ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00000 1549 * ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY FEB 5 1973 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/compositionchara03parr tl> ILLINOIS State Geological Survey BULLETIN NO. 3, Composition and Character of Illinois Coals, By S. W. PARR, With Chapters on the Distribution of the Coal Beds of the State, By A. BEMENT. AND Tests of Illinois Coals Under Steam Boilers, Bv L. P. Breckenrtdge. URBAN A: University of Illinois. 1906. SPRINGFIELD: Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers 1 906 STATE GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION. GrOVEBNOB C. S. Deneen, Chairman. Professor T. C. Ohambeblin, V ice-Chairman. President Edmund J. James. Secretary. H. Foster Bain, Director. CONTENTS. Pagm. List of Illustrations 7 Letter of transmittal 9 Distribution of the coal beds of the State. By A. Bement 19 Composition and character of Illinois coals. By S. W. Parr 27 Composition 27 Introduction 27 Decomposition by decay 2* Decomposition by destructive distillation 28 Volatile matter 31 Available hydrogen 37 Variations from the bituminous type 41 Inert volatile matter 46 Classification of coals 49 Outline of proposed classification of coals 52 Application to coals tested at St. Louis 53 Methods of analysis 55 Total carbon 55 Fixed carbon 56 Sulphur 59 Calorific values 64 Tests with Illinois coals under steam boilers. By L. P. Breckenridge 79 Index 85 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. 1. Outline map of coal measures of Illinois 11 2. Sketch map of State showing production by counties. 1905 15 3. Map showing areas underlain by various coal beds. By A. Bement 19 4. Comparison of volatile matter in semi-bituminous coal, Illinois coal and lignite 34 5. Weight of carbon in variable amounts of carbon dioxide 56 FIGl'RES. 1. Growth of coal production in Illinois 13 2. Loss by decomposition in coal formation 28 3. Loss by various geological processes in coal formation 29 4 Composition in volatile matter in semi-bituminous (Pocahontas i coal 32 5. Composition of volatile matter in Illinois coal 33 6. Composition of volatile matter in lignite 33 7. Curves, illustrating the percentage ratio of hydrogen to volatile carbon in coal and in compounds of the paraffin series 39 8. Curve for calculating the available hydrogen in coal 40 9. Comparison of the values of available hydrogen as determined by various methods.. 46 10. Apparatus for total carbon determination 55 11. Coking furnace for laboratory investigations 58 12. Section through coking furnace 59 13. Photometer for sulphur determinations 61 14. Curve for sulphur readings 63 15. Parr calorimeter 65 16. Calorimeter bomb 67 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. State Geological Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, July 1, 1906. Governor C. S. Deneen, Chairman* and Members of the Geolog- ical Commission. Gentlemen — I submit herewith a report upon the composition and character of Illinois coals by Professor S. W. Parr, of the State University, consulting chemist of the Survey, and respectfully rec- ommend its publication as a bulletin of the Survey. With Professor Parr's report are chapters upon the distribution of the coal beds of Illinois by Mr. A. Bement, consulting engineer, and on tests with Illinois coals under steam boilers by Professor L. P. Breckenridge, of the State University and the Engineering Experiment Station. The whole of this report is in a large sense preliminary and the results here given are to be considered essentially tentative. It constitutes a summary of the best information now available. The Survey has been in operation for such a short time that it would be quite im- possible to present any such report on the basis of its own investi- gations. There have, however, been so many and such insistent calls for information regarding Illinois coals that it was thought wise to prepare this report for immediate use. The Survey is under great obligations to Professors Parr and Breckenridge and to the University for permitting the use of material already accumulated. These por- tions of the report should be considered the results of co-operation between the Survey, the Engineering Experiment Station and the Department of Applied Chemistry of the University. Professor Parr's studies of Illinois coals began several years ago. Preliminary statements of results have been published in bulletins of the bureau of labor statistics* and of the University. f In the * Chemical analysis and heating value of Illinois coals, by S. W. Parr, Hull., Bureau of Labor Statistics. David Koss, Secretary, Twentieth Ann. coal report, 17 pages, 1902. f The coals of Illinois; their composition and analyses, by S. W. Parr, University of Illinois, bulletin, Vol. I., No. 20, 40 pages, 1904. 9 10 COMPOSITION OE ILLINOIS COALS. bull. 3. former were given the results of 260 proximate analyses of samples variously collected. In the second the results were based upon 150 car samples collected mainly by the State Mine Inspectors. The samples in the latter case were shipped in canvas bags, and there is accordingly no means of determining the original moisture content- The results are not altogether satisfactory and steps have already been taken to collect a new set of samples upon which future inves- tigations may be made. In the meantime to determine exactly what investigations should be taken up and what methods should be fol- lowed, the old samples have been re- investigated. Much more in- formation is needed regarding the real nature of coal and the state of combination of its elements. Professor Parr's earlier results had shown that coals of the same composition, as measured by ultimate and proximate analyses, might differ greatly in character and adapta- bility because of the different sorts of bond existing between the carbon, hydrogen and other elements, It is important to know what these combinations are and to devise a ready method of determining them. The old samples were therefore partially reanalyzed and a considerable number of additional determinations made. A new classification of coals has been developed which is believed to repre- sent a distinct advance. In the present bulletin this classification is applied to a large number of existing analyses. It is believed that the method here worked out will prove useful in directing attention to certain little understood elements of coal, and that with a more complete understanding of the material it will prove possible not only to burn it with greater economy but also to adapt various grades to coke making, gas producing and other uses from which they are now shut out. The coal fields of Illinois constitute the State's most important mineral resource. Extending as they do for 275 miles in a north - south direction, and 225 miles from east to west, they include ap- proximately 42,900 square miles, a larger area than is included in the coal fields of any other American state. They constitute a part, albeit the largest part, of the eastern interior coal field, which oc- cupies a great shallow structural basin in Illinois, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky. The rocks belong to the Coal Measures of the Carboniferous, and are separable into three di- vision: (a) Upper or Barren Coal Measures; (b) Lower or Pro- ductive Coal Measures; (c) The Millstone grit or Lansfield sand- stone. On the accompanying map, plate 1, the Upper and Lower Coal Measures are shown; the Mansfield sandstone being mapped with the er. Near Danville there is a limited area of Permian beds, but this is not discriminated on the map. The productive beds ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Hull. No. 3 PI. 1. bain.] LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 11 are found in the Lower Coal Measures but are extensively mined within the area of outcrop of the upper measures by sinking through the latter. In the reports of the older Geological Survey, 16 coal beds were recognized, of which beds 1 to 7 are commonly worked. The de- velopments of recent years have raised certain questions regarding the accuracy of this general section and the correlation of particular beds. It will be the work of the present Survey to determine as cor- rectly as possible the true position and extent of each bed. To serve present purposes the map constituting plate 3 is presented. On this map is shown the distribution of the various coal beds as determined by Mr. A. Bement. In the accompanying paper Mr. Bement explains the data upon which the map is constructed. As he states, the numbers as now used are essentially local names and very little re- liance can be placed upon the supposed correlations between dis- tricts. Mr. Bement rather than the Survey is responsible for this presentation of the subject. We are under great obligation to him for preparing it as well as for a lively interest in the whole investigation and many helpful suggestions. Not only is the coal field of Illinois the most extensive in any of the states but it was the first to attract attention, and its development of recent years has been remarkable. Mr. E. W. Parker* summarizes the history of the field as follows : "Probably the earliest mention of coal in the United States is con- tained in the journal of Father Hennepin, a French Missionary, who. as early as 1679 reported a 'cole' mine on the Illinois river above Fort Crevecoeur, near the site of the present city of Ottawa. Father Hen- nepin marked the location of the occurrence on the map which illus- trates his journal. It is probable that outside of anthracite mining in Pennsylvania and the operations in the Richmond basin of Vir- ginia, Illinois holds the record of priority in production. The earliest statement we have in regard to actual mining in Illinois, is that coal was produced in Jackson county in 1810 from a point on the Big Muddy river. A flatboat was loaded with coal at this place and shipped to New Orleans, but the amount was not stated. Again it is re- ported that in 1832 several boat loads were sent from the same vicin- ity to the same market. Another record is found stating that 150.- 000 bushels (or 6,000 tons) of coal were mined in 1833 in St. Clair county and hauled by wagons to St. Louis. From 1840 to 1860 the bureau of statistics of the State is without any reliable data in re- gard to the coal mining industry, although some scattering statistics are found in the geological reports published by the government. * U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States, 1904, pp. 471-472. 12 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL 3. The table following shows the statistics of coal production in Illi- nois from 1833 to ] 904, inclusive, and for the years for which there is no special information the production has been estimated by the writer." Coal production of Illinois, 1833-1904. (Short tons.) Year. Quantity. Year. Quantity. 1833 6,000 7,500 8.000 10,000 12,500 14,000 15,038 16.967 35,000 58,000 75,000 120,000 150 000 165, 000 180 000 200,000 260,000 300, 000 320,000 340,000 375,000 385.000 400,000 410.000 450,000 490,000 530,000 728,400 670,000 780,000 890.000 1,000.000 1,260,000 1,580,000 1,800,000 2,000,000 1869 1,854,000 1834 1870a 2,624,163 1835 1871... 3,000.000 1836 1872 3, 3G0. 000 1837 1873 3,920,000 1838 1874 4,203,000 1839 1875 . 4,453.178 1840a 1876 5,000,000 1841 1877 5,350,000 1842 1878 5. 700. (00 1843 1879 5, 000, 000 1844 1880 6. 115,377 1845 1881 6,7-0,000 1846 1882 9,114.653 1847 . 1883 , 12,123,456 1848 1884 12,208,075 1849 1885 11,824,459 1850 1886 ll,17\34l 1851 1887 15,423.066 1852 1888 14.328,181 1853 1889 12,104,272 1854 1890 15,292,-120 185") 1891 14,6(10,698 1856 1892 1893... 17,862,296 1857 19.919,564 1858 1894 17.113,576 1859 . 1895 1896 17,735,864 1860a 19,786,626 1861 1897 20, 072, 758 1862 ... 1898 18,599,299 1863 1899 24,439,019 1900 25,767.981 1901 27,331,552 1866 . 1902 32,939,373 1867 . . . 1903 36,957,104 1868 1904 36,475,060 a United States Census, fiscal year. The growth in production is shown graphically in figure 1, based upon the data of the preceding table to which is added the produc- tion of 1905. The detailed figures for the latter year are given be- low. These figures for the calendar year are from statistics collected by Mr. Frank Van Horn, of this Survey, in co-operation with the U. [BAIN. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 13 S. Geological Survey. For the sake of comparison the production for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905. is also given. The figures were collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are published through the courtesy of Mr. David Ross, Secretary. FiF. 1— Growth of coal production in Illinois 1833-1905. Horizontal spaces represent years; vertical spaces, million tons. 14 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 Coal Production of Illinois in 1905. Count iks. Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1905. Calendar Year 1905. ■a o 3 Tonnage. Tonnage. Value. 5cn Bond 129,815 1,606 1,751,875 1 Brown Bureau Calhoun 1,699,268 $2,416,807 00 17 1 Cass 2,590 857,890 904,826 5, 550 136,788 1,439.489 76,629 14,659 1,326,109 200 879,360 579, 281 970, 852 00 516,268 00 8 Clinton 7 Edgar Franklin Fulton 225,980 1,519,049 77.010 222, 829 00 1,760,246 00 76,473 00 3 26 5 2 Grundy Hamilton 1,311,542 2,097,952 00 23 j Henry. Jackson Jefferson 159,019 802, 101 147,095 818,841 231,230 00 1,004,875 00 18 14 Jersey 3,141 2,400 700 68,981 1,696,853 244,394 384.288 196,628 2,530,840 2,987,906 1,086 330 510,968 43,944 175,010 448,433 544,220 468,198 Johnson Knox 60,330 1,780,438 272,418 445, 546 231,2% 3,214,473 3,179.162 1,009,759 499,672 22,299 159,921 415,266 532,854 598,064 70,904 00 2,685,098 00 378, 783 00 470, 523 00 359,228 00 2,982,855 00 2,748,035 00 906,656 00 703,607 00 36,961 00 246, 552 00 414,490 00 687,539 00 571,522 00 20 LaSalle Livingston Logan 27 8 4 5 20 30 6 Marshall McDonough McLean 6 8 3 M enard Mercer Montgomery Morgan .... 13 13 6 2 Peoria Perry 904,892 1,268,718 42,964 506, 547 78, 784 427, 262 4,395,050 21,470 14,876 121,212 38,431 3,398,032 235,001 2,618,375 17,486 825,264 1,385,291 942,130 00 1,241,685 00 40 28 Randolph Rock Island Saline 433,623 53, 582 281,461 4,696,363 3.355 13, 423 104,216 19,013 3,611,161 225,573 2,291,266 9,330 396,631 00 94.110 00 268.083 00 4,306,002 00 5,933 00 24.195 00 173,639 00 33,745 00 3,022,569 00 256,546 00 2,205,622 00 19,253 00 10 8 36 Schuyler Scott Shelby Stark St. Clair Tazewell Vermilion Warren Washington.. 3 3 8 8 78 11 46 3 •> White . . 1,000 128,751 Will 137,957 236,256 00 4 35 9 Bond | Calhoun 1 Greene 1 Hancock i Jefferson f Morgan l 390, 846 37,183,374 377,323 437.412 00 Woodford J Totals 38,081.574 -$39,754,071 00 630 ILLINOIS OLOLOOICAL SURVEY. Bull. No. 3 PI. 2. ILLINOIS 1906 ^ Map showing relative intensity of coal production by counties. (1) Over 4,OCO.00O short (2) 3,000.000 to 4.000.000: (31 2.000.000 to 3.000.000; (4) 1,000.000 to 2.000.000; (">) 100,000 to 1,0(10.000: iHi 10,000 to 100,000: (7) Lnder 10,000. [Baix] letter of transmittal 15 The present intensity of production in the various counties is shown graphically in plate 2, which is based on the figures for the fiscal year given above. As indicated by the table the map would be changed slightly if the figures for the calander year were substituted. These tables indicate something of the growing importance of the Illinois coal fields. In the last twenty-five years the pro- duction of the State has increased 519 per cent. If the same rate of in- crease continues for another quarter of a century the annual produc- tion will then be approximately 135,000,000 short tons. The produc- tion for the last ten years has increased at even a more rapid rate, amounting indeed to 113 per cent. At this rate a production of 80,- 000,000 tons will be reached in ten years, and approximately 280,000,000 tons in twenty- five years. This is about the amount of bituminous coal now mined and sold in the whole of the United States. It is impossible to say what the future rate of increase will in fact be, but these figures are at least serious possibilities, and the production will undoubtedly very rapidly increase for many years to come. While the coal reserves of the State are large, so large in fact that no estimate of value can yet be made, they are not inexhaustible. It is true that there are many square miles wholly untouched, and that few of the present mines work to anything like the capacity of the plant. It is none the less sound policy to look for- ward to the time when the coal reserves will be much less extensive, and even to that far time when they will be exhausted. To make the best uses of our resources it is necessary to study, and to improve where possible, the methods of finding and mining the coal and of using it. The former involves careful studies of the coal in the ground; of the stratigrophy of the coal field, the relations of the vari- ous coal beds, the roof and floor clay, the contained gases, the under- ground water, the various faults, and indeed everything involved in the geology of the field and the mode of occurrence of the beds. To this end the Survey has taken up (a) a study of the general geology of the coal fields, (b) detailed Surveys designed to make out the distri- bution of the individual coal beds, to locate the faults and other structural features, and to furnish adequate maps for the economical development of the area. Improvement in the utilization of the coal is not less important than more knowledge for locating it. Too much coal is left in the ground and too little benefit is derived from that which is burned. It is proposed therefore to carry on studies designed to furnish data re- garding gas in the coal, the character of* roof, of the floor, and similar natural phenomena which condition the methods of working, with the hope that the actual mining methods may be somewhat improved. 16 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BAIN. In connection with the Engineering Experiment Station it. ther proposed to carry on boiler and other tests in order to lea* best method of burning or otherwise using each size and market g of coal. This work will be under the direction of Director L. - Breckenridge of the Experiment Station, but toward it the Survey contributes by selecting and sampling the coal to be tested as well as by studying the field relations. A large number of boiler trials have already been made of- Illinois coal. Those which were available were summarized by Professor Breckenridge, and are presented in the accompanying tables. It is fully recognized that many variables enter into such a table and much additional work needs to be done. In particular it is planned to make tests of washed and unwashed coal from the same mine; of the same coal in different sizes, and to carry on various other lines of research. A single boiler trial, like a single analysis, does not mean much, but a series of systematic tests should yield information of the highest import. A very large portion of Illinois coal is marketed within the State; the remainder is shipped mainly to the north and west. Despite its abundance and low price Illinois coal does not command the entire market, even within the limits of the State. For example, in January and February, 1906, according to the Chicago Bureau of Coal Statis- tics, 2,226,596 tons of bituminous coal were shipped into the city, of 1,606,338 tons were used there, and 620,258 tons re-shipped. The coal came from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Vir- ginia. Illinois contributed approximately 52 percent, Indiana 27 per cent, and the remaining states 21 per cent. Coal from the eastern states is sold here partly upon the basis of quality and partly by reason of favorable freight rates and low mining costs. It will proba- bly never be possible, and it would be undesirable, to entirely elimi- nate the movement of coal from the east into the State and across the State into the territory where Illinois coals largely dominate the mar- ket. It should be possible, however, to materially reduce the amount of these shipments, and in particular to see that a much larger por- tion of the increasing trade is supplied from Illinois mines. To do this requires much closer attention to be paid to the methods of min- ing and marketing the coal, particularly as regards its sizing, screen- ing and washing. Careful studies should also be made of the de- mands of different industries and territories, and of the movement of coal. Just how far it may prove possible for the Geological Survey to go into this subject is uncertain, but it is believed that there is a wide field of usefulness for such studies. Certain, at least, of the BAIN.] LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. li 3 should be investigated. There is a strong demand in the mid- west for a coal capable of producing a metallurgical coke. It is . impossible that certain of the Illinois coals may prove to be valu- able for this purpose, either when coked alone or mixed with cok- ing coals. The great importance of such a find warrants, it is be- lieved, some investigation. The first step in this as in the other lines of work outlined is ob- viously a complete knowledge of the character of the coal in the ground. Accordingly the mines of the State are now being visited by Messrs. J. J. Rutledge, Tom Moses and F. F. Grout, for the pnr- pose of noting the thickness and character of the beds and of obtain- ing a systematic set of samples of the coal taken according to care- fully determined rules. This work is still in progress. The new sam- ples are to be the basis of the further study of the composition and character of Illinois coal supplementary to the present bulletin. This is, as already stated, to be regarded as preliminary, and is only de- signed to answer the needs of the State until these newer and fuller investigations are completed. Trusting that from this point of view the present report may be acceptable, I am, Very respectfully yours. H. Fostee Bain, Director. 2 GS ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Hull. No. 8 V\.:i. Map showing areas underlain by various coal beds. By A. Bk.mkxt. DISTRIBUTION OF THE COAL BEDS OF THE STATE. I By A. Bement.) It is the writer's particular wish to emphasize here the need of cer- tain lines of work of great commercial value to the people of Illinois, rather than to attempt the presentation of any facts or theories regarding the Illinois coal field. For this reason an explanation of the map showing the areas of the State underlain by various coal seams and published here for the first time, will be given with the writer's reason for his conclusions, and the authority upon which these conclusions are based. The numbers used to designate the various coal seams are those originated by Professor Worthen in the first Survey, perpetuated by the State Mine Inspection Department and frequently published in the annual coal reports. With one exception these numbers have been employed without question in the preparation of this map. This exception is in the case of the seam extensively mined in the southern part of Sangamon, certain portions of Macoupin and Christian counties, and usually referred to as No. 5. This the writer would designate as No. 0. since the No. 5 seam, in Sangamon county, north from the mine of the Illinois Collieries Company at the town of Chatham, differs in physical characteristics from the No. (3, which is worked so extensively in all the counties to the south as far as the northern portion of Jackson county. In the latter territory this seam may readily be identified by certain persistent and regular hori- zontal bands of impurities, the most important of which is a band of "'slate'' known as the ' ; blue band,'' approximately from three-fourths to one and one- half inches in thickness and located about two feet above the bottom of the seam. Other bands of pyrites are also per- sistent and regular. The No. 5 seam, on the other hand, is character- ized by the presence of certain fissures extending vertically through the seam, filjed with hard rock in those cases where the fissures or cracks are narrow, and with •"clay" where they are wide. These 19 20 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [bull. 3 cracks or fissures, which sometimes extend for a considerable dis- tance, are not continuous. They are usually referred to as " horse backs." The coal seam in these mines presents a black and appar- ently clean face, while the bands in the No. 6 seam are always apparent. Thus the impurities in the No. 6 seam may be referred to as being horizontal, while that in No. 5 is vertical, and the appear- ance of the face of the No. 5 coal suggests that its ash content is. much lower than with the No. 6 seam. This, however, is not true, as the entire ash of the two seams is approximately the same, even when the horse backs are excluded from consideration. These two seams are often referred to as the "horse back" and "blue band" coals, and as the blue band coal in the greater portion of its important areas is referred to as No. 6, the writer considers that it should be so desig- nated over the entire area. The Illinois coal seams referred to by the numerical system have been designated in their supposed " geological " order, and the impli- cation is, that the various horizons have been determined and correl- ated. This, however, is not the case, and it does not follow that the seam known as No. 5 in Sangamon and Saline counties occupies the same horizon. At the best the numbers cannot be regarded as more than local names when the State as a whole is considered, although the numerical system as now applied is consistent over quite extended local areas. In the preparation of the map the writer has been guided by the state coal reports, has inspected many mines, and has used informa- tion afforded by a large number of borings. The beds as shown are those of greatest importance in the respective areas as far as now known, but it does not follow that future investigation will not justify somewhat different mapping. A considerable area has been shown as underlain by what is designated as unknown coal. This, as far as the center of the basin is concerned, might with some justification be regarded as containing seams Nos. 1 and 2, since there appears to be reason to believe that these two seams are present in moderate thick- ness over at least a greater part of the entire basin. As a working hypothesis it may be assumed that the coal beds lying above No. 2 in the western part of the state, are persistent in extent and thick- ness over large areas, and in the eastern portion that all of the seams are irregular in both extent and thickness. As a general rule, the quality of the coal becomes better with increasing depth, the lower seams being better than the upper ones. It also increases in value from north to south. Thus the No. 2 seam is better in the sputhern than in the northern portion of the State. BEMENT.] DISTRIBUTION OF COAL BEDS. 21 All of the important mining is in seams Nos. 1, 2, 5, b' and 7. What are known as 3 and 4 are worked to only a very limited extent and produce coal for local use only. The relative importance of the different seams as far as tonnage output is concerned is as follows? No. (> being the most important coal producer in Illinois: No. 6, No. 5, No. 7, No. 2, No. 1. Seam No. 1 is worked in three places in the State. The most important mining in it is in Mercer county, where four important mines have a comparatively large output. It and seam No. 2 which lies only a few feet above it at Assumption, Christian county, are operated by a shaft 1,008 feet deep, which is the deepest mine in the State. This seam is also worked to a small extent in Jackson county in the vicinity of Murphysboro. Seam No. 2 is mined particularly in the northern part of the State, and nearly all the mining there is confined to it. It is known to a con- siderable extent as the Third Vein, a name originating many years ago at the city of LaSalle. In the majority of the mines it ranges in thickness from 3 to 3^ feet and is worked by the long wall method. The cost of mining is high, but the coal is hard and strong, and for this reason ships well, commanding an important market where along haul is necessary. It arrives in better condition than other and softer Illinois coal that could otherwise compete with it. Its market, how- ever, is limited to fields demanding coal of this character. There is also a small but very important bed of this coal in Jackson county at the town of Murphysboro, producing what is known as the Big Muddy coal of an excellent quality, considered to be the best mined in the State. Seam No. 5 is operated extensively in Fulton and Peoria counties, but here it is not thick, averaging generally 4 feet, and for this reason cannot compete with thicker coal from other portions of the State on account of higher cost of mining. The principal output from the very large number of mines west of the Illinois river is from this scam, and shipment is very largely to Iowa and points outside of Illi- nois to the west. Around about Springfield and in Menard county, also extending north into Logan county, the No. 5 seam is thicker, averaging almost 6 feet. The roof is fairly good and mining condi- tions t are favorable, so that there is a large output, especially at Springfield. 22 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [bull 3 The seam known as No. 5 in Saline county is a very important one, and produces a coal of very high quality, equal to some of that from the upper seams in Ohio. This is a new field that has heretofore taken little part in production on account of lack of transportation facilities; the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway however, has improved its Cairo branch, so that now an excellent out- let is afforded. Mining conditions are very good in this locality, al- though the seam is irregular in thickness. Seam No. H is the large producer of cheap coal; or, in other words, the seam which affords the greatest amount of heat for a given sum of money. It ranges in thickness from b' to 8 feet in its known work- able area, which is confined more particularly to the center of the Ill- inois coal field, although a small but very important field exists in Vermilion county south of Danville, where the bed is also known as the Grape Creek coal. In chemical composition this seam is not very different from the No. 5 in the center of the State, being a little high- er in moisture. The average ash content of the two seams is about the same, but its distribution in No. 6 is different than in the No. 5. In the latter it is more evenly distributed throughout the seam, while in No. 6 there is less ash in that portion of the seam which produces the lump coal. No. 7 seam is operated at three places in the State. In the past, the area around Streator, in LaSalle county shipped a very large an- nual tonnage from this seam. The area over which it was present in important thickness, how- ever, being limited, it is now almost worked out; for this reason the output has rapidly declined. This field was formerly one of the most important in the State, and supplied Chicago particularly with low priced coal before seams Nos. 5 and 6 were so extensively exploited. There is also an area of this coal to the west of Danville in Vermilion county, where there are a few mines which have an unimportant out- put. Its principal area, however, is in Williamson and Franklin counties, extending also a little way into Jackson and Perry counties. Fully one-half of Williamson county is underlain by this coal, and it is probable that it is below the surface at workable thickness in the greater part at least, if not all of Franklin county. As far as thick- ness and quality of coal are concerned, this is by all means the most important coal seam in the State, although other localities have trans- portation facilities and market outlets which give them an important advantage. This seam is the thickest in the State, running quite uniformly 9 feet over a greater part of the area, and generally ranging from 8 to 12 feet as far as known. A large portion of the fine coal is bemtxt.] PURE COAL. 28 washed and screened into various sizes and sold in this form, making a very superior fuel, about equal in ash content to the so-called Poca- hontas and "smokeless" coals shipped into Illinois from the east, and affording some 25 to 30 per cent more heat for a given sum of money than obtainable from these eastern coals. The importance of carefully discriminating the various coal beds lies in the fact that each bed has certain chemical and physical char- acteristics which determine the value of the coal and influence the methods of mining. Coal may be considered as made up of three elements; pure coal, ash and moisture. Their relations are illustrated in the following equations : 1. Fixed carbon j XKT , p ., . . Hydrocarbons - ^ ter of composition = Snlphnr j ^ogen | 2. Pure coal + ash dry coal. 3. Dry coal + moisture — moist coal. If, as the writer believes, the pure coal in any particular seam or locality has a constant composition, it should be possible to deter- mine it by a certain amount of careful work, after which the value could be used as a constant. The ash, however, is a decidedly vari- able factor and should have detailed attention. Lump coal from one mine may contain more ash than from another, not because of differ- ence in the coal itself but by reason of the greater or less amount of ash associated with it. Moisture is the most variable of the three elements. In Illinois it usually decreases during shipment, so that the content of the seam is higher than of the coal as delivered to the consumer. The variable factors in the coal are largely controlled by the methods of mining, distance of transport and effect of weather in marketing, so that it becomes important to know the exact characfer of the coal in the ground and the extent of each seam in order to properly meet market conditions. To a considerable extent confusion exists because of different and often erroneous methods of analysis or of statement of results. This matter has been discussed by the writer elsewhere* and Professor Parrs paper in this bulletin also takes it up. The importance of the matter warrants a few further words on the subject. Because of the great variability in moisture especially, it is absolutely necessary that all analytical data be presented on a common basis, illustrated in tables 1 and 2. * Journal Amer. Chemical Society, vol. 28, p. 632. 24 composition of illinois coals. Table 1. Proximate Analysis. Moist coal. Dry coal. Pure coal. Com- bustible. Moisture 6.29 8.74 68.06 50.06 22.41 11.09 3.60 0.82 0.76 1.58 1.41 27.53 72.47 12,416 Ash 9.33 72.63 53.42 23.92 11.82 3.84 0.87 0.82 1.69 1.51 22.66 77.34 13,250 Total carbon 80.11 58.92 26.38 13.04 4.24 0.96 93 90 Fixed carbon 69 06 Volatile combustible 30 94 Water of composition Available hydrogen 4 97 1 13 0.96 1.66 14.70 85.30 14,613 1 13 N itrogen Total combusti ble 100 00 B. T. U. per pound 17,131 Table 2. Proximate A nalysis . Moist coal. Dry coal. Pure coal. Com- bustible. Moisture 9.91 11.51 63.55 48.42 18.65 10.28 3.03 0.50 0.70 1.20 1.23 32.93 67.07 11,348 Ash 12.78 70.54 53.75 20.70 11.40 3.36 57 0.78 1.35 l.S-i 25.55 74.45 12,596 Total carbon 80.87 61.62 23.73 13.08 3.85 0.65 94.73 Fixed carbon 72 20 Volatile combustible 27.80 Available hvdrog'en 4.51 Volatile sulphur Fixed sulphur 0.76 Total sulphur N itrogen 0.65 1.57 14.65 85.35 14,442 0.76 Total non-combustible Total combustible 100.00 B. T. U. per pound 16,921 The constituent here termed water of composition, is that proposed by Professor Parr, although the writer finds it necessary to obtain it from ultimate analysis. Table 3 presents a comparison of consti- tuents of coals 1 and 2, arranged in parallel columns. BEMENT.] exteded proximate analyses. Table 3. 25 Coals. No. 1 No. 2 Combustible- Total carbon 93.90 Fixed carbon 69.06 Volatile combustible 30.94 Available hydrogen 4.97 Volatile sulphur 1 .13 B.T.I* 17, 131 Pure coal- Water of composition 13.04 Nitrogen 1.66 Total non-com bustible 14.70 B. T. U 14,613 Dry coal- Ash 9 .33 Fixed sulphur 0.82 B. T. U 13, 250 Moist coal- Moisture 6.29 B.T. U 12.416 94.73 72.20 27.80 4.51 0.76 16,921 13.08 1.57 14.65 14,442 12.78 0.78 12, 596 9.91 11,348 Since determining the composition of coals 1 and 2 the writer has made experiments proving the uncertainty and unreliability of the volatilization method used to determine -'volatile" and '-fixed carbon'" constituents, and has therefore abandoned this feature of analysis, adopting a form of proximate analysis shown in table 4. This is an analysis of a composite sample made up of other samples taken quite generally over one county. In the writer's opinion it can be used as a constant for the entire locality and seam, leaving only determina- tions of ash and moisture to be made in various sizes of coal shipped. Table 4. Proximate Analysis. Moist coal. Dry- coal. Pure coal. Com- bustible. 13 76 Ash 12.25 65.69 3.43 4.26 1.08 13.29 73.38 26.62 12,467 Carbon 74.86 3.92 4.86 1.23 15.13 P3.64 16 36 14,208 89.50 Available hydrogen 4.69 Sulpher, less S in ash 5.81 Nitrogen .... Water of composition. Total combustible 100.00 Total non-combustible B. T. V. per pound 10.751 16, 987 COMPOSITION AND CHARACTER OF ILLINOIS COALS. (By S. W. Parr. COMPOSITION. INTRODUCTION. There are two sources of motion on the earth, chemical action and gravity. They are the initial forms of power and constitute the prime factors in industrial development. Their availability in any region is an index of present or potential activity. Of gravity it may almost be said that it has become a commodity by reason of its easy transformation into electric energy; but the supply in available form is localized and its range limited. Chemical energy in its cheapest form resides in the coal and oil deposits of the world. Their econom- ical transformation is the great problem of the engineer. He has been largely occupied with boilers and grates and stokers, but recent- ly a marked tendency is evident toward a more critical study of the fuel itself. As a contribution in that direction it is hoped that the accompanying study of the composition and properties of Illinois coal will not be without value. Decomposition by decay. — Geologically coal is a mineral derived by process of decomposition from organic m arterial consisting in the main of cellulose. We know the products of decomposition of this material when submerged to be oxides of carbon, (CO., ) and (CO), marsh gas, (CH 4 ), and water H ; 0). These decompositions do not proceed regularly nor always to the same extent. For example, in the case of lignite, the breaking down of the vegetal structure has not gone so far as in the case of coal. The former may have lost 50 or 55 per cent, of its original substance, remaining light and of open 27 2X COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 texture; the latter may have lost 65 or 70 per cent, becoming dense and compact. These varying degrees of transformation may be illus- trated by the following chemical equations: Vegetal tissue. (1) 5C H 10 O B Cellulose (2) 6C„H 10 O, Cellulose (3) 7C e H, O, Cellulose Loss by decomposition. 6 CO., + CO Carbon oxides 8CO a + CO Carbon dioxide 8C0 2 Carbon dioxide + 3CH 4 + Marsh gas + 5CII, Marsh gas 4CH 4 f Marsh gas 8 H.,0 Water 10 H.,0 Water 19H 2 Water Coals. C 20 H 22 O 4 Lignite C 22 H,„0, Bituminous C 30 H 16 O Semi- bituminous From these equations we note that, assuming the original vegetal tissue to be in the form of cellulose, the products of decay are ap- proximately the same in character, but vary in amount, while there remains a comyxmnd of indefinite chemical composition, yet which conforms in a degree to the hypothetical molecules as designated under the general heading of "coals." We may further illustrate this transformation by the accompany- ing diagram, which also gives an idea of relative values involved in the transformation. Adaptec/ from Newberry FIG. 2— Loss by decomposition in coal formation. Decomposition by destructive distillation. — The routine through which vegetal matter has passed in arriving at the coal state may have in itself but little practical interest. No small amount of value, however, attaches to the information which may be thus developed concerning the properties, classification, etc., of the residual coal pro- duct. If we take these substances, for example, and subject them to high heat out of contact with the oxygen of the air, a new set of pro- ducts will result. As in the case of decomposition by decay, so here PARR. I DECOMPOSITION OF COAL. 2<> decomposition by destructive distillation may be illustrated by means of chemical equations. If, for example, we subject a piece of wood in a retort to a red heat, the decomposition will proceed approximately along the lines indicated as follows : 2C C H„ 1 0, 10C C,H 4 O a 8H.O Cellulose Charcoal Pyroligneous acid Water 100'- 3T< 2(K 43 If we take the hypothetical coal molecules as developed by the equations in table I, which are here considered as pure coal, i. e., ash and water free, and subject them to the same sort of decomposition by means of heat, we would have results of a somewhat similar nature and approximately as shown in table 2, thus: (l) C2) (3) Table 2. Coals. Coke. 14C Volatile matter. C a0 H,,,O, C H 14 4H,0 Lignite 100-. Fixed Carbons 5L Hydrocarbons 26'c Water 23 C 93 H 90 O 3 Bituminous IOC' 16C Fixed Carbon 58* C.H M Hydrocarbons 26-; 3H 2 Water 16* C :!0 H 1G = Semi- bituminous 10O 26C Fixed Carbon 79.6* C 4 H ro +4H 4 Hydrocarbons 15.8* H,0 Water 4.6:. These values may be also shown in their quantitive relations by a figure similar to that used to show the relative decomposition pro- ducts due to decay as in figure 3, thus: Ce//u/ose Figure 3— Loss by various geological processes in coal formation. BO COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 These various type products or coal molecules as developed in table 1 and figure 2, and further illustrated in table 2 and figure 3, have their counterparts in actual coal conditions, as shown by analysis. For example, the hypothetical molecules labeled "lignite," "bitumin- ous coal 1 ' and "semi-bituminous coal," have these particular elements present in corresponding ratio in the various coals when the same are considered as exclusive of ash and water. By augmenting these molecules, therefore with ash and water in amounts corresponding to their respective types, this relation to percentages obtained from an- alysis of actual coal samples, may be shown as in table 3. Table 3. Description. Lignite. Theoretical C 80 H,, O4+ Ash + Water Percentages Commercial Analysis of sample Bituminous. Thoretical C 22 H 30 O 3 -f- Ash + Water Percentages Commercial Analysis of sample Semi-Bituminous Theoretical C 30 H l6 O + Ash + Watei Percentages Commercial Analysis of sample Pure Coal. Fixed Carbon. 14 C 4 42.4 16 C + 49.3 49.4 26 C + 76.1 76.8 VOLATILE MATTER. Combus- tible. Extraneous material. Non- combus- tible. C, H 1( 21,6 20.3 C a H 14 22.0 21.6 4H C 4 H l( , 15.1 14.5 + 4 H, O-f Ash + 19.1 2.7 21.6 2.7 + 3FLO + Ash + 13.6 8.0 14.0 8.0 + FLO + Ash-r- 4.3 3.5 4.2 3.5 1 Water 14.0 14.0 Water 7.0 Water 0.9 0.9 An examination of this table shows that a close relationship exists between the suggested composition of the pure coal molecule and the actual composition as developed by analysis. The particular con- stituent that calls for further consideration, is the volatile matter. parr.] COMBUSTIBLE IN COAL. 31 VOLATILE MATTER. In volatile matter it is evident that two distinct types of com- pounds exist; the one is composed of certain compounds of carbon and hydrogen, or hydrocarbons, which are combustible; the other, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen in the proper ratio to form water and hence non-combustible. It is manifestly inaccurate and mis- loading to apply to these products as a whole the term "volatile com- bustible." If the second of these constituents, the non-combustible part, were small in amount or constant as to quantity, it would per- haps not need special discussion. This condition indeed is ap- proached in the semi-bitumiuous type of coal. The sample under this heading in table 3 is the well known Pocahontas variety. The composition as determined by proximate analysis, is as follows: Analysis of Pocahontas Coal. Ash 3. 50-/, Moisture 92# Volatile matter 18.70-/ Fixed carbon 76.88-/ Total 100. 00-/ Now if we analyze still farther the volatile matter we shall find: Combustible hydrocarbons 14.5 $ Non -combustible hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 4.2 -/ Total 18.70-/ It will be seen from this that over 22%; of the volatile matter is non-combustible, but as this constitutes but 4.2% of the entire coal sub- stance, it may be considered of small moment and only a minor error is involved in classifying the entire volatile matter as "combustible." With the above, however, compare the composition of a coal of the bituminous type, also made use of in table 3 under the same heading: Average of Ten Illinois Coals. Ash 8.00'. Moisture 7. 00-, Volatile matter 35. 60-/ Fixed carbon 49.40; Total 100. 00-/ By further examination of the volatile matter we find: Combustible hydrocarbons 21 .6 Non -combustible hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 14.00-. Total ; 35.60-; Here it is evident that a much larger part of the volatile matter, equalling 14% of the entire coal, or 40% of the volatile matter itself is non-combustible. 32 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3. The lignites also are of interest in this connection. A sample of the material from North Dakota upon analysis shows results as fol- lows: Lignite. Ash 2.71. Moisture 14.12. Volatile matter 41.91 Fixed carbon 41.26-, Total 100.00'; Combustible hydrocarbons 20.28 r , Non -combustible hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 21.63;* Total 41.91* It will be seen that 47% of the volatile matter or 21.63% of the en- tire coal included in the volatile matter, is non-combustible. In fig- ure 3 this feature is illustrated, with a rather approximate indication of relative amounts, by the dotted line which divides the volatile mat- ter into two parts; the non-combustible portion being above the line, and the combustible below. In order, however, to show more clearly the ratio of non-combustible to the total volatile matter, reference should be made to figures 4, 5 and 6. The same type samples are used with the percentage constituents as found by actual analysis. Fig. 4. Composition of volatile matter in semi-bituminous (Pocahontas) coal. VOLATILE MATTER IN COALS. 33 Fig 5. Composition of volatile matter in Illinois coal. Fig. 6. Composition of volatile matter in lignite. 3 G 8 STATE GEOLOGICAL S17RVEY. Bull. No. 3, PI. 4. o en o TotalVolatileMatter Combustible Volatile I W5 INERT VOLATILE HYDROGEN SULPHUR VOLATILE CARBON Total Volatile Matt er < o O en Combustible Volatile Total Volatile Matter Ld h; Z / ' ' ' ; :- ^ Combustible Volatile w: :-i ; : ; Comparison of the volatile matter in coals. PARR.] FUEL UNITS. 35 It should be especially noted that such a segment of a circle is taken as will represent the correct percentage part of the whole for the or- dinary '-volatile matter'-, exclusive of moisture, ash and fixed carbon. In plate 4 the same ratios are indicated by square areas. The conditions illustrated suggest a number of queries. For ex- ample, what constitutes the proper fuel unit? It is not the coal as mined or delivered, because the content of moisture varies at every stage of transportation and handling. Moreover, both the moisture and the ash are to be looked upon as extraneous and inci- dental to the pure coal and not an integral part of it. They take no part in the combustion, hence the custom would seem to be erroneous of drawing the line of division here, and calling the ash and water the "non-combustible" and all the "ash and water free"' portion the "combustible," and making use of this latter as the fuel unit. The error involved in the procedure is evident from the illustrations above given. In the case of Pocahontas coal, the difference is slight and the error small, and although over 22 per cent of the volatile matter is non-combustible, it constitutes only 4 per cent of the entire coal, hence the error resulting from this method of reckoning is not so great. By this method the engineer would calculate that 105 pounds of Pocahontas coal would make 100 pounds of combustible, i. e. as "ash and water free." In reality were the calculations based on the material present which actually burns, it would require 109.4 pounds to make 100 pounds of this true combustible. When we consider Ill- inois coal by these two methods of calculation, it would take 119 pounds to make 100 pounds of "combustible," considering that division as made on the usual "ash and water free" basis; whereas it would take. in fact, 141 pounds of coal to make 100 pounds of constituent that would actually burn. Here the error of basing the fuel unit on the "ash and water free" part is more evident. When we come to lignites the difference is still more striking. The common method of calcula- tion would call for 120 pounds to yield 100 pounds of so-called "com- bustible"; whereas in fact. 162.5 pounds are needed for each pound of real combustible. By grouping these facts in a table the difference may be more readily compared. 36 composition of illinois coals. Table 4. Calculation of Fuel Units. [Bull. 3.| Number of pounds of ordinary coal required to make 100 pounds of Error of com- mon method K ind of coal ' 'Ash and water free" or so called "combustible." as commonly calculated. True fuel:.i. e. ash, water and non -combust- ible volatile free. in pounds of commercial coal per 100 lbs. actual com- bustible. Pocahontas .... 104.62 109.43 4 81 Illinois 119.00 141.00 22 00 Lignite 120.23 162.49 42 26 Note from this table as indicated by the first column, that the steaming efficiency of a pound of lignite should be practically equiva- lent to a pound of Illinois coal, also that the handicap awarded Illi- nois coal in comparison with Pocahontas coal is less than one-fifth of what it shouJd be. The true relations are properly indicated in the second column. One other point may be worth mentioning in this connection. The gas engineer, for example, buys coal with an indicated analysis of 35 per cent of volatile matter. The yield of gas per pound when put to practical test is not so great as another lot showing only 19 per cent of volatile matter. He is aware that the condensation products such as tar, etc., are greater in the first case, but it is not conceivable that practically half of the volatile matter goes into tar. A little examina- tion of figures 4 and 5 will offer a more rational explanation. It may be also suggested in this connection that by making a study of figures 5 and 6 in conjunction with table 3 in the matter of volatile matter of the combustible sort there is raised the question as to whether lig- nites might not enter the field as gas producers, at least in competi- tion with coals of the bituminous type, especially when we consider the lower percentage of sulphur and condensation products. It would seem desirable from consideration of what has preceded, that certain additional factors be introduced into our ordinary chemi- cal results. This is not a simple matter, where methods have been long established, and especially where they have become the basis for calculations in other lines, as in steam engineering. Two methods of procedure suggest themselves. First, we may obtain all our factors for coal by the methods of ultimate analysis. Such results would enable us to deduce the ratios used in illustrating Parr.] HYDROGEN IN COALS. ?>1 the errors already pointed out, and it may be fairly presumed that if such results had always been as easily available as those by proxi- mate analysis, the former would have furnished the basis for estab- lishing fuel units and all other data connected with coals. Indeed a large part of the argument in favor of retaining the method of proxi- mate analysis, resides in the facility with which such results may be obtained as opposed to the greater elaboration and manipulative skill required for ultimate analysis. More than this the proximate analy- sis brings out certain indispensable factors such as the fixed carbon content, which would not appear if ultimate methods alone were used. The second method of procedure to be suggested would be to add to the customary constituents as ascertained by proximate analysis, some further factor or factors reasonably convenient of determination, and which would also furnish the complete information desired. These conditions seem to be met by adding the factor for the total carbon content. The chief argument in support of this position re- sides in the fact that it may serve directly in the determination of the available hydrogen, and having this factor, the percentage content of each of the three elements concerned in combustion would be at hand, viz., carbon hydrogen and sulphur. AVAILABLE HYDROGEN. By available hydrogen is meant that part of the hydrogen content which is free to enter into combustion with oxygen for the produc- tion of heat, as distinct from that hydrogen present which already has, as a constituent part of the molecule, the necessary equivalent of oxygen for the formation of water and consequently non-combusti- ble and inert so far as heat producing properties are concerned. Given, therefore, the total carbon in addition to the usual constitu- ents resulting from proximate analysis, the proposition before us is to deduce the available hydrogen. If we examine the reactions in table No. 2, where the conditions correspond to those under which the proximate method is carried on involving destructive distillation, we note that the volatile hydrocar- bons tend to conform to certain combinations for any given type of coal; indeed there seems to be a certain kind of uniform progression running throughout all the reactions, from the geological decomposi- tion processes to the ultimate result of destructive distillation. In table No. 2, for example, reaction (2) illustrates by chemical equation almost exactly the composition and decomposition products of a particular sample of Illinois coal. If we put into similar form 38 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [Bull. 3 the results from a number of actual analyses, and include in the series the extremes of the Illinois type from those approaching the semi-bituminous to those bordering on the lignitic form, we shall have a series of reactions as below. To make more evident the pro- gressive nature of the reactions, there are added two columns show- ing in each instance the ratio between the volatile carbon (v c) and the total carbon (C), and between the available hydrogen (H) and the volatile carbon (v c). By volatile carbon is here meant that part of the carbon which is joined with hydrogen to make some member of the hydrocarbon series as distinct from the fixed carbon, which is the chief constituent of the coke. The sum of these two forms of carbon of course equals the total carbon. Table 5. v c H ~C~ v c 16.fr, 28', 26 +C 3 H„+ 2 H _ 3 H 2 (b) C 2 + H 18 Q 3 = C 30 ^C 4 H 10 + 3 H + 3H a O (c) C I8 H 18 t) 3 C 13 +C 5 H t „ - 3H,0 (d) c,,h, o, c 16 +c h,; + 3 h:o (e) c;;h; 2 o 3 d+c.H^ + 3 h;o These reactions are illustrative merely, but they have their coun- terparts in actual coal samples. The last two columns show in per- centage form the carbon and hydrogen ratios. The ratios of volatile carbon to total carbon increase from 16.6$ to 39%, while in a de- scending series the ratios of the available hydrogen to the volatile carbon vary from 28% to 16.5%. This suggests a curve in which the abscissae shall be ^ and theordinates — . Knowing therefore in any given case the factors for volatile carbon, there is indicated from these ratios and by means of such a curve, the percentage part the hydrogen is of volatile carbon. In the accompanying diagram (Fig. 7) curve No. 1 is drawn in accordance with the above type reactions of table 5. PARR.] ( Alvl'.oN RATIOS. 39 44 | \ J " V \ \ c LJ R V E ~N L z \ * >> . "" ■• N •• ^ p» ^ y s s { X / k . "' / ^ • - : u R V E PI o 1 - ~ _, _r i S + u flBSClSSfl-CURV'ElS I £riD2-^xl00 Fig. 7. Curves illustrating the percentage ratio of hydrogen to volatile carbon in coal and in compounds or the paraffine series. But another element in addition to these carbon ratios enters into the case. We are accustomed to look upon the volatile constituents of coal as being more or less closely connected with the paraffine series, C n H 2n ^2- This suggests a possible uniformity of relation be- tween these two elements, independent of the carbon ratios. If we tabulate a few members of this series we shall have results as follows: In C H 4 the carbon is 3 times the hydrogen bv weight. In CoH 6 the carbon is 4 times the hydrogen bv weight. In C 3 H 8 the carbon is 4.5 times the hydrogen by weisrht. In C 4 H 10 the carbon is 4.8 times the hydrogen by weight. In C,H,, the carbon is 5 times the hydrogen by weight. In C„H 14 the carbon is 5.1 times the hydrogen by weight. In C 7 H I0 the carbon is 5.2 times the hydrogen by weight. Curve No. 2 in figure 7 is the expression of this series of com- pounds. It is located with respect to the carbon ratios, ^, in this manner: The last reaction (2) of table 5 shows the corresponding compound C 7 Hi 6 ., but by the conditions of the equation the volatile carbon in C 7 H 15 is 39.2$ of the total carbon, Ci 8 , hence that point 40 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3. where the ratio of ^~ is 39.2% should be designated as the ordinate of ^ or 5.25; (5.25 + 16 = 7 or 84). Similarly from equation (d) C 6 H14 shows -^- = 5.14, and this ordinate should be located at the vc v ^ - = 3.6 and -^ point where = 29.2 and so on to the first equation (a) where , = 16.6, thus locating the multiples 3.6:, 5.14, 5.25, etc., respectively at the carbon ratios, 16.6, 29.2 and 39.2. The chief modification ascribable to this series, as expressed by curve No. 2, is ■due to the fact that in the higher ratios the increase grows less and less, the -volatile carbon never reaching six times the hydrogen; the curve therefore approaching continually the horizontal. In the lower members the rise which naturally is abrupt is accentuated by the tendency of the molecule to break down, yielding free hydrogen. This introduces a slight variable toward the extremes of curve 1, raising slightly its value at the upper end and depressing it at the right, as shown by the dotted line. o 10 15 20 25 30 5 5 4-0 ■45 5 ■4-0 "i X \ N \ * \ \ \ \ L < 1 S - v •? I >F R nr n Tf G F ( F \ S> I n ^r n >C 1 ,; Tl 1 s : M i n F ? c i N s ! ir i [ >l u F r Of 1 \ ) d | " n IJ ""- ie ~ 'h 15 -- _r_ _X >n -' FftT COAL BiTumnous BLflCK-LlGniTE BROWHLIGniTE 10 /0 /5 20 25 30 35 4-0 4-5 50 RATIO OF VOLATILE CflRBOh TO TOTAL CARBOh-^ Fig. 8. Curve for calculating available hydrogen in coal. For convenience in use, therefore, these two curves are combined into one resultant as shown in figure 8. Any such curve must of necessity be largely empirical, but the above illustration of some PARR.] VARIATIONS IN COMPOSITJpN. 41 of the methods which have entered into its development may offer a partial justification for its form. It will be seen, therefore, that by having the total carbon factor in connection with the usual results from proximate analysis, we have vc = C — fc ( total carbon minus fixed carbon ), and from this we develop the ratio of ~ . The curve index of ~ x vc = "H". An illustration of the use of the curve is as follows : In the following table Alabama coal No. 1 shows fc = 53.71 : C = 72.16 ; hence vc - 18.45 and ~ - £J| - 25.56. By reference to figure 8 this reading of the abscissa indicates on the curve that 21.3% of vc = H, i. e.. .213x18.45 = 3.93 or the percent of the available hydrogen in the coal. Slight deviations from the curve, which refers to bituminous coals proper, are met with in the case of lignites and coals of the cannel type. These are provided for in the subsidiary curve b, c and d. Their use is illustrated under the topic " Variations from the Bitu- minous Type." VARIATIONS FROM THE BITUMINOUS TYPE. For indicating variations from the true bituminous type, the inert volatile matter is an all important factor. It is -better if it be brought as near as possible to the oxygen- hydrogen basis and referred to the ash and water-free or pure coal condition. This is accomplished, as already indicated, by subtracting from 100% the sum of the total carbon, available hydrogen, ash, water and sulphur, and dividing this by 100%, minus the ash and water. The result shows a striking uniformity in that the percentage of combined water from this type of coal falls almost entirely within the range of from 11 to 16% of the pure coal. These variations, however, are to be noted. As we approach the lignitic end, where the ratio of volatile carbon to total carbon exceeds 27%, we may find an accompanying ratio of inert volatile exceeding 16%. If it falls between 16 and 20%, or between 20 and 30% . we are dealing with lignites proper and shall need to correct our factor for available hydrogen by reading from the sub- sidiary curve "d," figure 8, if the ratio of combined water exceeds 20%. and from the curve "c" if between 16 and 20%. This is in accord with the equations already used for illustration (Table 5) and agrees with the well-known fact that as the oxygen content of lignites increases, the factor for available hydrogen decreases. Another deviation from the true bituminous type is met with which has opposite characteristics. These are of the cannel type and have 42 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 a carbon ratio in excess of 32%, but a combined water ratio of from 8 to 11%. These should have a corresponding increase in their index factor, and this is indicated in figure 8 by the curve marked u b." These variations have entered into the computations for the table. In the subjoined table, fairly representative types of coal have been taken for illustrating the adaptability of the above method for indi- cating the available hydrogen from proximate results where the total carbon is also included as one of the factors. In this table the method for finding the hydrogen by means of the curve, as in the first hydrogen column, has been indicated above, page 41. In the next column, the hydrogen from ultimate analysis equals the total hydrogen g-. The column for hydrogen calculated from indi- cated calories is found thus: Indicated Calories-(8080 C -f2250 S) 3446U H. To test the adaptability of the curve the results from the St. Louis Testing Plant, and also by Lord and Haas,* have been added, and also the data on coals as published in the last Report of the Michigan Geological Survey, Vol. VIII. TABLE VI. Part I. From Report of Coal Testing Plant, St. Louis, 1904f. Description. H c EL o 3* o 3 o < a> o to ~t cr 3 p PC PC fB g- 5' m 3 3 n ri Hydrogen Values. C In EC ov; ca • 3 : o ; 3 3* to ^ ^3 3 3 SL3 VI — ■ V) to CD 5" ^1 r, 3 2L 1 Alabama, No. 1 72.16 69 24 75.68 80.03 76.37 61.13 62.01 54.06 67.30 61.79 58.02 TO. 51 62.20 62.97 69.85 18.45 17.50 7.56 6.37 8.72 18.10 20.93 18.82 15.14 17 49 17.35 13.05 19.53 20.21 19.80 25.56 25.27 10.00 7.96 11.41 29.60 33.73 32.96 22.50 28.3 29.9 21.5 31.4 32.09 28.34 21.1 21.6 45.0 55.0 44.0 16.9 16.8 17.0 24.4 19.0 18.2 25.2 17.6 17.3 19.0 3.90 3.78 3.40 3.50 3.83 3.05 3.52 3.03 3.69 3.32 3.16 3.30 3.44 3.50 3.76 3.98 3.43 3.42 3.73 3.46 2.63 3.36 3.05 3.49 3.02 3.02 3.11 3.33 3.54 3.72 3.92 ?, Alabama, No. 2 3.77 a Arkansas, No. 1. 3.79 4. 5 Arkansas, No. 2 Arkansas, No. 3 3.62 4.02 6. 7 Colorado, No. 1 Illinois, No. 1 3.02 3.64 X Illinois, No. 2 2.92 q Illinois, No. 3 3 62 10 Illinois, No. 4 3.14 n Illinois, No. 5 3.32 r> Illinois, No. 6 3.51 13 3.63 14 3.53 15. Indian Territory, No. 1 3.84 * Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXVII. -266- Y. tU. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 48. PARR] ANALYSIS OF COALS. 4:* From Report of Coal Testing Plant, St. Louis, 1904 — Concluded. Description. H o 5L o cr o 3 < O K ~t cr O 3 r. X CO K 9r 5" s 3 o < ft Hydrogen \ ALUES. C 1? EC : 2 : 3 ; 3 X 3" E "*■ no 3S S E '< — X o • -f -t S.B n ' 01 16. 1 7 . 18 Indian Territory, No. 2 Indian Territory, No. 3 Indian Territory, No. 4 71.49 68.18 63.21 52.39 6i.80 HO. 36 60.62 61.25 21.70 20.36 19.31 15.34 15.29 18.62 21.63 20.03 15.37 18.21 15.51 17.82 18.22 16.93 21.23 21.37 19.79 19.71 19.23 17.23 15.68 27.98 17.38 17.44 18.68 19.05 15 67 23.06 17.20 22.95 23.94 17.74 16.34 18.39 11.09 8. SO 19.83 16.68 9.99 8.32 9.25 18.85 17 89 30.35 29.86 30. f 4 29.28 24.74 30 85 35.68 32.70 25.66 26 69 24.56 25.80 28.02 23.54 27 11 31.59 29 64 29.63 32.05 30.63 28.61 38.61 28.77 27 . 10 33.29 36.17 28.40 44.2 30.0 29 3 32.16 23 30 20.89 21.46 13.26 10.68 25 18 21.02 11.63 10.55 11.06 32.27 32. 3^ 18.0 18.2 17.9 18.6 22.1 17.8 16.2 17.1 21.0 20.2 22.3 21.0 19.2 23.4 19.9 17.5 18.4 18.4 17.3 17.9 18.9 17.0 17.3 18.4 15.4 12.6 15.5 11.2 14.7 18.6 18.8 23.7 25.7 25.4 33.5 43.1 21.6 25 6 37.0 37.25 35.6 15.8 15.7 3.90 3.71 3.46 2.85 3.38 3.31 3.52 3.41 3.23 3.68 3.69 4.01 3.77 3.96 4.22 3.74 3.64 3.63 3.33 3.08 2.98 4.75 3.01 3.21 2.88 2.40 2.58 2.58 2.52 4.27 4.50 4.15 4.20 4.16 ■"4 '.28 4.25 "2". 98 2.81 3.89 3.54 3.20 2.63 3.25 3.45 3.54 3.24 3.58 3.87 3.73 4.08 4.05 4 04 4.26 3.75 3 '48 3.58 3.07 2.98 4.50 2.75 3.09 2.96 1 83 1.74 2.38 2.06 4.31 4.13 4.15 4.09 4.01 4.17 ■3.65 4.36 4.24 4.17 3.56 3 98 2.47 2.92 4 04 3 87 3.27 19 Indian Territory, No. 5 2.54 "0 Iowa, No. ] 3.54 •'I Iowa, No. 2 3.53 •~:V Iowa, No. a Iowa, No. 4 3.65 3.45 •'1 59.89 3 45 •>- K ansas. No. 1 e8.22 63 14 3.72 26 3.93 4 23 •>- 69.07 65.02 71.90 78.31 67.64 66.75 66.50 60.00 56 25 2K. 29. 30. 31. Kansas, No. 4 Kansas, No 5 Kentucky, No. 1 Kentucky, No. 2 Kentucky, No. 3 4.13 4.18 4.93 4.43 3.93 33 Kentucky, No. 4 3.92 :s4 Missouri, No. 1 3 53 IHi 3 31 36 Missouri, No. 3 .... 54.79 72.45 60.41 64.34 56.71 52.66 55.16 52.06 57 31 2.86 37. 38. 39 Missouri, No. 4 Montana. No. 1 New Mexico, No. 1 4.71 3.12 3.31 40. 41. 4° New Mexico, No. 2 North Dakota. No. 1 North Dakota, No. 2 3.06 2.13 2.32 ♦3 Texas, No. 1 2.81 44 2 48 4:, W.Virginia, No. 1 78.31 74.44 76.12 78.21 78.36 83.62 82.41 78.75 79.35 85.91 79.12 58.41 55.29 4.41 4* \V. Virginia, No. 2 4.66 47. 48 W. Virginia. No. 3 \V. Virerinia, No. 4.. 4.22 4.40 4«» 4 32 50. 51 W. Virginia, No. 6 W. Virginia, No. 7 4.44 4.54 r." W.Virginia, No. 8 4.29 53. 54. 55 56. 57 58. W.Virginia, No. 9 W.Virginia. No. 10 W . \ irginia, No. 11 Wyoming, No. 1 Wyoming, No. 2 4.51 4.30 3.93 3.94 2.96 3.47 Part II. Results by Lord and Haas*. Upper Freeport Coal, Pennsylvania and Ohio. 1. East Palestine, Ohio 70 58 73.23 74.39 73.15 74.73 70.61 71.40 72.62 71.29 73.57 73.64 72.65 17.93 21.91 21.05 22 °7 23 ! 19 20.25 22.10 19.82 20.59 21.27 20.94 21.02 25.40 29.92 28.30 30.44 31.03 20.68 30.95 27.29 28 88 28.91 28 44 28.93 21.5 18.2 19.1 18.0 175 18.9 17.6 19.6 18.7 18.7 19 18.7 3.85 3.99 4.02 4.01 3.96 3.83 3.89 3.78 3 85 3.98 3.98 3.93 3.91 4.05 4.18 4.06 4.25 3.90 3.29 4.02 3.84 4.09 3.88 3.94 3.83 2. East Palestine, Ohio 3.98 3. Waterford, Ohio 3.97 4. Yellow Creek, Ohio 4.25 5. Steuhenville. Ohio 4.06 6. Cambridge, Ohio 3.81 7. Steuhenville, Ohio 3.70 8. Salineville, Ohio 3.87 9. Palestine. Ohio 4.22 10. N. Galilee, Pa 3.68 11 Palestine. Ohio 3.88 12. Average 3.93 *Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng.. Vol. XXVII. 44 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 Table VI, Part II— Concluded. Pittsburg Coal, Pennsylvania. Description. ii ydrogen Values. Carnegie, Pa Turtle Creek, Pa Carnegie, Pa Carnegie, Pa Creedmore N. Mansfield.... Turtle Creek Average 77.20 21.00 27.19 76.56 19.97 26.21 76.57 21.51 28.09 73.50 21.50 29.25 74.45 23.31 31.31 73.91 21.26 28.56 74.48 21.48 28.83 75.24 21.43 28.48 19.8 20.6 19.2 18.6 17.51 19.0! 18.81 19.0! 4.16 4.20 4 11 4.35 4.13 4.03 4.00 4.18 4.08 4.27 4.04 4.04 4.04 4.01 4.07 4.15 ?3 Co O Q. n ' 4.09 4.08 4.46 4.06 4 17 3.88 3.88 4.09 Middle Kittanning (Darlington Coal), Pennsylvania. Hoytdale Beaver Creek... Wampum Near Wampum. Hoytdale Wampum Clinton Average 77.83 20.18 25.93 20.8 4.18 4.05 74.60 19.18 25.71 21.0 4.03 4.03 77.93 22.16 28 44 19.0 4.21 4.18 76.81 20.95 27.16 19.9 4.17 4.16 72.78 19.28 26.49 20.4 3.93 3.61 72.82 21.97 30.17 18.1 3.99 4.18 73.57 19.77 26.87 20.0 3.95 3.87 75.19 20.50 27.26 19.8 4.06 4.01 4.23 3.73 4.27 4.07 3.84 3.90 3.80 3.98 29. Middle Kittanning (Hocking Valley Coal) Ohio. Hocking Lump Run of mine Hocking lump.. Average 69.42 19.10 27.51 19.6 3.741 3.32 66.50 16.96 25.50 21.2 3.62 3 22 68.18 19 13 28 06 19.2 3.67 3.48 68.03 18.39 27.03 19.9 3.66| 3.34 3.58 3.14 3.10 3.27 Thacker Coal, West Virginia. 33. Run of mine | 78.901 21.801 27.63- 19.51 4.251 4.281 3.96 34. Nut coal I 78.40 22.15 28.25 19.2 4.25 4.25 4.34 35. Average I 78.65| 2l.98| 27.94| 19.8| 4.251 4.271 4.15 Pocahontas Coal. 36. Run of mine 37. Run of mine 58. • Run of mine 39. Average . 83.75 10.10 12.06 36.73 3.71 3.80 85.46 10.34 12.09 35.5 3.67 3.85 85.40 9.65 10.13 40.7 3.93 3.90 84.87 10.03 11.81 37.8 3.77 3.85 3.71 3.67 3.77 Mahoning Coal. 40 Salinevllle, O I 71.131 20.181 28.371 19. ,85| 3.74| PARR.] HYDROGEN CURVES. Table VI, Part I II— Concluded. Michigan Coals*. H < W ft Hydrogen c o p n Values. a o 5" B tU pa <"> n 3Q 2*3 63 • Description. o o (a • 1° c a 3 c! ft? cr o 3 rccrc) S3 o^ 3 < o o c : 3 : 3 II ft : s 1 5" i ? ] Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, No. 1 71.11 71.67 71.37 72.88 73.55 72.42 65.87 68.33 68.07 17.16 17.87 18.79 19.92 28.27 27.78 24.71 23.18 22.01 24.13 24.93 26.33 27.33 38.43 38.36 37.51 33.92 32.34 22.8 21.9 20.6 19.8 15.5 15.6 17.2 18.2 18.8 3.91 3.91 3.87 3.94 4.38 4.33 4.25 4.22 4.14 3.64 3.84 3.33 3.81 4.72 4.67 4.24 4.17 4.62 3.74 p No.2 3.87 3 No. 3 3.88 1 No. 4 3.80 -, No. 5 4 45 fi No. 6 4.59 7 No. 7 . 4.01 R No. 8 4.46 9. No.9 4.17 10 Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, No. 10 62.29 63.57 73.09 20.62 21.41 23.75 33.10 33.68 18.4 18.2 18.7 3.79 3.90 4.44 3.77 3.99 3.90 4.32 11 No. 11. 4.15 12. No. 12 32.49 4.51 A graphic illustration of the relative values obtained as in table VI. is shown in figure 9. The values for hydrogen, calculated from the indicated calories, have been arranged serially to correspond with the numbers in table VI. , represented by the straight line. The hydrogen as developed from ultimate analysis (H g-) is located above or below this point in tenths of a per cent and indicated by a dot, connected by a continuous line. The hydrogen as indicated by the curve is similarly located with reference to the hydrogen from indicated calories and is shown by the small circle, connected by a dotted line. It should be noted that divisions above and below indicate variation of 0.1%. Divisions horizontally are without significance. The figures at the lower mar- gin of the chart refer to the corresponding analysis in table VI. Alternate numbers only have been taken as being sufficient for the purpose of illustration. The complete comparison is available in table VI. *Michigan Geol. Surv., Vol. VIII., pp. 107-119. 4(> COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I V ^n •1 2F ?0I nc PLfl , ; o ' ex • ' /S, / \ ,. UJ : Tt V > ■ 5 '/ ^ 7 — z J x^ -1° / \ Z_ / : ^2-— - \ -->k / \i / y^ < \ u -¥~ Q r rfsuit.s ry i ord Ann haa.s, tr an ih.st . min .Friers o to r R dm r CM I w' n c- 5F pni i > ■ , ' i "^ I S . in \ > ' / -S / i o -- »•• \\ / 7T \ V a A l ^ \ / • "h' - \ ■ / l > / \ / . i / \. / ' \ 1 L - r i \ L_ 13 (5 17 II 21 23 25 27 21 31 33 35 37 31 — FROn CALORIES \ . -• FROM CURVE /^FROM ULTIMATE AnflLYSlS ^ 45 47 41 53 58 riUMBERIMG sunt. AS ID TABLE VI Fig. 9— Comparison of the values of available h3'drogen as determined by various methods. In the above table we have tested the adaptability of the curve to upwards of one hundred samples of coal widely distributed through- out the United States. In comparing the available hydrogen thus developed with the hydrogen obtained by ultimate analysis, it would appear that the results on the average are quite as accurate as those by the latter process. Whether this will satisfy all the uses to which the factor for available hydrogen is desired, may not now enter into the question. It seems fair, however, to assume that it may be made use of in developing the factor for the non-combustible part of the volatile matter. INERT VOLATILE MATTER. If now we have the available hydrogen and assuming that we have the total carbon, together with the usual data of a proximate analy- sis, the inert volatile matter may be found by subtracting from HXX; the sum of the total carbon, available hydrogen, sulphur, ash and water. To have any value for comparison, however, this remainder should be reduced to the pure, or ash and water free coal, by dividing by one hundred, minus the ash and water. To illustrate the' use of this factor the same coals as in table VI. have been tabulated, giving PARR.] ANALYSES OF COALS. 47 the usual results as obtained by proximate analysis, and by addition of the factor for total carbon, deducing the column for the hydrogen, the carbon ratio and the inert volatile matter. TABLE VII. Part I. From Report of Coal-Testing Plant, St. Louis, 1904. Description*. Proximate Analysis. Additional Factors. Deduced Values. o 10. 11. 12 13! 14. 15. 16. 17. In. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 2:,. 26. 27. 28. 2'.-. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 3.7. 36. 37. 38. 39. to. tl. 42. 43 41. 4.7. 46. 47. 48. Alabama. No. 1 Alabama, No. 2 Arkansas, No. 1 Arkansas, No. 2 Arkansas, No. 3 Colorado, No. 1 Illinois, No. 1 Illinois, No. 2 Illinois, No. 3 Illinois, No- 4 Illinois, No. 5 Illinois, No. 6 Indiana, No. 1 Indiana. No. 2 Indian Territory, No. 1 Indian Territory, No. 2 Indian Territory, No. 3 Indian Territory, No. 4 Indian Territory, No. 5 Iowa, \'o. 1 Iowa, No. 2 Iowa, No. 3 Iowa, No. 4 Iowa. No. 5 Kansas, No. 1 Kansas. No. 2 Kansas, No. 3 Kansas, No. 4 Kansas, No. 5 Kentucky, No. 1 Kentucky, No. 2 Kentucky, No. 3 Kentucky, No. 4 Missouri, No. 1 Missouri, No. 2 Missouri, No. 3 Missouri, No. 4 Montana, No. 1 New Mexico, No. 1 New Mexico, No. 2 North Dakota, No. 1 North Dakota, No. 2 Texas, No. 1 Texas, No. 2 West Virginia. No. 1 West Virginia, No. 2 West Virginia, No. 3 West Virginia, No. 4 West Virginia, No. 5 2.58 1.17 0.74 0.80 13.49 6.28 5.31 5.96 11.40 5.16 5.13 8.66 6.24 3.87 1.70 3.45 4.91 5.74 5.21 4.25 4.52 10.03! 9 22 3.74> 2.23 2.50 3.57 1.84 1.92 5.36 5.85 2.54 3.50 9.14 5.51 5.39 9.05 10.86 8.13 15.42 16.70 13.40! 10.66 1.35 1.46 1.00 98 .65 32.10 33.15 17.83 16.26 19.75 37.11 38.92 34.29 30.29 32.45 34.98 32.68 34.86 37.49 35.73 37.19i 37.45 37.79 31.46 31.76 37.02 40.96 37.27 32.71 33.11 31.87 33.80 37.00 32.40 36. 56 38.99 36.90 36.08 35.35 34.53 32 08 44.91 36.70 35.14 34.82 38.73 37.10 42 75 39.42 36.92 40.14 30.25 28.72 29 20l 53.71 1 51.74 68.12 73.66' 67.65 43.03 41.081 36.24 52.16 44.30! 40.67 47.46! 42.67 42.76 50.05 49.79 47.82 43.90 37.05 46.51) 41.74 38.99! 41.22 44.52 50.01 47.63 51.25 46.80 54.97 57.08i 46.27J 46.96 46.79 40.771 39.02 39.111 44.17 43.03 46.90 37.83 33.61 39.49 29 OOi 40.11 55.36 50.50 58 38 61.87 12.64 12.53 12.88 9.34 11.80 6.37! 13.72 24 16 11.59 11.85 19.19 14.73 1 13.81 13.51 10.35 1 11.32 II 28 13.40 25.75 16.52 16.99 15.53 11.48 13.55 13.14 18.27 12.47 12.63 10.79 4.44 9.38, 10.29 14.59 20.38; 17.31 23 30 5.23 11.22 7.10 19 22 12.24 6.71 14.85 9.81 6.37 7.90 III 37 8.43 10.181 0.73 1.02 1.27 1.90 1.30 0.58 4.25 4.301 1.77 1.341 3.76| 4.45 2.58 4. f0 1.99 1.561 3.67 4.02 4.06 5.20 5.20 6.83 4.46 3.42[ 4.34 6.40 5.68 8.33 3.86 1.24 3.72 3.60 4.67 5.53 5.30 4.13 5 . 55 1.76 .64 1.30 2 02 .63 1.04 '90 3.50 1.07 .90 .991 72.16 59.24 18.45 17.50 7.56 6.37 80.03 76.37 61.13 18.10 62.01 20 54.061 17.82 67.30 15.14 61.79 58.02 60.51 62.20 62.97 69.85 71.49| 68.18 63.21 17.49 17.35 13.05 19. 20. 19.80 21.70 20.36 19.31 15.34 61.80 15.29 60.36 18.62 60.62 21.63 61.25 59.89 68.22 63.14 69.07 65.02 71.90 78.31 67.64 66.75 66.50 60.00 56.25 54.79 72.45 60.41 64.34 56.71 52.66 55.16 52.06 57.31 78.31 74.44 76.12 78.21 76.36 20.03 15.37 18.21 15.51 17.82 18.22 16.93 21.23 21.37 19.79 19.71 19.23 17.23 15.68 27.98 17.38 17.44 18.68 19.05 15.67 23.06 17.20 22 95 23 94 17.74 16.34 18.39 3.901 3.78} 3.40 3.50 3.83' 3.05 3.521 3.03 3.69 3.32 25.56 25.27 10.0 7.96 11.41 29.60 33.73 32.96 22.50 28.3 3.16; 29.9 3.30 21.5 3.44 31 4 3.50 32.09; 3.76 28.34 3.90 30.35 3.71 29.86 3.46 2 85 3.38 3.31 3.52 3.41 32 3.23 3.68 3.69 4.01 30.54 29 . 28 i 24.74 30.85 35.68, -1 °2 3^74 3.64 3.63 3.33 3.08 26.69 24.56 25.80 28.02 23.54 27.11 31.59 29.64 29.63 32.05 30.63 2 98 28.61 4.75 38.61 3.01 28.77 3.21 27 10 2 88 33.29 2.40 36.17 2.58 28.40 2.58 44.20 2 52 30.00 4.27 29.30 1.50 32.16 4.15 23.30 4.201 20.89 4 16l 21.46 10.51 12.77 6.51 4.55 6.75 19.19 12.77 12 95 1 1 . 75 13.41 14.15 14.82 12.00 11.44 11.86 11.53 11.38 13.46 13 44 10.08 12.56 11.23 11.93 13.84 8.27 7.88 7.51 7.97 8.75 10.54 11.91 11.76 9.73 9.53 12.12 13 05 7.41 18.25 16.88 16.18 21.09 23.79 22 39 23.90 9.53 9.44 8.22 8.03 8 62 48 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. Table VII— Continued. [BULL. 3. Description. 50. West Virginia, No. 6. 51. West Virginia, No. 7. 52. West Virginia, No. 8. 53. West Virginia, No. 9. 54. West Virginia, No. 10 55. West Virginia, No. 11 56. West Virginia, No. 12 57. Wyoming, No. 1 58. Wyoming, No. 2 Proximate Analysis. u E a o 03 ■^ -o ei h .64 .76 1.60 1.01 .65 .80 .62 17.69 2.73 21.74 72.53 20.54 73.01 32.12 58.92 29.53 62.67 18.80 75.92 16.90 70.80 18.05 74.38 37.96 39.56 37.61 37.40 5.09 5.09 7.36 6.79 4.63 11.50 6.95 4.79 •» or; Additional Factors. .66 1.20 .92 .80 .57 .53 .69 263 4.17 83 62 11.09 82.41 8.80 78.75 19.83 79.35 16.68 85.91 9.99 79.12 8.32 83.63 9.25 58.41 18.85 55.29 17.89 Deduced Values. E 1 o >■> Bituminous— vc — 27, to 44;. Inert. C -Class vol. 10* D. to 16'/. vc C 35 68 Inert. Vol. 11 23 17 Indian Territory No. 3. Indiana No. 2 29 86 11 36 14 32 09 11 44 it;. 3fl Indian Territory No. 2. Kentucky No. 3 30.3) 29 64 11.53 11 76 15 Indian Territory No. 1 . Kentucky No. 2 28.34 11 86 31 31 T)9 Jl 91 ft3 Iowa No. 4 32 70 11 93 13 Indiana No. 1 31 40 12 00 35 30 63 12 12 "1 30 85 12 56 7 33 73 12 77 S Illinois No. 2 32 96 12 95 3fi 13 05 10 Illinois No. 4 13.41 1M 29 28 13 44 18. 11. Indian Territory No. 4 . Illinois No. 5 30.54 29.90 13.46 14.15 10. 53. 38. 52. Black Lignites. vc — 27$ up. Inert, vol. 16% to 20%. C New Mexico No. 2 New Mexico No. 1 Wyoming No. 2 , Montana No. 1 Colorado No. 1 Wyoming No. 1 , 33.29 16.18 27.10 16.88 32.36 17.00 28.77 18.25 29.60 19.19 32.27 19.99 Brown Lignites. vc — 27% up. Inert, vol. 10% to 30%. C North Dakota No. 1 > Texas No. 1 North Dakota No. 2 Texas No. 2 36.17 21.09 44.20 22.39 28.40 23.79 30.00 23.90 PARK ] CARBON DETERMINATIONS. DO METHODS OF ANALYSIS. TOTAL CARBON, It is evident from what has preceded that a ready method must be available for the determination of the total carbon in coal. Without this factor, we have made no progress; with it, we have at hand as full information as would come from an ultimate analysis. However. if this factor must be obtained by the usual combustion method, we Apparatus for Total Carbon Determination Figure 10. have made but little advance by the mere development of the above ratio. It is proposed to obtain the factor for the total carbon by means of the apparatus shown in figure 10. Combustion of the coal is effected in a closed bomb as in the cal- orimetric process described further on, by use of sodium peroxide, ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, CALCULATED FROM WEIGHT OF IN MILLIGRAMS PER CUBIC .0019641 = \A/T OF CQ, AJ 41° LATITUDE, ^mm 72 o \izz 7 £4 7*6 Jit, 730 J3Z 734 736 7-38 740 742 74 4 Lo 3 . nz5 .6 83 51 4839 .68474 4852 .62596 4866 .687/7 4880 .68838 .4893 .68959 .4907 .69080 4920 6920O .4934 69320 .4918 . 69433 .4960 ■695 S 2 4974 .6967/ .4988 .69790 1/ 4802 . 60/4- J .48/6 . 68266 4829 .68388 .4843 .68509 4856 .6863/ 4870 ■68752 4883 .688 72 4897 .68993 .49/1 .69/13 4924 .69232 4938 ■69352 495/ .6947/ .4365 .69590 72 4780 4-194 .67947\. 68070 .4803 .68192. .482/ .683/4 4834 .68435 .4848 .68556 4862 .68677 4875 .68798 4889 .68918 4902 4915 .69038 1. 69/57 4929 .69276 .4942 .69395 /3 .4758 1.4772 .677461.67869 4185 .67991 4-799 .681/3 .48/2 .68235 4826 .68356 4839 .68477 .4853 68598 4866 .687/8 .4880 .68838 4892 .6895/ 4906 .6907/ 4919 .69/90 14- 4-7J6 .67539 4-749 .67662 .4763 .67784 .4176 .67906 .4789 .68028 4803 . 68150 48/6 .68271 .4830 . 68391 .4843 .685/2 .4856 . 68632 4869 .68746 4883 .68865 .4896 . 68984 /5 .47/3 .6733?. 4727 67455 '.4140 .675-77 .4753 .67699 .4767 .6782/ .4780 67943 .4793 .68064 .48 07 . 68/85 4820 .68316 .4833 68426 4846 .66 540 4859 .68659 4879 . 68 779 76 .4690 .67119 .4704 .672.42 4-7/7 .67365 .4730 .67487 .4743 67609 4757 .6773/ .4770 67853 4-783 .67974 .479 7 .68094 48/0 .682/5 4823 68335 4837 .68455 4850 .68574 n .4-66 7 .66107 408/ 67031 4694 . 67/54 4707 67276 .4720 .67396 4734 .67520 4/47 .67642 4760 .67763 .4774 .67784 4 787 .68005 4 799 .68119 48/3 .68239 4826 .68358 /& .464-5 66696 4656 668/9 .467/ .66942 4684 .67065 .4638 .67/87 47/1 . 67309 4 724 67431 47 J 7 .67553 .475/ .67674 4164 .67794 4776 .67909 4789 .68029 4803 68/49 4779 . 67934 JO .4622 €6473 4635 .66602 4648 .66726 466/ . 66849 4674 .6697/ .468 7 .67093 .4701 .67215 4714 67337 .47 * '7 . 67-458 4740 .67J79 4753 67694 4766 .678/4 2o .459 7 .66249 46/0 66373 .4623 66496 .463 7 .66620 .465 .66742 .4663 .66865 .4676 .66987 4689 .67109 47 0Z 67230 .4775 67 J 51 .4728 67472 4742 675-93 4755 .677/3 2/ 4573 66O20 .4586 66144 4599 .66268 .46/2 .66392 .4625 .66515 4638 . 66637 4-652 .66760 .4665 .66882 46 78 670O3 4691 .67/25 4704 67246 4717 67366 4730 674-87 22 455 65804 4563 65928 .45 76 .66 OS 2 4589 . 65176 4602 .66299 .46/6 . 66422 46 28 .66544 4642 .66667 4655 66789 4668 669 IO 4680 .67025 4693 67146 47 06 67267 2<3 45 2 6 .65570 45 39 . 65694 .45 52 .658/8 .456 5 .65942 4578 .66066 459/ .66/89 4604 .663/2 46/7 66434 .4630 66756 464 3 66678 4655 .66793 4668 669/5 468/ 67035 24- 4-501 .65329 .4514 65454 4521 .65578 454 65702 4553 .65826 .4566 .65950 45 79 .66073 459/ .66195 4605 663/8 46/8 66440 4630 66561 4643 66683 465 a 66804 25 4476 .65089 4489 65214 4502 .65339 .45/9 .65463 4928 .65587 4941 .657// 4553 .65834 4566 .65957 45 79 66085 4592 6 6 202 4605 66324 46/8 66446 46 3/ 66567 26 445/ .64849 4464 64974 .4477 .65099 4490 .65224 49 03 .65348 4516 .65472 4529 .65596 .454 1 .657/9 4554 .65842 456 7 65965 4579 66O8I 4592 66203 4-6.05 66324 ZJ 4426 .64603 4439 64729 4452 . 64854 4465 .64979 44 78 .65/04 4490 .65228 45 03 .65J52 45/6 .654-76 4529 65599 4542 65722 4554 65838 4567 65960 45 73 66082 28 4401 .64351 4414 64477 44 26 .64603 4439 .64728 445 3 .64853 .44 65 64978 4477 .65/ O 2 44 90 .65226 4503 65349 45 16 65472 4528 65569 4541 657/1 4553 65633 2,9 4 3 74 64094 4387 .64220 4-400 .64346 4413 .64472 4426 64597 4438 .64722 445/ 64846 4464 64970 44 76 65094- 4489 652/7 430/ 65334 4514 654-57 452 7 65580 to 4348 .63829 4361 63956 43 73 64082 4386 .64208 4399 64334 44 12 .64459 4 4 24 64584 443 7 64708 44^0 64832 4462 64956 4474 65073 4487 65197 4500 65319 WEIGHT OF CARBON IN VARIABLE Bull No. 3. PI. 5 CARBON CENTIMETER OF CO. PRESSURES CORRECTED FOR WATER VAPOR AND TEMPERATURE. L °3 7 ^ 6 74 8\ 75o 7 52 754- 756 7 5d 760 7 62 764 766 7$8 77o .500/ . €9908 50/5 .70026 .5028 .70/44 5042 7026/ 5055 .70378 5063 70495 .5083 .70 61/ .5096 7072 7 .5/10 . 70343 .5123 .70958 .5/37 .7/073 .5/5/ .71/8 8 5/€4 .7/302 t1 49 78 .69708 49 92 .69626 5005 . 69944 50/9 .7006/ .5032 .70/78 .5046 70295 .5059 .7041/ .50 73 .70528 5087 . 70643 .5/00 .70 759 .51/4 .70874 5/27 . 70989 5/41 .7/104- 72 4956 .695/4 4370 .69632. 4983 .69 7 50 4996 . 69867 50/0 .69984 5 24 . 7010/ 5036 . 702/8 505/ 5064 .70334 .70450 50 77 70566 509 / .7068/ ,5701 .70 796 .5/ /7 . 7091/ 73 .+933 .69 J 08 4946 1.4960 .69427}. 6 9 545 ■49 73 . 69662 .4907 .69760 500 .69897 .50/3 .700/3 .5027 .70130 50VO .70246 .505?- :70362 .5067 70477 508/ . 70S92 5034 .70707 J+ 4903 \.4923 69/03 \.69Z2I 4936 .69339 49 49 .69457 .4 963 . 69575 4976 . 69692 4990 .69809 .5003 50/J .69925^.70042 .5030 .70/57 .5043 . 70273 .5057 .70388 5o70 .70503 /5 4886 \4900 .68897 .69016 4915 .69/34 4926 . 69252 .494 .69370 .4953 .694-87 .4966 .69604 3979 .697/5 49$ 2 .6983/ .5006 .69946 50/9 .70063 .5032 .70/79 5046 .70 294 76 48631.4877 .68693 .6881 Z 4890 \.4 903 .689 30 .69048 49/6\.493o\.49f3\.4956\.4969 .69/66 .69284 6340/ j . 69512 j . 69628 4982 .69744 .4996 .6986 O 5009 .69976 5Q2Z .7009/ n 4839 .68+78 48 52 486 6 .4 379 .68 536 .68 7/5 68 833 4892 4905 .6895/ \.G9069 .49/9 69/86 4932\4945 .69303',. 69420 4959 49 7^\.4985\.4d98 . 69536 . 69652 \.69768 v 69684 /& .48/6 .68268 4629.4842 .4855 .68387 68506 .68 624 .4869 .68742 .4882 68860 4895 .68978 .490 8\.4922\4935 434V 436/ .4-975 .69095-\.692IZ .69328 .69444.. 6 9 56 O '.69676 19 4792 .68053 480 5 .68173 .48/3 .68292 4832 684/0 .4845 .68528 .4858 .66646 .48 71 .68 764 .4884 .68876 .4837 68993 49/0 4923 4 J3o .69/09 .69226 .69342 4950 .69453 2.0 .4768 .67833 4781 . 67 ?S 2 4794 .6807/ .480 7 .68/90 .4820 .683 09 .483314847 .68427\.68545 .4833 .68656 4872 48 85 .489 9 49 /J2 68773 .68890 .69007 .69/23 4-925 . 69239 2/ 4745 .67607 .4756 .67726 4769 .67846 .4782 67965 479 6 1.4809 .68084- .68202 .4822 .68320 483 5 .68438 4848 .68555 4861 .48 74 ,4887 .68672 68789\.68905 4900 6<3022. Z2 .47/9 67387 4 732 [47 4 5 67S07\.67626 .475'6 .67745 .477/4784 .676 64- \ 67983 .4797 .68/ Ol .4870 .682/3 4823 .6833/ 4836 .48491.4862 . 68448 . 66565- . 68 682 4875 .68798 Z3 .4694 .6715-6 4 701 \4720 . 67276 \.6V396 4733 .673-/5 4746\.4759 .676 34 \ 67753 .4772 .6787/ 4733 .67984 4798 .68/02 4870 '.4ti?3.4{i36 .682/9 .68336' .684S3 40 50 . 68570 24- 46 69 66924 46 H 2 .46 951.4706 67045 .67/6? .672.84 47? J .67 404 4734 ■ 675-23 4747 .67642 4153 67754 .4772 .67872 .4785 .4798 .48/ i 4^4 .67990 .68/07 68224 .6834-1 25 4644 . 66688 465 7\4670 .668091.66929 4683 . 67049 4695 . 67/68 4708 .67288 472/ .67407 .4 734 67S/9 .4746\.4753\.4772 4735 .67638\.677ST6\.67873\.6799I .4798 .68/08 Ze 46/8 .664-4-5 .463/ '4644 .66566 .66687 .4657 .66807 .4670 .66927 .4682 .67046 .4695 .67/65 4707 £7276 4720 .67397 4733 .4746 47^9 .675/5 .67633 677SI 4772 .67868 z 7 4392 .66283 4605 . 66324 46/8 .66445 .463/ .665-66 4644 .66687 4656 .66806 46 69 66925 468/ .67038 4694 .67/57 4 '707 .67276 4720 ■ 67394 4733 .67512. 4746 67629 28 4566 . 6595S- 4579 66077 .4532 .66/98 .46 04 .663/8 46/7 .66439 .4630 66559 4643 .66679 .4655 .66792 4668 .669/1 468/ .67030 .4633 .67/48 470 6\4779 .67266\.67384 23 454 .65702 4552 . 6S823 45 65 65945 4578 .66066 4590 .66186 4603 .66307 1 , 46/6 .6642 7 462 8 .665-4/ 464/ 66660 4-654 .66779 4666 .66898 4673 . 670/6 4692 .67/34 ■30 4512 6S442 j .4525 655-64 4538 65685 .455/ 65807 -4565 65928 457614583 66048\. 66/69 .460/ . 66283 46/3 .66403 462 6 .665-22 4639 .66641 463Z\4664- .66760 [66876 AMOUNTS OF CARBON DI OXIDE. 56 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [bull. 3. Na 2 2 , the product of the combustion being sodium carbonate, Na C0 3 . The solution of this material is placed in the receptacle A, while acid is in B. and C. The flask C contains about 25cc. of sul- phuric acid, and a carefully measured volume of air taken at common pressure and temperature. At the end, after admitting all the car- bonate solution and measuring the volume of gas evolved, the flask C is completely filled with the wash water from A and the total volume measured over in the jacketed pipette PP. By subtracting the initial volume in the flask C, the exact volume of carbon dioxide from the sodium carbonate is obtained. The pressure and temper- ature readings are taken and from the subjoined table the exact weight of the carbon is derived. Great care has been exercised in the preparation of the table. The computations were made by three individuals, with comparison of results to eliminate all possibility of errors in the final readings. Plate 5. FIXED CAEBON. It will be evident from what has preceded that more than usual importance attaches to the factor for fixed carbon. A special' study has been made of methods for obtaining this factor, first because the method recommended by the committee of the American Chemical Society on coal analysis* is not altogether satisfactory for western coals; and, second, because with coals high in sulphur the use of platinum for this determination is to be avoided if possible. The report of the committee prescribes heating in a platinum cruc- ible over a Bunsen flame 20 cm. high when burning free. Our ob- jections to the prescribed method may be stated as follows: The heat capacity of a Bunsen burner is not measured alone by the height of the flame. For example, a large sized adjustable burner with a tube of 10 mm. caliber will give more heat than a small burner with a tube of 9 mm. caliber, and burning at the regulation height. The results also are more variable than they should be. This is more noticeable in western than in eastern coals, but in any case it is to be expected that the platinum crucible arranged as prescribed is espec- ially sensitive to external influences, and especially to differences in the heat capacity of the flame. In the table following, an average sample of coal designated Sandoval, Illinois, was used. It cokes freely, and has ash 11.94 per cent and moisture 5.51 per cent, com- parison of results is made with use of a large and small sized Bunsen burner as above described, and also with the old combination of burner and blast, and with use of a porcelain crucible in a small fur- nace of special construction to be described later. *Jour. Araer. Chem. Soc. XXL, 1122. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 57 TABLE X. Determination of Volatile Matter. Sandoval, III., Coal. Large Bunsen burner "1 I i Flame 20 cm . high Plat, crucible, Time 7 min Small Bunsen burner Flame 20 cm. high Plat, crucible. Time 7 min Bunsen flame '6Yz min Blast flame 33^ min Plat, crucible Bunsen flame, 3 1 * min Blast flame 3 1 .,. min Porcelain crucible in special furnace Highest 37.21 percent. Lowest 35.71 Variation 1 .50 Average of eight 36.52 per cent. Highest 36.73 percent. Lowest 35 69 Variation 1.04 Average of eight 36.13 percent. Highest 37.78 percent. Lowest 36 53 Variation 1.25 Average of fourteen 37.13 per cent. Highest 37.35 per cent. Lowest 36.69 Variation .66 Average of nine 37.10 per cent. From this table it appears feasible to replace the expensive plati- num crucible with one of porcelain. The serious deterioration of platinum under the combined effect of red-hot carbon and sulphur makes this end a very desirable one, even if there were no advantage in the results. On this latter point there is much to be said in favor of the porcelain crucible. The initial heating up is somewhat more gradual. A bright red is very easily reached and evenly maintained and especially is it true that the full effect of the heat is exerted on all sides, completely enveloping the crucible. The form of apparatus is shown in the accompanying figure. (Fig. 11.) First, as to the lamp: This simple form of blast lamp has been in use in this laboratory for the past seven years, and has proved itself of such general utility as to merit a brief description. 58 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 It consists essentially of a Bunsen burner with the blast entering at the usual inlet for the gas, and the gas entering through a side tube attached where the air is ordinarily admitted. The air is dis- charged through a tip with circular opening 1^ mim. in diameter, and is so adjusted as to come about even with the lower side of the gas inlet tube. A wire gauze is inserted in the tube about two-thirds of the way towards the top. The lamp is especially adapted for use with blast of constant pressure. By adjustment of the air it may be made to burn with a common Bunsen flame. In connection with the ^B7 Coking Furmace Figure 11. furnace it is allowed to burn for the first 3^ minutes as a strong Bunsen flame of 12 inches when burning free. During the second period of 3| minutes it burns as a blast lamp. The combustion, how- ever, leaves the tip of the lamp and takes place entirely within the chamber underneath the crucible. In this way an excessive amount of fuel may be forced into a small space by the jet action of the blast. The combustion taking place in this chamber and the hot gases being turned downward to escape through the annular space at the side, a very intense heat is quickly attained. PARR. J METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 59 A cross section is shown through the furnace in figure 12. The base B rests on a cast plate with an opening 1| inches in diameter. The crucible rests on a triangular support which permits of the free passage of the gases, part of which may escape through a small opening in the top of 0, but mostly they are required to travel downward between the two walls and escape at the lower edge of R. A common glazed crucible of Royal Berlin Porcelain No. 00 is used. Crucibles as true as possible are selected, with well fitting covers, and these are ground with emery powder until the lid touches Section Thru Furnace: Figure 12. at all points. Crucibles may be used many times, but if warping occurs the covers may require regrinding — not a difficult matter and easily accomplished by hand in five or ten minutes. SULPHUR. We come now to sulphur, a constituent having more importance than is usually ascribed to it; this is especially true of western coals. in which this element varies from 1 per cent to 5 per cent. One of its characteristics, and by no means the least, is the part it plays as a disturbing element in nearly all the determinations in coal analysis. The Eschka method is satisfactory, but heat other than from a gas flame must be used. There is still some question as to the likelihood 60 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [bull. 3 of sulphur being left in the residue, and also as to the necessity of dehydrating the silica. The use of sodium peroxide as an oxidizing agent has received considerable attention, but the violence of the reaction has brought disfavor upon the method. However, by means of a closed bomb, as in the Parr calorimeter, there has been fully demonstrated the practicability of using sodium peroxide for this purpose. Indeed some years ago, Mr. Milton Hersey of Montreal. Canada, in a communication to the author reported the very satis- factory use of the residues from the calorimetric process for gravi- metrically determining the sulphur. Later articles by Sundstrom* and by von Konekf have advocated the same method. It is not my purpose now to enter into a discussion of this phase of the matter, but simply to emphasize the fact of the completeness of the oxidation, which has been verified very many times by the writer. Coupling the sodium peroxide method of arriving at a combustion with the photometric method proposed by Mr. Hinds, J there seem to be possibilities well worth investigating. The work with the photo- meter, however, either as outlined by Mr. Hinds, or as elaborated by Mr. Jackson, § was not found satisfactory. A careful study was made of the variable elements that entered into the proposition. The method prescribed a candle of standard power, maintained at a defi- nite distance from the bottom of the graduated tube in which was read the depth of liquid through which the outline of the candle flame could be seen. It was soon found that the strength of the light had little to do with the matter. A stronger light would illuminate the liquid to a corresponding degree and cause the outline of the candle flame to disappear at about the same depth as a lesser light with a less illumination of the liquid. As between a common candle and a forty candle power acetylene light there was no marked differ- ence. Indeed, the greatest difference was noted when the diffused light was cut out by diaphragms, in which case the light could be seen through a greater depth. An extreme illustration of this fact was afforded by completely blackening an incandescent light bulb and then cleaning a small spot to show a short length of the glowing filament. This bit of filament, which afforded no illumination to the liquid, could be seen through a very much greater depth than was the case with an ordinary candle, though its power was far below the standard. Other disturbing conditions related to the method of pre- * Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, XXV., 184. t Zeit. fur. Ang. Chem., 1903, p. 517. t Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, XXIII, 269. § Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. XXIII, 799. PARR.] MELLIODS OF ANALYSIS. <)1 Fig. 13. Photometer for sulphur determinations. 62 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. bull. 3. cipitation, whether hot or cold, whether the barium salt was added in the solid or the liquid state, whether readings were made at once, or on standing, or whether precipitations made in the cold were sub- sequently heated or not. The control of the conditions regarding the light has been accomplished with a greatly modified apparatus in the following manner, as shown in Fig. 13. The tube graduated in millimeters is placed in a receptacle having a little clear water in the bottom. The flask is placed on a square of glass resting on a carbon plate about § of an inch thick and having a \ inch hole in the center. The plate is adjusted about 8 inches above the flame of a common candle. It will be noticed that the reading tube has a round bottom. This is carefully blown, of clear glass without flaw, and ground on the outer surface; the whole when immersed playing the part of a lens. By this arrangement, together with the diaphragm effect of the hole in the carbon plate, a pencil of light is secured with the minimum amount of illumination being imparted to the liquid. Moreover, instead of the varying and indefi- nite outline of a candle flame there appears a steady compact point of light. The end reading is thereby rendered sharp and definite. It is interesting to note that precipitations made with the barium salt in solution, or with the sulphate solution hot, transmit the rays from the candle as white light, while in the case of precipitations made with the crystals of the salt, the red rays only are transmitted, the illumination of the liquid is in this way still further reduced, and the sharpness of the end reading is thereby promoted. To secure concordant results, definiteness of precipitation must be obtained. This is accomplished by adding the barium salt to the 100 cc. of solution at room temperature, and after dissolving completely, heat on the water bath to about 70°. Let stand for half an hour and bring to the room temperature, when it is ready to transfer to the photometric tube for reading. With this device it has been neces- sary to work out a new table. (Table XL) The conditions are purely empirical, but not arbitrary within reasonable limits, except as to the size of the hole through the plate and the method of pre- cipitation. The table has been developed directly from a standard solution of potassium sulphate having 0.5438 grains dissolved in a litre, thus containing 0.0001 grams of sulphur by weight per cubic centimeter of solution. With this form of apparatus, the facility with which the sulphur determinations may be made has enabled us to undertake an ad- ditional factor in the case of each sample, viz., the estimation of the PARR.] METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 63 amount of sulphur remaining in the coke after the volatile matter has been driven off. The coke is pulverized and burned with sodium peroxide in the calorimeter bomb as usual, and the sulphur deter- \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ * \ v S \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ^ s \ \ \ \ \ s N 50 60 70 80 qo 100 ||0 |20 no K0 150 1 60 no /go iqo ZOO niLLiriETERS— Plate VI-CURVE FOR SULPHUR READINGS mined in the residue by means of the photometer. Having deter- mined the total sulphur in the coal, the difference between these two factors represents the volatile sulphur. In the analytical tables at the end these divisions are observed throughout. 64 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [hill. 3. Results from use of this method as above outlined, in comparison with those obtained under standard conditions, are shown in Table XL TABLE XI. Showing Percentages of Sulphur. llinois Coal. Washings from l Re A ( j"5 ! L f f2 1 I ! 1 - Parr Mahler Bomb. Sw™?/ in /p prf .p n n Photometer. (Percent.) (Percent.) Odin, pea 2.30 2.17 St. John's, lump 1.55 1.65 Pana, slack 4.03 4.04 Danville, lump 2.16 2.31 Ridgely, pea 4.00 4.01 Bloomington, lump 2.57 2.68 Spring Valley, washed 3.04 3.20 Elmwood 1.53 1.61 CALORIFIC VALUES. 1st. By calculation : Many attempts have been made to develop a reliable formula for calculating heat values from analytical datd. The formula of Dulong is the most reliable and is recommended by the committee of the American Chemical Society in the following form, 8080C - 34460 (H ---£-) + 2250S* The variations between the observed calorific values and the calculated values as shown i" Mahler's tablesr range from + 3 per cent to — 3 per cent, though t^ averages of numerous results are much closer. The variations in the work of Lord and Haas above referred to are not so great, ranging from - 2 per cent to — 1.8 per cent. KentJ has used the factors 3 and 5 times the available hydrogen derived from ultimate analysis to indicate (when subtracted from the total carbon) the amount of fixed carbon, and to the various percentages of fixed carbon he has assigned certain calorific values. His results while interesting seem to show greater conformity in the case of eastern than of western coals. Possibly quite as good as any method of calculation would be the one already partially suggested in the discussion concerning the de- rivation of the factor for available hydrogen by means of the curve. The results in the one hundred samples listed in table VI, compare favorably with the hydrogen from ultimate analysis. Indeed, there are some reasons for giving the preference to the proposed method of using the curve for obtaining this factor. According to this plan the formula would be modified thus: Cal. == 8080 C + 34500 (H from curve) + 2250 8. * Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. XXI., 1130. t Contribution a l'Etude des combustibles. Mahler, 1892. i Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., XXVII. ,948. PARR. I l AI.oKIMETER DETERMINATIONS. m Concerning calculations in general, however, it is well to quote Mahler* who says: "We cannot give a general formula depending strictly on* the chemical composition which will give the calorific power of substances so complex and varied:" or Poole, who saysif •If possible, by all means, have a calorimetric test. If not possible use the best analysis available.'* >.-h Figure 15-PARR CALORIMETER. 2nd. By observation: The calorimeter devised by the writer has met with very general favor and is now widely used both in this country and abroad. It is too well known to call for detailed de- scription here. However, a few modifications and improvements have been made and since it has been used in the accompanying re- sults and also in comparison with quite a list of determinations with the Mahler- Atwater apparatus, a brief reference is here given. Figure 15 shows the relative positions of parts. The can A. A. for • As quoted by Poole, The Calorific Power of Fuels, p. 10. t Ibid. —5 G S 56 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [bull. 3. the water has a capacity of 2 litres. The insulating vessels B.B. and c.c. are of indurated fibre. The charge of coal and chemical are put in the cartridge D. Upon ignition, the heat generated is imparted to the water and the rise in temperature is indicated on the finely grad- uated thermometer T. The cartridge or bomb rests on the pivot F and is made to revolve, thus by aid of the small turbine wings at- tached effecting a complete circulation of the water and equalization of temperature. The reaction accompanying the combustion may be represented by the equation: 56Na 2 2 + CyS 18 3 = 25 Na 2 C0 3 + 18 NaOH + 22 Na 2 Sod. perox. Coal Sod. carb. Sod hydrate Sod. oxide With certain substances such as coke, anthracites, petroleums, etc, a more strongly or vigorously oxidizing medium is needed than exists in the peroxide, alone. This may be secured by various additions. The most effective are: — a mixture of potassium chlorate and nitrate in the proportion of 1 to 4 and this mixture used in the ratio of 1 to 10 of the sodium peroxide ; another effective mixture is an addition of potassium persulphate in the ratio of 1 to 10 of the sodium peroxide. Other substances facilitate the oxidation, notably ammonium salts and certain organic substances, as tartaric or oxalic acid, benzoic acid, etc. In the work on Illinois coals, while ordinarily no extra chemical would be necessary, still in certain cases such as extra slaty coals and coals with excessive volatile matter, and also to guard against varia- tions in the quality of the sodium peroxide, a mixture as first de- scribed above, of chlorate and nitrate, has uniformly been used throughout these tests. One peculiarity in the behavior of the combustion has been im- proved by the above mixtures. This behavior is probably due to the fact that there is a tendency on the part of the particles of coal in immediate contact with the metal, which is kept cold by exterior con- tact with the water, to escape action of the chemical. A further im- provement in this particular is effected by a modification of the bomb as illustrated in the accompanying figure (Figure 16). The air space about the lower part of the bomb prevents direct contact with the water. However, upon ignition this enclosed air expands and part of it is driven out through the holes below. Later as cooling and con- traction occur the water is drawn into the air space and rapid cooling is effected, but the period of high temperature for the interior reaction has been prolonged from a few seconds to a half minute or more. Parr. CA I ,< ) B I M ETER DET I ■: R M I N ATIONS. 67 Other advantages are secured, notably the avoidance of screw threads on the interior or other opportunity for material to lodge and cause sticking or difficult removal of the ends. Calorimeter Bomb Figure 16. TABLE XII. Comparison of Calorific Factors. No. Illinois Coal. Mahler— Atwater Bomb Calorimeter. Parr- Per- oxide Calorimeter. Calculation— 8080 C • 84500 '•H" 2250 S. A Hloomingrton, lump 6566 7174 6797 7050 6152 6227 5888 5922 6917 6150 R5S0 71 85 6762 6990 6185 6257 5381 5964 . 69 1 1 6663 R Carterville, washed. . . 706] C Danville, lump 674' l) K 1- (i Klmwood, lump Moweaqua, lump Odin, pea Hana. slack 7023 6I«0 626i ; 5561 H Kidgreley. pea 61()ii I St. John. lump. . 674 1 J Spring Valley , washed 6l'39 In Table 12 are given results with this apparatus in comparison with the readings obtained by use of a Mahler- Atwater apparatus. 68 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3. In the third column as already indicated under "Calorimetric Values by Calculation" are given results obtained by use of the formula 8080 C + 34500 (H) + 2250 S in which "H" is the percentage of available hydrogen as indicated by the curve in Fig. 8. The values are given in calories per kilo. (Cal. per kilo X ].8 = B.T.U. per pound). The ultimate analyses which have served as the basis for some of the preceding calculations are embodied in Table VIII. There is also included the proximate analyses and a comparison of values btained by the old and new methods. Results are given throughout in per cent. TABLE XIII. Proximate Analysis. Ultimate Analysis. n n ?! > 2 < *Tj H H X g CO o_ o. S" < o 2.3" o o 2 5? *i C ffiS Si No. Illinois Coal. c K o lit 3~ 3 3q o n 3 1 Z erg: s matter... P3 o a : o • 3 : cr : cr • << a a oft 1 c 8 < A. Bloomington, lump.. Carterville. w"d, No. 2 11.55 3.75 40.15 44.55 64.90 65.48 1 4.91 1.09 10.75 2.47 69.07 69.10 B 5.43 4.87 34.69 55.01 69.90 70.74 5.18 1 04 11.88 0.86 74.44 74.59 C Danville, lump 3.63 7.51 40.37 48.49 66.69 67.34 5.70 0.76 13.06 2.00J 71.41 70.98 D Elmwood,3rd vein. . 6.59 2.91 41.24 49.26 69.81 70.49 5.98 0.66 11.89 1.48i 74.94 74.25 E Moweaqua, lump 9.84 7.36 36.38 46.42 61.25 61.43 4.84 1.14 12.34 3.03J 64 48 64.79 F Odin, pea 12.99 4.36 35 45 47.20 61.92 62.38 5.14 1.14 11 78 2.21! 66.05 65.79 G Pana, slack 16,76 7.61 35.86 39.77 54.80 55.10 4.66 0.91 11.22 3.74i 58.36 58.09 H Ridgeley, pea St. John, lump 13.22 4.72 39.59 42.47 59.89 60.01 5.25 1.28 11.70 3.82 63.80 63.27 I 4.28 6 33 37.47 50.92 67.19 67.34 5.60 1.24 13.75 1.461 71.22 71.02 J Spring Valley, wash'd 11.99 5.54 39.33 43.14 61.46 61.91 5.32 1.17 11.19 2.88 65.83 65.28 The samples for Tables XIV and XV were collected between Feb. 8th and June 8th, 1904. These were obtained at the mines from the surface of car lots as made ready for shipment to the consumer. Amounts varying from 40 to 50 pounds were taken and shipped in sacks to the laboratory. In general one sample of lump or screened nut and one of screenings or slack was procured from each mine. The term "slack"' has been uniformly applied where the material included all that passed through a 1^ inch screen. Immediately upon receipt of the material it was reduced by quar- tering in the usual manner. A check sample, buckwheat size, was taken, another part was ground to pass through a 100 mesh sieve and each was sealed in a "lightning" fruit jar. The analytical results are given in per cent. The calorific values are given in British thermal units per pound of actual coal as represented by the samples and also in calories per kilo of actual coal. PARR.] TABLES OF ANALYSES. 09 In Table XIV the results are given first with reference to the air dry condition, it being impossible, owing to the method of transmis- sion, to determine the factor for water lost on air-drying, and thus calculate to the wet coal condition. On the right-hand page, the results are calculated first to the dry (oven dry) condition: and second, to the pure coal (ash and Avater free) state. Table XV has been arranged from Table XIV, giving the results as logically resulting from our discussion as to the desirability of expressing the volatile matter under two headings, viz.: the Inert Volatile Matter and the Volatile Combustible, this latter term having its true meaning and not including anything but material actually capable of burning. 70 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 TABLE Source of Sample. County. Bureau.. . Bureau . . . Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian Clinton . . Clinton . . Clinton . . Clinton . . Clinton . . Fulton ... Fulton . . . Fulton . . . Fulton . . . 17iFulton Town. Operator. Ladd . .do Assumption . .do Pana . . . .do . .do Breese ..do Buxton Illinois Third Vein C. Co.. ..do Assumption C. & M. Co. .. . .do Penwell Coal Co Pana Coal Co ..do Breese Coal & M. Co ..do Buxton Coal & M. Co Trenton | Trenton Coal Co . .do I . .do : Astoria Scripp's Coal Co . .do I . .do Canton Canton-Union Coal Co — . .do | . .do Cuba East Cuba Coal Co . .do .do ..do Applegate & Lewis . .do . .do Farmington . . .. Farmington Coal Co . .do . .do N orris N orris Coal Mining Co.... . .do j . .do Braceville ! Braceville Coal Co . .do . .do S. Wilmington .Chicago, W. & V. C Co .. .do I . .do Kewanee jKewanee Coal & M. Co. .. . .do .do Murphysboro . . Schmidgall Coal Co . .do do Etherly Etherly Coal Co . .do • -do Kanglev Star Coal Co do -do Descrip- tion. Air Dry Fulton .. . Fulton . . . Fulton ... Fulton ... Fulton . . . Fulton ... Fulton ... Grundy . . Grundy .. Grundy .. (irundy . . Henry .. . Henry ... Jackson. , Jackson. . Knox Knox LaSalle . LaSalle LaSalle '.'.'.'.'.'.. LaSalle .... . .... LaSalle Co. Carbon C. Co LaSalle LaSalle LaSalle LaSalle LaSalle LaSalle LaSalle LaSalle Livingston do ; . .do do . .do Oglesby Oglesby Coal Co . .do | • do Streator Chicago, W. & V. C. Co . .do ; . do ..do Acme Coal Co . .do do Cardiff Cardiff Coal Co Livingston .... .do do Livingston ... I Fairbury Walton Bros Livingston ..I. .do |..do Logan (Lincoln [Citizens' Coal Co Logan I . .do .do Logan Mt. Pulaski Home Coal Co McLean Bloomington. ..McLean Countv Coal Co. McLean . .do do McLean . .do i . .do McLean . .do . .do Macon Decatur Decatur Coal Co Macon Niantic ..do 59 M aeon . .do .do 60Macoupin ... Green "Ridge . ..Green Ridge Coal Co 61 Macoupin ... ..do.... do •••••.• 62jMacoupin .... Mt. Olive Consol. C. C. of St. Louis 63 Macoupin ....'..do |.-do . ... ........... G4 Macoupin .... Virden Chicago-Virden Coal Co. 65i Macoupin ..do -do .. 66 Madison Collinsville Consol. C. C. of St. Louis 67lMadison I. .do L.do.... W. nut W.slk. Nut ... Slack . . Lump. Slack.. Lump. Slack . . Nut ... Lump. Nut ... Slack . . Lump. Slack . . Lump. Nut ... Slack.. Lump. . do . . . . Slack.. Lump. Slack.. Lump. Slack . . . .do . . . . Lump. Slack . . Lump. Nut ... Slack . . Lump, .do.... . .do . . . . Slack.. Lump. Slack . . Lump. Slack .. Pea.... Egg... Slack.. ..do.... Lump. Slack .'. Lump. . .do . . . . Slack . . .do . . . Lump . .do . . . Nut Lump Slack . Lump Slack . Lump . .do . . . Nut .. Slack . Lump Slack. Lump Slack . Nut.. Slack . Nut... Pea .. . 7.04 8.< 8 46 7. 74' 9.00 8.06 7.80 8.10 8.83 7.95 8.76 9.47 7.94 9.34 11.10 10.00 7.70 9.2-2 7.55 7.28 10.2:. 9.62 11.78 9.44 9.70 11.86 7.80 11.44 10.16 9.99 38.30 45.67 38.6146.75 38.30 48.16 36.26 43.28 41.4-2 41.28 35.84 37.44 43.72 39.74 34.00 43.66 35.24146.96 6.21 12.74 10.16 7.68 5.81 7.54 7.87 7.56 10.28 8.28 8.47 7.96 6.88 5.52 11.28 10.26 5.30 6.57 10.64 10.44 11.98 6.77 7.56 5.64116 6.98: 5 8.46 10.38 11.01 10.24 8.38 9.30 9.62 10.27 10.21 8.26 7.74 54 46.21 43.05 45.27 4^.67 36.24 38.56 41.40 43.34 41.38 43.26 40.71 36 69 28.00 29.98 36.75 34.46 35.98 38.72 39.19 38.26 41 01 36.33 35.75 41.79 33.04 37.16 33.20 40.84 33.68 37.18 26.88 32.24 37.32 46.80 28.84j34.01 37.09 46 11 37. 33145.87 37.99 44 99 34.62 34.29 36.66 31.19 38.94 33 05 10145.30 20(38.91 41.78 42.03 35.92 36.03 39.84 38 74 42.10 36.54 33 76 39.07 56.03 54.78 42.74 33 65 44.88 38.54 42.06 39.02 42.58 43.60 38.26 4K.52 45.85 44.81 46.98 44.52 41.18 39.44 43.67 78 37.58 88 42.10 33.64 34.05 40.06 38.06 44.06 38.56 36.47 34.51 39 96 32.98 42.39 34.21 38.25 37.60 42.28 35.63 40.60 39.84 43.84 44.97 44.01 39.32 44.50 37.50 43.78 41.62 43.40 42.32 38.3442.34 35.9ll38.37 PARR] TABLES OF ANALYSES. XIV Coal Oven; Dry Coal. Pure Coal. z - c 6 or c Heat units. < ST a* 3 p. o c n o E. r — c Heat units. < - £■ Heat units. x - r. O 03 3* O 5 Calo Briti in; Briti in; lphur \V(\ c O o £Lcc pa ^-cc -( 00 3 03 — O B ies . h th uni pa h th uni rboi 5 CO , rt> ~n a m jn "T 1 : : 83.97 2.10 11,385 6325 9.67 41.20 49.13 90.33 2.26 12, 333 6963 45.60 54.40 2.60 13,577 7532 1 85.36 2.70 11,774 6541 8.61 41.34 50.05 91.39 2.89 12, 605 7003 45.24 54.76 3.16 13,793 7663 2 86.46 1.58 12.577 6986 5.55 41.84 52.61 94.45 1.73 13,739 7632 44.30 55.70 1.83 14,542 8079 3 79.54 2.60 11,644 6469 13.80 39.30 46.90 86.202.82 12,621 7012 45.59 54.41 3.27 14 641 8134 4 82.70 3 20 11,666 6481' 9.12 45.51 45.37 90.88 3.52 12,818 7121 50.08 49.92 3.87 14,104 7836 5 73.28 3.45 10,035 5575 20.30 38.98 40.72 79.70 3.75 10,913 6063 48.91 51.09 4.70 13,694 7608 6 83.46 2.96 11,896 6609, 9.48 47.41 43.11 90.52 3.21 12,902 7168 52.38 47.62 3.54 14,254 7919 7 77.66 3.40 11,194 6219 15.49 37. CO 47.51 84.51 3.70 12,181 6767 13.78 56.22 4.38 14,416 8009 8 82.20 3.17 11,516 6398 9,84 38.65 51.51 90.16 3.47 12,631 7018 42.88 57.12 3 86 14,011 7784 9 82.90 3.24 11,761 6534, 9.94 39.86 50.20 90.06 3.52 12, 776 7083 44.26 55.74 3.91 14,185 7881 10 71.05 1.32 10,096 5594 22.13 30.69 47.18 77.87 1.45 11,038 6132 39.41 60.59 1.85 14,173 7874 11 75.2.-. 1.12 10,294 5718^ 16.87 33.12 50.01 83.13 1.24 11. 370 6317 39.84 t0.16 1.48 13,663 7591 12 83.42 2.18 11.925 6625 9.39 39.92 50.69 90.612.37 12, 943 7196 44.05 55.05 2.61 14.294 7941 13 70.70 3.50 10,231 5684 22 02 38.01 39.97 77.98 3.86 11,285 6270 48.74 51.26 4.95 14,470 8039 14 74.54 3.67 10,861 6034 16' 15 40.47 43.38 83.85 4.13 12,217 6787 48.27 51.73 4.92 14,572 8096 15 80.12 2.67 11,543 6413 10.98 43.02 46.00 89.02 2.97 12,825 7125 48.33 51.67 3.41 14,405 8003 16 82.53 3.10 12,031 6684| 10.59 42.46 46.95 89.41 3.35 13,034 7241 47.48 52.52 3.75 14,576 8098 17 79-64 1.50 11.458 6366 12.27 42.14 45.59 87.73 1.65 12,621 70)2 48.04 51.96 1,88 14,387 7993 18 84.27 2.22 12,189 6772 10.78 43.42 45.80 89 22 2.35 12.905 7160 48.66 51.34 2.64 14.466 8037 19 77.04 3.35 11,115 6175 16.91 39.18 43.91 83.09 3 61 11,988 6644 47.15 52.85 4.35 14,427 8015 20 77.54 1 97 11,216 6231 13.59 39.88 46.53 86.41 2.19 12,137 6942 46.10 53.90 2.54 14,463 8035 21 70.20 3.02 10,153 5641 22 33 36.46 41.21 77.67 3.34 11,233 6241 47.06 52.94 4.30 14,464 8036 22 74.04 1 93 10,381 5856 16^07 37.64 46.29 83.93 2.19 11,950 6639 44.84 55.16 2.60 14,238 7910 23 70.86 1.98 10.305 5725 21.75 37.19 41.06 78.25 2.18 11.378 6321 47.52 52.48 2.79 14,540 8078 24 59.12 3.55 8,645 4803 34.53 29.76 35.71 65.47 3.93 9,574 5399 45.46 54.54 6.00 14,623 8124 25 84.12 2.18 12,161 6756 4.56 42.34 53.10 95.44 2.47 13, 797 7665 44.37 55.63 5.56 14,455 8031 26 62.85 3.98 9.079 5044 31.84 31.27 36.89 68.16 4.31 9. 842 5469 45.88 54.12 6.33 14.443 8024 27 83.20 2.1011,983 6663 6.06 41.88 52.06 93.94 2.37 13,541 7523 44.58 55.42 2.51 14,412 8007 28 83.20 2.50 11,284 6269 7.39 41.55 51.06 92.61 2.78 12,359 6977 44.86 55.14 3.00 13.561 7534 29 82.98 2.57 11.272 6262 7.81 42.20 49.99 92.19 2.85 12,526 6959 45.79 54.21 3.09 13.584 7547 30 90.65 62 13,285 7380 4.62 36.43 58.95 95.38 .65 13,977 7765 38.20 61.80 .68 14.653 8141 31 89.07 .62 13,083 7216 5.03 36.56 58.41 94.97 .66 13.827 7693 38.50 61.50 .69 14,580 8100 32 79.40 1.56 11,183 6213 9.00 42.00 49.00 91.00 1.78 12,815 7121 46.17 53.83 1.96 14,085 7825 33 64.84 2.48 9,180 5100 27.82 34.73 37.45 72.18 2.68 10,218 5667 48.10 51.90 3.82 14,157 7865 34 83.82 3.24 12,240 6800 9.20 42.18 48 62 90.80 3.51 13,262 7368 48.69 51.31 1.36 12,535 6964 35 71.59 4.96 10,490 5828 23.99 35.09 40.92 76.01 5 27 11,142 6190 46.16 53.84 6.92 14,653 8141 36 87.36 3.04 12.460 6922 5.51 49.00 45.49 94.49 3.28 13,477 7487 51.84 48.16 3.48 14,261 7923 37 77.93 3.35 10,890 6050 15.42 42.23 42.35 84.58 3.64 11,808 6560 49.92 50.08 4.50 13,973 7763 38 84.36 3.92 12,060 6700 8.73 45.20 46.07 91.27 4 22 13, 050 7250 49.52 50.48 4.64 14,293 7941 39 85.63 2.62 11,830 6572, 4.55 46.85 48.60 95.45 2.V2 13.183 7324 49. ON 50.92 3.06 13,811 7673 40 74.18 4.66 10,321 5734 19.12 39.16 41.72 80.88 5.08 11.254 6252 48.43 51.57 6.28 13,914 7730 41 79.55 4.30 11.417 6343 13.09 39.37 47.54 86.91 4.69 12,472 6929 45.29 54.71 5.40 14,349 7978 42 85.69 3.38 12.515 6953 6.89 43.29 49.82 93.11 3 67 13,597 7554 46.49 53.51 3.94 14,603 8113 43 83.55 3.66 12,195 6775 10.27 41.62 48.11 89.72 3.93 13.096 7276 46.36 53.64 4.38 14,598 8110 44 89.08 3.07 13,061 7256 5.71 44.56 49.73 94.29 3 25 13, 822 7679 47.26 52.74 3.44 14,661 8145 45 83.88 2.41 11,801 6556 5.45 44.38 50.17 94.55 2.72 13,301 7389 46.92 53.08 2.87 14,070 7817 46 77.72 2.96 10,816 6009 13.39 40.72 45.89 86.61 3.29 12.052 6696 47.01 52.99 3.80 13,917 7732 47 73.20 4.36 10,294 5718 22.69 35.67 41.64 77.31 4.61 10,870 6034 46.12 53 88 5.95 14,059 7811 48 82.74 2.20 12,145 6747 11.44 41.82 46.74 88.56 2.35 12,999 7223 47. 22152. 7812. 65 14.677 8151 49 74.36 3.17 10,867 6038 16 78 41.16 42.06 83 22 3.55 12.160 6756 49.46 50.54 4.26 14,614 8119 50 BO 98 2.44 10,969 6094 9.57 43.41 47.02 90.43 •> -•> 12,247 6804 48.01 41.99 3 01 13,546 7526 51 75.92 2 73 10, 834 6019 13.74 38 22 48.04 86.26 3J0 12.306 6037 44 31 55.69 3.59 14,207 7928 52 69.68 4.14 10,147 5637 25.26 36.52 38 22 71 71 4.44 10.884 6046 48.86 51.14 5.94 14,560 8089 53 80.66 3.14 11,721 6512 12 75 43 33 43.92 87.25 3.40 12,680 7046 49.67 50.33 3.89 14,533 8074 54 77.90 3.10 11,388 6327 17.44 40.34 42 22 82.56 3.29 12,069 6705 48.85 51.15 3.98 14.617 8121 55 87.90 2 18 12,791 7106 5.50 47.37 47 13 94.50 2.67 13.751 7639 50.14 49.86 2.82 14,553 8085 56 83.53 2.13 11.227 6238 8.75 42.12 49.13 91 25 2.32 12.264 6912 46.16 53.84 2.55 13.442 7468 57 80.48 3.27 10.805 6003 10.19 40.70 49.11 89.81 3 65 12,055 6697 45.32 54.68 4.06 13,426 7459 58 78.83 3.35 9.'. a". 5525 17.04 38.78 44.1* 82.96 3.76 11.174 6208 46.74 53.26 4.53 13,469 7483 59 84.46 1.98 12,190 6772 5.90 41 52 19.58 94.10 2.21 13, 583 7546 47.31 52.69 2.34 14.434 8019 60 70.48 3 00 10, 069 5594 23.07 36.00 40.93 76 93 3.27 10,991 6106 46.80 53.20 1.25 14,286 7937 61 86.17 3.80 U.MU 6-.84 4.99 46.74 18.27 95.01 4.19 13,064 7258 49 19 50.81 4.41 13,752 7640 62 75.83 3.86 10,334 5741 16.10 37.85 46.05 83 90 4.27 1 1 . 434 6352 45.11 54.89 5.08 3,626 7570 63 81.65 1.5011,509 6394 9.01 42.63 48.36 90.99 1.67 12,825 7125 46.85 53.15 1.83 14,095 7831 64 79.92 2.80 10,940 6078 11.00 41.87 47.13 89.00 3.12 12,181 6799 47 01 52.96 3 50 13,689 7605 6' 80.68 3.09 11,715 6525 12.06 41.79 16 15 87.94 3.36 12.802 7112 47.52 52 48 3.83 14.556 8087 66 74.58 4.08 110,555 5875 1'.' 17 38 92 41.911 80.83 4.42 11,440 6368 48 15 51.85 5.47 14,178 7877 67 72 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 Table XIV Source of Sample. Countv Town. Operator. Descrip- tion. 68j Madison . 69| Madison . 70 Madison . 71 Madison . 72 Marion ... 73 Marion ... 74 Marion .. 75 Marion ... 76 Marion ... 77 Marshall Wenona 78 Marshall ..do 79 Menard... 80 Menard... 81 Menard... 82 Menard... 83 Menard... 84i Menard... Donkville ... . .do Edwardsville .do Centralia . .do Odin ..do Sandoval Athens ..do Greenview . ..do M iddletown ..do 851 Mercer Cable. 86 Mercer.. .. .do. Donk Bros. Coal & C. Co.. \V. nut . .do VV. pea Henrietta Coal Co Nut ... . .do Slack . . Pittenger&DavisM.&M.C. ..do.... ..do Nut ... Odin Coal Co do ... . . .do Slack . . Sandoval Coal & M.Co.. Lump. Wenona Coal Co ..do ..do Slack.. Wabash Coal Co ILump. ..do |Slack .. Greenview C. & M.Co Lump. ..do Slack.. M iddletown Coal Co Lump. ..do Slack.. Coal Valley Mining Co Lump. ..do Slack.. 57 Mercer Sherrard do Lump. Mercer . .do do Slack . . Montgomery 'Litchfield Litchfield M. & Power Co.;.. do.... Montgomery . ..do [..do Lump. Peoria I Holies Third Vein Coal Co ..do.... Peoria '..do ..do Nut.. .. Perry IDuQuoin [Lake Superior Coal Mines. ..do Perry . .do I . .do . .do Perry | Pinckney ville . . White Walnut Coal Co ... . Perry do ' . .do 1)7 118 99 100 101 102 L03 104 103 Randolph i Sparta Randolph do Randolph ....jTilden Randolph ..do St. Clair French Village. St. Clair ..do St. Clair Marissa St. Clair I.. do Saline 106|Saline 107jSaline 108 Saline 109 Saline. 110 Saline llllSaline 112 Saline 113!Saline 114|Saneamon .. 115 Sangamon .. 116 Sangamon . 117 Sangamon . 118 Sangamon . 119 Sangamon .. 120(Sangamon ., ha n gam on Sangamon Sangamon Sangramon Sangamon Shelby.... Shelby.... 128 Vermilion 129 Vermilion 130 Vermilion 131 1 Vermilion 132| Vermilion 133 Vermilion 134 Vermilion Eldorado.. . ..do (..do ! ..do Harrisburg . .do ..do ..do ..do Auburn .do . .do . .do Cantrall.... . .do Dawson. .. . ..do Riverton . . . Springfield . .do ..do Boyd Coal & Coke Co ..do Crystal Coal Co ..do St. Louis & O'Fallon C.Co. ..do D. Zihlsdorf ..do Eldorado Coal <& Coke Co. ..do ..do ..do Harrisburg M. & C. Co.... . .do ..do Diamond Coal Co.... ..do Auburn & Alton Coal Co.. ..do Chicago- Virden Coal Co.. ..do Cantrall Co-op. Coal Co. .. ..do Wabash Coal Co ..do Springfield C. M. Co IChicago-Springfield C. Co. (Jones & Adams Co ..do Moweaqua Moweaqua C, M. & M. Co . .do do , Catlin Jones & Adams Co . .do . .do Danville E. S. Gray . .do Economy Coal Min. Co. . . .do : . .do . .do j H oskins Brothers Fairmount iConsol. C. Co. of St. Louis Lump. Slack . . Lump. Nut... Slack . . Lump. . .do . . . . Slack . . Lump. Slack.. Lump. Slack.. . .do . . . . . .do . . . . Lump. ..do.. . Slack.. Lump. ! Slack.. ! Lump. Slack.. Nut.... Slack.. Nut.... Slack..! Nut.... Slack.. ..do.... Lump. ..do.... I Slack.. | Nut... 'Slack.. Lu m p . i Slack.J .do An< Dry 7, 4.87 8 7.76 14, .. 8.54 15 6! 6.75 18, 6! 5.43 12 6 8.52 9 6' 6.92 15, 6 5.51 11 2 10.94 2 2 10.31 13 5 9.32 9. 5 10.10 16 5 9.46i 8, 5| 9.58 14 510. 04 9. 5 10.37J19 9.02.10 9.02111 9.60 1 8 7.84 18 7.94d3 9.22J 5 7.86' 7 8.04, 7 8.44i 6 7.2410 7.54 1 7 7 26 22 7.44! 8 7.09i 8 7.17(13 8.68! 7 08 j 8 8.1216 7.781 7 7.1513 5 . 68 j 8 4.36 23 5.04 10 4.00 20 4 20 5 3 76 7 3. 70! 15 f. 4.101 6 5 4.72 14 6 10.461 7 6 9.38116 6 10.42 6 6 10.10114 5 If) 02 8 5 9.64 12 5 12.56 9 5 11.4416 6 8. Lump. I Slack.. I Lump. 'Slack..' 3.38116 4.74J11 11.32 12 :» 11.56 12 5 8.0710 5 9.19,10 7 10.36 5 7l 9.90 5 7 3.44,13 7 1 8.38! 5 7 8.00119 fil 9.30 7 V 7.5918 40 39 77 40 40 36 76 36 36 34 41 38 82 37 95 36 94 36 32 36 14 33 04 39 62 34 11 ,37 26 36 90 36 20 33 86 39 78 37 82 39 39 36 84! 36 96 38 6842 8041 52 35 04 38 30 39 2^31 64137 93 36 15 34 73 37 38 41 21 35 34 40 77 37 90 33 58 29 88 34 88,30 50 37 01,36 80 1 33 76 37 28 32 H7 38 37 34 46 39 12 35 22 38 64 36 93 34 94 29 4H 36 34 36 96(37 16 34 78 37 16 36 71 38 02 40 36 35 65 45 47; 34 06 41 _.,44.66 .83 45.53 93 40.91 37 39.33 13 40.76 17 43.99 11 44.55 1640.97 81 45.74 59 50.15 49 43.06 32(42.32 82^8. 46 62 44.81 28 39.88 89 43.17 12 37.31 34 40.78 77 41.43 36 42.22 .72(37.05 .34 41.88 .74 46.08 66 41.80 ,13 43.03 97 49.07 72 44.00 20(45.96 .36 39.16 .6446.28 .7547.23 .70(44.98 .0646.53 .3042.24 ,44 ! 40.23 78 44.10 87 41.21 32 52.10 36 42.70 3649.72 ,78(44.34 .12(53.18 1153.12 .14 47.36 17 51.97 72148.28 96 42.91 50 39 . 75 ,52 43.60 78 40.00 31 43.45 94 40.78 10 43.41 18 42.44 96;43.20 64 47.28 0838.64 54,41.74 14144.01 82 43.83 1845.75 75 44.33 06 18.11 96 43.01 83(37.70 84(41.80 47 '37. 25 < ontinued. TABLES OF ANALYSES. 7:; - Oven Dry Coal. Pure Coal. A J. £ G - Heat units. > 2 3 ; h3 c c Hhat units.! < X 1 (-, -■ Heat units. D C s n DC 3 £ 'o' EL o a- ST o n Cd &5 g- xed ci •latile Calo sr c 3 s: p g- O S 73 ■ 3 o D : ! : 2.5 matter, ries «7 3.0012.004 6669 8.05 43.36 48.59 I 91. 95j3. 26 13,006 III 7255 47.16 52.84 3.55114,202 7890 68 86 36 2.96 12,364 6869 9.22 42.92 47.86: 90.78 3.1112.997 7220 47.27:52.73 3.42 14,315 7953 1 69 77.84 4 74 11,002 6112 15.61 40.04 44.35 84.39 5.13 11,927 6626 47.44152.56 6.08,14,130 7850 70 77) 70 4.00 10,879 6044 17.23 39.77 43.00 82.77[4.37!11,894 6608 48.05 51.95:5.2844,373 7985 71 74.89 4.3610,836 6019 19.69 36.60 43.7ll 80. 3ll4. 67111, 620 6946.45.57154.43 5.82 14.466 8037 72 82 16 3.6041,658 6477 13.12 40.36 46.52 86.88,3.81112,327 684946. 46153. 54 4.38 14,189 7883 73 M .66 3.00 11,138 6188 10.74 40.57 48.69: 89.263.27112,175 6764 45.43:54.57 3.67113,638 7577 74 77.13 3.80 10,766 5981 17.13 38.86 44.01' 82.874.08 11,565 6425 46.88 53.12 4.92 13,955 7753 75 82.55 2.6012,020 6678 12.63 38.96 48.41 1 87.37j2.75 12,722 7069 44.59 55. 41i3.14'l4,5ii0 8089 l 76 86.74 79 12,139 6744 2.61 41.08 56.31 97.39i .8913,633 7574 42.18 57.821 .9143.995 7775 77 76 55 2.67(10,969 6094 14.64 37.35 48.01 85. 3612. 98(12,231 6795 43.75 56. 2513.48 14,331 7962 78 81.64 4 44 11.503 6391 9.97 43.36 46.67 90.034.9042,685 7048 48.16 51.84 5.44 14,088 7827, 79 73.28 4 20 10,288 5716 18.49 38.73 42.78 81.51 4.57 11,444 6358 47.52 52.485.73114,040 7800 80 82.43 2.41 11,550 6528 8.95 41.56 49.49 91.052.66!l2,756 7210 45.64 54.36j2.92 14,255 7919 81 76.16 3.04 10,727 5959 15.77 40.12 44.11 84.23 3.36 11,846 6581 47.63 52.37 3.99 14,081 7823 82 80.06 2.4311,290 6272 11.00 41.01 47.99! 89.00 2.7012. 349 697246.08 53.92 3.03 14,103 7835 83 70.43 3.13 9,799 5444 21.43 36.94 41.63! 78.57 3.49 10,933 607447.02 52.98 4.44 13,914 7730 84 80.12 3.93 11,453 6363 11.94 43.24 44.82 88. 06!4. 32 12,588 6993 49.10 50 90 4.90 14, 293 7941 85 79.20 4.00 11,380 6322 12.95 41.51 45.54! 87.05)4.46 12,508 6949 47.68 52.325 0544,365 7981! 86 81.58 3.02 11,875 6547 9.75 43.54 46.71 90.25j3.34ll3.036 724248.25 51.75 3.70 14,' 446 8026 87 73 77 4.78 10.141 5634 19.96 39.84 40.20 80.04 5.19 11,005 611449.79 50.21 6.48 13,748 7638 88 78.22 3.10 11,143 6191 15.03 39.47 45.50, 84.97 3.37 12,119 6733 46.35 53.65 3.96 14,245 7914 89 84.82 1 77 12,100 6722 6.56 42.68 50.76 93.44 1. 95! 13, 327 740445.6. 54.33 2.0914,265 7925 90 84.46 2.41 11,-880 6600 8.33 46.31 45.36 91.67 2.6042,895 7164 50.51 49.49 2.85 14,065 7814 91 84 16 3.13 11,914 6619 8.47 44.73 46.80 91.53 3. 40 1 12, 955 7197 48.87 51.13 3.72 14,153 7863 ; 92. 85.04 1.82 11,953 6640 7.12 39.29 53.59 92. 88H. 99113, 054 7252 42.29 57.71 2.14 14,052 7807 93 82.72 3 04 11,790 6550 10.82 41.74 47.44 89.18 3. 27! 12, 710 7061 46.81 53.19 3.67 14,250 7917 94 85.16 1.88 12,082 6713 7.89 42.40 49.71 92 11 2. 03113,070 7261 46. 03 '53. 97 2.20 14,189 7883 95 70.52 3.10 10,001 5556 23.96 33.82 42.22 76.04 ! 3.34|10,784 599144.46 55.54 4.39 14,178 7877, 96 83.92 2.4011,790 6550 9.34 40.66 50.00 90 66J2. 59 12,735 7075144.85 55.15 2.86 14,049 7805 97 83.98 3 45 11,840 6578 9.61 39.55 ' 50.84 90.39 3.71 12,744 7080143.77 56.234.10 14,097 7832' 98 79.68 3.13 11.430 6350 14.16 37.38 48.46 85.84l3.37|12,119 6733 43.55 56.45 3.93 14,344 7969 99 83.59 3.07 11.525 6403 8.46 40.59 50.95 91.54 3.3612.619 701144.34 55. 56 4. 62 13,786 7659 100 83.54 3.35 11,549 6416 9.12 44.93 45.95 90.88 3. 64! 12, 565 6981 49.44 50.564.01 13.827 7682 101 75.67 4.00 10,514 5841 17.64 38.56 43.80 82.36 4.35111,445 6358 46.83 53.17 5 2843,892 7718 102 84.88 3 2311,684 6491 7.96 44.22 47.82! 92.04 3.50 12.670 7039,48.04 51.96 3. 80!l3,764 7647 103 79.08 3.93 10.919 6066 14.82 40.79 44.39 85. 1814.23 11,763 6535 47.89 52.11:4.97113,807 7671 104 85.42 1.1812,668 7038 9.44 35.32 55.24 90.56 1. 25 i 13, 430 75. 37! 2. 09 10,875 7461 39 02 60.98 4.3844,830 8239 105 72.06 2.0010,400 5778 24.63 30.72 44.65 6041 40.75 59.25 2.77114,432 8018406- 84.08 4.00 12,179 6766 11.46 36.18 52.36 88.54 4.21 12,821 7125 40.87 59.134.75 14,486 8048 107 75.12 3.70 10.924 6069 21.75 32.07 46.18 78.25 3.85 11,379 6323 40.97 59.03 4.92 14,542 8079 108 90.30 1.64 13,303 7391 5.74 38.75 55 . 51 94.264.7143,889 7716 41.12 58.88 1.81 14,734 8186 109 89.23 1.81 13,151 7306 7.28 37.52 55.20 92.721.8813,666 7592 40.47 59.53 2.03 14.734 8186 110 80.50 2.40 10,586 5881 16.41 34.41 49.18 83.59 2.49 10,991 610641.17 58.83 2.9813,150 7306 111 89.14 1.55 12,949 7194 7.05 58.76 54.19 92. 95! 1.62|13, 502 750141 70 58.30 1.74 14,526 8070 112 81.00 2.70 11.351 6306 15.00 34.34 50.66 85.00 2.83 11,911 6617 40.40 59.60 3.3344,014 7786 113 81.87 2.60 11,660 6478 584i 8.57 43.51 47.92 91.43 2.90 13,022 7246 47.58 52.42 3 17 14,241 7912 114 3.50 10,514 18.06 38.07 43.87 81.94 3.86 11,602 6446 44.38 55.624.7144,160 7867 115 12 2.7311.438 6350 7.21 44.11 48.68 92.79 3.05 12,759 7089 47.54 52.46 3.28 13,750 7639 116 75.78 3.02 10,636 5909 15.72 39.79 44.49 84.283.36 11,831 6573 47.21 52.79 3.99 14.038 7799 117 81.76 1.51 11,536 6409 9.13 42.58 48.29 90.87 1.71 12,821 7123 46.86 53.14 1.88 14.108 7838 118 77.72 3.45 10,929 6072 13.99 40.88 45.13 86.01 3.82 12,095 672047.52 52.484 43 14,061 7812 119 77.51 2.14 11,104 6169 11.35 39.00 49.65 88.65 2.44 12,698 7055 , 43 . 99 56 .01 2 . 76 14, 326 7959 120 71.62 3.13 10.024 5569 19.13 32.95 47.92 80.873.53 11,318 628840.74 59.25 4 .37 13,995 7775 121 4.10 11,119 6344 17.04 38.25 44.71 82.96 4.24 11,819 6566 46.11 53.89 5.11114,245 7914 122 2.90 11.975 6653 11.91 38.46 49.63! 88.09 3.04 12,371 6984 43.66 56.34 3.45 14,272 7929 123 75.72 3.9010.670 5928 14.62 41.81 43.57 85. 38i 4. 39 12,033 6685 48.96 51.04 5.15 14, 092 7829 124 76.28 4.08 10,805 6003 13.75 39.05 47.20 86.25 4.61 12,216 6787 45.28 54.72 5.34 14,162 7868 125 81 15 3.3011,176 6209 11.72 40.40 47.88 88.28 3.59 12,157 6754 45.77 54.23 4.06 13,773 7652 126 80.65 3.27 11,261 6256 11 19 40.54 48.27 1 88.81 3 60 12.307 6837 45 . 65 54 . 35 4 . 05 13 959 7755 127 83.93 1 47 11,836 6631 6.37 12.. V.i 51.04 93.63 1.64 13,204 7399 45.48 54.52 1.75 11,218 7899 128 85 08 2.00 10,350 5750 5.57 15 23 49.20 94.43 2.23 11,487 6382 47.90 52.10 2.35 12,162 6757 129 83.20 3 38 11,909 6612 13.83 36.31 49.86 86.17 3.5012,333 7883 42.14 57.86 4.06 14,304 7947 130 2.88 12.589 6994 6.17 46.89 46.91 93.83 3.14 13,740 7633 51.65 48.35 3.23 14,149 7861 131 72.53 3.40 10,603 5891 , 21.16 37.86 40.98i 78.84 3.69 11,525 6403 48.02 51.98 4. 68 11,617 8121 132 83 '14 2.40 11.. -jx:, 6325 7.78 46.13 46.09 92.22 2.61 12.552 6971 50.02 49.98 2.87 13.609 7561 133 73.72 3 67 110,289 57K 1 20 22 39.47 1 40 31 1 79.78 3 97 11,133 618549.48 50.52 4.9743,955 7753'13l 74 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 Table XIV Source of Sample. Descrip- tion. Air Dry County. Town. Operator. 135 Vermilion .. 136i Vermilion .. 1371 Vermilion .. 138! Vermilion . . 139 Will 140 Will 41 Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson 147 VVilliamson 148 Williamson 149! Williamson loOiWilliamson 142 143 144 145 146 Grape Creek. . .do S. Westville . . .do Braidwood . . . ..do Bush ..do Carterville.. . do JHerrin do do do . Bunting Bros Kelleyville Coal Co Westville Coal Co ..do Murphy, Keenan & Co.. .. . .do Western Coal & Min. Co.. ..do Carterv. & Big M'dy C. Co. do. Lauder Carterville New Kentucky Coal Co. .. Chicago & Carterv. C. Co. . .do ..do Carterv. & Big M'dy C. Co. New Ohio Coal Co Lump.} . .do .... | ..do.... Slack..! Lump. Slack . . | Lump. Slack.. . .do . . . . Lump. VV.slk. VV.nut. W.slk.i Lump. Slack . . W.nut.i .85 5 57 5 20 5 06 7 44 4 52 16 90 9 92 12 04 7 32 6 00 10 87 6 4 11 uo r, 35 17 28 8 90 35 14 34 82 35 30 35 24 6: 33 10 32 62 31 36 33 4 7 30 46 32 80 40 52 32 49 46.76 XI 48.48 86 47.12 34 46.30 28 48.02 :>7 40.53 00 49.14 64 47.20 18 53.16 58 54 99 76 52.62 53 54.24 96 52.41 32 56 22 81 35 04 00 56.20 PARR. J TABLES OF ANALYSIS 75 ConclvuiVd. Coal Oven Dry Coal. Pure Coal. 1 *c 09 Heat units. > < *) ►D in Heat units. < 3 a> Heat units. c o c e o a ™ n o 65 ■5* C CO 3? ""CO c cr co Jt O p. g CO T | a p o o British the mal unit; Iphur O EL >-! S' CO 3 M ft x ft a o &: C o 3 ■5* C to 3£ £.5' o El o 5' CO ." 7 r* i : i • 1* CO »t : 82.25 2.43 11,565 6425 6.70 I 40.24 53.06 93.30 I 2.76|l3,118 7288 43.15 56.85 2.96H4.059 7811 135 83 29 .75 11,660 6478 5.81 39.37 54.82 94.19 .85113,183 7324 41.80 58.20! .90|14,000 777S 13* 82.98 .83 11,824 6569 6.55 40.38 53.07 93.45 .93 13,312 7396 43.22 56.78 1.00 14,248 7916:137 81.64 .84 11,632 6463 8.20 39.74 52.06 91.80 .94 13,080 7267 43.28 56.72 1.02 14.247 7915 138 84.30 1.95 11,300 6278 4.81 40.97 54.22 25.19 2.20 12.760 708943. 04 56.96 2.32,13,406 7448139 73.10 2.34 9,675 5375 18.31 36.40 45.29 81.69 2.6210,812 6007 44.56 55 44 3.20:13,233 7352 140 84.14 1.97 12,072 6736 10.59 37.19 52.22 89.41 2.09 12,829 7187 41. 5958.41J2. 34il4, 410 8006 141 82.84 1.15 11,863 6591 12.87 37.49 49.64 87.13 1 21 12,477 6932 43. 02.^6.9811. 38(14,320 7956 | 142 86.34 1.03 12,611 7006 8.11 35.31! 56.58 91.89 1.10 13,421 7456i38. 4361. 57,1. 19 14,603 8113 143 87.57 1.00 12,706 7059 6.52 34.78 58.70 93.48 1. 06113, 563 7535 37.21 62.79 1 .14 14,522 8068 144 84.38 2.22 12,325 6847 11.18 33.43 55.39 88.82 2.36.12,974 7208 37.64 62.36 2.63 14,607 8115 145 87.77 .83 12,706 7059 6.75 35.62| 57.63 93.25 .88 13,498 7499 38.21,61.79; .95 14,477 8043 146 83.37 1.85 12,145 6747 11.82 32.75! 55.43 88.18 196 12,845 7136 37.14 62.86 2.22 14.567 8093 147 88.54 .82 12,775 7097 5.81 34.38! 59.81 94.19 .87|13,582 7549 36.53 63.47 .93 14,427 80151148 75.85 1.14 10,508 5838 19.01 43.581 37.41 80.99 1. 22,11,819 6233 ; 53.80;46.20|1.50 13,834 76971149 88.80 .89 12,560 6967 I 5.81 33.08 58.11 91.19 .9212,985 7214 1 36. 28 63.72 1 1 1.0114,239 7911 150 76 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. TABLE XV. Town. 1 Assumption ... 2 Assumption ... 3 Astoria 4 Astoria 5 Athens 6 Athens 7 Auburn 8 Auburn 9 Auburn 10 Auburn 11 Bloomington . . 12 Bloomington . . 13 Bloomington . . 14 Bloomington . . 15 Braceville 16 Braceville 17 Braidwood 18 Braidwood 19 Breese 20 Breese 21 Bush 22 Bush 23 Buxton 24 Cable 25 Cable 26 Canton 27 Canton 28 Cantrall 29 Cantrall 30 Cardiff 31 Cardiff 32 Carterville 33 Carterville 34 Carterville 35 Catlin 36 Catlin 37 Centralia 38 Centralia 39 Collinsville 40 Collinsville.... 41 Cuba 42 Cuba 43 Cuba 44 Cuba 45 Danville 46 Danville 47 Danville 48 Danville 49 Dawson 50 Dawson 51 Decatur 52 Donkville 53 Donkville. 54 DuQuoin 55 DuQuoin 56 Edwardsville.. 57 Edwardsville.. 58 Eldorado 59 Eldorado 60 Eldorado 61 Eldorado 62 Etherly 63 Etherly 64 Fairbury 65 Fairbury 66 Fairmount 67 Farmington ... 68 Farmington .., 69 French Village 114 115 116 117 53 54 55 56 25 26 139 J 40 141 142 10 85 86 15 16 118 119 46 47 143 143 150 128 129 72 73 66 67 17 18 19 20 130 131 132 133 120 121 57 94 70 71 105 106 107 108 8.46 7.74 7.94 9.34 9.32 10.10 10.46 9.38 10.42 10.10 6.77 7.56 5.64 6.98 9.70 11.86 11.44 10.52 8.10 8.83 5.90 4.92 7.95 9.02 9.02 11.10 10.00 10.02 9.64 11.28 10.26 6.04 6.32 3.28 10.36 9.90 6.75 5.43 8.26 7.74 7.70 9.22 5.55 7.28 3.44 8.38 8.00 9.30 12.56 11.44 8.46 8.08 4.87 8.44 4.36 5.04 4 00 12.74 10.16 5.30 6.57 7.59 10.25 9.62 5.08 12.02 12.72 11.30 8.64 13.66 19.96 8.94 9.04 11.61 16.62 10.78 7.67 12.49 16.37 11.63 6 46 17.20 14.12 10.74 23.55 8.25 11.78 10.20 16.46 10.24 5.12 11.09 31.18 8.50 4.02 10.61 4.26 14.86 16.38 13.17 14.24 11.48 8.97 13.55 9.96 10.39 12.24 14.84 9.15 11.89 10.86 9.39 11.78 13.14 14,36 12.54 9.88 13.00 8.22 15.58 12.64 12.57 4.84 11.78 12.02 12.08 7.62 11.79 6.10 11.89 8.52 11.66 •5 71 11.85 5 02 13.10 18.36 10.82 12 41 12.31 11,06 11.88 17.68 10.74 9,77 13.14 11.14 12.86 10,18 10.99 15.68 9.35 13 36 11.06 5.65 15.29 19,47 11.46 7.06 14.81 9.93 10.11 16.94 9.67 8 01 16 05 7.40 12.70 8.77 13.88 6.52 14.33 10.04 12.45 14.40 10.44 15.76 10.75 8 90 11.19 23.58 9.87 10 88 10.13 20.88 7.93 7 86 14.46 25 00 12.10 21.50 9.30 10.69 10.44 18.69 12.04 12.21 10.34 20.18 10.60 8.38 13.46 26.28 24.96 23.09 25.52 27.71 24.04 26 47 22.87i 22 32 25.04, 25.80 29.86 ; 27.82! 32.971 18.38! 26.71 21,42 18.40 22,52 2l'.69 24.61 20. M 24.80i 29.45 24.53 23.44 25,72 22.73 24.37 27.58 24.46 21.39 20.69 20.34 26.33 27.65 23.31 25.86 26.46 25. 17 | 26.051 25.40 30.02 26.98 24.00| 30.67 23.37 27.03 23.99 18.51 22.51 27.16 26.95 21.64 26.27 26.49 25.62 22.13 24.49 19.23 22.85 22 20 19^09 24.46 28.63 24.43 25.41 22.44 27.84 48.16 43.28 46.67 36.24 42.32 38.46 42.91 39.75 43.60 40.00 35.63 40.60 39.84: 43.84 32.24 46.80 48.02 40.53 43.66 46.96 49.14 47.20 46.21 40.78 41.43 38.56 41.40 43.45 40.78 44.52 41.18 53.16 54.99 56.30 45.75 44.33 40.76 43.99 42.34 38.67 43.34 41.38 43.26 40.71 48.14 43.01 37.70 41.80 43.41 42.44 44.97 44.66 45.53 49.07 44.00 40.91 39.33 52.10 42.70 49.72 44.34 42.74 33.65 39.44 43.67 37.25 41.79 37.16 42.24 30.3 30.5 27.2 34.3 31.9 30.1 32.2 29.1 22.7 32.0 34.2 36.2 34.9 37.3 27.9 30.8 23.4 24.5 26.7 24.4 27.9 25.4 28.1 35.4 29.5 30.2 32.0 29.1 30.3 32.6 30.7 23.8 22.4 21.6 31.6 33.1 28.1 30.1 31.9 31 31 33.0 35.5 33.3 26.2 35. 30.9 33.5 29.9 22 4 27^4 3i.5 31.0 25.0 31.0 31.2 31.9 24.8 25.4 25.0 26.3 29.0 29 30.7 34 32.3 32.4 30.7 33.2 > 62.24 64.12 55.15 62.15 55.17 63.27 56.08 59 89 58.77 54.21 63.33 61.09 70.17 44.67 67.62 63.81 53.66 59.58 62.08 68.12 63.39 64.29 63.17 58.78 55.31 61.04 61.30 58.51 66.03 59.43 69.72 70.83 71.87 66.91 66.27 56.66 62.85 62.26 56.64 62.84 61.81 67.18 60.94 65.22 66.94 54.65 62.89 61.89 54.80 62.00 65.22 65.90 65.35 63.73 59.40 57.75 69.28 66.59 56.86 60.19 60.13 47.68 56.50 66.33 54.96 61.79 53.74 63.20 PARR. J TABLE OF ANALYSES. Table XV— Continued. i i Town. o >r PC M s. n £ 5 3 7" 70 French Village... 102 8.12 71 Grape Creek 135 11 B5 72 Grape Creek 136 11.57 73 Greenview 81 9.46 74 Greenview 82 9.58 75 Greenridge 60 10.24 76 Greenridge 61 8.38 77 Harrisburg 109 4.20 78 Harrisburg 110 3.76 79 Harrisburg Ill 3.70 80 Harrisburg 112 4.10 81 Harrisburg 113 4.72 82 Herrin 145 5.00 83 Herrin 146 5.87: 84 Herrin 147 5.46 85 Herrin 148 6.00 86 Holies 91 7.86 87 Holies 92 8.04 88 Kanglev 35 7.68 89 Kangley 36 5.81 90 Kewanee 29 10.16 91 Kewanee 30 9.99 92 Ladd 1 7.04 93 Ladd 2 6.60 94 LaSalle 37 7.54 95 LaSalle j 38 7.87 96 LaSalle 39 7.56 97 Lauder 149 6.35 98 Lincoln 50 10.64 99 Lincoln 51 10.44 100 Litchfield 89 7 94 101 Litchfield 90 9.22 102 Marissa.. 103 7.78 103 Marissa 104 7.15j 104 Moweaqua 126 8.07 105 Moweaqua 127 9.19 106 Mt. Olive 62 9.30 107 Mt. Olive 63 9.62 108 Mt. Pulaski 52 11.98 109 Murphysboro 31 4.96 110 Murphysboro 32 6.21 111 Mid letown 83 10.04 112 Middletown 84 10.37 113 Niantic 58 10.38 114 Niantic 59 11.01 115 Norris 23 11.78 116 Norris 24 9.44 117 Odin 74 8.52 118 Odin 75 6.92 119 Oglesby 40 10.28 120 Oglesbv 41 8.28 121 Pana . .' 5 9.00 122 Pana 6 8.06 123 Pana 7 7.80 124 Pincknevville .... 95 7.54 125 Pincknevville .... 96 7.26 126 Riverton 122 3.38 127 Sandoval 76 5.511 128 Sherrard 87 9.601 129 Sherrard 88 7.84 130 Sparta 97 7.44 131 Sparta 98 7.09 132 Springfield 123 4.741 133 Springfield 124 11.32 134 Springfield 125 11.56 135 Streator 42 8.47 136 Streator 43 7.96 137 Streator 44 6.88 138 Streator 45. 5 52 16.21 5.90 5.14 8.11 14.26 5.30 21.14 5.50 7.01 15.80 6.76 14.28 10.62 6.36 11.17 5.46 8.50 22.60 6.64 7.0* 8.99 8.04 5.10 14.20 8.08 17.80 15.00 8.58 13.84 5.96 7.34 13.77 10.78 10.16 4.53 14.55 12.10 '4.39 4.72 9.90 19.20 9.14 15.16 14.18 19.70 9.82 15.95 4.09 17.54 8.30 18.66 8.74 7.30 22 22 uL46 11 94j 8.82 18.39 8.64 8.93 11.34 12.96 12.16 11.98 6.35 9.57; 5.40! 12.18 11.11 13.27 10 94 12.24 13.29 10.57 11.77 12.56 12.83 12.50 10.07 11.37 12.27 10.99 12.32 12.66 13.89 11.02 9.74 13.36 13.65 14.42 13 63 12.72 11.30 12.76 12.16 10.89 12.91 12.16 14.06 13.26 12.48 13.50 13.34 15.25 13.12 10.58 12.16 12 00 14.10 11.04 14.53 12.95 10.66 8.83 13.15 11.27 14.71 10.29 12.67 13.98 12 05 17.18 11.35 11.34 12.70 10.09 11.79 14.41 14.53 12.63 11.79 10.77 10 43 11.361 23.26 1 24.38; 21.54i 26.68 ! 24.04 26.67 22.41 25.35 23.55 20.31 24.67 22.65 20.89 21.26 19.97 20.00 30.00 27.24 27.92 23.31 23.97 24.34 23.88 24 98 32.58 27.61 29.02 28.65, 25.89 25.97 24.18 24.68 27.52| 25.39 23.64 23.48 27.14 21.09 23.06 22.46 22.29 22.79 22.08 21'. 94 21.56 22.54 24.85 23.96 24.89 27 32 25.63 28.75 99 79 23i 79 22.03 20.01 25.62 24.11 29.27 24.93 23.23 22.22 24.01 25.29 23.77 26.15 29.86 28.31 30.741 40.23 46.76 48.48 44.81 39.88 44.50 37.50 53.18 53.12 47.36 51.97 48.28 52.62 54.24 52.41 56,22 41.80 43.03 44.88 38.54 45.87 44.99 45.67 46.75 42.06 39.02 42.58 35.04 37.58 42.10 41.88 46.08 44.10 41.21 44.01 43.83 43.78 41.62 42.28 56.03 54.78 43.17 37.31 44.01 39.32 40.84 37.18 44.55 40.97 43.60 38.26 41 .28 37.44 39.74 45.96 39.16 43.20 45.74 42.22 37.05 46.28 47.23 47.28 38.64 41.74 13.52 45.85 44.81 46.98' 28.8 28.3 31.6 30.9 32.1 30.6 27.1 25 2 23.5 27.1 25.4 21.6 23.4 21.6 21.4 36.3 32.3 31.9 28.6 28.2 27.9 28.6 28.6 37.7 34.8 33.6 40.6 34.1 32.3 29.9 29.6 31.9 30.7 27.9 27.9 31.2 25.5 28.8 24.1 24 4 28.4 30.1 26.0 27.9 30.5 34.6 28.3 30.4 32.6 31 8 34.8 36.8 31.7 26 2 26.7 26.4 29.7 28.3 34.7 31 7 27.4 24.5 27.1 32.1 28.4 29.8 33.1 32.0 33 5 56.46 65.19 65.46 57.71 65 . 55 53.96 72.97 70.99 61.87' 71.25 64 73 67.15 70.79 66.89 71.53 65.59 63.60 65.90 53.99 63.88 62.39 64.01 65.50 67.58 59.85 64.07 58.92 57.05 62.19 59.71 65.44 64.81 59 43 61.07 60.77 63.61 55.82 59.41 73.82 72.48 60.28 53.36 51.47 54.58 57.32 56.82 62.16 58.86 64.68 56.12 63.24 62. 80 54.76 65.7) 62.72 53.20 61.40 63.80 64.79 54.20 63.69 62.57 64.90 56.87 58.29 62.00 68.50 65.82 70 67 3.03 3.52 3.62 3.17 3.64 2.95 3.92 3.87 3.40 3.84 3.50 3.64 3.88 3.64 3.87 3.80 3.54 3.66 2.90 3.46 3.37 3.45 3.53 4.02 3.43 3.61 3.63 3.25 3.46 3.25 3.55 3.58 3.24 3.28 3.27 3.51 3.03 3.20 4.05 3.97 3.25 2.90 3 21 2.95 3.13 3.23 3.35 3.20 3 62 3.11 3.59 3.66 3.02 3.56 3.38 2.87 3.32 3.45 3.68 3.00 3.42 3.43 3.49 3.16 3.14 3.37 3.83 3.64 3.98- 4.00 2.43 2.41 3.04 1.98 3.00 1.64 1.81 2.40 1.55 2.70 2 " "^83 1.85 .82 2.41 3.13 3.24 4.96 2.50 2.57 2.10 2.70 3.04 3.35 3.92 1.14 3.17 2.44 3.10 1.77 3.23 3.93 3.30 3.27 3.80 3.86 2.73 .62 .62 2.43 3.13 3.27 3.35 1.93 1.98 3.00 3.80 2 62 4.66 3.20 2.96 3.45 .75 1.88 3.10 4.10 2.60 3.02 4.78 2.40 3.45 2.90 3.90 4.08 4.30 3 38 3.66 3.07 78 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULJ Table XV— Concluded. Town. > sr n < c p> o 13.15 11.06 7.73 12.26 20.19 11.43 15.28 11.88 8.08 16.12 9.87 14.21 2.32 12.20 13.14 9.51 5.82 13.91 7.30 12.06 29.35 10.00 5.36 10.54 H ► o 70 < B s& P PS -1 cr : g : n o : =r a • «< . & • 62.12 3.37 64.76 3.50 55.28 3.02 58.99 3.26 60.75 3.28 59.67 3.24 69.98 3.77 61.06 3.31 64.74 3.50 65,21 3.53 46.35 2 5 9 66.89 3.67 1 139 Tilden 140 Tilden 141 Trenton, 142 Trenton 143 Virden 144 Virden 145 Wenona 146 Wenona 147 S. Westville... 148 S. Westville... 149 S. Wilmington 150 S. Wilmington 99 7.17 100 8.68 11 8.76 12 9.47 64 10.27 65 10.21 77 10.94 78 10.31 137 11.20 138 11.06 27 7.80 28 11.44 23.64 24.80 16.57 18.10 22.13 23.39 24.39 23.98 21.95 23.28 18.84 26.55 44.98 46.53 43.05 45.27 43.40 42.32 50.15 43.06 47.12 46.30 34.01 46.11 27.6 28.2 22.2 23.3 28.5 29.1 28.4 29.5 27.2 29.0 26.7 31.0 3d 1. 1 2. .7 2.6 3.9 2. TESTS WITH ILLINOIS COALS UNDER STEAM BOILERS. (By L. P. Breckenridge. i The following is a brief review of a number of boiler trials with various Illinois coals made by the Mechanical Engineering depart- ment of the University of Illinois. The tests were made at the different power plants of the University and neighboring towns The conditions under which the tests were made were usually those ordi- narily obtaining at the different plants, and it is fair to assume that they represent average conditions throughout the State. The tests were made by students of the department, sometimes for instructional purposes and sometimes for investigational purposes as thesis work. The coals used were for the most part those in common use at the plants, although in some cases special coals were used to obtain their evaporative efficiency under a boiler. There were thirty-five different coals tested, representing fourteen counties of the State. The following types of boilers were used in these trials : ( 1; Stirling water- tube boilers 2 setting's. (2) National water-tube boiler 2 Fleine water- tube boiler 1 (4) Babcock and Wilcox water- tube boiler 8 (5) Horizontal tubular boiler 11 The settings of these boilers included the following: One Murphy smokeless furnace. One Roney automatic stoker. Two Green chain grate stokers. One Babcock and Wilcox chain grate stoker. One Brightman stoker. All other tests were made with hand- fired furnaces and plain or rocking grates. The results of these tests are shown in Tables I and II, the tests being arranged according to the counties in which the coals were mined. Table I gives the conditions under which the tests were made. Table II gives some of the more important results. The headings need no special explanation. Where a series of tests was made with the same coal under like conditions, the aver- age of the series is reported together with the number of tests in the series. Where assumptions were made, they have been indicated in the tables. A. more detailed report of these tests may be found in Bulletin No. 7 of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, which also contains the chemical analysis and heating values of Illi- nois coals. 79 — 6 G S cSO COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COALS. [BULL. 3 e4. < w A i— i H H i— i ■*, id °3 ^ 00 gap HO M Oh hH O gq H co w H Ph* I— I o pq Temperature of escap- ing flue gases. Temperature of feed water. Force of draf between damper and boiler. Steam pressure, gauge. Water heating surface. Grate surface. Duration of trial. 5 H Q « d w o w Ph Fahr. ° Fahr. Inches water. Lbs. per sq. in. Sq. ft. Sq. ft. Hours. o . Pi W W N ) T^l ~* CO 00 OS t— CO «CC. >0 SO l- — -* oc -X OS CD io -^ co m -* .c irs t -«>• ic KDOOMl-HBONB'.t'OCOKJ cm oi cm co -*r ic co ~* cc cm cm : cm .-<-. cd cm cm t- co lOHr-lflOC-tKOOOOOOtOOI-OlC-ta ' O t- l.O fflfl-asOMC.O'i . ..fflWKBOl-OGOOi:-H , l- £ tC ® P5 t- IC M OOTT CC K ■+ '£ .. i- i~ CI - i •£ OO lOi-ocfio-rf iccicii': o-*-t"*cooio -f ■' cc co co i~ ifs COW MH»)W CM CM CM -iooooicooa MHHHOOO' •jaqumjsi 8 0»0C000t000C»- OiCOQO O r^ O CM O O O L- i-H Irt © O CO t— O 00 © © CD -r c— Ol ic t- - t i!t cp CD C- iO >o ~. cc -r < Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol C71 Ol Ol r. r. ~ ~. ~. ~ o. z- r. r. O". o oc oo co co r r .c co si co co oo co co co cc v: co co oc si 0) 4) O . _ u >- trt /-i -> *, rr! ■?oo o o > > R O -O rt-O cs a; c« o o c >" > >' ooo-.S DUD ^-§-§ , a; a) £ D q.! !a S.9 : r3 ca 2 v j±£ , o o o £-~ £■- 4^-c: - 1 ^i"-c;'R^, !£:j y x3 ^-8^^- ^R-OCRRRRCCRCRRC ■SS^tSg^oo-2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.9.2.2.2 pSS 2 nrt cac3c3cC:3Kic3c«cccSc«cocac3«a 1— ieMCO-*mccc— oooso-r- iCNaco-*iracci BRECKENKIDGE. BOILER TESTS. 81 1: ■ re x ce ..e er. •- O re o; cc cm : ■ mmoj; --rowo-i KSlflniaiOlE — — i- i ~ i ~ ■ S2'"S 00o * 00 S eo SS MNKCC^-t-X i/a m m i- 1.-: so «o t- "* X M - r. 5; : *" Q x r. x r KKMrti.ixn co i- ■>»• — • cc so so c- i- -.r -r c— Oi re o? t- — [~L-ccie so ..e o co r x 3 © ue -iOf OMOaow i-iKmTocot-s re ooooo QC — O CM t- cr. eo co -O >-e le cm cc in oSxm^oc r: •_ i - _ :• oooooooo iTC CM t» O I ■ K /. 1— gc* tn — oopoo CC CO CO CO ex QOOOOO O-rfMff.5 - 5 re — re i - •ccooe cm re ex. -r CO cmci -*m^H M 7 65 6 5?.6 i- ec i - ■- r c ■- re .e x x re X X X i- — so O X © © r? = •J * m x --*• l- I— O I H oiec «" >.e x -* i- — 1 - 7 1 x 35 35 x -r r-jl-MX HNOOM OCR CM X EC — CI 1 ~ -. r i r. O — - - C. COC CO cm" cm — CC C— 5a So r — CM ? ! N ■ t cm li p i »i io oo oo oo » x rj 7 J i gggp cm"—" — cm -r -^ CM oTv4c«i Ot-c-OO cc x x S -.r — .e i.e x r- m .o cm ic d © © t~ l~ XX©© CM CM J3 CO © © © © © © i- © © X o © © © © © — oo oo x x x x x oa e it re ie ifi CO C5 o o o o o o o C»i O O ■* «l ▼-• iH 00 ad i-i c>] ire m cc f lo ie cm c-i ..e 8.00 10.76 6.00 8.00 X 5 - X £88 ©©©©©©©©© 25 O iO =>c?oooo CT. CM C-OO O0OOO0 XX C30030 — c © © O O © O K3 O -*XXXXXXX CM t— 8*88 ©xx© 88888 O t-" CO o" ■** £3388888 odoo'o o o» p cm OS lA -H« SJ x x x r^ XI X X X X II XXX 11 X X iiiiig i 11 9 oSoocboo) an a 35 00 OJ OJ X —.XX — •r: o b bbooo 35 05 - . 35 35 J" - U ^>^Jn'C n ft Cu u b >>'u _£ C ^ C A^i •" ^"^5"'- ^"C"CC > * £ -J > >-^'u'C >> > >"C"Z n *5 :+.:::■:*: -^. .*s ••::::::::: :ti ::: ■ :cc«o • ■ : *i • • • ■ : c C, - u^ : : *t uo : : : ■BUbMA fcH EX s «- D a> *^ ^ *j ~ j. »- co eo £• h *- ■ wee « ac : ; :'- = c B-s z : ^ ' cu cc ^ ■- -el— OJ . . CI - O . .~^^w~ . .w cc .— re. z:miiiirxi.xzr iz 2S b£ c a Z2 O C > s> CC, -II c . . C C « o • O • «> : "DC CC C3 CC • -C — .C • X re - - ;cccc . re r: re r: li cu t»5 C C C ^°ci - --^^5^! z^:z '2:2:2: e> it su - c 1 £"hg!S'c3 1 ti.-^- w ^ c ! Ccj C»oo 1 ft m q, co g . O CM « z^|z| ^^"2g x'i2fi'x' q C M«o" 2:Z2: ■3 :U . CC >>^ : «^ >. : cu-^v fliSsfij^l^j c • . ^ c v ~ o 7-: la, = • ■ ~ 7. JV C C y > 2 U ta S 2 &£& = Joe — — — * CC W TT T" c = c c c rerererererererere : — — — C uL'L'uli,' M 01 U M M CJ. Est S« tl be bl bl 5l tt bt tf r r 'r r -r -c -r Ki -r = C = C bi i bt t>i5 5 B £ E £ £ S Essss /' x /' -/. -* > > >> »> ^ ^ ^ ^ 82 COMPOSITION OF ILLINOIS COAL. [BULL 3. Ph A hH hH @ hH*^ 07 w : OcO ■ H£ *g h- i H l— l w £& CO a CO H CO 1— 1 o cq Efficiency of boiler, including grate. B. T. U. per pound of dry coal. £H Per pound of combustible. Per pound of dry coal. Per square foot of water-heating surface per hour. Percentage of rated horse- power developed. Horsepower developed by boiler. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour. Number of tests averaged. 33 a •Jr.-Jfsjr.un * " r- 'i J. •£ I - O O t f M 0"*50.wtciCMin-j:i»-tic-Tintoinrt '-rtcnioorcoKcc-tNKXMt-iffin >00000C00 U S S W - G-5-S-3 «^T3 -T3 4J - ■311° = c c o: ■ :0h-)ZSOO : ::::::: .G.C.C.O c « OCGCGGGGGS-I .2 000000000 SSSSSS uuuuujssssssssssss isvQfO-^irsoc-oooiOF-co! BRECKENRIDGE.] BOILER TESTS. 83 tOMOlfinif! «NOrt-*lOO> CO CM t oj c- eo m ^ CO ^i CO Ofl>rtOOrl!DlCO« toad cm cm r— ao co t- OOOrtOJt-H r- co i-i oo — i co -r < lONtCO'vX; ITS CM ^ IfS 1/5 lf3 »re o ire cm cm cm nc-oom r-T t— i- ire ire ire oo oo co co co 0)rtrtiHiiC>10)05Hin CO CO CMOi ire co CO CO 'co -f r-To OO ITS OS I CO Oi CNJ Oi CM 00 -* CM i c-c-aooococ~t-ooooi ! 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I CM CM CM Oi OJ CO CO CO CO CO '. ■ yi ■ o. o — 01 co ■ t 1 re cc ■ 1 - ji ~. ) CO CO -J- ■>* ■«*< •»!< -^< -^ 3333333 ^33333 OOOOOOO -OOCOC E S E E S E E >~'53S i 5 bx bi bx bx bx' bx bx= 3 3 3 3 3 § i x « « = 5^ « «« « « 73 73X73 X X X X > -* ^* ^ > UK 3 3 O m a 3 s X X — - -- >u ^w »: .OrlClCC-tl'CCi- oc ■^"•^.■^-^.irtireireireiiftireireiOire. L-S: I !M 84 INDEX. INDEX. A Page I I American Chemical Socie y 56,63 ! Analyses of coal 42, 47, 48, 68, 69, 70, 7 1 , 72, 73, 74, 75 , 76, 77, 78 Ash in coal 23 I Assumption, coal at 21 [ Available hydrogen 37 B Bain, H. F., letter of transmittal 9 Bement, A., acknowledgement to 9,11 distribution of coal beds of the State. 19 Big Muddy Coal 21 Blue Band Coal 19 Boiler trials of Illinois coals 16, 79 Bond county, coal production 14 Breckenridge.L. P., acknowledgements to 9,16 tests of Illinois coals under steam boilers 79 Brown county, coal production 14 Bureau county, coal production 14 Bureau of coal statistics, cited 16 Bureau of labor statistics, acknowledge- ments to 9,13 Calorific value of coals 63, 64,68,69.70,71,72,73,74,75 Calhoun county, coal production 14 Campbell, M.R., cited 50 Cass county, coal production 14 Chatham, coal at 19 Chicago coal consumption 16 Christian county, coal in 19, 21 production 14 Classification of coals 49, 50, 53, 54 Clinton county, coal production 14 Coal beds, general section 11 Coal fields of Illinois, extent of 10 Coal measu es. divisions of 10 Coal reserves 15 Combustible in coal 31 Comparison of calorific factors 67 Composition of coal 22, 27 Composition and character of Illinois coals, by S. W. Parr 27 D Page Danville, coal near 22 Permian near 10 Decomposition by decay 27 by distillation 28,37 Determination of volatile matter 57 Discovery of coal in Illinois 11 Distribution of the coal beds of the State, by A. Bement 19 Dry coal 23 E Eastei n coals in Illinois 16 Edgar county, coal production 14 Engineering experiment station work on coals 9,16,79 F Fixed carbon 25, 56 Franklin county, coal in 22 production 14 Frazer, P., cited ... 49,50 Fulton county, coal in 21 production 14 Furnaces for testing coals 79 Future coal production 15 G Gallatin county, coal production 14 Gas coals 36 Grape creek coal 22 Greene county, coal production 14 Grout, F. F., work of 17 Growth of coal production 13 Grundy county, coal production 14 H Hamilton county, production of 14 Hancock county, production of 14 Henry county, production of 14 Hersey, Milton, cited 60 History of Illinois coal production 11 Hydrogen in coal 37,39,46 Hydrogen , volatile carbon ratios 39 INDEX. 85 I Page Increase of coal production > — 15 Indiana coals sold in Illinois 16 Inert volatile matter 46,69 Intensity of coal production 15 J Jackson county, coal in 19 early mining in 11 production of 14 Jefferson county coal production 14 J ersey county coal production 14 Johnson county coal production 14 K Kankakee county coal production 14 Kent, S., cited 63 Knox county coal production 14 L LaSalle, coal at 21,22 LaSalle county coal production 14 Letter of transmittal 9 Lignite 32 Livingston county, coal in 21 production 14 Logan county coal production 14 Lord and Haas, cited 42, 43, 63 Loss in formation of coal 29 Lower coal measures 10 M M aeon county coal production 14 Macoupin county, coal in 19 production 14 Madison county coal production 14 Mahler bonb 63, 65 Mahoming coal, analysis of 49 Mansfield sandstone 10 Marion county coal production 14 Markets for Illinois coals 16 M arshall county coal production 14 McDonough county coal production . . 14 McLean county coal production 14 Mechanical engineering dept, U. of I.. 79 Menard county, coal in 14 production 14 Mercer county, coal in 21 production 14 M ethods of analysis 55 M ichigan coals, analysis of 49 M ichigan geological survey, cited 42, 45 Moist coal 23 Moisture in coal 10, 23 Montgomery county coal production ... 14 Morgan county coal production 14 Moses, Tom, work by 17 Murphysboro, coal at 21 N Page Non-combustible volatile matter 31,46 Numbers of coal beds 19 N umber 1 coal 20 2 coal 20 3 coal 21 4coal 21 5 coal 19.20,21,22 6 coal 19,20,21,22 7coal i... 21,22 O Ohio (Mahoming) coal 49 Ottawa, early mining near 11 Outline classification of coals 52 P Parr, S. W., acknowledgements to 9 calorimeter 66 cited 24 Composition and character of Illi- nois coals '. 27 Parker, E. W., history of coal production 11 Peoria county, coal in 21 production 14 Percentages of sulphur in Illinois coals. 63 Permiam near Danville 10 Pocahontas coal 3 Proximate analyses 24, 51, 58 Pure coal 23 Putnam county, coal production 14 R Randolph county coal production 14 Rock Island county coal production 14 Ross, David, acknowledgements 13 Rutledge, J. J., work of 17 S St. Clair county, early mining in 11 production 14 St. Louis tests on coal 42,47,52,53 Saline county, coal in 20, 22 production 14 Sandoval coal, analyses 56, 57 Sangamon county, coal in 19, 20, 21 production 14 Schuyler co nty coal production 14 Scott county coal production 14 Shelby county coal production 14 Springfield, coal at 21 Stark county coal production 14 Streator, coal near 22 Studies of coal 15 Sulphur in coal 63 Surveys of coal fields 15 T Tazewell county coal production 14 Tests of Illinois coal 79 Thacker ( W. Va.) coal analysis 49 86 INDEX. U Page Ultimate analyses of coal 68 Upper coal measures 10 Utilization of coal 15 U. S. Geological Survey, acknowledge- ments to 12 coal tests by 42,47,53,54 V Van Horn, Frank, statistics by 12 Variations from bituminous type 41 Vermilion county, coal in 22 production of 14 Volatile matter in coals 25, 31, 39, 50, 57 W Page Warren County, coal production Washington county, coal production .... Water of composition in coals 24 West Virginia coals White county, coal production Will county, coal production Williamson county, coal in production Woodford county, coal production LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. [Mount each slip upon a separate card, placing- the subject at the top of the second slip. The name of the series should not be repeated on the Series card, but the additional numbers should be added, as received, to the first entry. 1 Parr, S. W. . Composition and character of Illinois Coals, by c S. AY. Parr, Urbana. University of Illinois, 1906; with chapters on The Distribution of the Coal Beds of the State, by A. < Bement, and Tests of Illinois Coals under Steam Boilers, by L. P. Breckenridge. 86, v. p. (16 fig. 5 pi.) (State Geological Survey. Bulletin no. ?>.) Parr, S. W. Composition and Character of Illinois Coals, by S. W. Parr, Urbana, University of Illinois, 1906: the Distribution of the Coal Beds of the State, by A. Bement, and Tests of Boilers, by L. P. Breckenridge. 86, v. p. (16 fig. 5 pi.) (State Geological Survey. Bulletin no. 3.) State Geological Survey Bulletins. 2 no. 3. Parr, S. W. Composition and Character of Illinois Coals, x 1906; with chapters on The Distribution of the Coal Beds of the State, by A. Bement. and Tests of Illinois Coals under Steam Boilers, by L. P. Breckenridge.