'LI E> RARY 
 
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SPRING^WHEAT 
 
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 Early seeding is essential to the success of spring 
 wheat in Illinois. This is especially true in the 
 central and southern parts of the state, where 
 favorable weather lasts but a relatively short time. 
 
 Bulletin 483 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 EARLY SEEDING ESSENTIAL 531 
 
 SEED 6 TO 8 PECKS AN ACRE 534 
 
 SOW WITH DRILL IN GOOD SEEDBED 535 
 
 CHOOSE BEST ADAPTED VARIETY 535 
 
 CONSIDER PROBABLE INSECT DAMAGE 538 
 
 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS.. . 540 
 
 Urbana, Illinois February, 1942 
 
 Publications in the Bulletin series report the results of investigations made 
 or sponsored by the Experiment Station 
 
Spring Wheat: Adaptability for Illinois 
 
 By G. H. DUNGAI? and W. L. BURLISON' 
 
 AVERSE WEATHER conditions for winter wheat often cause 
 growers to consider sowing spring wheat in a predominantly 
 winter-wheat area. This happens especially when winter wheat 
 freezes out, as it did on a wide scale in 1927-28, and when wet weather 
 in the fall prevents the seeding of winter wheat, as it did in 1941. 
 
 Under normal conditions the acreage of spring wheat in Illinois 
 is limited and is confined mainly to the northeastern part of the 
 state (Fig. 1). During the fifteen years 1927-1941 the acreage in the 
 state sowed to spring wheat was only about 4.4 percent of that sowed 
 to winter wheat. 
 
 According to the state average, spring wheat yielded 16.8 bushels 
 an acre compared with 17.6 bushels for winter wheat during 1927- 
 1941. State-wide average yields do not, however, show the compara- 
 tive producing ability of these two grains nearly so well as experi- 
 mental plantings on the same field. Such tests have been made in 
 northern, central, and southern Illinois (Table 1). On the northern 
 Illinois experiment field winter and spring wheats have been grown 
 in the same rotation for fifteen years. In central Illinois the two kinds 
 of wheat have not been grown in the same rotation but they have been 
 grown on soils of similar productive capacity. At Alhambra in south- 
 western Illinois, spring and winter wheat have been grown in the same 
 rotation thru five seasons. 
 
 Even in northern Illinois, where the crop is best adapted, spring 
 wheat produced only about two-thirds as much as winter wheat. Its 
 yield in central Illinois was slightly better altho it was only three- 
 fourths that of winter wheat. In southern Illinois, which is entirely 
 outside the spring- wheat area, the yield of spring wheat was less than 
 one-third that of winter wheat. 
 
 EARLY SEEDING ESSENTIAL 
 
 Spring wheat needs to make its growth largely before hot weather 
 sets in. Also the relatively short days of early spring favor stooling. 
 Early seeding is therefore essential to the success of this crop, espe- 
 
 J G. H. DUNCAN, Chief in Crop Production; and W. L. BURLISON, Chief 
 in Crop Production. 
 
 531 
 
532 
 
 BULLETIN No. 483 
 
 [February, 
 
 cially in the central and southern parts of the state, where weather 
 favorable for this crop lasts but a relatively short time. Since spring 
 wheat can endure a great deal of cold there is little, if any, danger 
 from low temperatures when seeding is done especially early. Occa- 
 sionally a heavy rain or snow following early seeding may puddle the 
 
 Fig. 1. Acreage of spring wheat in Illinois. Each complete dot represents 
 100 acres planted to spring wheat as an average for 1939 and 1940. (Figures 
 were secured from the Illinois Cooperative Crop Reporting Service, Illinois De- 
 partment of Agriculture cooperating with the U. S. Department of Agriculture.) 
 
SPRING WHEAT: ADAPTABILITY FOR ILLINOIS 
 
 533 
 
 TABLE 1. YIELDS OF SPRING AND WINTER WHEAT ON EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 
 NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 
 
 Location of field 
 
 Years 
 compared 
 
 Average acre-yield 
 
 Yield of 
 spring wheat 
 in relation 
 to winter 
 wheat 
 
 Spring 
 wheat 
 
 Winter 
 wheat 
 
 Northern Illinois (DeKalb. Mt. Morris) . . . 
 Central Illinois (I'rbanu) 
 
 15 (1927-41) 
 15 (1927-41) 
 5 (1937-41) 
 
 bu. 
 18.4 
 
 25.1 
 7.4 
 
 bit. 
 28.1 
 
 33.4* 
 25.6 
 
 percl. 
 65.5 
 
 75.1 
 28.9 
 
 Southern Illinois (Alhambra) 
 
 
 This includes 1927-28. when the crop was completely winterkilled. 
 
 soil to a considerable depth and make emergence so difficult that poor 
 stands result. 
 
 When weather and soil conditions do not permit early seeding it is 
 advisable to substitute some other crop for spring wheat, especially in 
 central and southern Illinois, because there is danger of a complete 
 crop failure. Even when delayed seeding does not result in a crop 
 failure it lowers the yield and quality of the grain, as has been shown 
 by tests made at Urbana during 1918-1922 (Table 2). A delay of 
 eleven days after March 4 reduced the yield 4.2 bushels, or about 16 
 percent. About one month's delay from March 4 to April 8 reduced 
 the yield 7.8 bushels, or 29 percent. Holding off seeding until after 
 the middle of April sometimes results in a complete crop failure or a 
 yield so low that the grower gets little more back than the amount of 
 seed he sowed. 
 
 To illustrate the importance of early seeding an experience on the 
 Alhambra field in 1928 may be cited. Since winter wheat had failed 
 spring wheat was substituted. On March 2, Illinois 1 was broadcast 
 without any further seedbed preparation. At that time the soil was 
 
 TABLE 2. DATE OF SEEDING SPRING WHEAT AS IT AFFECTS YIELD AND QUALITY 
 OF GRAIN AT URBANA, 1918-1922 
 
 Average date of 
 seeding 
 
 Number of 
 trials 
 
 Acre-yield 
 
 Test weight 
 per bushel 
 
 Heads Infected 
 with scab* 
 
 March 4 
 
 g 
 
 bu. 
 26 7 
 
 Ib. 
 57.7 
 
 perct. 
 1.5 
 
 March 15 . 
 
 8 
 
 22.5 
 
 56.4 
 
 3.4 
 
 March 26 
 
 6 
 
 19.1 
 
 55.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 April 8. . . 
 
 5 
 
 18.9 
 
 56.1 
 
 14.8 
 
 April 23 
 
 4 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Data on scab infection were obtained in 1918 only. 
 
534 
 
 BULLETIN No. 483 
 
 [February, 
 
 thawed to a depth of about 2 inches and was excessively moist. In 
 fact the surface was so soft that the impact of the wheat kernels as 
 they fell from the broadcast seeder was sufficient to embed them in the 
 soil. Hence a tillage implement was not used to cover the seed. A 
 
 Fig. 2. A good seedbed in which spring wheat has been drilled. The 
 
 ground was prepared by plowing cornstalk land in the fall and by double-disking 
 and harrowing before the seed was drilled. (Photographed April 5, 1940) 
 
 fair stand was obtained and a crop averaging 15.4 bushels an acre was 
 harvested. The results indicate that, with early seeding, a fair yield 
 of spring wheat may be secured even in southern Illinois, where the 
 crop is not considered to be adapted. 
 
 SEED 6 TO 8 PECKS AN ACRE 
 
 On the Illinois experiment fields spring wheat was seeded at ap- 
 proximately 8 pecks per acre. Considerable variation from this rate 
 does not greatly affect yield. Since early seeding gives the plants more 
 opportunity to tiller it can perhaps be done at a slightly lower rate than 
 later seeding. 
 
 To control seedling blight and stinking smut all seed should be 
 treated before sowing with some good organic mercury dust. 1 
 
 'See Illinois Circular 444, "Seed Treatments for Farm Crops," by 
 Benjamin Koehler, 1936. 
 
1942] SPRING WHEAT: ADAPTABILITY FOR ILLINOIS 535 
 
 SOW WITH DRILL IN GOOD SEEDBED 
 
 When spring wheat follows corn in the rotation, as is usually the 
 case, the cornstalks should be plowed under well, preferably in the 
 fall if this conforms to good soil-conservation practice in the area. 
 Plowing not only incorporates the stalk residues in the soil but it is 
 also an important step in the control of the scab disease of cereals and 
 the European corn borer. Fall-plowed cornfields and soybean stubble 
 require only double-disking and harrowing in the spring to fit them 
 for the drill. 
 
 Ordinarily drilling is preferred to broadcasting because drilling con- 
 serves seed, secures its even distribution, and puts it at a uniform 
 depth (Fig. 2). However, in order to get wheat seeded early, it may 
 at times be advisable to sow with an endgate seeder and cover the seed 
 with a disk and harrow. When the seed is broadcast, the rate should 
 be increased to 9 or 10 pecks an acre. 
 
 CHOOSE BEST ADAPTED VARIETY 
 
 To find the varieties of spring wheat best suited to different parts 
 of the state, variety trials have been conducted annually by the Illinois 
 Station at three locations. Data on the yield in the different sections 
 are summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 5, and a description of the varieties 
 grown in the yield tests is given in Table 6. 
 
 On the basis of these tests Sturgeon, Progress, and Illinois 1 are 
 recommended for the entire state. 
 
 Northern Illinois. Of the five varieties yielding highest on the 
 northern experiment fields at DeKalb and Mt. Morris, Progress, 
 Sturgeon, and Illinois 1 are recommended. Garnet and Triumph, tho 
 high yielding, produce grain low in bread-making quality. 
 
 Four varieties Merit, Premier, Rival, and Pilot which have 
 been tested for two years only, show considerable promise. They have 
 yielded above the average and are resistant to stem rust. With the 
 exception of Merit they are also resistant to leaf rust. 
 
 Central Illinois. Varieties that have produced above the average 
 thru three or more years' tests at Urbana in central Illinois are: 
 Triumph, General San Martin, Garnet, White Australian, Reward, 
 Purdue W38, Sturgeon, Progress, and Illinois 1. Purdue W38 is 
 resistant to the scab disease and to attacks of the spring brood of the 
 hessian fly. 
 
 Rival and Premier, varieties tested for two years only, seem to be 
 promising for this area. 
 
536 
 
 BULLETIN No. 483 
 
 
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538 BULLETIN No. 483 [February, 
 
 TABLE 5. SOUTHERN ILLINOIS: YIELDS OF VARIETIES OF SPRING WHEAT 
 
 AT ALHAMBRA, 1937-1941 
 (Bushels per acre; date of seeding indicated under year) 
 
 Bushels 
 above (+) 
 
 
 
 
 or below 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rank 
 
 
 Variety 
 
 (-) 
 
 Average 
 
 1937 
 
 1938 
 
 1939 
 
 1940 
 
 1941 
 
 
 
 
 average 
 
 yield 
 
 Apr. 13 
 
 Apr. 21 
 
 Mar. 22 
 
 Apr. 1 
 
 Mar. 25 
 
 
 
 
 of all 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 varieties* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 General San Martin . . . 
 
 +3.3 
 
 16.6 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 10.7 
 
 19.1 
 
 
 2 
 
 Illinois 1 
 
 (Station) 
 
 .4 
 
 5.4 
 
 8.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Sturgeon 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 
 4.2 
 
 13.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 
 Grown the same years. 
 
 Southern Illinois. Since all varieties of spring wheat are hard 
 wheats and do not possess milling and baking properties comparable to 
 the soft red winter wheats grown extensively in the south central and 
 southern parts of the state, there is serious objection to growing spring 
 wheat in this area. Therefore only a limited number of trials of 
 spring-wheat varieties have been made on the Alhambra field in 
 southern Illinois (Table 5). 
 
 Even tho General San Martin is much higher yielding in this area 
 than other varieties, it is not recommended because of the extremely 
 low quality of its grain. Illinois 1 and Progress approach more nearly 
 the type of soft winter wheat than any spring wheats that have been 
 tested by this Station. 
 
 CONSIDER PROBABLE INSECT DAMAGE 
 
 Chinch bugs are not so likely to infest spring wheat as barley 
 but they prefer it to oats. If spring wheat is grown in areas where 
 chinch bugs are abundant, it is liable to severe damage. 
 
 Altho spring wheat is not believed to be more susceptible to in- 
 jury from the hessian fly than winter wheat is, the same infestation 
 will cause more damage to spring wheat because the plants are smaller 
 at the time when the spring brood is active. Therefore spring wheat 
 should not be grown next to a badly infested field of winter wheat. 
 
 (For summary of recommendations see page 540.) 
 
1942} 
 
 SPRING WHEAT: ADAPTABILITY FOR ILLINOIS 
 
 539 
 
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540 BULLETIN No. 483 
 
 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 1. In a rotation spring wheat usually follows corn, soybeans, or 
 winter wheat that has been winterkilled or drowned out. If it follows 
 corn, the land should be plowed by late fall or early winter, and care 
 should be taken to cover all stalks. Double-disking and harrowing 
 just before drilling are the only preparations needed for a seedbed 
 on plowed cornstalk land, soybean stubble, or on land where winter 
 cereals have failed. 
 
 2. Choose a variety that gives a high yield regularly and pro- 
 duces grain of good quality. The highest yielding varieties are not 
 always best because they often possess some serious fault which more 
 than offsets their superiority in yield. The best all-round varieties for 
 Illinois include Sturgeon, Progress, and Illinois 1. Rival and Premier 
 show considerable promise but they have been tested for two years 
 only. 
 
 3. Treat the seed with Ceresan or some other reliable material 
 to control seedling blight and covered smut. 
 
 4. Seed spring wheat as early as weather and soil conditions will 
 permit. The seedlings can endure a great deal of cold. 
 
 5. Sow the seed with a drill and use 6 to 8 pecks to the acre. If 
 it is not possible to use a drill, the seed may be broadcast, but the rate 
 should be increased to 9 or 10 pecks an acre. 
 
 6. Harvest the grain when it has fully matured. It may be cut 
 with a binder and threshed with a separator or it may be harvested 
 with a combine. 
 
 7. Spring wheat should not be grown in areas where chinch 
 bugs are abundant. Also it should not be seeded next to fields of 
 winter wheat that are badly infested with hessian fly. 
 
 15,0502-4223006 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 
 Q 630.7IL6B C002 
 
 BULLETIN URBANA 
 470-4851940-42 
 
 30112 019529301