Oak Street UNCLASSIFIED MBJUDGE GREEK TESTAMENT FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES ' % Camimtijjt #mk Crstanmtt for JhJooIs antj Collects* THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST LUKE* (Eambrttfp : PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M. A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00farr_0 ^2930 Loron-Lower Em marts ®N,| i|: MizpeKo2|35 ' Balmrim. KuloiizeJi. .1 KBITS. Better ■ Emma us ", 2 Ti&maseji ions Pot 3258^ uBeracliaH 3I0SV ... Z. Zion (Upper City ) ,; C .C alvaxy ? AAcra (Lower Gfy ) '•[ G.Gethaemane ■MiMcriali. t Temple ' ; EPoolof Siloam B.Bezetka (NewCity )•' L.LowerPooIofGinon .Wcidy- Watercourse, general drvinsummer Cambridge University Pre THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM Caminriticje Cestament fox ^>d)Ot>te anti Collets. General Editor: — J. J. S. PEROWNE, D.D. Dean of Peterborough. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST LUKE, WITH 31 A PS, NOTES AND INTRODUCTION THE VEN. F. W. FARRAR, D.D. ARCHDEACON OE WESTMINSTER. EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. ©amfcrfoge : AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. XonDon : C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, 17 , Paternoster Row. * 1884 [All Rights reserved.] PREFACE BY THE GENERAL EDITOR. 4 "Y> The General Editor of The Cambridge Bible for Schools thinks it right to say that he does not hold himself responsible either for the interpretation of particular passages which the Editors of the several Books have adopted, or for any opinion on points of doctrine that they may have expressed. In the New Testament more especially questions arise of the deepest theological import, on which the ablest and most conscientious interpreters have differed and always will differ. His aim has been in all such cases to leave each Contributor to the unfettered exercise of his own judgment, only taking care that mere controversy should as far as possible be avoided. He has contented himself chiefly with a careful revision of the notes, with pointing out omissions, with ST LUKE l ST LUKE VI PREFACE. suggesting occasionally a reconsideration of some question, or a fuller treatment of difficult passages, and the like. Beyond this he has not attempted to interfere, feeling it better that each Commentary should have its own individual character, and being convinced that freshness and variety of treatment are more than a compensation for any lack of uniformity in the Series. Deanery, Peterborough, Uth Feb. 1880. ON THE GKEEK TEXT. In undertaking an edition of the Greek text of the Hew Testament with English notes for the use of Schools, the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press have not thought it desirable to reprint the text in common use*. To have done this would have been to set aside all the materials that have since been accumulated towards the formation of a correct text, and to disregard the results of textual criticism in its application to MSS., Versions and Fathers. It was felt that a text more in accordance with the present state of our knowledge was desirable. On the other hand the Syndics were unable to adopt one of the more recent critical texts, and they were not disposed to make themselves responsible for the preparation of an * The form of this text most used in England, and adopted in Dr Scrivener’s edition, is that of the third edition of Bobert Stephens (1550). The name “Beceived Text ” is popularly given to the Elzevir edition of 1633, which is based on this edition of Stephens, and the name is borrowed from a phrase in the Preface, “Textum ergo habes nunc ab omnibus receptum.” b 2 Vlll PREFATORY . entirely new and independent text: at the same time it would have been obviously impossible to leave it to the judgment of each individual contributor to frame his own text, as this would have been fatal to anything like uni- formity or consistency. They believed however that a good text might be constructed by simply taking the consent of the two most recent critical editions, those of Tischendorf and Tregelles, as a basis. The same principle of consent could be applied to places where the two critical editions were at variance, by allowing a determining voice to the text of Stephens where it agreed with either of their read- ings, and to a third critical text, that of Lachmann, where the text of Stephens differed from both. In this manner readings peculiar to one or other of the two editions would be passed over as not being supported by sufficient critical consent ; while readings having the double authority would be treated as possessing an adequate title to confidence. A few words will suffice to explain the manner in which this design has been carried out. In the Acts , the Epistles , and the Revelation , wherever the texts of Tischendorf and Tregelles agree, their joint readings are followed without any deviation. Where they differ from each other, but neither of them agrees with the text of Stephens as printed in Dr Scrivener’s edition, the consensus of Lachmann with either is taken in preference to the text of Stephens. In all other cases the text of Stephens as represented in Dr Scrivener’s edition has been followed. OX THE GREEK TEXT . IX In the Gospels , a single modification of this plan has been rendered necessary by the importance of the Sinai MS. (K), which was discovered too late to be used by Tregelles except in the last chapter of St John's Gospel and in the following books. Accordingly, if a reading which Tregelles has put in his margin agrees with X, it is considered as of the same authority as a reading which he has adopted in his text ; and if any words which Tregelles has bracketed are omitted by X, these words are here dealt with as if rejected from his text. In order to secure uniformity, the spelling and the accentuation of Tischendorf have been adopted where he differs from other Editors. His practice has likewise been followed as regards the insertion or omission of Iota sub- script in infinitives (as tfiv, €7rm/xar), and adverbs (as Kpvcfrrj, \d6pa), and the mode of printing such composite forms as Sia7rarros, Start, tovt€(Ttl , and the like. The punctuation of Tischendorf in his eighth edition has usually been adopted : where it is departed from, the devia- tion, together with the reasons that have led to it, will be found mentioned in the Notes. Quotations are indicated by a capital letter at the beginning of the sentence. Where a whole verse is omitted, its omission is noted in the margin ( e.g . Matt. xvii. 21; xxiii. 12). The text is printed in paragraphs corresponding to those of the English Edition. Although it was necessary that the text of all the portions of the New Testament should be uniformly con- X PREFATORY. structed in accordance witli these general rules, each editor has been left at perfect liberty to express his preference for other readings in the Notes. It is hoped that a text formed on these principles will fairly represent the results of modern criticism, and will at least be accepted as preferable to “ the Received Text” for use in Schools. J. J. STEWART PEROWNE. Deanery, Peterborough, 20 April* 1881. CONTENTS. I. Introduction. pages Chapter I. The Gospels xiii — xxiv Chapter II. Life of St Luke xxv — xxix Chapter III. Authenticity of the Gospel xxix — xxxi Chapter IV, Characteristics of the Gospel xxxi — xxxix Chapter V, Analysis of the Gospel xxxix — xlv Chapter VI. Hellenistic Greek xlv — xlvii II. Text 1 — 80 III. Notes 81 — 408 IV. Excursus I.— VII 409—426 V. General Index 427 — 435 VI. Greek Index 436—443 Map I. Environs of Jerusalem „ H. Palestine „ III. Galilee „ IV. Sea of Galilee Frontispiece to face p. 6 >» 12 15 INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. THE GOSPELS. The word Gospel 1 is the Saxon translation of the Greek EvayyeXiov. In early Greek (e.g. in Homer) this word meant the reward given to one who brought good tidings. In Attic Greek it also meant a sacrifice for good tidings, but was always used in the plural evayyeXia. Hence it became, even among Bomans, a kind of exclamation, like our “Good news!” (Cic. ad Att. ii. 3, cuayyiXia , Valerius absolutus est). In later Greek, as in Plutarch and Lucian, evayyeXiov meant the good news actually delivered. Among all Greek-speaking Christians the word was naturally adopted to describe the best and gladdest tidings ever delivered to the human race, the good news of the Kingdom of God. In the address of the Angel to the Shepherds we find the words “/ bring you good tidings of great joy,” where the verb used is €vayyeXi£oi±ai. This verb is specially common in St Luke and St Paul. The substantive does not occur in St Luke. In St J ohn the only instance of either verb or substantive is Bev. xiv. 6 (where it does not refer to the Gospel). In St Paul it occurs 61 times. From this Greek word are derived the French Evangile , the Italian Evangelio , the Portuguese Evangelho , &c. 1 By euphony for godspel, as gossip for godsip, and gossamer for godsummer. The word seems to have acquired its currency from Wyclif’s translation. On the title “New Testament” see note on xxii. 20. XIV INTRODUCTION. Naturally the word which signified “good news” soon came to be used as the title of the books which contained the history of that good news. The existence of four separate, and mainly if not absolutely, independent Gospels, is a great blessing to the Church of Christ. It furnishes us with such a weight of contemporaneous testimony as is wanting to the vast majority of events in Ancient History. A fourfold cord is not easily broken. Of these four Gospels the first three are often called the Synoptic Gospels. The Greek word Synopsis has the same meaning as the Latin Conspectus , and the first three Evangelists are called “Synoptists” because their Gospels can be arranged and harmonised, section by section, in a tabular form, since they are mainly based on a common outline. The term appears to be quite modern, but has been rapidly brought into general use, since its adoption by Griesbach. It is intended to indicate the difference of plan which marks these Gospels as compared with that of St John 1 . In the Synoptic Gospels we find much that is common to all, and something which is peculiar 4o each. It has been ascertained by Stroud that “if the total contents of the several Gospels be represented by 100, the following table is obtained 2 : St Mark has 7 peculiarities , and 93 coincidences . St Matthew ,,42 ,, 58 „ St Luke ,, 59 „, „ 41 St John ,, 92 ,, 8 ,, Eeuss has further calculated that the total number of verses common to all the Synoptists is about 350; that St Matthew has 350 verses peculiar to himself, St Mark 68, and St Luke 541. The coincidences are usually in the record of sayings : the peculiarities in the narrative portion. In St Matthew, the nar- 1 See Holtzmann in Schenkel, Bibel-Lexicon , s.v. Evangelien ; and Ebrard in Herzog, s.v. Harmonie. I am not aware of any earlier use of the word “Synopsis,” as applied to a tabular view of the first three Gospels, than Georgii Sigelii Synopsis historiae Jes. Christi quemad- modum Matthaeus , Marcus , Lucas descripsere in forma tabulae pro - posita. Noribergae. 1585. Folio. 2 Westcott, Introd. to the Study of the Gospels , p. 179. INTRODUCTION. xv rative occupies about one fourth ; in St Mark one half ; and in St Luke one third. Another important fact is that when St Matthew and St Luke verbally agree, St Mark always agrees with them; that the resemblances between St Luke and St Mark are much closer than those between St Luke and St Matthew 1 ; that where St Mark has additional touches St Luke usually has them also, but not when these additions are found only in St Matthew ; and that where St Mark is silent, St Luke often differs from St Matthew 2 . The dates at which the four Gospels were published cannot be ascertained with certainty ; but there are some reasons to believe that St Matthew’s was written first, possibly in Aramaic, and about a. D. 64 ; that St Mark’s and St Luke’s were published within a few years of this date 3 , and certainly before the de- struction of Jerusalem in a. d. 70; and that St John’s was written in old age at Ephesus before the year a.d. 85. It is probable that most, if not all, of St Paul’s Epistles had been written before the earliest Gospel was published in its present form. To what extent the Synoptists were influenced by written records of previous oral teaching is a difficult and complicated question about which there have been multitudes of theories, as also respecting the question whether any of the three used the 1 Bp. Marsh, On Micliaelis , v. 317. 2 Reuss. St Luke and St Mark agree most in the Galilean, and least in the Judean scene of the narrative. Mostly their agreement is in short “words of the Lord ” with the context that leads to them. But the agreement of St Luke with St Matthew is often for several consecutive sentences. To give the passages and details would occupy too much space. They are adduced in several critical editions, and are sometimes noticed in the notes. It is not often that both St Luke and St Matthew contain passages omitted by St Mark (e.g. the Lost Sheep, Matt, xviii. 12 — 14; Lk. xv. 4 — 7, and com- pare Matt. viii. 5 sq., xxii. 1 sq. with Lk. vii. 1 sq., xiv. 15 sq.). 3 Some writers think that the Gospel of St Luke was written as early as a.d. 60, during St Paul’s imprisonment at Caesarea. The subject is not one on which positive certainty can be attained ; but the absence of any direct reference to this Gospel in the Epistles of the Captivity and the Pastoral Epistles, and the comparatively late date at which it is authoritatively recognised by name as canonical, make it more probable that it was not published till after the death of St Paul. XVI INTRODUCTION . Gospel of either of the others. That previous attempts to nar- rate the Life of Christ were in existence when St Luke wrote we know from his own testimony ; but it may be regarded as certain that among these “ attempts 5 ’ he did not class the Gos- pels of St Matthew and St Mark. The inference that he was either unaware of the existence of those Gospels, or made no direct use of them, suggests itself with the utmost force when we place side by side any of the events which they narrate in common, and mark the minute and inexplicable differences which incessantly occur even amid general similarity. The language employed by the Evangelists is that dialect of Greek which was in their day generally current — the Mace- donian or Hellenistic Greek. It was a stage of the Greek language less perfect than that of the classical period, but ad- mirably plastic and forcible (see infra Introd. Chap. vi. p. 38). St Matthew and St John were Apostles and eyewitnesses of the ministry of our Lord from the baptism of John until the Ascension. The other two Evangelists were, as St Jerome says, not Apostles, but “ Apostolic men.” St Mark may have been a partial eyewitness of some of the later scenes of the life of Christ, and it is the unanimous tradition of the ear}y Church that his Gospel reflects for us the direct testimony of St Peter. St Luke expressly implies that he was not an eyewitness, but he made diligent use of all the records which he found in existence, and he derived, his testimony from the most authentic sources. It may be regarded as certain that he sets before us that conception of the Life and Work of Christ which was the basis of the teach- ing of St Paul 1 . Thus we have the Gospel “ according to” ( Kara ) 1 Irenaeus, adv. Haer. in. i and hi. 14. Tertullian, adv. Marc. iv. 2, 5. Origen apud Euseb. H. E. vi. 25, and id. hi. 4. Jerome, De Virr. Illustr. 7. A long list of words and phrases which are common to St Luke and St Paul may be seen in Davidson’s Introd. to the New Test. ii. 12 — 19. The student may compare the following: St Luke, iv. 22. St Paul, Col. iv. 6. iv. 32. 1 Cor. ii. 4. vi. 36. 2 Cor. i. 3. vi. 39. Rom. ii. 19. ix. 56. 2 Cor. x. 8. x. 8. 1 Cor. x. 2". INTRODUCTION. XVII the view and teaching of four great Apostles, St Matthew, St Peter, St Paul 1 , and St John. The differences between the Synoptists and St John have been noticed from the earliest ages of the Church. They are mainly these. The Synoptists dwell almost exclusively on Christ’s Ministry in Galilee; St John on His Ministry in Judaea. The Synoptists dwell chiefly on the Miracles, Parables, and external incidents of His work ; in St John the prominent feature is the high discourse and inmost spiritual meaning of His life. The Synoptists portrayed Him to the world; St John more specially for the Church. To use a common term they present a more objective, and St John a more subjective view of the Work of Christ. The complete portraiture of the Saviour “com- prised the fulness of an outward presence, as well as the depth of a secret life. In this respect the records correspond to the subjects. The first record [that of the Synoptists] is manifold; the second is one: the first is based on the experience of a society, the second on the intuition of a loved disciple.” “The Synoptic Gospels contain the Gospel of the infant Church ; that of St John the Gospel of its maturity. The first combine to give the wide experience of the many, the last embraces the deep mysteries treasured up by the one.” “The threefold portrait of Charles I. which Vandyke prepared for the sculptor is an emblem of the work of the first three Evangelists : the complete outward shape is fashioned, and then at last another kindles the figure with a spiritual life 2 .” But the object of each and all of the Gospels is that expressed by St John “that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ the Son of God, and that believing ye might have life through His name 3 .” St Luke, xi. 41. xviii. 1. xxi. 36. xxii. 19, 20. xxix. 46. xxiv. 34. St Paul, Tit. i. 15. 2 Thess. i. 11. Eph. vi. 18. 1 Cor. xi. 23—29. Acts xvii. 3. 1 Cor. xv. 5. 1 In Luke xxiv. 47 we find a summary of St Paul’s Gospel. 2 Westcott, Introd. pp. 197, 231, 234. 3 John xx. 31. xviii INTRODUCTION. Elaborate and repeated attempts have been made to settle the interrelation of the Synoptists with each other. All such attempts have hitherto failed. Each Gospel in turn has been assumed to be the earliest of the three ; and the supposition that the other two worked on the existing narrative of a third has required for its support as many subordinate hypotheses of fresh recension, translation, &c., as the Ptolemaic system of Astronomy required orbs and epicycles to account for its theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies. The three main theories have been : 1. The theory of an original written document from which all borrowed. This original has been sometimes supposed to be the first form of St Matthew, more often of St Mark, and sometimes even of St Luke. This theory is now generally abandoned and is abso- lutely untenable. 2. The theory of a common unwritten tradition. 3. The theory of the Tubingen school of theologians, who held that each of the Synoptic Gospels was based on the “ Gospel of the Hebrews,” which the Evangelists modified with reference to dog- matic conceptions. The general conclusion to which all recent enquiries seem to point is (1) That there existed in the Early Church a cycle of authoritative oral teaching, which being com- mitted to memory 1 tended to assume a fixed peculiarity of diction; (2) That this authoritative tradition was gradually committed to writing by some of the disciples ; (3) That these Written memorials were utilized by those who ‘-attempted” to set forth a continuous sketch of the ministry of Christ ; and (4) That the most authentic and valuable of them were to a considerable extent incorporated into the narratives of the Evangelists them- selves. If some such hypothesis as this be not adequate to account (a) for resemblances- •which extend even to the use of peculiar verbal forms (acpicovrai, Lk. v. 20), diminutives ( cotlov , Matt. xxvi. 51), and the use of a double augment (Matt. xii. 13) ; and (13) for differences which extend to the transposition of w^hole 1 The Mishna was similarly transmitted by memory for at least two centuries, and the Jewish scribes of this age were on that account called Tanaim or “repeaters” (from tanali the Chaldee form of the Hebrew shanali). They were succeeded about a.d. 220, by the Amo - raim , or Recorders . INTRODUCTION. xix sections, and the omission of entire discourses, — at least no more reasonable suggestion has yet been made 1 . Early Christian writers compared the four Gospels to that river, which, flowing out of Eden to water the garden of God, was parted into four heads compassing lands like that of Havilah of which “the gold is good” and where is “bdellium and the onyx stone.” “Paradisi hie fluenta Nova fluunt sacramenta Quae descendunt coelitus: His quadrigis deportatur Mundo Deus, sublimatur Istis area vectibus.” Adam de S. Victoee. A still more common symbol of the four Evangelists was derived from “the Chariot” as the chapter was called which describes the vision of Ezekiel by the river Chebar 2 . Hence as early as Irenaeus (died circ. 202) we find the expression cvayyekiov rerpapopepov or “four-formed Gospel.” Each one of the living creatures combined in “the fourfold- visaged four” was taken as the emblem of one of the Evangelists. The applica- tions differed, but the one which has been almost universally adopted, and of which there are traces in Christian Art as far back as the fifth century, assigns the Man or Angel to St Matthew, the Lion to St Mark, the Ox to St Luke, and the Eagle to St John 3 . The reasons offered for the adoption of these emblems also differed ; but it was usually said that the Man is assigned to St Matthew because he brings out Christ’s human and Messianic character ; the Lion to St Mark because he sets forth the awfulness (x. 24, 32), energy, power and royal dignity 1 The force of these particular resemblances (which are noted by Archbishop Thomson in the Speaker's Commentary , i. p. ix), is a little weakened by the fact that in Mk. ii. 9; Matt. ix. 2, X, B, &c., read capierraL. It may be doubted whether the other forms were not those generally current in the Hellenistic Greek of Palestine* See note on vi. 10. 2 Ezek. i. 5-26. 3 See Mrs Jameson’s Sacred and Legendary Art , i. 132 — 172. XX INTRODUCTION. (i. 22, 27, ii. 10, v. 30, vi. 2, 5, &c.) of Christ ; the Ox, the sacri- ficial victim, to St Luke, because he illustrates the Priestly office of Christ; and the Eagle to St John, because, as St Augustine says, “he soars to heaven as an eagle above the clouds of human infirmity, and reveals to us the mysteries of Christ’s Godhead, and of the Trinity in Unity, and the felicities of Life Eternal ; and gazes cn the light of Immutable Truth with a keen and steady ken h” Thus, to quote the eloquent language of Bishop Wordsworth, “The Christian Church, looking at the origin of the Four Gospels, and the attributes which God has in rich measure been pleased to bestow upon them by His Holy Spirit, found a Prophetic picture of them in the Four living Cherubim, named from heavenly knowledge, seen by the Prophet Ezekiel at the river of Chebar. Like them the Gospels are Four in number ; like them they are the Chariot of God Who sitteth between the Cherubim ; like them, they bear Him on a winged throne into all lands ; like them they move wher- ever the Spirit guides them : like them they are marvellously joined together, intertwined with coincidences and differences ; wing interwoven with wing, and wheel interwoven with wheel : like them they are full of eyes, and sparkle with heavenly light : like them they sweep from heaven to earth, and from earth to heaven, and fly with lightning speed and with the noise of many waters. Their sound is gone out into all lands , and their words to the end of the world 2 .” But whatever may be the archaeological and artistic interest of these universal symbols, it must be admitted that they are fanciful and arbitrary ; and this is rendered more obvious from the varying manner in which they used to be employed and justified. It is much more important to get some clear and unimaginative conception of the distinctive peculiarities of each Evangelist. And at this it is not difficult to arrive. Combining the data furnished by early and unanimous tra- dition with the data furnished by the Gospels themselves we see generally that, 1 Aug. Be Consens. Evang. i. 3 Greek Test.y The Four Gospels, p. xli. INTRODUCTION . . xxi i. St Matthew wrote in Judaea, and wrote for Jews, possi- bly even in Aramaic, as was the general belief of the early Church. If so, however, the Aramaic original is hopelessly lost, and there is at least a possibility that there may have been a confusion between a supposed Hebrew Gospel of St Matthew and the “ Gospel of the Hebrews,” which may have been chiefly based on it and which was in use among the Nazarenes and Ebionites. However that may be, the object which St Matthew had in view goes far to illustrate the specialities of his Gospel. It is the Gospel of the Hebrew nation ; the Gospel of the Past; the Gospel of Jesus as the Messiah 1 . Thus it opens with the words “ The book of the generation of Jesus Christ the son of David , the son of Abraham — the son of David and therefore the heir of the Jewish kingdom : the son of Abraham and therefore the heir of the Jewish promise. That it is the Gospel which connects Christianity with Judaism and with the Past appears in the constantly recurrent formula “ that it might be fulfilled I So completely is the work of Christ re- garded as the accomplishment of Prophecy that in no less than five incidents narrated in the first two chapters, the Evangelist points to the verification of ancient predictions. Another marked peculiarity of the Gospel is its didactic character. It re- cords with fulness five great discourses — The sermon on the Mount 2 ; the address to the Apostles 3 ; the parables on the Kingdom of Heaven 4 ; the discourse on Offences and on For- giveness 5 ; and the discourses and parables of Judgment 6 . 1 It should be carefully borne in mind that these characteristics are merely general and relative. It is not meant that the Evangelists represent our Blessed Lord exclusively , but only 'predominantly , under the aspects here mentioned. It must not be supposed that any one of the Evangelists wrote with a deliberate subjective bias. They dealt with facts not theories, and in no way modified those facts in the interests of any special view. It is only from the grouping of those facts, and from the prominence given to particular incidents or ex- pressions throughout the several Gospels, that we deduce the ruling conceptions of the inspired writers. 2 v. vi. vii. 3 x. 4 xiii. 5 xviii. 6 xxiii. xxiv. xxv. This predominance of discourses has however no bearing on the term logia (‘ oracles ’) applied by Papias to the Gospel of St Matthew. c ST LUKE XXII INTRODUCTION. These discourses, — which all bear on the triple offices of our Lord as Lawgiver, King, and Judge of the New Kingdom, — make the Gospel of St Matthew “ as it were the ultimatum of Jehovah to His ancient people ; — Recognise Jesus as your Messiah, or accept Him as your Judge 1 .” ii. St Mark wrote in Rome for the Roman world, during the imprisonment and before the death of his teacher and spiritual father, St Peter (1 Pet. v. 13). His Gospel is emphati- cally the Gospel of the Present ; the Gospel of Jesus apart from retrospect or prophecy; of Jesus as the Lord of the World. The speech of St Peter to Cornelius has been called “the Gospel of St Mark in brief.” St Mark’s Gospel consists of “ Apostolic Memoirs ” marked by the graphic vividness which is due to the reminiscences of an eyewitness ; it is the Gospel of which it was the one aim to describe our Lord as He lived and moved among men. The notion that St Mark was a mere compiler of St Matthew ( tamquam pedissequus et hreviator ejus , Aug.) has long been exploded. He abounds in independent notices which have led many Germans to regard his Gospel, or some form of it, as the original Gospel (. Proto-Marcus , Ur- Marcus ) ; but this theory requires the intercalation of such a multitude of subordinate hypotheses, that it now finds but few supporters. iii. St Luke wrote in Greece for the Hellenic world 2 . In style this Gospel is the purest ; in order the most artistic and historical. It forms the first half of a great narrative which traced the advance of Christianity from Jerusalem to Antioch, to Macedonia, to Achaia, to Ephesus, to Rome. Hence it neither leans to the yearnings of the past 3 , nor is- absorbed in 1 Godet, Bibl. Studies , E. Tr. p. 23. But it must be remembered that St Matthew’s point of view is so little exclusive that he can admit passages which point to the evanescence of the Law (Matt. ix. 16, xii. 7, 8, &c.) and the spread of the Gospel (xiii. 31 sq., xxvii. 19) ; and he alone narrates the recognition of Christ by the heathen Magi (ii. 1 sq.). 2 Hence he omits particulars (e.g. in the Sermon on the Mount) which would have been less intelligible to Greek readers, and substitutes ’E7ri€cr€i a/ULapnicv avrtcv, and xxiv. 47, /cat KrjpvxOijvac eirl rip ovoixan avrov p.€Tavoiav Kal dcj>C(riv djJiapTiwv els iravra ra kdvrj, ap^apLevov aird 'Iepoi/traA^. INTRODUCTION. XXV CHAPTEE II. LIFE OF ST LUKE. “ Utilis ille labor, per quern vixere tot aegri; Utilior, per quern tot didicere mori.” “ He was a physician: and so, to all, his words are medicines of the drooping soul.” S. Jer. Ep. ad Paulin. If we sift what we know about St Luke from mere guesses and traditions, we shall find that our information respecting him is exceedingly scanty. He does not once mention himself by name in the Gospel or in the Acts of the Apostles, though the absolutely unanimous voice of ancient tradition, coinciding as it does with many con- spiring probabilities derived from other sources, can leave no shadow of doubt that he was the author of those books. There are but three places in Scripture in which his name is mentioned. These are Col. iv. 14, “ Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you;” 2 Tim. iv. 11, “Only Luke is with me;” and Philem. 24, where he is mentioned as one of Paul’s “fellow- labourers.” From these we see that St Luke was the faithful companion of St Paul, both in his first Eoman imprisonment, when he still had friends about him, and in his second Eoman imprisonment, when friend after friend deserted him, and was ‘ashamed of his chain.’ From the context of the first allusion we also learn that he was not “of the circumcision,” and indeed tra- dition has always declared that he was a Gentile, and a ‘proselyte of the gate 1 .’ The attempt to identify him with “Lucius of Gyrene” in Acts xiii. 1 is a mere error, since his name Lucas is an abbreviation not of Lucius but of Lucanus, as Annas for Ananus, Zenas for Zenodorus, Apollos for Apollonius, &c. The guess that he was one of the Seventy disciples is refuted by his own words, nor is there any probability that he was one of the Greeks who desired 1 This also appears from Acts i. 19. (See my Life of St Paul , i. 480.) XXVI INTRODUCTION. to see J esus ( J ohn xii. 20) or one of the two disciples at Emmaus (Luke xxiv. 13) \ Eusebius and Jerome say that he was a Syrian of Antioch, and this agrees with the intimate knowledge which he shews about the condition and the teachers of that Church. If in Acts xi. 28 we could accept the isolated reading of the Codex Bezae (a reading known also to St Augustine), which there adds o-vveo-Tpaixjjiiucov 8e ? j/jlwv, c but while we were assembled together/ it would prove that St Luke had been acquainted with the Apostle shortly after his arrival from Tarsus to assist the work of Barnabas. In that case he may well have been one of the earliest Gentile converts whom St Paul admitted into the full rights of Christian brotherhood, and with whom St Peter was afterwards, for one weak moment, ashamed to eat. We cannot however trace his connexion with St Paul with any certainty till the sudden appearance of the first personal pronoun in the plural in Acts xvi. 10, from which we infer that he joined the Apostle at Troas, and accompanied him to Macedonia, becoming thereby one of the earliest Evangelists in Europe. It is no unreasonable con- jecture that his companionship was the more necessary because St Paul had been recently suffering from an acute visitation of the malady which he calls “the stake, or cross, in the flesh.” Since the “we” is replaced by “they” after the departure of Paul and Silas from Philippi (Acts xviii. 1), we infer that St Luke was left at that town in charge of the infant Macedonian Church. A physician could find means of livelihood anywhere, and he seems to have stayed at Philippi for some seven years, for we find him in that Boman colony when the Apostle spent an Easter there on his last visit to Jerusalem (Acts xx. 5). There is however every 1 The notion that St Luke was the companion of Cleopas on the walk to Emmaus has been the more popular, because it fell in with the fancy mentioned by Godet and many others. “ Si nous nous rangeons a l’opinion qui croit reconnaitre Luc lui-meme dans le compagnon de Cleopas, nous nous trouverons amenes a ce r^sultat critique : que chaque ^vang^liste a laisse dans un coin de son tableau une modeste indication de sa personnel Matthieu, dans ce p^ager que J£sus enlbve d’un mot a ses occupations pr^c^dentes : Marc, dans ce jeune homme qui s’enfuit d^pouille a Geths&nane ; Jean, dans ce disciple design e comme celui que JtSsus aimait; Luc, dans le pelerin anonyme d’Emmaus.” Godet, St Luc , n. 417. INTRODUCTION . XXYll reason to believe that during this period he was not idle, for if he were “the brother, whose praise is in the Gospel” (i.e. in preach- ing the good tidings) “throughout all the churches” (2 Cor. viii. 18), we find him acting with Titus as one of the delegates for the collection and custody of the contributions for the poor saints at Jerusalem. The identification of St Luke with this “brother” no doubt originated in a mistaken notion that “the Gospel” here means the written Gospel 1 ; but it is probable on other grounds, and is supported by the tradition embodied in the superscription, which tells us that the Second Epistle to the Corinthians was conveyed from Philippi by Titus and Luke. From Philippi St Luke accompanied his friend and teacher to Jerusalem (Acts xxi. 18), and there we again lose all record of his movements. Since, however, he was with St Paul at Caesarea when he was sent as a prisoner to Rome, it is probable that he was the constant companion of his imprisonment in that town. If the great design of writing the Gospel was already in his mind, the long and otherwise unoccupied stay of two years in Caesarea would not only give him ample leisure, but would also furnish him with easy access to those sources of information which he tells us he so diligently used. It would further enable him to glean some particulars of the ministry of Jesus from survivors amid the actual scenes where He had lived 2 . From Caesarea he ac- companied St Paul in the disastrous voyage which ended in ship- wreck at Malta, and proceeding with him to Rome he remained by his side until his liberation, and probably never left him until the great Apostle received his martyr’s crown. To him — to his allegiance, his ability, and his accurate preservation of facts — we 1 Jer. Be Virr. Ill . 7. 2 But although he may have been gathering materials for his Gospel at Caesarea (a.d. 54) there is good reason to believe that it was not published till a later date. The general tone of the Gospel — e.g. the use of avros and of 6 Kvpios (see notes on i. 17, x. 1, xi. 39, xxiv. 3), when speaking of Christ — indicate a later time in the rapid develop- ment of early Christianity than we should infer from the tone of the other synoptists. This would however be partly accounted for by the fact that St Luke as a Gentile proselyte, belonged in point of feeling even more than in point of time to a later generation of Christians than the original Apostles. xxviii INTRODUCTION. are alone indebted for the greater part of what we know about the life of the Apostle of the Gentiles. We finally lose sight of St Luke at the abrupt close of the Acts of the Apostles. Although we learn from the Pastoral Epistles 1 that he must have lived with St Paul for some two years beyond the point which his narrative has there reached, he may not have arranged his book until after Paul was dead, and the course of the narrative may have been suddenly cut short either by accident or even by his own death. Irenaeus (adv. Haer. in. 1) expressly tells us that even his Gospel was written after the death of Peter and Paul. The most trustworthy tradition says that he died in Greece; and it was believed that Constantine transferred his remains to the Church of the Apostles in Con- stantinople from Patrae in Achaia. Gregory of ISTazianzus tells us in a vague way that he was martyred, but it is idle to repeat such worthless legends as that he was crucified on an olive-tree at Elaea in the Peloponnesus, &c., which rest on the sole authority of Nicephorus, a writer who died after the middle of the 15th century. The fancy that he was a painter, often as it has been embodied in art, owes its origin to the same source, and seems only to have arisen from the discovery of a rude painting of the Virgin in the Catacombs with an inscription stating that it was “ one of seven painted by Luca.” It is not impossible that there may have been some confusion between the name of the Evange- list and that of a Greek painter in one of the monasteries of Mount Athos. But leaving £ the shifting quagmire of baseless traditions’ we see from St Luke’s own writings, and from authentic notices of him, that he was master of a good Greek style ; — an accom- plished writer, a close observer, an unassuming historian, a well-instructed physician, and a most faithful friend 2 . If the Theophilus to whom he dedicates both his works was the 1 2 Tim. iv. 11. 2 Dr Plumptre, in the Expositor (No. xx. 1876), has collected many traces of St Luke’s medical knowledge (cf. Acts iii. 7, ix. 18, x. 9, 10, xii. 23, xx. 31, xxvi. 7, xxviii. 8; Lk. iv. 23, xxii. 44, &c.), and even of its possible influence on the language of St Paul. INTRODUCTION \ XXIX Theophilus mentioned in the Clementines as a wealthy Antio- chene, who gave up his house to the preaching of St Peter, then St Luke may have been his freedman. Physicians frequently held no higher rank than that of slaves, and Lobeck, one of the most erudite of modern Greek scholars, has noticed that con- tractions in as like Lucas from Lucanus, were peculiarly com- mon in the names of slaves. One more conjecture may be men- tioned. St Luke’s allusions to nautical matters, especially in Acts xxvii., are at once remarkably accurate and yet unprofes- sional in tone. Now the ships of the ancients were huge con- structions, holding sometimes upwards of 300 people, and in the uncertain length of the voyages of those days, we may assume that the presence of a physician amid such multitudes was a matter of necessity. Mr Smith of Jordanhill, in his admirable monograph on the voyage of St Paul, has hence been led to the inference that St Luke must have sometimes exercised his art in the crowded merchantmen which were incessantly coast- ing from point to point of the Mediterranean. However this may be, the naval experience of St Luke as well as his medical knowledge would have rendered him a most valuable com- panion to the suffering Apostle in his constant voyages. CHAPTER III. AUTHENTICITY OF THE GOSPEL. Supposed allusions to St Luke’s Gospel may be adduced from Polycarp (f a.d. 167), Papias, and Clement of Rome (a.d. 95) ; but passing over these as not absolutely decisive, it is certain that the Gospel was known to Justin Martyr (f a.d. 168), who, though he does not name the authors of the Gospels, makes distinct reference to them, and has frequent allusions to, and citations from, the Gospel of St Luke. Thus he refers to the Annunciation ; the Enrolment in the days of Quirinius ; the sending of J esus bound to Herod ; the last words on the cross, &c. ; and in some passages he uses language only found in this Gospel. XXX INTRODUCTION. Hegesippus has at least two passages which appear to be verbal quotations from Luke xx. 21, xxiii. 24. The Gospel is mentioned as the work of St Luke in the Muratorian Fragment on the Canon, of which the date is not later than a.d. 170. Among heretics it was known to, and used by, the Ophites ; by the Gnostics, Basilides and Valentinus ; by Heracleon (about a.d. 180), who wrote a comment on it ; by the author of the Pistis Sophia ; and by Marcion (about a.d. 140), who not only knew the Gospel, but adopted it as the basis of his own Gospel with such mutilations as suited his peculiar heresies 1 . This fact is not only asserted by Irenaeus, Tertullian, Epiphanius, &c., but may now be regarded as conclusively proved by Volkmar, and is accepted by modern criticism. Marcion omitted chapters i. ii. and joined iii. 1 with iv. 31. It is alluded to in the Clementine Homilies (about a.d. 175) ; in the Recognitions ; and in the Epistle of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons, a.d. 177. 1 Marcion, the son of a bishop of Sinope, was expelled from that city by his father, went to Rome about a.d. 143, and becoming an adherent of the Syrian heretic Cerdo, founded a formidable schism. There were in his system Gnostic elements of dualism and docetism. He wrote a book called Antitheses to contrast the teachings of the Old and New Testaments, and his total rejection of the Old Testament necessitated his rejection of a large part of the New which bears witness to the Old. Consequently he only accepted the authority of ten Epistles of St Paul (discarding the Pastoral Epistles) and of a mutilated gospel of St Luke in which about 122 verses were exscinded. Our knowledge of Marcion’s gospel is chiefly derived from Tertullian (Adv. Marcionem) and Epiphanius ( Haer . 42). It has now been demonstrated by Volkmar ( Das Evang. Marcionis) that Baur and Ritschl were mistaken in supposing that Marcion’s gospel represented an earlier form of St Luke’s. He proves that it was merely a copy with a few dubious readings (e.g. in x. 22, xi. 2, xvi. 17, xvii. 2, xviii. 19, xx. 2, &c.), and arbitrary omissions of all that tended to overthrow Marcion’s special heresies. See note on iv. 31. On this subject see Canon Westcott’s Introd. to the Gospels , Appendix D, iv. pp. 441 — 443, Canon of the New Test. pp. 312 — 315; Sanday, Gospels in the Second Century, c. vm. The strangest omission by Marcion is that of the Parable of the Prodigal Son. As regards the readings , modern opinion inclines to the view that some at least of these may be worthy of consideration, especially as they often affect no doctrine or point of importance. INTRODUCTION . xxxi Celsus refers to the genealogy of Christ as traced upwards to Adam. Theophilus of Antioch (a.d. 170) makes direct allusions to it. Irenaeus (about a.d. 180) expressly attributes it to St Luke ; Tertullian (fA.D. 220) and Clemens of Alexandria (f about a.d. 216) also quoted it as St Luke’s. Origen (+a.d. 254) speaks of the ‘ Four Gospels admitted by all the Churches under heaven ; ’ and Eusebius ranks it among the homolog oumena, i.e. those works of whose genuineness and authenticity there was no doubt in the Church. It is found in the Peshito Syriac (3rd or 4th century), and the Itala. We may add, that it must now be regarded as all but certain that Tatian, a disciple of Justin Martyr, made a Diatessaron or Harmony of the Four Gospels before the end of the second century ; for the Mechitarist fathers at Venice have published a translation, from the Armenian, of a work which is recognised as a commentary on Tatian’s Diatessaron by Ephraem Syrus in the fourth century ; and from this work it is clear that Tatian’s ‘Harmony’ was a close weaving together of our four present Gospels. CHAPTER IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GOSPEL. “ God sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh.” Rom. viii. 3. “ The Son of Man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.” Luke xix. 10. “ Whose joy is, to the wandering sheep To tell of the great shepherd’s love; To learn of mourners while they weep The music that makes mirth above ; Who makes the Gospel all his theme, The Gospel all his pride and praise.” Keble, St Luke's Lay . This rich and precious Gospel, which has been strikingly XXX11 INTRODUCTION . designated “le plus beau livre qu’il y ait 1 ,” is marked, as are the others, by special characteristics. Thus : (i) St Luke must be ranked as the first Christian hymno- logist . It is to his inspired care that we owe the preservation of three sacred hymns, besides the Ave Maria (i. 28 — 33) and the Gloria in Excelsis (ii. 14), which have been used for ages in the worship of the Church : the Benedictus, or Song of Zacharias (i. 68 — 79), used in our Morning Service; the Magnificat, or Song of the Blessed Virgin (i. 46 — 55) ; and the Nunc Dimittis, or Song of Symeon (ii. 29 — 32), used in our Evening Service 2 . In these Canticles the New Aeon is represented not merely as the fulfilment of the Old, but also as a kingdom of the Spirit ; as a spring of life and joy opened to the world ; as a mystery, prophesied of indeed because it is eternal, but now in the appointed time revealed to men 3 . (ii) In this Gospel thanksgiving is also prominent. “The Gospel of the Saviour begins with hymns, and ends with praises; and as the thanksgivings of the meek are recorded in the first chapter, so in the last we listen to the gratitude of the faithful 4 .” Mention is made no less than seven times of ‘glorifying God’ by the utterance of gratitude and praise (ii. 20, v. 25, vii. 16, xiii. 13, xvii. 15, xviii. 43, xxiii. 47). (iii) It also gives special prominence to Prayer . It not only records (as Matt, vi.) the Lord’s Prayer, but alone preserves to us the fact that our Lord prayed on six distinct and memorable occasions. (1) At His baptism. (2) After cleansing the leper. (3) Before calling the Twelve Apostles. (4) At His Trans- figuration. (5) On the Cross for His murderers, and (6) with His last breath 5 . St Luke too, like St Paul, insists on the duty 1 Benan, Les Evangiles , p. 283. 2 “Thou hast an ear for angel songs, A breath the Gospel trump to fill, And taught by thee the Church prolongs Her hymns of high thanksgiving still.” — Keble. 3 See Maurice, Unity of the New Testament, p. 236. 4 Westcott, Introd, to Gospels , p. 354. 5 See infra. INTRODUCTION. XXXlll of unceasing Prayer as taught by Christ (xviii. 1, xi. 8, xxi. 36, Rom. xii. 12, &c.); and emphasizes this instruction by alone recording the two Parables which encourage us to a per-, sistent energy, a holy importunity, a storming of the kingdom of Heaven by violence in our prayers — the parables of the Friend at Midnight (xi. 5 — 13) and of the Unjust Judge (xviii. 1 — 8). (iv) But the Gospel is marked mainly by its presentation of the Good Tidings in their universality and gratuitousness. It is pre-eminently the Gospel of pardon and of pity. “By grace ye are saved through faith 1 , 55 and “the second man is the Lord from heaven 55 (1 Cor. xv. 47) 2 3 * , might stand as the motto of St Luke as of St Paul. Thus the w T ord ‘grace 5 (x«p^ ? eight times), ‘saviour 5 and ‘salvation 5 (only once each in St John), and ‘tell good tidings of 5 (ten times), occur in it far more frequently than in the other Gospels; and these are applied neither to Jews mainly, nor to Gentiles mainly, but universally 2, . It is the Gospel of “a Saviour 55 and of “good will towards men;” the Gospel of Jesus, not only as the heir of David’s throne, and of Abraham’s promise, but as the Federal Head and Representative of Humanity — “the son of Adam, which was the Son of God. 55 And what a picture does this great ideal painter set forth to us of Christ ! He comes with angel carols ; He departs with priestly benediction. We catch our first glimpse of Him in the manger-cradle at Bethlehem, our last as from the slopes of Olivet He vanishes “into the cloud 55 with pierced hands upraised to bless ! The Jewish religion of that day had degenerated into a religion of hatreds. The then ‘religious world, 5 clothing its own egotism under the guise of zeal for God, had for the most part lost itself in a frenzy of de- testations. The typical Pharisee hated the Gentiles ; hated the 1 xv. 11, xvii. 10, xviii. 11, &c. 2 K tipLos, ‘Lord/ as a substitute for ‘Jesus/ occurs 14 times in St Luke, and elsewhere in the Synoptists only in Mk. xvi. 19, 20. The combination “ the Lord Jesus ” (if genuine) occurs only in Lk. xxiv. 3, though common in the Epistles. See note on that verse. 3 Sections of St Luke which are in peculiar accordance with the Gospel of St Paul (Rom. ii. 16) are iv. 16 — 30, vii. 36 — 50, xviii. 14, xix. 1 — 10, xxiii. 39 — 43. See Yan Oosterzee in Lange’s Commentary , Introd. jn 3. INTRODUCTION. xxxiv Samaritans ; hated the tax-gatherers. He despised poverty and despised womanhood. In St Luke, towards every age, towards either sex, towards all nations, towards all professions, towards men of every opinion and every shade of character, our Blessed Lord appears as Christus Consolator ; the good Physician of bodies and of souls ; the Gospeller of the poor ; the Brother who loves all His brethren in the great family of man ; the unwearied healer and ennobler of sick and suffering humanity ; the Desire of all nations ; the Saviour of the world, who “went about doing good” (Acts x. 38). In accordance with this con- ception, (v) St Luke reveals especially the sacredness of infancy . He alone tells us of the birth and infancy of the Baptist; the Annunciation ; the meeting of Mary and Elizabeth ; the songs of the herald Angels ; the Circumcision ; the Presentation in the Temple ; the growth of Jesus in universal favour and sweet sub- mission. And he alone preserves the one anecdote of the Con- firmation of Jesus at twelve years old which is the solitary flower gathered from the silence of thirty years. Hence this Gospel is preeminently anti-docetic \ St Luke alludes to the human existence of our Lord before birth (i. 40) ; as a babe (ii. 16) ; as a little child (ii. 27) ; as a boy (ii. 40) ; and as a man (iii. 22). (vi) He dwells especially on Christ’s ministry to the world; that He was to be a Light to lighten the Gentiles, as well as the glory of His people Israel. He alone adds to the quotation from Isaiah respecting the mission of the Baptist the words “And all flesh shall see the salvation of God.” He alone introduces the parallels of Elijah sent to the heathen Sarepta, and Elisha heal- ing the heathen Naaman ; as well as full details of that mission of the Seventy who by their number typified a mission to the supposed number of the nations of the world. St Luke’s Gospel might stand as a comment on the words of St Paul at Athens, that God “hath made of one blood all nations of men... that they 1 See Van Oosterzee, Introd . p. 4. The Docetae were an ancient heretical sect who denied the true humanity of Christ, and treated His human life as a mere illusory semblance. INTRODUCTION . XXXV should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after Him, and find Him, though He be not far from everyone of us” (Acts xvii. 27). (vii) St Luke’s is specially the Gospel of Womanhood , and he prominently records the graciousness and tenderness of Christ towards many women 1 . He tells us how Jesus raised the dead boy at Nain, being touched with compassion because “he was the only son of his mother, and she was a widow.” He alone tells us of the remarkable fact tl^at Jesus in his earlier mission- journeys was accompanied not by warriors like David, not by elders like Moses, not by nobles and kings like the Herods, but by a most humble band of ministering women (viii. 1 — 3). His narrative in the first two chapters must have been derived from the Virgin Mary, and has been thought to shew in every line the pure and tender colouring of a woman’s thoughts. He alone mentions the widow Anna (ii. 36), and tells us about eager Martha cumbered with serving, and Mary choosing the better part (x. 38 — 42) ; he alone how our Lord once addressed to a poor, crushed, trembling, humiliated woman the tender name of “daughter” (viii. 48), and how He spoke of another as a daughter of Abraham (xiii. 16) ; he alone how He at once consoled and warned the “daughters of Jerusalem” who followed Him weeping to Calvary (xxiii. 28). The Scribes and Pharisees gathered up their robes in the streets and synagogues lest they should touch a woman, and held it a crime to look on an unveiled woman in public ; our Lord suffered a woman to minister to Him out of whom He had cast seven devils. (viii) He seems to delight in all the records which told of the mercy of the Saviour towards the poor, the humble, the despised (ii. 24, vi. 20 — 25, 30, viii. 2, 3, xii. 16 — 21, 33, xvi. 13, 19 — 25, xiv. 12 — 15, &c.). Hence his Gospel has even been called (though very erroneously) the Gospel of the Ebionites 2 . He narrates the 1 The word yvvrj occurs nearly as often in St Luke as in both the other Synoptists put together. 2 The word Ebionite is derived from the Hebrew Ebion, “poor.” The Ebionites were Jewish Christians who maintained the eternal validity of the Jewish law, and the Messiahship but not the Divinity of Christ. They gradually dwindled into a sect on the shores of the Dead Sea. See Uhlhorn in Herzog’s Real Encycl . s.v. XXXY1 INTRODUCTION. Angel Visit to the humble maiden of Nazareth ; the Angel Vision to the humble shepherds ; the recognition of Jesus in the Temple by the unknown worshipper, and the aged widow. He records the beatitudes to the poor and the hungry, the parables of Hives and Lazarus and of the Eich Fool ; the invitation of “the poor, the maimed, the halt, the blind” to the Great Supper; the exaltation of the humble who choose the lowest seats ; the counsel to the disciples to “sell what they have,” and to the Pharisees to “give alms.” He does not, however, denounce riches, but only the wealth that is not “rich towards God;” nor does he pronounce a beatitude upon poverty in the abstract, but only on the poverty which is patient and submissive. He had learnt from his Lord to ‘ measure wisdom by simplicity, strength by suffering, dignity by lowliness.’ (ix) Further, this is specially the Gospel of the outcast , — of the Samaritan (ix. 52 — 56, xvii. 11 — 19), the Publican, the harlot, the leper, and the Prodigal. Jesus came to seek and to save that w T hich was lost (xix. 10). The emotion of penitent faith is more sincere and more precious than a life of prudent orthodoxy ; un- dissembling wickedness is less hateful than disguised insincerity. Such is the point of the parable of the Praying Publican. See instances in Zacchaeus (xix. 1 — 10) ; the Prodigal Son ; Mary of Magdala (vii. 36 — 50) ; the woman with the issue of blood (viii. 43 — 48) ; the dying robber (xxiii. 39 — 43). This peculiarity is doubtless due to that intense spirit of sympathy which led St Luke alone of the Evangelists to record that the boy of Nain w T as the only son of his mother (vii. 12) ; and the ‘little maid’ of Jairus his only daughter (viii. 42) ; and the lunatic boy his father’s only son (ix. 38). (x) Lastly, it is the Gospel of tolerance . There was a deadly blood-feud between the Jews and the Samaritans, and St Luke is careful to record how Jesus praised the one grateful Samari- tan leper, and chose the good Samaritan rather than the indif- ferent Priest and icy-hearted Levite as the type of love to our neighbour. He also records two special and pointed rebukes of the Saviour against the spirit of intolerance : — one -when the Sons of Thunder wanted to call down fire from heaven on the INTRODUCTION. XXXVll churlish Samaritan village — Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of. For the Son of Man is not come to destroy metis lives , hut to save them : the other when He rebuked the narrow- ness which said “We forbad him, because he folio weth not us,” with the words Forbid him not; for he that is not against us is for us 1 . We may notice further that St Luke’s Gospel is characterised by (xi) Its careful chronological order (1 — 3) ; (xii) Its very important preface. (xiii) Its command of the Greek language 2 . (xiv) The prominence given to the antithesis between light and darkness, forgiveness and non-forgiveness, God and Satan (iv. 13, viii. 12, x. 17—20, xiii. 10 — 17, xxii. 3, 31 — 34). (xv) The familiarity with the LXX. (inipoXXov, emo-ino-pos, vy\n(TTOs, GTiyprp avrifiaWciv, evderoi, TvzpicnvaaBaij ho^r], XucriTeXei &c.) and the Apocrypha (see xii. 19, xviii. 8, vi. 35, i. 42). Although there is an Hebraic tinge in the hymns and speeches which St Luke merely records, and in narratives where he is following an earlier or Aramaic document, his own proper style abounds in isolated phrases and words chiefly classical 3 , and 1 Lk. ix. 49—56. 2 “ Lucam tradunt veteres...magis Graecas literas scisse quam He- braeas. Unde et sermo ejus...comptior est, et saecularem redolet elo- quentiam.” Jer. ad Damas . Ep. 20. Where the style is less pure, and abounds in Hebraisms, we find internal evidence that St Luke is closely following some Aramaic document in which the oral tradition had been reduced to writing. 3 These are noticed in the notes. Instances are vopiKol for ypap- pareis, €7riGTaTr)s for Pa/3/3t, Xlpv V for OdXacrcra, airreLv Xvxvov or 7 rup for kcll€lp, 7 rapaXeXvpevos for TrapaXvTiKos, kXlv7] for /cpa/3/3aros, iropevopcu for virayw, the particles pev ovv and re, the combination avros o, the more frequent use of the optative, to eiprjpevov for to prjddv &c. A long list may be found in Ur Davidson’s Introd. to the New Test. ii. 57 — 67. In some instances St Luke corrects an awkward phrase found in the other Synoptists, e.g. by using (piXovvruv for OeXov- to3v dcnraapovs (xx. 46); by the addition of racrcropevos after utt’ e^owlav (vii. 8); by saying ireTreicrpevos iarlv ’Icoa vvrjv Trpofpprrju elvoa (xx. 6) for 2x oV( ? L T ° v ’Iw&wriv cJs Trpo^rjTriv; by substituting ol' KareadiovGc (xx. 47) for ol Karladovres; by using tt evLxpa (xxi. 2) for irT^xn (except when quoting Christ’s words) and varepr/paTos for the less accurate vGreprjaew (xxi. 4). For other instances of St Luke’s editorial changes see notes on vii. 25, viii. 1, xi. 13, 36, 39, 49, 51, xii. 51, 55. d ST LUKE INTRODUCTION . xxxviii his style is more flowing than that of St Matthew and St Mark. His peculiar skill as a writer lies rather in ‘psychologic comments 1 ] and the reproduction of conversations with their incidents, than in such graphic and vivid touches as those of St Mark. He is also a great master of light and shade, i. e. he shews remarkable skill in the presentation of profoundly instructive contrasts — e. g. Zacha- rias and Mary; Simon and the Sinful Woman; Martha and Mary; the Pharisee and the Publican; the Good Samaritan, Priest, and Levite; Dives and Lazarus; beatitudes and woes; tears and Hosannas ; and the penitent and impenitent robber. It is the presence of these characteristics that has earned for this Gospel the praise (already mentioned) of being “the most beautiful book that has ever been written 2 .” The Miracles peculiar to St Luke are 1. The miraculous draught of fishes, v. 4 — 11. 2. The raising of the widow’s son at Nain. vii. 11 — IB. 3. The woman with the spirit of infirmity, xiii. 11 — 17. 4. The man with the dropsy, xiv. 1 — 6. 5. The ten lepers, xvii. 11 — 19. 6. The healing of Malchus. xxii. 50, 51. The Parables peculiar to St Luke are 1. The two debtors, vii. 41 — 43. 2. The good Samaritan, x. 25 — 37. 3. The importunate friend, xi. 5 — 8. 4. The rich fool. xii. 16—21. 5. The barren fig-tree. xiii. 6 — 9. 6. The lost piece of silver, xv. 8 — 10. 7. The prodigal son. xv. 11—32. 8. The unjust steward, xvi. 1 — 13. 9. Dives and Lazarus, xvi. 19 — 31. 10. The unjust judge, xviii. 1 — 8. 11. The Pharisee and the publican, xviii. 10 — 14. 1 iii. 15, vi. 11, vii. 29, 30, 39, xvi. 14, &c. Bp Ellicott, Hist. Led. p. 28. 2 This praise is the more striking because of the source from which it comes. The writer adds that it shews “ un admirable sentiment populaire, line fine et touchante poesie, le son clair et pur d’une flme tout argentine.” “C’est surtout dans les r^cits de l’Enfance et de la Passion que l’on trouve un art divin...Le parti qu’il a tir6 de Marthe et de Marie sa soeur est chose merveilleuse ; aucune plume n’a laiss£ tom- ber dix lignes plus charmantes. L’^pisode des disciples d’Emmaus est un des r^cits les plus fins, les plus nuances qu’il y ait dans aucune langue.” Benan. INTRODUCTION . XXXIX The two first chapters and the great section, ix. 51 — xviii. 14, are mainly peculiar to St Luke. And in addition to those already noted above, other remarkable incidents or utterances peculiar to him are John the Baptist’s answers to the people (iii. 10 — 14); the weeping over Jerusalem (xix. 41 — 44) ; the conversation with Moses and Elias (ix. 28 — 36) ; the bloody sweat (xxii. 44); the sending of Jesus to Herod (xxiii. 7 — 12 ) ; the address to the Daughters of Jerusalem (27 — 31) ; the prayer, “Father, forgive them” (xxiii. 34); the penitent robber (40 — 43); the disciples at Emmaus (xxiv. 13 — 31); particulars of the Ascension (xxiv. 50 — 53). Additional touches which are sometimes of great importance may be found in iii. 22 (“in a bodily shape”), iv. 13 (“for a season”), iv. 1 — 6, v. 17, 29, 39, vi. 11, vii. 21, &c. CHAPTER V. ANALYSIS OF THE GOSPEL. Many writers have endeavoured to arrange the contents of this and the other Gospels in schemes illustrative of the dogmatic connexions in accordance with which the various sections are supposed to be woven together and subordinated to each other. Without here giving any opinion about the other Gospels, I must state my conviction that, as far as St Luke is concerned, such hypothetic arrangements have not been successful. No two writers have agreed in their special schemes, and the fact that each writer who has attempted such an analysis has seized on very different points of connexion, shews that all such attempts have been more or less arbitrary, however ingenious. It seems to me that if the Gospels had been arranged on these purely subjective methods the clue to such arrangement would have been more obvious, and also that we should, in that case, lose something of that transparent and childlike simplicity of motive which adds such immense weight to the testimony of the Evan- gelists as the narrators of historic facts. Nor is it probable that the existence of this subjective symmetry of composition would xl INTRODUCTION , . have escaped the notice of so many centuries of Christian stu- dents and Fathers. When St Luke tells Theophilus that he had decided to set forth in order the accepted facts of the Christian faith, I believe that the order he had in view was mainly chronological , and that the actual sequence of events, so far as it was recoverable from the narratives (IhrjyrjaeLs) or the oral sources which he consulted, was his chief guide in the arrangement of his Gospel 1 . Various lessons may be observed or imagined in the order in which one event is placed after another, but these lessons lie deep in the chronological facts themselves, not in the method of the writer. The sort of analysis attempted by modern writers has hitherto only furnished each subsequent analyst with an opportunity for commenting on the supposed failures of his predecessors. For those however who disagree with these views, able and thoughtful endeavours to set forth the narrative in accordance with such a predetermined plan may be found in Van Oosterzee’s Introduction, , § 5, in Westcott’s Intro - duction to the Gospels , pp. 364 — 366, and M c Clellan’s New Testa- ment , 427 — 438. A recent writer — the Rev. W. Stewart ( The Plan of St Luke' s Gospel , Glasgow, 1873) — has endeavoured to shew that St Luke arranged many of his materials alphabetically, in accordance with the first letter of the word predominant in the section. He narrates the events in i. — iii. 20 and xviii. 15 — xxiv. 53 in chrono- logical order, as is shewn by the recurrent notes of time ; but according to Mr Stewart the section iii. 21 — x. 24 is arranged by its reference to subjects, and x. 25 — xviii. 14 by the alphabetical order of the word prominent in each section. The Gospel falls quite simply and naturally into the following sections : — I. Introduction. i. 1 — 4. II. The Preparation for the Nativity, i. 5 — 80. i. Announcement of the Forerunner, i. 5—25. ii. Announcement of the Saviour. 26 — 3S. 1 The subordinate notes of time in the great section, ix. 51 — xviii. 14, are vague. INTRODUCTION. xli iii. Hymns of thanksgiving of Mary and Elizabeth. 39—56. iv. Birth and Circumcision of the Forerunner. 57 — 66. The Benedictus. 67 — 79. v. Growth of the Forerunner. 80. III. Nativity of the Saviour, ii. 1 — 20. i. The Birth in the Manger, ii. 1 — 7. Songs and thanksgivings of the Angels and the Shepherds. 8—20. IV. The Infancy of the Saviour, ii. 21 — 38. i. The Circumcision, ii. 21. ii. The Presentation in the Temple. 22 — 24. Songs and thanksgivings of Simeon and Anna. 25 — 38. V. The Boyhood of the Saviour, ii. 39 — 52. i. His growth. 39, 40. ii. His first visit to Jerusalem. 41 — 48. iii. His first recorded words. 49, 50. iv. His development from boyhood to manhood. 51, 52. VI. The Manifestation of the Saviour (iii. 1 — iv. 13), i. In the preaching of John the Baptist, iii. 1 — 14, and His prophecy of the coming Messiah. 16 — 18. (Parenthetic anticipation of John’s imprisonment. 19, 20.) ii. By the descent of the Spirit and the Voice at the Baptism. 21 , 22 . The Son of Adam and the Son of God. 23 — 38. iii. By victory over the Tempter, iv. 1 — 13. VII. Life and Early Ministry of the Saviour, iv. 14 — vii. 50. i. His teaching in Galilee, iv. 14, 15. ii. His first recorded Sermon, and rejection by the Nazarenes. 16—30. iii. His Work in Capernaum and the Plain of Gennesareth. iv. 31 — vii. 50. iv. A great Sabbath at Capernaum, iv. 31 — 44. a. Healing of a demoniac. 33 — 37. jS. Healing of Peter’s wife’s mother. 38, 39. y. Healing of a multitude of the sick. 40 — 44. v. The miraculous draught of fishes, v. 1 — 11. xlii INTRODUCTION . yL Work amid the sick, suffering, and sinful, v. 12 — 32. a. Healing of a leper and other works of mercy. 12—17. j 8 . Healing the paralytic. 18 — 26. 7 . The Call and feast of Matthew. 27 — 32. vii. The Saviour teaching and doing good. v. 33 — vii. 50. а. The new and the old. v. 33 — 39. j 8 . The Sabbath, vi. 1 — 12. 7 . Choosing of the Apostles. 13 — 16. d. The Sermon on the Mount. 17 — 49. c. The centurion’s servant, vii. 1 — 10. $*. The widow’s son raised from the dead. 11 — 17. 7j. His witness to John the Baptist. 18 — 30. б. His complaint against that generation. 31 — 35. l. The woman that was a sinner. 36 — 50. VIII. Later Ministry in Galilee and its neighbourhood, viii. i. The first Christian sisterhood, viii. 1 — 3. ii. Incidents of two great days. 4 — 56. a. The first Parable. 4 — 15. /3. The similitude of the Lamp. 16 — 18. 7 . Who are His mother and His brethren. 19 — 21. d. Stilling the storm. 22 — 25. e. The Gadarene demoniac. 26 — 40. £ The daughter of Jairus and the woman with the issue of blood. 41 — 56. IX. Latest Phases of the Galilean Ministry, and Journey Northwards, ix. 1 — 50. i. Mission of the Twelve, ix. 1 — 6 . ii. Alarm of Herod. 7 — 9. iii. Feeding the five thousand at Bethsaida Julias. 10 — 17. iv. Culmination of the training of the Apostles. 18 — 50. a. The Confession of St Peter. 18 — 22. / 3 . Warning of the coming end. 23-*-27. 7 . The Transfiguration on Mount Hermon. 28 — 36. d. The Lunatic Boy. 37 — 42. e. Nearer warnings of the coming end. 43 — 45. Lesson of Humility. 46 — 48. y. Lesson of Tolerance. 49, 50. INTRODUCTION. xliii X. Incidents of the great final Phase of the Saviour’s Ministry after leaving Galilee, ix. 51 — xix. 27 1 . i. Tolerance to the Samaritans. The spirit of Elijah and the spirit of the Saviour. 51 — 56. ii. The sacrifices of true discipleship. 57 — 62. iii. The Mission of the Seventy, x. 1 — 20. iv. The Saviour’s joy at its success and blessedness. 21—24. v. Love to our neighbour. The Good Samaritan. 25 — 37. vi. The one thing needful. Martha and Mary. 38 — 42. vii. Lessons of Prayer, xi. 1 — 13. viii. Open rupture with the Pharisees, and connected incidents and warnings, xi. 14 — xii. 59. ix. Teachings, Warnings, Parables, and Miracles, of the Journey in preparation for the coming end. xiii. 1- xviii. 30. a . Parables : 1. The Great Supper, xiv. 15 — 24. 2. Shorter similitudes : a. The Unfinished Tower. 25 — 30. jS. The Prudent King. 31 — 33. 7. Savourless Salt. 34, 35. 3. The Lost Sheep, xv. 1 — 7. 4. The Lost Piece of Silver. 8 — 10. 5. The Prodigal Son. 11 — 32. 6. The Unjust Steward, xvi. 1 — 12. 7. Warnings against avarice; Eich Man and Laza- rus. 13 — 31. 1 3 . Shorter sayings ; Offences, xvii. 1, 2. Forgiveness, 3, 4. Faith, 5, 6. Service, 7 — 10. Gratitude (the Ten Lepers), 11 — 19. Coming of the kingdom of God, 20—37. Prayer (the Importunate Widow), xviii. 1 — 8. The Pharisee and the Publican, 9 — 14. Children, 15 — 17. Sacrifice for Christ’s sake. The Great Eefusal, 18 — 30. 1 The whole section is sometimes, but inadequately, called the Gnomology , or “collection of moral teaching.” xliv INTRODUCTION . XL Last Stage of the Journey from Jericho to Jerusalem. xviii. 31 — xix. 46. i. Prediction of the approaching end. xviii. 31 — 34. ii. The healing of Blind Bartimaeus. xviii. 35 — 43. iii. The Repentant Publican, Zacchaeus. xix. 1 — 10. iv. The Parable of the Pounds. 10 — 27. v. The Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem. 28 — 40. vi. The Saviour weeping over Jerusalem. 41 — 44. vii. The Cleansing of the Temple. 45, 46. XII. The Last Days of the Saviour’s Life. xix. 47 — xxi. 38. i. The Day of Questions, xx. a. Question of the Priests and Elders. 1 — 8. Parable of the Vineyard. 9 — 18. /3. Question about the tribute-money. 19 — 26. 7. Question of the Sadducees. 27 — 39. 5. Question of Christ. 39 — 44. Last denunciation of the Scribes. 45 — 47. ii. Farewell to the Temple, and last warnings, xxi. a. The widow’s mite. 1 — 4. /3. Prophecy against the Temple. 5, 6. 7. Signs and warnings of the last times. 7 — 33. XIII. Last Hours of the Saviour on Earth, xxii. 1— xxiii. 49. i. The plots of enemies, xxii. 1 — 6. ii. The Last Supper. Warnings and farewells. 7 — 38. iii. The Agony in the Garden. 39 — 46. iv. The Betrayal. 47 — 49. v. The Arrest. 50 — 53. vi. Trial before the Priests, and Peter’s denials. 54 — 62. First derision. 63 — 65. vii. Trial before the Sanhedrim. 66—71. viii. Trial before Pilate, and first acquittal, xxiii. 1 — 4. ix. Trial before Herod. Second derision, and acquittal. 5—12. x. Pilate’s endeavour to release Him. The Jews choose Barabbas. Condemnation to Death. 13—26. xi. The Daughters of Jerusalem. 27 — 31. xii. The Crucifixion. 32 — 38. xiii. The Penitent Bobber. 39 — 45. xiv. The Saviour’s Death. 46 — 49. I NT ROD UCTION xlv XIV. The Burial, Besurrection, and Ascension, xxiii. 50 — xxiv. 53. i. The Entombment, xxiii. 50 — 56. ii. The Resurrection, xxiv. 1 — 12. iii. The Disciples at Emmaus. 13 — 32. iv. Appearance to the Twelve, and last teachings of the Risen Saviour. 33 — 49. XV. The Ascension. 50 — 53. In making this synopsis I have merely followed plain and obvious indications without being influenced by any temptation to produce numerical concinnity. It will however be at once observed that in the sections and subsections we find a recurrence of the sacred numbers three and seven 1 . Further attention will be called to this point in the subsequent notes. By regarding various sections as a conclusion or appendix , the prevalence of these numbers might easily be made still more obvious. The Greek training of the Evangelist would lead him to this symmetrical arrangement, and his familiarity wdth Aramaic documents ex- plains his partiality for the numbers 3 and 7. CHAPTER YI. HELLENISTIC GREEK. The common dialect (p kolv-tj) was composed of various elements, and owed its origin and dissemination to the conquests of Alex- ander the Great. It is a somewhat corrupt and loose Attic, with peculiarities derived from the old Doric Macedonian, and from other sources. It was spoken at Alexandria, in which city there was a large conflux of men of different nationalities. It is the dialect in which the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament was written by Jews residing in Egypt. This accounts for the Hebraic and Oriental idioms which we find in their dialect, and 1 St Luke’s genealogy of our Lord falls into eleven sevens, as St Matthew’s into three fourteens. xlvi INTRODUCTION. these idioms took root the more readily because large colonies of Jews were to be found all along the coasts of the Mediterranean, and indeed in almost every region of the civilised world 1 . The word 'EAX^iafo) came to mean ‘I speak Greek as a foreigner/ but the word Hellenist generally means a Greek-speaking Jew , and the only writings in this dialect are those of Jews. The peculiarities of Hellenistic Greek are found (1) in its phraseology, (2) in its syntax. I. In its phraseology (A) it admits a. Hew forms of words, as yj/evo-pa, i/t/co?, vovOecrta , eKxvveiv, (TTljKCQ for yfsevSoS, VLKTJj VOvOeTTjGTLS , € r rJ eg _ | a gta 4 H3 II « 9 . J « ! OJ ft ! ^ W ! II §§■ a a - g OQ S PQ s 3 ^ w a f « ^ eg QQ Pt >1 PP rtf O m cc T3 m P - P fl £ c3 « CD H eg P-s gw 8 S §■§ “ ^ CD ' I S’ eg eg •C2 eg ^ ^ a u fcO eu w p -P2 _ -p O tf s W o pp <1 PI * ABBREVIATIONS. Gr. Griesbach. La. Lachmann. Ti. Tischendorf. W.H. "YVestcott and Hort. LXX. Septuagint. Vulg. Vulgate. It. Old Latin Version (Itala). Sab. Sahidic Version. B. V. Revised Version. A. V. Authorised Version. Rec. The Textus Beceptus. 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1 r 26 V ^ aytop 67T avTOP \ real rjp avTcp ree^prj ptaT ta ptepop vtto 8 EYATrEAlON II. 26 tov ttvgv ficLTO^ tov ajLov, fir) Idelp Oavarov irp'iv i) av % TOV XpLGTOV KVpLOV. 27 KCLl TjX06V iv T(S TTVCVpaTL et9 to lepov' kcll iv tco elcrayayelv tou9 yovels to ttcuSlov ’ I rjcrovv rod 'irourjaai avTov? Kara to 6L0LGpivov rov vopov irepu avrov , kcll clvto 9 eoe^aro avro cl? ra<; dyKaXa 9 /cal ev\oyr]aev tov deov kcll ehrev f ^Nvv airo- Xv6L$ tov SovXov gov , hiairoTa, kcltcl to prjpd gov iv elprjvrj, 30 £m elSov oi 6(^0aXpol pov to GcoTr/pcov gov , 31 o rjToipcLGas kcltcl irpoGcoirov 7 T(Ivtcov tcov \clgov, 32 <£<£9 €t9 diroKaXv'ifLV idvoov kcll &b£av Xaov gov ’I GparjX. 33 Kal rjv 6 'ircLTrjp avTov kcll rj prjTrjp avTov 0avpa- %OVT6 9 €7 rl TOL 9 XaXovpivOLS TT6pl CLVTOV. 34 KCLL 6vXo- yrjGev avTov 9 'Svpeobv Kal ehrev 7rpo9 Mapzd/-6 ttjv prjTepa avTov , ’ISoz) 00 T 09 kcItcli els tttcoglv Kal dvci- gtuglv 7 toXXcov iv tg3 ’I GparjX Kal els Grjpelov avTiXeyo- pevov. 35 /cal croO aVTTjS TTJV 'tyv'xrjv 8L6\€VG€TaL popcfrala, O7TC09 az> aTTOKaXvcpdboGLv e/c TroXXdJj' Kap^Lcov hcaXoyLGpoi 36 Kal 971 / if Avva 7rpo(f>f)TL<;, 0vyaTr\p <&avovr)X y e/c c fivXys 'AGrjp' avTy Trpofteftr}fcvla iv rjpepaLS 77 *oXXa? 9 , £ rjGaGa peTa avSpos 6Trj 67 ttcl airo Trjs 7rap06vias aiiTTj 9 , /cai avTTj 'xfipcL 60)9 6 T 0 )D oyoorjKovTa TeGGapcov, ?/ ou/c d(f)LGTaTO TOV UpOV Vr)GT6iaLS Kal ^>6T]G6GL XaTpeVOVGCL t \ r t 38 \ « r/ 5 o > /» WKTa KaL rjpepav. kgl avTy ttj 00 pa eiTLGTaaa avvoD- poXoyeLTO tg3 0€gj Kal iXaXeL 7 repl avTov ttclglv tols T rpoG^e^opevoLS XvTpcoGLV ' \epovGaXr]p . 39 Kal 0)9 eVe- Xeaav 7 ravTCL tcl KaTa tov vopov Kvplov, iireaTpe^av 669 t?}d TaX^XatW 6t9 ttoXlv eavTcov Na^ape^. 40 to Se iraL^iov Tjv^avev /cal iKpaTaiovTo 7 rXrjpovpevov Gotylas, Kal yapL 9 deov 7]v iir avro. 41 Kal iiropevovTo ol yov6LS avTov KaT eVo9 6^9 III. 3 KATA AOYKAN 9 c lepovaaXypu rfj eoprfj rod nrda^a. 42 /cat ore eyevero ircSv ScoSe/ca, dva/ 3 aivovrcov avrcov Kara to e#o? ry 9 eoprrjs, 43 /cat reXeico a avrcov ras r/puepas, ev rat in roarpe- \ 5 \ /cat oi//c eyvcoaav ot yovec? avrov. vopaaavre? oe avrov eLvaL ev rfj avvohla yXdov ypiepa? oSov /cal dveifyrovv avrov ev roc? avyyeveaiv /cal rol? yvcoarol?, 45 /cal piy evpovre? inrear pe^rav els f I epovaaXypi avaifyrodvre 9 au- r 46 \ 5 / Vf/ '■'f' 5 \ « rov. /cat eyevero pier a ypiepa? rpec 9 evpov avrov ev rep iep

Xoycov ' Haatov tov 7rpov Svo yirdvas peTaSorco tco prj eyovTi , Kal 6 e^cov ftpcopaTa opoLoo 9 7 TOLeiTCD. 12 rjX0ov Se Kal TeXcovac /SairTiadyvac Kal ehrav 7rpos a\)Tov y AiSaaKaXe , tL iroirjacopev ) 13 o Se ehrev irpos avTovs, M^Se^ irXeov irapd to StaTeTaypevov vplv irpdaaeTe. ^eirrjpcoTcov Se avTov Kal GTpaTevo- pevoc XeyovTes , Ti irocrjcroopev Kal rjpeh ; Kal ehrev irpo? avTovSy M rjSeva SiaaeiarjTe , prjSe crvKocfiavTTjcrrjTe, Kal apKelaOe Toh oyjscovLot? vpdv. lo UpoaSoKoovTos Se tov Xaov Kal ScaXoyi^opevcov iravTcov ev Tah KapSiacs av- tgov 7 repl tov ’ Icoavvov , prjiroTe auT09 elrj 6 XycacrT09, 16 aireKpivaTO Xeycov irdatv 6 'lcodvvr)<;, ’E yw pev vSaTc fiaTTTi^co vpa 9 * ep^eTac Se 6 la^vpoTepo^ pov y ov ovk elpl iKavos Xvaac tov IpavTa toov V7roSr)paTcov avTov , HI- 35 KATA AOYKAN ii auro? vpas ftairTtcret iv trvevpaTt dyt(p /cal irvpi 17 ov to tttvov iv rfj X ei P L a v r °v Sca/caOdpac rrjv aXcova avrov /cal crvvd^et r ov ctltov 66? rrjv diroOrj/cTjv ai)Tov, to Se d^ypov KaTa/cavcret irvpi dcrfiicrTcp. 18 IIo\Av\a/crj. 21 ’E yevefo Se iv tco (3 airTiG0rjvat diravTa tov Xaov /cal ’I rjcrov ftairTtadevTos /cal Trpoaevxopevov dvecpx^V~ \ y f oo \ r\ * \ A \ ef vat tov ovpavov, /cat Karaprjvat to irvevpa to aytov crcoptaTt/cd) etSet go? ifeptaTepav iir avTov } /cal (f^covrjv i£ ovpavov yeveadat, 2z) el 6 vios pov 6 ayairrjTo^^ iv crol evBo/crjcra. 23 Kal avTos tjv ’I rjcrovs apxopevos cocrel iToov Tpta - KovTa , dov vlo$, co? ivopt^eTO, I coar/cj)j tov f H\e6 24 rou M aTOciT tov Aevel tov MeA/^el tov ’ lavval tov ’I cocrr/cj) 25 tov M.aTTa0(ov tov ’A/^w? tov Naovp tov ’EcrXel TOV Nayyal 26 tov Maa# tov MaTTadtov tov Xepeelv tov * I cocrrjx T °v 27 tov ’ Icoavdv tov C P rjcrd tov Zopo- fiafteX tov XaXaOtrjX tov Nrjpel 28 tov tov ’A SSel tov K (ocrdp tov ’E Xpahdp tov *H p 29 tov ’I rjcrov tov ’EA^e^ep tov ’I copelp tov Mar^ar tov Aevel 30 tov X vpedv tov ’I oi/Sa tov ’I coarjcj) tov *1 covap tov ’E Xta- Kelp 31 tov MeAea tov ALevvd tov AlaTTada tov Nadav tov AavelS 32 t ov ’I ecrcral tov 9 Igo/3?)S tov Boo? tov XaXct tov Naacracov 33 tov y Aptva8a/3 tov ’A pvel tov ’ Ecrpcop tov af;dB tov ^rjfi tov Nc3e tov Aa/ie % 37 tov M adov- craXa tov ’E vgo% tov ’I apeB tov M a\e\erj\ tov K aivapb 38 tov ’Ez'oW tov tov ’ABa/u, tov deov. 4 1 'Irjcrov<; Be TrXrjpT]^ TrvevfjLaTos aylov V7recrTpeyfrev cltto tov ’ lopBavov , KCbl rjyeTO ev tc3 TrvevpbaTL iv tt} epr/pbM 2 r}pbepa<; Tecrcrepa/covTa TreLpatypbevos viro tov Blcl/3o\ov. /cal ov/c eefrayev ovBev ev Tah ypcepaLs e/ceh vcus> /cal crvvTeXeadeLcrcbv avTcov eirelvacrev . 3 ehrev Be avTco 6 BiafioXos, E£ vios el tov deov, eh re tco Xidcp TovTcp iva yevrjTaL apTos. 4 /cal dire/cpldy] 7rpo9 avTov 6 ’I r)crovs, VerypaiTTaL otl Ov/c err apT(p pbovcp f r/creTab 6 avOpcoTros. 5 /cal avayayebv avTov eBec^ev avT&> Tracra? t«9 fiao-bXeia? Trjs ol/covpbevrjs ev (TTLypbrj %p6vov. 6 /cal ehrev avTa> 6 BidftoXos , Sol Bcbcrco Trjv e^ovaiav TavTrjv diracrav teal ttjv Bo^av avTcov , otl epbol n rapaBeBoTat /cal

6 ’Irjcrovs, YeypairTaL, Tlpocr/cvvrjcreLS icvpiov tov deov crov /cal avTco pi6v(p XaTpevaeis, *rjyayev Be avTov eh 'lepov- c raXrjpb /cal ecrTrjaev eVl to n TTepvytov tov lepov, /cal ehrev aurco, E£ vios el tov deov, /3aXe creavTOv evTevdev kclto)' 10 yeypa7TTab yap otl T0Z9 ayyeXoL? avTov evTe- Xehai 7 repl crov tov BbacfrvXd^ai ere, 11 /cal otl ’EttI yeLp&v dpovcrLv ere , firjTTOTe irpoa/co^rj^ Trpbs Xtdov tov 7 roBa aov. 12 /cal aTro/cpidel? ehrev avTco 6 'Itjctovs otl WbprjTaL, Ov/c e/cTreLpacreis icvpiov tov deov crov. 13 /cal (TvvTeXeaas iravTa TreLpacrpbbv 6 Blcl/3o\os direaTij cltt avTov a^pL /caLpov. 14 Kal virecrTpey\rev 6 ’I rjerovs ev tj) BvvdpbeL tov TrvevpbaTos eh ty\v YaXCkabav* /cal r)pb7] e^rj\6ev Kadi* H.Courtier, F.R.G.S. . n IV. 27 KATA AOYKAN 13 o\?;? t?;? 7 repi^oopov 1 repl avrov. 15 /cal avro 9 iBlBaa/ce v iv ral 9 away coy a h avrebv, Bolfalfopevos vi to irdvrcov . 16 Kal rjXdev eh N atfaper, ov rjv redpappevos, /cal elafX- dev /cara to elcodos avrcp iv rfj rjpepa rcbv aa/3/3drcov eh rrjv avvaycoyr/v, /cal avearrj dvayvcbvai. 17 /cal 67 reBodrj avrcp /3l/3Xlov rod Trpoc^rjrov ' Haacov, /cal dvairrv^a^ to /3l/3Xlov evpev ronov ov rjv yeypappevov , 18 Uvevpa Kvplov in ipe, ov etve/cev e^pcaev pie evayyeXiaaadab r jrT(o r )(oh, direaraX/cev pie 19 /crjpv^ai al^piaXooTOi^ dcfie- acv /cal rvcpXoh dva/SXe^LV, airoarelXat redpavapevov 9 iv dcfreaei, Krjpv^ai iv Lavrov /cvpiov Be/crov. 20 /cal rrrvtfas to /3l/3Xlov a7roSoi)r]rr 79 Se/CT 09 ianv iv rfj rrarplBt avrov. 25 eV’ dXrjdetas Be Xeyco vplv, rrroXXal XVP ac V crav TCi h rjpipats (1 HXtov iv rep ’I aparjX, ore i/cXeladrj 6 ovpavos iirl err] rpla /cal prj v as e%, cos iyevero Xtpo 9 peyas eVl irdaav rrjv yrjv, 2Q /cal Trpos ovBeptav avrebv irrepefydr] f H\/a9 el prj eh Xapeirra rrj 9 XcBcovla 9 77-7009 yvval/ca xVP av - 27 /cal 7 roXXol Xerrpol r\aav iv rep ’I aparjX irrl f E Xcaatov rod Trpocprjrov , /cal ovBeh avrebv i/cadapladrj el prj 14 EYATrEAlON IV. 27 Natfiav 6 —vpo?. 28 Kal iirXi'jaOpaav Trdi’re^ Ovfiov iu * r> * r rs 2Q\5 / , » / ry avvaycoyp a/covovre 9 ravra , /ecu avaaravre 9 e£e- fiaXov avrov e^co rrj 9 7 roXect) 9 , /cal rjyayov avrov eco$ 0(f)pV0S TOO OpOVS €’ 00 77 TroXt? (pKoSbptTjrO CLVrOOV , (bpp dpaprwXos el pa , /cvpce. 9 0ap/3os yap rrepieayev avrov /cal iravras rov 9 cn)z/ az}rc3 eVl rp a 7 pa tcSz/ lydvwv y avveXa/3ov, 10 opoLcos Be /cal ’ Id/cw/3ov /cal 5 Iwdvvrjv viovs Ze/3eBaLov } ot rjaav /coivwvol rw 1 6 EYAFTEAION V. io 'Zl/jlcovl. /cal ehrev rrpbs rdv Hlpiwva 6 'Itjc tovs, M?) elvai avrov ev pua roov 7 roXecov, /cal IBov dvrjp 7 rXrjprj<; Xerrpas' IBwv Be top ’ Itjgovv , ireadv €7 tI irpoGcorrov eBerj0rj avrov Xeycov , K vpie, eav 0eXrjs, Bvvaaal pie /ca0ap(aai . 13 /cal e/crelva 9 rrjv %e?pa Tjyfraro avrov elircov , ®£Xco> /ca0apia0rjn . /caX ev0ecos rj Xeirpa airrjX0ev air avrov. u /cal avros rraprjyyeiXev avrco pirjBevl ehrelv , aXXd drreX0cov Belkov aeavrbv rco cepei, /cal rcpoaevey/ce rrepl rod /ca0apiGpiov crov /ca0oo<; rrpoaera^ev Mcovcrrjs, eh piaprvpiov avroh. 15 Birjp^ero Be fidXXov 6 Xoyos rrepl avrov , /cal Gvvrjpyovro o^Xoi 7 roXXol d/coveiv /cal 0eparreveG0ai arro rcov dcrOeveicov avrcov avros be rjv vrro'ycopcov ev rats eprjpiois /cat irpOGev^opievo^. 17 K’ o /care/ceLro y airr]X6ev els tov ol/cov avTov Bo^a^cov tov deov . 26 /cal e/cGTacns eXa/3ev diravTas, /cal eBo^a^ov tov Oeov, /cal iirXrjcrdrjcrav cf)6/3ov XeyovTes otl KlBopev irapaBo^a crrjpepov. 27 K al peTa TavTa e£r)Xdev, /cal edeacraTO TeXcovrjv ovopaTL A evelv /cadrjpevov eirl to TeXcovLov , kcli ehrev avTw, ’A KoXovdei pot. 28 Kal KaTaXLircov iravTa avacrTas rjKoXovdei avTco. 29 Kal eirohjcrev Boy/jv peyaXrjv A evels avTcp ev Tfj oLKLa avTov * Kal rjv oyXos 7 roXvs TeXcovcov Kal dXXcov ol rjaav peT avTcov KaTaKeipevoc. 30 Kal eyoyyv^ov ol <£> apLcraloL Kal ol ypappaTels avTcov irpos tov s padrjTas avTov XeyovTes , A taTL peTci tgov TeXcovcov Kal dpapTcoXoov iadleTe Kal irlveTe ; 31 Kal airoKpcdels o ’ Irjaovs ehrev 7 rpos avTov s, Ov XP e ^ av %X 0V(Tiv 0i vytai- vovtcs laTpov dXXci ol KaKcos exovTe s‘ 32 ovk eXrjXvda KaXecrac BiKalovs aXXd dpapTcoXovs els peTavotav. 33 Ot Be ehrav irpos avTov, Ol padrjTal ’I coavvov vrj- GTevovGiv TrvKvd Kal Ber/aeLs irocovvTaL , opolcos Kal ol tgov (Papuralcov, ol Be crol ecrdlovaiv Kal itlvovctlv. 34 o Be I rjaovs ehrev irpos avTov 9, Mr) Bvvaade tovs vlovs tov vvptydovos, ev co 6 vvpcf)los peT avTcov ecrTLV, iroLrjcraL vrjGTevaai ; 3j eXevcrovTac Be rjpepac, Kal oTav dirapdlj air ST LUKE o is EYAfTEAlON V- 35 avTcLv 6 vvptcfiios, Tore vrjarevcrovcriv ev eKetvart Tart rjpte- paw. 36i 'JLXeyev Be teal 7rapa/3oXrjv irpos avrov 9 ore O vBert eTrLftXriiia diro Ifiariov Katvov aylcras e7rt/3aXXet eirl Ipta- tlov iraXatov' el Be ptrjye, Kal to Kaivov cryicrei /cal tm TraiXatS ov Gvpt^oovrjGet to e7rl/3Xr}pta to diro tov Katvov . 37 kcli ovBert fidXXet olvov veov eU clctkovs TraXatovs' el Be ptrjye, prj^et 6 oivos 6 veo etpe Kal GTrjdt ert to pteaov. Kal dvacrTas ecrTrj. s ehrev Be 6 ’I^cr 0 O 9 7rpo9 avTovs, "Eire- pcoTob vptas el e^eaTtv too o-afiftaTcp dyaOoTrotrjaat rj VI. 22 KATA AOYKAN 19 fca/ccnroLrjcrcu , ^VXV P g Cog at rj airoXeGai. 10 Kal 7 repi- fiXeyjrdpievos 7 rdvra s avrovs eh rev avrco, ’'E/creivov rr\v X€ipa gov. 6 Be eiroirjGev, teal direKareGradr] rj x,e\p avrov. n avrol Be eirXrjGOrjGav avoids, /cal BceXdXovv irpos dXXrjXovs ri dv irocrjaaiev rc 3 T tjgov. 12 ’Ey evero Be ev ral 9 rjpiepats ravrais e^eXdelv avrov els to opos TrpoG€v^aG0ai, /cal rjv Biavv/crepevoov ev rrj rrpoGevxv too 6eov . 13 /cal ore eyevero rjpiepa, 7 rpoGec^do- vrjaev rovs piadr]rds avrov, /cal e/cXe^apievos dir avrdov BcoBe/ca, ovs /cal airoaroXovs covopcaaev, u ^ipicova, ov Kal oovopLaaev Uerpov , kcli ’ AvBpeav rov aBeXcfobv avrov, /cal 5 Idfccoftov /cal 5 Icoavvrjv /cal //U7r7roz/ /cal ^apdoXopoalov 15 /cal M aOOalov /cal © copuav , ’ la/ccofiov ’A Xcjoaiov, /cal Xlpuova rov /caXovpievov ^rjXcorrjv, 13 Kal ’I ovBav T a/coo/3ov, /cal ’ lovBav ’I G/capcooO, os ey evero irpoBor7]s , 17 /cal Kara - /3a? pier avrdov ecrrrj iirl roirov ireBcvov, kcli oyXos pbadrjrdov avrov , /cal irXrjOos iroXv rov Xaov airo rraGrjs rrjs T ovBatas Kal 'lepovaaXrjpb kcli rrjs irapaXcov T vpov Kal XiBdbvos, ol rjX0ov aKovaai avrov Kal laOrjvai airo rcov vogcov avroov, Kai oc evoyXovpievoi airo 7 rvevpbarcov aKaddproov ideparrevovro' 13 Kal irds 6 o^Xos e^r/rovv dirreadai avrov, on BvvapLcs irap avrov i^VPX eT0 KCLi laro it dvr as . 20 Kal avros eirdpas too? 6xoL } on vpcerepa earlv rj /3aGiXeia TPV 6eov , 21 M.aKapLoc oc irecvdovres vvv, ore x°P Tacr @V (Tecr @ 6 ' M aKapLOL ol KXalovres vvv, on yeXdaere. 22 M aKapLol iare orav pugt/gcoglv vpids ol dvdpcoiroi, Kal orav dcfropLGcoGLv vpids /cal ov€lBlgo)glv Kal eK/3d - 2 — 2 20 EYAITEAION VI. 22 Xcoaiv to ovofia v/xdov cot irovrjpbv evena rov viov rov avUpooirov. y aprjre ev e/cebvrj rrj rjpuepa /cat cncLprrjcraTe' t’Soz) y dp 6 puados vpb(Sv 770X1)9 ev tg 3 ovpavo) * /card rd avra yap eiroiovv T0t9 irpocjorjrat^ oi irarepe 9 avreov. 2 *TlXr)v oval v puv roi 9 irXovaioi?, on aireyere rrjv irapa/cXrjaiv vpbeov. 2o Oval vpbtv oi ipbireirXrjapbevoi vvv , cuyadoiroirjre rov 9 ayadoiroiovvra 9 i)/ta?, iroia vpuv yapis eanv ; /eat ot apaprcoXot to airro iroiovaiv . /eat ear Saveiarjre irap &v eXiri^ere Xa/ 3 etr, iroia vpuv %apt 9 eariv ; /eat d puapreoXol apbapreoXot 9 Savei^ovaiv eva airo - XafiooGLV ra la a. 3o UXrjv ayairare rovs eydpovs vpbeov /eat dyadoiroieire /eat Savei^ere purjSev aireXiri^ovres* /cal carat 6 pLtadds vpbeov 7 toXi/ 9 , /eat eaeade viol vyfriarov, oTt ai/T 09 yprjaro^ eanv eirl roi ) 9 ayapiarov 9 /eat 7 ro- vrjpov 9. S6 yiveade ol/crippboves, /cadou 9 6 7 raTi )/3 u/^cor VI. 48 KATA AOYKAN 21 oltCTLpfJLWV €(Ttlv. 37 y arj KpipeTe , Kal ov / xt ) Kptdrjre * Kal p,fj KaraBirca^ere, Kal ov pi rj Karahucaad^re. drroXveTe, Kal a'jToXvd'qcyecrde * 38 SiSoTe, Kal Sodr/crerac vpilp * pieTpop KaXov ireTTLecrpLevov aecraXevpievov virepeK^vppo piepop Sob- govglp eh top koXttop vpudov * eo 7 dp pier pep pLerpelre avTipberprjdrjcreTat vpilp. 39 Fjhrep Se Kal 1 rapafioXrjv avToh, M rjn Svvarai TvepXos TvcpXop oSrjyelp; ou^t dpcpoTepoi eh fioOvvov epbTveo’ovvTai ; 4Q ovk ggtlp pLaOrjrrjs inrep top SibaGKaXop' KaTrjpricrpLepos Se 7 ra? earai C09 0 SiSaGKaXos avrov. 41 tl Se ftXen rets to Kapcpo? to ip rc5 ocpOaXpup tov abeXcpov gov , tt)p Se Sokop Tr)p ip tm ISlep oepdaXpicp ov KaTapoeh ; 42 7 rc 3 ? hvpaaai Xeyeip tg3 aSeXcpw gov , ’A SeXcpe, aepes iK/3aXco to Kapepos to ip to 0 ocpdaXpi c3 gov , avTO? ttjp ip tm oepdaXpLo) gov Sokop ov /3Xe7TQ)p ; ViroKpiTa , eK@aXe irpCOTOP TTJP SoKOP iK TOV O(p0aXpiOV GOV , Kal TOTG Sta- /3\e^et9 to Kapcpos to ip tg3 ocpOaXpup tov aSeXcpov gov iK^aXecp. 43 Ov yap iaTip SepSpop KaXop ttolovp Kapirop Gairpbp , ovSe ttciXlp SevSpop Gairpop ttolovp Kapirop Ka- Xop. 44 eKaGTOP yap SepSpop iK tov ISlov Kapirov ycpcoGKe- Tat * ov yap if; aKapdcop GvXXeyovacp GVKa , ovbe iK /3 cltov GT acpvXrjp t pvyooGip. 45 6 ayados ap0 po)ir 05 iK tov dyaOov OrjGavpov tt] 9 KapSlas 7 rpoepepec to dyad op, Kal 6 Troprjpo^ iK tov Troprjpov 7 rpoepepet to 7 Toprjpbp' iK yap irepiGGev- yu,aT09 KapScas XaXel to GTopua ai)Tov. 46 Tt Se pie KaXetTe , K vpie Kvpie , Kal ov 7 rotetre a Xeyon; 47 7ra9 6 ip^opiepos 777309 /xe /cat aKovcop piov toop Xoycop Kal TTOLOOP aVTOVS, VTToSei^CO vpilp TLPL iGTLP 0/X0C09. 48 oyitoto9 iaTLp dvQpdnrcp oiKobopiovpTL OLKiap, 09 eGKay\rep Kal i/3advpep Kal edrjKep OepieXLOP eVt r^z/ ireTpap' ttXtjpl- pivprjs Se yepopiepr 79 7rpoGeprj^ep 6 7T0Tapibs Tfj olklcl iKGLPrj, 22 EYAfTEAlON VI. 48 /cal ov/c cayvaev aaXevaat avrrjv Sea to /caXcbs ol/coSoperj- crOai avrrjv. 49 6 Se a/covaas /cal fir) ivoirjaa 9 opeoibs eanv avOpcbirp ol/coSoperjaavn ol/clav eirl rrjv yrjv ycopls 6epe- Xlov, fj irpoaeprj^ev 6 irorapbos, /cal evdvs avveiveaev, /cal eyevero to prjypea rrjs ol/clas e/ceivrjs peeya. 7 ^FiTrecSrj eirXrjpcoaev iravra ra prjpeara avrov els ra 9 d/coas rov Xaov , elarjXdev els K acfrapvaovpe. 2 'E /ca- rovrdpyov Se nvos SovXos /ca/ccos eyco v rjpeeXXev reXev- rdv, 09 rjv avrp evripeos- 3 a/cov eras Se 1 re pi rov ’I rjaov direarecXev repos avrov irpea/3vrepovs rc ov ’I ovSalcov, epcoroov avrov oircos eXdobv Siaaobarj rov SovXov avrov. 4 ol Se 7 vapayevopeevoi irpos rov 'Irjaovv irapercaXovv avrov airovSalcos, Xeyovres on V A £los eanv p irape^rj rovro ’ 5 ay air a yap to edvos rjpidoVy /cal rrjv crvvay coy rjv avros p/coSoperjaev rjpuv. 6 6 Se ’ lrjaovs eiropevero avv avrols. rjSrj Se avrov ov pea/epdv aireyovros airo rrjs ol - /cias, eirepi^ev irpos avrov vpaVy ovSe iv rp ’ laparjX roaavrrjv irlanv evpov. 10 /cal viroarpeyfravres els rov ol/cov ol irepicfidevres evpov rov SovXov vyialvovra. 11 K al eyevero iv rfj e^rjs eiropevOrj els iroXtv /caXov- peevrjv N atv, /cal avveiropevovro avrp ol peadrjral avrov VII. 25 KATA AOYKAN 23 l/cavol /cal 0 ^X 09 rroXvs. 12 go 9 he ijyytaev rfj TrvXrj rrj<$ 7roXect)9, /cal Ihoi) i^e/copbl^ero reOvrj/cds pbovoyevrjs 1/I09 rfj fjbTjrpl avrov, /cal avrrj rjv XVP a > Kai o%Xo9 rrjs 7roXeco9 hcavos rjv avv avrfj . 13 /cal Ihcov avrrjv 6 icvpios iairXay- yy'ujQrj iir avrrj /cal ehrev avrfj , M?} /cXace . 14 /cal 7 rpocr- eX6co v rjyfraro rlj 9 aopov , ol he fiaerra^ovres earrjaav , /cal ehrev , Neazdavce, ftacriXela rov Oeov pcel^cov avrov icrrlv . 29 /cal 7 r «9 6 Xao 9 a/covaas /cal ol reX&vai iBi/calcocrav rov 9 eov , / 3 a 7 T- ncrOevre 9 to / 3 dnrricrpLa ’I coavvov' 30 ol Be apicratoc /cal ol vopu/col rrjv fiovXrjv rov Oeov ijOerrjo-av eh eavrovSy pur} ftaimcrOevres vi r avrov. 31 Tlvo olv opLOLolcrcD rov 9 dvOpconrovs rrjs yeveas ravrrjs, /cal rivi elcrlv opboioi ; 32 opLOiol elaiv nraiBioi 9 rot 9 iv ayopa /caOrjp,evoLS /cal nrpoacfrcovovacv aXXr/Xots Xeyovre 9, vpblv /cal ov/c (Lp^rjaacrOey iOprjvr)- crapiev /cal ov/c i/cXavaare. 33 iXrjXvOev yap 'Icoavvrjs 6 j 3 anrr i(rrrjs pbrjre iaOlcov dprov pirjre nrlvcov olvov, /cal Xeyere y Aatpioviov €^eL. 34 eXr/XvOev 6 vlos rov avOpco- rrov icrOlcov /cal nrlvcov, /cal Xeyere, ’I Bov avOpcorros (fray os /cal olvoirorrjSy (frlXos reXcovcSv /cal apLaprcoXcov. 35 /cal iBi/caidoOrj rj aocfrla anro rcov re/cvcov avrrjs iravrcov. 36 ’ Hpobra Be ns avrov rcov Qapiaalcov cva (frayrj peer avrov' /cal elcreXOcbv els rov olrcov rov ^apicralov /ca- re/cXlOr). 37 /cal IB01 ) yvvrj rjns r\v iv rrj 7 roXeu apeap- rooiXoS) /cal iirtyvovaa on /cara/ceirai iv rrj ol/cia rov tyaptcraLOVy Kopilaaaa aXaftacrrpov puvpov 38 /cal crrdcra 07rlaco 7 rapa rov 9 TroBas avrov /cXalovcra rot 9 Bd/cpvcnv rjp^aro fipe^eev rovs 7 roBas avrov /cal rats Opi^lv rrjs /cecfraXrjs avrrjs i^epLaaaev, /cal /carecfrlXei rov 9 7 roBas VIII. 3 KATA AOYKAN 2 $ aVTOV KCLi TjXetpeV TO 0 ptVpCp. ™thcOV he 6 <&CLpi yvvatKa, 'H irtarts aov aeaco/cev ere, iropevov eh elprjvrjv . 8 iyevero iv r

ve v i£ypdv6rj hid ro pup eyeiv l/cpbdha' 7 /cal erepov erreaev iv pcecrcp rcov a/cavddv, /cal crvvcpi /elaai at d/cavOai arre- rrvi^av avro' 6 /cal erepov errecrev eh rrjv y rjv rrjv aya- 6rjv , /cal h crravrac . 14 to he eh rdv a/cdvdav rreaov , ovroi eiaiv oi a/covaavrev, /cal vr to piepipivcov /cal rrXovrov /cal rjhoveov rov / 3 iov rropevopievoi avvrrviyovrai /cal ov reXeacpo p ov- er lv. 1o to he iv rrj /caXfj yfj, ovroi elatv oirivev iv /cap- hia /caXfj /cal ayadfj a/covaavre v rbv Xoyov /careyovcnv /cal /caprr ocf>o povaiv iv in ropiovfj. VIII. 2 7 KATA AOYKAN 27 16 OvBeh Be Xv^yov ayjras /caXhirrec avrov a/cevei rj VTro/cdrco /cXlvtj? rldrjacv , dXX’ 67 rl Xv'yyLa? rldrjaiVy iva, ol elarropevopevot fiXeircocnv to <£c 3 9. 17 00 7a/) eanv /cpvTTTov o ov cj^avepov yevr/aeraty ovBe diro/cpvtyov o ov pur) yvccadfj /cal eh (fravepov eX6rj. 18 ftXeir ere ov v ttoos d/covere ‘ 09 dp yap Bodrjaerat avrepy /cal 09 dv prj €j(rj y /cal o Bo/cel e^eiv dpdrjaerac dir avrov. l9 Hapeyevero Be wpo? avrov rj pr/rrjp /cal ol dBeX - (fiol avrov y /cal ov/c rjBvvavro avvrv^ecv avrtp Sea rov o^Xov. 20 airyyyeXri Be avrepy f H pr/rrjp crov /cal ol dBeXepot crov earrj/caaiv e^co IBelv ere OeXovre 9. 21 6 Be airo/cpiOeh ehrev irpos avrov 9, M r/rrjp pov /cal aBeX- tyol pov ovrol elaiv ol rov Xoyov rov deov a/covovres /cal iroiovvres. 22 '¥iyevero Be iv pta rcov r/pepw v /cal avros evefinj eh ttXoIov /cal ol paOyral avrov , /cal ehrev 777)09 avrov 9, A teXOcopev eh ro rrepav rrjs Xlpvrj 9* /cal avrj^drjaav. 23 7 rXeovreov Be avrebv acj)V7rvcoaev m /cal /care/Sy XalXa-^r avepov eh ttjv XtpvrjVy /cal avve7rXrjpovvro /cal e/ctv- Bvvevov. ^rrpoaeXdovres Be Bcrjyetpav avrov Xeyovre 9, ’E 7 rcarara emarara , diToXXvpeOa,. 6 Be BceyepOel 9 eireripyaev rep dvepep /cal rep /cXvBcovc rov vBaros' /cal eiravcravrOy /cal eyevero yaXrjvTj. 25 ehrev Be avroh, Hov rj rrlcm 9 vpebv\ ej>o/3r)devre 9 Be eOavpaaav, Xeyov - T 69 777)09 dXXrjXovs, T/9 apa ovro 9 eanVy on /cal roh avepocs emraaaei teal rep vBarc , /cal vira/covovaiv avrep ; 26 Kal /careTrXevcrav eh rrj v yeipav rcov TepaayveBvy rjns ear iv avrirrepa rf}$ TaXcXaias. 21 e^eXdovn Be avrep eVl rrjv yrjv v'rryvrrjaev avr/p T £9 e/c rrjs rroXeeo^ eyeav Baipovia , /cal xpovep hcavep ov/c eveBvaaro Ipanov, 28 EYAITEAION VIII. 2 7 /cal iv ohcla ovk e[ie vev v ev to 5 opeiy /cal irape/caXeGav avTov Xva i'iriTpey\rrj avTOL 9 6t9 e/celvov 9 eiGeX0ecv. /cal eTreTpeyfrev (ivtols. 33 i%eX06vTa Be Ta Baipiovia a7ro tov dvOpojTrov elayX- 0ov eh tovs , ){OLpovs y /cal &ppbyaev y dyeXy /caTa tov / cpypbvov eh Trjv Xipivyv /cal aireirvLyy. 3 * IBovTe 9 Be ot fioG/covres to yeyovo 9 e ov Ta Bacpbovia i^eXyX v9ei y ipcaTiGpcevov /cal Gcocj^povovvTa irapd tov 9 TroBas tov ’Itjgov, /cal i(j)o(3y6yaav. 3& dTryyyeiXav Be avToh oi IBovTes 7Tc39 eaddy 6 BatpbOViG0eh . 31 /cal ypooTyaav avTov airav to irXydo^ Ty 9 Trepi^dpov t&v T epaayvcbv aTreXOelv dir avToov , otl (frofiw pbeyaXw GvveiyovTO • avTos Be epiftas eh 7 tXolov inreGTpeylrev. 38 eSeeTO Be avTov 6 avrjp dcj) ov e^eXyXvOet Ta Batpcovia , eivat gvv avTco' direXvaev Se avTov Xey cov, 39 T 7 roGTpe viroarpe^eiv rov T tjgovv dire- Be^aro avrov o 0^X09' rjaav yap rravres 7rpoaBo/ccuvre 9 avrov. 41 Kat IBov rjXdev dvrjp eS ovopca T decpos, /cal avro$ dpxcov T/79 Gvvaycoyfjs virypyev' /cal Treacov rrapd rou? 7 roBas T rjaov rrape/caXei avrov elaeXdeiv eh rov oi/cov avrov , A2 on dvyarrjp pbovoyevrj? rjv avrdp g $9 irdov Bco- Be/ca /cal avrrj diredvrjG/cev . ev Be tg 3 virayeiv avrov oi o)(\ol Gvveirvcyov avrov. AS /cal yvvrj ovcra ev pvcrec aipbaros air 6 erdbv BobBe/ca, rjn<; larpoh 7 rpoGavaXcb- aacra oXov rov ( 3 lov ov/c ca^vcrev air ovBevos 6 epa - rrevdrjvai , 44 irpoGeXdovGa omadev yyfraro rov /cpaaireBov rov ipcariov avrov , /cal rrapayjprjpia earrj rj pvcns rov acpiaros avr //?. 45 /cal ehrev 6 T 77(701)9, T/? 6 dy\rdpLevos piov ; dpvovpbevcov Be iravrcov ehrev 6 Ilerpo 9 /cal oi gvv avrd), ' 3 dnrLGrara y oi o^Xoc Gweyovaiv ere /cal arrodXifiovGiv. 46 o Be T 77(701)9 ehrev/'Yi'^raro pcov rh’ eycb yap eyvcov Bvvapuv e^eXrjXvdvcav arr epcov. 47 iBovcra Be rj yvvrj on ov/c eXadev , rpepcovcra yXdev /cal irpocrirecrovcra avreo Be rjv alriav yyjraro avrov airrjyyecXev evdirtov Travros rov Xaov , /cal cos ladrj 7 rapaxpfjpLa. 48 6 Be ehrev avrfj y Qvyarep, rj irian^ gov aeaco/cev . 28 'lLyepero Se pbera rov 9 Xoyov 9 rovrov 9, coael rjpbepac o/crob , /cal 7 rapaXa/3cbp Tier pop /cal ’ Icoapprjp /cal ’ Id/cco/3op dpe/3rj 6t9 to opo9 r rrpoaev%aa0aL. 29 /cal eyepero ep tg3 rrpoaevyea0ai avrop ro elSos rov TTpoacorrov avrov ere - poz> /cal 6 / puar ta pubs avrov Xei//co9 e^aarparrreop. 30 /cal c’Soi) dpSpes Svo avpeXaXovp avreo , oerepe 9 ^craz/ Mwi/crr^ /cal 'HA,/a9, 31 06 6 rjaap j3e/3aprjpbepoc in rpep' Sca- ypr)yopr)aapre$ Se elSap rrjp Sotjap avrov /cal T 009 Svo dpSpas rov 9 avpearcbras avrw. 33 /cal eyepero ep tco Siaxc#pi£ea0ab avrov 9 a7r’ avrov ehrep 6 Uerpos 77-/009 toz^ ’It/ctoOz/, ’EvrccrTara, koXop eanp rjpbd 9 aSe elpac, /cal TroLijacopbep a/erjpas rpels, pbiap aol /cal pbiap M covael /cal pblap ' TiXia , /a?) eibcos o Xeyei. 8i ravra Se avrov Xe- yopros eyepero pefpeXrj /cal erzea/cia^ev avrov 9 * e(poj3rj - 0r]aap be ep rar elaeX0elp avrov 9 € 6*9 t?)z/ pecjreXrjp . 30 /cal c pooprj eyepero e/c T179 pecpeXrjs Xeyovaa, O0T09 iarip 6 IX. 48 KATA AOYKAN 33 r f rj-x-v / ’ r* » / 36 \ > * 13609 fJLOV O €/c\eA€y/jL€VO 9 , CLVTOV a/COV€T€. KCLl €V TCp yevecrOac rrjv (j) 0 )vyv evpe0y 'lycrovs povos. /cal avrol icrtyycrav /cal ovBevl dirrjyyeiXav iv e/ceivais rals ypepac^ ovBev cS v ecopa/cav. 37 ’Ey evero Be rfj e%y<; ypepa /careXOovrcov avroov airo tov opovs avvyvTyae v avrcS 0^X09 ttoXvs. 38 /cal IBov dvyp dir 6 tov o^Xov e/ 3 oyaev Xeycov, A cBda/caXe, Beopai crov, eV/^Xe^at ivrl tov vlov pov> otl povoyevy 9 poo icrTLV , 39 /cal IBov 7 rvevpa \ap/ 3 dvec avTov /cal i^aifyvys Kpa^ei /cal (JTrapdcrcrei avTov peTa acfrpov, /cal poyi$ diroycopel air avTov ctvvt pi / 3 ov ' avTov. 40 /cal eBeydyv tgov padrjTcov crov cva i/c/ 3 d\cocri v avTo , /cal ov/c yBvvy- 0 yaav. 41 alro/cptOels Be 6 'Irjcrovs ehrev^H yevea airicr- T09 /cal BiecrTpappevy , eo )9 7 tot€ eaopai 777009 vpd$ /cal ave^opai vpdov, irpoadyaye & Be tov vlov crov. 42 ctl Be irpocrepyopevov avTov eppy^ev avTov to Baipoviov /cal avveairapa^ev' eireTipycrev Be 6 ’I yaovs tc 3 irvevpaTi tm d/caOdpTcp, /cal lacraTo tov iraiBa /cal aireBoo/cev avTov to 0 7 raTpl avTov. 43 ’E£e7 fAyaaovTO Be irdvTes eirl t \ 7 peycCKeioTyTi tov O eov . 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el<; 777)09 toi’9 padrjra^ /car ISlav ehrev , Ala/capioi 01 o o rrapa0rjaco avrd. 7 KaKelvos ecrcoOev airoKpt0els dhrrj, M rj ptot ko- irovs Trap eye' rjhrj rj 0vpa KeKXetarat, Kal rd 7 rathla ptov pter iptov els rrjv Koirrjv elcriv' ov hvvaptat avaards hovval aot. 8 Xeyco vpttv, el Kal ov hcoaet avrd avaaras htd to etvat (ptXov avrov, hta ye rrjv avalhetav avrov iyep- 0els hcoaet avrd oacov yprj^et. 3 }Ldy 6 6cjo0aXp6 9 croo dirXovs r\ y /cal oXov to goo pa gov (fxoTetvov £gtlv * eirav Se 7rov7]pds fj f /cal to Goopa gov G/coTetvov. 3o G/coirei ovv pi) TO (joGOS TO ev Gol G/C 0 T 05 eGTLV. 36 €L OVV TO GGOpd gov oXov cfocoTeivov, pi) e%ov tc pepos g/cotclvov, ecr- Tai cfocoTeivov oXov w? oTav 6 Xvj(vos tj) aaTpairff (jocoTi^y ere. 31 'Ev Se too XaXr/Gai epcoTa ai)Tov apiGaios 07rct)? dpiGTTjGrj Trap' avTo . )* elGeXdoov Se aveireaev . 38 6 Se c I>aptcra?09 IScbv edavpaGev otl ov irpcoTOv £/3a7rTtG0rj r jrpo tov dpLGTOv. 39 el7rev Se 6 /cvpcos 7 rpo? ai)TOv y N5i/ vpeis oi QapLGa'ioi to e^coOev tov TTOTTjpiov /cal XI. 52 KATA AOYKAN 4i rov 7TLva/co< ; fcaOapt^eT€ y to Se ecrcodev v/jlgo v y epbec dp* Trayf}? /cal rrovypias. * 0 d(j)pove 9 , ov% 6 iroiyaa^ to e%oo- Oev /cal to ecrwOev errolrjcrev', 41 7r\rjv ra ivovra Sore iXeypboavvrjv , /cal ISov rvavra /caOapd vpuv iartv . 42 aX\’ oval vpuv to?? <£>ajOC(Tacot 9 , on airoSe/carovre to rjSvoa- pbov /cal to iryyavov /cal nav \dyavoVy /cal irapep- yecrQe rrjv /cpicriv /cal rrjv dydrvyv rov 0eov' ravra e8et rroiycrai /ca/cecva per) rrapeivai. 43 Oval vpuv to?? <&apicraLOL vopu/cdov \eyec avr&y A t- Saa/caXe, ravra Xeycov /cal rjpbds vftpl^eis. 46 o Se ehrepy K at vpuv to?? vopu/cois oval y on cjoopri^ere toz)? av6 pcoTTovs (joopria Svcrfidara/cray /cal avrol evl rcov Sa/crvXcov vpicov ov 7 rpoGyjravere to?? oprioi< 47 0uat vpuvy on ol/coSopbelre rd pbvypbeta rcov rrpo- (jorjr coVy oi Se 7 rarepes vpicov drre/creivav auTou?. 48 apa pbaprvpe 9 eerre /cat crvvevSo/ceire to?? epyois rcov rrrare - pcov vpicov, on avrol pbev dire/crecvav avrovs , z)yae?? Se ol/coSopbecre. 49 Sta touto /cat ?; crodpla rov 0eov ehreVy 5 AirocrreXdo et? auToz)? irpocfoyras /cat arroaroXovSy /cal e£ avrdov diro/crevovcnv /cal i/cSico^ovcrcv, 50 iva i/c^y- rrjOf) to atyita 7ravrcov rcov TTpo^oyrcov to i/c^vvvopievov diro /carafloXfjs Koapbov airo rys yeveas ravrrjSy 51 drro aXparos )r Aj3eX ew? aLpbaros Z ayapLov rov arroXopbivov pL€ra%v rov 6vaiacrrr)pLov /cal rov oL/cov' val Xeyco vpbivy i/cty)rr)6r)creraL airo rys yevea? ravrys. 52 0z)at vpuv to ? 9 vopu/coiSy on ypare rrjv /cXeiSa 42 EYAITEAION XI. 52 ry<$ yvooaeoos' avrol ov/c elayXdare teal rov 9 elaepyo- fievovs e/cooXvaare. 53 K a/ceWev egeX0ovro apicraioL Secvoos evkye.iv /cal arroaropiarigeiv avrov rrepl rrXeibvoov, b4c eveSpevovre 9 avrov , dypevaal n etc rov aropiaros avrov, 12 ^Ev ol 9 emavvaydeiadov roov pLvpcdSoov rov oyXov, ware /cararrarelv dXXyXov 9 , rjpgaro Xeyecv 7 rpo 9 rov 9 pcadyrds avrov rrpdorov, II poaeyere eavrov ? a7ro T 179 gvpajs roov t&apLcralcov, yns earlv vrro/cpiaL^, 2 ovSev Se avy/ce/caXvpipievov ecrrlv o ov/c drro/caXvcjodyaeraL, /cal Kpvrrrov o ov * yvooadyaerai. 3 av0' dov oaa ev rfj a /cor la ehrare, ev tc3 &m d/covadyaerac, /cal o 7rpo9 to ov 9 eXaXyaare ev roh rapieioLS, /cypvyjdyaerai ei rl roov Soopidroov. *Aey co Se vpuv roh (JolXols piov y puy (joo/3y- dyre drro roov airorcrevvovroov ro adopua kcil pierd ravra piy eyovroov rrepiaaorepov re rroiyaai. *vi ToSelgoo Se vpuv riva cfooftydyre' epiirpoadev roov dyyeXoov rov deov ’ 9 6 Se dpvyadp,evo<$ pie evdomov roov dv0poo7roov drrapvydrjaerai evooiriov roov dyyeXoov rov deov. 10 /cal 7ra9 09 epee Xoyov eh tov vlov rov dvdpdorrov, d(joe0yaerac avrdo * rco Se eh rb cvytov rrvevpia /3 Xaacjoypbyaavrt ov/c defoedyaerai. n orav Se elacjoepcoacv XII. 26 KATA AOYKAN 43 vpuds eirl ta ? avvaycoyas /cal ras dp^as /cal ras e%ov- cr las, puy piepipcvyayre rrous y rl arroXoyyayade y rl ehryre * 12 to yap aycov rrvevpia ScSaffec vpids ev avrfj ry cipa a Set elrrelv. 13 JLl7T€v Se res i/c rod o^fXov avrcS, AcSaa/caXe , eh re rep dieXcjxp piov pbeplaaadac pier ipcov ryv /cXypovo- pulav . 14 o Se ehrev avrqj, 5/ Avdpcoire , rls pie /carearyaev rcpiryv y pbepcaryv icjr vpids ) 15 ehrev Se Trpos avrov s, 'Qpare /cal (fivXaa aeade arro rraays rrXeove^las, otl ov/c ev too rrepiaaeveiv nvl y tfcoy avrov earlv etc rcdv virap^ovroov avrd>. 16 JLi7rev Se 7rapa/3oXyv 1 rpos avrovs Xeycov , ’ Avdpdrrov nvds rrXovalov evefopyaev y ydp a * 17 SceXoy lifer o ev eavrep Xeycov, T i iroifaco, ore ov/c eyco rrov avvatfeo rows /capirovs pLov ; /cai ehrev, T ovro iroiyaco 4 /cadeXcd pioV rds dirody/cas /cal pie Ldovas ol/codopuyaco, /cal avvdtjco e/cel rrdvra ra yevrj- pcara piov /cal rd dyad a pcov, ld /cal eped rfj 'i/'vyjj puov , ^ v XV> ^X ec< * ^rdXXd dyad a Kelpueva els ery 7 roXXa' dvairavov , dye, rrle, evcfpalvov. 20 ehrev Se avrep 6 deos, ,r A cjjpeQV) ravry rfj vv/crl rrjv 'yjrv^yv crov dirai- rovaiv drro crov ‘ a Se yrolpiaaas, rlvc earai ; 21 ovrcos 6 dyaavpUfcov eavrep /cal puy els deov rrXovrcdv. 22 JLlrrev Se 7 rpos rovs piadyrds avrov, Aid rovro vpuv Xeyco, puy puepepivare ry ^rv^y rl fydyyre, puySe too acopian rl ivSvayade . 23 y tyv^y rrXelov eariv * l <"> \ \ « r\ ) / 24 / rys rpoepys /cau ro acopca rov evovpiaros . /caravoy - aare rovs /copa/cas, on ov airelpovatv ovre depl^ovcrcv, ols ov/c ear iv rapielov ouSe drrody/cy , /cal 6 deos rpecj^ec avrov s' rroacp pbaXXov vpiecs Siacjiepere to ov rrerecvcov. 25 t Is Se i^ vpidov pLepepivodv Svvarac rrpoadelvai errl ryv yXt/clav avrov rry^vv) 26 el ovv ovSe eXdyiarov Svvaade, 44 EYArTEAlON XII. 26 tl 7T€pl tgop Xol7tgop pepLppaTe ; 27 /car av or] (7 are rd Kpipa , 7tg39 av^dvei' ov KoirLa , oz;Se vr)6ec’ Xeyco Be vpip , oz}Se ^oXopoop iv Tracrrj rrj B6%rj avrov 7repLe/3dXeT0 <£$ ez/ tovtcop, 28 €6 Se eV aypco top yo prop opra crypepop /cal avpcop eh /cXiftapop /SaXXopepop 6 0ed$ outo)9 apcjoLe- Trocrcp paXXop vpas, oXiyoincrTOi . 29 /cal z/yaefo /x?} ^7]T€CT€ TL Tov 9 /cal TrapeXddop BLaKovyaeL avToh . 38 /caz/ eV BevTepa, Kap ip Ty TpLTy cfovXaKy eX0y Kal evpy ovtoos , paKapiol elaLP i/celpoi . 39 , toOto Se 7 LPoocTKeTe, otl el rjBeL 6 OLKoBecnroTys 7roLa go pa 6 KXe7TT7 79 epyeTab , 01V az/ acjoyKeP 1 BiopvydypaL top oIkop avTov . 40 /cal ^yaec9 ylpecrde eTOLpoL y otl y oopa oil Bo - KeLTe 6 UZ 09 toO avdpooirov epyeTac. 41 El7T6z/ Se avT 6 ITeTpo9, Ki/p^e, 7rpo9 ^a9 t/)z/ XII. 54 KATA AOYKAN 45 7 rapa/ 3 oXyv ravryv Xeyei? y /cal 7 rpo? Travras ; 42 /cal ehrev 6 /cvptos, T/9 apa iarlv 6 irtcrro 9 oi/covoptos 6 typovcptos, ov /ca- racrrycrei 6 /cvptos irrl rys deparretas avrov rov BiBovat iv /caipto to (TLTOpLerpiov ; 43 pta/capto^ 6 S00X09 i/cetvos , ov eX- 6 mv 6 /cvpios avrov evpycrei rroiovvra ovtms. 44 a\r) 6 cos XeyM vptiv on irrl rracnv too? vrrapyovcnv avrov /caracrryaet avrov. 45 idv Be eh ry 6 BovXo 9 i/celvo jSarrricrOyvai , /cal 7 rco 9 crvveyoptai eW otoo TeXecr#/}. 51 So/ce?Te otc elpyvyv rrapeyevoptyv Bovvac iv ry yy ; oo^l Xeyco vpuv dXX' y Bcapte pea ptov . 52 ecrovrai yap drro rov vvv rrevre iv evl oc/cep Biapteptepicrptevoi , Tyoefc € 7 rl Bvcrlv /cal Bvo irrl rptalv 53 £ O' \ ? \ r « \ r\?\ / oiapepicrvyaovrai , rraryp em vim /cat vlos ei tl rrarpi , P'yryp irrl Ovy arepa /cal Ovyaryp iirl ryv ptyrepa, rrev- depd irrl ryv vvptfyyv avry 9 /cal z wpuefiy irrl ryv 7 reo- Oepdv. 54 ”EXeyev Be /cal rot 9 0^X0 c 9, r 'Orav XByre vetyeXyv avareXXovcrav eVl Bvaptcov , eo 0 ea )9 Xe76Te 0T6 "OptfSpo^ 46 EYAfTEAlON XII. 54 ep^GTcu, /cal ryiveraL ovtcds' 55 /cal orav votov Trveovra, \eyere otl YLavaeov earac, /cal ycveraL. 5Q V7ro/cpLTat , to 7rpoaco7rov rrj 9 7/79 /cal tov ovpavov otSare Bo/cLpca^eLv, top Be Katpov tovtov 77009 ov Bo/cLpud^eTe ; 67 Tl Be /cal acj) eavToov ov /cplvere to Bl/caiov \ 68 cos 7 dp vTrayeLS pierd tov dvnBi/cov cov iir apyovTa, iv tt) oBc 3 S09 ipyaclav dTrrjXkd^Oat air avrov, pbrjirore /caraavprj ore irpos tov /cpLTTjv, /cal 6 /cpiTrjq ere TrapaBcoceL tc 3 Trpd/cTopi, teal 6 TTpd/cTcop ere / 3 a\el eh T(p y Y±vpLe y defoe 9 avTrjv /cal tovto to 6 T 09 , eo>9 otov c/cdyjrco Trepl avTrjv /cal /3aXco /conrpLa , 9 /caz^ puev KATA AOYKAN XIII. 22 47 Trotrjay /capirov eh to fieXXoV el be fir] aajS- fiaTw edepdirevGev 6 ’Itjgovs, eXeyev tgS o^Xcd otc* rjfiepai elalv ev ah bet epya^eadac' ev avrah ovv bpyo- fievoc Oepaireveade /cal fir) rf) rjfiepa rod Ga/3{3drov. 15 dire /cp 16 7) be avT(p 6 /cvpios /cal ehrev , f Tiro/cpiTal , e/caaros bfidov tc3 aa/3(3dr(p ov Xvec rbv (3 ovv avrov 7 } tov ovov utto rrj 9 , /cal 7ra9 6 0 ^X 09 e^acpev iirl ttclgiv Toh evbo^ois Toh yivo- fievots V7T avTov. 18 ' r JL\eyev ovv^Yivi ofiola eanv rj fiaGtXeca tov deov , V / r r -if 19 f / j \ ' t /cat TiVi o/ioicoGco avTrjv ; ofiota eGTiv /co/c/ccp Givairecos, ov Xa/3cov dvOpcoiros effaXev eh /crjirov eavTov , /cal rjv^rj- aev /cal eyeveTO eh bevbpov , /cal to i reTeivd tov ovpavov /caT€G/cijvcDG€V ev Toh /cXabois avTov. 20 K al TraXiv ehrev, T lvl o/iolojgco ttjv (3aGtXeiav tov deov ; 21 ofiota eanv %vfirj,rjv Xa/3ovGayvvr) e/cpvy{rev eh dXevpov GaTa Tpla , eco9 ov e^vficodr] oXov. 22 Kal bieiropevero tcaTa TrbXeis /cal /ccofia? bibaa/cccv 43 EYATTEAION XIII. 22 /cal iropeiav rroiovpievos els 'lepocroXvpia. 23 JLhrev Be ns avr(p , Kvpie y el oXiyoi ol crcolfbpievoi ; 6 Be ehrev 7rpbs avrovs , 245 AycovllfecrOe elcreXOeiv Bid rrj s crrev? js Ovpas, on rrroXXoi y Xeyco vpuv, t, rjrrjcrovcriv elcreX0elv /cal ov/c Icr^vaovcnv. 25 dcf) ov av eyepOfj 6 ol/coBecrrrbrrjs /cal diro/cXelcrr] rrjv Ovpav, /cal aptfrjcrOe e%eo earavac /cal /cpoveiv tt)v Ovpav Xeyovre Kupte avoitfov rjpiiVy /cal airo/cpiOels epel vpuv, Ov/c olBa vpias rcoOev ecrre . 26 Tore ap^ecrOe Aeyeiv^ ’E (payopiev evcbmov crov /cal eirlopiev , /cal ev rais rrXareiais yjpicbv iBiBalfas. 21 /cal epel, A eyco vpuv y ov/c olBa vpids rrbOev ecrre' airocrr^re arr ipiov iravres epyarai aBucia ?. 28 e/cel ecrrai 6 /cXavOpios /cal 6 /3pv 7 - pios rcov oBovrcov , ot oyfrecrOe ’A fipaapu /cal ’Icraa/c /cal ’I a/cco/3 /cal iravras robs TTpocj^rjras ev rfj r f3acriXeia rov Oeody vpids Be e/cftaAXopievovs etfco. 29 /cal r/^ovaiv euro avaroXcov /cal Bvcrpi&v /cal fioppd /cai vorov 9 /cal ava/cXi- Orjcrovrai ev rfj fiaaiXeia rov Oeov. 30 /cal IBov elcrlv ecryaroi ol eaovrai rrpdoroi , /cal elcrlv irp&roi ol eaovrai ecryaroi. 31 ’Ez; avry rfj cbpa rrpocrrjXOciv rives ^ apicraloi Xe- yovres avra > , 5/ E %eX0e /cal 7 ropevov evrevOev , on e H pcbBrjs OeXei ere drro/creivai. 82 /cal elrrev avrois, UopevOevres elrrare rfj aXcoire/ci ravrrj } ’ IBov e/cf3dXXco Baipiovia /cal lacreis cnroreXco crrjpiepov /cal avpiov, /cal rfj rpirp re- Xeiovpiai. 33 rrXrjv Bel pie crr/piepov /caX avpiov /cal rfj e^opievrj iropevecrOai, on ov/c evBe^erai rrpo(f>r}rr]v airo - XecrOai effco r I epovcraXr)pi. 34 c lepovaaXrjpi ' lepovcraXijpi, rj ciTrofcreivovcra robs nrpo^ras /cal Xi0o/3oXovcra robs arrecrraXpievovs 7 rpos avrrjv , 7 rocra/cis TjOeXrjcra imcrvv - dffai rd re/cva crov ov rporrov opvis ttjv eavrrjs vocrcriav vrrb ras Trrepvyas, /cal ov/c rjOeXijaare . 5o lBob a(f)ierai vpilv XIV. 14 KATA AOYKAN 49 6 obcos ? vfiduy. Xeyco Be vfilv otl ov fir) iBrj re fie ecos ore eiTrrjre, Fiv\oyrjfievo<; 6 ep-xpfievos ev ovo/iari nvpiov. 14 1 K al eyevero ev rc 5 eXdelv avrov eh ol/cov rtvo? rbov apyovrav rcbv QapiGatoov Gafifidrfp (payetv aprov , /cal avrol rjcrav iraparrjpovpievoi avrov. 2 /cal ISov dv- 0 poorros r is rjv bSpanruco^ eptirpoadev avrov. 3 /cal diro- /cptOeh 6 ’I rjGovs ehrev 7 rpos rov? vopu/covs /cal <&apt- cralovs Xeyoov, %eartv rc 3 v y 26 kcli Trpoc- /caXeadptevos eva reSv 1 ralScov ercvvPavero ri ehrj ravra. 27 o Se ehrev avrep ore f O dSeXejoos cov rj/cet, /cal ePvce v 6 rrarrjp crov rov ptocxov rov ctrevrov , on vytalvovra avrov aireXaftev. 2S ebpylc07j Se kcli ov/c rjPeXev elceX- 0elv’ 6 Se irarrjp avrov i^eX6cov 7 rape/caXet avrov . 29 6 Se arro/cpi0eh ehrev rep irarpt, T Sov rocavra errj Sov- Xeveo coi /cal ovSeirore evroXrjv crov iraprjXPoVy /cal eptol ovSeirore eScotcas eptejoov eva ptera reSv efitXcov ptov ev- cfrpavdd)' 60 ore Se 6 vlo 9 crov ovros 6 /caraway gov cov rov /3lov ptera Tropvoov rjXPev, ePvaas avrep rov cirevrov ptocxov. 31 6 Se elrrev avrep , T e/evov, erv iravrore peer eptov el, /cat irdvra ra eptci ad ear tv' 32 evcf)pav0r]vat Se /cal x a P , l vai ' cSet, on 6 aSeXefios cov ovro$ ve/epos rjv /cal e^TjceVy /cal airoXcoXco^ /cal evpePi p 16 ^'EXey ev Se /cal Trph rov 9 ptaPrjras, y 'Av0pco7r6<; t ^9 r\v ttXovcios 09 elxev ohcovoptov, /cal ovros Ste/3Xrj07] avrep C09 Stac/copTTt^eov ra virapyovra avrov . 2 /cal efreovr/aas avrov ehrev avrep , Tt rovro d/coveo 7 repl cov; arroSos rov Xoyov 7*779 ol/covo pitas cov' ov yap Svvrj ere ol/covo ptetv. 3 ehrev Se ev eavrep 6 ol/covo pto<$, To irotrjaeo , ort 6 /cvptos ptov dejoatpelrat r y)v ol/covoptlav air eptov; c/cdirretv ov/c tcxvco, eiratrelv alcxvvoptat. 4 eyveov ri 7Totr)ceo, tva orav pteracraPeo i/c rrjs ohcovoptlas Seljrovrai 54 EYAfrEMON XVI. 4 fie eh tov ? ol/covs eavTcov. 5 /cal Trpocr/caXeaafievos eva e/cavTov t&v ^peocf^ecXeTco v tov /cvplov eavrov eXeyev tco Trpoora Uoaov oefreiXets Tcp /cvpccp fiov ; 6 o Be ehrev , c E^aro^ /3aToo? eXaiov. 6 Be ehrev avT

/copovs gltov. XeyeL avrep, Ae£at gov tcl ypap- fiaTa /cal ypayjrov oyBorj/covra. 8 Aral eiryveaev 6 /cvptos TOV OL/COVO fJLOV TTfS dBi/CiaS, OTL (j)pOVLfJL(0$ eTTOLTJGev* CTL oi viol tov aioovos tovtov (ppovipLcoTepoc vi rep tot)? viovs tov (ficoTos eh Trjv yevedv Trjv eavToov elaiv . 9 /cal eyeo vfjilv Xeyco, f E avToh TroirjGaTe (fyiXovs i/c tov fiajicovd ttjs dBi/cias, tva OTav e/cXiirr) Be^covTac tyxa? eh Ta? alonvlovs G/crjvas. 10 o ttlgtos ev eXa^iGTcp /cal iv 7 roXXep 7 tlgtos eGTLVy /cal 6 ev iXa^LGTp aBuco? kcll ev 7 roXXcp aBucos Igtlv. 11 el ovv ev tc3 aBi/cp fiapicova ttlgtoI ov/c eyeveade , to dXrj0Lvov t/? vplv iriGTevGet ; 12 /cal el ev T(p aXXoTpioj ttlgtoI ov/c iyeveG0e , to vfieTepov t/? BooaeL v/iLv; l3 ovBeh olrceTrjs SvvaTai BvgI /cvpiois SovXevecv * rj yap tov eva fuarfaei /cal tov eTepov ayairrjGeLy r/ evos avde^eTau /cal tov eTepov /caTacj)povrjGeL. ov Bvvao0e deep BovXeveiv /cal fiajicova. ^'R/covov Be TavTa iravTa oi aptaacoL tyiXapyvpoL v'rrapyovTeSy /cal i^efiv/CTrj pc^ov avTov . 15 Aral ehrev av- Toh, f T fieh eGTe oi BL/caLovvTes eauTOi)? ivcomov tcov avdpooTrcoVy 6 Be 0€o? ycvwG/ceL Ta? ArapS/a? vfiooV otl to ev dv6p(07roL ? v^rjXov /3BeXvypa evcoTTLOv tov 0eov. 16 6 vbfios /cal oi TrpocfrrjTaL fie^pi Rwavvov' airo totc rj ftaGiXeLa tov 0eov evayyeXi^eTai /cal n ra? eh avTrjv j3id^eTai. 17 ev/coir cot epov Be cgtlv tov ovpavov /cal Trjv yrjv TrapeX0e'iv rj tov vopov fiiav /cepaiav ireaeiv. 18 7 ra? XVI. 31 KATA AOYKAN 55 0 airoXvcov rrjv 'Avdpcoiro$ he n$ rjv irXovGios, teal ivehihvG/cero iropcpvpav teal /3 vggov eveppaivopievo? tcad ’ rjpbipav Xapi- irpco<;. 20 7TTCt)^;o9 he ns ovopcan A afapos i/3e/3Xrjro 7 rpo? iov irvXdova avrov elX/ccopievos 21 /cal iirtdvpdov %op- racrdrjvai airo rdov irarrovroov dirb rrjs rpairefrjs rov itXovglov * aUa teal ol /cvves ep^opcevot iireXeixov rd eX/crj avrov . 22 i oZ/coz; too irarpos piov' Y^p irevre aheXcpovs* oircos htapiaprvprjrat avrols, Tva perj /cal avrol eXdcoGiv els rov roirov rovrov rrjs /3 aGCivov. 29 Xeyei he avrdo ’A fipaapi, ’'E^ouctj. Mg>{/- el Xl&os pvXaccs Trepl/cecrai irepl top rpa^rjXov avrov /cal epparrai els rrjv OaXacraav, rj iva G/cavhaXiGrj rcov pi/cpcbv rovrcov eva. 3 7 rpocre^ere eavroZs. iav apapry 6 aheX(j) 6 s gov , hinripyGOV avr(p, / cal iav peravorjGy, d(j)e 9 avr(p. 4 /cal iav eirra/cis rrjs r/pepas dpaprrjGrj els ere /cal eirrd/cis iiriGrpe^rj 7 rpos ere Xeycov, Meravoco, atyr/Geis avrTy9eh Se virb tgov apuratcov irore epx 6 " rac y ftacriXeLCL tov deov, aire/cpldy avroh /cal elirev, O vfc epyerai y fiacriXela rod deov perd iraparypycreco 9, 21 ouSe epovaiv, TSo?) coSe rj ’E/eet* ISov yap y /3aai\eca rov deov evr 09 vpcibv icrrlv. 22 JLhrev Se irpos rods padyras, ’E Xevcrovrab ypepai ore iirbdvpyo-ere plav tgov ypepoov rov vlov tov dv- dpdrrov ISelv , /cal ov/c o^eerde. 23 /cal epovenv vplv , 5 lSoz) e/cei, ’I Sov c 2 Se* per) direXdyre pySe Soco^yre. 24 aocr- rrrep yap y aarpairy darpairrovcra e/c ry 9 vi to tov ovpavov et 9 Ty v vir ovpavov Xapirec, ovtcd 9 earac 6 U609 tov dvdpcoirov ev rfj ypepa avrov . 25 7rpcoTov Se Set avrov iroXXd iradelv /cal diroSo/ctpacrdyvai diro Ty 9 yevecis ravry 9. 26 /cal /cadco? eyevero ev rah ypepai^ Nc 3 e, ovtcd? earac /cal ev rah ypepai 9 tov vlov tov dvdpooirov’ 2i yadi0Vy eirivov, eyapov v, eyapi^ovro, a^pc y? ypepa? etc ryXdev Ncoe eh ryv /cl/ 3 cdtov, /cal yXdev 6 /cara/cXvcrpb? /cal aircbXeaev diravra?. 28 opoico? /ca- deb? eyevero ev ral 9 ypepai? A ebr' yaOtov, emvov , yyopa^ov, iirdXovv, ec^vrevov, aj/coSopuovv' 29 rj Se yptepa itjyXOe v Ac or cltto XoSopccov, e/3pe^ev irvp /cal Oelov arr ovpavov /cab airooXeaev airavras* Kara ra avra ecr- rai rj yp^epa 6 vlo$ tov dvOpobirov diro/coXvirTerai. 5S EYATrEAlON XVII. 31 31 ev e/ceivrj rfj rjpiepa 09 ear at e7rl rov SoopLaros /cal rd a/cevrj avrov ev rfj oI/clcl, /jltj Karaj3drco dpai avra y /cal 6 ev dypa> opLOicos purj emarpey\rdra> el 9 rd orrlaco . 32 pLVTjpLovevere rfj 9 yavac/cos A cot. 33 09 eav tyjrfjarj T V V ^v^rjv avrov rrepirroifjaaa6ai y arroXeaei avrrjv , /cal 09 iav arroXearj, Ifcooyov rjaei avrrjv . 34: Xey co vpdiv y ravrrj rfj vv/crl eaovrai Svo errl /cXivrj 9 / ua9 , e^9 7 rapaXijpi- (f)9rjaerai /cal 6 erepos d^eOfjaeraC 35 ecrovrai Svo aXrj- Qovaai errl ro avro , fj pita rrapaXrjpiQfjaerai y fj Se erepa defied fj a erao. 37 /cal arro/cpiOevres Xeyovatv avro 3, Uov y /cvpie ; 6 Se ehrev avroh, "Oirov ro adopua, e/cel /cal oi aerol emavvaxdfjaovrai. 18 lv E\ey ev be rrapafioXfjv avrocs rrpos to 8eiv irdvrore rrpocrevyecrQai avrov 9 /cal pifj ev/ca/celv, 2 Xeycov y Kpcrr/s ns rjv ev nvi 7 roXec rov 6eov pifj (fioftovpievos /cal dvOpcnirov pifj evrperropievos. 3 XVP a Se fjv ev rfj 7 roXec e/ceivrj, /cal r/p^ero rrpos avrov Xeyovaa , ’E /cSl- /crjaov pie arro rov dvrtSi/cov piov. */cal ov/c rjdeXev errl XP° vov ' A ieT d &£ ravra ehrev ev eavrcp , E l /cal rov deov ov (fio/3ovpiac ovSe avdpcorrov evrperropiat , 5 Bid ye to rrapeyew piot /corrov rfjv X^P av Ta VTrjv, b/cBi/ajcro) avrrjv , iva pifj eh reXo<; epxo^vrj vrrcomdlfrj pie. 6 ehrev Se 6 /cvpios> * K/covaare rt 6 /cpcrf) 9 T179 dbi/clas Xeyec. 7 6 Se 6eos ov pur) rroifjarj rfjv e/cbi/crjaiv tgov e/cXe/crdov avrov rdbv ftoobvrcov avrco fjpiepas /cal vv/cros , /cal pba/cpodvpLel err avrol 9 ; 8 Xeyco vpdiv on rroifjaei rfjv e/cbl/crjcnv avrcbv ev rax^u rrXfjv 6 vlos rov dvOpcbrrov eXOcov apa evpfjaei rrjv rrianv e7rl rfjs 9 ]Ll 7 T€v Se /cal rrpos nvas rov 9 rrerroiObras i(f> eav- roc 9 on elalv Sl/caioi /cal e^ovdevovvras rov 9 Xotrrov 9 XVIII. 23 KATA AOYKAN 59 rrjv TrapaftoXrjv ravrrjv. 19 '’ KvOpcorrot Bvo dve/3rjcrav els to lepov 7rpocrev^acr0ac, 6 els aptaatos /cal 6 ere- pos TeXcbvrjs. 11 o <$> apicralos crraOels ravra n rpos eavrov TTpoarjo^ero, 'O Oeos , evyaptc ttco ctol otl ov/c el fit &cr- rrep ol Xotrrol tcov dvOpcorrcov, dpirayes , clBl/col, pcoiyoi, rj /cal cos omos 6 t eXoovrjs' 12 vr]crTevco Bis tov cra/3- fidrov, diroBe/caTcb iravra ocra /cTcopeaL. 13 6 Be reXco- vrjs pea/cpoOev ecrTcos ov/c rjOeXev ovBe tovs ocjoOaXpeovs irvapai els tov ovpavov , aXX' eTVTTTev to ctttjOos avTov Xeycov , 'O 0eos, iXacrOrjTL peoc tco apeapTcoXc 3 . u Xey co vpelv, KaTe/Brj ovtos BeBc/catcopievos els tov ol/cov avTov Trap ’ e/celvov otl rras 6 vyjrcbv eavTov Tarreivco- OrjcreTai, 6 Be Tairecvdov eavrov v\jrco0r}(7eTai. lo Up oaecpepov Be avT(p /cal Ta fBpecpr] tva avTcov dirTTjT ai’ IBovTes Se ol paOrjTal errerlpLcov avTols . 16 6 Be ’ Irjcrovs Trpoore/caXeaaTo avTa Xeycov , 5, A cjoeTe Ta i ratBla epyeaOai n rpos pee /cal pur) /ccoXveTe avTa’ tcov yap tolovtcov ecTT Iv ?) ftacriXela tov Oeov. 17 dperjv Xeyco vpuv , o? av per) Be^rjrai tt) v /3 acrCXelav tov Oeov cos rraiBloVy ov per) elcreXOrj els avTrjv. 18 Kat 67 rrjpcoTTjcrev tls avTov ap%cov Xeycov , A iBa- (7/caXe ayaOe , tl Troirjcras %cor)v alcbvtov /cXr)povopu)crco' y 19 elrrev Be avroj 6 'Irjcrovs, T& pee Xeyeis dyaOov ; ovBels dyaOos el per) els o Oeos . 20 Ta? evroXas olBas, M?) pboi^evarjs, per) cjoovevarjs , per) /cXeyfrrjs, per) 'yJrevBopeapTV- prjcrrjs, TLpea tov rraTepa crov /cal tt)v perjTepa aov . 6 Be elrreVy TavTa iravTa ecfovXa^a e/c veoTrjTos peov. a/covcras Be 6 T rjerovs eirrev avrep , 5, Et£ ev ctol Xelrret’ rravTa ocra eyeis TrcoXrjaov /cal BcdBos i TTcoyols, /cal e^ecs Orjaavpov ev tols ovpavocs, /cal Bevpo d/coXovOeu pboi. 23 6 Se a/covcras TavTa rrepeXviTos eyevrjQrp r/v yap 21 6 22 * 6o EYAITEAION XVIII. 23 7 rXovcrcos crcj)6Bpa . 24 lBdov Se avrov 6 'Irjaovs ehrev, IIcS? Sva/coXcos ot rd y prjpara eyovre? eh rrjv (3acn- Xeiav tov 6eov elcnropevovrai* 20 ev/corrcorepov yap eanv tcdprjXov Bed rprjparos /3eXovrj 9 eicreXdelv rj rrXovaiov eh rrjv fiacnXeLav rod 6eov eicreXdelv . 2G ehrov Be ot d/covaavre f 34 \ 5 \ 5 £ \ ' rr 7 rpirr] avacrrrjcreTat. teat avroe ovoev tovtcov crvvrj- tcaVy /cal rjv to prjpa tovto /ce/cpvppevov air avrdoVy teal ov/c ey Lvcoa/cov rd Xeyopeva. 3o ^yevero Be ev rd eyyl^etv avrov eh ' lepetyd rvcjoXh res e/cddrjro rrapd rrjv oBov erraerdv . 36 a/covcras Be oyXov Siarropevopevov errvvddvero ri ecrj tovto . 37 dmjyyeiXav Be avrd ore 'Irjaovs 6 Na£a)/)rrjGev avrov, 41 T e goc 6eXees TroirjcrcD ; 6 Se ehrev, K.vpee , £W az?a- /SXeyfrco. 42 Kal 6 ’Itjgovs ehrev avrcp, ’A va^Xeyfrov' rj 7r lctt cs crov GeacoKev ere. 43 /cal rrrapayprjpLa avefiXeyfrev, Kal rjKoXovOee avrep So^aL'cov top deov. Kal it as 6 Xaos ISobv eScoKev alvov rep deep. 19 1 Kal ecaeXdebv Serjpyero rrjv f I epeeyeb. 2 /cal cSoz) dz??)p ovopeare /caXov peevos ZaKyaZos, real avros rjv a pycr eXoovT] s, /cal ?Jz/ rrrXovGeos' 3 /cal e^rjree ISeZv rov ’I rjcrovv res eartv , /cal ou/c rjSvvaro airo rov oyXov, ore rfj rjXucia pUKpos rjv . 4 /cal irpoSpapeebv epeirpoadev avefir] iirl GVKopeopeav , tW IS?; avrov , otc eKelvrjs rjpeeXXev hiepyecrdai. 5 /cal o5? rjXdev eVl roz? roirov, avafiXeyJras 6 ’Itjgovs ehrev irpos avrov * ZaKyaZe, < 77 reveras Kara - jBrjde' Grjpeepov yap ev rep oIkco gov Sec pee peeZvae. 6 /cal Gireva as Kare/Srj, Kal vireSe^aro avrov yalpeov. 7 /cal iSovres iravres Steyoyyv^ov, Xeyovres ore Uapa apeap- reoXep avSpl eeGrjXdev KaraXvGae. 8 Grad els Se ZaKyaZos ehrev irpos rov Kvpeov, ’ISoi) ra rjpeLGeea peov roov virap- yovreov , Kvpee, rocs irreoyoZs SeSeopee , /cal ec tcz?os" tc e’cri/- KoepezvrrjGa, airoSeSeopee rerpairXovv . 9 ehrev Se irpos avrov 6 ’I tjgovs ore ^rjpeepov Gcorrjpla rep olkco rovrep ey evero, Kadbre Kal avros vlos ’ Aftpaape iarev’ 10 rjXdev yap 6 vlos rov avdpouirov £rj rrjaae Kal aebaae ro airo - XeoXos. 11 ’ AKovovrcov Se avroov ravra 7 rpoadels ehrev 7 rapa- ftoXrjv, Sea ro iyyvs elvac f I epovaaXrjpe avrov Kal SoKeZv avrovs ore 7 rapayprjpa peeXXee rj ftaGiXeia rov deov avaefralveGdac. 12 el7rev ovv, Avdpeoiros res evyevrjs eiropevOr) els ycopav peaKpav , Xa/3eev eavrep /3aGiXecav Kal v7TOGrpeyjrae . 13 KaXeaas Se Se/ca SovXov s eavrov 62 EYAfTEMON XIX. 13 €$(DK€V CLVTOLS BetCa pLVaS, Kal €L7T€V TTpo ? CLVTOV? , II p ay pear evcracrOe ev eo epyopeae. u oe Be r roXcrac avrov epeccrovv avrov, /cal arreareeXav rrpecrfieiav orrlcrco avrov Xeyovres, Ou deXopeev rovrov /3acreXevcrae €’ rjpds. 15 /cal eyevero ev rd> erraveXdecv avrov Xa/3ovra rrjv /3a- creXeeav, Kal ehrev cf)covr]drjvae avrtp tot)? BovXovs rovrov ? oh BeBcoKee ro dpyvpeov, iva yvoe rh ri bieir pay p,ar ev- er aro. 16 rrapeyevero Be 6 rrpeoro ? Xeycov, Ki jpee, rj pevd crov Berea rrpocrrjpyrjcraro pevas. 11 real ehrev avreo, JZvye, dyade BovXe , ore ev eXa^earco rreerros eyevov, lade i£ov- aeav eycov errdvco Be/ca 7 roXecov. 18 /cal rjXdev 6 Bevrepos Xeycov, "H pevd crov, rev pee, erroerjaev rrevre pevas. 19 ehrev Se real rovreo, K al erv errdvco y Lvov rrevre rroXecov. 20 real 6 erepos 7/Xdev Xeycov, YLvpce, IBov rj pevd crov, fjv eeyov drroKecpeevrjv ev aovBapcco' 21 ecjzofiovperjv yap ere , ore avdpeorros avarrjpo ? el, aepees o ovre edrjKas, real depi- £ecs o ovre earreepas- Xeyee avreo, ihre rov erropearo ? crov repevdo ere, rrovrjpe BovXe. fjBee ? ore eycb avdpeorros avarrjpos eipee, aepcov o ovre edrjrea, real depe^cov o ovre >/ 23 v £ t 5 »/£> / ' y t > \ eerrreepa ; reae oiare ovre eocorea ? peov ro apyvpeov erre rparre^av ; redyco eXdcov ervv roreco dv avro errpa^a. reae rocs rrapearcoacv eerrev, A pare arr avrov rrjv pevav \ ^ « \ r « v 25 \ ^ reae core rco ras oerea pevas eyovre. reae eerrav avreo, K vpee, eyee Beica pevas. 26 Xeyco vpelv ore rravrl rco eyovre Bodijaerae, arro Be rov per) eyovros real o eyee apdrjaerac. 27 7 rXrjv tot)? eydpovs peov rovrovs tot)? perj deXrjaavras pee (SaaeXevaac err avrovs dyayere coBe real rearaerffid^are avrovs eperrpoadev peov. 28 Kal eerrcov ravra erropevero eperrpoadev, ava/3aevcov eh *1 epoaoXvpea. 29 Kal eyevero cos r)yyccrev els B rj&c^ayr) real HrjOaviav XIX. 44 KATA AOYKAN 63 7 rpos to o/?o9 to fcaXov fjievov eXaicov, a7reareiXev 81 jo t cfv puadyrcov 30 €L7rcov , f T 7 ra 76 T 6 €69 t?}^ Karevavro Kcopiyv, ev 7 ) elcriropevopbevoi evpfjcrere rrcoXov BeBepievov, £<£>' ov ovBels ircoirore avQpcoircov eKaOiaev , /cat Xvcravre 9 avrov ayayere. 31 /cal eaz/ T 69 u/xa9 ipcora , A lari Xvere ; outco9 epeire on ' O Kvpios avrov X\ peiav eyei. 32 drrexQovres Be ot airecrraXpievoi evpov KaOcb 9 eZ7T€z> 7 tc 3 Xo^; 34 oZ Se ehrav, r 'On 6 Kvpios if* / V 35 \ V > \ \ ' i x avrov xpeiav ex ei - Kai V r i a l ov clvtov irpos rov itj- crovv , /cal eiripi^ravres avrcov rd i piana errl toz^ 7 tg 3 Ao// erreftlfdacjav rov 'Yycrovv. 36 iropevopievov Be avrov vi re- ar pcovvvov rci ipiaria avrcov ev rfj 68(2. 37 eyyitfovros Be avrov tjBtj vrpos rrj Kara/3daei rov opovs rcov eXaicov yplfavro arrav to r rrXfj6o 9 rcov piadrjr&v xaipovre 9 alveiv rov Qeov (fxovf) pieyaXrj irepl uaacov cov elBov Bvvdpiecov, 33 Xeyovres, JdjvXoyrjpievos o epxopievos' fiaaiXei ) 9 ev ovo- pjan Kvpiov' ev ovpavco elpfjvy, /cal Boifa ev v^ tarots. 39 K at rives rcov apiaaicov drro rov o^Xov ehrav rrpos avrov, AiBacr/caXe, eirirlptyaov rot 9 ptadyrais crov. 40 /cal airoKpidels ehrev, Aeyco vpilv on edv ovroi aicoiryaovaiv, oi X1601 Kpdtfovaiv. 41 K al cos rjyytaev, IB cov rr)v rroXiv e/cXavaev err ’ avrrjv, Xeycov 42 on EZ eyvcos /cal av Kai ye ev rfj yptepa crov ravry rd irpos elpfjvrjv aov * vvv Be e/cpvfirj arro ocf)0aXpL(ov crov. 43 on fj^ovaiv ypiepai errl ere , /cal irepi - ftaXovaiv oi ex@poL crov x^pa/ca croi /cal rrepucv/cXco - aovaiv ere /cal avvelfovaiv ere rravroOev, u /cal eBacjuovaiv ere Kai rd reKva crov ev croi, Kai ovk d Xeyetv ttjv Trap a/3 oXrjv TavTrjv. 5/ Kvdpcoiros ecfivTevcrev apiTreXbova /cal e^eSoTO »\ rs \ •> § r t t / 10 ' avTov yecopyois, /cat aTreorjptrjaev %povovs ucavovs. /cat /caipfi aireGTeCXev Trpos tovs yeoopyovs SovXov f iva diro tov Kapirov tov dptTreXoovo ? SooGovatv avTcp ’ oi Se yecopyol e^aireaTeiXav avTov SeipavTes /cevov. 11 /cal 7 rpocreOeTO eTepov TrepL^ai SovXov * o? Se /cdrcelvov Seipav- re? /cal aTLptdaavTes e^aireaTecXav /cevov . 12 /cal Trpoae- XX. 26 KATA AOYKAN 65 06TO rpiTov irepb^ab’ oi Be /cal tovtov TpavfiaTicravTes itjefiaXov. 1Z elirev Be 6 /cvpios rod apbireXdvos, T L irobrjcrco ; irepbyjrco tov viov pbov tov dyairrjTOV • I'crcos tovtov ivipairr/aovTab. u IB6vt€$ Be clvtov o[ yecopyol BbeXoyi^ovio irpos dXXr/Xovs Xeyovies, Ovto dBeXcj) g3 avrov . 29 eirra ovv dBeXcj)ol yaav. /cal 6 ir poor os Xa/3(ov yvval/ca airedavev dreKvos * 30 /cal 6 Bevrepos 31 /cal 6 r per os eXaftev avrrjv, daavreos Se /cal ol eirra ov KareXarov re/eva /cal diredavov. 32 varepov Kal rj yvvrj airedavev, 33 ev rfj ovv avaaraaee rlvos avrdov yiverai yvvrj ; ol yap eirrd eayov avrrjv yvval/ca. /cat earev avroes o lrjcrovs , Vi viol rov aecovos rovrov yapovaiv Kal yaplaKovrat, So ol Be Kara^ecodevres rov aloovos eKelvov rvyeiv Kal rrjs dvaaraaecos r!]s £k veKpoov ovre yapovaiv ovre yapl^ovrai' 36 ovre yap airodaveiv ere Bvvavrai , ladyyeXoi yap elaiv, Kal viol elaiv deov r r \ >/ 37r/ M > / r rrj 9 avaaraaeoos vlol ovres. on oe eyeipovrai ol ve- Kpol, Kal Mcovcrys eprjvvaev eirl rrjs ( 3 arov, cos Xeyei Kvpiov rov deov 'Afipaap Kal deov ’I aaaK Kal deov ’ IaKoo/ 3 * 38 #eo9 Be ovk earev veKpoov dXXa £ covrcov ' irav- re 9 yap avraj ^doaiv. 39 diroKpidevres Be rives rwvypap - parecov elirav , AiBaaKaXe, KaXcos eliras . 40 ovKen yap eroXpcov eirepcordv avrov ovBev. 411 Eiirev Be irpos avrov s, IIg39 Xeyovaiv rov Xptarov eivai A avelB vlov, * 2 avros yap A avelB Xeyei ev /3l/3X(p tyaXpoov, ^Llirev 6 Kvpios rco Kvpicp pov , K adov eK Be^uSv pov 43 ecos av dco rov s iydpovs aov viroiroBiov rdov iroBcov aov ; 44 A avelB ovv Kvpiov avrov KaXei, Kal iroos avrov vlos eariv ; XXI. i KATA AOYKAN 67 40 ’A /covovtos Se iravTos TovXaov ehrev T0Z9 piadyTah, 46 IT poae^ere airo tcov ypapupiaTecov tcov deXovTcov 1 repc- ircLTelv iv (ttoXcils /cal (JolXovvtcov dairacrpLovs iv Tah cuyopal 9 /cal irpcoTO /cadeS pea 9 iv rat 9 crway coy ah Aral TTpa/TO/cXicrLas iv T0Z9 Sehrvocs, 47 oc KareaOiovaLv Ta 9 OL/cias rcov 'xypoov /cal irpocpaaec pba/cpa TCpOGevyovTai' ovtol Xy pb^rovTac irepiaraoTepov /cpipia. 21 15 Az /aftXe'^ras Se elSe v rods fiaXXovTas eh to ya^ocfovXd/ciov Ta Scopa aiiTcov irXovcTLovs. 2 elSev Se Tiva XVpa v 7 revixpav (3aXXovcrav i/cel Svo XeTTTa, 3 /cal ehrev, ’AXrjOoos Xeyco vpblv otl y XV P a V 7rTa av? 7 ] tt Xelov iravToov efiaXev' 4 diravTes yap ovtol i/c tov Trepicr- aevovTos ai)Toh e/3 aXov eh tcl Scopa y avTy Se i/c tov vcTTepypiaTO 9 avTrjs diravTa tov /3lov ov elx^v efiaXev. 5 JZai tlvcov XeyovTcov Trepl tov iepov, otlXlOols /caXoc 9 /cal dvadypLacnv Ke/coapLyTac , ehrev , 6 T avTa a decopehe , iXevaovTac ypuepac iv al 9 ov/c ac^edyaeTauXido^ iirlXtdcp, o 9 ov /caTCLKvQyaeTai. 7 iirypcoTyaav Se avTOV XeyovTe 9 , A iSacr/caXe, 7 tot€ ov v TavTa ecrTai ; /cal tl to crypLecov oTav pieXXy TavTa yivecrdai ; s O Se ehrev , BXe7 rere puy irXavydyTe' 7 roXXol yap iXevcrovTac iirl tc 3 ovopLaTt pcov, XeyovTes, ’E^yco elpu, /cal f O tcacpos yyyucev' piy iropevdyTe ottlctco aiirdov. 9 OTav Se dfcovcrrjTe iroXepiovs /cal a/caTacrTacrla 9 , piy TTToydrjTe ' Set yap TavTa yeveadat irpcoTov , dXX* ov/c evdecos to reXo9. 10 Tot€ eXeyev avTot 9 , 5 E yepdyaeTai edvos iir edvo 9 Aral /3acriXeLa iirl f3acrCXeiav y 11 creLcrpLOL Te pLeyaXoi /cal /caTa T07rot>9 XcpLol /cal Xoipuol ecrovTac , cf)6/3yTpa Te /cal aypbela air ovpavov pueydXa ecrraL. 12 IT po Se tovtcov iravTcov iirc^aXovcnv ifi vpias Ta9 %eZpa 9 ai/Tcov /cal 5—2 68 EYAITEAION XXL 12 8 tool; over tv, irapa^thovres els Tas avvaycoyas /cal (f)vXa- /cas, arrayopevovs 67 rl /3aatXets /cal rjyepovas eve/cev tov ovoparos pov * 13 airoftrjaeTat vptv els paprvptov . u 6ere ovv iv rat s /capSiat s vpcov prj 7 rpopeXerav a7roXoyrj0rj- vat' 15 iyco yap Scocrco vplv aropa /cal ao(j)lav, rj ov Svvrjaovrat dvTtarrjvat rj dvretirelv diravres oi avrt/cel- pevot vplv. 16 7rapa8o0rjaea0e 8e /cal viro yovecov /cal d8e\(j)(jov /cal avyyevdov /cal cf)iXcov, /cal 0avardoaovatv e£ vpcov, 17 /cal eaea0e ptaov pevot vi to 7rdvT0)v Sid to ovopa p ov. 18 /cal 0pl \ ~ i/c rrjs /cecj^aXrjs vpcov ov prj airoXyrat ' 19 ev rfj viropovy vpc ov /crrjaaa0e ras y\rv%as VpCOV. 20r/ O rav 8e tSyre /cv/cXovpevrjv vi to aTparorre^cov f I epovaaXrjp, Tore yvcore on rjyyucev rj iprjpcoats avrrjs. 21 tot6 oi ev rfj ’ lovhata cjyevyercoaav els Ta opr], /cal oi ev peaco avrrjs i/c^copetrcoaav, /cal oi ev rals ^copats prj elctep^eadwaav els avrrjv , 22 otl ypepat itc&t/crjaecos avrat etatv tov TrXrjaurjvat r rravra ra yeypappeva . ovat rals iv yaarpl iyovaats /cal rats 0rjXa^ovaais ev i/cet- vais rals rjpepats' earat yap avdy/cy peyaXrj errl rrjs yr) s /cat opyrj rep X aco tovtco , /cat ireaovvrat aropart payatpr)s /cal al^paXcoTta07]aovrat els rd eOvrj rravra , /cal "YepovaaXrjp earat irarovpevr] vi to edvcov, d%pt ov r 7rXrjpco0coatv /catpol eOvcov. 25 Kal eaovrat aypeta iv r/Xtcp /cal aeXrjvy /cal dorr pots, /cal eVl rrjs yrjs avvoyrj edvdov ev diropta rjyovs 0dXdaar\s /cal aaXov, 28 drco- '^rv^ovTco v dvdpooircov airo (f)6/3ov /cal irpoaho/ctas rcov iirepyopevcov rfj ol/covpevy * ai yap Svvapets rcov ovpa- vgdv aaXev0rjaovrat. 21 /cal Tore oy^ovrat tov viov tov avdpcoTTOv ipyopevov iv vecfreXy perd Bvvdpecos /cal 86%rjs 7T oXXrj 9. XXII. 6 KATA AOYKAN 69 28 ' Apyoptevcov Se rovrcov yivecrOat ava/evyjrare real eirdpare ras reecjoaXas vptcov, Ston eyyi^et y air oXvrp coats VptddV. 29 Kal ehrev 1 rapaftoXyv avrolsft' ISere ryv avreyv real rravra rd SevSpa* 30 orav irpoftaXcoatv ySy, ftXeTrovres deft eavrcov ytvdoareere on ySy eyyv s to 6 epos ear tv. 31 outgo? real v peels, orav tSyre ravra ytvopteva , ytvdoareere on eyyvs ear tv y ftaatXeia rov deov. 32 aptrjv Xeyco vpdiv ort ov pty irapeXdrj y yeved ctvry ecos civ rravra yevyrat. r3 o ovpavos real y yrj irapeXevaovrai, oi Se Xoyot ptov ov pty rrapeXevaovrat . 34 II poaeyere Se eavrots ptyirore ftapyQcoatv vptcov at teapStat ev repatiraXy teal pteQy teal ptepiptvats ft loot treats, teat eirtary eep vptas atepvtotos y yptepa e/cetvy cos it ay is' 67 retaeXevaerat yap eirl 7 r dvr as rovs ready ptevovs €7 rl rr pbaoirov 7 rdcrys rys yys. 36 dypvirvelre Se ev iravrl reatpao Sebptevot tva reartayvayre ereejov ye tv ravra rravra rd peXXovra yiveadat , recti aradyvat eptirpoadev rov viov rov dvQpdorrov. 37Tw els rrjv ohclav els rjv elqiropeveTcu, ll tcal epetTe tm oltcoBeairoTr] Trjs oltcias, XeyeL gol 6 BiBacTKaXos , IT ov egtlv to tcaTaXvpa ottov to irdaya pLETa T GOV PLCL07JTGOV pLOV (j)dyCO ) 12 Ka/CelvOS V plv BeI^EL avayaLov peya EGTpcopevov e/cel ETOipacraTE aire\- 0 ovtes Be evpov tca0cb s elprjfcei avTols , teal rjTolpaGav to irdcrya. 14 Kal 0 T 6 eyeveTO rj &pa, dveireaev, teal oi airoGToXoL gvv avTcb . lo /cal ehrev irpos avTOVs, ’ Fi7TL0vpLa ette0v - prjGa tovto to irdcrya cpayelv pe6 > vpcbv 7 rpo tov pe Tra0elv' 16 \eyco yap vplv otl ov/cetl ov prj cf)dyco avTO ecos otov 7r\7jp(L)0f) iv tt) fdaGLXeia tov 0eov . 17 teal Be^apevos 'iroTijpLov evyapLGTrjGas ehrev , Ad/3eTE tovto teal BiapepLaaTE els eavTOV s' 18 \eyco yap vplv otl ov prj ttlco airo tov vvv and tov y evrjpaTOS rrjs dpirekov ecos otov 7) fiacriXeia tov 0eov e\0rj. 19 Kal Xaficbv dpTov evyapiGTrjcras etcXacrev teal eBcoteev avTols Xeycov , Tovto egtlv to Gcbpd pov to virep vpcbv BiBopeVOV * TOVTO 7 TOLELTE ELS T7jV ipr)V dvdpVTJGLV. 20 /cal to TTOT))piov cbaavTcos peTa to BeLirvrjaaL , Xeycov , Tovto to TroTrjpiov rj /caLvrj BLa0ijtcrj ev tco alpaTL pov , to in rep vpcbv i/c^vvvopevov. 21 II Xrjv IBov 7 ) tov irapaBLBovTOS pe peT epov XXII. 37 KATA AOYKAN 7i € 7 ri rrj 9 rpcnre^ris. 22 otl 6 vio 9 /zei/ too dvQpdoirov kclto, to dpiGpbevov Tropevercu , TrXrjv oval tm dvdpoo 7 T(p i/cecvco 8 l ov 7 rapaStSorai. 23 /cal avrol yp^avro avv^relv 77)09 eavrovs to T19 a/)a el?; e’£ avTGov 6 tovto pbeXXcov irpaGGeiv. 2i 'EyeveTO Se /cal (faXovei/cla iv avToh, to avToov So/cel eivai pbei^cov. 25 6 Se eh rev avToh , Oz /3aGiXeh too v edvdov /cvpievovGcv avTGov , /cal 0 / £%ovGia£ovTe$ avTcov evepyeTai /caXovvTac vpbecs oe ov% ovtgo 9 , aU 6 pbei^oov ev vpbiv yeveerdeo co 9 o vecoTepo 9 , /cal 6 rjyov- pbevo? C 09 o Sta/covdov. 27 tl 9 7 a/) pbei^cov, 6 ava/ceipbevos rj 6 Sia/covcov ; oo^l 6 dva/ceipbevos ; eyco Se ez> fiecrcp vpbdov elfjbl C 09 o Sca/covdov . 28 vpbeh Se e’crTe o£ Siapbepbevrj/coTes fieT epbov ev tol 9 Tretpaapboh pbov . 29 /cay go SiaTidefiai vpbiv /caddos SceOeTo pboc 6 r iraTrjp pbov (dacrCXeiav , 30 2W eadrjTe /cal 7 rlvrjTe eirl T 179 TpaTre'Qijs pbov ev Tjj fiaaiXeia pbov, /cal /caOrjcreade eVl Opovcov tcpivovTes Ta9 SoSSe/ca < fivXas tov 'laparjX. 31 Ec7r ev Se o K.vpio$, ^[pboov 2 ipbGov , IS01) o aaTavds e^rjTTjaaTO vpba$ tov GiviaGai go 9 tod gltov eyco be eSerjdrjv ire pi gov eva pbrj e/cXhrrj rj ttlgtls gov. /cal gv 7 rore eVcaT/3e'v/ra9 GTr/pcaov tov 9 dSeXcjoov 9 coo. 33 6 Se el7rei/ avTM, Kopze, /xeTa croo eTocpbos elpbc kcli eh 9 7019 aTrapvrjGrj pbrj eiSevat pie. 35 K al ehrev avToh, 'Ot€ direGTeiXa vpba<; aTep / 3 aXXavTiov /cal r jrrjpas /cal \nro- SrjpbaToov, pbrj tlvos VGTeprjGaTe ; ol Se ehrav , Oo#ez/o9. 36 ehrev ov v avToh, 'AXXa vvv 6 g^gov / 3 aXXavTiov apaTGOj opbOLGO? /cal Trrjpav, /cal 6 pbrj eyoov irooX^GCLToo to ipbaTLOv avTov /cai ayopaaaTao pbayaipav . Xeyco yap 72 EYAfTEAlON XXII. 37 vpblv otl tovto to yeypapbpbevov hel TeXeG0rjvab ev epboi, to, Kal fiera avopbcov eXoybG0rj u /cal yap to 7 repl epbov reXo9 €X €L ' 38 elirav , K vpie, Ihov pbdxcbbpai c5Se hvo. 6 he elirev avlols, 'l/cavov ianv. 39 Kal e^eX0ciov eiropev0r] /caia to e0os els to opos tcov ’E XabcoV rj/co\ov6rjcrav he avTco /cal oi pba07]Tal. yevopbevos oe eirb tov toitov ebirev avTOcs, 1 ipocrev- Xecr0e pur) elaeX0elv els 7 reipaapcov. A1 /cal avios dire - cnraaOrj air avTcov coael Xl0ov /3oXrjv, /cal 0els id yovaia irpoarjvxeTO A2 Xeycov, UaTep, el fiovXeb irapevey/ce tovto to iroTrjpiov air epcov' irXrjv pbrj to 0eXrfpbd pbov aXXa to gov yiveG0(o. A5 ooiXrjGat aviov . A *'Yr)Govs he elirev avTco , ’I ovha, (^iXypuaTC tov vlov tov dv 0 pcoirov irapahlhcos ; bbovie 9 be ol irept avTov to eaopievov enrav , K vpie, eu iraTagopbev ev pcaxacpy kcll eiraiagev els Tbs eg avTcov tov apxcepecos tov hovXov /cal dcf>elXev to ov 9 aviov to he^iov. 51 diro/cpi0els he 6 ’ Irjaovs elirev , ’E are ecos tovtov. /cab ayapbevos tov ooTbov baaaTO avTov . earev he 5 IrjGOvs irpos tov 9 irapayevopbevovs err aviov dpx^e- pels /cal GTpaTrjyovs tov lepov /cal irpea^viepovs, 'ids 67 rl XrjGTrjv 6%eX'r)Xv0aTe pceid pbaxcup&v /cal £vXcov} XXII. 70 KATA AOYKAN 73 53 /ca9' rjfjbepav ovros fiov fied' vpicdv ev red lepcd ov/c e^erelvare ras y elpa s eir ipce. aXX! avrrj earlv vpicdv r\ cio pa fcal rj i^ovala rod cr/corovs. 54: ^vXXa/3ovres Se avrov rjyayov /cal elarjyayov els rrjv ol/clav rod apycepecos' 6 Se TIerpo 9 rj/coXovffec pca- /cpodev. 55 7repiayJrdvrcov Se 7 rdp ev puecrco rrjs avXrjs /cal crvv/cadicrdvrcov e/caOrjro 6 Herpos puecros avrcdv . 56 lSovcra Se avrov rratStcrKrj ns /cadr/pcevov Trpos to <£<£9 /cal arevicracra avrco ecn rev, /Xat ovros cw avrco rjv . o oe Tjpvrjcraro avrov Xey cov, Ov/c olSa avrov, yvvai. 1,8 teal puera /3payv erepos IScov avrov er Av0pco7re, ov/c olSa o Xeyeis* /cal 7 rapaXPV/^a en XaXodvros avrov ecjxdvrjcrev dXe/crcop , 61 /cal err panels o /cvptos evefiXetyev rep Tier pep' /cal vrrepbvrjcrdrj 6 Herpos rod Xoyov rod /cvpiov, cos ehrev avrco on Hplv aXe/cropa cfrcovrjaai, arjpiepov dirapvrjar] pie rpts- 62 /cal e^eXdcdv e%co e/cXavcrev 7rt/cpcds . 63 K al 01 avSpe 9 ol ervveyovre 9 avrov eveirai^ov avrco Sepovres , 6 */cal rrepucaXv^avres avrov eirr]pcorcov Ae- yovres , IIpo^Teucroz^ ris ecrnv d rralaas ere; 60 /cal erepa 7 roXXd /3Xacr(f)7]pLodvres eXeyov els avrov. 66 Kal cos eyevero rjpiepa , crwr/ydij ro 7 rpecr/ 3 vrepiov rod Xaod dpyiepeZs re /cal ypapipcareZs, /cal airr/yayov avrov els ro crvveSpcov avrcdv, Xeyovre 9, E l crv el o Xpicrros , ehrov rjpiiv. 67 ehrev Se avroZs , E dv vpuv ehreo, ov pur) 7 ncrrev crrjre' G8 eav Se epcorrjcrco, ov perj diro/cpiOrjre. 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Se crvvfcaXecrafjLevos toz)? ap%iepel$ /cal 7-02)9 ap^ovras /cal top Xaop u ehrev i rpo? avrovs, Tlpocr- 7]very/care psoi top dpdpcoirop tovtop 0)9 airocrTpe(f)OPTa top A aopy /cal ISov ijco ipcoinop vpioop apa/cpipas ovdep evpop ip to) dpdpcbircp tovtm acTiOP cop /caTrjjopeiTe /caT ai)TOV. 15 aXX' ovSe 'HpeoS^* dpeirepiyjrep 7 dp avTOp 7 rpo? i'/pLCL$, /cal ISov ovSep d^iop dapaTov icnlp ireirpaj- puepop ai>TO). 16 Traci) ever a? ovp avTOp diroXvao). 18 ape- t epayop Se irapirXrjdel XeyopTes, A Ipe tovtop , airoXvoov Se rjpup top T$apa/3/3dp‘ 19 octt69 r\v Sid crTaaip Tipd jepopueprjp ip Tjj iroXet /cal (j)6pop /3 Xijdels ip Trj (f>vXa/cfj. 20 7raXip Se 6 JliXaTos 7 rpocre(j)00P7]crepy deXcop airoXvaai top T rfcrovp. 21 ol Se iiretydpovp XeyopTes, S Tavpov crTav- pov avTOP. o be TpiTOp enrep irpos avTov 9 , 1 1 jap / ca/cop iiroirjfjep 0 UT 09 ; ovSep acTtop dapaTov evpop ip avTop' TraiSevcras ovp ai)TOP diroXvcro >. 23 0 1 Se iire/ceiPTO (j)G)pai$ p^eyaXais alTovpepoi ai)TOP crTavpcodrjpac , /cal /caTicr^vop at cj)copal avToop . 2i /cal XlAaT09 iire/cpipep jepeadac to aiTijpa avTcop' 25 direXvaep Se top Sid crTacnp /cal 7 roXv irXrjdos tov Xaov /cal ' r/fias, Kal rols ]3 ovpols, K aXv^rare rjpLas' 31 ore el ep rep vypep %vX

o/ 3 r} av top deop, on ep rep avreo Kplpeare el ; 41 Kal rjpLels peep BLKaieos, d^ta yap eop eirpa^apeep airo- XapL/ 3 apopL€P * ovros Se ovBep drorrop eirpa^ep. 42 Kal eXeyep, 'Irjaov, pLprjadrirL pLov orap eXOrjs ep rfj fiaaeXeia aov . KaL eerrep avreo, Aperjp aoi Xeyeo, arjpLepop peer epLov ear] ep rep irapaBelap. Km rjp rjbr] eoaeL eopa eKrrj KaL a kotos eyepero eep oXrjp rrpp yrjp eeos ebpas eparrjs. 4o /cal eaKorlaOr] 6 f;Xco9, \ 5 / /3 \ * rs « / 46 \ Am eaypavr] ro Kararreraapia rov paov peeaov. Kac ejoeDprjaas e^eopf] pLeyaXrj 6 'Irjaovs elirep , II exrep, els yelpas aov TraparlOepLaL ro rrpevpLci pLov . rovro Be ehreop e^errvevaep. XXIV. 6 KATA AOYKAN 77 47 TSft>^ Se 6 e/carovrap^r]^ to yevopbevov iSo^a^ev tov 6eov Xeyoov y ’ O vtcds 6 dvOpaoiros outo9 Si/caios rjv. A8 /cal Trdvre 9 ol avvirapayevopbevoo o^Xoc eirl rrjv Oeooplav ravrrjv, deaoprjaavTes rd yevopbeva, tvittovtcs ra gttj6tj VTreaTpecjoov. 49 eiGTij/cecaav Se irdvTes ol yvooaiol avrcp gl7t o pbcucpodev, teal yvvac/ce 9 al avva/coXovdovaao avreo aTro Trjs YaXoXabas, opdocrao ravra. 50 K al ISov avrjp ovopiarc Tcoapcjo fiovXevTTjs vi rap- Xcov, avrjp ayaOos /cal Sl/caco^, 61 oi5to? ov/c rjv ervv- KaraTidepLevos tt) fiovXrj /cal rf) nrpd^ei avToov y diro ’A pepuadaias TroXeoo^ rcSv ’I ovSaioov, 09 7 rpoaeSe^eTO rrjv fiacroXelav tov 9eov , 52 outo9 7 rpoaeXdoov too TUXarco yrrjcraTO to erdopba tov T rjaov, 53 /cal KadeXdov eveTvXt^ev avTo glvSovl, /cal eOrj/cev avTov iv pbvrjpbaTi Xa^evToo, ov ’ ^ 9rv\V / 54 \ f / 'y OL7C 771/ OVO€LS 0V7TCD /C€ipL€VOS. /Cat Tj pbGpa TjV 7 Tapa- ovopca KXeo7ra9, ehrev 7rpo9 avTov , Si) pcovos TrapoL/ceh 'lepov- craXypc /cal ov/c eyveos Ta y evopceva ev avTy ev Tac 9 r / r 19 \ ^ "> ^ 77 « f ypcepacs TavTais ; /cac ecirev avrocs, iioca\ oc oe ecirav avTw, Ta 7 repl T ycrov tov Nal^apyvov, 09 eyeveTo avrjp TTpocpyTys SvvaTOS ev epyco /caX Xoycp evavTiov tov deov /cac iravTos tov Xaov, 07ra)9 T6 irapeboo/cav avTov oc ap^iepeh /cal oc ap^ovTe^ rf/jcoov eh /epepea OavaTov /cal ecrTavpcoaav avTov. 2l rjpceh Be rjXir /£o pcev ore ai;T09 eo-TCV 6 pceXXo) v XvTpovaOac tov T apayX' aXXa ye /cal XXIV. 37 KATA AOYKAN 79 crvv irdcriv rovrois rplrrjv ravrrjv tfpiepav ayei aft ov ravra eyevero. aXXa /cai yvvai/ces rives rjpioov i^earycrav rjpids, yevopievai opOpival eirl to pivrjpieiov, 23 /cal pirj evpovcrai to crSpia avrov rjXdov Xeyovcrai /cal oirracrlav ayyeXcov ecopa/cevai, oi Xeyovcriv avrov %r)v. 24 \ ’ /J f « V f « i \ \ ^ \ /cat arrr\Kvov rives rcov aw r]puv ei n ro pivrjpieiov y /cai evpov ovrcos /caOdos /cal ai yvvai/ces elirov , avrov be ov/c 9 25\’V'? v 5 ' '5 ' r\ i f \ eioov. Kai avros eiirev rrpos avrovs, 12 avorjroi /cat /3pabeis rp /capbia rov iricrreveiv iirl rracriv ois iXaXrj- aav oi rrpocjorjrai. 2G ov^l ravra ebeirraOelv rov Xpiarov /cal elcreXOeiv els rrjv bo£av avrov ; 27 /cal ap^apievos airo M covaecos teal airo irdvrcov rcov irpo^rSv bieppirjvevaev avrois iv iracrais rals ypaejoais ra rrepl eavrov . 28 /cal rjyyiaav els rrjv /cSpiijv ov eiropevovro, /cal avros irpocr- erroir]aaro rroppcorepco iropevecrOai' 29 /cal rrape/3idaavro avrov Xeyovres, M.eivov pie6* rjpiSv , on rrpos ecrirepav ecrrlv /cal /ce/cXi/cev fjbrj rj ypiepa. /cal elarjXdev rov pieivai avv avrois. /cai eyevero ev rep /cara/cXiurjvai avrov pier avrcov , Xaficov rov aprov evXoyrjaev /cal tcXaaas eireblbov avrois * 31 avrcov be birjvoi^Orjaav oi ocjodaXpioiy /cal iireyvcocrav avrov * /cal avros dejoavros eyevero air avrcov. 32 /cal ehrav irpos aXXrjXovs , Ov^l rj /capbia rjfjicov naiopievrj rjv ev rjpi2v y cos eXaXei rjpuv ev rfj obc 3, cos birjvoiyev rjpilv rds y paefoas 33 Kal dva- ardvres civrfj rfj Spa virecrrpeylrav els I epovcraXr/pi, /cal evpov rjOpoicrpievovs rovs evbe/ca /cal rovs crvv avrois, Z4c Xey ovras on ovrcos rj yepOrj 6 /cvpios /cal Scjodr] Xlpicovi. 3 ° real avrol i^rjyovvro ra ev rfj obS /cal Ss eyvScrdr] avrois ev rrj /cXacrei rov aprov. 36 T avra be avrcov XaXovvrcov avros earrj ev pieacp avrcov, /cal Xeyei avrois , E Iprjvrj vpdv. 37 irrorjOevres be 8o EYArfEAlON KATA AOYKAN XXIV. 37 feed efMpoftoc 7 evofievoc eSo/covv irvevpea 0ecopelv. 38 /cal ehrev avTols, Tt TeTapaypeevoc eare, /cal Slcltl SiaXoyicr- pLol avafiaivovenv ev rfj /capSia v/jlgov; 39 iSere Ta ? yel- pas piov /cal tovs 7 roSas /zou, 0Tt e^co elpu avTos * yjrrjXa- (f)T)aare pee /cal I'SeTe, otl irvevpea crdp/ca /cal oarea ov/c eyeL /ca0cos ipue Oecopecre eyovTa. 40 K al tovto ehrcov eireSeL^ev avTols Ta? yelpas /cal tovs 7 roSa?. 41 ere Se d7ncrrovvTcov avTcov airo ttjs yapas /caX 0avpLa£6vToov, ehrev avTols, 5 'E^ 6 Te t l /3 pcocnpLov ev0aSe ; 42 ot Se eireSoo- / cav avTco ly0vos oittov peepos' 43 /cal Xaficlov evooirLov avTcov eefrayev. u Ehrev Se 7 rpos avTovs, O vtol oi \byoL pioVj ovs eXaXrjcra 7 rpos vpecis 6Tt cSz^ avv vplv ) otl Set 7r\r]p(jL)0r)vaL iravTa ra yeypapepeeva ev to ovopeop Xloovcreoos /cal irpoc^rjTacs /cal yfraXpeols Trepl epeov. 45 Tore Scr/voc^ev 5 « \ r> / \ j f 46 \ avTcov tov vow tov crvvcevaL Ta? 7 pa alvovvTes /cal evXoyovvTes tov 0 eov . NOTES. CHAPTER I, Title. Euayye'Xiov. See Introd. ch. 1. The word has come to mean not the ‘good news’ in the abstract hut the 1 written Gospel,’ a sense which it acquired before the end of the first century. But if the title of this Gospel came from the original writer it was used in its earlier and proper sense. Kc/rd Aovkciv. The preposition Kara implies the authorship of St Luke, just as tj KaO’ 'H poborov iaropLa in Diodorus means the history written by Herodotus, and rj Kara M uij(rga 7 Tevrdrevxos in Epiphanius means the Pentateuch written by Moses (Godet). Possibly however the expressiop originated from the currency of oral forms of teaching systematically adopted by different Apostles, which, when reduced to writing, were not represented as exclusive presentations of the Good Tidings, but as the Gospel in the particular form wherein it was preached by St Peter, St Matthew, or by other Apostles. KctTci AovKav. In KBF we have simply this title, but most MSS. add evayyeXtov. Others have rb or etc rov, and some add oiyiov before evayyeXior, or have e/c rod Kara A. a yiov even yyeXiov. The earliest titles are the simplest. 5. *yvvT) avr w. The reading of NBCDLX Gr. La. Ti. &c . ; ‘he had a ivife ’ instead of the tj yvvrj avrov ‘his wife was ’ of the Bee. 20. irXrjpojSqcrovTaL. D TrhTjadrjcrovTQx, comp. v. 15. 27. €[xvT|o"T€i)[X€VTjv. Altered by transcribers into the less classical fiegvrjcTTe vgevrjv , a reduplication of the analogy of p.e\xvyjixai. 28. 6 dyycXos. ACD Yulg.. but omitted by BL and placed after avrrjv in KF, €vXoyr]|Ji6vr] opT]|ievcov 4v i]fxiv TTpaypctTcov. Others (e.g. Luther, De Wette, Bleek) render it not as in A. V. ‘surely believed,’ but ‘ which have been fulfilled,’ ‘ have found their accomplishment ;’ (Vulg. quae in nobis completae sunt) but the analogous uses of the same Greek verb in Bom. iv. 21, xiv. 5, and 2 Tim. iv. 17, and especially of the substantive Tr\r]po(popLa in 1 Thess. i. 5, Heb. vi. 11, x. 22, support the English version. This is the meaning given to the word by Theophylact, 6 — 2 ST LUKE. [I. 1- by Erasmus, Beza, Calvin, the Bhemish, Grotius, Ewald, & c. The expression is most important, as shewing that whatever might be the defects of the narratives , there was no hesitation about the facts. (Bp Marsh, p. 364.) “The work of these unknown first Evangelists was new only in form and not in substance.” Westcott, Introd. p. 174. 2. Ka0ccs TraptSocrav 'qjxtv. i.e. 6 of the things believed among us , as the original eye-witnesses delivered them to us.’ There is no necessity to render Kadus ‘even as.’ The even was introduced by Tyndale. By the word rjpuv St Luke ingenuously classes himself with the secondary witnesses, not with the immediate disciples. The English version is here ambiguous ; and the way in which it is often read shews how completely it is misunderstood. It does not mean ‘ that the writers of unaccredited narratives delivered them to St Luke and others who were eye-witnesses,’ &c., — but that ‘since many undertook to rearrange the facts, which have been delivered (1 Cor. xi. 23, xv. 3 ; 2 Thess. ii. 15) as a sacred treasure or tradition (1 Tim. vi. 20; 2 Tim. i. 14) to us Christians by those who became eye-witnesses’ (which St Luke does not claim to be) ‘and ministers of the word, I too determined,’ &c. The words imply that the attempted Gospels to which St Luke alludes were secondhand — that they were rearrangements Qf a tradition received from apostles and original disciples. Clearly therefore there can be no allusion to the Gospel of St Matthew, who wrote his own narrative and would have had no need to use one which had been ‘delivered’ and ‘handed down’ to him. avToirr{u Kal virrjpeTai. Those who delivered authoritatively to the Church the facts of the Saviour’s life had ‘personal knowledge and practical experience,’ which these narrators had not. (See Acts i. 21, 22.) Of the Evangelists, only St Matthew and St John were eye- witnesses from the first ; but St Mark may have been a partial witness and minister. Whether the form in which the Gospel had thus been originally ‘delivered’ was oral or written St Luke does not tell us. *T7r?7 perai originally meant ‘rowers ,’ — u remiges in navi sc. Ecclesia.” Yalcken. tov Xoyov. Qf the doctrine, i.e. of the Gospel. Acts vi. 4 ; Col. i. 23. 3. 7rapr]'KoXov0T]K6TL. ‘Having accurately traced out or followed up.’ See the same word in 1 Tim. iv. 6; 2 Tim. iii. 10. St Luke modestly puts himself exactly on the same footing as other narrators in not having the primary apostolic qualification, but he claims continuous and complete knowledge and careful research. This phrase closely resembles that used by Thucydides (*. 22), oaov bwarov aKpifiela vepi eKaarov iire^eXdwr. It need hardly be added that the “ et spintui sancto ” added after mihi in some MSS. of the Itala is an unauthorized gloss from Acts xv. 28. avo)0€v. The word occurs in the same sense in Acts xxvi. 5 ; Gal, iv. 9. St John uses it in the sense “from above,” John iii. 3, xix. 1L The original Apostles had mainly to testify to what they had seen.. John xv. 27; Acts i. 21, 22. Yulg. assecuto omnia a principio . NOTES. I. 4.] 8S St Luke’s Gospel differed from these narratives in beginning from the birth of John the Baptist and the Annunciation, whereas they began at the Manhood and Public Ministry of Christ, as do St Mark and St John. See Acts i. 22; Luke xvi. 16, “the Law and the Prophets were until John: since that time the Kingdom of God i^ preached. ” aKpifJws. NAk-^Kgerrti^ as in R.V*, ‘accurately.’ Comp. Matt. ii. 7. Kcdhlrjs. A favourite word of St Luke only; viii; 1* Acts xi. 4, iii* 24, xviii. 23. The older and more classical form is ed\€iav. The position of this weighty substantive at the end of the sentence adds greatly to its emphasis. 5 — 25. The Announcement op the Birth of the Forerunner. 5. *Ey€V€To 4v rats ‘qpipais. The elaborate style of the Preface is at once replaced by one of extreme directness and simplicity, full of Hebraic expressions; shewing that here St Luke begins to use, and probably to translate, some Aramaic document which had come into his hands. The remainder of this chapter is known as the Protevan - gelium — the Gospel History before the Birth of Christ. The sweetness and delicate reserve of the narrative, together with the incidents on which it dwells, have led to the not unreasonable conjecture that the Virgin Mary had written down some of those things which she long ‘ kept in her heart.’ Something however of the ‘ lofty and lyric beauty’ of the narrative must be due to St Luke, for his peculiar expressions occur even amid the Hebraic idioms. In this new material we may note : 1. That it narrates as it were a new departure in God’s Revela- tion of Himself to man, after a cessation of miracle, prophecy and inspiration for 400 years. 2. That to any one who believes in God there can therefore be no stumblingblock in the Angelic appearances and other marvellous incidents. They are thrown into the shade by the awfulness of the central fact that “The Word became Flesh.” 3. That the holy and awestruck reticence of the Virgin accounts for the absence of their earlier publicity. 4. In the narrative itself we notice : a. A clearness of detail which marks veritable history (see the minute circumstances in i. 5, 39, 63, ii. 36, 37, &c.). (3 . A prevalence of numerical elements (sevens and threes), which shews that St Luke is here basing his record on an Aramaic document. Thus the whole Gospel of the Childhood falls into three large and seven smaller divisions. I. 1. The announcement of the birth of the Forerunner, i. 5 — 25. 2. The announcement of the birth of Jesus, i. 26 — 38. 3. The visit of Mary to Elizabeth, i. 39 — 56. II. 1. The birth of John, i. 57 — 80. 2. The birth of Jesus, ii. 1 — 20. 3. The Presentation in the Temple and Circum- cision, ii. 21 — 40. III. The first visit of Jesus to the Temple — which completes the cycle by a seventh narrative, ii. 41 — 52. We shall see further that even the subordinate sections often fall into subsections of three. See Godet i. 84. Thus the first section is divided into a, the test of faith, i. 5 — 7 ; the promise, 8 — 22; y the fulfilment, 23 — 25. *Hp«8ov (Bao-iXecos. Towards the close of the reign of Herod the Great. The true sceptre had departed from Judah. Herod was a mere Idumaean usurper imposed: on the nation by the Romans. “Regnum ab Antonio Herodi datum, victor Augustus auxit.” Tac. Hist . v. 9. -*• x NOTES. I. 5.] 87 rrjs ’IovScuas. Besides Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee, his kingdom included the most important regions of Peraea (Jos. Antt. xv. 5, §§ 6, 7; B. J. 1 . 20, §§ 3, 4). Zaxaptas. The common Jewish name Zachariah (2 Kings xiv. 29 ; Ezra viii. 3, 11; Zech. i. 1; 1 Macc. v. 18, &c.) means ‘remembered by Jehovah.’ The Jews highly valued the distinction of priestly birth (Jos. Vit. 1 .). The notion that Zacharias was a High Priest and that his vision occurred on the great Day of Atonement is refuted by the single word “bis lot was,” vs. 9. c£ €(t>7i}j.€pLas. The word e^ypLepia means first ‘a daily ministry’ (Heb. mishmereth) and then a class of the priesthood which exercised its functions for a week. It is used by the LXX. (as well as 5icupe L€paT€v€tv avrov. The priest who had the highest func- tions allotted to him was called ‘the chief of the course.’ There are said to have been some 20,000 priests in the days of Christ, and it could therefore never fall to the lot of the same priest twice to offer incense. Hence this would have been, apart from the vision, the most memorable day in the life of Zacharias. 9. lepciTetas. The word is used by Aristotle, and in Heb. vii. 5, but the more common and classic form is iepwavvrjs. ^\ax« tov 0up.idcrai. ‘He obtained by lot the duty of (entering and) burning incense.’ This was the loftiest and most coveted of priestly functions, Ex. xxx. 1 — 10; Num. xvi. 1 — 40; Deut. xxxiii. 10. King Uzziah was smitten with leprosy for trying to usurp it (2 Chr. xxvi. 18). Incense was a symbol of prayer (Ps. cxli. 2 ; Heb. ix. 4 ; Eev. viii. 3, 4), and Philo tells us that it was offered twice a day, — before the morning and after the evening sacrifice of a lamb. Incense was believed to atone, and the silent smoke of incense atoned for secret slander, T. B. Foma, f. 44. 1; Wisd. xviii. 21; Ecclus. xlv. 16. The ordinary construction after eyevero would have been kcll eXaxe as in v. 1, 12, ix. 51, &c., but St Luke more often omits the /cat. The eyirero is really pleonastic. Winer, E . T. p. 630. The tov Oujluclo-cu is governed by Xayxcu'u as in &\a%e tov ( 3acTL\e\j€Lv. The word “ custom ” refers to the casting lots every day to feee which priest Was to burn the incense. The method of drawing lots is described in Yoma, f. 39. 1. Aayxavw may also be followed by the accusative as in Acts i. 17 ; 2 Pet.- i. 1. It was probably the morning offering at which Zacharias officiated. els tov vao'v. ‘Into the shrine or Holy Place.’ The golden altar of incense stood before the veil which separated the Holy Place from the Holy of Holies (Ex. xxx. 6). The priest entered in white robes and with unsandalled feet with two attendants, who retired when they had made everything ready. The people waited outside in the Court of Israel praying in deep silence till the priest who was sacrificing the evening lamb at the great altar of Burnt Offering in the Court gave a signal to his colleague in the shrine, perhaps by the tinkling of a bell (Ex. xxx. ,1 — 10; Ps. cxli. 2; Mai. i. 11). He then threw the incense on the fire of the golden altar, and its fragrant smoke rose with the prayers of the people. It was while performing this solemn function that John Hyrcanus also had received a divine intimation (Jos. Antt. xm. 103). The word daeXOdv means strictly that the lot had fallen to him after entering the Sanctuary ; but the meaning is that the lot gave him the right “to enter and to burn the incense ” (as it is rendered in the B. V.). The participle must be taken in close connection with the infinitive. Winer, p. 370. 10. iravTo irXTiGos. This seems to shew that the vision took place either on a sabbath, or some great feast-day. • ST LUKE. 9 ° [I. 10— 7rpoo-€uxo^vov. The prayer of the people without was typified by the rising incense-smoke within. The analytic form rjp Trpooevxop-evov for 7 rpoaevxero slightly emphasises the delay. Comp. 77 KapdLa avruu rjv KaLopLfrr], xxiv. 32. The imperfect was no longer sufficient when the continuance needed to be emphasised. (Cf. dcavevup, 22, r\v irpoa - doKwv, 21). The Temple was mainly used for sacrifice. Prayer in the Tabernacle is only once mentioned in the Pentateuch (Deut. xxvi. 12 — 15). But the Temple had naturally become a * House of Prayer* (Is. lvi. 7 ; Neh. xi. 17 ; Matt. xxi. 13). One of the Rabbis went so far as to argue that prayer was a Rabbinic not a Mosaic institution! See Cohen, Jud. Gottesdienst , p. 186. tov 0vp.idp.aTos. The hour of “the incense.’* More accurately it would be rrjs dvpuacreus ‘of the burning of the incense.’ 11 . ayyeXos. The d>00?7 implies an objective vision. St Luke dwells more than any of the Evangelists on the ministry of angels, i. 26, ii. 9, 13, 21, xii. 8, xv. 10, xvi. 22, xxii. 43, xxiv. 4, 23, and frequently in the Acts. Compare the visions at the births of Isaac, Samson, and Samuel. 4k Se^iwv. i.e. on the South side. It was the propitious side, so to speak, Mk. xvi. 5 ; Matt. xxv. 33 ; and ib. Schottgen, Hor. Hebr. tov GucriatrTTjpLoiJ. A small movable table of acacia wood overlaid with gold. See Ex. xxx. 1 — 38, xxxvii. 25; 1 Kings vii, 48. In Heb. ix. 4 the word may possibly mean ‘censer.’ 12. trapax^'n- Such is the effect always recorded of these super- natural appearances. See ii. 9; Judg. xiii. 22; Dan, x. 7—9; Ezek. i. 28; Mark xvi. 8; Rev. i. 17. eir€TT€(r€v 4ir avTov. Comp. Gen. xv. 12, The more classic construc- tion would have been avrcp. But as a language becomes older it gets less and less synthetic, and multiplies the epexegetic use of pronouns, prepositions, &c. 13. Mi^ o|3ov. The first utterance of the Dawn of the Gospel. St Luke begins with this angelic encouragement, and ends with the Apo- stles ‘ blessing and praising God ; ’ see the beautiful remarks of Bengel ad loc. €io*T]Kovor0T] Se'ipris crov. * Thy supplication was heard. ’ Afyais implies a special prayer, and with the aorist verb shews that Zacharias had been just praying either to have a son, or at least that the days of the Messiah might come. *IcodvvT]v. Jehochanan, ‘the favour of Jehovah’ (comp. Gen. xvii. 19). It is the same name as Johanan, and in various forms was not un- common, 1 Chron. iii. 24, xxviii. 12, &c. Compare the German name Gotthold , 14 . dyaXXicuris. ‘Exultation,’ vs. 44; Acts ii. 46; Heb. i. 9. ttoXXoi. The Pharisees and leading Jews did not accept John’s baptism (vii. 30; Matt. xxi. 27), and his influence, except among a few, seems to have been shortlived. NOTES. 9 1 I. 17.] “There burst he forth: ‘All ye whose hopes rely On God, with me amid these deserts mourn, Eepent, repent, and from old errors turn ! ’ Who listened to his voice, obeyed his cry? — Only the echoes which he made relent Hang from their flinty caves Eepent ! repent ! ” Drummond. 15. jJLcyas Ivwmov KvpCou. And therefore great indeed, since “ we are as great as we are in God’s sight, and no greater.” See vii. 21 — 30; Matt. xi. 11. Kai olvov Kal o-focpa ov p/ri TrCr]. He shall be a Nazarite (vii. 33 ; Num. vi. 1—4) ; like Samson (Judg. xiii. 2—7) ; Samuel (1 Sam. i. 12) ; and the Eechabites (Jer. xxxv. 6). ‘Strong drink’ {atKepa from Heb. ShaJcar ‘he is intoxicated’) was also forbidden to ministering priests. Lev. x. 8. The term seems to have been specially applied to palm wine (Piin. Hist. Nat. xiv. 19), and all intoxicants (e.g. beer, &c.) which are not made of the juice of the grape. ‘ Ne Syder ,’ Wyclif. 'jrvcvp.dTos ayiou ■7r\T]v\aTT€Lu to GTparoTredov. KapSuxs 'iraTepcov lirl T€Kva. ‘Of fathers to children i. e. (as in the original meaning of Malachi,) to remedy disunion and restore family life. Kuinoel and others strangely follow St Augustine {Be Civ. Dei , ST LUKE. 92 [I.. 17— xx. 29) in explaining this to mean that John should make the Jews as pious as the Patriarchs were. 4v 4>povTj yap eijii Trpecr (3i3tt]s- The emphasis is on the I , which is there- fore expressed. So “Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old?” Gen. xvii. 17. But he had believed the original promise (Gen. xv. 6) though he asked for a confirmation of it (vs. 8). “He be- lieved... God who quickeneth the dead,” Eom. iv. 17* iv Tats 'npc-pais av-nijs. This is a Hebraism* 19. d/iroKpi0eLs. This aor. pass. part, is constantly used in the N. T. for theaor. mid. part. curoKpivapLevos. Veitch, Greek Verbs, p. 78, says that the earliest instance of this use is in Maco, a poet of the later comedy. In Hellenistic Greek the force of the middle voice is to some extent obliterated. rappirjX. Vir dei. The name means ‘Hero of God.’ He is also mentioned in vs. 26, and in Han. viii. 16, ix. 21 — 23 (“idem Angelus ? idem negotium,” Bengel). The only other Angel or Archangel (1 Thess. iv. 16; Jude 9) named in Scripture is Michael (‘Who is like God?’ Han. x. 21). In the Book of Enoch ’Ve read of ‘ the four great Archangels (Sarim or Princes) Michael, Uriel, Baphael, Gabriel,’ and so too in Pirke Rabbi Eliezer , iv. In Tobit xii. 15, “ I am Eaphael (one whom God heals), one of the seven holy Angels which present the prayers of the saints, and which go in and out before the glory of the Jloly One.” Since Michael was despatched on messages of wrath and I. 21.] f NOTES. v 93 Gabriel on messages of mercy, the Jews had the beautiful saying that “Gabriel flew with two wings, but Michael with only one.” 6 '7rap€(TTT]Kcos Ivwmov tov 0€ov, Kat d'n’€ 0 ‘rdXT|v XaXrjcrcu irpos crL He was thus one of the “Angels of the Presence” (Is. lxiii. 9; cf. Matt, xviii. 10), “One of the Seven Who in God’s presence, nearest to His throne, Stand ready at command, and are His eyes That run through all the heavens, and down to the earth Bear His swift errands over moist and dry, O’er sea and land.” Milton, Paradise Lost , hi. 650. See Bev. viii. 2; Dan. vii. 10; 1 Kings xxii. 19. The supposed re- semblance to the Amshaspands in the Zendavesta is shewn by Dr Mill to be purely superficial. Mythical Interpretation , p. 127. evayyeXuracrGcu trot ravra. The word eiiayyeXicracrOai , ‘to preach the Gospel,’ is common in St Luke and St Paul, but elsewhere is not often found. It comes from the LXX. (Is. xl. 9, lxi. 1). In the B.Y. it is rendered “to bring thee these good tidings,” and evayyeXLov is “good,” rather than “ glad tidings.” It would be an anachronism here to render it by “preach the Gospel.” 20. ISov. The word is used to call attention to something notable or surprising, and is specially frequent in St Matthew and- St Luke (PISH, Is. vii. 14). It is often a mere lively form of transition. (ticottu) v Kal p/q Svvapevos XaXijcrai. 1 Thou sh,alt be silent ’ (not ‘ dumb ,’ which would be Kucpos). The pr/ is used to indicate the thought of his friends that he was unable to speak. St Luke similarly puts a participle with yg after an adjective in Acts xiii. 14, %ar) tv&Xos prj Tuv. See a somewhat different explanation in Winer, p. 508, and the note on vi. 42. This positive and negative way of expressing the same thing is common, especially in Hebrew literature, 2 Sam. xiv. 5 ; Exod. xxi. 11; Is. xxxviii. 1; Lam. iii. 2, &c. ; but it is also found in classic writers. Zacharias receives the sign for which he had unfaithfully asked (Matt. xii. 38), but it comes in the form of a punishment. Comp. Dan. x. 15. ofrnves. The pronoun is qualitative, and gives the reason for the punishment. ‘ Thou didst hot believe my words, which are of such a hind that,* &c. els tov Kcupov a-urwv. “I will certainly return unto thee according to the time of life,” Gen. xviii. 10, i.e. after the usual nine months. Ei’s tov Kcupov is a classical idiom by constructio praegnans for ev rep Kaipp. It means that the angel’s words shall await the due time for their accomplishment. Comp, els to pieXXov in xiii. 9. 21. 4v tw x.P°vl^6lv avTov. While he was lingering they wondered at his delay. Priests never tarried in the awful precincts of the shrine longer than was absolutely necessary for the fulfilment of their duties ST LUKE. 94 [I. 21— from feelings of holy fear. Comp. Lev. xvi. 13, “that he die not.” Yoma , f. 52. 2.) See Excursus VII. 22. efjcXOwv 8e. The moment of the priest’s reappearance from before the ever-burning golden candlestick, and the veil which hid the Holiest Place, was one which powerfully affected the Jewish imagina- tion. See Ecclus. 1. 5 — 21. ovk «8vvaro XaXrjo-aw ciijtois. They were waiting in the Court to be dismissed with the usual blessing, which is said to have been generally pronounced by the other priest. Numb. vi. 23 — 26. “Then he” (the High Priest Simon) “went down and lifted up his hands over the whole congregation of the children of Israel, to give the blessing of the Lord with his lips, and to rejoice in His name. And they bowed themselves down to worship the second time, that they might receive a blessing from the Most High.” Ecclus. 1. 20. oirrao-iav. The classical term is o\piv. The word is used especially of the most vivid and ‘objective’ appearances, xxiv. 23; Actsxxvi. 19; 2 Cor. xii. 1 ; Dan. ix. 23. civtos fp Siav€va>v avrois. ‘He himself continued making signs to them. ’ 8i€|x€v€v Kcocj>ds. The word KW(pb$ means actual ‘dumbness.’ In verse 20 the angel uses cnwiruv , because, though Zachariah appeared to the people to be ‘dumb,’ his power of speech was only temporarily arrested. “ Credat Judaeus ut loqui possit” (let the Jew believe that he may be able to speak) says St Augustine. Origen, Ambrose, and Isidore, see in the speechless priest vainly endeavouring to bless the people, a fine image of the Law reduced to silence before the first an- nouncement of the Gospel. The scene might stand for an allegorical representation of the thesis so powerfully worked out in the Epistle to the Hebrews (see Heb. viii. 13). Zacharias became dumb, and Saul of Tarsus blind, for a time. “Praeludium legis ceremonialis finiendae Christo veniente.” Bengel. 23. €TrXT]O'0T|crav. The same verb occurs in 57, ii. 6, 21, &c. at T)|Ji€paL tt]s Xeiro'up'yias avTov. The word XtLTovpyla is derived from \ecos, epyov, a service done for the people. The time of a priest’s “liturgy” lasted from the evening of one Sabbath to the morning of the next. 2 Kings xi. 5. els tov oIkov avrov. The simplicity of the narrative is marked by the recurrence of the phrase vss. 39, 56. 24. 'rr€pi€Kpv(3€v lavrtjv. ZKpvpov is a late form of the 2nd aor. of KpiJiTTOj (as though from Kpvpu) found also in Plutarch, &c. The compound verb implies the complete seclusion. The periphrastic form used for the middle marks the decaying stage of a synthetic language. We can only conjecture Elizabeth’s motive. It may have been devotional; or precautionary; or she may merely have wished out of deep modesty to avoid as long as possible the idle comments and surmises of her neighbours. In any case there is in the incident an exquisite verisimilitude. NOTES. I. 27.] 95 25 . circtScv. Our versions understand got. The ah is repeated after rgitpais without repeating the preposition. ’E (popau implies providen- tial care. ctycXciv ov€i8o5 ji.ov. So Rachel, when she bare a son, said, “God hath taken away my reproach,” Gen. xxx. 23. See Is. iv. 1; Hos. ix. 11 ; 1 Sam. i. 6 — 10. Yet the days were coming when to be childless would be regarded by Jewish mothers as a blessing. See xxiii. 29. The infinitive is here explanatory. Iv avOpwiroLs. The ‘reproach’ was not real, but merely existed in human judgment. See vs. 36. 26 — 38. The Annunciation. 26 . ’Ey 81 tw (jltjvI tw <:KT(p. i.e. after the vision of Zachariah. This is the only passage which indicates the age of John the Baptist, as half a year older than our Lord. The reader will observe how this, like most of the other sections of this narrative, falls naturally into three subsections: a. The Salutation, 26 — 29. /3. The Message, 30 — ■ 33. y. The Meek Acceptance, 34 — 38. tt]s TaXiXaias. Thus began to be fulfilled the prophecy of Is. ix. 1, 2. Galilee of the Gentiles ( Gelil liaggoyim), one of the four great Roman divisions of Palestine, was north of Judaea and Samaria, west of Peraea, and comprised the territories of Zebulun, Naphtali, and Asher (Matt. iv. 13). Josephus describes it as rich in trees and pastures, strong, populous, containing 204 towns, of which the least had 15,000 inhabitants, and occupied by a hardy and warlike race, Bell. Jud. hi. 3; Vit . 45, 52. See Map, and note on iii. 2. *rj 6'vop.a Na^aper. The expression shews that St Luke is writing for those who were unfamiliar with Palestine. See on ii. 51. Keim ( Gesch . Jesu , i. 319) argues in favour of the form Nazara, i. from the adjectives Nafapcuos, ’Nafaprp'os; ii. from the phrase curd N a^apoov in Eusebius; iii. from the modern name En-Nezirah. But there can be little doubt of the reading here, though Nd^apa is read by some MSS. in iv. 16. Nazareth and Nazara may both have been in use, like Ramath and Rama. The derivation of the name is disputed, but it is probably derived from Netser , ‘a branch.’ For a description of the village see Life of Christ, i. 53. 27. ‘TrapGevov. Is. vii. 14; Jer. xxxi. 22. The many miraculous and glorifying legends which soon began to gather round the name of Mary in the Apocryphal Gospels are utterly unknown to Scripture. €jjLVTjO‘T€V|i€VT]v. ‘Betrothed.’ The betrothal, which is in the East a ceremony of the deepest importance, usually took place a year befoie the marriage. The ‘ espoused ’ of the A.Y. means ‘betrothed.’ oI'kov Ao/u€l8. We are nowhere told that Mary was of the house of David, for both the genealogies of the Gospels are genealogies of Joseph. See Excursus ii. The fact that it seems always to be assumed that Mary also was of the lineage of David ST LUKE. 96 [I. 27— (vs. 32), makes it probable that the genealogy of Mary is involved in that of Joseph, and that they were first cousins. Mapidp. The same name as Miriam and Marah, Exod. xv. 20; Buth i. 20. Her early residence at Nazareth, before the birth of Christ at Bethlehem, is narrated by St Luke alone. It does not however follow that St Matthew was unaware of it (Matt. xiii. 55, 56). After the narrative of the Nativity she is very rarely mentioned. The Ave Maria of the Boman Catholics did not assume its present form till the 16th century. 28. K€xapiTW|X€VT]. Marg. “graciously accepted” or “much graced.” Literally, having been graced (by God). Eph. i. 6, “accepted.” Not as in the Yulgate “Gratia, plena ” but “gratis cumulata.” “ Not a mother of grace, but a daughter.” Bengel. The %cupe /C6%. is a pleasing paronomasia. The verb only occurs again in Eph. i. 6. [€^Xo*yr]p.evT] trv Iv ywcu|Cv.] These words are of dubious authenti- city, being omitted by B and various versions. They may have been added from vs. 42. With this address comp. Judg. vi. 12. 29. i] end tw Xoya> Si€Tapax0rj. ‘But she was greatly troubled at the saying.’ 'iroTcnros. ‘Of what kind.’ The s^lutatiop was to her not only astonishing, but enigmatical. 31. MrjcroiJv. The name involves the whole Gospel. See Life of Christ , 1. 18, 19. It is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Jehoshua (Num. xiii. 8), Joshua, Jeshua (Zech. iii. 1), which means ‘The sal- vation of Jehovah’ (Phil©, x. 597). It was one of the commonest Jewish names. ‘Jesus’ is used for Joshua (to the great confusion of English readers) in Acts vii. 45 ; Heb. iv. 8. St Matthew (i. 21) ex- plains the reason of the name — “for He Himself shall save His people from their sins.” *On Joshua as a type of Christ see Pearson On the Creed , Art. ii. 32. KXr)0T]cr6Tcu. i.e. shall be. The best comment on this verse is furnished by the passages of Scripture in which we find the same prophecy (Mic. iv. 7, v. 4; 2 Sam. vii. 12; Is. ix. 6, 7, xi. 1, 10, xvi. 5; Jer. xxiii. 5, xxx. 9; Ezek. xxxiv. 24; Dan. vii. 14; Hos. iii. 5; Ps. cxxxii. 11) and its fulfilment (Phil. ii. 9 — 11; Bev. xxii. 16). vxJ/icnTou. Without the article (< anarthrous ), as in vi. 35, being here a synonym of 6eos. tov 0povov Ao/ueiS rov Tra/rpos cujtov, according to Ps. cxxxii. 11. 33. pao-iXeii(r€i...€ls rovs alwvas. Dan. ii. 44, “a kingdom which shall never be destroyed... it shall stand for ever.” (Comp. Dan. vii. 13, 14, 27 ; Mic. iv. 7.) “Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever” (Ps. xlv. 6 ; Heb. i. 8). “He shall reign for ever and ever,” Bev. xi. 15. In 1 Cor. xv. 24 — 28 the allusion is only to Christ’s mediatorial king- dom, — His earthly kingdom till the end of conflict. 34. IId>s &ttcu tovto ; Mary does not doubt the fact as Zacharias had done ; she only inquires as to the mode of accomplishment. The NOTES . I. 38.] 97 village maiden amid her humble daily duties shews a more ready faith in a far more startling message than the aged priest in the Holy Place amid the Incense. Inquirendo dixit non desperando. Aug. 35. IIv€v[jia ayiov. The phrase is anarthrous (i.e. the article is omitted) because ‘ Holy Spirit ’ is here a proper name. €'irio-KLcio-€t croi, as with the Shechinah and Cloud of Glory (see on ii. 9, ix. 34). See the treatise on the Shechinah in Meuschen, pp. 701 — 739. On the high theological mystery see Pearson On the Greed , Art. iii. See on ii. 9. to ayiov. “Holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners,” Heb. vii. 26. “Who did no sin,” 1 Pet. ii. 22. y€vvw|A€vov. ‘Which is in thy womb.’ Gal. iv. 4, “born of a woman.” mos 0€ov. This title is given to our Lord by almost every one of the sacred writers in the N. T. and in a multitude of passages. 36. T] o-vyycvT]S o-ov. “thy kinswoman.” What the actual relation- ship was we do not know. It is a mistake to infer positively from this, as Ewald does, that Mary too was of the tribe of Levi, for except in the case of heiresses there was free intermarriage between the tribes (Ex. vi. 23; Judg. xvii. 7; Philo De Monarch, n. 11; Jos. Vit. 1). At the same time the tradition of the Aaronic descent of Mary is as old as the “Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs” in the second century. The reading crvyyevls is a later form of the word. Tr/pec is the Ionic form of the dative of yrjpas. Hellenistic Greek contained forms drawn from various dialects. See Winer, p. 76. 37. ovK...7rav prjjxa. 'P^ga means word or fact pHH). The ov negatives the verb ( every fact shall he possible ). Cf. Matt. xxiv. 22, ovk dv eacadrj Traaa cr ap£ ; Eom. iii. 20 ; Acts x. 14, &c. The idiom is Hebraic (Ex. xii. 16, 44, &c. LXX.) See Winer, p. 185. It is a common idiom in emphatic gnomes, &c. The so-called ‘laws of nature’ cannot bind God, for Nature, in its highest use, is but a reverent synonym for God, and the laws of nature, so far from being limitations which He cannot break, are only gossamer-threads which He weaves at His will. For the thought see Gen. xviii. 14; Matth. xix. 26. “There is nothing too hard for thee,” Jer. xxxii. 17. irapd rov 0€ov. (XBDL) on the part of (lit .from) God. Eom. ii. 11, we have i rapa dewvT)cr€v. Vulg. exclamavit. Kpavyfj peyaXT]. ‘ with a great cry.’ The reading o(3o$. The minds of men at this period were full of dread and agitated expectancy, which had spread even to the heathen. Yirg. Eel. iv.; Orac . Sibyl, iii. ; Suet. Vesp. 4; Tac. Hist. v. 13; Jos. Bell. Jud. vi. 5, § 4. 8i€\a\€tro. The preposition implies that they became the topic of mutual conversations. 66. Iv rrj xapSux avTtuv. Comp. ii. 19. The use of /capStct for T]Twv oivtov. Namely, “in the Law of Moses, and in the Prophets, and in the Psalms,” see on xxiv. 44. The phrase “by the mouth of” is the circumstantial and picturesque mode of expression so common in Semitic style. aiT alw vos. ‘of old.’ 7ro\vfxep<2s teal 7ro\vTp6ircjs, “ fragmentarily and multifariously” (Heb. i. 1) but “in old time” (2 Pet. i. 21) and dating back even to the promises to Eve, and to Abraham (Gen. iii. 15, xxii. 18, xlix. 10), and the sceptre and the star of Balaam (Numb, xxiv. 17), 71. s avTov. An allusion to the prophecies of the Fore- runner in Is. xl. 3 ; Mai. iii. 1. 77. yvwo-iv crwvTjpias. A clear proof that these prophecies had not the local and limited sense of national prosperity which some have supposed. 4v dUfjecm. In remission . Comp. Acts v. 31, “to be a Prince and a, Saviour, for to give repentance to Israel, and forgiveness of sins.” 78. Sid a-irXdyxya IXe'ovs. Literally, (l Because of the heart of mercy.” lArXdyxvci (literally ‘bowels’ rechamim) is a favoqrite word with St Paul to express emotion (2 Cor. vii. 15; Phil. i. 8, ii. 1; Philem. 7> 12, 20, &c.). The expression is common to Jewish (Prov. xii. 10, &c.) and classical writers. (Aesch. Choeiph. xl. 7.) avaroX-rj. The word avaroXri is used by the LXX. to translate both Motsah ‘the dawn’ (Jer. xxxi. 40) and Tsemach ‘branch’ (Zech. iii. 8, vi. 12 ; Jer. xxiii. 5. See on Matt. ii. 23). Here the context shews that the dawn is intended, though the word itself might equally mean the rising of a star, as in Aesch. Agam. 7. Mai. iy, 2, “Unto you that fear My name shall the Sun of Righteousness arise with healing in His wings.” See Is. ix. 2; Matt. iv. 16; John i. 4, 5; Rev. vii. 2. €7T€o-K€\|/cito. in some MSS. f shall visit.* 79. €7ri<{>dvai. 1st aor. inf., a late (and Doric) form for oma GavaTov. The Hebrew Tsalmaveth . Job x. 21, xxxviii. 17; Ps. xxiii. 4, cvii. 10; Is. ix. 2; Matt. iv. 16, &c. io6 ST LUKE. [I. 80 — 80. To 8e ttchSiov i]v|av€V Kal iKpa/raiovTO 7rv€v|xaTt. The rjv£ avev refers to bodily, and the eKparatovro to mental growth. The descrip- tion resembles that of the childhood of Samuel (1 Sam. ii. 26) and of our Lord (Lk. ii. 40 — 52). Nothing however is said of ‘ favour with men.’ In the case of the Baptist, as of others, ‘the boy was father to the man/ and he probably shewed from the first that rugged sternness which is wholly unlike the winning grace of the child Christ. “The Baptist was no Lamb of God. He was a wrestler with life, one to whom peace does not come easily, but only after a long struggle. His restlessness had driven him into the desert, where he had contended for years with thoughts he could not master, and from whence he uttered his startling alarms to the nation. He was among the dogs rather than among the lambs of the Shepherd.” (Ecce Homo.) r\v 4v tcus Ip-npois. Not in sandy deserts like those of Arabia, but in the wild waste region south of Jericho and the fords of Jordan as far as the shores of the Dead Sea. This was known as Araboth or ha-Arabah, 2 Kings xxv. 4, 5 (Heb.); Jer. xxxix. 5, lii. 8; Matt. iii. 1. See on vs. 39. This region, especially where it approached the Gh6r and the Dead Sea, was lonely and forbidding in its physical features, and would suit the stern spirit on which it also reacted. In 1 Sam. xxiii. 19 it is called Jeshimon or ‘the Horror.’ The political unsettlement, the shamelessness of crime, the sense of secular exhaustion, the wide- spread Messianic expectation, marked ‘the fulness of time,’ and drove men to desire solitude. John was by no means the only hermit. Banus the Pharisee also lived a life of ascetic hardness in the Arabah, and Josephus tells us that he lived with him for three years in his mountain- cave on fruits and water. (Jos< Vit. 2.) But there is not in the Gospels the faintest trace of any intercourse between John* or our Lord and His disciples, and the Essenes. John has Messianic hopes ; the Essenes had laid them aside. The Essenes were recluse ascetics; St John is a preacher, a reformer, a missionary. The Essenes were mystics; St John is intensely practical (see Godet* p. 145). The great Italian painters follow a right conception when they paint eiven the boy John as emaciated with early asceticism. In 2 Esdras ix. 24 the seer is directed to go into a field where no house is, and to “taste no flesh, drink no wine, and eat only the flowers of the field,” as a preparation for ‘talking with the Most High.’ It is doubtful whether Christian Art is historically correct in representing the infant Jesus and John as constant friends and playmates. Zacharias and Elizabeth, being aged, must have early left John an orphan, and his desert life began with his boyish years. Ftlrther, the habits of Orientals are exceed- ingly stationary, and when once settled it is only on the rarest occasions that they leave their homes. The training of the son of the priest and the ‘Son of the Carpenter’ (Matt. xiii. 55) of Nazareth had been widely different, nor is it certain that they had ever met each other until the Baptism of Jesus (John i. 31). dvaSetijccos avrov. His public ministry, literally, “ appointment ” or manifestation. The verb (dvtfei£ev) occurs in x. 1 ; Acts i. 24. Thus NOTES. IT. 1.] 107 St John’s life, like that of our Lord, was spent first in hallowed seclusion, then in public ministry. At this point ends the first very interesting document of which St Luke made use. The second chapter, though in some respects analo- gous to it, is less imbued with the Hebraic spirit and phraseology. CHAPTER II. 5. ywaiKl is omitted by KBCDL, and various Fathers; as also by La. Ti. &c. 14. cvSokCcis. This is the reading of &ABD. The Gothic, Vul- gate, Itala, ^and most Fathers. Beza, Mill, Bengel La. Ti. W. H. &c. The evdoKta may have come from the other nominatives 86£ a, eiprjvT]. 22. avTwv. &AB and most editors. It is probably by a mere error that D reads avrov * 33. 6 TraTi^p avTov Kal -q irqrrjp o/uto-u. So KBDL, Vulg. and various Fathers. It may have been altered from dogmatic prejudices into 'Iwar)

€Q-0ai irdcrav tt^v oiKovpe'vrjv. The verb 4|rjX0€v is a Hebraism in this sense, Dan. ix. 2, 3. ‘ That there should be an enrolment of the habitable world.’ The verb arroypafpeadai is here probably passive (Vulg. ut describere- tur), though we have the aorist middle aTroypdxpaadaL ‘to enroll him- self’ in vs. 5. The registration (aTroypacpT]) did not necessarily involve a taxing (aTrorLfjLrjo-Ls), though it was frequently the first step in that direction. Two objections have been made to the historic credibility of the decree, and both have been fully met : io8 ST LUKE. [II 1- 1. It is said ‘that there is no trace of such a decree in secular history.’ The answer is that (a) the argumentum e silentio is here specially invalid because there happens to be a singular deficiency of minute records respecting this epoch in the ‘profane’ historians. The history of Nicolaus of Damascus, the flatterer of Herod, is not extant. Tacitus barely touches on this period (Ann. i. 1, “ pauca de Augusto”). There is a hiatus in Dion Cassius from a.u.c. 748 — 752. Josephus does not enter upon the history of these years. (J3 ) There are distinct traces that such a census took place. Augustus with his own hand drew up a Rationarium of the Empire (a sort of Roman Doomsday Book, afterwards epitomised into a Breviarium), which included the allied kingdoms (Tac. Ann. i. 11; Suet. Aug. 28), and appointed twenty Commissioners to draw up the necessary lists (Suidas s.v* aTroypcupr]). 2. It is said ‘that in any case Herod, being a rex socius (for Judaea was not annexed to the Province of Syria till the death of Archelaus, a.d. 6), would have been exempt from such a registration.’ The answer is that (a) the Clitae were obliged to furnish such a census though they were under an independent prince, Archelaus (Tac. Ann. vi. 41; cf. i. 11, regna). (/3) That Herod, a mere crea- ture of the Emperor, would have been the last person to resist his wishes (Jos. Antt. xiv. 14. 4; s;v. 6. 7; xvi. 9. 3). (7) That this Census, enforced by Herod, was so distasteful to the Jews that it probably caused the unexplained tumults which occurred at this very period (Jos. Antt. xvn. 2. 4; B. J. 1. 33, § 2). This is rendered more probable by the Targum of Jonathan on Hab. iii. 17, which has, “the Romans shall be rooted out ; they shall collect no more tribute (Ke- sooma = census) from Jerusalem” (Gfrorer, Jahrh. d. Heils, 1. 42). That the Emperor could issue such a decree for Palestine shews that the fulfilment of the old Messianic promises was near at hand. The sceptre had departed from Judah; the Lawgiver from between his feet. As regards both objections, we may say (i) that St Luke, a writer of proved carefulness and accuracy, writing for Gentiles who could at once have detected and exposed an error of this kind is very unlikely (taking the lowest grounds) to have been guilty of such carelessness, (ii) That Justin Martyr, a native of Palestine, writing in the middle of the second century, three times appeals to the census-lists (aTroypcupai) made by Quirinus when he was first Procurator, bidding the Romans search their own archives as to the fact (Ajpol. 1. 34. 46; Dial . c. Tryph. 78), as also does Tertullian (Adv. Marc. iv. 7. 19). (iii) If St Luke had made a mistake it would certainly have been challenged by such able critics as Celsus and Porphyry; — but they never impugn his statement. On every ground therefore we have reason to trust the statement of St Luke, and in this as in many other instances (see my Life of St Paul , 1. 113) what have been treated as his ‘manifest errors’ have turned out to be interesting historic facts which he alone preserves for us. Special monographs on the subject have been written by Zumpt, Huschke, Wieseler, and others. Among NOTES . II. 2.] 109 many divergences of opinion it is now generally admitted, on grounds of simple history, that a census of some kind or other took place at this time. Tracrav Ti]v olKovpiviiv. ‘the habitable world,’ i.e. the Eoman Em- pire, the orbis terrarum (Acts xi. 28, &c. ; Polyb. vi. 50). 2. avTTj dTroYpcuJjTi Trpw'n] eyevero 1 ]Y€|jiov€i5ovtos ttjs Sepias Kvprp vCov. ‘This first enrolment took place’ (literally ‘took place as the first’) ‘ when Quirinus was governor of Syria.’ We are here met by an apparent error on whicn whole volumes have been written. Quirinus (or Quirinius, for the form of his name is not absolutely certain) was governor (Praeses, Legatus) of Syria in a.d. 6, ten years after this time , and he then carried out a census which led to the revolt of Judas of Galilee, as St Luke himself was aware (Acts v. 87). Hence it is asserted that St Luke made an error of ten years in the governorship of Quirinus, and the date of the census, which vitiates his historic authority. Two ways of obviating this difficulty may finally be rejected. (a) One is to render the words ‘ took place before (irpuTr)) Quirinus was governor.’ The translation is. entirely untenable, and is not supported by irpurds pov ‘before me’ in John i. 80. And if this were the meaning the remark would be most unnecessary. The worst of all possible ways of avoiding a difficulty, real or imaginary, doctrinal or historical, is the too common method of suggesting some impos- sible translation or emendation. (jS) Others would render the verb eyevero by ‘took effect:’ — this enrolment was begun at this period (b. c. 4 of our vulgar era) by P. Sentius Saturninus, but not completed till the Procuratorship of Quirinus a.d. G. But this is to give a strained meaning to the verb, as well as to take the ordinal ( irpuTr ) ) as though it were an adverb (irpurov). (y) A third, and more tenable, view is to extend the meaning of i)ye fjLoverjovTos ‘was governor’ to imply that Quirinus, though not actually Governor of Syria, yet might be called yyepuv, either (i) as one of the twenty taxers or commissioners of Augustus, or (ii) as holding some procuratorial office (as Epitropos or joint Epitropos with Herod; comp. Jos. Antt. xv. 10. 3; B. J. 1 . 20. 4). It is, however, a strong objection to this solution (i) that the commissioners were apiaroi , optimates or nobles, whereas Quirinus was a novus homo : and to (ii) that St Luke is remarkably accurate in his use of titles. (5) A fourth view, and one which I still hold to be the right solution, is that first developed by A. W. Zumpt ( Das Geburtsjahr Ghristi , 1870), and never seriously refuted, though often sneered at. It is that Quirinus was twice Governor of Syria, once in b.c. 4 when he began the census (which may have been ordered , as Tertullian says, by Varus, or by P. Sentius Saturninus); and once in a.d. 6 when he carried it to completion. It is certain that in a.u.c. 753 Quirinus conquered the Homonadenses in Cilicia, and was rector to Gaius Caesar. Now it is highly probable that these Homonadenses no ST LUKE. [II. 2— were at that time under the jurisdiction of the propraetor of the Imperial Province of Syria, an office which must in that case have been held by Quirinus between b.c. 4 — b.c. 1. The indolence of Varus and his friendship with Archelaus may have furnished strong reasons for superseding him, and putting the diligent and trustworthy Quirinus in his place. Whichever of these latter views be accepted, one thing is certain, that no error is demonstrable , and that on independent historical grounds, as well as from his own proved accuracy in other instances, we have the strongest reason to admit the probability of St Luke’s reference. KvpTjvLov. This is the Greek form of the name Quirinus, Orelli ad Tac. Ann. n. 30. B however reads K vpeivov. All that we know of him is that he was of obscure and provincial origin, and rose to the consulship by activity and military skill, afterwards earning a tri- umph for his successes in Cilicia. He was harsh, and avaricious, but a loyal soldier; and he was honoured with a public funeral in a.d. 21 (Tac. Ann. ii. 30, hi, 22, 48; Suet, Tib. 49, &c.). 3. ^Kao-Tos els tt]v kavrov iroXiv. This method of enrolment was a concession to Jewish prejudices. The Roman method was to enrol each person at his own place of residence. Incidentally this un- explained notice proves that St Luke is dealing with an historical enrolment. 4 . euro... Ik. The prepositions are here used with classical accu- racy. airo means ‘ direction from ’ ( ab ) ; e/c means ‘ from within ’ (ex). iroXiv Acutes. 1 Sam. xvii. 12, David was the son of that Eph- rathite of Bethlehem- Judah whose name was Jesse.” Tjris. In Hellenistic Greek many relative pronouns (properly used in indirect sentences, repetitions, &c.) being mere luxuries of language tend to disappear, as in modern Greek, or are used without distinc- tion. tjtls is here uspd correctly (like “the which”* in Shakespeare and in Gen. i. 29). In the N, T. o,os, ‘ a babe.’ lo'Trapyavcop.lvov. The participle is here regarded as an adjective, and is followed by Keiyevov. 13. irXqOos o-Tpands ovpavfov. The Sabaoth, or Tseba hashamay\m. 1 K. xxii. 19; Ps. ciii. 21; Matt. xxvi. 53; Rom. ix. 29; Jas. v. 4. ST LUKE S ST LUKE . rn. is— 114 “ Ten thousand times ten thousand stood before Him,” Dan. vii. 10; Bey. y. 11, 12. The word is also used of the stars as objects of hea- then worship, Acts vii. 42. 14. 4v vvj/io-rois. i.e., in highest heaven, Job xvi. 19; Ps. cxlviii. 1; comp, “the heavenlies” in Eph. i. 3, &c.; Ecclus. xliii. 9. eirl yrjs tip's] vt]. “No war or battle’s sound Was heard the world around; The idle spear and shield were high uphung : The hooked chariot stood Unstained with hostile blood, The trumpet spake not to the armed throng ; And kings sat still with awful eye As if they surely knew their sovran Lord was by.” Milton, Ode on the Nativity. This however is only an ideal aspect of affairs, and the closing at this time of the Temple of Janus had little or no meaning. It was not in this sense that the birth of Christ brought Peace. If we under- stood the expression thus we might well say with Coleridge : “ Strange Prophecy ! if all the screams Of all the men that since have died To realize war’s kingly dreams Had risen at once in one vast tide, The choral song of that vast multitude Had been o’erpowered and lost amid the uproar rude.” The Angels sang indeed of such an ultimate Peace; but also of “the peace which passeth understanding;” of that peace whereof Christ said, “Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you; not as the world giveth give I unto you.” See Prov. iii. 17 ; on which the Book of Zohar remarks that it means peace in heaven and on earth, and in this world and the next. As regards earthly peace He himself said, “Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword,” Matt. x. 34; Lk. xii. 51. See this contrast magnificently shadowed forth in Is. ix. 5, 6. €v dv0pw7rois €^8oKias. The reading evdoKia ‘goodwill,’ is found in B 3 ; but NABD read evdoidas , and if this be the right reading the meaning is “on earth peace among men of good will” ( liominibus honae voluntatis , Vulg.), i.e. those with whom God is well pleased. “The Lord taketh pleasure in them that hope in His mercy,” Ps. cxlvii. 11; comp. xii. 32, “it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom.” The construction “men of good will” would be rare in this sense, but the triple parallelism of the verse, Glory to God in the highest Peace to men whom God loves on earth seems to favour it. In either case the verse implies that “being justified by faith we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ,” Bom. v. 1. The adoption of the reading evdoida.s by the B.Y. NOTES . II. 21.] “S (“peace among men in whom He is well pleased’’) has been fiercely attacked, but has always been the accepted reading of the Western Church, and is found in a passage of Origen. It may be doubted whether the Angels meant to contrast the future privileges of Man with their own (Heb. ii. 15). The meaning is “ God’s peace among all to whom these tidings shall come, and who in accepting them become His dear children, the objects of His good pleasure,” (Humphry). The “ towards ” of the A.Y. is wrong, and must be altered into “among” (< h ). “ Glory to God on high, on earth be peace, And love towards men of love — salvation and release.” — Keble. 15. Kal 4y€V€T0.... In Hellenistic Greek iyeuero sometimes be- comes little more than a particle of transition in coordinated sentences. See i. 59. 8i€\0wjji6v S-q. ‘Come now! let us go.’ 16. avevpav ‘discovered after search.’ These forms of the 2nd aorist in av are due to false analogy. They have been restored by modern editors from the best MSS., but it is perhaps impossible to decide how far they may have been due to the copyists. This verb is only found again in Acts xxi. 4 in the N. T. 17. 4-yvwpicrav. Thus the shepherds were the first Christian preachers. The reading bieyv. may have sprung from the previous 54 by homoeoteleuton. 19. 'TrctvTa rd pt]|Jiara Tcurra ‘all these things’ or ‘words.’ o*w€TTjp€i. The imperfect follows the aorist as in i. 64 (where see note). The verb is used in Dan. vii. 28; Mk. vi. 20. cnjvpdXXoucra. Literally, “ casting together ,” i.e. comparing and considering; like our ‘casting in mind.’ Comp. Gen. xxxvii. 11, “his father observed the saying.” She did not at once understand the full significance of all these events, 20. 8o£d£ovT€s teal cuvowt€$. Glorifying God for the greatness of the event, and praising Him for its mercy (Godet). 21. The Circumcision. 21. tov TrepiTeneLv avrdv. The genitive of the purpose. The old way of explaining it was to understand eW/ca or %ct pw, but it is neither an ellipse nor an Hebraism, but a classic idiom resulting from the original force of the genitive, see Winer p. 341. This construction is specially common in St Luke (ii. 22, v. 7, xxi. 22,xxii. 31 ; Acts iii. 2, &c.) It must be distinguished from the genitives in i. 57, ii. 6, which depend on the substantives. Gen. xvii. 12. Doubtless the rite was performed by Joseph. “Jesus Christ was a minister of the circum- cision” (i.e. went to the Jew first) “for the truth of God to confirm the promises made unto the fathers,” Rom. xv. 8; Gal. iv. 4. Thus it became Him ‘ to be made like unto His brethren, and to fulfil all righteousness,’ Matt. iii. 15. Christ suffered pain thus early for our sake to teach us that, though He ordained for us the painless rite of 8—2 n6 ST LUKE. [II. 21- baptism, we must practise the spiritual circumcision — the circumcision of the heart. He came “not to destroy the Law but to fulfil,” Matt. Y. 17 ; yevogevos vtto vopov, Gal. iv. 4. “He, who with all heaven’s heraldry whilere Entered the world, now bleeds to give us ease. Alas, how soon our sin Sore doth begin His infancy to seize!” Milton, The Circumcision . KaC. There is a mixture of two constructions, namely Kai and ore in \...€K\r]drj (comp. vii. 12). to ovopa avrov ’Iijo-ovs. See on i. 31. The name of the child was bestowed at circumcision, as with us at baptism. Among Greeks and Eomans also the genethlia and nominalia were on the eighth or ninth day. Observe the brief notice of Christ’s circumcision compared with the fuller and more elaborate account of John’s. “ In the person of John the rite of circumcision solemnised its last glories.” 22 — 24 . The Presentation in the Temple. 22 . tov KaOapurfjioi) civtcov, ‘ their purification.’ The reading ai)T7js, ‘her,’ of the Keceived Text is almost unsupported. All the Uncials read avrcov, ‘ their,’ except D, which probably by an oversight reads avrov, ‘His.’ Strictly speaking, the child was never purified, but only the mother (Lev. xii. 1 — 8). The purification took place on the fortieth day after the Nativity, and till then a mother was not per- mitted to leave her house. The feast of the Presentation was known in the Eastern Church as the 'TTraTravTrj. K&Tcl tov vo'pov Mcovcrccos. See this Law in Lev. xii. 2 — 4. Jesus was “made of a woman, made under the Law , to redeem those that were under the Law, that we might receive the adoption of sons,” Gal. iv. 4, 5. dvrjyayov. The road from Bethlehem to Jerusalem is a descent, but avayeiv is naturally used of the Capital, and especially of the Temple which is on a hill (often called by the Eabbis “the hill of the House”). 23 . KaOcos yeypairrai. 4v v<5p.a> Kvpfov. The term yiypairraL implies the permanence of the Law (Luther, stehet geschriehen ). The tribe of Levi were sanctified to the Lord in lieu of the firstborn, and originally all the firstborn in excess of the number of the Levites had to be redeemed with five shekels of the sanctuary (about 15 shillings), a rule afterwards extended to all the firstborn. Ex. xiii. 2, xxii. 29, xxxiv. 19; Num. iii. 13, xviii. 15, 16. 24 . £€v»*yos Tpuyovcov rj 8vo veocrorovs. Lev. xii. 8. The offering ap- pointed was a yearling lamb for a burnt-offering, and a young pigeon or turtledove for a sin-offering, which were to be brought to the door of the tabernacle and with which “ the priest shall make an atonement for her and she shall be clean.” But the Law of Moses, with that NOTES ; II. 29.] 117 thoughtful tenderness which characterises many of its provisions, allowed a poor mother to bring two turtledoves instead; and since turtledoves (being migratory) are not always procurable, and old pigeons are not easily caught, offered the alternative of “ two young pigeons.” Lev. xii. 6 — 8. (Tristram.) 25—35. Simeon and the Nunc Dimittis. 25. dv0pc»)'7ros...w ovopa Xup.€wv. This cannot be Rabban Shimeon the son of Hillel (whom the Talmud is on this account supposed to pass over almost unnoticed), because he would hardly have been spoken of so slightly as avdpuiros, ‘ a person.’ The Apocryphal Gospels call him “the great teacher” ( James xxvi., Nicod. xvi.). cvXafbjs used only by St Luke. Acts ii. 5, viii. 2, (properly “holding well.”) Trpoa-8€x.6(X€vos 7rapaKXT] 0 wcriv 4 k TroXXwy KapStwv 8101X0710*1x01. ‘ That reason- ings out of many hearts may be revealed.’ The word dia\oyLafjLol generally has a bad sense as in v. 22 ; Matt. xv. 19 ; Eom. i. 21. Hence there is no reason for the addition of tt ovrjpol in K. By way of comment see the reasonings of the Jews in John ix. 16: 1 Cor. xi. 19 ; 1 John ii. 19. 36 — 40 . Anna the Prophetess. The Eeturn to Nazareth. 36 . 5 'Avva. The same name as Hannah (1 Sam. i. 20), from the root Ch&nan , * he was gracious.’ 'irpotjjrjTis. The predicate in apposition usually has the article, as in ’lia. In spite of the attempts, from the days of Athanasius downwards, to explain this word away, it remains one of the great Scriptural bulwarks against the Apollinarian heresy which denies the perfect manhood of Christ. rjXiKia. Perhaps ‘ age ’ (as in xii. 25 ?), though the word sometimes means stature (xix. 3; Eph. iv. 13), and it is so understood in this place by Beza, Grotius, Bengel, Ewald, Bleek, Meyer, &c . The Vulg. has aetate. av0pa/irois, ‘men.’ Prov. iii. 4, “So shalt thou find favour and good success ( marg .) in the sight of God and man.” Pirke Avoth , iii. 10, “In whomsoever the mind of men delights, in him also'the Spirit of God delights.” It is not said of St John that he grew in favour with men, because even from childhood he shewed the stern and reserved spirit which took him to the wilderness. CHAPTER III. 2. errl apxi€p€cos. KABCD. This is the more difficult reading, and possibly for that very reason it may have been altered into the less attested eir’ apx^piojr. 10, 12, 14. iroiT]|Ji€v is better supported than ir oLrjo-ofiev. Gr. La. Ti. 19. The addition of ^cXiinrov after ywaiKos is a gloss, though a correct one, in AC. It is omitted in NBD and by the recent editors. 32. tov ’IcoP^S. N, La. Ti. 33. tov ’AjuvaSap. Omitted by D and by W.H. tov ’Apvct. reads ’AScfyc. BL, Ti. W.H 1 . read rod ’Ad/xelu rod 9 Apvd . Ch. III. 1 — 9. Baptism and Preaching op John the Baptist. 1. 4v 'n-€VT€Kai8€Kdr

ov. Herod Philip, son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra, who afterwards married his niece Salome, daughter of the other Herod Philip (who lived in a private capacity at Borne) and of his half- sister-in-law Herodias. This tetrarch seems to have been the best of the Herods (Jos. Antt. xvii. 2, §4), and the town of Caesarea Philippi which he beautified was named from him. He also changed the name of the northern Bethsaida into Julias after the miserable daughter of Augustus. He was a devoted adherent of the Caesars but so just and generous that “ in his person it is possible to become reconciled to the House of Herod.” (See Jos. B. J. 11 . 9, 1. 6; Antt . xvm. 4, § 6 ; Ewald, Gesch. Isr. v. 46; Keim, Gesch. Jesu , 1 . 206.) He reigned 37 years. ’iTovpcuas kcu TpaxuvvriSos x^P a $* His tetrarchate also included Batanaea (Bashan), Auranitis (the Hauran), Gaulanitis (Golan), and some parts about Jamnia (Jos. B. J. 11 . 6, § 3). Ituraea (now Jedur) was at the foot of Mount Hermon, and was named from Jetur, son of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 15, 16). The Ituraeans were marauders, famous for the use of the bow, and protected by their mountain fastnesses. (Strabo, xvi. 2 ; Lucan, Phars. vn. 230.) Trachonitis, also a country of robbers (Jos. Antt. xvi. 9, §§ 1, 2), is the Greek rendering of the Aramaic Argob (a region about 22 miles from N. to S. by 14 from W. to E.), and means ‘a rough or stony tract.’ It is the modern province of el-LejAh, and the ancient kingdom of Og — “an ocean of basaltic rocks and boulders, tossed about in the wildest confusion, and inter- mingled with fissures and crevices in every direction.” Herod Philip received this tetrarchate by bequest from his father (Jos. B. J. 11 . 6, § 3). Avo-avCov Trjs ’A|3 iXt]vt]S rerpapxoivTos. The mention of this minute particular is somewhat singular, but shews St Luke’s desire for at least one rigid chronological datum. It used to be asserted that St Luke had here fallen into another chronological error, but his probable accuracy has, in this point also, been completely vindicated. There was a Lysanias king of Chalcis under Mount Lebanon, and therefore in all probability tetrarch of Abilene, in the days of Antony and Cleopatra, 60 years before this period (Jos. Antt. xv. 4, § 1, B. J. 1 . 13, § 1); and there was another Lysanias, probably a grandson of the former, in the reigns of Caligula and Claudius, 20 years after this period (Jos. Antt. xv. 4, § 1). No intermediate Lysanias is recorded in history, but there is not a shadow of proof that the Lysanias here mentioned may not be the second of these two, or more probably some Lysanias who came between them, perhaps the son of the first and 128 ST LUKE. [III. 1— the father of the second. Even M. Renan admits that after reading at Baalbek the inscription of Zenodorus (Boeckh, Gorp. Inscr. Graec. no. 4521, Jos. B. J. ii. 6, § 31) he infers the correctness of the Evangelist {Viede Jesus, p. xiii. ; Les Evangiles, p. 263). It is indeed, on the lowest grounds, inconceivable that so careful a writer as St Luke should have deliberately gone out of his way to introduce so apparently superfluous an allusion at the risk of falling into a needless error. Lysanias is perhaps mentioned because he had Jewish connexions (Jos. Antt. xiv. 7, §4). The minuteness of the effort to fix the date marks St Luke as a true historian, and Keim only shews the prejudice of hostile criticism when he asserts (Gesch. Jesu , i. 619) that “there never was but one historical Lysanias.” Augustus was fond of restoring kingdoms to young princes, whose fathers Antony had murdered, as he did to the young Iamblichus of Emesa (Godet). It may however be doubted whether St Luke meant to draw attention to the dismemberment of the Holy Land. Trjs * ApiX-qvTis. Abila was a town 18 miles from Damascus and 38 from Baalbek. The district of which it was the capital is probably here mentioned because it subsequently formed part of the Jewish territory, having been assigned by Caligula to his favourite Herod Agrippa I. in a.d. 36. The name is derived from Abel ‘ a meadow.’ 2. cirl dpx^pews "Avva ical Kaia<|>a. ‘In the high-priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, ’ for the true reading is undoubtedly apxieptus (K ABODE, &c.). A similar expression occurs in Acts iv. 6. But here St Luke is charged (on grounds as untenable as in the former instances) with yet another mistake. Annas or Hanan the son of Seth had been High Priest from a.d. 7 — 14, and had therefore, by this time, been deposed for at least 15 years; and his son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas, the fourth High Priest since his deposition, had been appointed in a.d. 24. The order had been as follows: — Annas or Ananus (Hanan), a.d. 7. Ishmael Ben Phabi, a.d. 15. Eleazar son of Annas, a.d. 15. Simon son of Kamhith, a.d. 16, Joseph Caiaphas, a.d. 17. How then can Annas be called High Priest in a.d. 27? The answer is (i.) that by the Mosaic Law the High Priesthood was held for life (Numb. xxxv. 25), and since Annas had only been deposed by the arbitrary caprice of the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus he would still be legally and religiously regarded as High Priest by the Jews (Numb. xxxv. 25) ; (ii.) that he held in all probability the high office of Sagan haccohanim ‘ deputy’ or ‘ chief ’ of the Priests (2 K. xxv. 18), or of Nasi ‘President of the Sanhedrin,’ or at least of the Ah Beth Bin , who was second in the Sanhedrin; (iii.) that the nominal, official, High Priests of this time were mere puppets of the civil power, which appointed and deposed them at will in rapid succession, so that the title was used in a looser sense than in earlier days ; (iv.) that Annas was personally a man whose age, wealth, and connexions gave him a NOTES . III. 3.] 129 preponderant influence. The real sacerdotal power was his. The High Priesthood was in fact at this time in the hands of a clique of some half-dozen Herodian, Sadducaean and alien families, whose ambition it was to bear the title for a time without facing the burden of the necessary duties. Hence any one who was junusually prominent among them would naturally bear the title of ‘ High Priest ’ in a popular way, especially in such a case as that of Hanan, who, besides having been High Priest, was a man of vast wealth and influence, so that five also of his sons, as well as his son-in-law, became High Priests after him. The language of St Luke and the Evangelists (Joh. xi. 49) is therefore in strict accordance with the facts of the case in attributing the High Priesthood at this epoch rather to a caste than to a person. Josephus (B. J. n. 20, § 4) who talks of “ one of the High Priests” and the Talmud which speaks of “the sons of the High Priests” use the same sort of language. There had been no less than 28 of these phantom High Priests in 107 years (Jos. Antt. xx. 10, § 1), and there must have been at least five living High Priests and ex-High Priests at the Council that condemned our Lord. The Jews, even in the days of David, had been familiar with the sort of co-ordinate High Priesthood of Zadok and Abiathar. For the greed, rapacity and luxury of this degenerate hierarchy, see Life of Christ , 11 . 329, 330, 342. € v Trj Ip'qjjuo. Mainly, as appears from the next verse, the Arabah, the sunken valley north of the Dead Sea — el Ghdr — ‘ ‘ the deepest and hottest chasm in the world” (Humboldt, Cosmos, 1 . 150), where the sirocco blows almost without intermission. ‘ ‘ A more frightful desert it had hardly been our lot to behold” (Bobinson, Researches , 11 . 121). See it described by Mr Grove in Smith’s Bibl. Diet. s.v. Arabah. The stern aspect and terrible associations of the spot had doubtless exercised their influence on the mind of John. See on i. 80. 3. i]\0€v. St Luke alone mentions the mission journeys of John the Baptist ; the other Evangelists, whose narratives (Matt. iii. 1 — 12 ; Mark i. 1 — 8; John i. 15, 28) should be carefully compared with that of St Luke, describe how the multitudes “came streaming forth” to him. •Trdo-av tt]v TrepCxwpov tov ’IopSavov. The other Synoptists use exactly the same phrase, but in a different connexion (Matt. iii. 5 ; Mk. i. 5). The Arabah is some 150 miles in extent; the actual river- valley, specified in the O. T. by the curious words Kikkar and Geliloth (see Stanley, Sin. and Pal. p. 284), is not so extensive. pd-irno-pa [xeTavotas els a€dpay|. Is, xl. 4, The word occurs in Judith ii. 8 but not again in the N. T. The metaphor is derived from pioneers who go before the march of a king. There is a remarkable parallel in Josephus (B. J. hi. 6, § 2), where he is describing the march of Vespasian, and says that among his vanguard were “such as were to make the road even and straight , and if it were anyiohere rough and hard to be passed over , to plane it, and to cut down the woods that hindered their march (comp, tt poKoirr eiv = i to advance’ in ii. 52), that the army might not be tired.” The Jews fabled that the Pillar of Cloud and Fire in the desert smoothed the mountains and filled the valleys before them. Tanchuma , f, 70, 3 on Numb. xx. 22. Trdcra c|)dpay5 TrXT|pco0ijavTT]jxaTi ayuo Kal 7rupu ‘In the Holy Spirit and fire.’ The preposition ev distinguishes between the mere instrumentality of the water, and the spiritual element whereby and wherein the child of the kingdom is baptized. This baptism by the Spirit had been foretold in Is. xliv. 3 ; Joel ii. 28. Its first obvious fulfilment was at Pentecost (Acts i. 5, ii. 8) and in subsequent outpourings after baptism (Acts xi. 15, 16). But it is fulfilled without visible supernatural signs to all Christians (1 Cor. vi. 11); “by one Spirit are we all baptized into one body,” 1 Cor. xii. 13). At the same time Acts xix. 2 shews that we must not attribute to the Baptist any clear view of the Holy Ghost as a Person. Kal TrupC. In its first and most literal sense the allusion is to the fiery tongues of Pentecost (Acts ii. 3); but the secondary and me- taphoric allusion is to the burning zeal and illuminating light of the Spirit. St Jerome sees a further allusion to fiery trials (xii. 49 ; Mark ix. 49; 1 Pet. iv. 12) and to the fire of judgment (1 Cor. iii. 13); but these allusions cannot be regarded as certain. 17. to ttt'uov. ‘Winnowing-fan.’ The Latin vannus , a great shovel with which corn was thrown up against the wind to separate it from the chaff. NOTES. III. 20.] i37 \»XaKfj. If the reading kv rfj (pv\aicrj were correct it would mean “in his prison.” Comp. vii. 18. This prison, as we learn from Josephus' (Antt. xviii. 5, § 2), was the stern and gloomy fortress of Makor or Machaerus, on the borders of Arabia to the north of the Dead Sea. It is situated among black basaltic rocks and was believed to be haunted by evil demons. Its ruins have been visited in recent years by Canon Tristram ( Land of Moab, p. 259) and other travellers, and dungeons are still visible of which one may have wit- nessed the great prophet’s tragic end. 21 — 38. The Baptism of Jesus. The Genealogy. 21. 4v to> paTTTiar©rjyou airavTa tov Xaov. ‘ When all the 'people had been baptized ,’ not ‘were being baptized’ as Meyer renders it. Or we may explain the baptism of all the people as one circumstance , and render £ on the baptism of all the people.’ The expression (which is peculiar to St Luke) seems to imply that on this day Jesus was baptized last; and from the absence of any allusion to the multi- tude in this and the other narratives we are almost forced to con- jecture that His baptism was in a measure private. St Luke’s narrative must be supplemented by particulars derived from St Matthew (iii. 13 — 17), who alone narrates the unwillingness of the Baptist, and the memorable conversation between him and Jesus. St Mark (i. 9 — 11) mentions that Jesus went into the river, and that it was He who first saw the cleaving heavens, and the Spirit descending. kciI ’IrjiroJ (3cnrricr0€VTOs. Our Lord Himself, in reply to the objec- tion of the Baptist, stated it as a reason for His Baptism that “thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness i.e. that it was His will to observe all the requirements of the Mosaic law, which He came “ not to destroy but to fulfil.” Other reasons have also been suggested, as (i) that He baptized (as it were) the water — “to sanctify water to the mystical washing away of sin” (Ignat, ad Eph. 18; Maxim. Serm. 7, de Epiphan.; Ps.-Aug. Serm. 135. 4); or (ii) that He was baptized as it were vicariously , as Head of His body, the Church (Just. Mart. c. Tryph. 88); or (iii) as a consecration of Himself to His work, fol- lowed by the special consecration from the Father ; or (iv) as a great act of humility (St Bernard, Serm. 47, in Gant.). See my Life of Christ , 1 . 117 n. This aorist participle of the single act is followed by the pres, participle of the continuous act. kciI Trpoo'evxoiJ.evau. This deeply interesting touch is peculiar to St Luke, who similarly on eight other occasions calls attention to the Prayers of Jesus — after severe labours (v. 16); before the choosing of NOTES . III. 22.] i39 the Apostles (vi. 12); before Peter’s great confession (ix. 18); at His transfiguration (ix. 28, 29); for Peter (xxii. 32); in Gethsemane (xxii. 41) ; for His murderers (xxiii. 34) ; and at the moment of death (xxiii. 46). St Luke also represents the duty and blessing of urgent prayer by the record of two peculiar parables — the Importunate Friend (xi. 5 — 13) and the Unjust Judge (xviii. 2). See Introd. p. xxxii. 22. KaTaj3rjvai. This was seen by John the Baptist (John i. 34) and by Jesus (Mk. i. 10), but not (apparently) by others. crwjxaTLKw cKSci. This addition is peculiar to St Luke, and is pro- bably added to shew the distinctness and reality of what Theodoret calls the ‘spiritual vision’ (TwevyarLKT] deupia). w$ TrepicrTspaV. The expression ws or dxrel used by each of the Evangelists, and St John’s “and it abode upon Him” (John i. 32), sufficiently prove that no actual dove is intended. The Holy Spirit is symbolised by a dove from early times. The Talmudic comment on Gen. i. 2 is that “the Spirit of God moved on the face of the waters like a dove ” — “And with mighty wings outspread Dovelike sat’st brooding on the vast abyss.” Milton (Par. Lost , 1. 20). Comp. 2 Esdr. v. 26, “of fill the fotvls that are created thou hast named thee one dove.” Matt. x. 16. A mystical reason was assigned for this in some fathers, because the numerical value of the letters of the Greek word peristera, ‘ fi dove,’ amounts to 801, which is also the value of Alpha Omega. We are probably intended to understand a dovelike, hovering, lambent flame descending on the head of Jesus ; and this may account for the unanimous early legend that a fire or light was kindled in Jordan (Just. Mart. c. Tryph. 88, and the Gospel of the Hebrews; See Epiphan. Haer: xxx. 13). Other Apocryphal Gospels (the Gospel of the Nazarenes,- &c.) added other incidents obviously fictitious. cjj ovpavoO. ‘Out rf heaven.’ St Matthew has ovpavuv because he follows the commoh Hebraism of basing ‘the heavens’ (with refer- ence to the seven heavens of the Babbis) -except when he alludes to heaven as a mere physical region. When he speaks of heaven as God’s abode (“Our Father which art in the heavens,” “The kingdom of the heavens,” “our Father from the heavens,” &c.) he uses the plural. St Luke only uses “heavens” four times, and St John not at all. See an excellent note in Humphry Bev. Version , p. 7. This Bath Kol or Voice from heaven also occurred at the Transfiguration (Matt. xvii. 5) and in the closing week of Christ’s life (John xii. 28 — 30). This is one of the passages which so distinctly imply the doctrine of the Blessed Trinity. €v86KT}apvaovfA, KBDL, Marcion. The (p is doubtless right as Kaphar means a village. 26 . 2i8amas, KABCD. 29. worf, KBDL, Marcion, &c. Better than els to of the Bee. 41. o-v el. After these words the Bee. adds d Xpujrbs which should be omitted with KBCDFL &c. Ch. IY. 1 — 13. The Temptation. 1. 'n-X^p^s TrvevpaTos dyCov. St Luke often calls special attention to the work of the Spirit, iii. 22, iv. 14; Acts vi. 3, vii. 55, xi. 24. The expression alludes to the outpouring of the Spirit upon Jesus at His baptism, iii. 22. John iii. 34. The narrative should be com- pared with Matt. iv. 1 — 11; Mk. i. 12, 13. St John, who narrates mainly what he had himself seen , omits the temptation. vir€ 'Trdcra. ‘It ’ (the habitable world) ‘ shall be thine, all of it.’ There was then living, one to whom in as high an ambitions sense as has ever been realised, it did all belong — the Emperor Tiberius. But so far from enjoying it he was at this very time the most miserable and most degraded of men (Tac. Ann . vi. 6, iv. 61, 62, 67 ; Plin. H. N. xxviii. 5). “ My Kingdom,” said Jesus to Pilate, “is not of this world,” John xviii. 36. 8. The words viraye oiriaw should here be omitted with KBDL, &c., as having been added from Matt. iv. 10. Similar words were used to Peter (Matt. xvi. 23). 'irpov\g|ch Xot5 avapXe^Jnv. Here the LXX. differs from the Hebrew, which has “opening of prison to the bound” Perhaps this is a reminiscence of Is. xlii. 7. d'jrocrmXai TeGpaucrjJieVovs €V a^ecrei. This also is not in Is. lxi. 1, but is a free reproduction of the LXX. in lviii. 6. Either the text of the Hebrew was then slightly variant, or the record introduces into the text a reminiscence of the discourse. The ev atyeaei is a con- structs praegnans ‘to send them away (so that they are) in a state of deliverance.’ (Comp. ii. 29.) By this construction we have often a verb of motion with a preposition of rest, or vice versa. Winer, p. 643. Comp. KCLTrjXde II \oltwv e v Si/ceAia, Aelian, iv. 18. 'H (paLarluv els ’EKparava airtdave, id. vn. 8. Comp. Matt. xiv. 3, ZOero kv (pvXaKrj. Mark ii. 1, els oXkdv eort. NOTES . IV. 22.] 151 €vio.vt6v...8€kt6v. ‘An acceptable year.’ The primary allusion is to the year of Jubilee, Lev. xxv. 8 — 10; but this was only a type of the true Jubilee of Christ’s kingdom. Many of the Fathers, (Clemens Alex., Origen, &c.,) with most mistaken literalness, inferred from this verse that our Lord’s ministry only lasted a year, and the notion acquired more credence from the extraordinary brightness of His first, or Galilaean, year of ministry. This view has been power- fully supported by Mr Browne in his Ordo Saeclorum , and is followed by Keim, Gesch. Jesu, 1 . 130, 615 seq.; but is quite untenable (John ii. 13, vi. 4, xi. 55). 20. TTTij^as. ‘Rolling up.’ Generally the Haphtarah consists of twenty-one verses, and is never less than three ; but our Lord stopped short in the second verse, because this furnished sufficient text for His discourse, and because He wished these gracious words to rest last on their ears, rather than the following words, “the day of ven- geance of our God.” tw 'u7rr]peTT]. The Chazzan , or ‘attendant.’ The word ‘minister’ might be misunderstood by English readers to mean ‘clergyman.’ The Jews had no officials like our parochial clergy. €Kd0ur€V. The ordinary Jewish attitude for the sermon (Matt, xxiii. 2). clt€vi£ovt€ 9 . A favourite word of St Luke, who uses it eleven times; elsewhere it is only found in 2 Cor. iii. 7, 13. The attitude of Jesus shewed that now for the first time He intended not only to read but to preach. 21. r[p|aro 8e Xeyeiv Trpos avrovs. I. e. these were the first words of the discourse. It began with the announcement that He was the Messiah in whom the words of the prophet found their fulfilment. 22. T015 XoyoLs ttjs x«-piT05. The words of the grace. Comp. Col. iii. 16, ev %dpm ydovres. The word ‘ grace’ does not here mean mercy or favour ( Gnade ), but beauty and attractiveness (Anmuth). This verse and John vii. 46 are the chief proofs that there was in our Lord’s utterance an irresistible majesty and sweetness. Comp. Ps. xlv. 2; John i. 14. does not occur in the other Synoptists and only once in St John (i. 14), but is common in St Luke, St Paul and St Peter. oi’x'i mos icTTiv ’Icoo-i^ oStos; This points to a gradual change in the minds of the listening Nazarenes. The Jews in their synagogues did not sit in silence, but were accustomed to give full expression to their feelings, and to discuss and make remarks aloud. Jealousy began to work among them, Matt. xiii. 54; John vi. 42. “The vil- lage beggarly pride of the Nazarenes cannot at all comprehend the humility of the Great One.” Stier. In making this purely irrele- vant and grievous remark they were guilty of a very common fault;— they treated the matter of the Gospel as a subject for criticism, in order to suppress their more generous and spontaneous emotion. It was “/aire de la critique pour echapper a la foi” ST LUKE . 152 [iy. 23— 23. tt]V 7rapaj3oXi)v Tavrrjv. TLapa(3o\r) represents the Hebrew mashal, and had a wider meaning than its English equivalent. Thus it is also used for a proverb ( Beispiel ), 1 Sam. x. 12, xxiv. 13; Ezek. xii. 22; or a type, Heb. ix. 9, xi. 19. See on viii. 5. iarpl, OcpaTreucrov treavTov. The same taunt was addressed to our Lord on the Cross. Here it seems to have more than one applica- tion, — meaning, ‘ If you are the Messiah why are you so poor and humble?’ or, ‘Why do you not do something for us, here in your own home?’ (So Theophylact, Euthymius, &c.) It implies radical distrust, like Hie Rhodos , liic salta. There seems to be no exact Hebrew equivalent of the proverb ; but something like it (a physician who needs healing) is found in Plut. He Discern. Adul. 32, larpos aWuv, avros ekKecnv (3pvwv. ocra T]Kovcrap.€v ■yevop.eva, els Tqv Kacjjapvaovp.. All the things we hear of as done at (or to) Capernaum. The ev of some MSS. is a correction to an easier construction. See Winer, p. 435. The els can hardly be here explained as a constructio praegnans. St Luke has not before mentioned Capernaum, and this is one of the many indications found in his writings that silence respecting any event is no proof that he was unaware of it. Nor has any other Evangelist mentioned any previous miracle at Capernaum, unless we suppose that the healing of the courtier’s son (John iv. 46 — 54) had preceded this visit to Nazareth. Jesus had, however, performed the first miracle at Cana, and may well have wrought others during the stay of “not many days” mentioned in John ii. 12, Capernaum was so completely the head-quarters of His ministry as to be known as “ His own city.” (Matt. iv. 12 — 16, xi. 23.) Perhaps, as Meyer says, the Nazarenes here betray the petty jealousy felt by small towns against Capernaum. But there was at Nazareth a moral obstacle also. (Matt. xiii. 58; Mk. vi. 5. Comp. Lk. xi. 16, 29, xxiii. 35.) 24 — 30. Rejection by the Nazabenes. 24 . Scktos Icttiv 4 v rfj 'irarpiSi avrov. ‘ Is acceptable ’ (rather than the accepted of the A. V., since deKros is a verbal adjective). St Matthew adds (xiii. 57) “and in his own house,” implying that “neither did His brethren believe on Him.” This curious psychological fact, which has its analogy in the worldly proverb that ‘No man is a hero to his valet,’ or, ‘Familiarity breeds contempt,’ was more than once referred to by our Lord; John iv. 44. (“Vile habetur quod domi est,” Sen. De Benef. in. 2.) 25 . TroXXal \i\pai T]crav...iv ra> ’IcrpaqX. So far from trying to flatter them, He tells them that His work is not to be for their special benefit or glorification, but that He had now passed far beyond the limitations of earthly relationships. &rr) rpta koI p.rjva5 Sfg. Such was the Jewish tradition (Jalkut Shimeoni on 1 Kings xvi.) as we see also in James v. 17 (comp. Dan. xii. 7 ; Bev. xi. 2, 3, xiii. 5). The Book of Kings only mentions three years (1 K. xvii. 1,8, 9, xviii. 1, 2), but in the “ many days ” it seems NOTES . I V. 30.] *53 to imply more. 3i being the half of 7 had a mystic significance. In the symbolism of numbers it indicated periods of misfortune, as in Dan. xii. 7. See Lightfoot Hor. Hebr . ad loc . Xijaos [xeyas. In xv. 14 ; Acts xi. 28 Xl/ulos is fem. as in Doric. 26. cl |rq els 2ctp€7TTa, i.e. “but h e was sent to Sarepta.” Zare- phath (1 K. xvii. 9) was a Phoenician town near the coast between Tyre and Sidon, now called Surafend. 27. cl p.^ Naijxdv 6 2vpos. No leper was healed except Naaman. (2 K. v. 1 — 14. Thus both Elijah and Elisha had carried God’s mer- cies to Gentiles. ) The use of the words is elliptic, like ovbbv vuiovTai el /jlti t’x0Os, Hdt. Comp. Matt. xii. 4. 23. c'irXr^o"0T]crav...0vp ( ov. The aorist implies a sudden outburst. Perhaps they were already offended by knowing that Jesus had spent two days at Sychar among the hated Samaritans ; and now He whom they wished to treat as “the carpenter” and their equal, was as it were asserting the superior claims of Gentiles and lepers. “ Truth embitters those whom it does not enlighten.” “ The word of God,” said Luther, “is a sword, is a war, is a poison, is a scandal, is a stumbling-block, is a ruin ” — viz. to those who resist it (Matt. x. 34 ; 1 Pet. ii. 8). 29. &os ocjjpi'os tov opovs ecj)’ 06 tj 'zroXis wko8o{xt]to avrwv. The word oip,»0T]Ti. Literally, ‘ Be muzzled , ’ as in 1 Cor. ix. 9. See Matt. xxii. 34; Mark i. 25, &c. pu}/av. St Mark uses the stronger word cnrapd^av , “tearing him.” It was the convulsion which became a spasm of visible deliverance. It is most instructive to contrast the simple sobriety of the narratives of the Evangelists with the credulous absurdities of even so able, polished and cosmopolitan a historian as Josephus, who describes an exorcism wrought in the presence of Vespasian by a certain Eleazar. It was achieved by means of a ring and the ‘root of Solomon,’ and the demon in proof of his exit was ordered to upset a bason of water ! (Jos. B. J. vn. 6, § 3; Antt . viii. 2, § 5.) As this is the earliest of our Lord’s miracles recorded by St Luke, we may notice that the terms used for miracles in the Gospels are repas , ‘prodigy,’ and davfxaaLov ‘wonderful’ (Matt. xxi. 15 only), from the effect on men’s minds; 7 rapado^ov (v. 26 only), from their strangeness ; (Trjfie'ia, ‘ signs,’ and dvvajuLeis ‘powers,’ from their being indications of God’s power; Zvdo£a, ‘glorious deeds ’ (xiii. 17 only), as shewing His glory ; and in St John epya , ‘ works,’ as the natural actions of One who was divine. See Trench, On Miracles , i. 9. “Miracles, it should be observed, are not contrary to nature, but beyond and above it.” Mozley. jxrjSev (3Xa\|/av o/uto'v. The subjective negative is used to imply the unexpectedness of this result — not, as one would, have thought , hurting him : comp, the fir/re eadlwv in vii. 33. 36. tls 6 Xoyos oStos ; Vulg. Quod est hoc verbum ? ‘ What is this word?’ lle'pxovTcu. In strict Attic Greek the singular verb would have followed the neut. plur. 37. €|€Trop€'jero t}x°s irepl avrov. . ‘A loud rumour about Him began to spread.’ is a more emphatic word, and implies a louder rumour than (prjpiTj. The sense of the word in Acts ii. 2 (‘a loud voice ’), Heb. xii. 19 (‘a trumpet blast’) is different. 38, 39. The Healing of Simon’s Wife’s Mother. 38. els ttjv olKiav Stficovos. St Mark, nearly connected with St Peter, says more accurately “ the house of Simon and Andrew” (i. 29). This is the first mention of Peter in St Luke, but the name was too well known in the Christian Church to need further explanation. Peter and Andrew were of Bethsai^a (John i. 44, xii. 21), a little fish- ing village, as its name (House of Fish) imports, now Ain et Tabijah or ‘ the Spring of the Figtree,’ where, alone on d;he Sea of Galilee, there is a little strip of bright hard sand. St Luke does not mention this Bethsaida, though he mentions another at the northern end of NOTES . I V. 41.] I 57 the Lake (ix. 10). It was so near Capernaum that our Lord may have walked thither, or possibly Simon’s mother-in-law may have had a house at Capernaum. It is a remarkable indication of the little cloud of misunderstanding that seems to have risen between Jesus and those of His own house (Matt. xiii. 57; John iv. 44), that though they were then living at Capernaum (Matt. ix. 1, xvii. 24) — having perhaps been driven there by the hostility of the Nazarenes — their home was not His home. TtevOepd Se tov Eipwvos. “ St Peter, the Apostle of Christ, who was himself a married man.” Marriage Service. St Peter’s wife seems afterwards to have travelled with him (1 Cor. ix. 5). Her (most improbable) traditional name was Concordia or Perpetua (Grabe, Spirit. Pair. i. 330). rjv (rvvexcjrevr). ‘Was severely distressed.’ The analytic imperfect implies that the fever was chronic, and the verb that it was severe (Matt. iv. 24). TrvpcTw peyaXtp. St Luke, being a physician, uses the technical medical distinction of the ancients, which divided fevers into ‘ great ’ and ‘little’ (Galen, De diff. febr. 1). For other medical and psycho- logical touches see v. 12, vi. 6, xxii. 50, 51; Acts iii. 6 — 8, iv. 22, ix. 33, &c. ^pcor-qo-av avrov. Not, as elsewhere, the imperfect (John iv. 47), but the aorist, implying that they only had to ask Him once. St Mark confirms this when he says (i. 30), ‘ immediately they speak to Him about her.’ 39. Imcrras i-irdvco avTrjs. A graphic touch, found here only. The other Evangelists say that He took her by the hand. dvacrTd