METEOROLO&ICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, SOUTHERN OHIO, AND A CONDENSED TREATISE ON METEOROLOGY IN GENERAL. By L. GEONEWEG, PRACTICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMIST, MEMBER OP THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVER FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. GERMANTOWN; PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOK. 1 8 5 6 . I / « 'V / 45.27 59.94 49.29 86 59 81 94.. 209.52 8.946 12 29.15 39.57 31.85 87 66 83 50 9.00 7.298 2 43.92 61.17 49.92 80 49 70 GO 0.00 10.720 0 63.80 78.57 66.80 90 61 88 00 117.60 6.570 6 44.22 60.42 48.57 87 58 84 J)EST DAY. Date, 26th July. 30th January. Wannest day Coldest day • Eange. r A B B K 1. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT GERMANTOWN, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO. I F Cf K, THE nVC B X E O E, O L O C3-1 C -A. E -JT ij ^ E 18SO-’61, B -ST E. C3- E O IST B W E Q . Barometer. Corrected and reduced to the Freezing Point, or 32 deg. Fahrenheit, Open Air Thermometer, Fahrenheit. Clear- ness of the Quant Me Pars ty of Rain and Ited Snow. 1 Cubic Inch. Perpendicular depth of Rain and Melted Rela Hu- Force of Vapor. Monthly Means. 1 Number of Days, with r- Mean Temporataro. Relative Hu. midity. Per cent. Wind, Directions, Monthly mean midi- Monthly Maximum. Minimum Varia¬ tions. Monthly Means. — Minimum. TlSis" Month- Rain. Melted Paris English ty- M’th- lym'8 Pr ct. Paris Lines. English 1 I Heat Light¬ nings. Dew. Froi’n Dow. Dry Mist. Fog & Mist. Rdn. Snow. 0 A. M, 3 P. M. 10 r.M. ii K 110 P. M. 1850. Docembpr, 1851. January, . 2!)..346 29.675 28.520 1.155 30.65 62.15 2.97 59.18 6.8 E: W = l: 9.17. N:S=l: 0.61 233.40 131.56 2.534 2.701 81 1.63 0.1421 0 0 0 5 1 10 6 27.27 36.05 28.62 86 70 86 29.293 29.977 28.716 1.261 31.55 58.55 -7.37 65.92 5.5 E: W=1 : 59.00. N: S=l: 1.13 94.16 1.00 0.658 0.691 75 1.60 0.1421 0 0 0 11 7 6 1 26.37 38.97 29.75 85 61 79 February, . 2.9.337 29.835 28.787 1.048 38.50 63.50 8.15 55.35 7.1 E: 1Y=1: 7.17. N: S=l: 1.89 751. 38 76.96 5,754 6.134 80 2.22 0.1954 0 0 0 6 6 10 5 33.80 43.70 37.17 89 68 83 Mareli, . . 29.26G 29.568 28.955 0.631 43.25 73.17 15! 80 57.37 4.8 E: W=l: 8.17. N: S=l: 1.48 341.60 9.00 2.434 2.595 69 2.22 0.1954 3 1 4 6 3 9 2 35.82 52.47 41.45 79 54 73 April, . . . 20.151 29.684 28.565 1.119 48.87 73.40 26.82 46.58 5.5 E: W=l: 4.00. N: S=l: 1.00 336.86 0.00 2..336 2.490 63 2.34 0.2043 1 1 4 6 3 11 0 41.22 57.87 47..30 81 44 64 May, . . . 29.222 29.542 28.875 0.667 63.05 89.82 20.75 69.07 5.2 E: W=l: 2.75. N: S=l: 5.89 364.04 0.00 2.528 2.694 68 4.55 0.4085 9 5 13 4 5 12 0 54.72 73.17 61.02 80 49 74 June, . . . 29.168 29.470 28.724 0.746 67.55 88.70 46.17 42.53 6.0 E: W=l: 3.29. N: S=l: 8.50 380. 20 0.00 2.640 2.814 79 6.04 0.5329 9 0 9 0 2 10 0 61.70 75.65 65.30 89 63 84 July, . . . 29.177 29.373 29.000 0.373 71.82 9L40 47.07 44.33 4.6 E: W=l: 3.43r N: S=l: 2.87 790.40 0.00 5.502 5.865 79 6.89 0,6128 14 5 22 0 4 12 0 66.20 80.82 68.22 91 57 90 August, . . 29.231 29.462 28.964 0.498 69.80 86.00 43.92 42.08 3.7 E: W=l: 2.39. N: S=l: 2.10 374.00 0.00 2.598 2.769 81 6.57 0.5862 5 4 26 0 12 8 0 63.50 79.25 66.87 91 62 91 September, 29.319 29.648 29.026 0.622 65.30 94.32 30.87 63.45 3.3 E: W=l: 1.38. N; S=l: 1.95 159.20 0.00 1.104 1.177 74 5.19 0.4618 0 1 18 1 17 3 0 57.42 77.90 61.02 89 47 85 October, . . 29.195 29.577 28.733 0.844 50.22 78.35 17.37 60.98 4.7 E: W=1 : 2.69. N: S=l; 2.96 327.20 8.00 2.326 2.480 75 3.06 0.2753 0 0 9 6 19 7 1 41.90 60.57 48.20 87 56 83 November, 29.213 29.684 28.680 1.004 37.62 86.90 17.37 51.53 7.7 E; W=l: 1.64. N: S=l: 1.00 242.60 209.60 3.140 3.347 80 2.13 0.1865 2 0 0 2 10 8 5 33.35 42.80 36.50 85 71 84 Sums, . . . 4395.04 436.12 33.534 35.747 43 17 105 47 89 106 20 Means of the Year, . . Seasons. 29.243 51.498 5.4 E: W=l: 8.77. N: S=l: 2.61 75 3.705 0.3286 45.27 69.94 49.29 86 59 81 'Winter, . . 29.328 29.977 28.520 1.457 33.57 63.50 -7.37 70.87 6.5 1 E:W=1: 25.113. N: S=1; 1.21 1078.94 209.52 8.946 9.526 79 1.82 0.1599 0 0 0 22 14 26 12 29.15 39.57 31.85 87 66 83 Spring, . . 29.213 29.684 28.565 1.119 51.80 89.82 15.80 74.02 5.2 1 E: W = l: 4.97 . n! s=i! 2.79 1042.50 9.00 7.298 7.779 67 3.04 0.2664 13 7 21 16 11 32 2 4.3.92 61.17 49.92 80 49 70 Summer, . 29.195 29.470 28.724 0.746 ' 69.80 91.40 43.92 47.48 4.8 1 E: W=l: 3.04 . N: S=l: 4.49 1544.60 0.00 10.720 11.448 80 6.51 0.5773 , 28 9 57 0 18 30 0 6,3.80 78.57 66.80 90 61 88 Autumn, . 29.240 29.684 28,680 1.004 51.12 94.32 17.37 76.95 5.2 E: W = l: 1.903. N: S=l: 1.97 729.00 117.60 6.570 7.004 76 3.46 0.3108 2 1 27 9 46 18 6 44.22 60.42 48.57 87 58 84 YEARLY EXTREMES. MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE WARMEST AND COLDEST DAY. - - Maximum. Date. Minimum. 1 Date. Range. Fahrenheit. Reaumur. Date. •■ •■28.520.^ ■■ ■ • -22d December, 1850^ ■ [ ■1.457 101.69 45.2 .31 05®. ^’300 WamiGst day. . 3 g/o. Thermometer — Reaumur. ■■■■27.7° ■■•■ - 17.5° • • • ■ Coldest day . Range . 365.2 9.006 23.22 33.27 26.30 88 70 81 9.8 9.756 1 43.92 58.25 47.97 83 56 76 0.0 4.982 62.00 80.00 66.12 90 54 84 14.6 8.650 46.17 60.42 48.80 92 63 89 5T DAY. Date. 23d July. 19tli January. Wannest day Coldest day • Eange T B L E II METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT GERMANTOWN, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO. F O H THE 1,^: E T E O E. O L O C3- I C A E -E" E A E 1861-’SS, :b ^ E. C3- E O KT E W E O-. Corrected and reduced to tbe Freezing Point, or 32 deg. Fahrenheit, English Inches. Open Air Thermometer, Fahrenheit. ness of the Sky. Wind, Directions, Monthly means. Quantity of Rain and Melted Snow. Paris Cubic Inch. Ferpendioular depth of Rain and Melted Snow. Hu¬ midi¬ Force oT Tapor. Monthly Means. f Number of Days, with Mean Temperature. RoIailVcHa • midity. Per cent. Monthly Mean. Maiimum. Minimiun Varia* Monthly Means. Maaimmn. Minimum. Tsir Month¬ ly Means. Rain. Melted Paris Inches. English Inches. ty. M’th- . lym’8 Pr ct. Paris Lines. English Inches. I Heat nings. Dew. Froz’n Dew. Dry Mist. Fog & Mist. Rain. Snow. 6 A. M. 2 P. M. 10 P. M. S j.lOP. M., 1851. December, 29.319 29.737 28.733 1.004 26.15 61.25 -22.90 84.15 7.2 E: W=l: ; 2.11. N; S=l: 2.81 355.4 81.2 3.032 3.232 81 1.49 0.1332 1 0 0 5 0 5 7 3 22.10 31.77 ,24.57 93 74 83 1852. January, . 29.222 29.817 28.547 1.270 23.00 57.20 -31.45 88.65 7.1 E: W=1 1.69. N; S=l: 2.00 103.4 243.6 2.410 2.569 81 1.27 0.1155 0 0 0 2 0 10 5 10 18.50 29.07 21.42 91 '72 85 February, . 29.168 29.719 28.627 1.092 33.57 .54.95 5.22 49.73 6.7 E: W=1 2.67. N: S=l: 1.85 473.0 40.4 3.564 3.799 72 1.56 0.1421 0 0 0 2 0 7 6 4 29.07 38.97 32.90 79 1 63 75 March, . . 29.142 29.746 ■'28.280 1.466 42.57 77.90 6.35 71.55 7.0 E: W=1 1.52. N: S=l: 1.31 356.6 9.0 2.478 2.641 71 2.31 0.2043 3 0 0 4 6 5 12 4 38.30 49.32 40.55 81 60 69 April, . . . May, . . . 28.982 29.391 28.414 0.977 46.62 83.97 21.42 62.55 6.7 E: W=1 2.50. N: S=l: 1.70 636.6 0.8 4.414 4.705 73 2.62 0.2309 6 0 2 6 4 9 15 1 40.10 54.95 44.82 82'56 80 29.204 29.559 28.867 0.692 60.80 82.40 28.17 54.23 6.0 E: W=1 2.11. N: S=l: 2.35 412.6 0.0 2.864 3.053 72 4.40 0.3908 7 4 11 3 2 10 15 0 53.37 70.47 58.55 86 ! 52 79 June, . . . 29.195 29.533 28.813 0.720 65.52 88.25 37.17 51.08 5.0 E: W=1 2.56. N: S=l: 2.00 31.5.4 0.0 2.186 2.3.30 79 5.58 0.4974 B 6 20 0 0 10 12 0 59.00 75.87 62.60 91 !58 87 July, . . . 29.213 29.444 28.920 0.524 73.40 94.55 43.25 51.30 4.0 E: W=1 2.53. N: S=l: 1.00 208.2 0.0 1.4.54 1..550 74 6.62 0.5862 13 9 22 0 1 6 11 0 66.20 84.20 69.57 89 50 83 August, . . 29.177 29.470 28.911 0.559 68.90 85.32 41.67 43.65 5.2 E: W=1 1.00. N: S=l: 2.00 193.8 0.0 1.342 1.431 76 5.84 0.5151 5 2 16 0 0 17 12 0 60.80 79.92 66.20 91 53 83 September, 29.266 29.488 28.858 0.630 61.70 87.57 31.32 56.25 5.5 E: W=1 1.00. N: S=l: 4.09 377.2 0.0 2.614 2.787 82 5.01 0.4441 : 6 2 !) 1 2 16 14 0 54.27 72.05 57.87 94 61 90 October, . . 29.257 29.479 28.902 0.577 56.30 80.15 26.37 53.78 5.6 E: W=1 1.52. N: S=l: 2.00 336.0 0.0 2.332 2.486 80 4.01 0.3553 ■ 1 2 11 6 9 13 10 0 50.00 66.42 52.47 93 58 91 November, 29.213 29.684 28.689 0.995 37.62 66.20 15.35 50.85 8.0 E: W=1 1.89. N: S=1 : 1.00 519.2 14.6 3.704 3.948 81 2.19 0.1954 ■ 0 0 0 7 0 2 14 6 34.25 42.80 36.05 88|70 85 Sums, . . . Mean of the Year, . . 4287.4 389.6 32.394 34.532 51 25 91 36 24 110 133 28 29.196 49.68 6.2 E: W=1 : 1.92.5. N: S=l: 2.009 77 3..575 0.3197 43.83 57.98 47.30 88 61 83 Seasons. 1 Winter, . . 29.240 29.817 28.547 1.270 27.60 61.25 -31.45 92.70 7.0 E: W=1 : 2.16. N: S=l: 2.22 931.8 365.2 9.006 9.600 78 1.439 0.1243 1 0 0 9 0 22 18 17 23.22 33.27 26.30 88 70 81 Spring, . . 29.090 I 29.746 28.280 1.466 50.00 83.97 6.35 77.62 6.6 E; W = 1 : 2.06. N: S=l: 1.79 1405.8 9.8 9.756 10.399 72 3.110 0.2753 , 16 4 13 13 12 24 42 5 43.92 ,58.25 47.97 83 ' 56 76 Summer, . 29.195 ! 29.533 28.813 0.720 69.12 94.55 37.17 57.38 4.7 E: W=1 : 2.03. N: S=l; 1.67 717.4 0.0 4.982 5.311 76 6.014 0.5329 27 17 58 0 1 33 35 0 62.00 80.00 66.12 90 54 84 Autumn, . 29.248 ■ 29.684 28.689 0.995 51.80 87.57 15.35 72.22 6.4 E: W = 1 : 1.47. N; S = l: 2.36 1232.4 14.6 8.650 9.221 81 3.737 0.3286 1 4 20 14 11 31 38 6 46.17 60.42 48.80 92 63 89 Barometer—English Inches Thermometer—-Farenheft • • • Thermometer—Ueaumur • ■ ■ YEARLY EXTREMEI ■29.817. ■94.55 ■ ■27.8 ■ ■ 19th January, 1802 ■23d July . -31.45. -28.2 . ■ 24th March ■ ■ ■ 20th January 1.537 126.00 56.0 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE WARMEST AND COLDEST DAY. Warmest day ■ Coldest day ■ ■ Range • ■ ■81.27 ■ —13.67 ■ ■21.9. -20.3. ■ 23d July. ■ 19th January. 46.53 60.31 . 48.88 85 58 82 1664.8 193.8 28.47 38.75 32.15 88 71 85 785.6 53.4 44.75 58.25 48.57 79 52 74 1280.2 0.0 1 67.84 83.75 69.05 82 49 81 1006.6 0.0 45.05 60.50 49.10 91 62 86 ies of Snow. 3ST DAY. Range. Date. •1.501 11.59 49.6 Warmest Coldest d£ Kange • • I’ B L I 1 I METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT GERMANTOWN, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO. OK, X H E E X E O K O L O O I C ^ X, "Z- E ^ K 18eS-’S3, B "Z" E. O K O 3Sr E -W E O 1852. December, 1853. January, February, March, . April, . . May, . . June, . . July, . . August, . September, October, . . November, Sums, . . . Mean of the Year, . . Seasons. Winter, . . Spring, . . Summer, . Autumn, . Barometfii. Corrected and reduced to the Freeiing I’oint, or .32 deg. Fahrenheit, English Inchrj^. Open Air Thermometer, Fahrenheit. Mfintlily Mean. Maximum Minirotun Varia* tiODS. Monthly Means. Maximum. Minimum. 1 Varia- j tions. Month- ly Means. 29.177 i 29.639 28.565 1.074 36.27 59.45 9.72 49.73 7.26 E: W=l: : 1.41. N: S=] 1: 4.60 29.284 29.808 28.307 l.,501 31.55 56.30 3.87 52.43 5.99 E: W=1 1.30. N: S=] [: 1.35 29.186 29.666 28.742 0.924 30.87 54.27 -14.12 68.39 6.95 E: W=1 2.90. N: S=] 1: 2.06 29.186 j 29.639 28.707 0.932 38.52 69.80 9.72 60.08 6.34 E: W=1 2.69. N: S=] I ; 1.52 29.168 29.497 28.751 0.746 51.80 78,57 21.20 57.37 5.67 E: W=1 1.30. N: 8=1 1; 1.35 2.9.201 29.453 28.884 0.569 61.25 89.60 28.85 60.75 4.99 E: W=1 2.31. N; S=] [; 2.28 29.248 29.479 29.035 0.444 76.10 97.47 41.00 56.47 3.64 E: W=1 3.00. N: s=] L : 4.45 29.240 29.417 28.973 0.444 72.72 92.97 45.05 47.92 4.89 E: W=1 0.53. N: S=l: 1.19 29.195 29.524 29.000 0.524 71.82 92.75 46.85 45.90 1 4.32 E: W=1 2.92. N; S=1 [ : 2.29 29.248 29.488 28.840 0.648 63.50 86.45 37.62 •48.83 5.13 1 E: W=1 1.23. N: s=] L : 1.61 29.257 29.595 28.689 0.906 46.62 72.05 26.82 4.5.23 4.52 E: W=1 2.07. N: s=] L: 2.26 29.373 29.737 28.964 0.773 44.60 67.77 22.32 45.45 J 1 6.50 E: W=1 1.00. N: s=] : 2.53 29.2305 52.135 5.517 E: W=l; : 1.888. N: s=] L : 2.290 29.216 29.808 28.307 1..501 1 32.897 59.45 -14.12 73.57 6.73 E: W= 1: : 1.87. N: s=] L : 2.67 29.186 2!). 639 28.707 0.!)32 j 50.523' 89.60 9.72 79.88 ' 5.67 E: W = l; : 2.10. N: s=] 1: 1.72 29.228 j 29.524 28.973 0.651 73.547 97.47 41.00 56.47 4.28 ! E: W=1 ; ; 2.15. N: S=1 • 2 64. 29.293 29.737 28.689 1.048 51.573 1 86.45 22.32 64.13 5.38 1 E: W = l; ; 1.43. N: S=l: 2.13 Quantity of Rain and Melted Snow. Paris Cubic Inch. Pcrpendieular depth 1 of Rain and Melted j Snow. Rela. five Hu- midi- Force of Vapor. Monthly Means. 1 1 Rain Melted 1 Paris English M’th- Paris English 1 Snow. Inches. ! Inches. Ivm’s Pr ct. Lines. Inches. B p 1332.2 2.2 9.266 1 9.878 1 82 2.087 0.1865 2 97.0 47.6 1.004 1.070 80 1.561 0.1421 0 235.6 144.0 2.836 3.023 81 1.650 0.1510 1 170.2 53.4 1.552 1.654 72 1.905 0.1687 1 422.6 0.0 2.934 3.128 68 2.8.54 0.2576 8 192.8 0.0 1.338 1.426 66 4.066 0.3641 7 209.4 0.0 1.454 1.5.50 65 6.382 0.5684 10 478.2 0.0 3.320 3.539 68 5.993 0.5329 4 592.6 0.0 4.116 1 4.388 79 6.777 0.6039 10 335.8 0.0 2.332 1 2.486 82 5.545 0.4885 1 313.8 0.0 2.178 2.322 78 2.737 0.2398 1 1 357.0 0.0 2.404 1 1 2.563 79 2.757 0.2487 0 4737.2 247.2 34.734 37.027 i t 49 j 75 3.684 0.32935 1664.8 1 193.8 i 13.106 i 1.3.971 ' 81 1.766 0.1599 3 785.6 53.4 i 5.824 j 6.208 1 69 2.942 0.2635 16 1280.2 0.0 8.890 1 9.477 71 6.348 0.5684 24 1006.6 0.0 6.914 ; 7.371 1 80 3.680 0.3257 6 Number of Days, with 6 ; 20 3 1 17 25 ; 87 1 ' 0 6 ! 13 15 56 Fog & Mist. Mean Temperature. 32.00 41.22 27.27 ; 26.15 I 32.67 I 46.17 55.40 70.02 67.55 65.97 I 57.42 I 38.07 i 39.65 37.40 37.62 44.60 59.67 70.47 87..35 82.40 81.50 72.27 57.87 51.35 28.47 38.75 44.75 ! 58.25 67.84 I 8.3.75 45.05 ; 60.50 35.60 29.97 30.87 38.30 49.32 58.10 70.92 68.22 68.00 61.25 43.47 42.57 32.15 48.57 69.05 49.10 Relative Ht midity. Per cent. s , s I a 89 69 i 87 69 84 55 76 52 77,481 76 41 ! 79,48 j 90 57 94 64 93 i 56 87 65 85 58 88 71 85 79 ! 52 74 82'49 I 81 91 , 62 ’ 86 I ” Small Flakes of Snow. YEARLY EXTREMES. MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE WARMEST AND COLDEST DAY. Maximum. Date. Minimum. Date. Range. 1 Fahrenheit. Reaumur. Date. Barometer —English Inches . Thermometer—-Karcnhcit . • • • • 28th January, 1853 • • •. ••• •28.307. -14.12 .... -20.5 .... .23d January. | .•1.501 Warmest day . Thermometer—Ueaumur. ••■•29.1 .... .9th February.j . 1 111.59 49.6 Range. .—13.13. .35.83. .9th February. 4y.i50 61.45 5U.11 85 56 81 .783 1055.0^ 14 26.60 36.72 29.00 86 65 81 1.39 2784.1^ 4 46.32 60.12 49.17 82 53 78 1.43 904.0^ 0 68.67 84.87 69.95 84 50 84 .38 986.0^ 1 47.82 64.10 52.32 88 57 83 LDEST DAY. Range. ..1.492 109.34 48.6 r. Date. 30th July. 23d January. A 1. K I V METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GERMANTOWN, MONTGOMER'y COUNTY, OHIO. FOR THE Ivi: E T E O R O E O C3- I C ^ E E ^ R 1 8 a 3 - ’ e 4 , B -V E. O R O RT E W E G , 1853. Docomber, 1854. 1 January, . ! February, . | Narcli, . . I April, . . . 1 May, . . • j June, . . . July, . . . ' August, . . September, ] October, . . ! November, Sums, ... Means of the Year, . . Seasons. ■\Vinter, . . Spring, . . Summer, . Autumn, . ^ ‘BAnoarrrrn. ‘ Corrected aud reduced to the Freeziug Point, or 32 deg. Fahrenheit, I'jivjlish Inches. Open Air Thermometer, Fahrenheit. Clear- | uess of tlte Sky. 1 ■\Vind, Directions, Monthly means. Monthly .Means. •Maximum. Minimum. Varia¬ tions. Monthly -Means. Maximum.^ Minimum.t _ ! Varia- Month¬ ly Means. 28.213 : 29.586 28.476 1.110 1 29.07 53.82 1.40 52.41 5.69 E: w= = 1: 3.06. N: S=l: 2.39 28.275 ' 29.959 28.467 ; 1 1.492 1 27.95 62.82 -9.62 72.44 6.65 E; w= = 1 3.20. N: S=l; 4.00 28.240 28.693 1 28.591 : 1.102 3.5.37 59.22 10.40 48.82 6.35 E; = 1 2.45. N: S=l: 1.96 28.177 29.638 j 28.644 0.995 42.57 73.85 18.50 5,5.33 5.68 E: W= = 1 2.9.5. N; S=l: 1.89 2,0.185 29.737 28.751 0.996 51.12 86.00 21.20 64.80 6.37 E: 4V= = 1 1.20. N: S=l: 1.46 28.142 ' 29.381 28.618 1 0.773 61.92 83.97 34.70 49.27 5.23 E; W= = 1 1.72. N: S=l: 3.82 28.168 j 29.444 28.813 - 0.631 70.92 94.10 43.70 50.40 4.53 E: W= =1 3.26. N: S=l: 4.60 29.231 i 29.453 28.053 : 0.400 77.22 98.15 52.92 45.23 3.11 E: W= = 1 1.45. N: S=l: 1.97 29.248 1 29.389 29.115 1 0.284 1 75.42 98.15 31.35 66.80 ,3.92 E; : W= = 1 2.62. N: S=l: 0.71 28.266 28.710 28.946 0.764 70.85 99.72 38.75 60.97 4.13 E: : W= = 1 2.78. N: S=l; 0.81 29.337 ' 29.648 28.973 ' 0.675 ,55.17 79.70 28.62 51.08 4.72 E: W= = 1 2.50. N: S=l: 1.89 28.186 29.719 28.716 1.003 38.40 64.40 19.85 44.55 6.02 E: W= = 1 8.71. N: S=l; 1.43 28.2232 i 1 52.998 5.20 E: W= = 1 ; 2.991. N: S=l; ; 2.244 29.243 ' 29.959 28.467 1 i 1.492 30.797 62.82 -9.62 72.44 6.23 E: : W= = 1 : 2.903. N: S=l; ; 2.783 29.171 29.737 28.618 1.119 51.870 86.00 18.50 07.,50 5.76 E: ; W = = 1 : 1.96. N: S=1 ; 2.39 29.216 ^ 29.453 28.813 1 0.640 74.520 98.15 31..35 66.80 3.85 E; : W= = 1 ; 2.44. N: S=1 ; 2.43 1 28.263 1 i 29.719 28.716 1.003 1 54.807 99.72 19.85 79.87 4.96 : W = = 1 : 4.66. N: S = 1 : 1.38 Quantity of Rain and i Melted Snow. j Paris Cubic Inch. ! l*erpendicular depth of Rain and Melted Snow. Rela. Hu- ty- M’th- lym’s Pr ct. Force of Vapor. Monthly Means. ■° i Number of Days, with Mean Temperature. llelatire Hu¬ midity. Per cent. Rain. 1 Melted j Paris ! Inches. [ English Inches. Paris Lines. English Inches. 1 1 Heat Light nings. Dew. Froz’n^ Dew. ] Dry Fog& Mist. Mist, j Rain. Snow. 7 A. M. 2 P. M. ! 9 P. M. 7 A. M. y y 1 75.82 73.56 1.3004 1.386 80 1.484 1 1 0.133 0 0 [ 0 i i 9 8 8 6 5 25.25 35.60 1 1 26.60 91 63 87 442.92 59.16 3.4867 ! 3.717 78 1.481 0.133 1 0 0 3 0 ; 6 8 6 24.12 1 32.90 27.05 85 68' 81 536.28 96.35 4.3930 4.683 74 1.793 0,159 2 0 0 6 8 ; 4 8 3 30.42 .41.67 33.35 1 81 64 76 800.86 6.00 5.6030 5.973 71 2.327 0.204 2 2 1 8 10 6 10 1 36.72 ' 50.67 41.22 1 82 52 77 570.96 45.93 4.2840 4.567 71 3.095 0.275 9 4 i 9 3 6 111 10 3 46.17 ' 59.45 48.20 1 82 55 i 77 1412.36 0.00 9.8081 10.455 70 4.313 0.382 8 4 : 13 ' 0 3:3 14 0 56.07 70.25 58.10 81 52 79 263.75 0.00 1.8310 1.952 77 6.530 0.577 11 6 ' 18 0 2,3 11 0 66.65 79.47 66.65 86 57 , 87 45.5.35 0.00 3.1622 3.371 71 7.328 0.657 6 10 26 0 0 ' 1 1 7 0 71.37 1 88.02 72.27 : 81 49 : 84 184.95 0.00 1.2840 1.369 70 6.637 0.586 6 4 18 0 10 3 6 0 68.00 ' 87.12 70.92 80 44 80 146.89 0.00 1.0200 1.087 73 6.068 0.542 5 4 7 0 4 ' 2 8 0 63.50 ' 81.95 67.10 87 51 80 378.86 0.00 2.6310 2.805 79 2.889 0.346 1 0 7 4 0 4 9 0 47.07 ' 65.52 52.92 93 57 ; 87 460.40 2.40 3.2140 3.426 76 1.905 0.169 0 0 0 1 ^ 7, 2 7 1 32.90 44.82 1 36.95 84 62 j 81 5729.40 283.40 42.0174 44.791 51 34 i 99 i 42 1 58 , 43 1 104 43 1 I 74 3.913 0.3464 1 1 47.35 61.45 50.11 85 56 81 1055.02 229.07 9.180 9.786 77 1.586 0.142 3 0 i 0 1 18 16 ' 18 22 14 26.60 36.72 29.00 86 65 81 2784.18 51.93 19.695 20.995 71 3.245 0.284 19 10 23 ! 11 19 10 34 4 46.32 ! 60.12 49.17 82 53 ' 78 904.05 0.00 6.277 6.692 73 6.832 0.604 23 20 62 ! 0 12 ' 7 24 0 68.67 1 84.87 69.95 84 50 84 986.05 2.40 6.865 7.318 1 76 3.954 0.355 6 4 14 1 ' 13 11 8 24 1 47.82 ' 64.10 i 52.32 88 ,57 ! 83 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE WARMEST AND COLDEST DAY. 1 Maximum. Date. Minimum. Date. Range. Fahrenheit. Reaumur. Date. Barometer—English Inches. ••29.959-. •• ■ • • • 23d January, 1854 ■ ■ • • • ■1.492 109.34 48.6 Warmest day. . 2 07 . .23.8 . .30th July. Thermometer—Farenheit. Thermometer—Reaumur. -99.72 • ■ • • .. ..30.1/ .. .. -9.62 • • • • .—18.5 Coldest day. 1 Range. .37.1 . Plate I. L(ztLtiid& 39 ° 31 Lon^7t7zde^84^''20'J1^ of 1 ^futiOTi/ adoi'8 S Tie, t^er Ociode/^ Wbvembei'’ Decemdeo Meau/nzu Fa/zre/z7iy/7 as. as a/ . a/) 2 5 22.7) 82.32 87 .30 ao. 37 37,9 . SS 2 3 21. O 80.37 .73 . 23 78.12 77.OO . 73.87 ..Z^37S - 7a 72 7i7.00 3 20.0 3 7.9.0 73.37 JLa^. 7.7 7 73.32 o 73. 32 71.37 7/). 2,7 77 78 O .32.30 77.37 70 23 3 77 O 33 IS 33.03 73 \ 3 73 O 30.12 38 OO 33.37 3.7 73 7 \ \ 3 7.7 O 33.87 33.73 34 32 - 3.^ .70 74 y ' \ ' \ ' 3 74 O 34.32 3.i) .70 32.37 3/227 78 ■A > V ‘\ 3 7.3 O 32.37 37 23 30.12 - 30 Oo 72 \ •Ij' \ \ \ 3 72 7) 30.12 3.9 OO 37.87 33 777 77 v •-'i jf ■ \ ""vA 3 77 7) 37. 87 .73 7.7 33.32 - 70 H \ s" V ^ •. Y S 77) 7) 33.32 .74 .70 33..37 -.73.2.7 O \ \ \- \ V % \ \ V tt- 1 ( 3 .^7) 33.37 32 2.7 32.12 30.00 8. "TTTTPT:. %v\ 3 8 7) 31.12 30 OO 48.87 ^47.7.7 7 \v. \ '■ \ 3 7 7) 48.87 47. 7.7 r\ /T « MONTHLY o/^Mon/^omerv 0?im/y B T Plate I, MEAN TEMPERATURE. La^f/i/i6 ,3ff^3i'N O/f//).-. O^sf/^i'a/ion,s a/ (Ter/ff/f/z/o/m . f-,o/i^//u/fe84-’‘20'fV f LOUIS GR0NEWE6. o/^Sfft fi/}// t/do/'o/Z/o Sot/ 7877/^. Tti/iiuiiiii fJercM/Ser ,/ao/j/uy Ma/-efiy .^prcf May J'u/i.e' J^uZy Mayiist SepZembef' Ocfoder Moremde/' Bfoentder Rouuiutj ’ F/6oro/uj/ ^2 ti'2 .7 . 22..0 5 82.62 m. ,37 7.9.^^ .7 2J..U '3 6 . -8i ,36 80.37 77f /i- TT.fyo 6 2 0.//.. o 20.0 8 78. ~72 77.06 . 73.87 7.7.^7 .7 /.9. O / As 72 62 6 . t / ; o 7 J? yi 7^-73 _ 73. 62 7/37 7/J.2J ^ . 6 77. 6-. tsYeoj-yfitce^ _ LCIkI/ s 17 £) 72.30 7/ .37 70 2.7 6.9 /2 68.00 .7 /6. 6 - o/'OieS. * \ s 7/? y^ 66.72 66 87 &S.7.J . 6 Ld-8L. / V \\ JJj .CL- ' s /) — 38. OO - 87 /7^ T'T 6 / 62 ,88 .70 „ S J8.// s 7^ O , _ fyt7 .972 774^. f2 88 So ailzi 6 78.6 J£U \i' J 7.9 £i 32 37 /S7 9-C 60/2 . 68.00 J .J881 \ ~.Ut2,. 1/ s 7!> ., ai ^£lD. _ 60 /2 .77 87 ,76 7.7 6 // o >>■/ TBMPEA. *rirpE \ — i g.f/ o . urf.(/(7 ■ 37 87 ■fA* 7 ‘C .7.762 ,74f.Sa _ S mui- /a V of TO£ y£jf/f. v --4 20.233 y-— 22.9.0 20.222 .• , ^JQ 77^ . . . . 2 2,0 J77... 322.0 20.722 2j9 722 .f 20.32.9 2P.02A^ 327.0 2.9.04^4' 2P.04-4‘ CtO' .Odij S 2Qy)oa^ 32/lJ} 20.333 22a;^jT 227. s 22.977 9Ji.97J 22.70 22237 9.22^7 ZrvcTt^ Fa^ In^ Pcct^Cs TtiOtds F/i^ZosTiy l7U7l£,S 7/).S,52 Jin. 70.0 70.332 . z J / 3 2 7) 2 323 2.7379 / ' 3 7. n 7 430 7.^/7/) / T- 3 3.0 33.90 2.^.9/} 2..H2.Q a/ 3 3.7? 3.32.9 / /^ \ 3 4^.0 4 2 7) 3 J 3 ? JQ7 3.0 3. 707 - ' —^ N ••••■■ "'S’. ■ 3.722 2 K<^ 2.7) 2.7,32 - •w-yrjem •• - 7 v -^3 3 - /:*r/- —yr/r/T^/r “ : **. f 3 Middleton/, JfaZlaoe/A i7lC^£S . . . t5yea/7^sMe7Zviy3<7,(Zt73F.i7zy.=3&,07SAE/Lpl/.inc7ies r ■ ' PlateH, METEOROLOeiCAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, SOUTHEHlSr OHIO, AND A CONDENSED TREATISE YI E T E 0 R O L O G Y' IN G E N E R A L . By L. GEONEWEG, PRACTICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEAIIST, MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVER FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. GERMANTOWN: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1 8 5 6. CINCINNATI: WILLIAM 0 VEREND d- CO. Printers. 25 West Fourth Street. ON METEOEOLOGT IN GENEEAL. “ The prosperity of the United States, as a whole, is intimately connected with and dependent upon its climate. Its greatest business interests are those of agricultural productions, with those immediately dependent upon them as the direct exchange of, and commerce in, raw products. To the planting States, more particularly, a knowledge of the permanent climate of every district is most important, as a guide to its general productive capacity, and to its special adaptation to particular products.” [Prof. Lorin Blodget. Granting the above position to he true, my observations of five years, which I herewith offer to the public, will not he deemed superfluous. This treatise is not directed to a particular class. I do not wish to recognize special classes among civilized people. Every person, the farmer, the mechanic, the physician, etc., will find material interesting to him; if not generally, at least partially so. That it may prove useful, is my desire. The observations were made at Germantown, Montgomery county, Ohio. Germantown is a handsome village, situated in the fertile valley of Twin creek, a tributary to the Miami river. The different instruments used in making these observations, will hereinafter he described, and are placed as follows: The Barometer is a crane-barometer (having no constant level) with two microscopes for observing the accurate stand of the mercury column. It is graduated so fine as to show the hun¬ dredths of a Paris line, or the twelve-hundredths of a Paris inch, [ 4 ] which enables me to estimate the thousandths of a Paris line."' Two thermometers are attached to the barometer; the bulb of one is immersed in mercury, the other surrounded by metal: the first to show the temperature of the mercury, the other the tem¬ perature of the scale. The fixed point which serves as an invari¬ able point of reference, is the level of the bed of a rivulet, washing my garden. The zero of the scale of the barometer is 13 ft. 6 in. above it. It is placed near a window on the north side of my house. The scale of the standard thermometer is graduated according to Eeaumur, the degrees being subdivided into tenths of degrees. It is placed in the open air on the north side of the house, always in the shade, and ten inches from the walls of the building. The bulb is 5 ft. 9 in. above the ground. It is protected against its own radiation to the sky, and sheltered from the rain, snow and hail. The psychrometery or wet-bulb thermometer, is also graduated according to Eeaumur, and the degrees are subdivided into tenths of degrees. It is situated like the standard thermometer, on the same wooden bars, some inches off. The linen cloth which sur¬ rounds the bulb is of medium fineness, and is changed every two months, or as often as necessary. The self-registering thermometer, which indicates the minimum is graduated also according to Eeaumur, and placed beside the common thermometer, in a horizontal position, with the bulb opposite and free. It is not filled with mercury as the other thermometers, but with alcohol, and fitted with a glass stick, which remains at the lowest point. The self-registering thermometer, indicating the maximum, became broke, for which reason all my observations of the maxi¬ mum are the results of observations frequently made in day- time, or from the observation at 2 P. M. All these instruments are correct, except the barometric vacuum keeps a little air; the sound which it gives by inclining, to cause the mercury to strike against the top, is fiat, not quite clear. The ombrometer or rain gauge is a zinc funnel to which are attached two graduated cylindrical glass vessels. The square 135.114 Paris lines are equal to 12 Eng. inches; or 337.785 to 30 Eng. inches. [5] opening of the funnel is of the size of one Paris square foot, or 144 Paris square inches, and one Paris inch of rain in depth gives one hundred and forty-four cubic inches of water. Each division of the glass contains a cubic inch of water; each of them repre¬ sents a hundred and forty-fourth of a Paris inch of rain fallen into the ombrometer. These degrees are large enough to permit me to estimate the thousandths of an inch. It is placed in an open square. I am not in possession of a snow-gauge, and have therefore collected all the snow by the funnel of the ombrometer, and after melting measured it the same way I did rain-water. The wind-vane is placed on a little hill near the house, away from every obstacle whatever. The observations are made three times daily, in the first two years (1851 and 1852); they were made at 6 A. M., 2 P. M. and 10 P. M., in the following three years (1853,1854 and 1855), for the purpose of producing uniformity with the observations made by the Smithsonian Institution, at 7 A. M., 2 P. M. and 9 P. M. All measurements are reduced to English measure to conform with the Institute, French measure being also retained for greater correctness and comparison. The barometer, which was invented by Evangelista Torricelli, in 1640, is used to measure the pressure of the air. The atmos¬ pheric pressure on the surface of the earth, and on all parts of our bodies, amounts to a weight of 15 pounds on the square inch. This instrument is called barometer from ^apo<; (weight, press¬ ure), and perpov (measure). It indicates the minute changes of the atmosphere, in regard to its gravity or pressure, and enables us also to use it for the measurement of elevations, of mountains, etc., because the stand of the mercury is standing in a certain proportion to an ascending elevation ; it is therefore an instru¬ ment of much importance. Its construction depends on the known fact, that if a glass tube, three feet in length, be filled with mercury, and its open end be inverted in a basin of the same liquid, the mercury in the tube will stand, for instance, at the level of the sea, nearly 30 inches higher tlian the surface of that in the basin. This column of mercury is balanced by a column of air of the same section as the column of mercury and extending to the top of the atmosphere. [ 6 ] The thermometer, an instrument much known, was invented in the latter part of the sixteenth century, by Cornelius Drehhel, as it is generally supposed, and is used to observe the tempera¬ ture of the air, of fluids, etc. Its principles belong to the law of expansion by heat. The mercury is that material which expands most gradually from the freezing point to the heat of boiling water, and is therefore mostly used for filling the thermometrical glass tube. There are different scales; the scale according to Keaumur is divided, from the freezing point to boiling water, into 80 degrees; the scale of Celsius, into 100 degrees, and that of Fahrenheit into 180 degrees; so that 4 degrees Eeaumur are equal to 5 degrees Celsius, and to 9 degrees Fahrenheit. By Keaumur and Celsius the freezing point of water is marked at 0, zero, but by Fahrenheit at 32 degrees, and zero by Fahrenheit is therefore 32 degrees below the freezing point of water. Its use gave its name osp/w:; (warmth), and per pop (measure). The wet-bulb thermometer is called, by August, Psychrometer, from (fuxpo^ (cold), and pszpop (measure), because it shows gen¬ erally a lower temperature at the same time than the common thermometer, on account of the evaporation of the water which is used to wet it. The dryer the air the more the two thermometers will differ; the contrary conditions will produce a closer approxima¬ tion between them ; and this fact affords us a medium to ascertain, in the surest way, the humidity of the air, for which it is used. Both, the common thermometer as well as the wet-bulb ther¬ mometer, are to be fitted, for the purpose, at the same stand of the barometer; except this, one would be different from the other, because water does not base at the same temperature on different stands of the barometer. For instance, on very high elevations, or mountains, where the barometer stands very low, water boils at a temperature which is not sufficient to cook eggs. The tables, accompanying this treatise are prepared, for every year, to show the mean stand of the barometer in each month; also, the mean temperature, the mean direction of the wind, the mean of the relative humidity and of the force of vapor; the maxima and minima of the barometer and thermometer, the quantity of rain and snow fallen in each month, the perpendicu- [7] lar depth of rain and melted snow, the clearness of the sky, number of thunder-storms, number of days with heat-lightnings, dew, rain, snow, etc. The barometrical observations are reduced to 32° Fahrenheit. The clearness of the sky, or the amount of clouds, is noted in numbers from 0, clear, to 10, entirely cloudy. The mean of the several instruments, etc., is, the result of the sums of the three observations daily, made at the different hours, divided by three, and the monthly mean is drawn from these means for each day. Separately will be found the monthly mean of the observations at 6 resp. 7 A. M., 2 P. M., and 9 resp. 10 P. M., for the temperature and the relative humidity of these times; and each table shows the means and sums of the above for the whole year and the different seasons. I wish to observe, that the meteorological year begins December 1, and ends Novem¬ ber 30 of the following civil year, and that the meteorological seasons are, then: Winter — December, January, February. Spring — March, April, May. Summer—June, July, August. Autumn — September, October, November. In the thermometrical observations, the quantity above zero is always written without a sign; the negative quantity is individu¬ ally marked with the sign minus, (—). The minima of temperature of the month and year are taken from the self-registering thermometer. The relative humidity is the per centage of moisture which the air at the time contains; 100 being the full saturation. The force of vapor is the barometrical pressure, which is caused by the free moisture of the atmosphere. The mean direction of the wind is noted by Schow, viz: the different directions of winds, which were noted in a fixed time, day, month, year, are added up; as, for instance, the northerly wind was noted six times, the southerly eight times, it bears the proportion, N.: S.=6.;8, or 1: 1.33. Consequently, the southerly wind was in that time prevailing so much as to bear the propor¬ tion of 1: 1.33, or N.: S. = 1: 1.33. The same of east and west winds. Therefore the tables contain more of a comparison [ 8 ] between north and south and between east and west wind, in a fixed time, than its mean direction. Lambert’s method of work, on this point, is excelleut; but I did not avail myself of it. Each table also contains the yearly extremes of the barometer and thermometer, and the mean temperature of the warmest and coldest day of the year. The sixth table shows the mean of all five years in the same manner as the others do for each year separately, and this gives the climate of Montgomery county as near as five years observa¬ tions possibly can do it. The plates are arranged for greater convenience of comparison. Every year has its own mark; the dots between the descending lines, which separate the different months, are united by lines of the year, and show the degrees in tenths, or the inches and lines, which are marked on both sides. The horizontal lines in the first plate show the mean temperature of the different years and seasons. PRESSURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE. The barometer, by its oscillations, is said to show the different variations of the pressure of the atmosphere. But these oscilla¬ tions are very often depending upon the temperature of the sur¬ rounding air; it therefore becomes necessary to reduce all barometrical observations to a fixed point—to the freezing point, or 32*^ Fahrenheit. As may be expected, these oscillations of the barometer, which depend on the surrounding temperature, are very irregular, but there are oscillations which are indepen¬ dent of it, and are very regular. At noon the mercury column of the barometer begins to decline, till between three and five P. M., when it sinks to the lowest point. It ascends then again, and reaches a maximum between nine and eleven P. M. It declines then again till about four A. M., when it sinks to a mini¬ mum, and then ascends again to a maximum about ten A. M. This seems to be the regularity alluded to, uninfluenced by geo¬ graphical latitude, but not by the different seasons of the year, so that in the winter both the maximum and the minimum in the morning and evening, are nearer at noon by about one or two hours than in the summer season. The barometrical mean of every month in the year, in our [ 9 ] latitude, declines from January to the summer months, and advances again from summer to winter. This will he seen in our tables, after subtracting the amount of the force of vapor, or the amount of pressure which produced the free moisture in the air on the barometrical volume, and shows that the maximum falls in the winter and the minimum in the summer. Monthly mean of the barometer, after subtracting the amount of the force of vapor, or the monthly mean of the pressure of the dry air, at our place : English Inches. December • January •• February • March • • • April • • • • May. June. July. August • • • September October • • November 29.108 29.126 29.083 29-004 28.909 28.833 28.639 28.602 28.636 28.769 28.959 29.037 Finally, there are irregular barometrical oscillations at the time of gales, etc., or caused by the different winds, viz: the stand of the barometer is not the same if the wind blows from the north or from the south. In Europe, the highest stand of the barometer is generally with northeast winds, and the low¬ est with southwest winds; while in this country the maxi¬ mum takes place when the wind blows from the northwest, and the minimum when it . blows from the southeast; or, what is the same for both hemispheres, its maximum is caused by the coldest, and its minimum by the warmest wind. These irregular oscillations are greater in winter than in summer; also greater in cold countries than in warmer ones, or, in other words, they increase with the increased distance from the equator, with some exceptions. All these oscillations of the barometer can be explained by the fact that the barometer shows the diff’erence of [ 10 ] the temperature of different parts of the country, and only in this manner can they afford an explanation. When the mercury column of the barometer in one part of the country declines, it is in consequence of the increasing warmth in this part, in opposition to the surrounding part; the place itself may be warmed, or the surrounding part may grow cold. If the barometer should rise at the place, it is an evidence of its being colder than the surrounding parts. Thus then, the declining of the barometer is accompanied by warm winds, and the increasing accompanied by cold winds; con¬ sequently, the thermometer increases when the barometer declines, and declines, when the barometer increases. Though it is gener¬ ally true that a high stand of the barometer indicates clear and fair weather, and a low stand rain weather, yet a person would be often deceived by trusting to his barometer for an indication of the weather. More dependence can be placed on this instru¬ ment in regard alluded to, at such places where warm winds at the same time are rain winds. At our place, the warm southeast wind is the rain wind, the cold northwest wind the dry ones which caused fair weather, and the barometer inclines by southeast and arises with northwest wind. But at the mouth of the La Plata river, the southeast wind is the colder wind, which raises the barometrical column, though it is the rain wind, and the north¬ east wind is the warm wind, which inclines the barometer, though it is the wind which caused fair weather. TEMPERATURE. The temperature has also its variations, especially in our lati¬ tude—as well daily as yearly. Of daily variations we find one generally in the morning, just before sunrise, and the other some hours after noontime—in the summer later than in the winter; so that just before, or about sunrise, the minimum takes place, and some hours after noon the maximum. The explana¬ tion of this fact is as follows: Before noon, when the sun rises higher and higher, the surface of the earth receives more warmth than is lost by radiation, consequently its temperature and the temperature of the atmosphere must experience an increase of [ 11 ] heat, and this will he still the case for some hours after noon. When the sunset approaches nearer and nearer; the rays of the sun have at this time not the same effect, and the warmed earth will lose more warmth than the sun’s rays can supply. This cooling continues after sunset, till the morning-glory indicates the reappearance of the sun. The arising of clouds, and a change of winds, etc., may, however, produce a change in my stated positions ; it is therefore necessary to make as many obser¬ vations as possible, in order to find the law in regard to the daily variations of the temperature at different places. To determine the mean temperature of every day, many ways are resorted to, because an hourly observation, which would give the correct one, is too troublesome. The extremes are used for this purpose; observations four times daily, three times daily, at different hours, etc., and at present mostly three times, at six or seven A. M., two P. M., and nine or ten P. M., are the hours of observation, because these hours give the nearest mean in comparison to the mean given by hourly observations. The mean temperature of the days, divided by the number of days, gives the mean of the month, and the arithmetical mean of the twelve months of the year, gives the mean temperature of the year. While the mean temperature of the year at one place does not change much, the variation of the mean temperature of the same month in different years is often very changeable. But more changeable is the mean temperature of one day in different years. The month of July is, in our latitude, generally the warmest, and January the coldest month. At the mean time of January the temperature generally increases very slow, with more rapid¬ ity in April and May, then more slowly again to the mean time of July, when it begins to decline very slowly in August, much more in September and October, and falls again in January to its mini¬ mum. This state of things depends, as may be easily seen, on the rising of the sun, nearly in the same way as by the daily variation above alluded to. The ranges between the monthly extremes increase from July to January, and decline again to July. Important variations of the yearly normal state of the tem¬ perature are never local, but ever extended over a great part of [ 12 ] the country, and this will he also the case in this so very severe winter of 1856. I exhibit below a statement to show that the mean tempera¬ ture of the year at different places in the same latitude is not always the same; and have to notice that it is also in regard to the different reasons. Longitude Mean tempera- Place. Latitude. of Paris. ture of the year. Fort Snelling.44° 53' N..95° 28' W.. • -43.88 Fahr. Sevastopol.44° 36' N..31° 12' E. • • -52.70 “ Council Bluffs.41° 25' N..98° 03' W. • • - 49.46 “ Constantinople.41° 00' N..26° 39' E. - - -56.66 “ G-ermantown.39° 30' N..86° 36' W. • - -51.44 “ Madrid.40° 25' N.. 6° 02' W. - - - 57.56 “ Lines drawn on our globe for uniting the places which have the same mean temperature of the year, are called by Humboldt, Isothermes; the lines ■which unite the places with the same mean temperature of the winter, Isochimenes, and the lines which unite the places with the same mean temperature of the summer, Isotheres. The warmth equator, or the line which is obtained on the globe by the union of all the places of greatest heat, does not coincide with the earth equator; therefore it is not always the warmest place which is situated on the earth equator. On the earth’s equa¬ tor the mean temperature of the seashore is 81.50° Fahr., and on the western shore of i\merica and Africa, a little less. In the interior of both continents, especially in Africa, the mean tem¬ perature is higher than on the shore; it even reached in the interior above 84° Fahr. The northern isothermal line of 77° Fahr. travels from Vera Cruz to the southern part of Florida, rises a little to the north and inclines again to the western shore of Africa. In Africa, it again experiences an elevation, travels through the northern part of the Ked sea, mounts again to the north in Asia, and inclines to the Pacific ocean, to mount again near the western shore of America. The line of New York, or the isothermal line of 50 degrees Fahr., runs in the Atlantic ocean up to the north, near [13] England, to 56^ of northern latitude; inclines in Europe and Asia, mounts again near the western coast of America, and inclines a little in the interior, to reach New York again. The extremes which fell under my observation are as follows: Year. Maxima. Date, Minima Date. 1851 . . . .94.32° Fahr.. • • Sept. 11 • • •— 7.37° Fahr.. •-Jan. 31 1852 . ■ ••94.55 “ . • - July 23 • . —31.45 “ . • - Jan. 20 1853 . . ..97.47 “ . • -June 20- • —14.12 “ . ..Feb. 9 1854 .. ■ 99.72 “ . • • Sept. 4 • • — 9.62 . . - Jan. 23 1855 • . ■ •93.42 “ . ..July 19... — 1.97 “ . ..Feb. 26 This gives a mean, for the maximum of 95.89 degrees, and for the minimum, —12.91 degrees Eahr., which may happen every year. WIND. Among the natural agencies which are at work to disturb the equilibrium of the atmosphere, and to give rise to aerial currents, the difference of temperature in different parts of the earth is most important, viz: if one country is more heated than the other, we find in the upper strata of the atmosphere a wind which blows from the warmer country to the colder one; and on the contrary, at the surface of the earth a wind which blows from the colder to the warmer country. Franklin’s experiment of a lighted candle at the open door of a heated room, clearly demon¬ strates this. At the top of the door the flame, when held above, is blown from the room; when placed below, near the ground, it is blown into the room, consequently the light, warm air above rushes out of the heated room, and is replaced by heavier and colder air from below. When a lighted candle is placed in the middle of both, the flame will be straight, and not be affected by a current of air. And the same, in a greater measure, occurs on our globe. The equator forms the warm room, the pole a cold one, and the air rushes from the equator to the poles, and from the poles to the equator, but not direct, on account of the rota¬ tion of the earth; that at the surface, coming from the pole, takes an easterly direction, while that which flows above, coming from the equator, takes a westerly course. This is the origin of the trade winds at the surface of the earth, and of the great [14] westerly current which is almost constantly moving in the upper strata over the middle and northern portion of the United States, sinking lower and lower. All other directions of the wind are derived from these primitive directions, southwest and northeast. Its change from one place on the compass to another is generally from south to southwest, west to northwest, north to northeast, east to southeast, to south again. But the turning of the wdnd is not always so regular; sometimes the wind turns hack, and this takes place more on the west side than on the east side of the compass. The effect is remarkable which is experienced at the different times of the day, and also at the different seasons, upon the turn¬ ing of the wind, hut this is more the case at the seaboard than in the interior Of the country. It has been most satisfactorily proven by Prof. Coffin, that southerly winds in North America generally are much more com¬ mon in summer than in winter, and that to this wind is to be ascribed the amazing fertility of the climate for sugar, cotton, Indian corn and tobacco. Gales and tornadoes are the consequence of considerable dis¬ turbances in the equilibrium of the atmosphere, which probably occur by condensation of the vapor in the air. The surrounding air flows rapidly from all sides to the place of the rarified air, while the minimum of the pressure of the air moves forward itself. This theory is adopted by Prof. Espy. Dove calls torna¬ does, whirlwinds which are progressive, and E. Hare calls them electrical whirlwinds, under the same condition. HUMIDITY OF THE AIR. A daily variation of the humidity of the air, which occurs, depends on the variation of the temperature of the day, because by an increase or decrease of heat, water is caused more or less to evaporate. It is therefore rational to suppose that the humid¬ ity of the air will increase or decrease in daytime as the day is growing warm or growing cold, and the same is generally the case with the yearly variation of the humidity of the air, which increases, like the mean temperature, from January to July, and decreases from July to January, in our latitude. [15] If in summer the morning-glory appears with an increase of temperature, humidity follows till nine A. M. At this time, a warm ascending air column carried the steam to the upper strata, and consequently the humidity of the lower strata diminished, though by increase of heat the formation of vapor continues. This diminution will continue till about four P. M., at which time the humidity of the lower strata again increases, because now the ascending air column, which the steam has carried to the upper strata exists no more; hut this continues only till about nine P. M., because at this time the temperature gets lower and lower, by which the evaporation more and more ceases. This shows for the summer two maxima, at nine A. M., and nine P. M., and two minima, at four P. M., and about sunrise. This process in the winter season is more singular. The effect of the sun is at that time not so intense, and only one maximum is to he observed, at two P. M., and one minimum, at the time when the sun rises again. The vapor ascends in the winter season very regularly till the afternoon, about two P. M., and when the tem¬ perature sinks, the vapor will he partly condensed by cooler objects, and the humidity diminished till morning. If the cool¬ ing of the air is occasioned by a cold solid body, the vapor is then condensed in small drops of water, as may be observed on the outside of a cold glass when brought into a warm room. The temperature which occasions this is called the dew-point, sig¬ nifying the temperature by which the air is saturated with vapor. People say “ the air is dry when the water rapidly evapo¬ rates, when wet objects in a short time dry in the air; and on the contrary, “ the air is wet,^^ when wet objects dry slowly, or when the least change of temperature, being cooler, is sufficient to produce wet condensations. In this manner we call the air dry when the dew-point is far off, and wet when it is near the temperature of the air. But by this we can form no judgment in regard to the absolute humidity of the air. Por instance, when in the winter, at a temperature of 35 deg. Fahr., the air contains in a closed room of ten square feet only six grains of vapor, the air will he called very wet, not only because wet objects would dry in them very slowly, hut also because the air is at this temperature, and at that amount of vapor, nearly [16] saturated, the least change of temperature, being cooler, would he sufficient to produce wet condensations, although the^ absolute quantity of vapor is very small. If the same room, at a tem¬ perature of 77 deg. Fahr., contains thirteen grains of vapor, we would call the air very dry, not only because wet objects would dry in it in a short time, hut also because at this temperature the air would contain twenty-three grains of vapor before being saturated, or the air must he cooled, for its saturation, to about 59 deg. Fahr. The same case is with the relative humidity, which shows nothing else than a per centage of humidity at a fixed tempera¬ ture ; hut to say nothing about that, what would he the per centage when the air would he heated or cooled. The lower the temper¬ ature of the air, the sooner it is saturated, and this is the reason why the relative humidity increases when winter approaches, and decreases toward summer, or why its maximum occurs about at the time of sunrise and its minimum at noon. Our tables show the least per centage of the humidity in the spring; in April it reaches its minimum, and increases till December, reaching its maximum, and only in one year the rela¬ tive humidity reached its maximum in January, and its minimum in June. This irregularity alluded to seems to me very remark¬ able. On the contrary, the absolute humidity, or the force or pressure of vapor increases, according to the law, exactly like the mean temperature ; in the month of January showing the minimum, increasing till July to its maximum, and decreasing till January. DEW. It is observed that when the surface of the earth was heated by the rays of the sun, the air became heated ; hence, during the day the lower strata will always he warmer than the upper ones. But a change takes place after sunset. The earth continues to radiate heat without receiving any in exchange, and its tempera¬ ture consequently diminishes, often to two, three, sometimes seven and eight degrees below the temperature of the air. Neither does the air so readily part with its heat, and therefore it attains during the night a higher temperature than the surface of the earth; it is only cooled where it comes in contact with the colder earth. If this cooling by radiation should reach the dew-point of the air, then the vapor is condensed on tlie cooler soil orj’ege- tation in the form of small drops. If the temperature of the earth sinks in the night to the freezing point, or below it, the aqueous vapor is deposited in a solid form, which is called frozen dew, or white frost. In clear and serene nights the radiation of heat from the earth is the greatest, and dew takes place; but it is obstructed by clouds and wind. FOG AND CLOUDS. Fogs rise, generally, if the water of lakes, rivers, or the wet soil is warmer than the air, which is saturated with aqueous vapor. The vapor which arises from the water, etc., is condensed again when it enters the colder air, which is already saturated with water. This is the reason why fogs mostly arise in the fall above rivers, lakes, and wet soil. Fog often arises in summer, after thunder storms, above rivers, etc., the air being warmer than the surface of the water. The air is saturated with aque¬ ous vapor, and it will be condensed by the cooler water of th# river, etc. However, fogs will not only arise above lakes and rivers, but also in the interior of the country; and this will be the case when warm and wet air becomes mixed with cooler air, so that its temperature sinks below the dew-point. Clouds are nothing else but fogs which are suspended in the upper strata of the air, as fog is nothing else than clouds near the surface of the earth, and consists of small blisters, fog-blis¬ ters, which may be partly filled with water, partly hollow, con¬ taining uncondensed vapor. The appearance of the clouds is according to their lower or higher suspension, according to their possessing more or less density, and their illumination by the rays of the sun, etc., and therefore very manifold. The forms of the clouds are called, in the terminology of Howard, as follows: 1. The cirrus, or curl-cloud, is composed of loose filaments, the whole of which sometimes resembles a pencil, sometimes curly hair, sometimes a fine net, or a spider web. They are the high¬ est clouds in our atmosphere, (often 20,000 feet high), consisting of snow parts, even in summer, and subject to southerly winds. 2 [18J 2. The cumulus, or summer-cloud, or starkeii-cloud, shows itself often under the form of a hemisphere resting on a horizon¬ tal hase. Sometimes these half spheres are piled upon one another, forming those large accumulated clouds in the horizon which resemble, at a distance, mountains covered with snow. They appear frequently in summer, and arise from ascending air columns. The number and magnitude, also partly the density of these clouds, generally increase till the time of the highest warmth of the day, and decrease again till sunset At the same time, changes take place in the hight of these clouds, its minimum being in the morning, its maximum in the afternoon, and its sinking again toward the evening. 3. The stratus, or fall-cloud, is a horizontal hand, which is formed at sunset and disappears at sunrise. Besides these three principal forms, to which four transition forms belong, namely, the cirro-cumulus, or sonder-cloud, the cirro-stratus, or wane- cloud, the cumulo-stratus, or twain-cloud, and the nimbus, or rain- cloud, are several intermediate forms to which it is difficult to assign a name, and it may only he said that the nimbus, this well known cloud, is distinguished by its uniform grey tint, its fringe and indistinct edges. RAIN, SNOW AND HAIL. Rain falls if the temperature suddenly sinks, when the small fog-blisters of the clouds run together, when the velocity of the falling increases, and drops reach the earth. If the tempera¬ ture of the air in the winter season reaches near to the freezing point, or below it, snow falls; and in the spring and autumn often what is called sleet, consisting of small halls of snow, which are white and opaque, commonly without a crust of ice. These forms are to be distinguished from frozen rain drops; they are formed of little halls of transparent ice, and arise generally in the winter or spring. Of the formation of snow and sleet, little is yet known, hut the surmise is, that probably in that cloud which gives snow and sleet the snow is preexisting, in small crys¬ tals, which are growing by condensation of vapor from the sur¬ rounding air, till snow-flakes or sleet falls down. [19] Frozen rain drops appear if cold weather exists and a wet south wind warms the upper strata; rain-drops form themselves, and freeze while descending to the surface of the earth, and on com¬ ing in contact with the cold strata. Hail—hailstones are balls of transparent ice in their midst, with a nucleus of snow parts. It falls mostly at the time of the greatest heat of the day, or a little afterward; generally, also, more in summer than in any other season, hut there is a dilGPerence at difiPerent places. There are many theories in regard to the formation of hail, but all are poor. Volta^s theory may be the plainest. He says, there are two strata of clouds, above one another; the sun’s rays are absorbed by the upper strata of dense clouds, which conse¬ quently causes a sudden evaporation, and this evaporation in the upper strata takes so much warmth to freeze the water in the lower ones, and the hail forms itself, even in hot summer time. The hailstones just formed are of very small size, falling upon the lower strata of clouds, where it takes by condensation of its cold body more water to build there a new strata of transparent ice all over. But this cloud is loaded with another electricity than the first, which gave rise to the hail; the hailstone takes now, not alone water from this cloud, but also electricity, and if both are about equally electrified, the cloud repels the hailstones to the upper cloud again; the upper cloud sends, after a while, the hailstones loaded with ice and the electricity, back to the lower cloud, and this play will be repeated as much as possible by the power of the electrified clouds, until the weight of the hailstone produces its downfall. This theory seems to afford a plausible explanation, but we ask, how comes it that, if the evaporation in the upper strata of the clouds is caused by the warmth of the rays of the sun, this evaporation should deprive the strata of lower clouds of so much warmth, as to form so much ice or hailstones, even in hot weather ? And further, how is it possible for electricity to move such an enormous mass of hailstones from one cloud to another without an electrical discharge ? The quantity of rain which falls in one year on one Paris square foot (the largeness of my ombrometer) amounts generally^ [ 20 ] in my place of observation, to 4957.31 Paris square inches, And the quantity of snow which falls on the same plane amounts, gen¬ erally, if molten, to. 357.17 Paris square inches. Making 5314.48 Paris square inches. This gives a perpendicular depth of rain and melted snow of 36.944 Paris inches, or 38.878 English inches, as the mean of five years’ observations. From the above quantity of rain, etc., the winter generally claims 999.12 Paris square inches of rain, and 273.26 Paris square inches of melted snow, making , 1272.38 Paris square inches; or a per- pendicular depth of rain and melted snow of 8.876 Paris inches, or. 9.462 English inches. The Spring generally claims 1419.41 Paris square inches of rain, and 36.09 Paris square inches of melted snow, making 1455.50 Paris square inches, or a perpen¬ dicular depth of rain and melted snow of 10.091 Paris inches, or.10.757 English inches. The summer generally claims 1354.37 Paris square inches of rain, or a perpen¬ dicular depth of rain of 9.408 Paris inches, or.10.029 English inches. The Autumn claims, generally, 1120.46 Paris square inches of rain, and 47.82 Paris square inches of melted snow, making 1168.28 Paris square inches, or a perpendicular depth of rain and melted snow of 8.096 Paris inches, or. 8.630 English inches. [ 21 ] THUNDER STORMS. If common water (not pure distilled water) evaporates, the steam shows positive electricity, and the vessel from which the steam ascends negative electricity. Consequently, the steam which arises from the ground, earth, etc., reaches the sky with positive electricity, and the earth retains negative electricity. The same evolution of electricity takes place hy the combustion of vegetables: the smoke arises with positive electricity, and the vessel in which the combustion takes place keeps the negative electricity. These and many other processes are the causes of positive electricity of the air, and the negative of the earth. If the vapor of clouds is rapidly condensed to rain, and elec¬ tricity enough arises by the process to form a spark, lightning .will be seen, and, after this, the thunder be heard. The thunder is heard after the lightning has been seen, because the lightning is seen at about the same moment as it is formed, but the sound of the thunder takes one second to run through a room of about 1,000 feet. The lightning is formed exactly like the electrical spark on our electrifying machines, and generally moves in the direction from the cloud to the earth. By this, the air is forcibly driven from its place, and after the lightning is past, the air claps together with so much force as to produce the thunder, about in the same way as the sound which will be heard if a pen-case is opened in a hurry, so that the air of the inside is expanded for a moment and claps together again when it opens. Thunder storms are divided in two classes, because they form themselves, either chiefly in consequence of an ascending air column, or accompany the conflict which exists between opposite winds. The first one generally appears in warm seasons, and the latter one in winter time. If in summer, on a fair day, the wind is near calm, air columns ascend from the earth very rapidly to the upper strata of the air, increasing the body of the cirri, or curl clouds, which move there with southerly winds. x\t the same time, in the lower strata, cumuli or summer clouds rise, and and the temperature near the [ 22 ] surface of the earth decreases. Dense clouds being formed, a warm wind will blow against these clouds; while on the surface of the earth cold air streams, below these clouds, flow to all sides, condensing the vapor very rapidly, and evolving so much electricity by their power as to cause a thunder storm. At the time of thunder storms, the barometer generally declines, which shows a southerly course of wind in the upper strata of the air, and the clouds which form there are moved by that southerly wind. This is the reason why our thunder storms generally move with southerly winds. In the winter season, therefore, storms commonly arise if a strong southerly wind comes in conflict with a very strong northerly wind, and the air, at the same time, contains vapor enough for evolving more electricity, than is generally possible at this season. Heat lightnings show themselves, especially in the evening, if thunder clouds are near the horizon, and so far off that the sound of the thunder can not reach our ear. The clouds of remote thunder storms are even, sometimes, below the horizon, and the lightnings are only seen by reflection of the sky. HAZE, OR DRY MIST. The transparency of the air, especially in the fall and spring, is often disturbed by a kind of vapor, which gives a dirty color to the sky, and dims the rays of the sun. The sun approaching the horizon appears to be blood-red, and looking right into his face will not hurt the eye, as it docs at other times, his light being so faint that his orb is not to be distinguished, even when he has not yet approached the horizon. This phenomenon, known in Europe under the names Hoehe- rauch, and Moorrauch, appears frequently after long droughts, and seems to characterize what, in this country, is called the Indian summer. Both phenomena undoubtedly owe their origin to the same cause—the combustion of vegetable matter. In Europe, it is caused by imperfect combustion of peat and heath, and in this country, by a more perfect combustion of corn-stalks, prairie-grass and wood. This seems to be the only difference between the two [23] phenomena, and it may he added, that in the central parts of Germany the smoke arises in the months of May and June with northerly winds, whereas, in this country, during the Spring and Fajl seasons, with southerly wind. An opinion is prevalent, in Germany, that dry mist exercises a great influence on the weather, being the cause of the then pre¬ vailing northern wind, driving away rain and thunder-storms, and causing cold. All this seems to he at the time of the appear¬ ance of dry mist in Germany; hut it is only the northern wind, in May and June, generally prevailing then, which causes that dry and cold weather, and nothing else. In this country, the smoke comes with southern winds, causing neither cold, nor dry¬ ness, nor driving away thunder-storms ; on the contrary, the mean temperature of days on which dry mist prevails exceeds that of the month, rain generally succeeding dry mist; and at the time of dense dry mist, I noticed thunder-storms. The question then arises, hy what is our climate distinguished, and what is the character of its seasons ? The tables show for themselves; the plates likewise, in a graphical point of view ; and it remains only necessary, after some remarks in respect to its peculiarity, to offer a comparison between our climate and that of other places. (For which purpose is given the Table vii, for comparison with HumboldFs Asia Centrale). In regard to the temperature, our climate presents remarkable data, not only in reference to the great range which exists between the daily, monthly and yearly extremes that occur, but also with respect to the range which exists between the mean temperature of the coldest and the warmest month and the coldest and warmest day in the same year. It is maintained that these extremes arise far off from the equator. The range between the mean temperature of the warmest and coldest month in Gibraltar (36° 7' N. latitude) amounted to 17.64° Fahr.; in Lisbon (38° 42' E. latitude), 19.96° Fahr., and of St. Petersburgh (59° 56' N. latitude), 48.96° Fahr., all according to this law ; but in Germantown (39° 30' N. lati- tude)^ 45.36° Fahr., although it should, by the same comparison, be not more than 20° or 25° Fahr. Further, the range between [ 24 ] the mean temperature of the coldest and warmest day in the same year amounts to 83° Fahr., and the range between the maximum and minimum, which occurred in the year, to 109° Fahr., and these great ranges confer the chief character of the climate in the Eastern and Middle States of the Union, as a re¬ markable peculiarity. The climate of the Far West—Califor¬ nia—forms an exception, it being distinguished by its regularity. In San Francisco, the range between the mean temperature of the coldest and warmest month is only 13° Fahr., and the range between the maximum and minimum of temperature, which occur yearly, not more than 54° Fahr. Further, the mean temperature of the different months in¬ creased from January to July, and declined from July to Janu¬ ary, at my place of observation, in the following remarkable manner: It increased from January to February. 3.37° Fahr. Do. February to March. 8.02 “ Do. March to April.10.71 “ Do. April to May.10.98 “ Do. May to June. 7.56 “ Do. June to July. 4.63 “ And declined from July to August... 2.65 “ Do. August to September. 5.51 “ Do. September to October.14.61 “ Do. October to November.10.78 “ Do. November to December. 9.77 “ Do. December to January. 1.94 “ This sudden rapid increase and decline in spring and fall, indicated a climate with verydifferent seasons, and in fact our summer is nearly a tropical one, and our winter sometimes a Eussian winter. It is not necessary to travel abroad, visiting- other countries for the purpose of ascertaining climatic changes; every season here offers a simile of foreign countries. WINTEE. While the mean temperature of the year is conformed, with the yearly mean temperature of Paris, capital of France, the [ 25 ] mean temperature of the winter conforms with the winter of Berlin, capital of Prussia; and especially, the winter of 1850- ’ol conformed in the mean temperature with the winter of Geneva, 46° 12' N. latitude. 1851- ^52 with the winter of Warsaw.52° 13' N. lat. 1852- ^53 “ “ Gottingen.52 13 “ 1853- ’54 “ “ Augsburg.48 22 “ 1854-^55 “ “ Warsaw again. Besides this, the winter is distinguished from all the other seasons by its greatest range of atmospherical pressure, and in regard to sudden changes in the mean temperature from one day to the next. I have noticed ranges between the mean tempera¬ ture of two succeeding days of 33 degrees Fahr. January 2d, 1854, the mean temperature of the day was 13.32 deg. Fahr., and January 3d, the mean temperature was 45.05 deg. Fahr. The winter shows, further, the greatest relative and the least positive humidity, according to the law alluded to, and a quan¬ tity of rain and melted suow, which is generally a little more than in the fall, hut less than in the spring and summer. In the afternoon, at 2 P. M., the air is generally 10 degrees Fahr. warmer than in the. morning, and 7 degrees than in the evening. SPRING. The mean temperature generally conforms to the mean tem¬ perature of the spring of La Kochelle, in France, (46° 09' N. latitude.) Especially, the spring of 1851 conformed with that of Constantinople, 41° N. latitude. 1852 conformed with that of Triers.49° 46' N. lat. 1853 “ “ Paris.48 50 “ 1854 “ “ Constantinople again. 1855 “ Vienna.48 13 “ The spring is remarkable for its uniform mean temperature, and its greatest range of thermometer, its sudden increasing [ 26 ] warmth, the greatest quantity of rain, and the least relative humidity. The periods of last frozen dew and the last snow in the dif¬ ferent years were as follows: 1851, last frozen dew. May 7 ; last snow, March' 9. 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, “ May 21 ; “ May 20; “ April 18; “ May 11 ; April 1. March 23. April 29. March 28. In the afternoon, at 2 P. M., the air is generally 14 degrees Fahr. warmer than in the morning, and 11 degrees than in the evening. SUMMER. While our winters conform to the winter of places in Europe in 50° N. latitude, and our springs with the springs of the same country in 45° N. latitude, our summer approaches more or less the summer in Europe in the same latitude. The mean temper¬ ature of our summer generally conforms with the summer of Padua, Italy. Especially the summer of 1851 was conformed with the summer of Sevastopol, 44° 36'. 1852 with the summer of Vienna.48° 13' N. lat. 1853 “ “ Constantinople.41 00 “ 1854 “ “ Naples.40 51 “ “ Algiers.36 47 “ Las Palmas.28 00 “ 1855 “ “ Lisbon.38 42 “ Besides this, the summer is distinguished by the least range between the extremes of the barometer and thermometer, its greatest amount of absolute humidity, the least cloudiness, and the most thunder storms. At 2 P. M. the air is generally 15 degrees Fahr. warmer than in the morning, and 13 degrees than in the evening. [ 27 ] AUTUMN. Our autumn brings us back in the northern latitude of 44 and 51 deg. Its mean temperature is about conformed with that of our spring, but the whole season is made more pleasant by its fair days and less rain, although its relative humidity is much greater than in the spring. Its sudden declining in tempera¬ ture, from month to month, is not so sensibly felt as it looks by the degrees, because it is more a gradual declination from day to day, and never so great a difference between the mean tempera¬ ture from day to day as the spring season presents. The periods of the first frozen dew and the first snow in dif¬ ferent years were as follows: 1851, first frozen dew. Sept. 25 ; 1852, <( <( Sept. 13 ; 1853, Oct. 3; 1854, U (( Oct. 5; 1855, u u Oct. 7; first snow, Oct. 26. “ Nov. 13. Nov. 9. “ Nov. 18. “ Oct. 23. At 2 P. M. the air is generally 15 degrees Fahr. warmer than in the morning, and 11 degrees than in the evening. In comparison with other places, its mean temperature is gen¬ erally conformed with the mean temperature of the autumn of La Koclielle, in France. Especially the autumn of 1851 was conformed with the autumn of London, 51° 31' N. latitude. 1852 with the autumn of Paris.48° 50' N. lat. 1853 “ “ London again. 1854 “ “ Sevastopol.44 36 “ 1855 “ Sevastopol again, but not quite so warm. WINTER OF 1855, ^56. This interesting winter commenced with fair days, then rain set in, snow followed, and on the 11th of December, 1855, the ground was covered with snow. Again fair weather for a few days, then rain; fair weather again for some days; rain and [ 28 ] snow again, and the snow which fell in the night between the 24th and 25th, covered the earth, and is still visible in March, 1856. The first severe frost took place December 26th, eight degrees below zero. The minimum of the month was —9.40°, the maximum 53.37°, and the mean temperature of the month, 29.30*° Fahr. For one day the mean temperature was below zero. The whole month of January, 1856, was distinguished by fair days and about equally cold weather. The highest temperature of the month was only 41.22 degrees, and the lowest one 26.05 degrees Fahr., below zero. The mean temperature of the month was 15.35 deg. Fahr.; for four days the mean temperature was below zero, and only on one day the mean temperature reached 29.75 deg. Fahr. The month of February shows more unpleasant days, and was very cold, especially the first nine days. In the morning of the 4th of February the lowest temperature took place, being —31.45 deg., and the highest one on the 26th of the month, amounting to 52.25 deg. Falir. The whole month was also not very change¬ able in its temperature; for four days the mean temperature was below zero, and only on one day the mean temperature reached 39.65 deg. Fahr. The mean stand of the barometer was, for the whole season, nearly the same as generally; also its range. The mean temperature of the whole winter season was 21.87 degrees Fahr., 8.70 degrees colder than generally, or six degrees colder than the winter in Warsaw, Poland, or about nine degrees colder than the winter in Berlin, Prussia, and only five degrees warmer than the winter in Petersburg, capital of Eussia. There fell much more snow than generally, hut the amount of melted snow and rain together was much less than generally; the perpendicular depth of both was about three inches less, reaching only 6.274 English inches. The force of vapor was 0.1066 inches less, hut the relative humidity amounted to four per cent, more than usual. It is remarkable that during the whole season easterly winds prevailed in place of westerly winds. The wind from north and [ 29 ] soutli Wowed in the proportion of 1 to 2, as generally is the case in this season, hut the wind from east and west bore the propor¬ tion of 1 to 0.99, therefore the westerly wind blew six times less than usual. The 9th of January was the coldest day, its mean temperature was —14.12 degrees Fahr., or —20.50 degrees Keaumur, and this day was 0.45 degrees Fahr. colder than the 19th of Janu¬ ary, 1852. The warmest day of the season w^as December 14th, its mean temperature reaching only 49.10 degrees Fahr., or 7.63 degrees Reaumur. The minimum of the whole season was, on the 4th of Febru¬ ary, corresponding with the minimum of the 20th of January, 1852, to —31.45 deg. Fahr., or —28.2 deg. Reaumur; and the maximum amounted, on December 14th, only to 53.37 deg. Fahr., or 9.5 deg. Reaumur. In fact, no fruit could ripen, no leaf could grow. March 3, 1856. . i i i ^.145 46.53 58.06 48.18 86 62 85 1.393 584.90 20 23.97 33.35 27.05 89 71 85 1.190 1078.95 4 45.42 59.45 47.07 76 46 75 0.933 2325.60 0 67.77 78.42 67.55 87 65 89 1.03 1648.05 1 48.95 61.02 51.05 91 67 89 [.BEST DAY. 1 Range. j ..1.714 ... 95.39 ’ • • 42.4 f. Date. T L E V METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT GERMANTOWN, MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO. F O S, TUB B T E O B, O L O O- I C A. L 'ST E A B 18S4-’SS, B ^ST X,. a B O IST E 'W E <3- . Corrected and reduced to the Freezing Point, or 32 deg. Fahrenheit, English fnekts. Open A ir Tliermometer, Fahrenheit. Clear¬ ness of Sky. Month- M^an Wind, Directions, Monthly means. Quantity of Rain and Melted Snow. Paris Cubic Inch. Perpendicular depth of Rain^and Melted Rein. live iym’s Pr cl. Force of Vapor. Monthly Means. 1 B Number of Days, with Mean Temperature. Relative Hu¬ midity. Per cent. Monthly Means. Maximum Minimum lions. Monthly Means. Maximum Minimum lions. Rain. Jlelied Paris Inches. English Inches. Paris Lines. English Inches. Heat Light- Dew. ^W.“ Dry Mist. Fog& Mist. Rain. Snow. 7 A. H. 2 P. M. 9 P. M. 1 2 P. M. J 18,54. 1 December, 29.li40 20.568 28.733 0.835 31.55 55.17 5.22 49.95 6.33 E: W=1 : 6.167. N: S=1 : 1.070 179.30 12.90 1.245 1.327 82 1.717 0.151 0 0 0 10 4 4 7 5 27.95 1 36.72 29.97 87 69 90 1 0J«>. January, . 20.222 20.968 28.254 1.714 29.97 61.47 0.50 60.97 7.36 E: W=1 3.83. N: S=1 : 2.190 281.20 286.95 3.945 4.205 81 1.631 0.142 0 0 0 4 0 4 6 7 1 26.15 ' 35.37 29.,30 90 72 82 February, . 20.240 20.710 28.707 1.003 22.55 46.17 -1.07 48.14 7.00 E: W=1 3.21. N; S=1 ; 0.923 124.40 68.90 1.343 1.432 82 1.1.52 0.107 0 0 0 3 1 4 8 17.82 i 27.95 21.87 91 71 March, . . 20.764 28.493 1.271 34.02 56.30 5.00 51.30 6.05 E: W=1 5..50. N: S=l' 1.29 42.5.40 56.30 3.345 3.566 71 1.693 0.151 2 0 5 6 2 8 4 29.52 ' 40.10 32.67 82 54 76 April, . . . 20.203 20.675 20.000 0.675 56.07 90.95 19.40 71.55 4.97 E: W=1 4.08. N; S=1 : 1.55 309.65 0.00 2.150 2.292 62 3.163 0.284 2 1 7 4 11 2 0 49.32 65.97 51.12 72 40 73 May, . . . 29.302 20.479 28.795 0.684 62.37 90.27 30.20 60.07 5.42 E: W=1 0.886. N: S=1 : 0.726 343.90 0.00 2.388 2.546 66 4.157 0.373 6 2 14 3 0 9 0 57.42 ' 72.27 57.42 74 45 77 June, . . . 20.124 20.301 28.751 0.640 67.10 90.05 40.77 50.18 6.27 E: W=1 2.533. N: S=1 : 0.700 938.65 0.00 6.518 6.947 79 6.018 0.533 11 6 8 0 0 5 20 0 64.17 74.30 63.05 85 63 87 July, . . . 29.213 20.470 29.009 0.470 75.20 93.42 53.37 40.05 5.33 E: W=1 42.00. N; S=1 : 1.353 703.45 0.00 4.885 5.206 79 7.695 0.693 13 7 14 0 0 6 18 0 72.05 1 82.17 71.37 87 63 87 August, . . 29.2.57 20.550 20.017 0.533 71.15 89.37 45.05 44.32 5.13 E: W=1 5.727. N: S=1 : 0.845 683.50 0.00 4.746 5.058 84 7.273 0.657 6 2 17 0 0 9 12 0 67.10 1 78.80 68.22 89 94 September, 20.27,5 20.426 28.991 0.435 68.22 85.55 41.45 44.10 6.44 E; W=1 2.037. N: S=1 ; 1.297 629.55 0.00 4.372 4.661 87 6.912 0.616 8 3 11 0 1 9 18 0 65.52 1 74.75 65,30 93 74 93 October, . . 29.213 20.435 28.011 0.524 48.20 72.05 25.25 47.70 4.70 E; W=1 15.200. N; S=1 ; 0.928 170.10 4.50 L213 1.293 79 3.014 0 0 4 10 4 7 8 1 41.22 j 58.32 45.27 91 57 88 November, 20.266 29.666 28.787 0.879 44.37 72.50 19.40 53.10 6.60 E; W=1 3.56. N: S=1 ; 0.855 848.40 0.00 5.8916 6.281 81 2.822 o!249 0 0 0 7 1 7 13 0 40.10 50.00 42.57 89 69 85 Sums, . . . 5637.50 429.55 42.042 44.817 48 22 75 46 33 56 128 25 Year, . . 29.2350 50.808 5.97 E: W=l: ; 7.895. N: S=1 : 1.145 78 3.937 0.346 46.53 58.06 48.18 86 62 85 Skasons. 1 Winter, . . 29.234 20.068 28.254 1.7U‘ 28.02 61.47 -1.97 63.44 6.90 E:W=1: : 4.403. N; S=1 : 1.393 584.90 368.75 6.533 6.964 82 1.500 0.1332 0 0 0 17 5 9 17 20 23.97 ^ 33.35 27.05 89 71 85 Spring, . . 20.260 20.764 28.403 1.271 50.82 00.95 5.00 85.95 5.48 E; W = l; ; 3.470. N:S=1 : 1.190 1078.95 56.30 8.404 66 3.004 0.2664 10 4 21 12 22 4 22 4 4.5.42 1 59.45 47.07 76 46 75 Summer, . 20.198 20.550 28.751 0.790 71.15 03.42 40.77 52.65 5.58 E: W=1 : 16.753. N: S=1 : 0.933 2325.60 0.00 16.149 17.211 81 6.995 0.5951 30 15 39 0 0 20 50 0 67.77 '78.42 67.55 87 65 89 Autumn, . 29.251 29.666 28.787 0.879 53.60 85.55 19.40 66.15 5.91 E: W=1 : 6.933. N: S = 1 : 1.03 1648.05 4.50 11.477 12.235 82 4.249 0.3730 ' 8 3 15 17 6 23 39 1 48.95 i 61.02 61.05 91 67 89 YEARLY EXTREMES. MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE WARMEST AND COLDEST DAY. Maximum. Date. Minimum. Date. Range. Fahrenheit. Reaumur. Date. Barometer—English Inches. -29.968_ RthT IS-'- o Thermometer—-Farenheit. T? 1. ^ 95 39^ n j e OA . 5 . Thermometer—Reaumur. -27 3 _ 15 42!4 Loldest day.. O.JU Range. .78.75 . .35.0 . 273.26 i 9.462 1 29.27 87 68 83 8.876 1 ‘ 48.55 80 51 75 36.09 10.091 ' 10.757 1 I ' *67.89 1 86 ^ 1 o5 85 ! 0.00 9.408 10.02!) ; ,49.97 90 61 1 86 1 47.82 8.096 8.630 ! MEAN Date. rlov .. •19th January, 1852. • 30th July, 1854. u UclY • • • • • • ' Jv O VTY\ rifiv* •••••• .. IT dXlliL/OU viClY ••••••• •••• •• Jlanffe • • • • .. ^ o 'L' li Ji: \’ j. CIJMATE (IE MdNTUOMEIIY EOliNTY. (I III (I. THE MEAN OF FIVE YEARS’ OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT GERMANTOWN, FROM DECEMBER, 1850, TO DECEMBER, 1855. BY L. GRONEWEG. I.ATITUDE, .39“ 30' N. LONGITUDE, 8d 10' W. HIGHT OF STATION ABOVE THE SEA, 7-20 FEET. Corrected I’oin Uaiiomltek. and reduced to the Freezing or 32 deg. Fuhienheii, ICu'jlieh Inchr.i. Open Air Thcniioinetcr. Fulirenheit. Cleiir- ness of bVy. Mean of the Wind, lYirectiuus, in can of the Mouth. Quantity fff Rain and Melted Snow. Paris Cubic Inch. Moan of the Month. PerpendicuUar depth ol Rain and Melted Snow Mean of the Muntli. iu- of the M'th. Pr ct. 1 Force of Vapor. ^Mean of the Month No. thunder storms. Mean of the Month. --! Number of Days, (Mean of the Mouth), with Mean Tcinperaturo. 1 ReTulivo llu« 1 iiiidity. j Per cent. the .Mtintli. Maxiinuiu. Minimuiii liaage. Mean of the Month Maximum. Minimum Itango. Rain. Melted iSS. English Inches. Paris English 1 Inches. Heat ' Light Dew. Dry Fog & Mist. 1 w. 7 .t. M. 3 f. JI. ' £ DofCinbpr, 211.239 29.011 28.005 1.090 30.74 58.37 -0.72 ! 59.09 G.ce E: W=1 4.38. N; S=1 : 2.2i) 371.25 00.28 2.997 3.195 81 1.085 0.1510 1 i 0 0 5- 3 5 8 4 20.91 30.-27 29.07 89 70 80 .luminry, . 29.2.39 29.900 28.438 1.448 28.,S0 59.27 -,S.81 i 08.08 0.54 E; W=1 13.80. N: S=1 : 2.13 203.74 127.00 2.301 2.453 79 1.510 0.1332 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 24.00 34.70 27..50 88 08 82 Fobniiiry, . 29.2:14 29.725 28.091 1.038 32.17 55.02 1.54 i 54.08 0.82 E: 1V=1 3.08. N; S=1 : 1.74 424.13 85.32 3.578 3.814 78 1.075 0.1510 1 0 0 5 2 5 7 5 27.40 37.98 31.23 85 07 ; 81 Marc'll, , . 29.191 29.072 28.010 1.030 40.19 70.20 11,05 59.15 5.97 E: W=1 4.17. N; S=1 : 1..30 418.93 20.74 3.082 3.285 71 2.091 0.180-5 •> 1 1 0 7 ' 4' ' 9 3 34.01 47.43 38.84 82 55 1 I'*! Aiiril, . . . 29.1,38 29..397 28.090 0.901 ■50.90 82.58 22.01 00.57 5.84 E: 1V=1 2.02. N: S=1 : 1.40 4a5..34 9.35 3.224 3.437 08 2.815 0.2487 5 •> 4 5 7 4 11 1 44.00 59..58 48.17 79 49 74 Slay, . . . 29.21.5 ■ 29.485 28.808 0.077 01.88 87.21 28.55 58.00 5.37 E: W=1 1.90. N; S=1 : 3.01 545.14 0,00 3.785 4,035 09 4.297 0.3819 7 0 1 3 3 4 ! 12 0 55.40 71.33 58.04 80 49 70 .luiu’, . . . 29.1-81 29.40:1 28.827 0.030 09.44 91.89 41.75 50.14 5.09 E: W=1 2.9,3. N: S=1 ; 4.05 421.48 0.00 2.920 3.119 70 0.110 0.5418 10 5 15 0 1 4 ! 12 0 04,31 78.53 1 05.70 85 '50 85 ,I Illy, . . . 29.213 29.493 2,8.991 0.442 74.07 94.10 48.33 4,3.77 4.39 E: W=1 9.99. N; S=1 ; 1.08 527.12 0.00 3.005 3.907 74 0.905 0.6128 10 7 20 0 1 11 0 08.07 83.52 '09,93 85 53 84 August, . . 29.222 29..1S2 29.001 0.481 71.42 90.32 41.77 48.55 4.47 E: AV=1 2.9.3. N; S=1 ; 1.59 405.77 0.00 2.817 3.003 78 0.020 0.5803 0 4 19 0 3 10 : 10 0 05.05 81.32 ‘ 08.04 89 57 87 September, 29.273 29.5.32 28.932 0.020 05.91 90.72 30.00 54.72 4.90 E: W = 1 1.09. N; S=1 : 1.95 329.75 0.00 2.289 2.440 80 5.745 0.5062 5 2 12 0 2 1' 1 10 0 59.0:1 75.78 02.51 91 59 87 October, . . 29.252 29.,347 28.842 0.705 51.30 70.04 24.89 51.75 4.85 E: W=1 4.80. N: S=1 ; 2.01 305.19 2.50 2.136 2.277 78 3.342 0.2931 1 0 7 9 5 10 8 0 43.05 01.74 48.47 91 57 87 November, 29.250 29.G98 28.707 0.931 40.52 71.,36 18.80 5-2.09 0.90 ( E: W=1 3.30. N; S=1 : 1.30 485.52 4.5.32 1 3.071 3.913 80 2.361 0.2131 0 0 0 4 c 10 3 30.05 40.35 38.93 87 07 1 84 Mean of the 1 Year, . . : 29.2207 29.900 28.458 1.448 51.442 94.10 -8.81 102.91 5.057 E; 41’=! : : 4.090. N: S=1 : 2.000 4957.31 357.17 30.944 38.878 70 3.763 0.3375 ! 48 25 91 48 38 72 114 27 4.5.91 59.54 48.92 80 59 82 Mean of the i Winter, . . 29.251 29.900 28.458 1.448 1 30.57 59.27 —8.81 08.08 0.07 E: W= 1 7.29. N; S=1 : 2.00 999.12 273.20 8.876 9.462 79 1.023 0-1421 1 (j 0 18 5 10 21 15 20.32 30.32 29.27 87 08 83 Spring, . , 29.188 2.9.072 28.010 1.050 1 51.22 87.21 11.05 70.10 5.73 E: W=1 2.91. N: S=1 : 1.98 1419.41 30.09 10.0:) 1 10.757 09 3.068 0.2753 15 0 7 14 14 12 * 32 4 44.87 59.45 48.55 80 51 75 Siimiller, > 1 29.201! 29.482 28.827 0.053 71.04 94.10 41.75 32.35 s 4.05 E; W=1 3.28. N: S=1 : 2.43 13.54.37 0.00 9.408 10.029 70 0..545 0.5773 20 15 54 f) 3 18 33 0 00.01 81.12 ’07.89 80 55 85 Autamii, . 29.259 1 29.098 2S.707 0.931 5'2.58 90.72 18.80 71.80 ,3.5< E: W = 1 3.28. N; S=1 : 1.77 1120.40 47.82 8.096 8.630 (79 3.810 0.3375 0 3 19 10 9 ' 18 i 1 28 3 40.44 01.29 49.97 90 01 1 80 EXTREMESWHICHOCCUR. It MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE COLDEST AND WARMEST DAY. Maximum. Date. Minimum. 1 Date. llangc!. Fahrenheit. Reaumur. Date. 1) r r 1 I 1 >n n-" 31st JanuaiN. 1851 .•••28.254-'.'' '1 ,o Tiu'nuomotiT l''aronhoit • ■ • 21st January, 18oo • • Coldest day. Thermometer—llenumur. ...ao.r .... • • • • 4th oepteinuer, 18-i4 • • •' :~28:2’ :::;j • • • 20th January, 1852 • • 1 . ■■ ■. 58.3 [ Bange. g- r- .0<,.29 . .44,1 . I ;>' ;i i ' ^ -i v: w . ? "•f" ’ ’'■ mnifi J^0‘' , :: >• , . ," s ..>•, :*'i>: . ...U\ ' i- . \ '■■•liK.vf ■ • <. \ . ‘ . V, , jr V' ’' J,i i *.^a' ^ *. '■ - ■' Si: ‘ : .’’f I'. ,^;' ■ :; ■ - r-' i ' '^r^O ■. ««.: .. .f ;,l".-.4; ^ ■ '"J of'wauiil r,':i;^*ti "i'-v'? '. - .' '.%■■ <-■'; ..■;>• ■':-{iVflSi! . ■■,' • >i;. I , ■ ■ .; , - :; »• J-M , ' . .U .4( '•■■■ •ijI'S'.*'! .iMii-'.. ■ . i:(|j;.;;iSif4)li ''.>,.;;, 'i J i'V. C ,} ) .( ¥IK • Ms, ;•■ • * 'x'4V; - ' ; SI :.N?-^.i'. i ■i' *_, \ :■'• • p,yfif i ^; ;•{.' iV) '.; - '' ,r < • '•.‘ ' ' 11 : M 4 ' ■■ "I :.• 1 T ^ B L E VII TABLE FOR, COMPARISON. H-cravrEOLiDT’s “-a.sie ceicxe^e.” PLACE. Latitude. LoDgitude of Mean Temperature of the . Year. Winter. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Coldest Month. Canary Islands, Las Talmas. 28.00 N. 17.51 W. 71.24 ! 64.40 66.92 74.84 79.16 64.04 Gihraltar. 36.07 N. 7.41 AV. 64.22 56.84 63.14 72.86 64.04 56.66 Algiers. 36.47 N. 0.43 AV. 64.04 54.32 62.96 74.48 70.52 .58.10 Lisbon . 38.42 N. 11.29 AV. 61.52 52.34 59.90 71.06 62.60 52.16 Naples. 40.51 N. 11.55 E. 61.52 49.64 59.36 74.48 62.24 48.56 Constantinople. 41.00 N. 26.39 E. 56.66 40.64 51.80 73.40 60.44 Florence. 43.47 N. 8.55 E. 59.54 44.24 58.46 75.20 60.26 41..54 Sevastopol. 44.36 N. 31.12 E. 52.70 35.24 50.36 71.06 54.68 33.08 Venice. 45.26 N. 10.0 E. 56.66 37.94 54.68 73.04 55.94 35.24 Tad 11 a. 45.24 N. 9.32 E. 54.50 37.04 53.78 71.42 55.40 35.24 La Koclielle. 46.09 N. 3.28 AA^. 52.88 39.56 51.08 66.92 52.70 37.22 Geneva. 46.12 N. 3.49 E. 49.46 34.16 49.10 64.22 50.36 31.28 48.50 N. 0.0 51.44 37.94 50.54 64.58 .52.16 35.24 Vienna. 48.13 N. 14.3 E, 50.18 32.36 50.90 68.54 50.90 29.12 Triers. 48.50 N. 4.18 E. 50.00 35.42 50.00 64.04 50.18 32.00 Augsburgli. 48.22 N. 8.34 E. 46.22 30.74 46.94 61.88 46.76 2.5.16 Strasburg. 48.35 N. 5.25 E. 49.64 33.98 50.00 64.58 50.00 31.28 AVurtzburg. 49.48 N. 7.36 E. .50.18 34.88 50.36 65.66 49.46 30.38 Tlymonth. 50.22 N. 6.28 AV. 51.98 44.42 50.18 60.80 53.06 42.62 London . 51.31 N. 2.26 AV. 50.72 39.56 49.10 62.78 51.26 37.40 Halle. 51.31 N. 9.37 E. 47.84 32.00 47.48 63.50 48.38 27.86 Gottingen. 51.32 N. 7.36 E. 48.38 33.08 63.68 18.42 E. 45.50 27.50 44.60 63.50 46.40 24.80 11.3 E. 47.48 30.56 46.40 63.14 47.84 27.68 Tilsit. 55.04 N. 19!33 e! 44!o6 25^52 42!62 62!o0 45.14 22.28 U|)sal. 59.52 N. 15.18 E. 41.36 25.34 38.12 59.19 43.16 23.18 Moscow. 55.45 N. 35.18 E. 38.48 1 13.46 43.34 62.24 34.88 12.92 Tetersburgb. 59.56 N. 27.59 E. 38.30 i 16.88 35.06 60.26 40.46 13.46 Germantown, Ohio . 39.30 N. 86.36 AV. 51.44 ; 30.57 51.22 71.64 52.58 28.76 January, 1856 . 15.35 Albany, N. Y.. 42.39 N, 76.05 AV. 48.56 I 26.60 47.66 69.62 49.46 24.98 Boston, Massachusetts. 42.21 N. 73.24 AV. 48.74 : 29.12 45.86 68.99 50.72 26.06 Baltimore, Maryland. 78.58 AV. 52.88 32.72 50.72 73.58 55.22 30.92 Athens, Menard county, Illinois ■ ■ • 53.07 31.07 53.78 73.33 54.41 25.55 San Francisco, California. 56.57 ‘ 49.67 55.84 59.64 59.92 49.31 Warmest Month. 84.56 74.30 76.46 72.14 76.10 77.36 72.32 75.02 73.22 68.36 65.48 66.02 0!).26 65.66 63.50 65.84 67.28 61.88 64.04 66.74 64.76 64.40 63.50 61.34 63.68 62.42 74.12 71.96 71.24 75.20 77.91 62.21