Creek, we pass to the 
 left of a high butte formed by three narrow dikes of eruptive rock, seemingly conformable to the 
 sandstone. 
 
 At Norton's Creek, the country changes a little more, and we come upon a broad fertile syn- 
 clinal valley. In this neighborhood, igneous rocks, before rare, beome very common, and beds of 
 trachyte and basalt are repeatedly seen inter stratified with the sandstones. Tbe most conspicuous 
 example of this is just to tbe west side of the meadow through which Norton's Fork flows. Here 
 is a bed of trachyte apparently conformable to the sandstone, and evidently having been erupted 
 between two layers of that rock. It has a semi-columnar structure; the heads of the columns point- 
 ing toward the east, thus appearing as if it dipped west, though in reality the sedimentary rocks 
 have an inclination in the opposite direction. In the broad meadow of Norton's Fork, a num- 
 ber of isolated buttes of trachyte may be seen ; some of these having taken quite peculiar forms. 
 In these folds, it is seldom possible to trace any single layer of rock, because the characters are not 
 distinctive enough; occasionally, however, this may be done, as in the case mentioned above. A care- 
 ful plotting of the successive exposures would doubtless show the continuity of the strata, and 
 give an exact estimate of the thickness of the rocks involved, together with the width of each of 
 the folds. This we were of course unable to undertake. 
 
 On the east side of Norton's Meadow, the dip is westerly, and the strike northwest. Hero a 
 brown sandstone is exposed, followed by a gray trachyte in beds, which, at a distance, look like a 
 solid sandstone, and might easily be confounded with sedimentary rocks. Opposite where the 
 South Fork of the Musselshell is joined by Flathead Creek, is the extremity of a little range of bills, 
 trending northwest, and forming a sort of spur of the Elk Range, conforming in direction to the 
 low folds we have been tracing, and seemingly like one of them, a little deeper, and having brought 
 up lower strata. Following the sandstone, which is without fossils, we have, as we cross the east 
 end of this hill, some beds of red clay, making a red soil, but not apparently very thick. Above on 
 the hill is a hard, red quartzite, in massive blocks, which are scattered over tbe surface of the 
 slope. On the east side of the hill, near the creek, we have several exposures of a gray and yellow 
 sandstone dipping east, strike northwest, followed by a reversal of dip in the same beds. The rocks 
 here observed are a dark ochery-yellow sandstone, firm, and in rather thick layers, and a whitish 
 sandstone, sometimes in very thin, papery layers, sometimes massive, but not often very firm ; much 
 the same association as at Uopley's Hole. 
 
 The foldings here are not nearly so extensive as those described before ; the thickness of rock 
 involved being perhaps not more than 1,000 feet. Near tbe hill, the dip is steep ; but a mile from 
 it the inclination becomes very gradual, and insensibly the strata subside, becoming nearly hori- 
 zontal. A slight eastward dip in the white sandstone is, however, reversed before reaching the 
 Forks, where there is a broad alluvial country. This seems to be the dying out of tbe action which 
 was more intense to the westward. Beyond tbe Forks, on the road to tbe Judith Gap (before trav- 
 eled), tbe same brown sandstone and white sandstone are seen again, with a slight dip, which is 
 
124 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 once more reversed, forming apparently a final fold in onr series, though the inclination is so slight 
 that the direction remains uncertain. 
 
 Our course along Flathead Greek was very nearly at right angles to the prevailing direction of 
 the strike, so that we had a very good opportunity to observe the relations of the successive folds. 
 
 FROM AKMELL'S CREEK TO THE MOUTH OF THE JUDITH. 
 
 From our camp on Armell's Creek, a short excursion was made to the mouth of the Judith 
 River; the intention being to make such examination of the country at that point as our limited 
 time would admit of. 
 
 The beds at the mouth of the Judith have been explored only once before (by Dr. Haydeu), and 
 their age has hitherto been in doubt. We were able to remain but two days iu this interesting 
 locality, and the results obtained were of course meager. Enough, however, was seen to establish 
 the age of the beds at this point as beyond a doubt Cretaceous; three members of this division of 
 Mesozoictime having been found there and identified by fossils. 
 
 The ravines, which occur so constantly along the Missouri, extend back from that stream but 
 a few miles, except where a river enters it. Tributaries, however, carry the ravines and the accom- 
 panying Bad Lands back, sometimes to their sources. The country which may properly be consid- 
 ered as Bad Lands near the Judith is quite extensive, and is of the most rugged and barren char- 
 acter. Each little stream that flows into the Missouri is bordered by a strip of country more or less 
 wide, that is gullied and washed out in deep and precipitous ravines, without vegetation, and 
 generally utterly impassable, except for the bighorn or the wolf. 
 
 The Bad Lands on. the Judith River extend along that stream for about twenty -five miles from 
 its mouth, and run back from the river for about five miles on each side of the stream. Those on 
 Arrow Creek, which flows into the Missouri a few miles west of the Judith, extend along it for ten or 
 twelve miles back from its mouth, and have an average breadth of four miles on each side of the 
 stream. Those on Uog Creek stretch back into the bluffs for about fifteen miles, running over to 
 meet those of the Judith for about six miles of this distance, and reaching eastwardly nearly over 
 to Armell's Creek, which also has an extensive system of Bad Lands. 
 
 The rocks are chiefly sandstone, quite pure, often quite hard, but occasionally so soft as not 
 to cohere in blocks when removed from the beds. Occasionally, thin beds of an arenaceous lime- 
 stone are seen, and from these a few fossils may generally be obtained. Yellowish sandy clays and 
 marls also occur toward the base of the bluffs, but without fossils, as far as could be seen, and lack- 
 ing any distinctive features. Much of the lower portion of the bluffs is concealed by deposits of 
 the Fort Pierre beds, Cretaceous No. 4, which occurs all along the Judith River bottom and in 
 many of the ravines, sometimes running far back into the bluffs. These beds agree iu all respects 
 with the deposits of that age seen near Carroll, Crooked Creek, and Box Elder. They were the 
 same dark shales, containing the limestone concretions, with Baculites, &c, and abounding iu the 
 glittering selenite crystals that seem to be peculiar to these beds. 
 
 From our Camp on Armell's Creek, we followed the Ueleua road back toward Camp Lewis for 
 live miles or more, and then, leaving it, took a course a little west of north, and, passing about ten 
 miles to the eastward of the Moccasin Mountains, struck the divide between the Judith and Dog 
 River, by which road alone our point of destination could be reached with the wagons. The time 
 occupied in reaching our camp on the Judith was two days; the distance traveled being a little 
 more than forty-five miles. 
 
 At a point two miles north of our camp, on Armell's Creek, an exposure of bare bluffs was 
 noticed, which furnished the following section, from below upward : 
 
 Fret. 
 
 Dark-gray horizontally-laminated shales GO 
 
 Laminated slightly ferruginous sandstone 12 
 
 Soft, whitish clays, about 100 
 
 Dark-gray clays, intcrstratified with layers of impure limestone concretions, 
 
 about - 100 
 
 Total 272 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 125 
 
 The laminated sandstone contains numerous irony concretions, from the size of a pea up to two 
 inches in diameter. These are quite soft, and break readily, showing a concentric structure. The 
 sandstone is much weather-worn. The limestoue concretions, on exposure to the atmosphere crack 
 and break up so that the surface of the bluffs is strewn with their angular fragments. They do not 
 particularly resemble the concretions of the Fort Pierre shales seen near Crooked Creek. 
 
 Later in the day, to the northeast of the Moccasin Mountains, we passed over a good exposure 
 of tho Fort Fierre clays ; and about three miles beyond this, but at a much higher level were seen 
 about 100 feet of white and yellow sandy clays, capped by a thin layer of fine grained calcareous 
 brown sandstone. This latter was found iu place only on the tops of the highest hills. A few 
 shells characteristic of No. 4 were found in the Fort Pierre beds, but none of the other exposures 
 examined yielded any fossils. All the beds seen during the day were substantially horizontal. 
 
 The divide along which our road took us is for twenty-live miles a gently rolling prairie, covered 
 with a fair growth of bunch-grass. It is a favorite feeding-ground for the buffalo ; but, when we 
 passed over it, only a few of these animals were seen, although signs of their recent presence were 
 everywhere apparent. As wo approach the Missouri River, the divide becomes less and less wide 
 and the road more winding. Deep ravines and coulees from Dog Creek and the Judith River run 
 back until they almost meet, so that the road becomes narrow and often difficult. About seven miles 
 from the Missouri River there is a narrow pass, the only approach for wagons to the mouth of 
 the Judith. Hero the divide is only 10 feet wide, and on both sides steep and precipitous 
 ravines run off to the east and west. This backbone continues for fifty or seventy-five yards in 
 which distance it turns and twists sharply every few feet. Sometimes the wagon on one side seems 
 to hang over a precipice a hundred feet in height, while on the other it grinds along against the face 
 of a sandstone bluff elevated a few feet above the level of the road, or it has to be lowered carefully 
 down an almost vertical slope of 30 or 40 feet, and to be dragged painfully up another as high and 
 steep. From this point, a march of four miles over a gently rolling plateau brings us to the final 
 descent into the Judith River bottom. The road down into the valley is long and steep ; the 
 difference in height between the top of the bluffs and the level of tho valley being 1,200 feet. 
 
 The upper 400 feet of tho bluffs are composed almost wholly of beds of sand, white and yel- 
 low, nearly pure, interstratified with occasional fragmentary layers of a fine-grained, clayey, brown 
 or red sandstone. The beds of white sand contains a few poorly-preserved Uuios and the remains 
 of Dinosaurs (Hadrosaurus) and Turtles (Trionyx). The yellow sands contain many concretions of 
 hard, yellow clay, but are without fossils, so far as examined. All the beds are horizontal, and 
 most of them are quite hard. The white sands in some places change into a laminated white sand, 
 stone, and seem to be always overlaid by the brown sandstone. At a lower level, these beds seem 
 to pass into a white, firm, clayey sandstone, which is very hard ; but we were unable, in the limited 
 time at our command, to fix the point at which tho change took place. 
 
 The character of the lowest portion of the beds on the Judith is much obscured by the pres- 
 ence of the Fort Pierre clays in the valley, and by tho washing out of tho base of the bluffs and 
 consequent dropping down of tho rocks above them. This has taken place almost everywhere 
 along the Judith and tho Missouri Rivers at this point ; and, in consequence of this, the rocks dip 
 at every conceivable angle, and in all directions. A careful examination, however, will serve to 
 convince the observer that all tho beds are really horizontal, and that the apparent beudiugs and 
 twistings of the rocks referred to by Dr.IIayden are duo simply to the action of running water. 
 This element has here acted on a scale so enormous as to be almost inconceivable to one who is 
 not familiar with tho important part that is played by this agent in denudation in the West. 
 
 At a time in the past when the Judith carried much more water than it does at present, the 
 undermining of the high bluffs was constantly going on, just as tho higher alluvial banks of the 
 Missouri River are being undermiued_at present ; and, as the lowest beds were washed out, the 
 superincumbent rocks slipped .down in vast.masses. The process, on a small scale, may be seen 
 every day while ascending the Missouri. Besides this, the water, which in spring, from the melt- 
 ing snows and tho early rains/ is "carried by each of the thousand ravines which we find here, not 
 only washes down the sides'of the ridges, but works under the bluffs, often boring for itself an 
 underground passage from onc^coulvc to another. Such passages increase in size annually, and 
 finally become so large as not to be able to support tho weight of the rocks above, which sink down 
 
126 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 and nil up the tunnel. It is to these causes, and to tuese alone, that the apparent irregularity in 
 the strata at this point is owing, and not to any uplifting of the various mountain-ranges which 
 exist in the vicinity. The beds at the mouth of the Judith have been very little, if at all, disturbed 
 by this latter agency. 
 
 The Fort Fierre beds form what may be termed the lowest bench of the bluffs along the Judith 
 near its mouth. They have been very much denuded ; at one point reaching a height of 560 feet 
 above the river's level, and at other places along the bluffs being apparently wanting. Deposits of 
 this age are found, not only in the main valley of the Judith, but in many little ravines back in the 
 bluffs as well. It is evident that they at some points have been covered by the younger rocks 
 which have dropped down from above. From the facts above mentioned it is very difficult, if 
 not quite impossible, to get at the lowermost strata of the bluffs; and we were unable to accomplish 
 it satisfactorily at any point. 
 
 A considerable amount of surface-drift was noticed in the valley of the Judith and in the 
 ravines running into it. This consists almost wholly of water-worn limestone pebbles, similar in 
 appearance to the limestone observed at the western end of the Judith Mountains, in the Snowy 
 Mountains, &c. One of these drift-pebbles contained Spirifera centronata. Winch. 
 
 About two miles below our camp, and just above the crossing of the Judith, the Fort Pierre 
 beds extend up the foot of the bluffs to a height of about 100 feet. Above these, where the main 
 bluffs become visible, we noted 40 feet of soft, washed, yellowish clays, and over these 18 incbes 
 of hard, blue to gray, impure limestone, containing : 
 
 1. Pholadomya subventricosa, M. & H. 
 
 2. Liopistha (Gymella) undata, M. & H. 
 
 3. Thracia Grinnelli, Whitf. (n. sp.) 
 
 This was followed by 15 inches of soft, finely laminated sandstone, in color from white to 
 yellowish-brown; next came 20 feet of soft yellow clays; and finally a layer of sandy limestone 
 from 3 to 6 inches in thickness, and consisting almost wholly of the following shells, crowded 
 closely together : 
 
 1. Tellina scitula, M. & H. 
 
 2. S2)h(criola Moreauensis, M. & H. 
 
 3. (!) Callista Deweyi, M. & II. 
 
 4. Lunatia concinna, II. & M. 
 
 5. Narica crassa, Whitf. (n. sp.) 
 G. Baculites ovatus, Say. 
 
 At a point said to be about one-third of the way up the bluffs on Dog River, the following 
 fossils were collected by two members of the party : 
 
 1. Mactra warrcniana, M. & II. 
 
 2. Cardium spcciosum, M. & II. 
 
 3. Tellina (Arcopagia) Utahensis, M. & IT. 
 
 4. Tellina [Arcopagia) subulata, M. & H. 
 
 They are imbedded in a soft yellow sandstone. These fossils, most of which are characteristic, 
 and which have been compared by Mr. Whitfield with typical fossils now in the Smithsonian 
 Museum at Washington, indicate the lower portion at least of these beds to belong to Cretaceous 
 No. 5. 
 
 At a point a little south of where the road descends into the valley, and about 300 feet above 
 the level of the river, the following section was taken, from below upward : 
 
 Feet, 
 
 Hard, gray, laminated sandstone, passing near the top into a softer, yellowish 
 
 rock r >° 
 
 Yellow clayey sands 30 
 
 Soft yellow clays - 50 
 
 Total 130 
 
 Where the road comes into the valley, a bed of hard white sandstone, interstratified with 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAltK. 127 
 
 layers of yellowish laminated sandstone, is seen, the whole about 50 feet in thickness. No fossils 
 were found in either of the above. 
 
 It may be stated in general terms that the lower two-thirds (or 800 feet) of these bluffs consist 
 of yellowish clays, iuterstratified with thin layers of sandstone and limestone, and that tbe upper 
 400 feet is almost wholly sandstone, more or less hard, generally white, but sometimes varying from 
 that to a dark brown. Lignite occurs in the upper sandstone. A few hundred yards from our 
 camp we noticed a bed of sand 15 feet thick, with several layers of impure lignite from 1 to 2 inches 
 in thickness running through it. This bed had slipped down from some point high up on the bluffs, 
 as it had no connection with the neighboring rocks, and had quite a steep dip. From the fossils 
 obtained, it seems that the upper beds of sands and sandstones must bo referred to what have been 
 called the Fort Union Beds, or No. 6 of the Cretaceous. 
 
 It is a matter of regret to the writers that the observations at this point were so few and so 
 disconnected as to give but little idea of the structure of the bluffs and the relations of the beds. 
 The extent of country to be covered by our obseryations was very large; and patient study and 
 observation, extended over a considerable time, would have beeu required to do justice to the 
 locality. 
 
 LITTLE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 A delay of a few days at Carroll on our return journey was iu part utilized by a short excursiou 
 to the Little Eocky Mountains, which lie about twenty-five miles from the Missouri Kiver, almost 
 due north of that settlement. The starting-point was a short distance below Carroll ; and, on reach- 
 ing the north bank of the stream, we took a trail leading to Milk River, which wo were able to 
 follow for some distance. The road rises quite steeply on first leaving the alluvial plain of the river, 
 and attains 400 feet of its final height within a vory short distance. From here the rise is more 
 gradual, the road winding to and fro, keeping on the summit of a narrow ridge, whose sides are 
 washed down steeply ou either hand. The washiug-out of the bluffs was here even more striking 
 than where observed on the south side of the Missouri; and the continually dividing and subdi- 
 viding coulees form a labyrinth of little ridges and valleys, which would present a peculiar appear- 
 ance could they be viewed from a point a few hundred feet directly above. The course for the road, 
 however, has been so well chosen that the ascent is continuous; no descent into any minor ravines 
 being necessary. The final rise is a matter of time, and the high plateau which forms the true bank 
 of the river is only reached after a ride of several miles. The height at this point, as given by an 
 aueroid, was 680 feet above Carroll, which corresponds closely with the similar measurements taken on 
 the other side. After a little comparatively level prairie, the gradual rise is continued, and at the 
 foot of the hills the height is 1,250 feet above the river. A section from Carroll to the mountains 
 is given iu figure 13, which it is interesting to compare with figure 4 ; the scale is the same. 
 
 The bluffs on the north bank are made up entirely of Fort Pierre shales, and these were observed 
 from time to time nearly up to the mountaius. In general character, they do not differ from those 
 before described. The surface of the prairie as we pass from the river is covered far and wide with 
 drift, very similar to that observed ou the south side of the stream ; though here the quartzite pebbles 
 are even more numerous, and cover the surface of the ground so thickly as almost to have crowded 
 
128 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 out the scanty vegetation. Grass is hardly present at all, and even the few weeds have a hard 
 struggle for existence. This is true for lifteeu miles from the river. Approaching the hills, how- 
 ever, the grass is more abundant; and occasionally in the more favored spots it is sufficiently thick 
 to make it worth the while of citizens of Carroll to coruo here for hay. in addition to the small, 
 smooth pebbles, the same masses of red and gray syenite found on the Crooked Creek road were 
 seen here. The relations of these will be spoken of more particularly hereafter (p. 135). The 
 quartzite pebbles are most numerous within ten miles of the river-bank, and hardly extend much 
 beyond twenty miles. The same is true of the blocks of crystalline rocks to some extent, though 
 they were seen occasionally quite near to the Little Rockies. It is to be remarked that here also 
 there are no deposits of drift, the pebbles being merely sprinkled over the surface. The nearer we 
 approached the mountains, the more numerous became the slightly washed and rounded fragments 
 of trachyte, containing large, clear crystals of orthoclase. Some fragments of the same rock, by the 
 way, had been seen near Carroll, on the south side of the river. The source of these fragments was 
 obviously to be found in the hills we were approaching, and subsequent exploration proved the 
 truth of this conjecture. 
 
 The old trail was left after a time, and we continued on our way, striking across the prairie 
 toward the hills. The country was very dry and barren ; the only water seen being in some holes, 
 and that was intensely alkaline. In general, it may be stated here that these hills are very dry, 
 and do not give rise to the numerous running streams, which make the region near the Judith 
 Mountains attractive. The level character of the prairie was favorable to the progress of the ambu- 
 lance, but^not at all so for geological investigation ; an occasional wash of black shales being the 
 sum-total of all that was observed during a march of twenty -five miles. As we approached the hills, 
 we passed near to the edge of the high bluffs, which pitched steeply down to the valley of Little 
 Rocky Mountain Creek. The view which was opened out to us was extended and striking, looking 
 down on the Bad Lauds of the creek at hand, and those which extended on indefinitely westward. 
 The bed of the stream offered attractions for geological work ; but the descent promised so badly 
 for the mules and their load that it was decided to turn away, and keep on the high land. 
 
 We made our camp in a meadow some two miles south of the mountains at a spot which fur- 
 nished a little stagnant water. Here we had the hills in front of us, and on either hand a terrace 
 about four miles apart, which stretched southward till they blended with the general level of the 
 prairie. These high terraces two hundred feet above the level of the adjoining plain, are con- 
 spicuous features of the landscape, and are important as bearing on the general question of the 
 circumstances under which this country has been denuded. The results of the observations of the 
 following day are contained for the most part in the accompanying sketch. We first examined the 
 strata at the most easterly point (a). The intervening prairie was doubtless once covered with the 
 upturned strata, but now only isolated patches are to be seen. At a, we found a brown massive 
 sandstone, cellular and remarkably honey combed on the surface as if worn by water washing 
 against it. Its texture was even, with the exception of numerous rusty iron pellets. It dipped 
 strongly (60°) southerly, strike north 80° east; and, standing up as a high wall or rampart, it had 
 survived the denuding influences which had been too severe for the overlying strata. The outer 
 layer of this sandstone was 12 feet in thickness, and more compact than those that followed; the 
 total thickness being 40 feet. The next exposure was in the coulee 400 yards behind this wall, 
 where followed a series of blue and yellow shales 500 feet in thickness. These had the same direc. 
 tion of strike as the sandstone, but the dip was steeper, becoming nearly vertical, then changing 
 to north. The observations in this direction were cut off by the high hill of trachyte at b. The talus 
 from this hill extends out for some distance from it, covering up all sedimentary strata beneath it. At 
 c rises a second complementary hill of trachyte, and lying between these two and limiting the 
 prairie in this direction is an imposing limestone wall. This is worth mentioning, for it is so con 
 spicuous an object as to be distinctly visible in clear weather at a distance of fifty miles to the 
 south. The mountains seem from such a point to have a continuous white girdle ruuniug around 
 them. This is due to the limestone and to its continuation east and west in the range; the abrupt 
 wall of trachyte also continues this girdle whero the limostone is interrupted. The limestone 
 wall shows no stratiQcation, but its face has a steep dip south 70°, and, in character as well as in 
 result of weathering, resembles the Carboniferous limestone so often described. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 121) 
 
 Trachyte. 
 
 ■ . .. - $$!& 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 I ,111.. };<rl,i M„uiiliiiis. 
 
 Trachyte- 
 
 
 r*^^^ 
 
 At tbe west end of this limestone wall, a little canon opens out, showing the considerable thick - 
 ness of tbe limestone. Lower layers afforded the following fossils, of which a list is here given, with 
 remarks made upon them by Mr. Whitfield : 
 
 1. Glauconome, sp.?. — "Too indistinct for specific determination." 
 
 2. Productns, sp. ?. — " This has a feature (elongated depressions) which is seldom seen in rocks above 
 
 the Chemung of New York or Waverly sandstone of Burlington, Iowa." 
 
 3. Clionetes, sp.'?. — Resembles C. granuli/era, Owen; also very like 0. subumbona, M. & W. 
 
 4. Chonetes, sp. — " This may possibly be only a variety of the preceding, with which it was associated ; 
 
 but had I seen only this fossil, I should have thought it Lower Silurian." 
 
 5. Spirifera centronata, Winch. 
 
 In regard to these fossils, Mr. Whitfield says: 
 
 "The general expression of these fossils is that of Lower Carboniferous or perhaps Waverly. 
 The locality and formation is worth further exploration in view of the rocks being Lower Carbon- 
 iferous, or possibly even lower." 
 
 We ascended the hill at d with some little labor, owing to the thick growth of scrub-pines, with 
 which it was covered, and from it obtained a fine view of the surrounding prairie and the desert 
 country far to the west. The various ranges of hills were distinctly visible: the Judith Mountains 
 with Cone Butte, to the south fifty miles distant in an air-line ; the Moccasin Mountains ; Bear's Paw 
 Mountains, and so on. The height of this hill was 3,500 feet above Carroll, or 2,000 feet above the 
 surrounding prairie. Of the general geology of these hills, little can be said from such a survey, 
 except so far as the wide extrusion of the trachyte was noted. The hill in question was made up 
 of the trachyte which had been found in such large quantities over the prairie to the south. This 
 17 w 
 
130 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 rock is remarkable for its very porpbyritic character ; tbe crystals of ortboclase being very numer- 
 ous and of considerable size, a quarter to half an inch in length. They are usually more or less 
 altered, and under the microscope prove to be made up of minute crystals apparently of a triclinic 
 feldspar, the base consisting of the same material. The whole rock is very white on the fresh 
 fracture; but the little iron it contains oxidizes on exposure, aud the surfacebecomes rusty. 
 
 Descending the hill, we pass south over the terrace mentioned before, which would give a good 
 section of the rocks to one who had the time to examine it with care. The lower portion of the 
 southern face of the hill is precipitous ; the trachyte showing a bold front. Passing from the talus 
 of the mountain, we came upon a series of variegated shales, mostly bright-red, also greenish and 
 blue, evidently baked by the eruption of igneous rock close by ; occasional beds of red sand-rock 
 and mud-shales occur with the others. Tbe general strike is shown ou the map. The total thick- 
 ness of these shales was some 800 feet; no fossils were found, only a few indistinct vegetable 
 remains. Overlying these shales, with a slight change of strike, was a thick-bedded sandstone 
 honeycombed, and in other respects so similar to that described as occurring at «., that the identity 
 of the two can hardly be doubted ; the underlying shales also correspond. From this point south, 
 the dip became more aud more gradual, the terraced hill more grassy, and at d, perhaps two miles 
 from the hills, the dip is reversed, and the sandstone of a and e appears with a slight northerly 
 dip. Still farther south and west, the hills are. more broken, aud we passed over a series having a 
 somewhat different strike, consisting of a sandstone, then black shales containing large concretions 
 with selenite plates; and, overlying this, other sandstone layers. This shale suggests strongly the 
 Fort Pierre Group, which is seen horizontal only a few miles distant on the prairie. Other expos- 
 ures of sandstone, yellow aud granular, were noted at points to the south (see figure); they had a 
 strike and dip as shown iu the sketch. These latter are exceedingly similar to those which yielded 
 No. 5 fossils at Box Elder. No fossils were found, however; though it cannot be doubted that the 
 series of rocks belongs mostly to the Upper Cretaceous. Enough has been said to show, with the 
 help of the sketch, that the relations are by no means simple. In general, it may be said that the 
 hills, at least at this point, give evidence of folding ; the axis lying east aud west, so that the uplift- 
 ing force must have been from the south. Our return trip was made by the same trail, and admit- 
 ted of no further observations. 
 
 
 THE GEYSERS! OF THE YELLOWSTONE TARE. 
 
 The route followed by the party in going from Fort Ellis to the Yellowstone Lake aud Geyser 
 Basins aud returning was that generally taken from this point : through the canon of the East 
 Gallatin River and down the valley of Trail Creek to the Yellowstone River, thence up its valley 
 to the Mammoth Hot Springs, and hence to the falls, the lake, and the geysers. This route has 
 been twice explored by Dr. llaydeu and his parties in 1S71 and 1872, and the objects of interest iu 
 the park have been described in addition iu the valuable report of Captain Jones and Prof. Corn- 
 stock, who visited it in 1873. It was not to be expected, therefore, that our hurried trip of nine- 
 teen days from Fort Ellis and return would give us any opportunity to collect any important 
 additional facts. 
 
 It therefore does not seem to us desirable to attempt here an account of the somewhat discon- 
 nected observations we were able to make ou our very rapid journey from Fort Ellis to the Geyser 
 Basins, as they must be, in a great measure, repetitions of what has beeu already published. We 
 may remark, in passing, upon the very great beauty and interest of the whole region, and the 
 wonderful field that it offers for the study of all kinds of modern volcanic rocks. 
 
 It seems, however, that it may be of some little interest to record the action of the more 
 important geysers as observed by us during the day or two which we spent in the basins. We do 
 this, not imagining that the facts in themselves have any especial importance, except so far as this: 
 that the more the facts in regard to the geysers and their operations are accumulated and recorded, 
 the better will ultimately be the understanding of the phenomena involved. 
 
 We reached the Lower Geyser Basiu the evening of August 20, and, having at that time and 
 during the following morning but a few hours of daylight in all, we saw no display from the more 
 promiuent of the geysers of this basin. The ouly particularly noticeable eruption observed by us 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 131 
 
 was from the "Architectural'' Geyser. The discharge took place in the evening, and was repeated 
 again in the morning, lasting each time about 45 minutes. There was no single stream thrown to 
 a great height; but a continued, confused mass of jets was thrown in all directions, with occasional 
 spirts, to a height of 30 or 10 feet. From its very irregularity, it seemed to us one of the most 
 attractive of the small geysers. The various other interesting points in the basin, the " Mud 
 Puffs," "Paint Pots," etc., were duly examined, but do not need special mention here. 
 
 We arrived at the Upper Geyser Basin August 21, and remained there until the morning of 
 August 21, or about (JO hours. Our note-book gives the following facts in regard to tbe eruptions 
 of the more important geysers: 
 
 Old Faithful, the guardian of the valley, showed a very high degree of regularity during the 
 whole period of our stay. The interval between the commencement of the discharges was G5 or 
 (JO minutes; and, as timed by us for nearly 2-1 successive eruptions, varied very slightly from this 
 interval. The eruptions were of a very uniform character, differing but slightly in manner or dura- 
 tion (about three minutes) or in the amount of water thrown out. During the night, we were 
 roused each hour by the first rush of the water and steam, and certainly nothing could be more 
 beautiful thau this grand fountain in action, illuminated by the light of the full moon. The 
 average height of the column of water, as determined by Mr. Wood, was 115 feet. 
 
 The solid portion of the geyser, that is, its ornamented crater, has been much injured by the 
 depredations of selfish visitors, who do not realize that the injury to the crater done by them in a 
 few minutes can never be repaired. One of the most interesting features of this geyser, to one 
 who has recently visited the Mammoth Springs, is the great similarity between the step or basin 
 formation here and that of the calcareous springs, the same cause working here, but under quite 
 different conditions. 
 
 Bee Rive. — Ourcainp was situated in a grove of trees on the Fire Hole River, just opposite the 
 Bee Hive Geyser, so that we were able to observe, it under very favorable circumstances. During 
 a period of (JO hours, there were three eruptions; the interval between the first and second being 
 26 hours, and that between the second and third 25 hours. The duration of the action was four 
 or live minutes, and the measured height 200 feet. The amount of water ejected is comparatively 
 very small ; the apparent discharge being greater thau the real. This discharge consists largely 
 of steam, which is swayed in one direction and another by the wind; the gracefully- waving column 
 of steam and water producing a beautiful effect. Its charms are considerably enhanced when the 
 sun strikes the jet so as to produce a rainbow near the top of the column. This geyser has a crater 
 alone; there being no step formation at its foot in consequence of the small amount of water which 
 it throws out. The force of the escaping steam and water is very great, and seems almost to shake 
 the crust in the vicinity. A little attendant geyser at the foot of the Bee Hive acts as a sort of 
 forerunner to it, giving notice by its little stream wheu its larger companion is about to move. 
 
 Grand Geyser. — We were fortunate enough to see one very tine display of the action of this 
 geyser. It is especially impressive, because of the absence of any elevated crater ; the water rising 
 from the very level of the ground. The height of the first discharge did not much exceed 100 feet. 
 It rose to this point in a series of violent pulsatious, remained at this altitude for three or four 
 minutes, and then sank back into the pool, which became quite still. A moment later it had com- 
 menced again, the water rising certainly 150 feet by estimate. This again sank down and again 
 rose to its maximum height, aud this was twice repeated. 
 
 Giantess. — The accounts of the eruptions of the Giantess have been so glowing that we were 
 especially anxious to have an opportunity of observing it ourselves. When we arrived, August 
 21, the crater was quite full and bubbling, seeming to promise a speedy eruption. The following 
 day at 6.30 a. m., it boiled up vigorously, throwing up jets a. few feet into .the air, exciting hopes 
 that it was about to perform, and bringing those who were in camp somewhat hastily across the 
 stream. At o'clock it boiled up again, at times throwing out considerable water, so that it was 
 nearly empty as far as we could see, looking far down into the crater. It rapidly filled, however, 
 and a second outburst on a small scale took place. Two hours later a more vigorous display 
 commenced, the hot water being thrown to a height of 100 feet, by a series of successive irregular 
 throbs, like the beats of a pump; the heavy thumping going on below in a startling manner. This 
 irregular display, extremely interesting aud beautiful, yet nothing compared with what the Giantess 
 
132 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 is said to do, lasted for an hour; the entire volume of water thrown out beiug very great. At 
 length, with a suddeu burst, the steam drove up the water to a uiuclTgreater height than before 
 seen; the noise and concussions accompanying the outburst being very violent. The water 
 was kept at its greatest height for two or three minutes, and for this time we found the Giantess 
 all that had been claimed for it. But the reservoir was almost exhausted, and in a short time the 
 only escape was a mass of steam, which rushed out of the crater with a force which no words could 
 describe. 
 
 After we had become somewhat accustomed to the noise of the eruption, and the awe inspired 
 by the vast outburst of steam had in a measure subsided, we experimented upon the violence with 
 which the vapor was ejected by throwing into the crater trunks of trees, logs, and other objects 
 which could be found near at hand, and the height to which these were thrown by the escaping 
 steam was a good indication of the force which was being expended. The heavier of these objects 
 sank nearly to the narrowest part of the crater, and after beiug held for a moment suspended at 
 this point, rising and falling, according to the violeuce of the jet which they met, were swiftly shot 
 forth, often rising to a very great height. 
 
 This steam escape lasted for an hour without any sensible diminution iu violence, and we could 
 uot help regretting that all the water had been ejected before the most powerful burst of steam 
 had begun, so that we might have had a full display of the power that was at hand acting on the 
 water. The conception of force given by this great steam escape was perhaps even greater than 
 if it had taken merely the form of a fountain. Six hours later the steam was still escaping, though 
 with somewhat diminished energy, and an occasional liquid jet seemed to show that a little water 
 was draining into the reservoir, only to be immediately ejected. 
 
 This great steam escape is important as bearing upon the general subject of geysers, showiug 
 the vast amouut of steam which must be accumulated before the discharge can take place, and the 
 high tension under which it must be. 
 
 The. Castle Geyser was active most of the time during our stay, though with varying force. 
 The amount of water discharged was never very large, and the highest jets did not exceed 50 
 feet. 
 
 The Grotto was also almost continuously active, and after seeing the injury done to its crater 
 by visitors, the large majority of whom are residents of the Territory, we could not help wishing 
 that the discharge of boiling water were absolutely continuous, so that the depredators might be 
 kept at a respectful distance. 
 
 The Saw-mill Geyser played frequently at short intervals, but quite irregularly. 
 The Giant was quiet, occasional spirts of water to the top of the crater being the only sigu of 
 latent energy. 
 
 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMATIONS. 
 
 Pre Silurian rods. — Up to the time when we reached the second Yellowstone Carlon, we had 
 seen absolutely nothing of any rocks older than the Primordial series. This is true, not only with 
 respect to our observations, made in the several minor ranges of mountains, but also includes the 
 inferences to be drawn iu regard to the elevated points not reached, from the absence of any 
 crystalline rocks iu the local drift. The only exception to this was at Camp Baker, where the drift 
 contained such masses, doubtless from the neighboring Big Belt Range, which we were unable to 
 visit, but iu which we should expect to find a considerable development of the Pre-Siluriau series. 
 
 Granitic rocks have been observed by others on the east side of Gallatin River, but they did 
 not appear within the limits of our observations. The inferred absence of crystalline rocks from 
 the minor rauges of hills, which break through the prairie at different points iu this part of Mon- 
 tana, for example, the Judith Mountains, the Snow Mountains, Little Rocky Mountains, etc., if 
 correct, would make it improbable that ore deposits of any economic value should be found in 
 them. 
 
 Silurian. — Primordial series. — We observed strata, proved by fossils to belong to the Potsdam, at 
 two localities, and the relations of the rocks at these points as far as made out have been described ; 
 they may, however, conveniently be recapitulated here. 
 
TO. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PABK. 133 
 
 At Camp Baker, Primordial fossils were found in a limestone lull to the north west of the Post; 
 the series and the estimated thickness are as follows: Quartzite, 130 feet; variegated shales, 
 mostly bright-red, also green and blue, 150 feet; limestone, in a double series of ledges, SO feet; 
 quartzite, reddish, slightly mieaceous, then a series of colored slates, mostly green, followed by 
 shales and thin beds of sandstones and limestones, in all probably 1,500 feet; still further con- 
 formable shales, 1,000 feet. These extend toward the north farther than we could follow them It is 
 enough to say that the total thickness of the conformable strata underlying the fossil-bearing 
 limestone cannot be less than 3,000 feet, and is probably much more. All the facts point to a 
 very great development of Lower Silurian rocks. 
 
 The same rocks were identilied at Moss Agate Springs at the south extremity of the Elk Range 
 of Mountains; we found here red shales like those at Camp Baker, quartzite and limestone, the 
 latter coutaiuing niany fragments of Trilobites. We were able only to glance at this locality, and 
 consequently the observations stand out isolated. To the Primordial we refer also the rocks 
 underlying (in position overlying, in consequence of an overturn) the Carboniferous limestone of 
 the Musselshell Canon, of which there must be a thickness exposed of some 1,000 feet. It is also 
 very probable that the limestone and red shales of the east bauk of Deep Creek observed in iso- 
 lated patches belong to the same time. With the exception of the above, no rocks older than the 
 Carboniferous were seen by us anywhere from Carroll to Fort Ellis. It is certainly not to be 
 affirmed positively that they do not exist in the mountains touched at ; the contrary is probable, 
 but it is quite certain that, if present, they are in all cases subordinate. 
 
 Carboniferous. — Carboniferous rocks are largely and very uniformly developed over this part of 
 the Northwest, as has been remarked by Dr. Hayden. All of the minor ranges of hills, repeatedly 
 referred to, contain Carboniferous limestone to a large extent. In fact, the most striking and char- 
 acteristic features of all these minor ranges are the walls of white limestone, which stand up con- 
 spicuously above the timber, and attract the attention even from a great distance. The very 
 uniform nature of this limestone has been noted, and to its character iu weathering out into steep 
 walls and isolated towers is due the couspicuous appearance mentioned. The general facts in regard 
 to this formation, collating those obtained at different places, may be summed up as follows: The 
 upper portion consists of li mestone in thin beds, with layers of shale and a little sandy slate. These 
 upper layers contain fossils more abundantly than the following beds. Productus, Choneies, Spirifera, 
 Athyris, Bhynchonella, and Streptorhynchus are abundant forms. At the Bridgcr Mountains, some 
 bauds of red clay in the upper part of the formation were very couspicuous and persistent, and sug- 
 gestions of them were seen elsewhere. At Cinnabar Mountain, in the Yellowstone Valley, the 
 intensely red clays and shale, from which the mountain derives its name, immediately overlie Car- 
 boniferous limestone, and belong, as elsewhere, to the upper part of the formation. Below these 
 irregular, thin beds, showing a somewhat different character at different localities, comes the mass 
 of the limestone already many times described. It is firm, bluish white, aud always cherty. The 
 flint is sometimes iu uniformly-distributed particles of small size, sometimes in broad bauds. When 
 acted upon by the weather, the rock takes the form of vertical walls aud steep towers, show- 
 ing no trace of stratification. Reference must also be made to the remarks of Mr. Whitfield upon 
 the fossils found by us at the Little Rocky Mountains. He says : " The general expression of these 
 fossils is that of Low Carboniferous, or perhaps Waverley." To this, we can add nothing, except 
 that the fossils came from a limestone underlying the massive blue limestone before spoken of, con- 
 taining Zaphrentis and other corals iu considerable abundance. Except at this point, we found 
 nothing to suggest the possible occurrence of any rocks between the Primordial and the usual 
 Carboniferous. 
 
 As to the total thickness of the Carboniferous formation as here developed, we can only hazard 
 a conjecture, which cannot be of very great value. The compact limestone spoken of must be at 
 least 500 feet iu thickness, and tho total may be 000 feet. At any rate, it is certain that the 
 deposits point to a uniform condition of thiugs at the time when the formation was laid down. 
 
 Jurassic. — Jurassic fossils were found on the east slope of the Bridger Mountains at both points 
 where the ascent was made. The only rock observed was limestone, and the fossils were quite 
 abundant, in some layers, at least. The thickness seen was small, and on the one side was a 
 Cretaceous fossil-bearing sandstone, and ou the other the undoubted Carboniferous limestone. The 
 
134 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 interval on both sides was small, and we should regard an estimate of 100 feet for the total thick- 
 ness as a large one. In regard to this, Or. Hayden says : " The Jurassic rocks are crushed together 
 in the uplift to such an extent that they are quite obscure, and do not appear to much advantage ; 
 but, in Union and Flathead Passes, they are much better exposed." His final estimate of their thick- 
 ness is not clearly stated ; but elsewhere, iu the same vicinity, he speaks of them as 1,200 feet thick. 
 Whatever may be the facts at this point, we can safely affirm that the development of Jurassic 
 rocks to the north and east is very limited. Wo had several opportunities for examining beds pos- 
 sibly Jurassic, iu search of fossils; but iu no case were we successful iu our efforts to find such 
 remains. On the contrary, in two distinct localities we passed from undoubted Cretaceous to 
 undoubted Carboniferous, with a very small interval betweeu of uon-fossil-beariug strata. These 
 intervening strata may very possibly belong to Jurassic time, and their apparent absence elsewhere 
 may be due to the disturbing influences of the uplifts; but their relative insiguilicauce seems to us 
 quite certain. Ranks of red soil were conspicuous at several points, and in appearauce suggested, 
 to a certain extent, the "Red Beds" referred to the Triassic in other localities. In three distinct 
 cases, however, we found such layers immediately underlaid by Cretaceous sandstones; so that we 
 think that the beds in question must belong iu all cases to the latter horizon. 
 
 Cretaceous. — To the Cretaceous formation belongs the rock underlying the prairie over nearly 
 all of the route traversed by us. We were unable, however, to obtain any satisfactory results as to the 
 succession of the various beds. The sandstones, of which these rocks for the most part consist, are 
 quite different at the various localities at which they were seen. They are generally without fossils, 
 though frequently containing indistinct vegetable remains, and seem to lack any particularly dis- 
 tinctive or characteristic features. They have been so often described in the preceding pages that 
 it is needless here to enlarge upon them. The lower part of the formation must be that visible on 
 the Bridger Mountains, directly overlying the Jurassic. Very little is in sight, however, and the 
 fossils obtained were very poer. When the rocks appear again iu the valley, they are mostly the 
 constantly-recurring " somber" sandstones. At". the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek (see p. 122)) 
 we obtained a lew poor fossils iu a bed which stratigraphically was the lowest in a series of 5,000 
 feet involved iu a gigantic fold. One of these fossils is credited to Cretaceous No. 2 of Meek and 
 Hayden. From here up, in the order of their time, the rocks have been briefly mentioned. They 
 are mostly dark-colored sandstones, occasionally shales, and all nearly destitute of remains of life. 
 The only suggestions of fossils are the indistiuct vegetable remains before mentioned, which were 
 found best preserved iu the upper strata. The thickness of this Cretaceous series has been esti- 
 mated at 5,000 feet. Most of it is referred by Hayden, though without facts, to the doubtful " Coal 
 Group, forming the transition from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary ". We regard them all as properly 
 Cretaceous ; iu fact, in some of the upper strata, fossils belonging to No. 5 were found. As has 
 already been stated, beds of red clay immediately overlie some of the lowest Cretaceous strata ; 
 and, though their character is probably local aud changeable, they are so noticeable where they 
 occur that they deserve mention here. 
 
 Cretaceous No. 4.— The most distinctly-marked and characteristic member of the Cretaceous is 
 No. -4, or the Fort Pierre clays, which have already been fully described. Their thickness was esti- 
 mated at 700 to 1,000 feet. They extend from Carroll north aud south for a distance of twenty-five 
 miles from the Missouri. Further than this, they were observed below on the river one hundred 
 and fifty miles from Carroll, and from here to the Judith River a distance of two huudred miles. 
 Beds referred to these take part in the uplifted strata, both at the Judith Mountains aud the Little 
 Rocky Mountains, overlaid by Cretaceous No. 5. The Fort Pierre clays were not observed at any 
 greater distance from the river than the points mentioned ; and this is true, although beds both 
 below and above them have shared in the folding near the Bridger Mouutaius. From this, it is con- 
 cluded that the Fort Pierre clays are limited to the immediate valley of the Missouri at this point. 
 In other words, while the conditions were such as to cause an immense accumulation of mud in what 
 s now the immediate valley of the Missouri, different conditions prevailed at a greater distance 
 from the river, and deposits of sandstone were going on. 
 
 Cretaceous No. 5. — The Fox Hills Croup was determined beyond all question at three points: 
 at Box Elder Creek, near the Judith Mouutaius ; at Haymaker's Creek, near the Forks of the Mus- 
 selshell; and at the mouth of the Judith River. The rock in each case was a sandstone, which is 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 135 
 
 characteristic of the formation. Upper layers are very yellow and ferruginous, and lower beds 
 white and gray. The local changes are very great. At the Judith Mountains, the thickness of the 
 sandstone, at a point where some estimate of its relation to the underlying clays could be made, was 
 thought to be ahout 300 feet. North of the Missouri, at the Little Bocky Mountains, sandstones 
 similar to those of No. 5 wore seen overlyiug concretions, and selcnite-bearing shales, presumably 
 No. 4; and hence their existence here may be considered probable. If now Cretaceous No. 5 is 
 found at two points, on either side of the river, at a minimum distance of twenty-five miles, while 
 between is No. 4, and no trace of No. 5, what has become of the latter ? One fact observed may be 
 mentioned in this connection : the dark clays are carried from Carroll one hundred miles and more 
 down the river; and, at some of the lower points, these clays, which appear alone in the immediate 
 river-bank, have a capping at a little distance of white and yellow sandstone. This observation, 
 made from the deck of the steamboat, is of little value ; but it suggests that the No. 5 may be here, 
 where it belongs, directly overlying No. 4, while farther west, in the neighborhood of Carroll, it has 
 been removed by the glacial flood, to be mentioned later. 
 
 A more thorough study of the Cretaceous beds at the mouth of the Judith would no doubt have 
 assisted us materially in deciding the point in doubt had we beeu able to give the requisite time to 
 their examination. As it was, the relations of the beds were, as has been said, somewhat compli- 
 cated ; and we were able to do no more than to identify by fossils the several members of the group 
 exposed at that point. We found here the Port Pierre clays in close apposition with rocks 
 containing No. 5 fossils. 
 
 No. 0. Fort Union Group. — Beds of white sandstone, containing occasional layers of a clayey 
 brown sand-rock, were found at the mouth of the Judith Biver, evidently overlying the beds of No. 
 5, before referred to. Prom these deposits of sand, we obtained the vertebrae and long bones of 
 Dinosaurs, identified by Professor Marsh as belonging very near the genus Jladrosaurus of Leidy. 
 With these remains were found CJnios, and, in some layers, a little lignite; the general association 
 seeming to refer the deposits to the Port Union beds. Their thickness was estimated at 400 feet, 
 though no sufficient data were collected to warrant any great coulidence in this estimate. 
 
 Tertiary. — Distinct tertiary strata were observed in the neighborhood of Camp Baker, and their 
 relations have been so fully described that a repetition is unnecessary. It maybe mentioned, how- 
 ever, that the occurrence of a Miocene lake at this point, with beds 250 feet thick, is a matter of 
 no little interest, and opens many interesting questions as to the relations of this with the other 
 well-known Miocene lakes, as .also to the Pliocene beds of the Upper Missouri and the Yellowstone 
 Valley. The red and yellow slates, which seem to accompany the Miocene beds of Camp Baker, 
 may possibty be Lower Tertiary, although, as has been remarked, they are not conformable with 
 the overlying beds. In the absence of any decisive facts, however, we must leave this point 
 undecided. 
 
 Quaternary. — More or less distinct evidence of Quaternary action was obtained at several 
 points. True traveled drift was observed in the Missouri Valley alone. In Upper Yellowstoue 
 region, the amount of material transported has been immense; but the action is, comparatively 
 speaking, local. Fine strise, presumably glacial, were seen in the canon above the mouth of Work 
 Creek, and also iu the granitic rocks near the bridge. At the latter point, the amount of trans- 
 ported blocks was very large. It may be of interest to note that the blocks apparently from this 
 spot were traced south ; and some few scattered bowlders were seen within 1,500 feet of the top of 
 Mount Washburne, as if the action had been in that direction. This matter has been discussed 
 for this locality by others, and we refrain from carrying it further. 
 
 The drift at the foot of the Bridger Mountains, the Elk Range, Little Belt Mountains, Snow 
 Mouutains, and Judith Mountains, in many cases exceedingly abundant, is in all cases purely local ; 
 almost exclusively Carboniferous limestoue or trachyte. The masses and pebbles were distributed 
 in the time of glacial flood, when the flow of water from these hills was very great. The action of 
 this flow of water, in washing out deep valleys, has already been noticed. The special interest 
 attaching to Quaternary phenomena is connected with the facts observed in the Missouri Valley, 
 which have beeu alluded to, though not described in detail. North and south of the river from 
 Carroll, the prairie is more or less covered with drift-pebbles and masses, whose source is not to be 
 found in the neighboring ranges of hills. On the contrary, the southern limit of this drift is reached 
 
136 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 twenty-five miles from the river and about ten miles from tbe north limit of the Judith Mountains, 
 where tbe surface-drift changes its character and commences to be made up entirely of trachyte 
 from Cone Butte and tbe neighboring bills. To the north, the limit is not so distinctly marked ; but 
 it is reached within twenty miles of tbe river, where the trachyte of the Little Rocky Mountains 
 takes its place. This drift is divided into two classes quite distinct from each other : first, we 
 have the rounded pebbles, very uniformly scattered over the surface of the prairie ; and, second, 
 the large, angular blocks distributed here and there at random. The pebbles are generally small, 
 sometimes several inches in diameter, but more frequently much less. Tbey are flattened, quite 
 smooth, and in fact bear much the appearance of common stream-pebbles; they are almost never 
 glaciated. They show, however, the marks of the force of attrition by which they have been 
 smoothed into shape, for the surface-layer of those of uniform texture is curiously marked with 
 semicircular cracks, due to the constant blows which they have received against each other, giving 
 them often quite an ornamented appearance. The material of the pebbles is 90 per cent, quartzite, 
 generally yellow, sometimes dull red (jasper), and also rarely dark-colored. Tbe remaining 10 per 
 cent, is made up of material so heterogeneous that a catalogue of the varieties would be more 
 curious than valuable; pieces of fossil wood, however, must be mentioned. As has been stated, 
 tbe deposits are superficial in all cases. The material composing the drift of the second class is 
 very generally a bright-red syenite; this forms masses sometimes three or four feet in thickness, 
 but averaging about IS inches. Next in importance is a similar rock, in which the place of the 
 hornblende is taken mostly by black mica; still again, there are masses of black hornblende rock, 
 a grayish syenite, but very little true granite. All these have a very Archaean look. Masses of 
 semi crystalline limestone also occur, though not frequently. These blocks, as has been stated, are 
 uniformly angular, showiug little trace of wear. They are less uniformly distributed than the 
 pebbles. 
 
 The source of these drift masses can hardly be held in doubt. Confined, as they are, to the 
 Missouri Valley, they make it almost certain that tbey have been brought by running water iu the 
 direction of the present stream. In the flood which followed the melting of the ice, which, to a 
 greater or less extent, doubtless covered the higher mountains, and at a time when the land is sup- 
 posed to have been depressed, tbe waters may well have spread over a width of forty miles, cover- 
 ing the now so nearly level prairie, and could readily have transported the smaller washed pebbles. 
 Tbe large blocks evidently demand stronger agencies, and it is difficult to make any other suppo- 
 sition than that they have been carried by floating ice brought from the westward, from the high 
 mountains which form the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, in_whicb the red feldspar-syenites 
 and the quartzites must have a large development. This would account for their not being rolled 
 bowlders. To the same time of glacial floods belong the formations of the terraces seen ; especially 
 those at tbe Little Rocky Mountains and Judith Mountains. 
 
 Onr opportunities for making observations above and below Carroll on tbe river were exceed- 
 ingly limited. Masses of a syenitic rock were observed, here and there, down the river, prominent 
 at the month of the Musselshell River, and again at Fort Peck. Running notes from the steamboat- 
 deck have little value, and not much can be based upon them. Far down the Missouri, near Bis- 
 marck, eight hundred miles from Carroll, the drift bowlders are numerous, and the quaternary sands 
 form deep stratified deposits. These phenomena, however, join on to those which are observed more 
 and more decidedly to the eastward, and the source of which is to be found to the northeast. West 
 of Carroll, near the mouth of tbe Judith River, the drift just described was not observed. This 
 evidence is negative merely, since, if once deposited as below, it can easily be imagined that 
 subsequent denudation has obscured it. 
 
 It is interesting to note, iu connection with tbe facts stated in regard to tbe drift from the 
 westward, the extended and careful observations of a similar character, made at many different 
 points, by Mr. C M. Dawson, F. G. S., and described in the " Geology and Resources of the Region 
 in the Vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel," Montreal, 1875. 
 
 If the report in question be consulted, a full description of these interesting facts will be found. 
 It is sufficient for our purposes to call attention to tbe great prevalence of the quartzite drift over 
 the prairie far to tbe north of the Missouri. The general character of this drift was much the same 
 as that fouud by us, and it was also referred to the Rocky Mountains as its source. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAltK. 137 
 
 PERIOD OF MOUNTAIN-ELEVATION. 
 
 Much of the country covered by our reconnaissance is, in some respects, a unique one, as may 
 be gathered from the remarks previously made. The prairie, deeply gullied, as it is, by the Mis- 
 souri and other minor streams, is, in general, of a pretty level character. The strata are horizontal, 
 and there is little evidence of any elevation since those Cretaceous beds were laid down. Above 
 the prairie, at a uumber of points, rise ranges of hills of no very great extent, and with an altitude 
 averaging about 2,000 feet. They are seen far and near ; and, rising blue and misty in the distance, 
 from the dry, parched level, they are a most agreeable relief to the otherwise unbroken monotony of 
 the landscape. They are important as serving to redeem the country from utter worthlessness, since 
 they give rise to numbers of clear, flowing streams. The Judith Mountains, Moccasin, High wood, 
 Snow, Little Belt, and, north of the Missouri, the Little Rocky and Bear's Paw Motiu tains, are the most 
 prominent of these ranges. 
 
 Eisiug, as described, from the level prairie, it is to be expected that they would give good sec- 
 tions of the rocks which once lay horizontal over the whole of this part of the couutry. This would 
 doubtless be true, could the relations be studied in detail in each case. In fact, however, the exten. 
 sive denudation has left only remnants of once extensive formations, so that in a given spot the 
 continuity has been much interrupted. Furthermore, the commonly occurring ejection of masses 
 of igneous rocks has served as a decidedly disturbing element. 
 
 As to the time when the elevation of our numerous mountain-ridges took place, the evidence, 
 where decisive, points to the same conclusion reached elsewhere in the West, which indeed was to 
 be expected. The time of elevation followed the close of the Cretaceous era. This is clearly seen 
 at the Judith Mountains, where Cretaceous No. 5 has been involved iu the general disturbance- 
 The same cannot be questioned for the Little IJocky Mountains. The elevation of the Suow Mount- 
 ains and the Little Belt Range embraced Cretaceous deposits; and, though it cannot be positively 
 stated that the upper members of the formation came in at these points, this cannot be doubted, iu 
 view of the evidence. 
 
 The Bridger Mountains are the most interesting and satisfactory. They include strata from the 
 Primordial to the top of the Cretaceous; all apparently couformable, and all elevated at one time. 
 The junction of the Lower Silurian with the Carboniferous did not appear in that portion of the 
 range examined by us. 
 
 At the other poiuts where the Silurian was found, we unfortunately could not observe its rela- 
 tions to the overlying Carboniferous. At the Musselshell Caflon, the evidence is not conclusive ; 
 but the relations seem to imply confor inability from the Cretaceous down to the Primordial. At 
 Camp Baker, the Primordial stands alone; and we saw no evidence of the Carboniferous following- 
 it iu the sequence of the strata, as would be expected. This fact strongly suggested to us, while on 
 the ground, au earlier elevation of the Silurian ; but this cannot be regarded as of much weight, in 
 view of the fact that the extensive deposits of Miocene Tertiary may well cover up what follows and 
 would otherwise be exposed. 
 18 w 
 
RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS 
 
 NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS 
 
 R. P. WHITFIELD. 
 
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS. 
 
 By E. P. Whitfield. 
 
 Genus CKEP1CEPHALUS, Owen. 
 
 CREI'ICEPHALUS (LOGANELLUS) MONTANENSIS, 1). sp. 
 Plate 1, figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 Glabella and fixed cheeks, when united, subquadrangular in outline, contracted across the eyes, 
 and abruptly expanding in front. Glabella narrowly conical, moderately tapering anteriorly, some- 
 what squarely truncate in front, strongly elevated, and gibbous in the middle and along the central 
 line, marked by three pairs of lateral furrows, which are directed obliquely backward at their inner 
 ends; anterior pair very short, and placed near the anterior end of the glabella. Occipital furrow 
 only moderately strong. Fixed cheek rather narrow, not exceeding one-third the width of the glabella. 
 Eye-lobes proportionally large. Frontal limb long, equaling half the length of the glabella. No 
 perceptible anterior rim can be detected on the part preserved. Ocular ritlges distinct. Posterior 
 lateral limbs long and narrow, their lateral extension about equal to the width of the glabella. 
 
 The species is known only by the glabella and fixed cheeks, the latter imperfect; but the form 
 is so unlike any other of the genus described that there can be no difficulty in recognizing it. The 
 extreme elevation of the glabella is a marked feature. 
 
 Locality and formation. — In limestone of the Potsdam Group overlying quartzite near Camp 
 Baker, Montana. 
 
 Genus ARIONELLUS, Barrandc. 
 
 Arionellxts tripunctatus, n. sp. 
 
 Plate 1, figs. 3-5. 
 
 Specimens consisting ouly of the central parts of the head and separated movable cheeks. 
 
 Glabella conical, the height above the occipital furrow equal to the greatest width at the fur- 
 row; anterior end rounded, as wide as two-thirds of the length above the occipital furrow ; margins 
 defined by strong, well-defined dorsal furrows; surface moderately convex, and very faintly angular 
 along the median line ; marked by three pairs of very faint lateral furrows, which are directed 
 obliquely backward at their inner ends; occipital furrow deep, extending entirely across the base 
 of the head ; occipital ring moderately strong, and projecting backward in a central spine of unde- 
 termined length. 
 
 Fixed cheeks narrow and prominent, but rapidly sloping to the margins in front of the small, 
 prominent and somewhat pointed palpebral lobes. Frontal limb short, rapidly narrowing at the 
 sides, in front of the eyes, to the anterior furrow, which is deep and strong; anterior to the furrow 
 the limb is suddenly contracted and subangular in the'middle ; bottom of the furrow marked be- 
 tween the sutural margins by three deep well-marked pits. Posterolateral limbs narrow at their 
 origiu, beyond which they are unknown. 
 
 "The types of all the species liere described are in the Peabody Museum of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. 
 
142 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 Facial sutures directed forward on a line with the eye for a short distance, when they are 
 directed inward with a strong curvature to the anterior furrow, in front of which they converge 
 more rapidly, and, meeting in the median line, give an angular form to the frontal limb when the 
 movable cheeks are absent. Movable cheeks subtriangular, exclusive of the posterior spine; cen- 
 tral area convex; marginal rim strongly rounded and gradually widening from the front, posteriorly 
 to the origin of the spine, which is of moderate strength, and as long as the glabella and frontal 
 limb of the head. Surface of the movable cheeks covered with strong granules. The glabella anil 
 fixed cheeks have been similarly marked, judging from the pustulose surface of the cast of these 
 parts. Thorax and pygidium unknown. The surface-structure, together with the well-marked pits 
 in the frontal furrow, will serve to distinguish this from any other known species. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In limestones of the Potsdam Group; at Moss Agate Springs near 
 Camp Baker, Montana. 
 
 Genus GRYPHJEA, Lam. 
 
 GRYPBLEA FLANOCONYEXA, A. Sp. 
 Plate 2, figs. 9 & 10. 
 
 Shell of medium size; general outline more or less orbicular, or with a straightened cardina 
 margin ; transverse section planoconvex. Lower valve more or less rounded, often quite ventricose, 
 but sometimes depressed-convex ; beak small and narrow-pointed or truncate, usually somewhat 
 twisted, projecting slightly beyond the line of the hinge, and often incurved close to the cardinal 
 border. Upper valve flat or slightly concave, smaller than the other. Ligamental area of the 
 lower valve small; cartilage-groove narrow. Muscular imprints reuiform, eccentric. Substance 
 of the shell rather thiu and nacreous ; surface roughly lamellose. 
 
 The form of the shell as seen in several individuals strongly resembles that of an Anomia; but 
 on splitting open one of the specimens, it revealed the features of a Grypluva. The general form 
 and characters are so distinct from any known species from rocks of Jurassic age that it may be 
 readily recognized. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In rocks of Jurassic age in the Bridger Mountains, Montana ; asso- 
 ciated with Camptonectes bellitriata. C. e.vtenuatus, (ierrillia crecta M. & H., and Fleuromya subcom- 
 pressa— Myacites (I'leuromya) subcovipressa Meek. 
 
 Genus GERVILLIA, Defrance. 
 Geryillia sparsalirata, n. sp. 
 
 Plate 2, fig. 8. 
 
 Shell small, much below a medium size, very oblique, and rather sleuder; the axis of the body 
 of the shell forming an angle of not more than twenty to twenty-two degrees with the car- 
 dinal line. Anterior wing not determined, but apparently very small or obsolete; posterior 
 wing proportionally long and narrow, the surface flattened and the outer angle very obtuse ; body 
 of the shell convex, the left valve much the most rotund, scarcely or not at all curved in its direc- 
 tion. Anterior margin slightly convex ; basal margin rounded. Surface of the left valve marked 
 by about five comparatively strong radii, with wider interspaces, those along the middle of the 
 valve strongest and most distant; also by well marked, crowded, concentric lines, which are more 
 distinct in crossing the radii than between, and on the posterior wing are directed toward the hinge 
 in an almost direct line. Right valve less convex than the left and the markings less distinct. 
 
 This species somewhat closely resembles 6. montanensis Meek (Geol. Surv. of the Territ's, 1S72, 
 p. 472), but differs very materially in the smaller angle formed by the body of the shell with the 
 hinge-line, and also in the greater length of the hinge. It is possible it maybe only a strongly 
 marked variety of that species, but this can only be satisfactorily determined by more and better 
 specimens. At present, however, it seems impossible to identify it with that one. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In rock of Jurassic age at Bridger Mountains, Montana ; associated 
 with characteristic fossils of that formation. 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 143 
 
 Genus MYAL1NA, Dc Koninck. 
 
 MYALINA'l? (GEUV1LLIA) PERPLANA, II. sp. 
 
 Plate 1, fig. 8. 
 
 Shell rather above a medium size, and erect, elongate quadrangular in outline, with a rounded 
 basal margin; anterior and posterior borders subparallel, slightly diverging from the cardinal 
 margin toward the basal line, which is rather sharply rounded ; height of the shell nearly or twice 
 as great as the greatest length iu an anterior and posterior direction, and the cardinal border nearly 
 two-thirds as long as the greatest length of the shell. Surface of the left valve very depressed- 
 convex, the anterior uuiboual ridge being low and rounded a little within the anterior margin of 
 the shell ; beak small, compressed, uot projecting beyond the hinge-line. Surface marked by low 
 rounded undulations, on the body of the shell, parallel with the lines of growth, which become sharper 
 thread-like lines along the postero cardinal border. 
 
 The depressed and flattened shell, with the subparallel margins and erect form, will readily serve 
 to identify the species. It is possible that the species may prove to be more nearly related to 
 the genus Gervillia than to Myalina on the examination of other and better specimens; the surface- 
 lining of the shell very closely resembles species of that genus, and the posterior wing is somewhat 
 unlike Myalina, while its erect form is quite unlike GcrciUia. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In rocks of Jurassic age at Bridger Mouutains, Montana ; associated 
 with well-known Jurassic fossils. 
 
 Genus PINNA, Linn. 
 
 Pinna Ludlovi, n. sp. 
 
 Plate 1, figs, (i and 7. 
 
 Shell elongate triangular, very gradually increasing in width from the beaks toward the base; 
 the dorsal and byssal margins diverging at an angle of but little more than twenty degrees. Dor- 
 sal margin straight, as long as, or longer than the body of the shell ; basal margin, judging from the 
 lines of growth, nearly at right angles to the dorsal margin for a short distance, then directed, 
 with a rapidly increasing curvature, to the byssal border. Apex and umboues uuknowu. Surface 
 of the valves angularly convex, the left one the most veutricose, and the angularity quite percepti- 
 ble. Both valves are marked, except for a narrow space along the byssal margin, by numerous, 
 very distinct, and somewhat flexuous radiating ribs, strongest iu the middle of the shell, and 
 decreasing in strength toward each margin ; about twenty-two to twenty-four of the ribs may be 
 counted across the middle of the shell on the specimen figured, most of which are marked along 
 the middle by a distinctly-depressed line. Concentric lines distinctly marked and ofteu forming 
 undulatious in crossing the radii. Evidence, of minute, scattered, spiue-like projections exists upon 
 the surface of the radii. Transverse section across the closed valves angularly elliptical ; the 
 relative diameters about as one and two. 
 
 The strongly-radiated surface and duplicated ribs are features that will readily distinguish this 
 from other described species. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In limestones of the Goal Measures, in the canon of the Musselshell, 
 Montana. 
 
 Genus TAPES, Miihlf. 
 
 Tapes montanensis, n. sp. 
 
 Plate 2, figs. 1 and 2. 
 Shell small, transversely elongate-elliptical, the length being a little more than twice as great 
 as the height ; valves very depressed convex ; beaks subcentral, a little nearer the anterior end, 
 very depressed and inconspicuous, scarcely rising above the general slope of the cardinal border; 
 extremities sharply rounded, the anterior end broadest ; basal margin broadly rouuded, but a little 
 more arcuate than the cardinal border. Surface of the shell smooth, and presenting the appearauce 
 of having been polished, with scarcely perceptible lines of growth. 
 
144 RECONNAISSANCE FROM CARROLL, MONTANA, 
 
 We know of no described fossil shell very closely resembling this one. T. Wyomingensis 
 Meek is perhaps the most closely related, but differs conspicuously in the position of the beaks, 
 which, in that one, are situated only about one-fourth of the length from the anterior end, while in 
 this they are nearly central. 
 
 Locality and formation. — In Cretaceous strata near the mouth of the Judith River, Montana, 
 in beds apparently overlying the Fort Pierre shales. 
 
 Genus MACTRA, Linn. 
 
 Mactea maia, n.sp. 
 Plate 2, fig. 5. 
 
 Shell small, sab triangular in outline, with moderately convex valves. Anterior and posterior 
 cardinal slopes uearly equal, the anterior side a little the longest and less abrupt; concave between 
 the beak and the anterior end, while the posterior margin is convex. Anterior extremity narrow, 
 rather strongly rounding upward from the basal margin; posterior extremity subangular; basal 
 line very convex, slightly emarginate just within the posterior angle; beak short, broad, and 
 obtusely pointed, the apex minute, curving, and closely appressed. Body of the shell somewhat 
 regularly convex from beak to base, marked by a strong, subangular, posterior umboual ridge, 
 behind which the shell slopes abruptly to the margin, and just within which there is a very faintly 
 depressed sulcus extending from below the umbo to the basal line. Anterior umboual ridge 
 rounded and abrupt. 
 
 The specimen from which the description is taken is a partial cast, so that the surface is not per- 
 fectly seen ; it appears, however, to have been nearly smooth, or with only fine lines of growth. The 
 hiuge characters are not clearly made out; the posterior lateral tooth, however, is seen to be long 
 and slender, reaching nearly one-half of the distance between the beak and posterobasal angle- 
 The pallial sinus is somewhat rounded, slightly directed upward, and extends nearly to, or more than 
 one-third of the length of the shell from the posterior end. 
 
 This species is very similar in general expression to M. incompta White, MS., but differs in 
 being longest anterior to the beaks, while the reverse is the case with that species. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In beds of the Cretaceous formation believed to overlie the Fort Pierre 
 shales near the mouth of the Judith River. 
 
 Genus SANGUINOLARIA, Lam. 
 
 SANGTJINOLARIA OBLATA^J], sp. 
 Plate 2, figs. 3 aud 4. 
 
 Shell small, transversely broad-elliptical or suboval, widest anterior to the middle of the length, 
 where the width is equal to about two thirds of the length ; extremities broadly rounded, the pos- 
 terior one most sharply curved ; basal margin strongly rounded, most abruptly so anterior to the 
 middle of its length ; cardinal margin much less strongly rounded than the basal border, slightly 
 contracted posterior to the beaks, which are small, compressed, and but slightly projecting beyond 
 the cardinal border. Surface of the left valve very depressed-convex, most strongly curved across 
 the shell from beak to base, and, judging from the form, has been more convex than the right 
 valve ; posterior end marked by a very faint sulcus passiug from behind the beaks to the postero- 
 cardinal margin. 
 
 Surface of the shell marked by line concentric undulations and finer lines of growth. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In sandy limestone of Cretaceous age near the mouth of the Judith 
 River, overlying the Fort Pierre shales. 
 
 Genus THRACIA, Leach. 
 
 TriR/VCIA (CORIMYA) GlJTNNELLI, 11. Sp. 
 Plate 2, figs. C anil 7. 
 Shell of medium size, transversely broad suboval, nearly equilateral, slightly iuequivalve, aud 
 apparently a little gaping posteriorly. Basal margin of the shell forming a regular elliptical curve 
 
TO YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 145 
 
 between the points of greatest length; dorsal margin less regular than the basal, slightly con- 
 tracted behind the beaks ; anterior side somewhat rapidly sloping lor two-thirds of the distance 
 between the beaks and anterior extremity; extremities sharply rounded, a little less abruptly 
 above than below the middle of the height. Beaks of moderate size, rather broad, slightly pro- 
 jecting above the cardinal line, that of the right valve the largest and extending beyond the left. 
 External ligament small, prominent, and situated close behind the beaks. 
 
 Surface of the valves moderately convex, and apparently a little bent in an anterior and pos- 
 terior direction ; the left valve being the most convex. (This is the opposite from what is usually 
 the case.) Valves marked by distinct but irregular and somewhat crowded concentric undulations, 
 aud also by a slightly depressed, oblique, somewhat curving sulcus extending from behind the 
 beaks to the postero-basal border, which it scarcely modifies. Internal features and hinge-structure 
 unknown. 
 
 The shell bears considerable resemblance to Thracia Prouti Meek and Haydeu (=Tcllina Prout 
 M. & H., Proc. A. N. S. Phil., vol. S, p. 82), but is less contracted posterior to the beaks, aud the 
 dorsal margin slopes more rapidly anteriorly, the shell being less full aud rounded on this part ; 
 the beaks are also larger, aud project above the cardinal line more than in that one ; the basal line 
 is also more regularly curved, that one roundiug upward more strougly in front and less so behind, 
 giving a straighter posterobasal margin. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In rocks of Cretaceous age at the mouth of the Judith Kiver, Mon- 
 tana, which overlie the Fort Pierre shales of that locality. 
 
 Genus VANIKOEOPSIS, Meek. 
 
 Yanikoropsis Toumeyana. 
 
 Plate 2, figs. 11-13. 
 
 Natica Toumeyana, M. & H., Proc. A. N. S. Phil., vol. viii, p. 270, 1S5G. 
 
 Xaticopsis f Toumeyana, M. & EL, ib., vol. xii, p. 423. — Meek, Smithsonian Check-List, Invert. 
 
 Foss., p. 18, 1861. 
 Yanikoropsis Toumeyana, Meek, Pal. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territ., p. 332, pi. 39, fig. 2. 
 
 Shell rather large, uaticoid in form, subglobose and a little oblique, composed of about four 
 very ventricose, but not inflated volutions ; spire short, depressed, conical, the slope of the spire 
 inclosing an angle of about one hundred and five degrees ; suture-line deep and well pronounced ; 
 body-volution forming more than two-thirds of the entire height of the shell; aperture broadly 
 oval, rounded, and very slightly extended below, a little straightened on the columella!- side, and 
 slightly modified above by the preceding volution ; columellar lip thickened and spreading on the 
 body of the preceding volution, aud covering but not concealing the umbilicus, or forming a true 
 callus. Umbilicus small and deep. 
 
 Surface of the two outer volutions marked by strong, transverse undulations, or ridges, par- 
 allel to the margin of the aperture, and numbering about fifteen on the outer whorl; also, by 
 coarse, revolving bands which cross the undulations aud have slightly flattened interspaces ; four 
 of the bands occupying the space of about one-fourth of an inch on the middle of the outer 
 volution. Substance of the shell very thick aud solid. 
 
 When describing this species, we had supposed it to be entirely new, not having recognized it 
 in the description of the imperfect individual used by Mr. Meek ; but, on seeing his figure above 
 cited, we suspect it may only be a more strongly marked individual of that species, and, although 
 no direct comparison has beeu made, we do not hesitate to consider it in that light. It differs, 
 however, in being more elevated and in the stronger vertical folds. 
 
 Formation and locality. — In beds of Cretaceous age overlying the Fort Pierre shales near the 
 mouth of the Judith Kiver, Montana. 
 19 w 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 
 
 Crepicephalus (Loganeixus) montanensis. 
 
 Pajie. 
 
 Fig. 1. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks partly restored in outline 1-11 
 
 Fig. 2. Profile of the same, showing the elevation of the middle portion 141 
 
 AlUONELLUS TRIPUXCTATTJS. 
 
 Fig. 3. View of the glabella and fixed cheeks, showing the form and surface-markings 141 
 
 Figs. 4 and 5. Left and right movable cheeks of the species 141 
 
 Pinna Ltjdlovi. 
 Fig. C. View of the right side of the specimen described, showing the radii, with their characteristic duplica- 
 tions 143 
 
 Fig. 7. View of the specimen looking upon the cardinal line, showing the convexity of the shell 143 
 
 Myaxeja (Geevillia) perplana. 
 
 Fig. 8. View of the specimen, with the basal portion restored, according to the lines of growth 143 
 
 GRYPIIiEA planoconvexa. 
 
 Fig. 9. View of a lower valve, retaining a portion of the shell and showing the beak. The lower part of the 
 
 specimen is wholly an internal cast, and shows the form and position of the muscular impression 14'2 
 
 Fig. 10. View of the under surface of the specimen as seen when separated from the shell of the smaller valve, 
 
 showing the cartilage-area of the lower valve and the muscular imprint of the smaller one 142 
 
NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS 
 Capt Wm Ludlow's Exp. to Yellowstone Park, 1875. 
 
 Plate 
 
 Sinclair I Son. lit. Phila 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. 
 
 Tapes montanensis. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 1. View of the left valve, natural size 143 
 
 Fig. 2. The same enlarged, showing the nearly obsolete stria> 143 
 
 Sanguinolabia oblata. 
 
 Fig. 3. View of a left valve, natural size 144 
 
 Fig. 4. View of the same, enlarged to show more distinctly the form 144 
 
 Mactka mai a. 
 Fig. 5. View of a left valve, enlarged, showing the general form of the shell, the impression left by the removal 
 
 of the posterior lateral tooth, and the sinus of the pallial line 144 
 
 Theacia (Cobimya) Geestnelli. 
 
 Fig. 6. View of the right side of the specimen 144 
 
 Fig. 7. Cardinal view of the same, showing the bending of the valves 144 
 
 GEBVIIXIA SPABSU.IEATA. 
 
 Fig. 8. View of the left side of the specimen described; the posterior end restored in outline 142 
 
 Gryphjda planoconvexa. 
 Fig. 9. Cardiual view of a very convex lower valve, showing the curved beak, which is truncated by attachment 
 
 to some foreign substance 142 
 
 Fig. 10. View of the exterior of same, showing the general form 142 
 
 Vanikobopsis Toumeyana. 
 
 Figs. 11 and 12. Views of the opposite sides of the specimen described, showing the characters of the shell; the 
 
 latter figure showing the aperture as seen on the specimen broken and imperfect 145 
 
 Fig. 13. A restored figure, showing what would appear to be the form of the aperture when complete. The 
 
 umbilicus is shown as seen in the specimen when turned niore to the right than in fig. 12 145 
 
.NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS 
 Cap!- Wm Ludlow's Exp. to Yellowstone Park, 1875. 
 
 ~\ 
 
 . 
 
 ".' .-indair i. :cr .li-:..::.i^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aciiturw bariramiua 87 
 
 ASgialitis monlanw 86 
 
 vodferus 85,92 
 
 Agelaeus phceniceus 78 
 
 Ahtndidte 74 
 
 Alee americana 09, 91 
 
 Aleedinidee 80 
 
 Alcedo alcyon : 80 
 
 Alkaline deposits 99 
 
 Alluvial clays 97 
 
 Alluvial deposits 97 
 
 Alum Creek 23,0-2 
 
 American Fork, (Musselshell) 57 
 
 American Lauuer Falcon 82 
 
 American Widgeon 88 
 
 Amethyst Mountain 30 
 
 Ammonites Ilalli 101 
 
 Ampelidw 70 
 
 Ampelis cedrorum 70 
 
 garrulus 70 
 
 Analysis of alkali 100 
 
 Anas bosckas 88 
 
 Anatidce 88 
 
 Anchura \ 101 
 
 Aiiser liyperboreus 88, 92 
 
 Antelope 70 
 
 Antkus Ludovicianus 74,91 
 
 Antilocapra americana 70,91 
 
 Appearance of country near Carroll 100 
 
 Aquila eltrysaelos 83 
 
 Aiehibittco ferrugitieus 83 
 
 lagopttssaiicti-jaltaintis 83,92 
 
 Architectural Geyser 131 
 
 Arctic Bluebird 73 
 
 Arctic Townee 78 
 
 Arctqmys Jlavirenter 07, 91 
 
 Ardea Herodias 87 
 
 A rdeidw 87 
 
 Argillitie slate 113 
 
 Arionellus tri-punelalns 117, 141 
 
 Arkansas Flycatcher 80 
 
 Armell's Creek 33,79 
 
 Arrow Creek 124 
 
 Artemisia 100 
 
 Arvicola riparia 68,91 
 
 Assinaboines 11, 04 
 
 Astronomical observations 38-52 
 
 A thyris 1 13, 121, 133 
 
 planosiiletita 121 
 
 subtilita 121 
 
 Audubon's Warbler 74 
 
 Aulopora 113 
 
 Avocet 86 
 
 Ii. 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Baculites ovatus 101,120 
 
 Badger 00 
 
 Bad Lands 13,73 
 
 Baird's Sandpiper 80 
 
 Baker, Camp 07,09,74,114 
 
 Baker Lake Basin 116 
 
 Bald Butte 107 
 
 Bank Swallow 75 
 
 Barn Swallow 75 
 
 Bartramian Sandpiper -7 
 
 Bay Lynx 63 
 
 Bay-winged Bunting 77 
 
 Bear, Black 66 
 
 Cinnamon 66 
 
 Grizzly 66 
 
 Bear's Paw Mountains 55 
 
 Beaver 67 
 
 Creek 57 
 
 Beehive Geyser 20, 131 
 
 Benson's Ferry 57 
 
 Benton, Fort 9,12 
 
 Berthold, Fort, 11,71 
 
 Big Belt Mountains 114 
 
 Elk Creek 57 
 
 Spring Creek 14, 107 
 
 Timber Creek 57 
 
 Bighorn 70 
 
 Birds 72 
 
 Bismarck, Dak 11,32 
 
 Bison 71 
 
 Bitter Root Mountains 120 
 
 Black Bear --. 66 
 
 Bntte 100 
 
 Black Hills, Dakota 85 
 
 Black-billed Cuckoo 80 
 
 Blackbird, White- winged 78 
 
 Red-winged 78 
 
 Black breasted Woodpecker < s 
 
 Blackhead, Lesser - 89 
 
 Black-tailed Deer 70 
 
 Creek 19 
 
 Black-throated Banting 78 
 
 Bluebird, Arctic 73 
 
 Western 7:: 
 
 Blue Grouse 84 
 
 Blue Heron, Great, 87 
 
 Blue-headed Grakle 78 
 
 Blue-winged Teal 89 
 
 Bobolink 78 
 
 Bohemian Waxwing 76 
 
 Bonusa wmbellus umbelloides 85,92 
 
 Bos americanus 71,91 
 
 Bottler's ranch 17 
 
148 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bovidw 71 
 
 Box Elder Creek 13,70,79 
 
 stat ion 13 
 
 Bozomau ...' 17,65,67 
 
 Brackett's Creek 16 
 
 Branta canadensis 88,92 
 
 Brewer's Sulphur .Spring 114 
 
 Bridger Creek 65 
 
 Mountains 16,6S,79 
 
 Pass 16,83,118 
 
 Bridge over Yellowstone 19,66,74 
 
 Broken Horn 26 
 
 Brook, Meadow 19 
 
 Browning, Captain 14 
 
 Brown Eat 68- 
 
 Thrush 72 
 
 Bryozoan 113 
 
 Bubo Virginianus 81 
 
 Bucephala albeola 89,92 
 
 Buffalo 63,71 
 
 Creek 109 
 
 Heart Mountain 106 
 
 Mountain 71 
 
 Rapids 35 
 
 Bnfflehead S9 
 
 Buford,Fort 81 
 
 Banting, Black-throated 78 
 
 Burrowing Owl 86 
 
 Burnt Creek 57 
 
 Bu teo borealis 82 
 
 calurus 82,92 
 
 swainsoiii 82, 92 
 
 Buzzard, Turkey . 83 
 
 C. 
 
 < 'ahnnospi:a bieohir 78 
 
 Gallista Deioegi 126 
 
 Camas Creek 114, 115 
 
 Camp Baker 15,115 
 
 Cooke 33, 56 
 
 Lewis 14,107 
 
 CampophyUum torquium 110, 121 
 
 Camptonectes beUistriata 121 
 
 extenualus 121 
 
 Canada Goose 88 
 
 Lynx 63 
 
 Canidce 63 
 
 Cants latrans ; 64,90 
 
 ocddentalis 63, 90 
 
 Canon of Coal Creek 17 
 
 Musselshell 84 
 
 Vellowstoue, Grand 22 
 
 Second 18 
 
 Capri mnlgidie 80 
 
 Carboniferous fossils 119 
 
 limestone 107, 110 
 
 rocks 133 
 
 Carcajou 65 
 
 Cardium speciosum 156 
 
 Carpodacus cassini 76, 91 
 
 Carroll 12,14,101 
 
 road 11, 15 
 
 Cascade Creek 21 
 
 Cassia's Purple Finch 76 
 
 Castle Geyser 26,132 
 
 Castor canadensis 67,91 
 
 Catbird 72 
 
 Catamount 63 
 
 Cathartcs aura 83 
 
 Cathirtida: 83 
 
 Cedar-bird 76 
 
 Centrocercus uropliasianus 85 
 
 CerHdw 69 
 
 Ccrrus canadensis 69, 91 
 
 hiacrotis 70,91 
 
 virginianus 70 
 
 Cenjle alcyon 92 
 
 (■halites 121 
 
 Character of Hopley's Hole Ill 
 
 Chartitlriidic 85 
 
 Chaulelasmus sirepcrus tS 
 
 Cherry Creek 57 
 
 Chestnut-collared Longspnr 76 
 
 Chickadee, Long-tailed 73 
 
 Mountain' 73 
 
 Chippy Western 77 
 
 Chondestes grammaca 78, 91 
 
 ebonites 129,133 
 
 granulifera 121,129 
 
 nwsoloba 121 
 
 subumboiia 129 
 
 Chordeiles virginianus henryi 80 
 
 Chrysomitris pinus 76 
 
 tristis 76 
 
 Cinclida: .' 72 
 
 Oinclus mexieaiius 72, 91 
 
 Cinnabar Mountain 18 
 
 Cinnamon Bear 66 
 
 Circus cya ueus hudsonius '. 81,92 
 
 Cisloihorus pahtstris 74,91 
 
 Claggett's 33,56 
 
 Clark's Crow 79 
 
 Clay-colored Sparrow 77 
 
 Cliff Swallow 75 
 
 Coal Creek 17 
 
 '' Coal Group " 122,134 
 
 Series" 119 
 
 Coccygus erythropUtalmus 80 
 
 Colaptes 80 
 
 auratus 81 
 
 mexivanus 81,92 
 
 Cold Spring Creek 57 
 
 Collurio ludorhiaiiiis e.reubitoroides 7d 
 
 ( 'oiumbida- 83 
 
 Colymbidie 90 
 
 Colymbus torquatus 90 
 
 Common Dove 83 
 
 Common Wild Goose Bd 
 
 Concretions at Crooked Creek 101 
 
 Cone Butte 71,82,104 
 
 Con topus borealis ^2 
 
 eirens richardsonii - 80,92 
 
 Cooper, Dr 84 
 
 Cooper'sHawk 82 
 
 Coot 88 
 
 Copperopolis 15, 113 
 
INDEX. 
 
 149 
 
 Page. 
 
 Copper-ore 114 
 
 Corals ___ 133 
 
 Corvidm 79 
 
 Corvus amcricaiius 79 
 
 oorase 79 
 
 Cottonwood Creek If,, 109 
 
 Coturniculus passcrinus pcrpaWdm 77 
 
 Coli/Jc riparia 75 
 
 Cow Bunting 73 
 
 Coyote 64 
 
 Crane, Sandhill S7 
 
 Cra&mtella jog 
 
 radosa 100 
 
 Crater of Old Faithful 2(i 
 
 Crazy Woman's Mountains 57 
 
 Crepicephalua (Loganellm) montaneneis 117, 141 
 
 Cretaceous clays 97 
 
 No. 4 90, 1:34 
 
 No.5 10 3 134 
 
 N0.6 X-27,'135 
 
 Crooked Creek 13 (54 jqi 
 
 Crossbill, Red ..........'. ' 70 
 
 Crow 7<j 
 
 agency, old 57 
 
 Crow, Clark's 79 
 
 Crows 14,15,04 
 
 Cryptonclla 1( ,7 
 
 Crystals of gypsum 99 
 
 Cliculida: : ; gQ 
 
 Curlew, Long-billed 87 
 
 Cyanospiza amcena 78 91 
 
 Ci/anurus cristatus 79 
 
 slelleri maerolophus , 7i) 92 
 
 Cyatbopbylloid coral 110 mi 
 
 Cygnus buccinator gg 93 
 
 Oynomys ludorician its g 7 
 
 Oysliphyllum 121 
 
 D. 
 
 Dafila acuta 88 93 
 
 Daisy Dean Creek 15 
 
 Dana, E. S 9 97 
 
 Dawson, G. M., report of 130 
 
 Deep Creek 15 114 
 
 Deer, Black-tailed ' 79 
 
 Mule ""__" 70 
 
 Red 70 
 
 White-tailed 7u 
 
 Deer Creek, White-tailed 73, 115 
 
 Ih nitni ca a'stica 74 
 
 andubonii 71,91 
 
 Deposits, alluvial 97 
 
 Descriptions of new fossils 141 
 
 Desert, Idaho . n 
 
 I >rst ruction of geyser craters 00 
 
 Devil's Slide "_ 18 
 
 Workshop o :i 
 
 Dinosaurs jj- 
 
 DjPPer 72,89 
 
 Distances on Missouri River from Bismarck to Ben- 
 ton r, : . 
 
 Distribution of the formations 130 
 
 Diver, Great Northern an 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Dog River 55 
 
 Duhchonyx oryziroriiK 73 
 
 Dove, Common 83 
 
 Turtle ' 83 
 
 Downy Woodpecker g] 
 
 Drift near Missouri River 101, 135 
 
 Duck, Gray gg 
 
 Pin-tail _ _ . gg 
 
 White-winged Surf 81) 
 
 Duck Creek 57 
 
 route ]5 
 
 Duck Hawk gg 
 
 Dusky Grouse kg 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, Golden 53 
 
 White-headed H3 
 
 Eastern Montana 89 
 
 East Gallatin Range us 
 
 Edopistes mi uraturia 83 
 
 Elephant's Back yo 
 
 KU< 0!) 
 
 Creek, Big 57 
 
 Little 57 
 
 Range 113 
 
 Ellis, Fort 10, 130 
 
 Elotherium 1 10 
 
 Em igraut Peak 17, 82 
 
 Finpidunax piisiUu-i 92 
 
 Eporeodon no 
 
 EremopUla alpestris leucolaima 74 
 
 Erithizon epixanihus 09,01 
 
 Euompnalus 121 
 
 Euspiza americana 78 
 
 F. 
 
 Falco columbarius (.') richardsnnii -_ 82 
 
 communis amatum 82,92 
 
 laniarius polyagrus 82 
 
 sparverius 82, 92 
 
 Falcon, American Launer 82 
 
 Richardson's 82 
 
 Faleonidce 81 
 
 Falls of the Yellowstone 20 
 
 Lower 21,72 
 
 Upper 22,73 
 
 Fan Geyser 29 
 
 feldspar K15 
 
 Felidw 03 
 
 Felis concolor 03 
 
 Ferruginous Hawk s:s 
 
 Fiber zibeihicim 68 
 
 Finch, Cassiu's Purple 70 
 
 Grass 77 
 
 Lark 78 
 
 Lazuli 7S 
 
 Pine 70 
 
 Firehole River 25- 
 
 Valley 66 
 
 Fish-hank 83 
 
 Flathead Creek 118, 123, 134 
 
 Pass 134 
 
 Pleshmau's Creek 57 
 
150 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Flicker 81 
 
 Flycatcher, Arkansas 80 
 
 Say's SO 
 
 Forks of the Musselshell 83 
 
 Fort Benton 9 
 
 Berthold 11 
 
 Buford 11,81 
 
 Ellis 16,130 
 
 Peck 11,13,80 
 
 Shaw 11 
 
 Stevenson 11,65 
 
 Pierre Group 99 
 
 fossils of 101 
 
 Union Group 135 
 
 'Fossil Ferns" 102 
 
 Fish" 102 
 
 Fossils, iu vertebrate 9(5 
 
 vertebrate 91) 
 
 Fox Hills Group 103,104,134 
 
 Fox, Kit 01 
 
 Prairie 64 
 
 Swift 64 
 
 Freeman , Maj. H 15, 7 6 
 
 FringiUida- ™ 
 
 Fiiiiea americana - 83 
 
 Fitligula affirm 89 
 
 Fusus Galpinianus .103 
 
 G. 
 
 Gad wall S3 
 
 Galeocerdo 112 
 
 Gallatin River, Middle Fork 5S 
 
 Valley 15,120 
 
 Galliuago wilsonii 86 
 
 Game, destruction of 59 
 
 Gap, Judith 64,111 
 
 Gardiner's Falls 19 
 
 River --- 18,68 
 
 Springs 17,83,86 
 
 General conclusions 132 
 
 report - 9 
 
 Geological report 95 
 
 Geoihlypis Philadelphia maegiUirrayi 75 
 
 triehas 74,91 
 
 Gervillia erccta 121 
 
 aparsaUrata . , 121, 142 
 
 Geyser Basin, Lower 25, 80,86, 130 
 
 Upper 12,16,25,131 
 
 Geysers of Yellowstone Park 130 
 
 Giant 26,132 
 
 Giantess 26,131 
 
 Giant's Thumb IS 
 
 Glaiteonome 129 
 
 Golden-crowned Thrush 74 
 
 Golden Eagle 83 
 
 Golden-winged Woodpecker 81, 95 
 
 Goniaphra melanoceplmla 91 
 
 Goosander 39 
 
 Goose, Canada 88 
 
 Common Wild - S3 
 
 Snow... S3 
 
 Gopher 68 
 
 Grakle, Blue-headed 78 
 
 Grand Canon of Yellowstone 22 
 
 Page. 
 
 Grand Geyser 26,131 
 
 Granitic rocks 132 
 
 Grass Finch 77 
 
 Gray Duck 83 
 
 Jav 79 
 
 Wolf 63 
 
 Great Blue Heron 
 
 Horned Owl SI 
 
 Northern Diver 90 
 
 Yellowshanks 87 
 
 Grebe, Horned 90 
 
 Pied-billed 90 
 
 Greene, F. Y 9 
 
 Green-winged Teal 89 
 
 Grinnell, George Bird 9, 62, 97 
 
 Grizzly Bear 66 
 
 Gros Ventres of the Prairie 64 
 
 Grotto Geyser 25,132, 
 
 Ground Squirrel, Missouri 67 
 
 Richardson's 67 
 
 Grouse, Blue 84 
 
 Dusky 84 
 
 Rocky Mountain Ruffed 
 
 Sage - ; > 
 
 Sharp- tailed 65 
 
 Gniidir s7 
 
 Gnts canadensis 87,92 
 
 Grgphaa 112,122 
 
 planoconrcra 121, 142 
 
 Gulch, Emigrant 45 
 
 Gull, Ring-billed 90 
 
 Gttlo hiscns 90 
 
 H. 
 
 Hddrosaurns 125, 135 
 
 Haliaetus leucocephahis B3 
 
 Hancock, Mount 20 
 
 Hare, Prairie 66 
 
 Harporhynchus rufits 73 
 
 Harris's Woodpecker SO 
 
 Hawk, Cooper's - 82 
 
 Duck 82 
 
 Ferruginous 33 
 
 Fish - 83 
 
 Marsh 81 
 
 Red-tailed - 82 
 
 Rough-legged 83 
 
 Sharp-shinned 82 
 
 Sparrow 82 
 
 Swainsou's 82 
 
 Western Red-tailed 82 
 
 Hayden, Dr. F. V 9,18 
 
 Haymaker's Creek 15, 111 
 
 Height of Lower Falls - 22 
 
 plateau at Carroll 100 
 
 Uppper Falls 21 
 
 Helena, Mon t 13, 15 
 
 Helena road. 100 
 
 Heron, Great Blue 87 
 
 Kesperomys 67 
 
 leucopus sonorit nsis 68,91 
 
 Hills, Sweet Grass Tl 
 
 Hintndinidir T5 
 
 Hirundo horreorum 75. 9 1 
 
 thalansina 75,91 
 
INDEX. 
 
 151 
 
 Page. 
 
 Hooded Merganser - 89 
 
 Hopley's Hole 15,111 
 
 Hornblende 105 
 
 Horned doe-antelopes barren 70 
 
 G rebe 90 
 
 Owl.'Great 81 
 
 Lark 74 
 
 Hot Spring Creek 57 
 
 House Mouse 08 
 
 Wren, Western 73 
 
 Humphreys, Mount 14,20 
 
 Hystri&dce 69 
 
 I. 
 
 Icteria virens 75 
 
 Icteridce 78 
 
 Icterus bullocMi 91 
 
 Idaho Desert 21 
 
 Inoceramwt 101, 103, 122 
 
 lenmlineapus 101 
 
 Jamestown, Dak 76 
 
 Jay, Gray 79 
 
 Long-crested 79 
 
 Jay Creek 29 
 
 Jones, Captain 9, 18 
 
 Judith Bad Lauds 55,124 
 
 Basin 9,14 
 
 Gap 14,64,111 
 
 Mountains 14,70,87,103 
 
 River 14,64 
 
 Jumping Mouso 68 
 
 Jwnco oregonus 77,91 
 
 Jurassic 119, 133 
 
 K. 
 
 Killdeer Plover 85 
 
 Kingbird 80 
 
 Kingfisher 80 
 
 Kit Fox 64 
 
 L. 
 
 Lagomys princeps 91 
 
 Lake, Yellowstone 24 
 
 Lamna 112 
 
 Laniidce 76 
 
 Lanuer Falcon, American 82 
 
 Laridw 90 
 
 Lark Finch 78 
 
 Lark, Horned 74 
 
 Shore 74 
 
 Western Meadow 78 
 
 Larus delawaremia 90,92 
 
 Lazuli Finch... w 78 
 
 Least Sandpiper 86 
 
 Lcporidie 69 
 
 Ltpns artemisia 69 
 
 hairdi 91 
 
 campestris 69 
 
 Lesser Blackhead S9 
 
 Yellowlegs 87 
 
 Letters of transmittal 9,62,96 
 
 Lewis, Camp , ,..,.., 14, 107 
 
 Pa;;.-. 
 
 Lewis' Woodpecker 8 1 
 
 Liberty Cap 18 
 
 Lion, Mountain 63 
 
 l.iopislliu(( gnid In ) ii iidn In 103, 126 
 
 List of Mammals and Birds 63 
 
 Little Belt Mountains 14,84,111 
 
 Crooked Creek 13,72,80,101 
 
 Missouri 65 
 
 Rocky Mouutaius 33, 127 
 
 Rocky Creek 34,128 
 
 Timber Creek 57 
 
 Trout Creek 109 
 
 Lobipcs hypcrborcns 86 
 
 Long-billed Curlew 87 
 
 Marsh Wren 74 
 
 Long-crested Jay 79 
 
 Longspur, C'best nut-collared 76 
 
 Macco wn's 77 
 
 Long-tailed Chicadee 73 
 
 Loou 90 
 
 Louisiana Tanager 75 
 
 Lower Falls 73 
 
 Loxia currirostra americana 76, 91 
 
 Lucina occidentals 101 
 
 ventrieosa 101 
 
 Ludlow, Edwin 10 
 
 Col. Win 8,62,96 
 
 Lunatia coneinna 103,126 
 
 Lutra canadensis 65 
 
 Lynx, Bay 63 
 
 Cauada 63 
 
 Lynx canadensis 63,90 
 
 rufus 63,90 
 
 M. 
 
 Maccown's Longspur 77 
 
 Mackinac boat 9, 33, 35 
 
 Mactra sp 101 
 
 maia 103,144 
 
 Warreniana 103,126 
 
 Madison River, East Fork of 25 
 
 Magpie 7<J 
 
 Mallard 88 
 
 Mammals, list of 63 
 
 Mammoth Hot Springs 17 
 
 Mandaus H 
 
 Mareca americana 88 
 
 Marsh, O.C 96 
 
 Marsh Hawk 81 
 
 Marsh- Wren, Loug-billed 74 
 
 Marten & 5 
 
 Martin, Purple "•» 
 
 Sand 75 
 
 Maryland Yellowthroat 74 
 
 Meadow Brook 20 
 
 Meadow Lark, Western 78 
 
 Medicine Peak 57 
 
 Meeting of tho Three Waters 120 
 
 Melanerpes erythrocephalus 81,92 
 
 torquatus 81,92 
 
 Melosjpiza mdodia fallax 77 
 
 Mephitis bicolor 
 
 mcphilica ... TT .,,, , ?rTr . 65,90 
 
152 
 
 Merganser, Hooded 89 
 
 Mergus cucitllaUis 89 
 
 merganser 89; 92 
 
 Merriam, C: II 61,88,90 
 
 Merychyus 116 
 
 Mimus caroUncnsis 72,91 
 
 Miuk 05 
 
 Miocene Tertiary 115 
 
 Missouri Ground Squirrel 66 
 
 River, alluvial deposits of 117 
 
 Sky-lark 74 
 
 Molothrus peeoris 78, 91 
 
 Moose 09 
 
 Moss Agate Springs 116, 117 
 
 MotaciUidm 74 
 
 Mount Hancock .' 20 
 
 Humphreys 20 
 
 Sheridan 20 
 
 Washburne 'JO 
 
 Mountain Buffalo 71 
 
 Chickadee 73 
 
 Liou 63 
 
 Mocking-bird 72 
 
 Plover 86 
 
 Sheep 70 
 
 Mountain-elevation, period of 137 
 
 Mountains, Bear's Paw 13, 55 
 
 Big Belt, 115 
 
 Bitter Root 120 
 
 Crazy Woman's 57,120 
 
 Judith 14,70,103 
 
 Little Belt 14,84,110 
 
 Rocky 33,127 
 
 Snowy 15,109 
 
 Sweet Grass 71,79 
 
 Yellowstone 57 
 
 Mourning Warbler, Western 74 
 
 Mouse, House 08 
 
 Jumping OS 
 
 Meadow 08 
 
 Western White-footed 68 
 
 M ad-geysers 23 
 
 Mud-hen 88 
 
 Mud-puffs 131 
 
 Mule Deer 70 
 
 Wuridce 68 
 
 Mus deciimanits 68 
 
 musculus 08 
 
 Muskrat -i 68 
 
 Musselshell River, canon of 84, 111 
 
 forks of 83, 112 
 
 north fork of 112 
 
 Mustcla amcrieana 65, 90 
 
 Mustelidm 65 
 
 .l/i/acita (Plenroniga) sithcompressn 121, 142 
 
 Myalina (Gervillia) perplana 121, 143 
 
 Myiodioetes pusillus 91 
 
 N. 
 
 Nariea crassa 126 
 
 National Park 09 
 
 Neoeorya spraguei 74 
 
 Newlaud Creek 114 
 
 Nisua coopcri 81 
 
 fascitis 81,92 
 
 Pase 
 
 Northern California 84 
 
 Northern Diver, Great 90 
 
 Phalarope .80 
 
 Noi I h Fork of the Musselshell 112 
 
 Norton's Creek 123 
 
 Numenius longiroslris 87 
 
 Tfyctieejus crepuseularis 90 
 
 O. 
 
 Obolella 117 
 
 CEdemia fuaca 8;), 92 
 
 Old Faithful 26, 131 
 
 Olive-hacked Thrush 72 
 
 Oregon 84 
 
 snow-bird 77 
 
 Oreodon 112 
 
 Oreoscoptes man hat it* 72,91 
 
 Orlhoceras 107 
 
 Ortkoclaso 105 
 
 Oslrea 112 
 
 congesta 103,110,113,121 
 
 Otter 05,08 
 
 Otus palxtstris 81 
 
 Otus vulgaris wilsonianus 92 
 
 Ouidas 70 
 
 Ovis montana 70,91 
 
 Owl, Burrowing 81 
 
 GreatHorned 81 
 
 Short-eared 81 
 
 P. 
 
 Paint Pots 25,131 
 
 Pandion haliaclus ~ 83,92 
 
 Panopcea ocddentalis 122 
 
 Parities 73 
 
 Park, National 03 
 
 Partial list of Mammals and Birds 90 
 
 rants alrieapiUtts septentrionalis 73,91 
 
 ■montamts 73,91 
 
 Pass, Bridger 82 
 
 Passenger Pigeou 83 
 
 Peck, Fort 80 
 
 Peditrcett'x phttsiaitelliix Columbian us. 85 
 
 Pelican Creek 24 
 
 Pelican, White 89 
 
 PelicanidiB 89 
 
 Pelicanus traekyrhyndhus 89,i)2 
 
 Period of mountain-elevation 137 
 
 Perisorews canadensis capitalis 79, 92 
 
 Pelroehelidon litnifrons 75, 91 
 
 Phalarope, Northern 80 
 
 PhdlaropodidtB — 80 
 
 Pholadomya 122 
 
 stibcentricosa 120 
 
 Pica melanolciica hitdsoniea 79,91 
 
 I'ieieoreus eolitmbiantts 79, 91 
 
 l'icbhc 80 
 
 Picoidcs arclicns 92 
 
 amcricanus dorsalis 92 
 
 Picns pnbescens 81,92 
 
 rillostts harrisii 80, 92 
 
 Pied-billed Grebe 90 
 
 Pigeon, Passenger 83 
 
 Pigeon Hawk 82 
 
 Pino Finch 70 
 
153 
 
 Pinna Ludloii 113,143 
 
 Pintail Duck , 88 
 
 Pipilo chlornrus yi 
 
 maculatus arclica 78 
 
 Plalycriiuis 121 
 
 Plectrophanes maccowni 76 
 
 omatus 77 
 
 Pliocene Tertiary 115 
 
 Plover, Killdeer 85 
 
 Mountain 8fi 
 
 Upland...,. 87 
 
 Podiceps cornutus 90,92 
 
 Podicipidte 90 
 
 Podilymbus podiceps 90 
 
 Point, Wolf 80,85 
 
 Porcupine, Yellow-haired 69 
 
 Potsdam 132 
 
 limestone 114 
 
 Prairie Dog 67 
 
 Fox 64 
 
 Hare 69 
 
 Squirrel, Striped 67 
 
 Wolf 64 
 
 Presilurian rocks 132 
 
 Primordial series 132 
 
 Procyon lotor 66 
 
 Produclus 129,133 
 
 cora 121 
 
 costatus 121 
 
 mulUstriata 110,113 
 
 muricatu8 113 
 
 Nebrascensis 121 
 
 Prattenanus 113,121 
 
 pmctatw 113,121 
 
 semireticulatus 113 
 
 TTortlieni 110 
 
 Profile-section from Carroll to Cone Butte 102 
 
 Little Rocky Mount- 
 ains 127 
 
 Progne subis 75 
 
 Prong-horned Antelope 70 
 
 Punch Bowl 26 
 
 Purple Finch, Cassin's 76 
 
 Martin 75 
 
 Putorius pusilhis 90 
 
 vison 65 
 
 Pyramid 26 
 
 Pyranga ludoviciaua 75,91 
 
 Q- 
 
 Qnadersandstein 107 
 
 Quartz 105,113 
 
 Quaternary 135 
 
 Qiterqncdula carolinensis 89 
 
 diseors 89 
 
 E. 
 
 Raccoon 66 
 
 Rallidtr 88 
 
 Rat, Brown 68 
 
 Raven 79 
 
 Recommendations relative to National Park 36 
 
 Recurvirostra americana 86, 92 
 
 Recnrrirostridee 86 
 
 Red clays 107 
 
 20 W 
 
 Red Crossbill 76 
 
 Deer 70 
 
 Squirrel 60 
 
 Rod-headed Woodpecker 81 
 
 Red-shafted Woodpecker 81 
 
 Redstart 75 
 
 Red-tailed Hawk 82 
 
 Western 82 
 
 Red-winged Blackbird 78 
 
 Rees 11 
 
 Regains calenduhis 91 
 
 Remarks on alluvial deposits 97 
 
 Indian forays 39 
 
 Report, general 9 
 
 geological 97 
 
 of a reconnaissance to Judith River 55 
 
 zoological 59 
 
 Reynolds, Charles 10,70 
 
 Rhinoceros 116 
 
 Rhynclionella 133 
 
 osagensis 121 
 
 Ricebird 78 
 
 Richardson's Falcon 82 
 
 Ring-Billed Gull 90 
 
 Riverside Geyser 29 
 
 Robin 72 
 
 Rock Wren 7". 
 
 Rocky Canon Creek 1" 
 
 Rocky Mountain Ruft'ed Grouse 85 
 
 Roe, Lieut. C. F 96 
 
 Ross's Cut-off 106 
 
 Fork 14,109 
 
 Rough-legged Hawk 83 
 
 Ruffed Grouse, Rocky Mountain 85 
 
 S. 
 
 iSaccomyida; C8 
 
 Sage Grouse 85 
 
 Rabbit 69 
 
 Salpinctes obsoletus 73 
 
 Sandhill Crane 87 
 
 Sand Martin "5 
 
 Sandpiper, Baird's - --• 86 
 
 Bartramian 87 
 
 Least 86 
 
 Solitary 87 
 
 Spotted 87 
 
 Sanguinolaria oblata 103,144 
 
 Savannah Sparrow 77 
 
 Sawmill Geyser 132 
 
 Saxicolidw 73 
 
 Sayomis sayus 80 
 
 Say's Flycatcher su 
 
 Seuphites laretrformis 122 
 
 nodosus 101 
 
 Schizodus 11° 
 
 Rossicus HO 
 
 Sciuridw 66 
 
 Seiurus hudsonius 66,90 
 
 Scolecopliagus cyanocephahts ".- 
 
 Section across Hopley's Hole HI 
 
 from Carroll to Cone Butte 102 
 
 Little Rocky Mountains... J27 
 
 of canon below Lower Falls 23 
 
 Seiuntf aiirocapillns 74 
 
154 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Seleuite crystals 99 
 
 Sentinel Geyser 29 
 
 Setojikaga rntieilla ... , 75 
 
 Sharp-shinned Hawk 80,92 
 
 Sharp-tailed Grouse ". 85 
 
 Shaw, Fort 9,13 
 
 Shields River 16,57,118,121 
 
 Shore Lark 74 
 
 Short-eared Owl 81 
 
 Shoveler 89 
 
 Shrike, White-ruiuped 76 
 
 Sialia arctica 73,91 
 
 Silurian 113 
 
 rocks, primordial series 132 
 
 Sioux 14,103 
 
 Si ita carolinensis aculeata 73,91 
 
 SitMas 73 
 
 Sitting Bull 11 
 
 Sixteen-mile Creek 16, 118 
 
 Skunk 65 
 
 Skunk-bear 65 
 
 Sky-lark, Missouri 74 
 
 Slaughter of game 61 
 
 Slender-billed Nuthatch 73 
 
 Smitb's River 15 
 
 Snipe, Wilson's 86 
 
 Snowbird, Oregon 77 
 
 Snow Goose 88 
 
 Mountains 109 
 
 Soda Mountain 23 
 
 Solitary Sandpiper 87 
 
 Song Sparrow, Western 77 
 
 Sparrow, Clay-colored 77 
 
 Savannah . 77 
 
 Tree 77 
 
 Western Song . 77 
 
 White-crowned 77 
 
 Yellow-winged 77 
 
 Sparrow Hawk 82 
 
 Spatula elypeala 80 
 
 Sjicrmojiliilns Hivlitirdsoini 67 
 
 Vi-lineatm 67 
 
 Townsendi 91 
 
 Sphceriola moreauensis 126 
 
 Spheottfto cunicularia hypogira 81 
 
 Sphyrapicus thyroideus 81,92 
 
 Spin/era 133 
 
 centronata 107, 103, 110, 121, 129 
 
 (Martinia) lineata 107 
 
 Spii-iferina Kenhtekensis 110, 121 
 
 XpizcUa monticola 77 
 
 pallida 77 
 
 soeiaUs arieona 77,91 
 
 spot trd Sandpiper 87 
 
 Square Butte 55 
 
 Squirrel, Missouri Ground 66 
 
 Pine 66 
 
 Red 66 
 
 Richardson's 67 
 
 Striped Prairie 67 
 
 Steamboat Point 24 
 
 Stevenson, Fort 6f> 
 
 Slictopora in-. \\„ 
 
 Storm on Mount Washburne ;i0 
 
 Page. 
 
 Streptorhynchus 133 
 
 crassus 121 
 
 Keokuk 110 
 
 StrigidcB - 81 
 
 Slurnella magna negleeta 78 
 
 Suggestion relative to National Park 36 
 
 Sulphur Springs 23 
 
 Summer Yellowbird 74 
 
 Summit Creek 57 
 
 Surf Dnck, White-winged 89 
 
 Surface-drift in Judith Gap Ill 
 
 Surnia alula hudsonia 92 
 
 Swallow, Bank 75 
 
 Barn 75 
 
 Cliff 75 
 
 Violet-green 75 
 
 Swan, Trumpeter 88 
 
 Sweet Grass Creek 57 
 
 Hills 71,79 
 
 SwiftFox 64 
 
 SylvieolidcB 74 
 
 Syringopora mult-attenuata 108, 121 
 
 T. 
 
 Tamias quadrivitiatus 66,90 
 
 Tanager, Louisiana 75 
 
 Tanagridce 75 
 
 Tapes montanensis 103, 143 
 
 Taxidea americana 66 
 
 Teal, Blue-winged 89 
 
 Green-winged . 89 
 
 Tellina (Arcopagia) subulata 126 
 
 Utahensis 126 
 
 Tellina seitula 103,126 
 
 Telltale 87 
 
 Terebratula 107 
 
 Tertiary 115,135 
 
 fossils 116 
 
 Tetons 20 
 
 Tetrao obscuriis 84,92 
 
 Tetraonidai 84 
 
 Thistlebird 76 
 
 Thomomys talpoidis _.._ 68,91 
 
 Thompson, Lieut. R. E 9,55 
 
 Thomson, Prof. James 98 
 
 Thracia ( Corimya ) Grin nellii 126, 144 
 
 Thrasher 72 
 
 Three Forks 116 
 
 Peaks 31 
 
 Thrush, Brown 72 
 
 Golden-crowned 74 
 
 Olive-backed 72 
 
 Thymallus 114 
 
 Timber Wolf 63 
 
 Titlark 74 
 
 Totanus flavipes 87, 92 
 
 melanoleucus 87,92 
 
 semipalmatus 86,92 
 
 solitarius 87,92 
 
 Tower Creek 20,81 
 
 Falls 20 
 
 Trachyte 105,108 
 
 Trail Creek 17, >4 
 
 Tree Sparrow 77 
 
155 
 
 Page. 
 
 Trilobites 117 
 
 Tringa bairdii 86,92 
 
 mimitilla 86 
 
 Tringoides macularius 87 
 
 Trionyx 125 
 
 Troglodytes a'edon partma nni 73, 91 
 
 Troglodytida' 73 
 
 Trout 20 
 
 Trout Creek 107 
 
 Trumpeter Swau 88 
 
 Turban 27 
 
 Turdidce 72 
 
 Turdits migratorius 72 
 
 sivainsoni 72,91 
 
 Turkey Buzzard 83 
 
 Turk's Head 27 
 
 Turtle Dove 83 
 
 Turtles 116 
 
 Twining, Capt.Win. J 9 
 
 Tyrannidm , 80 
 
 Tyrannus carolinensis 80,92 
 
 verticalis 80 
 
 U. 
 
 United States Boundary Commission 9 
 
 Union Pass 134 
 
 Umos 135 
 
 Upland Plover 87 
 
 Upper Falls of the Yellowstone 72 
 
 Geyser Basin 87,131 
 
 Ursidw 66 
 
 Ursus amcricanus 66, 90 
 
 horribilis 66,90 
 
 V. 
 
 Vandalism of visitors to National Park 26 
 
 raniloropsis Tonmeyana 145 
 
 Veiperfflio luoifugus 90 
 
 yumanensis 90 
 
 Violet-green Swallow 75 
 
 Vulpes alopex macrurus 64 
 
 velox 64 
 
 W. 
 
 Warbler, Audubon's 74 
 
 Western Mourning 75 
 
 Yellow 74 
 
 Wanton destruction of curiosities in Geyser Basins 36 
 
 Warm Spring Creek 33 
 
 Washburne Mountain 21 
 
 Washings at Emigrant Gulcb 31 
 
 Water Ouzel 72 
 
 Waxwing, Bohemian 76 
 
 Western Bluebird 73 
 
 Chippy 77 
 
 House Wren 73 
 
 Meadow Lark 78 
 
 Mourning Warbler 75 
 
 NightHawk 80 
 
 Red-tail Hawk 82 
 
 Song Sparrow 77 
 
 White-footed Mouse 68 
 
 Page. 
 
 Western Woodchuck 67 
 
 Wood Pe wee 80 
 
 Whistling of Elk 09 
 
 White Pelican 89 
 
 White-crowned Sparrow 77 
 
 White-footed Mouse, Western 68 
 
 White-headed Eagle 83 
 
 White-rumped Shrike 76 
 
 White-tailed Deer 70 
 
 Creek 115 
 
 White-wingod Blackbird 78 
 
 Surf Duck 89 
 
 Whitfield, E.P '..... 8,96 
 
 WildCat 63 
 
 Widgeon 88 
 
 Wild Goose 83 
 
 Willet 86 
 
 Wilson's Snipe 86 
 
 Wolf, Gray 63 
 
 Prairie 64 
 
 Timber 63 
 
 Wolfing 64 
 
 Wolf Point 12,80,85 
 
 Wolverene 65 
 
 Wood.W. H 10 
 
 Woodchuck, Western 67 
 
 Woodpecker, Black-breasted 81 
 
 Downy 81 
 
 Golden-winged 81 
 
 Harris's 80 
 
 Lewis's 81 
 
 Red-headed 81 
 
 Red-shafted 81 
 
 Wren, Long-billed Marsh 74 
 
 Rock 73 
 
 Western House 73 
 
 Wyoming 61 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yellow slates underlying Tertiary 116 
 
 Lake 24 
 
 Yellow Warbler 74 
 
 Yellowbird 76 
 
 Yellowbird, Summer 74 
 
 Yellow-breasted Chat 75 
 
 Yellow-haired Porcupine 69 
 
 Yellowlegs, Lesser ,. 87 
 
 Yellowshanks, Greater 87 
 
 Yellowstone Mountains 57 
 
 Park 9,63,66,79,84,87 
 
 River 11,79,82,86 
 
 Yellowthroat, Maryland 74 
 
 Yellow-winged Sparrow 77 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zaphrentis 133 
 
 centralis 108,110,113 
 
 Zapus liudsonius 68,91 
 
 Zencedura carolinensis . . 83 
 
 Zonotrichia leucophrys 77,91 
 
 intermedia 91 
 
 Zoological report 60