in ofd TdotcnQ-'C 0 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY me V'- - IN OLD FLORENCE Lecture 2 FLORENTINE GOVERNMENT lassification of the people Grafidi^ or nobles. Popolani, 01 men of affairs. Popolino^ or laborers. ilds Divisions. Major gilds, seven. Minor gilds. Functions. a Basis of government. b All officers of state must be from the gilds. c Each gild practically a little republic. d Regulate and control trade and manufacture. epartments of government I Executive heads. a Gonfalonier (Banneret of justice). ^ Term of office, two month§7 , Functions : presided over cared for the city standard. ' Office established 1293, abolished 1532. b Podesta. Term, six months; earlier, one year. Functions, judicial: pronouncing and causing to be executed the sentence of criminals, com- mand of the militia, almost dictatorial powers. Originally a representative of the empire must be foreign born, from place at least 50 miles dis- tant. Residence, the Bargello. Established 1184, abolished 1502. £ Capitano del popolo. Conditions same as podesta. 4 EXTENSION SYLLABUS Collected taxes and fines. Created 1250, abolished 1475. The functions of these three officers were by no means stable ai often coinciding or conflicting. 2 Legislative bodies. a Under presidency of capitano del popolo. Council of 100. Council of credit. Functions : Appropriation of ico lire monthly. Election of subordinate administrative officei b Under presidency of podesta. Council of 300 (50 members from each sestc Council of 90 (15 members from each sestc Council of the major gilds, seven in numbt Buonuomini (good men), 12 in number. These four sub-councils together formed t council of the commune. Elected by signoria, podesta, capitano and arjx Term of office, one year. Functions : legislative. c Under presidency of gonfalonier. SigJioria or priori ; an executive committ or board of directors, 12 in number perpetual session at Palazzo Vecchio. Term two months. Chosen by lot, two from each sesto. Functions : Making of peace and war. Reception of ambassadors. Supervision of public works. d General parliament or public council. Composed of sig?ioria, all the councils, the cc suls of the gilds, podesta and capita 7 w. An open meeting for discussions and initiati legislation. e Parte Gael fa, a sort of Tammany hall. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE 5 The balia 1 Definition: delegation of supreme political power to a I committee of citizens for an extended or indefinite period of time. 2 Purpose : to supplement the ordinary working of the constitution in times of public difficulty and danger, and to bring about needed reforms. 3 Typical balie. 1341 Supreme power given to 20 citizens for one year. 1378 At the uprising of the ciompi. 1490 In the interest of the Medici. excellencies and defects of the Florentine govern- ment 1 Excellencies. Brought the strongest and best men to the front. Secured active interest of the body of citizens. Fostered civic pride by dignified and splendid cere- monials. 2 Defects. Machinery of government too intricate. Powers and responsibilities not sharply defined. Judicial system clumsy and inefficient. Checks and balances wholly wanting. References )ufFy. Tuscan republics, ch. 10. lacchiavelli. History of Florence, bk. 2, ch. 1-3. lay. Democracy in Europe, v. i, ch. 6. caife. Florentine life during the renaissance, ch. 2-3, 10. Topics for papers 1 State briefly the duties, powers and conditions of elec- on of the gonfalonier, the podesta. 2 Describe the workings of the judicial system of Flor- nce. Scaife. Florentine life, p. 44-48. 6 EXTENSION SYLLABUS 3 Describe the ceremonies attending the installation c new signoria and gonfalonier. Scaife. Florentine life, p. 69. 4 In what respects do you think the government of FI ence either superior or inferior to the government of Ro( ester ? Lectuf'e 3 PRIVATE LIFE Life’s setting 1 Houses. a City. Comfortable, clean, scantily furnished, lar enough to hold three generations. b Country. Numerous, 20,000 villas within 20 mik also 800 stone palaces. Occupied six months or more. 2 Food. Simple; oil, wine, fruits and vegetables the stap articles. Dinners informal, democratic, plain. 3 Dress. Early simplicity, followed by great ornamentatio and richness. 4 Amusements. Games of chance, ball playing, festivals, spectacula processions, horse racing. Most striking feature of early Florentine life is it simplicity. The personal drama I Birth. Elaborate christening. o Giving of classical names. Burckhardt. Renaissance in Italy, pt. 3, ch. 9. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE 7 2 Education. a Many schools. 1 338* 10,000 children in primary schools, 1200 boys in secondary schools. b University founded by the city, 1349. Tuition free. Five colleges, theology, law (civil and canon), medicine, arts. Great attention paid to the classics. Florence the pioneer in Greek learning. Physical culture a part of the system; all Floren- tines trained in athletic sports. 3 Marriage. a Young girls secluded, but women after marriage allowed freedom of social intercourse. b Marriage vows lightly regarded. c Contemporary records of home life; Agnolo Pan- dolfini. 4 Death. Funerals at nightfall. Coffin carried on the shoulders of masked bearers; the Misericordia. Public funeral given by the city to honor distin- guished citizens. References Biagi, Guido. Private life of the renaissance Florentines {see Liv. age 197; 259-79) Bianciardi, E. D. R. A Florentine family in the 15th century {see Allan. 48: 672-81). Blashfield, E. H. and E. W. In Florence with Romola {see Scrib. 2: 693-721). lurckhardt. Civilization of the renaissance in Italy, pt. 5. church, A. J. Life in mediaeval Italy {see Chaut. 10: 651-55). vliot. Romola. ohnson. Lily of the Arno. )liphant. Makers of Florence, ch. 6. caife. Florentine life during the renaissance, ch. 4. 8 EXTENSION SYLLABUS Topics for papers 1 Write a brief account of the company of the Miseri cordia. 2 What points in Pandolfini’s discussion of home affair; impress you most ? Oliphant. Makers of Florence, ch. 6. 3 Write a brief description of Florentine country life. 4 What was the position of women in Florentine life Burckhardt. Civilization of the renaissance in Italy,pt.5,cb.6 Scaife. Florentine life, p, 82-86. Lecture 4 DANTE AND HIS TIMES Brief sketch of his times 1 Characteristics : a Violence, street broils. b Struggle between the Ghibelines, supporters of the empire, and the Guelfs, partizans of the pope. c Growth of commerce. d Family feuds. e Great religious movements. f Rise of the universities. g Expansion of commercial life. 2 Great contemporaries. a Brunetto, Dante’s teacher. b Louis 9, Edward i, great rulers. c Marco Polo, traveler. d Roger Bacon, scientist. e Cimabue, Giotto, artists. f 1 homas Aquinas, Peter Lombard, Bonaventura, scholastics. g Arnolfo, the “ Michelangelo of the 13th century.” h Niccola of Pisa, sculptor, i Boccaccio, Petrarch. LIFE IN OLD FI.OKENCE 9 rhe man Dante 1 His life Birth, 1265. Meeting with Beatrice, 1274. Profound effect of this meeting and subsequent acquaintance recounted by Dante in the Vita 7 iiiova. Death of Beatrice, 1290. Marriage to Gemma Donati. Political life and election as prior, 1300. Banishment in 1302. Factions of Bianchi and Neri. Life of exile spent in wandering. Death in Ravenna, 1321. 2 His opinions. Begins life a Guelf, later becomes a modified Ghibe- line. Political theories given in his treatise, De mo 7 iarchia, in which three questions are asked and answered: Is a supreme principality or universal empire good for the world ? b Have the Roman people the right to exercise this dominion ? c Is this power derived directly from God or medi- ately through the pope ? These are answered as follows : a It is; since only in profound peace can all man’s powers flourish, and peace can be secured only through one supreme ruler and justice-maker. b Rome divinely appointed to rule; proved by her history and Christ’s submission to Roman empire. c Both papacy and empire derive their power directly from God, one supreme in spiritual matters, the other in temporal. 3 His personality. Best studied in his writings. The DiviTia coi 7 i 77 iedia intensely autobiographic. lo EXTENSION SYLLABUS References Bryce. Holy Roman empire. Carlyle. Hero as poet Carlyle, Thomas, On heroes, het. worship and the heroic in history. 1893. Lect. 3). Church, R; W: Dante: an essa}”^, p. 1-48. Dante. De monarchia {in Church, R; W: Dante, an essay; alsc De monarchia; tr. by F. T. Church;. New life; tr. by C; E. Norton. Oliphant. Makers of Florence, ch. 1-3. Rossetti. Shadow of Dante, ch. i. Symonds. Introduction to the study of Dante, ch. 2-3. Ward. Dante, a sketch of life and works. Topics for papers 1 Describe Dante’s first meeting with Beatrice. 2 Write a brief outline of Dante’s life. 3 Mention some of the conditions of the times in whicl Dante lived. 4 What portraits of Dante have we, by whom painted where found ? 5 State as simply as you can the meaning of the term' Guelf, Ghibeline, Neri, Bianchi. Lecture 5 THE DIVINA COMMEDIA General character 1 Form, epic. 2 Language, Tuscan enriched. 3 Versification, triple rhyme, iambic. 4 Length, 100 cantos. 5 Divisions, Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso. 6 Subject : “ The subject is the state of the soul after death simply considered. But, allegorically taken, Its subject is man, according as by his good or ill deserts he renders himself liable to the rewards or punishment of justice.”— LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE I [ Cosmography of the poem 1 Inferno. a An inverted cone. Apex at center of earth, base at the surface. b Within, nine circles arranged vertically, where various sins are punished. c Arrangement. Vestibule and limbo. Lust. Gluttony. Avarice and prodigality. Anger. Atheism. Violence. Fraud. Treason. d At apex of Inferno is the arch fiend Lucifer fixed head downward in ice. 2 Purgatorio. Mountain of Cleansing rising from the southern ocean. a Arrangement, terraces ascending spirally. b Order. Ante-purgatory for tardy penitents. Gate of St Peter. Three terraces on^ which is expiated love dis- torted: Pride, Envy, Anger. One for love defective: Sloth. Three for love excessive: Avarice, Gluttony, Lasciviousness. Terrestrial paradise on the summit of the moun- tain. 3 Paradiso. Nine heavens, each a hollow revolving sphere, inclosing and inclosed, and the empy- rean which contains them all. a Heaven of the waxing and waning moon. Manifestation of wills imperfect through insta- bility. Revolved by angels. 12 EXTENSION SYLLABUS b Heaven of Mercury. Manifestation of wills imperfect through love o fame. Revolved by archangels. c Heaven of Venus. Manifestation of wills imperfect through exces of human love. Revolved by principalities. Last heaven to which the shadow of eartl reaches. d Heaven of sun. Manifestation of doctors of philosophy and di vinity. Revolved by powers. e Heaven of Mars. Manifestation of martyrs, confessors and war riors. Revolved by virtues. f Heaven of Jupiter. Manifestation of rulers of distinguished justice Revolved by dominations. g Heaven of Saturn. Manifestation of monks and hermits. Revolved by thrones. h Heaven of the fixed stars. Manifestation of the apostles and saints of tht Bible, and the triumph of Christ. Revolved by cherubim. i Heaven of the Primum mobile. Manifestation of the nine orders of the angelic hierarchy who revolve the heavens. Revolved by the seraphim. j The empyrean. “ The still fire-heaven, essential light, essentia love.” The white rose of the blessed. JFE IN OLD FLORENCE 13 ^oted passages 1 Inferno. 2: 43 3: 1-9 4: 79-105 3: 22-60 5: 69-138 2 Purgatorio. i: 1-27 2: 10-51 3: 118-45 7: 64-84 9: 43-132 10: 112-39 12: 112-26 21: 55-70 28: 1-42 30: 13-54 3 Paradiso. i: 64-105 3: 52-108 4; 28-48 17: 109-14 30: 61-132 31 : 1-102 33: 109-45 Appearance of Beatrice. Inscription over hell-gate. School of the poets. The neutrals. Francesca. Dante’s joy. Angel’s boat. Manfred of Naples. Dell of princes. Gate of St Peter. Penitents for pride. The first P effaced. Mountain trembling for joy. Celestial paradise. Vision of Beatrice. Music of the spheres. Each content in his place. True abode of the blessed. Primum mobile. Vision of beatitude. The rose and the bees. Vision of God. ^oints to be noted in reading the poem I Its autobiographic character. Passages revealing Dante’s sternness, love of truth, hatred of treachery and indifference, liberality of judgment, breadth of interest, intellectual subtlety, lofty pride. Instances showing his close observation of nature, precision of statement, delicacy of perception, sen- sitiveness to impressions. 14 EXTENSION SYLLABUS 2 Its universality: permanent history and trivial inci dent, philosophy and gossip, scripture and mythol ogy, vulgarities and ecstacies, deepest insight anc widest learning are inextricably mingled. Like lif- in its surprises. 3 Its marvelous unity of plan; almost a living organism 4 Its permanent value as a study of human life. Tin three divisions typical of three conditions of being Inferno: essential condition of the soul out of har- mony with laws of righteousness, history of th( soul emptied of God, revelation of the nature oi sin through punishment, typical of the subjectiv( state. Purgatorio: perennial struggle of the repentant toward righteousness; emptying of self. Paradiso: eternal atmosphere of all right doing; fill- ing of the soul with God. References Blow. Study of Dante. Browning. Dante : his life and writings. Carl}’le. Hero as poet (see Carb'le, Thomas. On heroes, hero- worship and the heroic in history. 1893. Lect. 3). Church, R; W: Dante, an essay, p. 48-173. Dante. Divine comedy; tr. by H: W. Longfellow. tr. by C: E. Norton. Ddllinger. Dante as a prophet {see his Studies in European history. 1890. p. 80-118). Hunt. Stories from the Italian poets. Landor. Imaginary conversations, v. 4. Lowell, J. R. Dante Lowell. Among my books. 2d ser. iSgi. p. 1-124). Macaulay, T; B. Milton /-/j Essays and lays of ancient Rome. 1893. p. 1-28). Moore. Contributions to the textual criticism of the Divina corn- media. Rossetti. Shadow of Dante. Sismondi. Literature of the south of Europe. Symonds. Introduction to the study of Dante, ch. 4-7. Renaissance in Italy: Italian literature v. i. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE •5 Topics for papers 1 Draw charts, showing arrangement of Inferno, Paradiso, *urgatorio. 2 Give briefly an incident selected from each of the three ivisions. j 3 What is the language of the Divina commedial The leter ? 4 What influence did Dante’s choice of language have on uiropean literature? Lecture 6 THE WORK-A-DAY WORLD 'lorentine community essentially commercial 1 Marked by intense activity, enterprise, industry; a na- tion of business men. 2 General impression that commercial civilization is op- posed to creative art, questioned in view of de- velopment of Athens, Holland, Florence. 3 Florentine artists also artisans, working at a trade. business life centered in gilds 1 Gild of the notaries. Florence the author of modern notarial law and cus- tom. 2 Gild of the calirnala or cloth merchants. 3 Gild of the bankers. 14th century, 80 banks in the city. Gold florin became standard coin of Europe. Modern exchange originated with Florentine bankers. Florence, chief banker to holy see. This, the key to Florentine politics, secret of Guelf sympathies. Power of republic based on money. Shattered by discovery of America. 1 6 EXTENSION SYLLABUS 4 Wool gild. Richest in city. Art of dyeing well understood. Rucellai family discovered famous red dye. Humble brothers, a monastic order, originators o the city’s greatness in woolen manufactures. 5 Gild of physicians and druggists. 6 Silk gild. Led the world in beauty of their silks. 15,000 en gaged in this industry. 7 Gild of furriers. 8 14 minor gilds: butchers, goldsmiths, shoemakers leather workers, bakers, carpenters, etc. Same or ganization as major gilds, but fewer in number or les: powerful. Retailers as against wholesalers. Internal organizations of gilds 1 Origin. Roman collegia. German ghilde. 2 Character. Miniature democracy. Officers elected by members. Members admitted only after apprenticeship. 3 Government, by consuls. Material bought by gild. Wages regulated. Hours of labor regulated. Quality of work kept uniform. Disputes settled. 4 Customs. Members of each gild lived in same quarter. Had a standard to which they rallied when sum- moned by the ringing of the great bell. Duffy. Tuscan republics, p. 92-93. Each gild had a gild house and armory. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE 17 Advantages and disadvantages of gilds L Advantages. a Lessened ignorant and unscrupulous competition. b Insured a very high grade of work. c Gave the workmen interest in their work, and self- respect. 2 Disadvantages. a Created selfish monopolies. b Destroyed freedom of trade. c Narrowed civic patriotism. References Bagehot. Lombard street, ch. 3. Campbell. Puritan in Holland, England and America, v. i, p. 140-45- Duffy. Tuscan republics, ch. 19. See also index “Guilds.” P'iske. Discovery of America, v. 2. Dibbins. History of commerce in Europe, p. 41-56, 68-82. dowell. Conflicts of capital and labor, ch. i. McNeill. Labor movement, p. 27-44. Scaife. Florentine life during the renaissance, ch. 7. 5ymonds. Renaissance in Italy; age of the despots. Renaissance in Italy: fine arts. Frollope. History of the commonwealth of Florence, v. i, bk. i, ch. 4; bk. 2, ch. i; v. 2, bk. 4, ch. i. Topics for papers 1 Write a brief sketch describing and naming the Flor- mtine gilds. 2 Mention the most characteristic features of gild life. 3 How did the discovery of America affect Florentine :ommerce } Lecture 7 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS: A CONTRAST Noted buildings I Churches. a Baptistery (San Giovanni). Dating from eighth century, possibly from fifth. Bronze doors, Ghiberti. i8 EXTENSION SYLLABUS b Duomo or cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). Designed and begun by Arnolfo, 1298. Dome added by Brunelleschi, 1420. Campanile built by Giotto. c Santa Croce, 1294, Arnolfo. Franciscan church containing frescoes illustrat ing the life of St Francis by Giotto. Westminster abbey of Italy. d Santa Maria Novella. Dominican church. Cimabue’s Madonna. Frescoes by Orcagna and Ghirlandajo. e San Lorenzo. Built from plans by Brunelleschi. Frescoes by Michelangelo. Chapel of the Medici, containing Michelangelo’ statues Day, Night, Twilight, Dawn. 2 Municipal buildings. a Palazzo Vecchio. Built by Arnolfo, 1298. Great bell tower added later. b Bargello (Palazzo del Podesta). Very ancient. Contains Giotto’s fresco of paradise in which i. Dante’s portrait. 3 Palaces of noted families. a Pitti; architect, Brunelleschi. b Rucellai; architect, Alberti. c Strozzi; architect, Majano. d Riccardi; architect, Michelozzo. 4 Convent of San Marco. Frescoes by Fra Angelico. Other public works 1 Bridges, Ponto Vecchio, most ancient. 2 Streets early paved, many open squares. Discussion and conclusion I Richness of the Florentine public works contrasted with poverty and feebleness of our own. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE ^9 2 Reasons for the difference. a Florence. A homogeneous population united in faith and ideals. A large body of skilful artisans. Inheritance of centuries of art culture from the old Etruscans down. Great civic pride. b Rochester. Population divided in faith, race, ideals. No manual training or skilled artisans. Machine work has supplanted hand work. Individualistic selfishness has replaced civic con- sciousness. References axter. Sculpture; renaissance and modern. uffy. Tuscan republics, p. 267-73. oodyear. Renaissance and modern art, ch. 6-10. orton. Historical studies of church-building in the middle ages, ch. I, 4. liphant. Makers of Florence, ch. 4-5. wen. Art schools of mediaeval Christendom, srkins. Tuscan sculptors, hillimore. Fra Angelico, uilter. Giotto. iiskin. Mornings in Florence. :aife. Florentine life during the renaissance, illman, W. J. Italian old masters {see Cent. 37: 59-70, 164-71, 323-32, 541-45, 669-73, 941-45; 38: 4-11. 229-33, 450-52, 616-25, 653-59. 857-60: 39: 58-6r, 395-402, 825-56; 40: 94-101,462-63, 501- 9; 41; 73-78, 838-42: 42: 347-50, 747-56, 895-900). ymionds. Renaissance in Italy: fine arts, ch. 4. — Short history of the renaissance in Italy, ch. 12. as:ui. Lives of the most eminent painters, sculptors and architects. Topics for papers 1 Write a brief sketch of the life and work of Giotto. 2 Describe the bronze doors of Ghiberti ; give brief istory. 20 EXTENSION SYLLABUS 3 Write a sketch of the life and work of Brunelleschi. 4 Name and briefly characterize four of the noted churche: of Florence. Lecture 8 THE MEDICI Italian despotisms 1 Origin. a Civil dissensions. b Foreign wars. c Use of money. d Revolutions. 2 Classes. Symonds. Age of the despots, p. 110-18. a Hereditary lords; Este in Ferrara. b Representative of the empire; Visconti in Milan. c Podestas chosen by burghers, numerous. ^ The cojidottieri j Sforza in Milan. e Sons of the popes; Borgia in Romagna. / Eminent citizens; Medici, Florence. Origin and development of the power of the Medici I Founder, Cosimo, “father of his country,” 1434-64. a His personality. An enigma to his contemporaries and to posterity. Loved power but disdained luxury; cool, calcu- lating, practical, generous. b His work. Sj)ent enormous sums in public buildings. Founded and built up public libraries, collected manuscript of the classics. Founded Platonic academy and encouraged Greek culture. c His friends and associates. Niccoli, collector of rare curios. Bruni, biographer of Dante, wrote history of Florence. ,IFE IN OLD FLORENCE 21 Aretino, brilliant lecturer. Manetti, marvelous scholar, devout, sober. Traversari, a monk, devoted to culture. 2 Lorenzo, the Magnificent, 1469-92. a Foreign policy. To maintain equilibrium by shrewdly balancing one enemy against another. b Home policy. To subordinate and conciliate rival families. To appease the people by pageants and public works. To furnish classical studies and develop the fine arts. C Character. Broad in sympathies. Richly endowed. Fascinating personality. Selfish, unscrupulous and licentious. d His court and contemporaries. Humanists : Poliziano, schokr, tutor ; Miran- i dola, philosopher, mystic ; Ficino, theologian; Pulci, poet, satirist. I Historians : Macchiavelli; Guicciardini; Nardi; I Varchi. i Artists: Alberti; Fra Bartolommeo; Ghirlan- dajo; Botticelli; Michelangelo. Strict chronologic limits have not been followed in making these sts, but names identified with Florence during the period to which .orenzo belongs have been selected; some doing their best work 1st before and some soon after the career of Lorenzo. 3 Outline of subsequent history. 1494 Expulsion of the Medici. 1498 Execution of Savonarola. 1512 Reestablishment of the Medici. J527 Second expulsion of the Medici. 1530 Death struggle of Florentine liberties. 1532 Creation of the dukedom by the pope. This endures till 1765. 22 EXTENSION SYLLABUS Effect of the tyranny of the Medici 1 Citizenship debased by importation of foreign laborei 2 Old freedom and simplicity of intercourse destroyed creation of titles, mobility gives place to rigidity organization. 3 Pauperization of the people through arbitrary taxatio and public largesse. In 1300 no paupers ; in 150 22,000 people accepting alms. 4 Government changed from democracy to plutocrat despotism. 5 Classical learning very much stimulated. 6 Fine arts fostered ; but it must be remembered that a Great works in architecture antedate the Medici. b Renaissance in painting determined as to manm and tendency before their day. C Great artists of plden age, bred in atmosphei created by earlier conditions. d Ultimate effect, the degradation and enfeeblemer of art. References Burckhardt. Civilization of the renaissance in Italy, pt. 3, ch. 6. Duffy. Tuscan republics, ch. 21-22. 24-25. Oliphant. Makers of Florence, ch. '14-15.' Owen. Sceptics of the Italian renaissance. Reumont. Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent. Scaife. Florentine life during the renaissance, p. 64-69 225-28 Symonds. Renaissance in Italy: age of the despots, ch.’2, 5. Renaissance in Italy: fine arts, ch. 3-6. Renaissance in Italy: revival of learning, ch. 3. Short history of the renaissance in Italy, ch. 8-9; 12 p 2ao -19; 13, P. 263-69. ’ ■ Taine. Philosophy of art in Italy {see his Lectures on art ; 2d series 1889. P- 1-156). Topics for papers 1 Compare the Florence of Lorenzo with the Athens o Pericles. 2 Enumerate the conditions that favored the remarkabh art development of Florence. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE 23 3 What were the causes for the decay of Florentine vigor ? 4 In what ways was Florentine development unsymmetrF il ? 5 Name the famous men of the court of Lorenzo, 6 Write a character sketch of Lorenzo de Medici. 7 On what was the power of the Medici founded Lecture 9 SAVONAROLA itroductory 1 Church of Savonarola’s time. a Popes of the renaissance. Nicholas 5. Pius 2. Eugenius 4. Paul 2. Sixtus 4. Innocent 8. Alexander 6. Julius 2, Leo 10. b Their culture, paganism, vice, partly explained by their position as Italian princes. c Monastic orders, Franciscan, emphasized charity. Dominican, emphasized doctrine. d Belief characterized by latitude, superstition, out- ward conformity. 2 Social life. Old aristocracy replaced by new plutocracy. Simplicity replaced by display. Independent artisans replaced by foreign labor. Profligacy in all ranks of society. 24 EXTENSION SYI.LABUS Savonarola’s life and works 1 Early life. Birth, Ferrara 1452. Early inclinations toward a monastic life. Became a Dominican friar. 2 Prophet. a Made prior of San Marco. b Preached in the duomo. c Character of his preaching, prophetic, ethical ai practical, fearless. d Connection with Lorenzo de Medici. 3 Statesman and ruler. a Expulsion of the Medici followed by entry Charles 8. b Leaders of public thought ; Capponi, Savonarola c Parties. Piagnoni, the puritans, Savonarola’s party of r form. Bianchi, the radicals, support Savonarola h political reasons. Bigi, secret partizans of the Medici. Arrabbiati, rich conservatives, opposed both the Medici and Savonarola, and wishing form an oligarchy. d Savonarola’s constitution. A grand council on the Venetian model. Smaller council of 80, elected every six month New tax on land substituted for forced loai and arbitrary levies. Court of appeals, 4 Martyr. Savonarola’s moral reforms, denunciations of pa[); abuses lead to the hostility of Pope Alexander i who suspends him from i)reaching, seeks to corrui him, excommunicates liim, 1497* Savonarola coi tinues to preach. Ordeal of fire proposed by Franciscan monk. Savonarola imprisoned. Ex{ cuted, 1498. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE 25 References rckhardt. Civilization of the renaissance in Italy, pt. 6, ch. 2 . irk Savonarola, ot. Romola. rford. Life of Michel Angelo, v. i, p. 121-217. :inson. Lily of the Armo. iphant. Makers of Florence, ch. 9-12. rrens. History of Florence. monds. Renaissance in Italy; age of the despots, ch. 8. — Short history of the renaissance in Italy, ch. 4-5. llari. Life and times of Savonarola. Topics for papers 1 What was the condition of the papacy at the time of vonarola ? 2 How did Savonarola’s purpose and point of view differ )m Luther’s.? 3 Describe the burning of the vanities. Eliot. Romola, ch. 49. 4 Describe the execution of Savonarola. 5 In what ways was the strength of Savonarola’s influence own ? Lecture 10 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI troductory I Place of fine arts in Florentine history. a Essentially popular, all churches and public build- ings make use of sculpture and painting. Books scarce and expensive; fine arts fill their place. b Religious in character; existed to represent and to teach belief. c Comparatively small range of subjects secured high general average of work. d Close connection with handicrafts never lost; the day of specialists not yet. 26 EXTENSION SYLLABUS 2 Reasons for selecting Michelangelo as typical artist. a His personality essentially Florentine. b His marvelous versatility illustrates all departmei of art. c He belongs to the culmination of renaissance paii ing. Contemporary of Bartolommeo, Andrea c Sarto, Raphael, Leonardo de Vinci, Correggio. d His faults connect his age directly with the dec dence of art. Sketch of life, 1475-1564 Of noble birth in contrast to most Florentine artists. 1 Early life. Period of sculpture. a Noted works, Bacchus, David, Pieta. b Influence of Savonarola. 2 First achievements in painting, 1504-12. a Summoned to Rome by Julius 2 to build his tom b Character of Julius 2 ; quarrel with Michelangel c Commission to paint ceiling of the Sistine chape 3 Period of enforced unproductiveness, 15 13-21. a Unfortunate commission by Leo 10. b Brilliant career of Raphael during this time. 4 Florentine revolution, 1530. a Michelangelo put in charge of the fortifications. b Conquest of the city by treachery. c Commission by Clement 7 for tombs of the Medic in San Lorenzo. 5 Final settlement in Rome, 1535. Painting of the Last judgment. 6 Michelangelo as poet. a Friendship with Vittoria Colonna. Her death i ^ 547 - b His sonnets. Former view modified by recent study of th manuscripts. 7 Great architectural work. a Made architect-in-chief of St Peters. 154.^. LIFE IN OLD FLORENCE 27 b His plan not carried out in full. c Dome modeled on lines laid down by Brunnelles- chi. 8 Old age and death, ersonality His versatility, pride, energy, imagination, morbidity, sensitiveness to beauty, irritability, sympathy. Contrast with Raphael. References lack. Michael Angelo, sculptor, painter, architect, ellini. Life of Benvenuto Cellini ; tr. by J: A. Symonds. — Memoirs ; tr. by Thomas Roscoe. lement. Michelangelo, astlake. Five great painters, rimm. Life of Michael Angelo. angfellovv, H: W. Michael Angelo: a fragment {see his Com- plete poetical works. 1895. p. 537-86). iddlemore. Great age of Italian painting. Iter. Renaissance. srkins. Raphael and Michelangelo. asari. Lives of the most eminent painters, sculptors and archi- tects. Topics for papers 1 How did exaggeration of Michelangelo’s style lead irectly to deterioration of art ? 2 What materials for study of Michelangelo’s life and laracter have lately become available.^ Symonds. Michelangelo, introd. 3 What changes in theological conceptions between [ichelangelo’s time and ours are revealed by his frescoes } 4 What great poets and artists seem to you in genius dn to Michelangelo ? 28 EXTENSION SYLLABUS LIST OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO , Not including periodicals Bagehot, Walter. Lombard street; a description of the mone market. 359 p. D. N. Y. 1892. Scribner, $1.25. Baxter, Mrs L. E. (Barnes). Ghiberti, too p. D. Lond. i89( Low, 3s. 6d. Sculpture ; renaissance and modern. O. Lond. i88( Low, 5s. (Ulus, text-books of art education.) Black, C: C. Michael Angelo, sculptor, painter, architect. 8 N. Y. 1885. Chautauqua press, 75c. Blow, S. E. Study of Dante. 102 p. D. N. Y. 1887. Putnarr I1.25. Browning, Oscar. Dante: his life and writings. 104 p. S. N. Y. 1891. Macmillan, 90c. Guelphs and Ghibellines; a short history of mediaeval Ital' from 1250-1409. 213 p. D. Lond. 1893. Methuen, 5s. Bryce, James. Holy Roman empire. 479 p. D. Lond. 1892. Mac millan, $1. Burckhardt, Jacob. Civilization of the renaissance in Italy; tr. b- S. G. C. Middlemore. 559 p. O. Lond. 1892. Macmillan, $4 Campbell, Douglas. Puritan in Holland, England and America Ed. 4 enl. 2 V. O. N. Y. 1893. Harper, $5. Carlyle, Thomas. On heroes, hero-worship and the heroic in his tory. 286 p. S. N. Y. 1893. Stokes, $1.25. (Artists’ ed.) Cellini, Benvenuto. Life of Benvenuto Cellini, by J: A. Symonds Newed. 514 p.O. Lond. 1893. Scribner, $3. Memoirs; tr. by Thomas Roscoe. D. Lond. 1883. Bell, (Bohn’s standard lib.) Church, R: W: Dante: an essay; (also) De monarchia ; tr. by F. J Church. O. N. Y. 1879. Macmillan, $1.75. Clark, William. Savonarola, his life and times. 352 p. D. Chic 1890. McClurg, $1.50. Clement, Charles. Michelangelo, in p. D. Lond. 1891. Low 3s. 6d. (Great artists ser.) Divine comedy; tr. by C: E. Norton. 3 v. D. Bost. 1892 Houghton, $3.75. New life; tr. by C: E. Norton. D. Bost. 1892. Houghton $i.25. Ddllinger, J; J. 1 . von. 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