261361 
 
 Y8s 
 
 
 The Student Associations 
 in War and 
 Reconstruction Y ears 
 
 A Report 
 
 of the Student Department of the 
 International Committee of Young Men’s 
 Christian Associations for the 
 Years 1916-1919 
 
 *8 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE STUDENT SECTION 
 OF THE FORTIETH INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION 
 DETROIT, MICH., NOV. 19-23, 1919 
 
ft 
 
 2. 6 7 . 3 6 / 
 
 yss 
 
 THE STUDENT ASSOCIATIONS IN WAR 
 AND RECONSTRUCTION YEARS 
 
 The chief need of a nation in days of reconstruction is 
 leadership. America learned that once. It has been suggested 
 that the oft-repeated exclamation “If Lincoln had only lived” 
 tells us our present urgent task. Leaders must be raised up 
 of integrity and power to meet the previously unimagined de- 
 mands of the New Day. Many of these potential leaders are 
 today in the colleges. We shall do them and the great causes 
 needing support a disservice by minimizing the gravity of 
 the load that they must carry. As General Smuts has said, 
 “The greatest hurricane in history is raging over the world, 
 and it is idle to expect that we shall be able to shelter our- 
 selves from its effects.” How shall the Christian Movement 
 among American students prove itself worthy of its own past 
 and of immeasurably greater opportunities just before it? 
 
 Let us note briefly some features of the present situation in 
 which the college Associations must work. 
 
 1. There is a larger student enrolment than in any past 
 year. This seems true of every type of institution, in every 
 section of the continent. It will require a larger and more 
 vital spiritual movement to do a work of as great propor- 
 tionate efficiency as before the War. 
 
 2. Colleges and universities have never stood so well in 
 popular estimation. The development of science in the War, 
 as well as the remarkable leadership of students in the armies 
 and navies, creates an atmosphere of great expectations. Pre- 
 war ideals of service to the Church and State will not satisfy 
 these expectations. 
 
 3. Among students themselves there is frequently found a 
 reaction from the idealism of war days. In some cases this 
 shows itself in moral standards far lower than those of other 
 days. 
 
 3 
 
The discipline and enforced unity in a nation at war show 
 unfortunate results as the pendulum swings back again. 
 
 4. Students tend to drift toward their life callings. They 
 feel they have “given one life,” as one of them recently 
 wrote, and now must have time to orient themselves. In 
 certain instances there is an unmistakable tendency to feel 
 that their sacrifices in the War justify their future exemption 
 from careers which involve voluntary poverty and sacrificial 
 service. 
 
 5. There is among many a keen interest in social questions 
 and a determination to recognize no tradition or convention 
 which stands in the way of a thorough-going reorganization 
 of society according to principles of justice and brotherhood. 
 With these men there is a growing impatience with palliatives 
 or halfway measures. So far reports do not reveal the pres- 
 ence of extreme radical groups, except in a few instances. 
 
 6. As one studies the students of today, one sees the 
 results of strenuous years of action with little time or concern 
 for reflection. The detached and philosophic view of life, 
 which many associate with university life, characterizes fewer 
 men than formerly. The Freshmen have spent their entire 
 school period in a world of war. It is far easier to interest 
 men in religious activities than in study of religious truth. 
 This is probably not so true in Canada or in the other nations 
 which were longer in the struggle. There men were driven by 
 sheer tedium of action back within themselves, and, we are 
 led to believe, more often to God. 
 
 In such a setting the Student Associations must find a place 
 for themselves. We must look backward as well as forward 
 if we shall fully realize our ministry and mission. It is 
 timely exercise to scrutinize the best traditions and lessons 
 of experience, to take account of stock of approved princi- 
 ples and methods. This report, while dealing chiefly with the 
 period since the Cleveland Convention (1916), will also sum- 
 marize certain earlier experience and forecast, in a tentative 
 way, certain lines of profitable policy, in so far as they have 
 commended themselves to groups in different sections with 
 whom conference has been held. 
 
 A 
 
Before the War 
 
 When the last International Convention met at Cleveland 
 in 1916, the War was already stirring and challenging Ameri- 
 can students. The great sacrifices which Canada had already 
 made helped to bring the struggle close home. In the fall of 
 that year word was brought back of the terrible hardships 
 endured by the thousands of students held in the prison camps 
 of Europe. The opportunity to minister to them through the 
 rapidly growing work of the Red Triangle was shown to 
 American students and the sum of $182,000 contributed for 
 this work. Our entrance into the War in the following April 
 immediately and profoundly affected the colleges, as students 
 withdrew from the quiet of study to take part either in the 
 fighting forces of the Allies or in the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., 
 or some other branch of welfare work. The summer con- 
 ferences that year were greatly handicapped by the fact that so 
 many colleges closed early in order that* students might go out 
 for summer work on the farms and in the factories. It was a 
 time to be grateful for the traditions, the momentum, and the 
 spiritual power of the Student Associations accumulated dur- 
 ing years of experience. 
 
 In spite of confusion and depleted leadership, two great 
 events of that year served to make the year memorable. The 
 first was the campaign started by student leaders, while holding 
 a training conference at Niagara Falls, to raise $1,000,000 
 from the students of the United States for the relief of stu- 
 dents and others in the prison camps of Europe and Asia, 
 and also in order that it might be possible to help other stu- 
 dents, especially those related to the World’s Student Chris- 
 tian Federation, who might be suffering from war conditions. 
 From every human point of view it was an impossible goal. 
 Yet it is doubtful if any movement ever swept across the col- 
 leges of the United States so quickly and in such a remark- 
 able manner, challenging the attention of professors and stu- 
 dents alike. In thirty days more than a million dollars had been 
 pledged and during succeeding months $1,295,098.75 was paid. 
 It is said that this was equivalent to about $6 each for every 
 student and professor in the colleges which contributed. 
 
 5 
 
The second great event was the holding during the Christ- 
 mas vacation of a conference at Northfield of about 800 stu- 
 dent leaders from the United States and Canada under the 
 auspices of the Student Volunteer Movement. This con- 
 ference was pervaded by a spirit of earnestness and of most 
 careful consideration of the responsibilities of American stu- 
 dents for ministry to the needs of the world. A plan was 
 evolved, which secured the enthusiastic support of the entire 
 conference, to train students in international thinking and to 
 challenge them to give their lives to world service. The fol- 
 lowing points were agreed upon in a remarkable campaign 
 which that, year spread across the United States and Canada. 
 
 1. Two hundred thousand students enlisted in study and 
 discussion of Christian principles based on : 
 
 a. The life and teaching of Jesus Christ. 
 
 b. The need of these principles in the world today. 
 
 c. The need of these principles in the inter-racial and 
 social life of North America. 
 
 2. A call to decision for Christ and His service at whatever 
 cost — on the campus, in the nation, in the world. 
 
 3. An adequate number of qualified men and women en- 
 listed for the foreign missionary program of the Church. 
 
 4. One-half million dollars for the foreign missionary pro- 
 gram of the Church, and such funds as might be necessary to 
 meet the need arising from the war situation in 1918-1919. 
 
 As was realized at the time, several features of this pro- 
 gram were too exacting to be thoroughly completed during 
 any one year. Foundations were laid, however, for missionary 
 education and for missionary giving which will forever make 
 impossible a return to anything like the provincialism and 
 meager generosity of pre-war days. 
 
 The Student Army Training Corps 
 
 When the colleges opened in the autumn of 1917, they be- 
 came a unique experiment in American education, the Stu- 
 dent Army Training Corps. The Commissioner of Education, 
 as well as the leaders of the War Department, realized dur- 
 ing the summer that the colleges were in danger of collapse 
 
 6 
 
unless some radical step was taken to preserve in the life 
 of the nation these institutions of higher education. The stu- 
 dent class responded more quickly than any other class to 
 the call of the nation, where they thought they could render 
 the higher service. It is said that eighty-five per cent of the 
 first officers’ training camps were made up of college men 
 or those who had recently graduated. To guarantee sufficient 
 trained leaders for the future as well as during the period 
 of the war, the plan was evolved of putting the colleges and 
 universities on a war footing. Practically every college, 
 through the S.A.T.C., was turned into a training camp and 
 revolutionary adjustments made in curriculum and method 
 of teaching. The colleges were therefore once more filled 
 with students. 
 
 Fortunately, just before the opening dates of the colleges 
 a conference had been called at Northwestern University of 
 student secretaries from different parts of the continent. 
 While this conference was still in session, a representative of 
 the Student Department conferred with the National War 
 Work Council concerning the most effective way of working 
 with the soldiers in the colleges. As a consequence the entire 
 organization of the Student Department was placed at the 
 disposal of the National War Work Council. It was not 
 difficult to make the field divisions as existing in the organi- 
 zation of the Student Department coterminous with the mili- 
 tary departments which were the units of organization for 
 the regular Y. M. C. A. work in the Army. In most cases 
 the Student work under the state committees was integrated 
 with this plan of organization. In this way within a very few 
 days after the colleges opened, and in many cases even before 
 the colleges opened, the Association was on the field with sec- 
 retaries, equipment, and a definite program for the service of 
 this branch of the Army. 
 
 During the period that secretaries of the War Work Coun- 
 cil served in this college field, the number was approximately 
 three times as large as the former secretaries’ list. In several 
 places also huts were built by the War Work Council and 
 these have since been taken over in most cases by the local 
 Associations. Too high praise cannot be given for the way 
 
 1 
 
this new form of army work was welcomed and cooperated 
 in by the committees and executive secretaries in charge of 
 the different Departments and Bureaus of the War Work 
 
 Council. 
 
 A special Student Division of the United War Work Cam- 
 paign was organized to integrate the third war fund of the 
 Student Associations with the larger fund. A total of $2,- 
 300,000 was paid by students. 
 
 In retrospect, several conclusions may be drawn from this 
 S.A.T.C. experience: 
 
 1. In spite of confusion and very great difficulty, the Stu- 
 dent Association work did not collapse but actually went for- 
 ward. It was extremely difficult, of course, to secure ade- 
 quate student leadership. No sooner were students trained 
 for Christian work than they were sent away for military 
 service. This very serious situation was, however, partly met 
 in the following ways : 
 
 a. An increased number of employed secretaries. Through 
 the financial cooperation of the War Work Council, secretaries 
 were placed in most colleges of 250 students or more. 
 
 b. Many conferences for training held in different depart- 
 ments. Fully twice as many professors and new secretaries 
 were brought together for training conferences as in any 
 previous year. The officers’ training conferences, which are 
 usually held in the spring, were also held in the spring of 1919. 
 in fact, a larger number than ever before. 
 
 c. Many professors who at other times have not been in 
 active fellowship with the Christian Association work saw 
 the opportunity for service at this time and gave most effec- 
 tive help. Certain others who had always been friends of the 
 work were able to give practically all of their time during the 
 S. A. T. C. period. 
 
 d. Seven of the nine summer conferences were held. Eagles 
 Mere united with Northfield and the Estes Park conference 
 united with Lake Geneva and Hollister. 
 
 e. A wide use was made of literature. Many thousand copies 
 of pamphlets and books were issued by the War Work 
 Council for general circulation among student soldiers, which 
 before the War had been produced by the Student Department. 
 
 8 
 
2. New evidence was given of the opportunity the Student 
 Department has to help the whole Association Movement in 
 this and other lands. As we review the wonderful service 
 which the whole Association Movement has been able to render 
 to needy men in the armies during the past three years, we 
 realize with humble thanksgiving the way in which former lead- 
 ers of the Student Department have been able to serve. 
 
 For example, E. C. Carter of Harvard, formerly executive 
 secretary of the Student Department, and D’ri Davis of Syra- 
 cuse University have had positions of leadership in the work 
 in France. The work in England has been in charge of 
 “Buck” Ewing, formerly secretary at the University of Ne- 
 braska; and associated with him have been such men as Ray 
 Legate of the University of Mississippi, Lewis Dunn, former 
 student secretary of New Hampshire, and Arthur Newell, 
 formerly secretary at Brown University. In Mesopotamia 
 the work has been in charge of Howard Beaver, formerly 
 State Student Secretary of Missouri; in Italy, Charles D. 
 Hurrey has been closely related to President Nollen of Lake 
 Forest College; in Russia, the work is under the supervision 
 of E. T. Colton, the former student secretary, and most of 
 the secretaries related to him were formerly in student work; 
 in India, Frank V. Slack, who was formerly secretary for the 
 Middle Atlantic states, has been in charge of the work. One 
 of the most romantic pieces of work during the entire War 
 was the service in Germany for Allied prisoners in charge of 
 Conrad Hoffman of Kansas University. Mention should be 
 made of the remarkable work of sex education, led by Dr. 
 Max J. Exner, the leadership of the Religious Work Bureau 
 under Robert P. Wilder, and the work in cooperation with 
 the War Time Commission of the Federal Council of 
 Churches, in recruiting for the Christian ministry, which was 
 led by George Irving, formerly National Secretary of Canada 
 and editor of the North American Student. No one will for- 
 get, of course, that Dr. Mott himself, the General Secretary 
 of the National War Work Council, and his associate, Fletcher 
 Brockman, have until recent years been constantly active in 
 leadership in the student work. These are only a few of the 
 names which might be mentioned. One is bound to ask who 
 
 9 
 
would have carried forward these great movements in this criti- 
 cal time except for the training and inspiration given to student 
 leaders by this Student Christian Movement during the forty- 
 three years since its inception. 
 
 3. It is not a mark of pessimism to recognize certain dangers 
 which must now be faced as a consequence of the war expe- 
 rience. The first step toward victory is frankly to recognize 
 the strength of the enemy. 
 
 Former traditions have lost their potency. In nearly all the 
 leading colleges and universities there have accumulated dur- 
 ing the past years many priceless precedents and traditions. 
 As a new generation of untrained student leaders, and in many 
 cases new secretaries, takes up the leadership of the local 
 Association work, there is danger that these traditions will 
 not be maintained. 
 
 The fundamental principle of Student Association work 
 has been ‘‘work with students’’; during the war period a 
 different principle often prevailed , namely , u work for 
 students All the forces of the Student Movement must 
 rally to bring back again into the colleges the spontaneous, 
 voluntary Christian Movement with all possible initiative and 
 control in the hands of students themselves. The Student Asso- 
 ciation Movement has never been a movement of older people 
 to do students good; it would thus have been comparatively 
 powerless. It has been as it must be in the future, an uprising 
 of students themselves. 
 
 The danger of what has been called “ secretarialization ” 
 ' must be recognized. The good work done by the greatly en- 
 larged number of student secretaries during the S.A.T.C. pe- 
 riod has proved to many faculty members and advisory com- 
 mittees the value of an employed secretary. Nevertheless, 
 some of these men did not appreciate the necessity for democ- 
 racy and student leadership. Good as many of the things are 
 which have been done for students during this period, it must 
 be recognized that we should be courting failure if for the 
 days ahead there was not a clear recognition in every Associa- 
 tion that one thing in student work is absolutely essential, 
 namely, that individual students should be banded together 
 
 10 
 
into groups and on their shoulders placed the burden of leading 
 individual men to know Jesus Christ, of making the college a 
 Christian place, and of giving their lives to Christian service. 
 
 The Field 
 
 The field of the Student Young Men’s Christian Associa- 
 tion comprises the institutions of higher learning, and the pri- 
 vate preparatory schools in the United States, excepting only 
 those controlled by private individuals or religious bodies 
 unfavorable to such a Protestant Christian organization. 
 These institutions are divided by the Federal Bureau of Edu- 
 cation into (1) colleges, universities, and technological 
 schools; (2) professional schools; (3) normal schools; (4) 
 private preparatory schools. The number of men students and 
 number of institutions are divided among the so-called fields of 
 the Student Department as shown on page 50. 
 
 The Unoccupied Field 
 
 The unprecedented increase in the enrolment of many col- 
 leges and universities this fall, especially those which had 
 already been numbered among the largest in the country, pre- 
 sents new problems to the Associations in those centers. The 
 unoccupied sectors, already too large, in those student bodies 
 will be even greater unless these Associations are able so to 
 develop their organization and keep it pulsating with spiritual 
 power that the whole student body is brought within its influ- 
 ence. While no less emphasis than formerly should be placed 
 upon intensive cultivation of groups of student leaders at the 
 center of the Association, ways must be found directly and in 
 cooperation with the churches to present a program adequate 
 to the needs of the entire field. 
 
 There is an equally urgent need to occupy those institutions 
 entirely untouched as yet by the Associations. 
 
 1. Of the colleges, universities, and technological schools, 
 fifty-five, or fourteen per cent, are at present without Associa- 
 tions. In some of these the Association has been unwelcome ; 
 most of them are small ; nevertheless we believe that the obsta- 
 
 11 
 
cles are not unsurmountable, and that we may look forward to 
 the day when every college within the field of the Association 
 will be a part of this national and world-wide Student Chris- 
 tian Movement. 
 
 2. Of the professional schools 110, or sixty-five per cent, are 
 unoccupied. Most of these schools are schools of law, medi- 
 cine, dentistry, or pharmacy located in large cities and with- 
 out dormitories or cohesive college life. The fact remains, 
 however, that these schools are sending out thousands of men 
 into professions which require high ethical standards and 
 which present boundless opportunities for social service. The 
 present moment is one in which religious values are recog- 
 nized by educational leaders as never before. Therefore, it is 
 a time when the Association should enter the doors open to 
 it and take to these professional students the best that it has. 
 
 3. Of the normal schools forty-three, or thirty-seven per 
 cent, are not occupied. This is due almost entirely to the small 
 number of men in these institutions. It is well at this time, 
 however, to carefully inquire and make sure that, wherever 
 the enrolment of men warrants, the Association enters. 
 
 4. Of the private preparatory schools 237, or fifty-nine per 
 cent, are unoccupied. The statistics for the past few years 
 show unmistakably that this field is growing in importance 
 rather than the contrary. Both the number of schools and the 
 enrolment of students have risen rapidly, mostly in the East 
 and South. This field calls for more serious consideration and 
 a larger place in the plans of the Student Movement than has 
 hitherto been accorded to it. It offers not only an opportunity 
 for service, but also a rare opportunity for raising up future 
 leaders for the Associations in the colleges and professional 
 schools. 
 
 The Central Task 
 
 The one central task of the Student Young Men's Christian 
 Association is to lead students to know and follow Jesus Christ 
 as Saviour and Lord. As an inevitable consequence of this, 
 these students will be led to make the moral and religious 
 
 12 
 
atmosphere of the college campus conducive to vital Chris- 
 tianity; and they also will go out from these institutions of 
 higher education for life service in the Kingdom. The sim- 
 plicity and power of that central objective needs constant re- 
 iteration and emphasis. War has taught us the new signi- 
 ficance of the word “objective.” It is the one point toward 
 which the operations of an army are directed. The Stu- 
 dent Associations have such an objective, which should not be 
 confused with means and methods of reaching that objective, 
 or with results that follow from having reached it. There 
 is almost an endless number of good things that can be done 
 in the college, done with college students and for college 
 students. The Student Association does not attempt to do all 
 of these good things. Indeed, it may be put down as a safe 
 rule that the Association attempts nothing that cannot at any 
 moment be shown to be contributory to the one central objec- 
 tive. Similarly, many good results flow out from the Associa- 
 tion’s work. It would be a great mistake, however, to think of 
 these good results as ends in themselves. Their permanency 
 and power depend upon the Association’s guiding all its work 
 by the one great simple regulative principle suggested by its 
 objective. 
 
 At a time like this we need to take both a backward look and 
 a forward look. As we learn the best lessons of the past, 
 there will be no hesitation in declaring that the greatest task 
 before the Movement at this hour is to raise up in every col- 
 lege a group of students who, with dedicated heart and soul, 
 would say with Paul, “This one thing I do.” Elsewhere lies 
 confusion, superficiality, and defeat. 
 
 Distinctive Principles 
 
 Certain fundamental and distinctive principles which have 
 in the past characterized the unique contribution of the Asso- 
 ciation should be preserved in every organization. Stated as 
 aims, these are: 
 
 a. To bring every student to face for his character and his 
 career the full claims of Jesus Christ as Saviour and Lord. 
 
 b. To assist in developing the loyalty of students to the 
 Church by urging them to join the local church of their prefer- 
 
 13 
 
ence and to participate regularly in service, and worship. 
 
 c. To unite men in creating a college consciousness favorable 
 to a vital and reasonable faith. 
 
 d. To recognize and utilize this college consciousness lu 
 religion in a way not unlike its utilization in social life, athlet- 
 ics, and other activities. 
 
 e. To offer the fullest possible opportunities tor the expres- 
 sion of undergraduate initiative and control. 
 
 f. fo make possible in the most effective manner the influ- 
 ence of all Christian students on all tne non-Christian and 
 indifferent students. 
 
 g. To afford a natural meeting-place for all Christian fac- 
 ulty men of the college for religious work with all the stu- 
 dents. 
 
 h. To reach most naturally and vitally our friends who 
 come as students from other lands. 
 
 i. To afford the benefits which come from organic union 
 with similar bodies of students in other colleges throughout 
 the country and with the World's Student Christian Federa- 
 tion. 
 
 j. To represent a thoroughly interdenominational spirit, 
 and to train men of all denominations to work together. 
 
 k. To maintain the help of influential Christian alumni, 
 members of the Church of Christ, through an advisory 
 board responsible to the students and loyal to the entire objec- 
 tive of the Association. 
 
 l. To inspire men to give up their whole lives to the propa- 
 gation of the spirit of Jesus Christ in the solution of social 
 problems and in the evangelization of the world. 
 
 m. To afford to Christian students the training given by 
 summer conferences and other gatherings held each year. 
 
 Each of these aims is an integral part of the Association's 
 objective, and cannot be omitted without seriously impairing 
 the service it should render to the student body. 
 
 Evangelism 
 
 To lead students into discipleship with the Lord Jesus 
 Christ is, as it always has been, the central purpose of the 
 
 14 
 
Student Association Movement. The Student Department’s 
 program of evangelism is not a line of activities ; it is a spirit. 
 It should be “peaceful penetration” of everything else which 
 the Association does. Evangelism should be the objective in 
 every Bible study class, mission and social study class, social 
 service activity, religious meeting, and personal interview. 
 
 interpreting the experience of the past, it may be said we 
 stand for having at least once each year in every Association 
 some one definite time when evangelism has particular stress. 
 This may be in one of the following ways : 
 
 a. Personal work. This is the constant means of evangel- 
 ism. In the history of the Movement, however, it seems that 
 this has needed renewed emphasis in each generation. That 
 renewed emphasis is needed now. Every secretary of the 
 Student Association Movement should be a personal worker. 
 We shall continue to make wide use of Weatherford’s “Intro- 
 ducing Men to Christ,” or better, his revision of that volume, 
 “The Christian Life — A Normal Experience”; Trumbull’s 
 “Individual Work for Individuals,” and other books. 
 
 b. Evangelistic campaigns. Certain colleges can have regu- 
 lar evangelistic campaigns each year; certain others will have 
 campaigns every other year or once in three years. The De- 
 partment stands for the most thorough and sustained prepara- 
 tion and conservation of such campaigns, according to the 
 standards stated in the Report of the Commission on Evan- 
 gelism to the Second Cleveland Conference. 
 
 c. Apologetic campaign. In certain colleges the best plan 
 may be a series of explanatory and defensive statements of 
 the Christian faith with a view to training workers for a 
 wider campaign later. 
 
 d. Campaigns of social emphasis. 
 
 e. Through Bible study groups. We should renew our for- 
 mer expectation that every Association group aims to lead 
 men to decision. 
 
 f. Special days and periods when all the forces will con- 
 centrate upon evangelistic work; e.g., Day of Prayer for Stu- 
 dents, Holy Week, and others. 
 
 It is assumed that in all these efforts of evangelism every 
 effort will be made to cooperate with the plans of the differ- 
 
 15 
 
ent denominations, especially for their campaigns in denomi- 
 national colleges (see Report Commission II. Second Cleve- 
 land Conference). 
 
 Are we not summoned this year to a more insistent sound- 
 ing in every possible way of the challenge of Christ? The 
 chaos in the world and the need of students themselves both 
 alike call us. Should it not be our united and unswerving aim 
 to win the leaders of each and every Association to some defi- 
 nite, vigorous , carefully-planned, fully-conserved, evangelistic 
 effort this college year ? 
 
 A. J. Elliott is chairman of the committee on Evangelism 
 of the Student Department staff. 
 
 Bible Study 
 
 There is need at this time for improvement upon the pres- 
 ent condition of Bible study work in the colleges. In certain 
 cases the leaders have been confused and have not seen dis- 
 tinctly the constant necessity of personal Bible study. While 
 we recognize with gratitude the fresh experiments which have 
 been made during the past few years, and especially their em- 
 phasis upon the inter-relation of all religious education, the 
 time is come for an effort to enlist a large number of students 
 in all-the-year Bible study. Fortunately, even some of the 
 mission and social study texts are arranged with this in mind. 
 
 Let us take advantage of the remarkable momentum in 
 training group leaders. The Student Department has seldom 
 struck out into a new line of work so significant and promis- 
 ing. The result of the study and experiment of a decade is 
 a great contribution to the life of the whole Association Move- 
 ment. We should go forward vigorously in this field, aiming 
 to discover and train at least one professor in every college 
 who is able to train and inspire Bible group leaders. 
 
 The past few years have seen a tendency to make college- 
 wide campaigns for one or two courses, with a consequent 
 sacrificing of emphasis upon fully graded courses for each 
 university, and, in certain cases, with fewer groups in Sunday 
 schools. While recognizing the values in this tendency we 
 should not give up entirely either of these other values which 
 often can be preserved with the unified college-wide program. 
 
 16 
 
The following plans for the current year have grown out of 
 several recent conferences : 
 
 1. That the central emphasis in our Bible study efforts this year 
 shall be daily, personal study of the Scriptures. 
 
 2. That our program should be a united approach and policy, 
 including the Church and both Christian Associations. 
 
 3. That we strongly favor the group discussion plan, using, gen- 
 erally, students as leaders. 
 
 4. That we regard it as imperative that all student leaders be 
 trained in a leader training class, preferably the type of training class 
 outlined in “Training an Adequate Leadership. ,, 
 
 5. That wherever possible the Bible study program and leaders be 
 tied up with the Association Friendship Council and made the basic 
 feature in this form of organization. 
 
 6. That every possible method be used to generate within our 
 Student Movement leaders, undergraduate and employed, a deeper 
 conviction about the supreme importance of Bible study, and that it 
 be given major place in our work this year. 
 
 7. That we recommend to the colleges in all sections a well-or- 
 ganized big advance movement in Bible study this college year that 
 we may make our Bible study more worth while and enroll three or 
 four times as many as we have been reaching. 
 
 The Missionary Policy 
 
 While it is hard to evaluate the influence of the War upon 
 certain phases of Student Association work, it has evidently 
 stabbed us wide-awake to an interest in international affairs. 
 It was not difficult to see the connection between the high aims 
 of the War as voiced by President Wilson and the purposes 
 of foreign missions. The colleges have been teeming with 
 world interests. Until recently at least, it has been impossible 
 to get among students sober consideration of our international 
 obligations. To those who for many years have been trying 
 to arouse interest in such things, it has not been easy to realize 
 that a different day has dawned. One of the severest prob- 
 lems has been to link up this newly found world-interest with 
 the missionary cause. Missionary study has made unprece- 
 dented records. But even more striking in certain instances 
 was the development of the “Forum,” which Dr. Charles E. 
 Jefferson has said will take a place with the Sunday school 
 and prayer meeting in our religious life. Where given a thor- 
 ough trial the Forum interested large numbers of students and 
 produced constructive results. 
 
 17 
 
Unquestionably the most striking single development of wai 
 days was the interest of the regular Associations in the over- 
 seas work of the Church and Association. There has been 
 less entire dependence upon the Student Volunteer Movement 
 for the enlarged accomplishments in missionary education. The 
 largest number of any year were in study groups. More men 
 than in any like period of time have volunteered for mission- 
 ary service. Vastly more money has been provided. 
 
 The Associations were never more heartily back of the 
 Student Volunteer Movement. Its providential place in the 
 life of the Student Movement is gratefully recognized. The 
 threefold enlargement of its Executive Committee and the 
 inclusion of a group of student volunteers is bound to increase 
 its effectiveness. As a Movement it will doubtless be able 
 to adapt itself to the new readiness of the regular Associa- 
 tions to help interpret, in a vigorous missionary program, the 
 tides of democratic and international feeling which are rising 
 in the colleges today. 
 
 The following policy is now being recommended: 
 
 1. We recommend that the missionary emphasis of this year be 
 regarded as a continuation and enlargement of last year’s World 
 Fellowship Program. 
 
 2. The missionary emphasis should be integrated into the entire 
 Association program and not be regarded as a “stunt” or special 
 campaign. 
 
 3. The missionary emphasis should cover the entire year, al- 
 though it will doubtless be wise to concentrate on certain activities 
 at stated periods during the year. 
 
 4. Intensive missionary education. Our aim should be to enlist 
 as large a proportion as possible of Christians in a thorough study 
 of some aspect of the world task of Christianity. Experience has 
 shown that this is best accomplished by the formation of groups 
 for the study and discussion of these problems. A national goal is 
 suggested of at least 50 per cent of our Student Association member- 
 ship in these discussion groups. Mission and social study groups should 
 be given right of way during the second semester in the program 
 of voluntary religious education. 
 
 5. Extensive missionary education. It should be our aim also 
 to bring forcibly before every student an understanding of the 
 contribution Christianity has to make in building the new world 
 order. 
 
 Among the many methods that have proven effective in accom- 
 plishing this we recommend the following: 
 
 World Problems Forum. 
 
 Promoting the individual reading of missionary literature. 
 
 18 
 
Periodical missionary meetings of the Association. 
 
 Courses of missionary lectures by prominent missionaries, 
 board secretaries, and others. 
 
 Stereopticon lectures. 
 
 Posters an‘d exhibits. 
 
 Missionary plays and pageants. 
 
 Have missionary themes introduced for oral and essay work 
 in English, History, and other departments, also as subjects for 
 debate in literary societies. 
 
 Bulletin boards. 
 
 College papers. 
 
 Prize essay contests. 
 
 Delegations to missionary conferences and conventions, also 
 to the summer student conferences. • 
 
 Missionary deputations to schools, smaller colleges and neigh- 
 boring churches. 
 
 6. Missionary recruiting. 
 
 7. Missionary finance. 
 
 Clarence' P. Shedd is chairman of the International staff 
 committee to formulate its missionary policies. F. P. Turner 
 leaves the Volunteer Movement after many years of faithful 
 service to become secretary of the Committee of Reference 
 and Counsel of the Foreign Missions Conference. Robert 
 Wilder, one of the founders of the Student Movement is wel- 
 comed back as the new executive of the Volunteer Movement 
 
 The Social Emphasis 
 
 The recent industrial conference assembled by President 
 Wilson, unfortunate as it was in its conclusion, nevertheless 
 suggests the way industrial and social difficulties will be settled 
 in the future. Three men will sit down around a table facing 
 such problems. One of these men will almost inevitably be 
 from the student class of today, usually two of the group will 
 be from this class. A tremendous burden rests upon the Stu- 
 dent Association to have an adequate social program. For 
 many men, the best help they can possibly give to industrial 
 life is to throw themselves with zeal into a vital and reasonable 
 social program among students. 
 
 Present keenness on the part of thoughtful students and 
 professors for adequate social readjustment is so great that 
 their first question, as the claims of Christ are brought to 
 them, is, ‘‘Does Christ offer adequate solution for the 
 burning social and international questions of this day?” Un- 
 
 19 
 
less it can be clearly shown that Christianity does offer a solu- 
 tion; indeed, unless we are firmly convinced it offers the only 
 solution for these national and international questions; and 
 unless we include in our message adequate social 
 emphasis, these thoughtful men will consider Christianity and 
 social reform as alternatives and in many cases will choose the 
 latter. 
 
 During the past three years encouraging progress has been 
 made in stressing worthily the Christian social note. There 
 is less satisfaction than formerly with an easy service program 
 which may not lead men to understand the vast evils and diffi- 
 culties of the Social Problem. The idea is growing that our 
 task here is not to stir up a lot of social service, good and 
 necessary as that is, but rather to bring students to a Christian 
 point of view for the whole of life. As men are won through 
 sane social evangelism to the mind of Christ in all of life’s 
 relationships, then social service bursts forth, more of it and 
 of boundless significance. 
 
 Wide use has been made of speakers who can be trusted to 
 interpret the Gospel in these important matters. Raymond 
 Robins, J. Stitt Wilson, Harry Ward, Henry Sloane Coffin, 
 Harry Emerson Fosdick, Richard H. Edwards, W.D. Weather- 
 ford, Harry Clarke, A. M. Trawick, and others have been used 
 to bring this message in a powerful way to students. 
 
 a. Courses and Literature 
 
 It is doubtful if any movement in the country, denomina- 
 tional or interdenominational, has produced during the past 
 years more and better study courses and other literature bear- 
 ing upon social problems. Several of these courses, such as 
 Rauschenbusch’s “The Social Principles of Jesus,” Weather- 
 ford’s “Negro Life in the South,” Ward-Edward’s “Christian- 
 ising Community Life,” have become standard for use in all 
 kinds of study groups and have been used by other national 
 Student movements. Reference should be made to the section 
 later in this report under the heading of Literature for striking 
 evidence of other material produced. 
 
 20 
 
b . Social Reform Begins at Home 
 
 A student who has a sensitive social conscience notes quick- 
 ly any point where the Gospel needs to be brought to his own 
 college campus, into his own fraternity, or into other phases 
 of his college life. A secretary at a leading university recently 
 raised with his leaders this question, “Is the social life in 
 this university worthy of being made the prevailing type of 
 democratic Christian life in the nation ?” That question should 
 be insistently urged in every dormitory, fraternity house, and 
 college classroom. Reports received show that many Associa- 
 tions are taking seriously their responsibility for making the 
 athletic and social life contribute constructively in strengthen- 
 ing character. 
 
 The enforcement of national temperance legislation will be 
 welcomed by every friend of higher education. Certain lead- 
 ers in the Associations have helped in making this great vic- 
 tory possible. Richardson’s “The Liquor Problem,” has been 
 well used. On the whole, however, it must be admitted that 
 this greatest social advance of the century has had far less 
 help from the colleges and universities than it deserved. 
 
 Social Service and Deputations 
 
 A suggestive pamphlet was published a few months ago, 
 “Fifty-Seven Varieties of Social Service by Students.” This 
 suggests the variety and extent of social service during the 
 past few years. Friendly visiting, visits to institutions, work 
 in settlements and mission churches have all taken the attention 
 of college men, but the lines which have been most fruitfully 
 followed are work with boys, industrial service, and deputa- 
 tions. The new plans of the Boys’ Department for high schools 
 and the Program of Training Christian Citizens are being co- 
 operated in. 
 
 The success which has attended the effort toward Ameri- 
 canization, teaching English to foreigners, and the like, sug- 
 gests the unique opportunity the Student Associations have 
 in colleges and schools which are located near industrial plants 
 or communities. There have been many illustrations during 
 
 21 
 
the War of college graduates, who, as employers of labor, have 
 taken a much more Christian attitude toward the men under 
 them because of the training they had as students in social 
 service among industrial workers. 
 
 "Summer Service Groups” of local leaders of Social Study 
 and Service Committees were in 1916, 1917, and again in 
 1919 brought to New York City for two months’ study of 
 social needs and for apprentice experience in settlements, city 
 Associations, and institutional churches. 
 
 The problem of more amicable relationships between the 
 races in the South has had a prominent place in the discussions 
 and study of many southern Associations. To this end, at 
 Hollister and Blue Ridge conferences special funds were raised 
 from friends of the work to facilitate the attendance of a 
 group of representative professors, who otherwise would not 
 have been able to attend. Wide use has been made of Dr. 
 Weatherford’s “Negro Life in the South” and “Present Forces 
 in Negro Progress.” It is believed that the many 
 efforts being put forward in a Christian spirit are a positive 
 contribution to the solution of this urgent national problem. 
 
 Deputations or “Gospel teams” are organized efforts of 
 strong Christian men of a college to interpret Christ to the 
 young people of a given community so that they will accept 
 Him and endeavor to live a sincere Christian life. This work 
 has been broken in upon during the War, but a renewed em- 
 phasis is now being given to it. Its importance is evident. 
 First, it is needed among the boys and young men in the towns 
 and the schools to which these deputations go, second, if the 
 moral and spiritual problems of our colleges are to be solved, 
 boys must be won before they reach college; third, some men 
 can be interested in the Student Association through going out 
 for a difficult task in a deputation; fourth, many strong men 
 are recruited for Christian callings through experience. All 
 such endeavor should be part of a well organized work and 
 special attention be given to the training of those who are to 
 participate. Local or state training conferences should be held 
 for the coaching of every man who is to have a part in this 
 important work. 
 
 22 
 
Recruiting and Life-Work Guidance 
 
 The Associations have taken very seriously their responsi- 
 bility for recruiting men for the Christian ministry both at 
 home and overseas, and also for recruiting Christian leaders 
 for other kinds of life work. All of the summer conferences 
 have made this one of the chief points of emphasis. Nearly 
 all the colleges have the established custom of holding a series 
 of life-work addresses or conferences, the first of which is 
 “Principles Which Should Guide a Student in Choosing a Life 
 Career.” Several investigations were made a few years ago 
 to discover the results of this policy of recruiting. It was 
 found that in the 311 colleges reporting, 3,252 men were pre- 
 paring for the Christian ministry, 1,148 for foreign missionary 
 service, 334 for the Y.M.C.A. secretaryship, and 282 for other 
 forms of Christian life work. 
 
 The creation of a Life-Work Department of the Interchurch 
 World Movement has made it possible for the Student De- 
 partment to integrate its work even more than formerly with 
 the plans of the churches. 
 
 It is found that many men are coming back from the War 
 unsettled in regard to career. Some, we are glad to say, are 
 giving fresh consideration to “vicarious callings” but a larger 
 number seem to be heading thoughtlessly into the callings 
 which for the moment seem to offer greater worldly returns 
 There is a new urgency in this aspect of the work. 
 
 A very carefully prepared program in this important phase 
 of the Association’s work has been prepared in consultation 
 with leaders of the Association and of the churches, and this 
 may be had upon application to any traveling secretary of the 
 Association Movement. 
 
 W. H. Tinker is chairman of a committee of the Student 
 Department staff to make a study of recruiting and life-work 
 guidance and to help keep the Movement in touch with the 
 Interchurch World Movement and other recruiting agencies. 
 
 The Practice of Prayer 
 
 The average citizen can think of students in almost any ac- 
 tivity more easily than he can think of them at prayer. Yet 
 
 23 
 
the Association Movement itself is a living testimony that 
 students do pray. It was born in prayer. Prayer has made 
 possible its success in helping tempted men, in creating and 
 maintaining campus morality, in inspiring life-dedication to 
 Christ. 
 
 Whether there has been satisfactory progress in prayer in 
 the period under review is not easy to judge. It has been a 
 period when penitence was even more difficult than usual, and 
 true penitence is the beginning of all spiritual growth. It is 
 encouraging to see the growing conviction of not a few stu- 
 dent leaders that prayer is a real way to get Christian work 
 accomplished. 
 
 a. The most fruitful corporate practice is in prayer groups, 
 mostly informal and unadvertised. The name “Inner Cir- 
 cle^ is increasingly recognized for such groups which unite 
 for personal work, the Morning Watch, and a weekly meet- 
 ing for prayer. 
 
 b. There is a persistent emphasis upon the “Morning 
 Watch.” If men pray at all they pray, almost without excep- 
 tion apparently, just before retiring. The very daring of the 
 Morning Watch idea and its difficulty leads many men out 
 into a vital prayer life. 
 
 c. There have been more local conferences for prayer and 
 retreats than formerly. There is danger that these will at- 
 tempt so much planning that there is not enough time for 
 prayer and training in prayer. 
 
 d. Prayer meetings, so called, are still held in most Associa- 
 tions, but they are less satisfactory for prayer results than the 
 other, more informal ways. 
 
 e. At least two university Associations have set aside 
 Prayer Rooms. The new union building at the University of 
 Toronto has a beautiful chapel which seats about thirty, ad- 
 joining the Association office. What a fine thing if this could 
 be arranged in every one of our great, crowded, busy uni- 
 versities ! 
 
 f. There is a good use made of literature dealing with 
 prayer. A special cycle was issued last year “In Anticipa- 
 tion of the Universal Day of Prayer for Students.” Two 
 editions of this were circulated. Other titles used are : “What 
 
 24 
 
Can Prayer Accomplish Apart from the Man Who Prays ?” 
 by Dean Bosworth; “The Discipline of Prayer”; “Intercessors 
 — The Primary Need,” by Dr. Mott; and “The Meaning of 
 Prayer,” by Dr. Fosdick. A most profitable use was made of 
 a large edition of “The Practice of the Presence of God” 
 which was made available by the War Work Council. 
 
 Training Student Leaders 
 
 Marked progress has been made in training student leaders. 
 A larger number of state and sectional officers’ training con- 
 ferences have been held than ever before. Training for Chris- 
 tian leadership is more and more recognized as the chief pur- 
 pose of the summer conferences. This is especially true of 
 training student leaders for Bible study classes and discussion 
 groups. Most Bible study classes fail because of lack of lead- 
 ership; most student group leaders fail, not because they do 
 not have zeal enough, but because they do not have coaching. 
 A plan of training student leaders has been evolved chiefly 
 under the leadership of Harrison S. Elliott, which gives an un- 
 precedented sense of confidence as we face this problem. In 
 a word, this is the simple and obviously wise plan of conduct- 
 ing the leaders’ training group as itself a discussion group 
 where men hammer out together the main points of the les- 
 son. In this give and take of discussions, men are fitted to 
 bring their own life convictions and questions to the group 
 which they are to meet later. The pamphlet, “Training an 
 Adequate Leadership,” by Mr. Elliott, is being revised and 
 there will also soon be available a handbook on “Training 
 Group Leaders.” 
 
 The whole process of training undergraduates to become 
 “self-starting” Christian workers is of the utmost significance 
 to the Church and the nation. Will we get the kind of laymen 
 and citizens needed today if this college period is not thus 
 utilized ? 
 
 The Association Friendship Council 
 
 One of the most striking developments of the past few years 
 has been the form of organization originally called “Promo- 
 
 25 
 
tion Force,” now called “The Association Friendship Coun- 
 cil. ” In a word, the Friendship Council has the same relation 
 to the Cabinet that the line officers have to the staff officers. 
 There is special need for a simplification of Student Associa- 
 tion work at this time. Policies often seem complicated and 
 confused to undergraduates. There is need of some great 
 regulative principle. This regulative principle is furnished to 
 many Associations already in the Association Friendship Coun- 
 cil. It rings true to the established spiritual precedent of the 
 Movement, but at the same time makes it possible to extend 
 the Movement’s influence to the very limit of every college 
 and university. 
 
 Conferences, Summer Schools, Conventions 
 
 The processes of actual experience have only confirmed our 
 earlier belief in these intercollegiate assemblies as centers of 
 priceless stimulus and have shown that certain annual gather- 
 ings are essential. 
 
 a. Summer conferences by fields. In spite of great diffi- 
 culties these have been strong. There has been a commendable 
 spirit of freshness and experimentation, and at the same time 
 deep spiritual purpose and result. Different types of confer- 
 ences for professors were conducted at Hollister, Geneva, Blue 
 Ridge, Northfield, and Blairstown. A conference of editors 
 and student body presidents was conducted at Seabeck and 
 at Estes' Park. Special conferences for medical and engineer- 
 ing students were conducted at Blue Ridge, Geneva, and 
 Northfield. 
 
 b. State Officers’ Training Conferences. During the past 
 two years, in spite of the War, there has been a larger num- 
 ber of such conferences held, attended by a larger number of 
 representative delegates than ever before in the history of the 
 Movement. Of course, the financial help of the War Work 
 Council has encouraged this, but they are so valuable that 
 such conferences should be held next year in every state 
 in the Union. 
 
 c. Secretaries’ Summer Schools. The secretaries in each 
 section are tending more and more to attend either an Asso- 
 
 26 
 
ciation school or a university summer school. The new schools 
 under Association auspices this year at Hollister, Geneva, and 
 Asilomar seem to open a new chapter in student secretarial 
 training. 
 
 No continental summer school has been held during the 
 period under review, although short conferences of secretaries 
 were held, in 1917 at Niagara Falls, and in 1918 at Evanston, 
 111. In a movement depending as this does so completely upon 
 personal leadership and that of a necessarily temporary char- 
 acter, there is need for an occasional meeting of leaders from 
 all types of institutions and all sections of the country. It 
 now seems probable that the International Summer School 
 Committee will recommend that such a gathering be held dur- 
 ing 1920 to formulate a policy for the North American Stu- 
 dent Association Movement. 
 
 d. There has been a marked increase in the number of pre- 
 terminal conferences held. The custom is to ask the cabinet 
 and members of the Association Friendship Council to come 
 back to the college or a suitable place near by for two or three 
 days’ prayer and discussion concerning the year’s work. In 
 this way the work is able to start at full speed the day col- 
 lege opens. 
 
 e. The Student Volunteer Convention which meets once in 
 four years meets this year at Des Moines, Iowa, December 
 31st to January 4th. All the experience of the past proves 
 that no other single influence ever comes into the life of the 
 Student Associations of greater potency than this Volunteer 
 Convention. For this reason all the secretaries of the De- 
 partment are glad to make a first charge upon their time the 
 promotion of attendance upon this Convention. 
 
 f. State Autumn Conferences. In at least three states this 
 year a new kind of conference has been held, namely, one to 
 which come as many students as can possibly be secured to be 
 given vision and inspiration that they may go back to make 
 their college campuses Christian places. Upwards of 250 
 attended such a conference in Nebraska and about 500 in 
 Kansas. Careful study is being made by leaders in these 
 states to find just the distinctive contribution that these con- 
 ferences make to the total Association program throughout 
 
 27 
 
the year. If it is proved after a year’s experience that the re- 
 sult was to inspire a larger number of local leaders for local 
 work than could otherwise have been trained and inspired, 
 they will doubtless become a permanent feature in the Asso- 
 ciation program in many states. 
 
 g. Life-Work Conferences. In certain states special life- 
 work committees of the State Committee have been formed. 
 In so far as the student secretaries are related to these com- 
 mittees, they should aim to recruit for the ministry as well 
 as the Association. Several state conferences have been held 
 to interest selected upper-classmen in Christian callings. Ex- 
 perience in recent years shows conclusively that more is ac- 
 complished, however, in local visits and institutions. 
 
 Sex Education 
 
 The program in sex education which had been promoted 
 by the Student Department for six years preceding the War 
 had commended itself to educational authorities, and resulted 
 in increasing recognition on their part of the responsibility 
 resting upon them. The experience accumulated during these 
 years by Dr. M. J. Exner, who had launched and carried for- 
 ward this program, was put at the disposal of the Association 
 in its service to the Army mobilized on the Mexican Border 
 in 1916. The contribution made at that time was appreciated 
 by the authorities at Washington, and the investigations made 
 of conditions there convinced them of the need for greater 
 attention to this phase of army life. Accordingly, when the 
 plans for mobilizing and training the Army for the War were 
 made, they included a social hygiene program far in advance 
 of any ever attempted by any government. The entire lecture 
 aspect of this program was made the responsibility of Dr 
 Exner, acting for the War Work Council. Thus the sex edu- 
 cation program of the Student Movement bore fruit. 
 
 It is worth noting that in the short period of the S. A. T. C. 
 Dr. Exner’s staff of lecturers visited nearly every college so 
 organized, to give official lectures on sex hygiene. 
 
 As the work with the Army draws to a close, a readjust- 
 ment has been made, whereby Dr. Exner will cease to be re- 
 
 28 
 
lated to the Student Department only, but will promote a pro- 
 gram of sex education throughout the entire Association Move- 
 ment. We are glad to know that he already has secured a 
 staff of lecturers, and is offering fully as much of their time 
 to the Student Associations as in the past. 
 
 Alumni Work 
 
 The Student Association should do its utmost to send its 
 graduates into the service of the churches and social welfare 
 agencies in the communities where they reside. Each spring 
 an effort is made to secure the names of Seniors who know 
 where they are to settle, in order that they may be immediate- 
 ly introduced to Christian community work. 
 
 The desire has often been expressed by former members that 
 they might be kept in closer touch with what is going on in the 
 general Student Movement in America and the world. To 
 satisfy this desire and at the same time encourage community 
 service, plans are being worked out to create an “Alumni Mem- 
 bership. ’’ 
 
 Work with Schoolboys 
 
 There are about 200 Associations in private schools and 
 academies. Most of these are grouped in the Northeast, East, 
 and South. Several of these schools, especially those with 
 military features, have grown during the war period. A new 
 school conference has been started at Blairstown, N. J., which 
 is attended by delegates from the schools in the north and 
 east. One secretary has been employed for this work. After 
 Francis P. Miller went to France, it was necessary to have a 
 succession of short-term workers. 
 
 There is a zest and appeal in this school work unsurpassed 
 in any other department. The responsiveness of the boys and 
 the way they carry on into college Christian leadership is most 
 enheartening. The work among high school boys is under 
 the Boys’ Department, but there has been an increasing amount 
 of working together and consequent mutual profit. 
 
 The program of a school Association is much like that in 
 a college, but simpler. There are usually only a few lines 
 
 29 
 
of activity — a group of mature boys united in prayer and 
 friendly influence that Christ may rule the school, as many 
 as possible following the morning watch, and a weekly meet- 
 ing. An increasing number of school Associations are taking 
 up social and missionary service. 
 
 Foreign Students 
 
 The presence in this country of an increasing number of 
 students from other nations has challenged the Student Chris- 
 tian Movement to give special attention to the opportunity thus 
 afforded for cultivating international friendships and render- 
 ing service to these students. The war conditions in Europe 
 diverted large numbers of students from Latin-America to 
 our universities, as well as many from Asia. The reports this 
 fall show a new development in the considerable number of 
 students from Europe who matriculated in American univer- 
 sities, including 200 from France. It is estimated that there 
 , are now in the United States : 
 
 2,500 students from Latin-America. 
 
 150 students from India. 
 
 1,400 students from China. 
 
 1,000 students from Japan. 
 
 600 students from The Philippines. 
 
 200 students from France. 
 
 1,000 students from other countries. 
 
 Last year Charles D. HAirrey, secretary for the Committee 
 on Friendly Relations, had record of students from seventy- 
 one different countries. 
 
 We find that in a growing number of Associations a special 
 committee is charged with the responsibility for extending to 
 these men the hospitality of the Association, and for open- 
 ing to them opportunities to share the best things in Christian 
 America. 
 
 The summer conferences offer a unique opportunity for tak- 
 ing these students from abroad into the heart of our Move- 
 ment. At the same time many American delegates to these 
 conferences testify to the value of the intimate contact afford- 
 ed with these splendid representatives of the students of the 
 
 30 
 
world. With the cooperation of Mr. Hurrey and his com- 
 mittee, the number who have accepted our hospitality at these 
 conferences has steadily increased, as follows : 
 
 In 1915 there were 299 present at 6 conferences. 
 
 In 1917 there were 322 present at 6 conferences. 
 
 In 1919 there were 455 present at 6 conferences. 
 
 At Lake Geneva, in 1919, there were present 156 students, 
 from 28 countries; at Northfield, 200 from about the same 
 countries. 
 
 Professional Students 
 
 From what has been said concerning the professional school 
 field, it is evident that these students must be considered some- 
 what as a .special field. For a great many years the Student 
 Department has had a secretary for theological institutions, 
 who has been able to develop a type of Association in the 
 seminaries adapted to the need of the students. Sherwood 
 S. Day has recently taken up this work on the staff of the 
 Student Department, succeeding Rev. Paul Micou, who re- 
 signed to become Collegiate Secretary for the General Board 
 of Religious Education of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 In a few cases the Association has entered the medical 
 schools, and enough experimentation has been done to prove 
 the adaptability of our program to this field. 
 
 The improvement of medical education during the past 
 fifteen years has been remarkable. While the number of 
 medical colleges has been reduced from 162 'to 85, and the 
 number of students from 28,142 to 13,052, the number of col- 
 leges requiring two years of college work for entrance in- 
 creased from 2.5 per cent to 92.9 per cent of all the colleges, 
 and the number of students with higher preliminary qualifica- 
 tions increased from 6.2 per cent to 96.3 of all students. It 
 is asserted by the Journal of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion that the low ebb in enrolment resulting from the enforce- 
 ment of the higher entrance requirements has been passed. 
 Last year, although the volunteering or drafting of medical 
 students produced a lower total enrolment, an increasing pro- 
 portion of students and graduates were reported from the 
 
 31 
 
Class A colleges, and the number of graduates holding A.B. 
 degrees increased from 1,024 and 1,180. 
 
 While it cannot be denied that the severe schedule of the 
 medical course makes it difficult for students to give much 
 time to Association activities, it is clearly our duty to adapt 
 the Association program to the circumstances so that this 
 important body of students can be brought into the fellow- 
 ship of our Movement. Special attention should also be 
 given to the pre-medical students in the colleges. 
 
 The trained engineer holds a strategic place in the industrial 
 life of today. He stands, as it were, between labor on the 
 one hand and capital on the other. He has a unique opportu- 
 nity to apply Christian principles to the solution of industrial 
 problems. For this reason it is important that the Association 
 help the increasing numbers of students in engineering schools 
 to think clearly and conclusively on the social as well as the 
 personal implications of Christ’s teaching. 
 
 Colored Students 
 
 Of the 653 colored colleges and secondary schools, there 
 are 200 which have enrolled a sufficient number of men to 
 make possible an Association organization. Of these 110 
 are now occupied. The work in these institutions is organized 
 as a part of the Colored Men’s Department, in close coopera- 
 tion with the Student Department. 
 
 Indian Students 
 
 There are 12,000 Indian students in 294 government schools 
 and 28 Protestant mission schools. For a number of years 
 R. D. Hall labored to lay the foundations of an indigenous 
 Association work in these schools. The program and meth- 
 ods best adapted to their needs have been evolved by experi- 
 ence, and the conferences of Indian delegates at recent con- 
 ferences at Hollister and Estes Park were convincing proof 
 of the virility of this part of the Student work. In order to 
 give particular attention to the Indians in the army canton- 
 ments, Mr. Hall was released to the War Work Council and 
 
 32 
 
G. E. E. Lindquist was called to take charge of the work 
 in the Indian schools. 
 
 Associations have been organized at twenty schools. In 
 most of the remaining schools the boys are too young for 
 Association work. 
 
 The Student Edition, The Intercollegian 
 
 In 1918 conditions arose which made it inadvisable to con- 
 tinue the publication of the North American Student, which 
 for several years had been the useful organ of the Council of 
 North American Student Movements. It was then decided 
 to insert a Student Department magazine in Association Men. 
 These pages are later reprinted as The Intercollegian, which 
 goes as a bulletin of the Department to a carefully selected 
 list of friends and supporters of the work. While this plan 
 has obvious weaknesses, they are more than outweighed by 
 the advantages of combination with the general Association 
 magazine and also of having a free bulletin. 
 
 A most helpful Editorial Committee consists of A. J. Elliott, 
 F. M. Harris, E. H. Kelsey, K. S. Latourette, Elmore McKee, 
 J. L. Murray, and D. R. Porter. 
 
 The Publication and Circulation of 
 Useful Literature 
 
 This is one of the Department’s chief opportunities. Three 
 main types are in demand — textbooks for Bible, social, and 
 mission study, technical pamphlets on work, and books and 
 pamphlets on various religious and social questions written ex- 
 pressly for college men. All such work is done in coopera- 
 tion with Association Press. 
 
 The following new technical pamphlets have been issued : 
 '‘America’s Experience in Student Y.M.C.A. Buildings,” by 
 Neil McMillan, Jr. 
 
 “Training an Adequate Leadership,” by Harrison S. Elliott. 
 “What Is the World’s Student Christian Federation?” by 
 David R. Porter. 
 
 “The President of the Association,” by W. D. Weatherford. 
 
 33 
 
"Student Associations and the Church,” by David R. Porter. 
 “Finances of a Student Association in War Time. ,, 
 
 “The Effective Force,” by Francis P. Miller. 
 
 “The Leaders' Training Class,” by Harrison S. Elliott. 
 “Guide to College Voluntary Study Books,” by Harrison S. 
 Elliott. 
 
 “Report of the Theological Section,” by Paul Micou. 
 
 ‘ Students of the United States for the Students of the World.” 
 “An Expression of World Fellowship,” by J. Lovell Murray. 
 “The World Problems Forum.” 
 
 “World Fellowship Fund.” 
 
 The following new Bible study courses have been made 
 available : 
 
 “Jesus in the Records,” by H. B. Sharman. 
 
 “The Religious Experience of Israel,” by W. J. Hutchins. 
 “The Social Principles of Jesus,” by Walter Rauschenbusch. 
 “Christianizing Community Life,” by Harry F. Ward and 
 R. H. Edwards. 
 
 “A New World Democracy,” by Harrison S. Elliott. 
 
 Other new courses which give daily Scripture readings but 
 are chiefly discussions of social or international themes are : 
 “Marks of a World Christian,” by D. J. Fleming. 
 
 “The Faiths of Mankind,” by E. D. Soper. 
 
 Other books and pamphlets written for college men, in- 
 cluded the following: 
 
 “The Dynamic of Manhood,” by L. H. Gulick. 
 
 “Christian Life — a Normal Experience,” by W. D. Weather- 
 ford. 
 
 “Personal Elements in Religious Life,” by W. D. Weather- 
 ford. 
 
 “How to Use the Morning Quiet Time,” by R. P. Wilder. 
 “United Intercession,” by R. P. Wilder. 
 
 “Life's Clinic,” by E. H. Hooker. 
 
 “Worship,” by William Adams Brown. 
 
 “The Comprehensiveness of the Evangelistic Aim,” by J. H 
 Oldham. 
 
 “Conduct of Brief Devotional Meetings,” by Paul Micou. 
 
 / 
 
 34 
 
Literature Section 
 
 New editions of the following books and pamphlets have 
 been printed during the last three years : 
 
 “The Social Significance of the Teachings of Jesus” — Jenks. 
 “The Will of God”— Wright. 
 
 “The Leadership of Bible Study Groups” — Horne. 
 “Introducing Men to Christ” — Weatherford. 
 
 “Constructive Suggestions for Character Building” — Mott- 
 Eddy. 
 
 “Negro Life in the South” — Weatherford. 
 
 “A Challenge to Life Service” — Harris-Robbins. 
 
 “Christian Standards in Life” — Murray-Harris. 
 
 “A Life at Its Best” — Edwards-Cutler. 
 
 “Student Standards of Action” — Elliott-Cutler. 
 
 “The Manhood of the Master” — Fosdick. 
 
 “Bible Study the Great Way in Life’s Values” — King. 
 “Bible Study for Personal Spiritual Growth” — Mott. 
 “Religious Meetings for Students” — Elliott. 
 
 “College Deputations for Evangelistic Work” — Hansen- 
 Elliott. 
 
 “The Morning Watch” — Mott. 
 
 A number of our publications were found adapted to the 
 War Work, and the following editions were specially printed 
 for use in the camps. 
 
 120.000 “The Call of a World Task”— Murray. 
 
 50.000 “The Present Task of the Ministry” — Wilson. 
 
 10.000 “The Supreme Decision of a Christian Student” — 
 Eddy. 
 
 10.000 “What Constitutes a Missionary Call” — Speer. 
 
 525.000 “The Fight for Character” — King. 
 
 380.000 “The Second Mile”— Fosdick. 
 
 11,383 “How to Use the Morning Quiet Time” — Wilder 
 
 100.000 “The Next Step” — Jefferson. 
 
 50.000 “War Aims and Foreign Missions” — Speer. 
 
 460.000 “The Christian Witness in War” — Bosworth. 
 
 360.000 “How to Know the Will of God” — Drummond. 
 
 15.000 “The Dynamic of Manhood” — Gulick. 
 
 35 
 
1,700,00 “Friend or Enemy” — Exner. 
 
 15,000 “Life’s Clinic”— Hooker. 
 
 16,371 “Rational Sex Life” — Exner. 
 
 A manual of approved principles and methods of Student 
 Association work is now in the printer’s hands. This has 
 been the work of some of the most experienced secretaries 
 and will be of special value to new secretaries and student offi- 
 cers in colleges without employed secretaries. 
 
 Developing a “Movement Conciousness” 
 
 The National Student Secretaries’ Summer School held at 
 Estes Park, Colo., in the summer of 1913, gave an opportunity 
 for free discussions and formulation of new ideas from the 
 point of view of all parts of the nation. The school requested 
 the International Committee to appoint a representative com- 
 mission “to make a thorough study of the Student Association 
 situation.” 
 
 This commission was appointed by Alfred E. Marling, chair- 
 man of the International Committee, and tentative reports were 
 made from time to time. 
 
 The International Student Secretaries’ Summer School which 
 met at Blue Ridge, N. C., in 1915 again took up the discussion 
 of the problems facing the Student Movement. Dr. Sanders, 
 representing the above mentioned commission, was invited to 
 be present and make a preliminary statement of the findings of 
 the commission. The more complete realization of the ideals 
 of democracy came clearly into the foreground at this time as 
 one of the fundamental problems to be solved. 
 
 This discussion stimulated similar discussion in other sec- 
 tions of the Association and resulted in the initiative resolution 
 and referendum vote in accordance with the action of the 
 Toronto Convention, “authorizing the International Conven- 
 tion to sit as a convention in sections in the afternoon sessions.” 
 This authorization for the first time in the history of Inter- 
 national Conventions gave the delegates from Student Associ- 
 ations present at the Cleveland Convention in 1916 the oppor- 
 tunity to meet in their own section of the Convention and dis- 
 
 36 
 
cuss their own vital problems. Delegates from 101 Student 
 Associations, constituting one-eighth of the Associations of all 
 kinds represented in the Convention, met in this student section 
 and entered into- frank and open discussion of the problems 
 that faced the Student Movement. There resulted a Committee 
 of Counsel which was authorized by the Convention. This 
 Committee represented local cabinets, advisory committees, and 
 secretaries and during the past three years, in spite of war 
 conditions, has helped to steady and stimulate the Movement. 
 
 In addition to this Committee a number of recent graduates 
 have been added to the regular Department Committee and 
 they now meet by fields, thus facilitating the democratic par- 
 ticipation of student members in the general movement. 
 
 Relations with Churches 
 
 Encouraging progress has been made in relating the entire 
 Student Association work to the churches, in accordance with 
 the policies which have evolved during the past few years. 
 
 a. Secretaries of the Church Boards of Education and the 
 Council of Church Boards of Education. At the last Inter- 
 national Convention a report was given of the first Cleveland 
 Conference and the following resolution was passed : 
 
 That we recognize with hearty approval the special effort, of 
 the Student Department of the International Committee to work 
 in close cooperation with the leaders of the different denominations 
 in their plans for denominational work in state universities ; and 
 further that we commend the principles of cooperation as laid 
 down in the following Findings of the Cleveland Conference( held 
 in March, 1915, and composed of representatives of all Christian 
 agencies at work in state institutions) and urge that these principles 
 be worked out in cooperative action. 
 
 Since that time a second Cleveland Conference has 
 assembled, at which time three important Commissions 
 reported; one on cooperative plans for evangelism; another 
 on curriculum instruction in the Bible in tax-supported insti- 
 tutions ; and another on “An Adequate Religious Program for 
 State Universities.” The report of this latter Commission is 
 as follows : 
 
 37 
 
Purpose of Work in State Universities 
 
 The Commission believes the following to be the purpose of our 
 common enterprise : 
 
 (1) To lead every man and women in a university community into 
 faith in God through Jesus Christ as Divine Lord and Saviour. 
 
 (2) To unite them in membership and service in the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 (3) To promote their growth in Christian faith and character. 
 
 (4) To prepare them for world-wide service in the Kingdom of God. 
 
 Indispensable Activities 
 
 The Commission considers the following activities indispensable to 
 an adequate program : 
 
 (1) Evangelism of students, 
 
 (2) Church relationships, 
 
 (3) Pastoral care and preaching, 
 
 (4) Bible study, 
 
 (5) Mission study, 
 
 (6) Social study, 
 
 (7) Social service, 
 
 (9) Promotion of Christian benevolence. 
 
 (10) Recruiting. 
 
 The Expansion of These Activities into a Comprehensive Uni- 
 versity-Wide Program 
 
 The Commission believes that the number of activities at present 
 promoted in state universities is, as a rule, sufficient. The surveys of 
 the local situations, however, lead to the conviction that sufficient 
 attention has not been given to the size of the task to be performed. 
 Considerable groups of students are largely unreached, and present 
 plans do not give promise of remedying the situation. Therefore, it 
 seems essential that all of the religious forces now operating should be 
 so correlated and unified as to put into effect a program that shall 
 bring home to every student the complete message of Christianity. 
 This result can never be achieved by the mere federation of small plans 
 which already may be in existence, as, for example, by bringing both 
 Association and church Bible groups under some common direction, 
 but it calls for a comprehensive and thorough survey of the whole 
 field, together with the training of a sufficient leadership from both 
 graduate and undergraduate sources to meet the total need discovered, 
 and then such a division of labor as to make it certain that each line 
 of activity shall be well understood and vigorously pressed. 
 
 Principles Involved 
 
 In view of the situation as outlined, the Commission presents the 
 following principles which it believes to be essential to an adequate 
 religious program for state universities : 
 
 38 
 
(a) We recognize the university as a community with a unified 
 community life ; and, therefore, that our task is not only the develop- 
 ment of individual Christians, but also the creation and maintenance of 
 a university community consciousness favorable to the Christian life. 
 
 (b) We recognize the opportunity and the responsibility of the 
 Church to cooperate with the university in the development of this 
 moral and religious life. 
 
 (c) We recognize that while students are members of a university 
 community they should be kept loyal to the church of their preference ; 
 and, therefore, we urge the identification of each student with a local 
 church, and we further urge the faithful performance of all the 
 duties of membership in that church. 
 
 (d) We recognize that in order to reach the entire university and 
 especially the non-Christians and indifferent Christians, and in order 
 to cooperate more effectively with those Christian communions not 
 included in the organized local work among students, it is essential that 
 the denominations work together through some interdenominational 
 movement. In the light of history and experience, it is recognized that 
 the Young Men’s and Young Women’s Christian Associations consti- 
 tute this interdenominational movement. 
 
 (e) We recognize the religious work in the university as the com- 
 mon task of the churches and the Associations, but there is no clear 
 division of interests. We recommend, therefore, that while some 
 functions may be more particularly those of the churches and others 
 of the Associations, each should feel its responsibility for cooperation 
 in the work of the others. 
 
 (f) We recognize that in carrying out this common task for the 
 entire university, the best results can never be secured by a federation 
 of individual plans worked out independently by the respective church 
 and Association agencies. We recommend, therefore, that a united 
 and thorough study be made of the needs of the entire university and 
 that in any particular activity, Bible study or social service for example, 
 the Christian forces work out together a unified program, planned with 
 reference to the entire university. 
 
 (g) We recognize in the organization both of the churches’ and 
 Associations’ work, that student initiative and control, both in forming 
 and in carrying out plans, should be encouraged and utilized. 
 
 (h) We recognize that neither the Associations nor the churches 
 can render their full service without effective student workers. We, 
 therefore, recommend that there be frank consultation between these 
 agencies to ensure that the local student forces are distributed for 
 the most effective manning of all work. 
 
 (i) We recognize that the Associations shall have the right of 
 initiative, and that they shall be held responsible for carrying out the 
 joint plans of the churches as far as practicable; but they should be 
 so constituted that the churches cooperate in forming their policies. 
 (See Findings of First Cleveland Conference on page 41). 
 
 39 
 
(j) We recognize that there must be the fullest opportunity for 
 the expression of initiative by the churches ; but that in all such plans 
 the ultimate test should be not only its effectiveness to the individual 
 churches, but also its relation to and its effect upon the cooperative 
 plans. 
 
 (k) We recognize that there can be no assurance of effective co- 
 operation without regular, thorough, and timely consultation upon the 
 part of all the Christian workers concerned. 
 
 (1) We recommend that any agency initiating religious work at 
 the university make special effort to secure the support and coopera- 
 tion of all agencies concerned with the religious life of the university. 
 
 (m) We recognize the very great importance of using as secretaries 
 and pastors, and as members of advisory and consulting boards, only 
 such men and women as have both the willingness and the ability to 
 work cooperatively. 
 
 (n) We recognize that in enterprises which concern both the 
 churches and the Associations effective cooperation can be obtained 
 only when each organization is willing to favor movements of obvious 
 good to the whole, even though unable for any reason to give the 
 same individual support. 
 
 (o) We recognize as supplementary to the coordination of the 
 agencies at the university center the great advantage which would 
 accrue from consultation and conference between representatives of 
 the national student and church agencies regarding the work that is 
 being planned for university centers. 
 
 In February, 1919, a meeting was held of the Committee 
 of Reference of the so-called Cleveland Conferences. At this 
 meeting there was a frank discussion of the situation in cer- 
 tain outstanding state universities, and the dangers of the As- 
 sociation and the churches duplicating each others work and 
 in certain cases leaving sections of the universities unoccupied. 
 After full discussion, the following memorandum was drawn 
 up as the opinion of that meeting. It will be remembered 
 that the Committee of Reference was created by the first 
 Cleveland Conference for the purpose of studying the vari- 
 ous problems involved and continued by the Second Confer- 
 ence. Matters requiring executive action are referred to the 
 constituent bodies. Another conference has not yet been held, 
 so that this memorandum has not been reviewed and acted upon. 
 
 I. The general Advisory Board of the Christian forces of the uni- 
 versity should be organized in accordance with the Findings of the 
 First Cleveland Conference : 
 
 “On the supervisory or advisory bodies of the Association, 
 
 40 
 
both local and national, should be, so far as is consistent with 
 efficiency, representatives of the various Christian commu- 
 nions, which representatives shall be nominated by the Asso- 
 ciation’s supervisory or advisory board concerned, approved 
 by the proper ecclesiastical authority of the Christian com- 
 munions concerned, and in case of local Associations, elected 
 by the Associations.” 
 
 In universities where there are both Young Men’s and Young Wo- 
 men’s Christian Associations, it should be composed of the Advisory 
 Boards of both Associations. It is recommended that the students 
 themselves have representation on this General Advisory Board. 
 
 II. The employed staff should be composed of the general secretaries 
 of the two Associations and such other secretaries as may be needed 
 to meet the religious needs of the whole university, all to be elected 
 by the General Advisory Board, with the approval of the cabinets of 
 the two Associations.* (All these secretaries are to be nominated 
 by the Association to which they are directly related, referred to the 
 general Advisory Board for approval, and elected by the Association.) 
 It is assumed that all student secretaries will be selected with the 
 approval of the cabinet of the Association concerned and in case of 
 denominational representatives serving on the staff, shall be jointly 
 selected by the Advisory Board and the Board of Education of the 
 denomination or with other proper denominational authority. Where 
 practicable, all of the secretaries should be paid through the common 
 local treasury. Local ministers doing student work as representatives 
 of their denominations should be ex-officio members of the staff. In 
 choosing all these workers, special attention should be given to the 
 principle, enunciated in point 13 of the Report of Commission I 
 of the Second Cleveland Conference : 
 
 “We recognize the very great importance of using as secre- 
 taries and pastors, and as members of advisory and consulting 
 boards, only such men as have both the willingness and the 
 ability to work cooperatively/’ 
 
 III. The staff of secretaries should function as a unit on the college 
 campus. There should be a General Executive Secretary who acts 
 as chief of staff. Their responsibility relates to the work of both 
 men and women. (While recognizing that each Christian Association 
 is autonomous, the responsibility of all secretaries relates to the work 
 of both men and women.) Policies should be worked out by the 
 entire staff working together/in fullest cooperation with the Associa- 
 tion cabinets. 
 
 IV. Wherever students are organized into denominational groups or 
 societies, these separate groups should so far as is practicable be rep- 
 resented on the Association cabinets. 
 
 ♦The sentences in parentheses are suggested revisions by Student 
 Secretaries. 
 
 41 
 
This matter has already been brought to the attention of 
 certain universities where all the religious leaders are anxious 
 to find the best possible basis of cooperative action. It comes 
 as a suggestion to local boards and as such has been welcomed. 
 At a recent meeting of the Sub-Committee on Student work 
 of the International Committee, this memorandum was con- 
 sidered and the following resolution was adopted: 
 
 The Student Department Committee approves of the memo- 
 randum as a working basis of cooperation between the Chris- 
 tian forces in those universities where the field is ready for 
 such united action, with the understanding that nothing in it is 
 to be interpreted as limiting the autonomy of any of the 
 cooperating Christian agencies. 
 
 The representatives of the Student Y. M. C. A. on the 
 Committee of Reference are Dr. John R. Mott, W. H. Tinker, 
 and David R. Porter, the latter being made a member at the 
 last meeting of the Committee, when it was voted to enlarge 
 its membership by the inclusion of three representatives from 
 each of the Movements. It will be recalled that the other 
 agencies included in the Committee of Reference besides the 
 Association are the Young Women’s Christian Association, 
 the Council of Church Boards of Education, and the Con- 
 ference of Church Workers in State Universities. 
 
 b. The Interchurch World Movement. Reference has al- 
 ready been made in this report to the work of the Interchurch 
 World Movement. It comes in touch with the Student field 
 chiefly through its Life-Work Department and the survey 
 which is now being conducted. Representatives of the De- 
 partment have been in close and friendly fellowship with the 
 representatives of this Movement and it is hoped that our or- 
 ganizations in the colleges and universities may be put at the 
 disposal, even more effectively, of the churches. 
 
 c. The Home Missions Council. The Secretary of the De- 
 partment for Work in Indian Schools, G. E. E. Lindquist, is a 
 member of a Sub-Committee of this Council to make a study 
 of the needs of Indian schools and to formulate a policy to 
 meet these needs. Mr. Lindquist is also giving considerable 
 time to the direction of the survey of the Interchurch World 
 Movement of the entire Indian field. 
 
 42 
 
d. Foreign Missions Boards. The Student Movement has 
 always had a close relationship with the Foreign Mission 
 Boards on account of its emphasis on missionary education 
 and, in cooperation with the Student Volunteer Movement, on 
 securing missionary recruits. During the past three years 
 1204 volunteers have sailed. This connection has been unusu- 
 ally close during the past three years, because of the pro- 
 gram of missionary education and of missionary giving which 
 grew out of the Student Volunteer Conference at Northfield 
 in January, 1917. Several pieces of printed matter were is- 
 sued jointly to further that campaign and secretaries in dif- 
 ferent parts of the country cooperated heartily with the plans 
 of the different boards to secure missionary gifts from denomi- 
 national colleges. It is hoped that this campaign can go on 
 to even greater successes in the years that are ahead. 
 
 It is encouraging to note that, in spite of the large sums 
 raised in the colleges for war services, he gifts from the col- 
 leges from missionary contributions have been as large as 
 ever. During the past year $266,213.06 were contributed for 
 these missionary causes. 
 
 e. The Sunday School Council of Evangelical Denomina- 
 tions. The plan worked out several years ago of cooperating 
 with this Council in the production and promotion of stuay 
 courses in Sunday schools which are attended by college stu- 
 dents has been continued. The recent courses include “Faiths 
 of Mankind,” “The Social Principles of Jesus,” and “Chris- 
 tianizing Community Life.” 
 
 Relations with the General Association 
 Movement 
 
 As we study the history of the past decade, it is gratifying 
 to seen an increasing amount of unreserved cooperation with 
 other departments. We should remind ourselves more fre- 
 quently of the great opportunity in the interchange of secre- 
 taries. We can point to Mott, Colton, Brockman, Carter, 
 Hurrey, and many others given to the general Movement, and 
 in this way we may have taken too literally the scriptural in- 
 junction, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” We 
 
 43 
 
should be glad, therefore, that there are now evidences that 
 other departments are ready to give back to the Student 
 Movement for some of its more important positions, men who 
 have had experience in other departments. This will have 
 to be done much more, as we need, for the more important 
 positions, abler and more experienced men who have at the 
 same time the spirit of the democratic Association Movement. 
 There is every reason for us to be assured by the re- 
 cent accession to the Department of men like Edwards, Ross, 
 Legate, Roy John, Hansen, Cherrington, Evans, Hoffman, to 
 mention but a few. 
 
 This intertwining of the Department is further illustrated 
 by the Student Section of Association Men , the participation 
 of our students in so many Association summer schools, the 
 way student secretaries quickly and effectively adapted them- 
 selves to so many important war work posts, and cooperation 
 with the Foreign Department. We should continue our 
 policy of strengthening wherever necessary State Commit- 
 tees and, where they exist, working entirely in accord with 
 them. We should be grateful for every chance to work with 
 the specializing secretaries of other departments, e.g., H. S. 
 Elliott, leader training ; Irving, evangelism, and Colton, general 
 religious work. We have a special spiritual mandate to aid 
 in the work of the Boys’, County, and Industrial Departments. 
 
 The World's Student Christian Federation 
 
 Even before America realized as a nation the ending of 
 its days of isolation and the necessity of its participation in 
 world affairs, the Student Christian Movement under the lead- 
 ership of Dr. Mott had become a world movement. In this 
 world movement during the past twenty-five years the Amer- 
 ican Movement has had no inconsiderable part. No one would 
 say, however, that our influence and help had been commensu- 
 rate with our size or our wealth. The fact that we were so 
 long beyond reach of the scourge of the War is a challenge to 
 an enlarged helpfulness. It is easy to recognize a growing 
 interest in the Federation since the last convention met at 
 Lake Mohonk in 1913. During the last two years there have 
 
 44 
 
Deen many interchanges of fellowship and visits within the 
 Federation, and our Movement in the United States has 
 constantly profited thereby. The Friendship Funds with the 
 fellowship which follows in their train have opened many 
 doors. 
 
 The need of the hour would seem to be to bring the reality 
 of the Federation close home to our local Associations. To 
 do this we must 
 
 a. Make wider use of literature, e.g., “What is the World’s Student 
 Christian Federation?” The Student World , and the Federation col- 
 umn of The Intercollegian. All leaders should be subscribers to and 
 readers of the publications of other movements. We should read the 
 British Student Movement , The Australian Intercollegian, and when- 
 ever in New York plan to spend some unhurried hours in the Federa- 
 tion Library where are accumulated the publications of all the different 
 movements. 
 
 b. Make far wider use of the visits to this country of the repre- 
 sentatives of other movements. We are fortunate that in not a few 
 countries the leaders of the Student Christian Movement are represen- 
 tatives of our own Foreign Department, most of whom have been 
 former leaders in our Student Movement. Among such visitors this 
 next year will be Ewald of South America, Smith of India, Pence 
 and Jacobs of Turkey, Lyon of China. In this connection we should 
 never cease to be grateful for the close connection between the Cana- 
 dian Associations and those in the United States. 
 
 c. In all our work with foreign students help to bind each other 
 to the Federation. 
 
 d. Begin now to plan for an observance in every college of the 
 Universal Day of Prayer for Students (February 29th). 
 
 e. Hold meetings for discussion and prayer; e.g., The Federations as 
 a Student League of Nations. 
 
 Council of North American Student 
 Movements 
 
 The importance of continuing our hearty fellowship with 
 this Council is indicated by the following statement by Dr. Mott 
 concerning its objects. 
 
 a. To acquaint the leaders of the different Student Move- 
 ments with the new plans and policies of their respective 
 movements. 
 
 b. To afford opportunities for them to study and to discuss 
 together their common field and problems. 
 
 45 
 
c. To help devise and recommend plans by which the differ- 
 ent Student Movements may cooperate more closely and help- 
 fully in all matters of common interest and concern. 
 
 d. To enable the Student Movements of North America to 
 bring to bear more fully and effectively their varied contribu- 
 tion in the World’s Student Christian Federation, and to bring 
 to the North American Student Movements the contribution 
 which the other Student Movements of the world have to make 
 to them. 
 
 e. While having no executive functions, the proposed Coun- 
 cil would take action regarding any matter committed to it by 
 all the Movements on their behalf. 
 
 This Council is made up of members of committees as well 
 as secretaries, constituted as follows : 
 
 Three representatives of the Student Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Associations of the United States. 
 
 Three representatives of the Student Young Womens Chris- 
 tian Associations of the United States. 
 
 Two representatives of the Young Women’s Christian As- 
 sociations of Canada. 
 
 Two from the Young Men’s Christian Association of Can- 
 ada. 
 
 Three representatives of the Student Volunteer Movement. 
 
 The secretaries of the International Committee and the 
 National Board who are related to Foreign Student Work. 
 
 FINANCIAL SUPPORT 
 
 The work of the Student Department is supported almost 
 entirely by the gifts of students and other friends who have 
 this work at heart. The budget of 1918 may be taken as typi- 
 cal of the expense in carrying on the work of the Department, 
 although the help given by the War Work Council in financing 
 the work during the period of the S.A.T.C. reduced the total 
 
 considerably. 
 
 Secretaries’ Salaries $28,425.74 
 
 Traveling expenses 8,265.62 
 
 Stenographers and Clerks 6,224.52 
 
 Printing and Cultivation 2,009.81 
 
 Postage 1,248.93 
 
 Telephone and Telegraph 1,521.61 
 
 46 
 
Office Equipment 203.01 
 
 Office Supplies and Stationery 542.48 
 
 Special Agents 2,871.42 
 
 Magazine 738.92 
 
 Sex Education Lectures 768.17 
 
 Shipping Expense 121.71 
 
 Special Conferences 2,992.^9 
 
 Bible Study and Evangelistic Promotion.. 558.22 
 
 Total $56,492.75 
 
 It may be interesting to know the sources of the money 
 which was received to make possible this budget: 
 
 Interest $1,639.63 
 
 Subscriptions of Conference delegates 7,585.31 
 
 Subscriptions of other friends 41,543.51 
 
 Subscriptions of college Associations 2,743.66 
 
 Miscellaneous (Literature, etc.) 2,980.64 
 
 Total $56,492.75 
 
 A most encouraging proof of the desire of students to 
 stand behind the Department in carrying the responsibility for 
 national leadership and supervision entrusted to it was the 
 generous amount subscribed by the delegates at the last series 
 of Summer Conferences, the total amount of which was twice 
 as much as had ever before been contributed. Such support 
 will make possible new and, we trust, more helpful lines of 
 service to the local Associations. 
 
 The Staff of the International Committee 
 
 Several changes have been made in the staff assignments. 
 The Eastern Field is now divided, New England being cov- 
 ered by Clarence P. Shedd, and the Middle Atlantic States 
 by Wellington H. Tinker. W. D. Weatherford has resigned 
 after a remarkable period of seventeen years’ leadership of 
 work in the South to become President of the Southern College 
 
 47 
 
of the Y.M.C.A. The Central West is covered by A. J. Elliott; 
 the Southwest by A. R. Elliott; the Coast by Gale Seaman; 
 the Rocky Mountain States by B. M. Cherrington, who suc- 
 ceeds H. L. Heinzman. S. S. Day is secretary for Theologi- 
 cal Seminaries; G. E. E. Lindquist for Indian Schools; Earl 
 H. Kelsey for Office Administration; David R. Porter is 
 Executive Secretary. 
 
 The work in Canada is now directed by the Can- 
 adian National Council, for which Ernest H. Clarke is 
 Student Secretary, with A. C. S. Trivett and L. S. Albright 
 as associates for the Northwest and Maritime Provinces re- 
 spectively. The work in Negro Schools and Colleges is under 
 the Colored Men’s Department, with which the Student De- 
 partment is glad to cooperate. The secretaries for Negro 
 Colleges are C. H. Tobias, W. C. Craver, and Max 
 Yergan. 
 
 The Student Department, in common with other Depart- 
 ments of the International Committee, is more and more fol- 
 lowing the policy of utilizing wherever possible the specializ- 
 ing bureaus. In this way the secretaries of the Religious Work 
 Bureau, for example, are available for special help to the 
 Student Department in formulating policies or carrying them 
 out in the field. While this removes from the staff certain 
 specializing secretaries, it undoubtedly works for a stronger 
 and more unified movement as a whole. 
 
 The Committee 
 
 The Sub-Committee of the International Committee for 
 Student Work is as follows: 
 
 Burke Baker, William Birks, Marion LeRoy Burton, Philip 
 Gray, Thomas Nicholson, W. Douglas Mackenzie, C. W. 
 McAlpin, W. D. Murray, A. E. Stearns, J. Ross Stevenson, 
 Roger H. Williams, Chairman, with the following associate 
 members : 
 
 Charles S. Campbell, Allan Herrick, Henry W. Hobson, 
 G. F. Kay, M. S. Hodgson, Robert H. Gardiner, Charles W. 
 Gilkey, Frank W. Padelford, George W. Perkins, Jr., L. R. 
 
 48 
 
Wheeler, and the Chairman of the Committee of Counsel and 
 one member of that Committee from each field. 
 
 There are three associate members for theological work: 
 Rev. Clarence A. Barbour, D.D., Rev. J. A. Singmaster, D.D., 
 Rev. H, H. Bell, D.D. 
 
 A plan is being worked out by which all the regular and 
 associate members of the Committee within each field are 
 grouped into a Field Council 
 
 The Treasurer of the International Committee is B. II. 
 Fancher. 
 
 Additional copies of the Report may be secured for ten cents each 
 from Student Department, International Committee of Young Men's 
 Christian Associations, 347 Madison Ave., New York City. 
 
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Resolutions of the Student Section 
 
 DETROIT, NOVEMBER 1919 
 
 I. We commend most highly the report of the Student Depart- 
 mental Committee for the years 1916-1919 and congratulate its 
 members upon the progress recorded. We believe it to be a 
 matter worthy of special commendation that the Student Depart- 
 ment has dealt so well with extraordinary emergencies during the 
 past three years. We recommend for careful consideration the 
 broad outlook as to the future work of the Department and urge 
 that every support and encouragement be given to the plans sug- 
 gested. We ask that the report be given the best possible presenta- 
 tion to local Associations by returning delegates. 
 
 II. Whereas there is tremendous social and industrial unrest 
 throughout the country and the world, and 
 
 Whereas the college student of today must tomorrow actively 
 assist in the solution of these problems and in the establishment 
 of social justice and industrial peace: 
 
 Be it resolved that we commend the action of the Student 
 Department of the International Committee in presenting the mes- 
 sage of social justice and industrial service before student confer- 
 ences and upon student campuses, and 
 
 Be it further resolved that we urge the continued and fuller 
 presentation of the just claims of all the parties to industry — 
 labor, capital, and the public, by addresses, conferences, exhibits, 
 literature and other means and more especially by enlisting stu- 
 dents in various forms of social and industrial service both before 
 and after graduation, and 
 
 Be it further resolved that we express our firm belief that the 
 application of the principles of Christ in industrial relations will 
 solve all the present and future problems in that field. 
 
 III. That whereas the work of the Association in professional 
 and technological schools is of prime importance to the Christian 
 leadership of the country, and its growth has not kept pace with 
 that in the general Student field, be it resolved that the Interna- 
 tional Committee, State Committees, and Metropolitan organiza- 
 tions be requested tb give this matter special consideration, and 
 after due investigation that the necessary secretaries be appointed 
 to develop this work among professional and technical students. 
 
 IV. Whereas we frankly give our allegiance to Jesus Christ as 
 
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Saviour and Lord and Leader in our own efforts, and inasmuch 
 as the Brotherhood from its foundation has been carried on by 
 numbers of praying men, who have laid hold of the spiritual re- 
 sources of God in prayer, this body recommend, in view of the 
 materialistic spirit of the times, racial feeling, radical misunder- 
 standing regarding the Association work and ideals, and the recon- 
 struction processes now at work, that all Student Associations give 
 themselves to a renewed spirit of prayer in staff and committee 
 meetings, retreats, and in other groups. 
 
 V. Whereas the recent World War has proven the interdepen- 
 dence of all peoples and has brought forth the need of a better 
 understanding of Christian ideals and exercise of Christian con- 
 duct, this body recommend that all local Associations make con- 
 tributions for Christian work in other lands, and that wherever practi- 
 cable, and then only after a thorough-going conference with the 
 different boards concerned in the territory under consideration, that 
 each college or university, or a combination of the same, undertake 
 the support of a special Christian institution abroad. 
 
 VI. That it is the sense of this body that the recruiting cam- 
 paign of the Interchurch World Movement should have the active 
 support of the Student Section of the Association and the fullest 
 possible cooperation of the local Student Associations and that we 
 would recommend to the Interchurch World Movement that atten- 
 tion be given to the securing of adequate leadership for this cam- 
 paign in the larger institutions. 
 
 VII. Whereas a large measure of additional work is involved 
 in the Life Work Recruiting Campaign; and 
 
 Whereas a new standard of supervision and extension service 
 was enjoyed and demonstrated under the S. A. T. C. ; and 
 
 Whereas the present year is most critical in that it is the last 
 year that there will be in our institutions students who know pre- 
 war standards and traditions ; 
 
 Be it resolved that we request the International and State 
 Committees to greatly increase their Student staffs. 
 
 VIII. Whereas the Association from its beginnings has been 
 closely bound in fellowship with the Church of Christ, we the 
 Student Section do hereby approve all measures taken by the 
 Convention for the furthering of helpful relations between the churches 
 and the Association. 
 
 IX. That we earnestly reemphasize the principle expressed in 
 resolution 33 of the 1916 Cleveland Convention, namely the demo- 
 cratic participation of representatives of local Student Associations 
 in formulating the policies of International Student Association 
 work; 
 
 2. That in accordance with section 2 of the above resolution 33 
 we urgently request this Convention to authorize the continuance 
 
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of the plan of having students and student leaders as the repre- 
 sentatives of local Associations give counsel to the Student Depart- 
 ment of the International Committee. 
 
 3. That we commend the plan already adopted by several State 
 Committees of providing for committees elected by the Student 
 Associations of the state to give counsel from time to time to their 
 student sub- committees, and we suggest that, just so far as prac- 
 ticable from the standpoint of the local Student Association and 
 the organized State Committees, this practice of providing for the 
 direct and advisory participation of the Student Associations in 
 shaping the policies of the student work of the state be extended. 
 
 Subsequently the following resolutions were submitted by the 
 Committee of Findings and passed by the Convention: 
 
 First, that we commend the plan already adopted by several 
 state committees of providing for committees elected by the Stu- 
 dent Associations of the state, to give counsel from time to time 
 to their student subcommittees, and we suggest that so far as 
 practicable from the standpoint of the local Student Association 
 and the organized state committees, this practice of providing for 
 the direct and advisory participation of the Student Associations 
 in shaping the policies of the Student work of the state be extended. 
 
 Second, the last International Convention ordered the continu- 
 ance of a committee similar to the Committee of Counsel, and 
 Whereas, the Student Section itself is not agreed as to the best 
 procedure at this time, therefore, acting on the vote of the Student 
 Section, 
 
 Be it resolved, that this Convention authorize the continuance 
 of the Committee of Counsel until such time as a thorough study 
 can be made by a committee appointed by the Student Section of 
 the Detroit Convention. 
 
 53