655. 173 ' R26s cop.2 UNIVERSITY 'OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY URBANA-C iGN f MRS. NELLY KINZIE GORDON In Connection with The Printing Business Ere in time 'tis lost, and memory fail to trace, We'll by the printing art ourselves on record place; That to future ages and our children may be known, How from small beginnings the printing art has grown. Chicago : REGAN PRINTING HOUSE 1912 We wish to give credit to the following, for much valuable information : Andrea's History of Chicago John Kinzie, by Eleanor Lytle Kinzie Gordon Biographical Series, Illinois State Historical Society r. t Respectfully and appreciatively dedicated to ifflra Sfolhj Oldest surviving native of Chicago PREFACE Many histories of Chicago have been written and numerous sketches have appeared in news- papers, periodicals and magazines, but to the writer's knowledge none has taken up the printing industry in its relationship to the city's advance- ment. This is the justification for this little book. It has been the endeavor to put into narrative form as much as a subject of this character would permit, the matter of sta- tistics having been eliminated to a great extent, leaving this to other hands to place before the business man. It was conceived by the writer, who has spent the best portion of his life in the printing business right here in Chicago, that it might prove of interest, if not to the general reader, at least to the printer, to have a record of the times preced- ing the reader's connection with the trade and have conveyed to his mind the origin of the present-day business which from small begin- nings has in so short a time grown to such gigantic proportions. This work does not claim historical merit, but it is gotten up by one who has ever taken an affectionate interest in the art of printing, as well as all that pertains thereto, and who has observed its growth for many years in the city of his choice Chicago. The author has felt it to be a large subject and one that has demanded considerable research, for although it is but a brief period, almost within the memory of some now living, that this history has been made, yet the events have so crowded themselves one upon another that it has been difficult to decide what to retain and what to discard. There was so much to say on every subject touched upon, but in a story it is expected that one should be interesting, otherwise it would lose zest in the telling and prove disappointing to the reader. The writer is under great obligations to Mr. M. H. Madden for much valuable information and assistance, as well as to many other valued friends. THE AUTHOR. nf FORT DEARBORN. [E are always interested after a community has , > . become prominent in tracing its history in the endeavor to discover, as it were, the source of its greatness, and the mind is never satisfied until the foundation of its history has been ex- plored. It is not the intention of this work to go into too much detail, but rather to briefly tell the story concerning one of the greatest cities of modern times, and that, princi- pally, in connection with the printing business, which has assisted in no trifling degree in developing a small country village, or rather a small settlement, into one of the largest and most important commercial centers of our country. The first authentic information we have of Chicago is derived from an account given by La Salle, who visited this part of the country in 10 &turg of Cijirago the winter of 1681-82, and up to the year 1804 it seems to have been wholly occupied by Indians with the exception of some soldiers who were ordered to Chicago in 1803 and who were directed to build a fort. It was in the Spring of 1804 that John Kinzie purchased property in Chicago, and with his wife and infant son came here to reside. On his arrival he moved into an old cabin built by Le Mai, a French trader, which he gradually enlarged and improved until as years rolled by it was transformed into a comfortable dwelling, the only home of a white settler in Chicago for many years. This house stood on the north side of the Chicago river, where it bent to the south, so that from its piazza the Indian canoes could be seen going down and into the lake, at the foot of what is now Madison street. Here Mr. Kinzie lived until late in 1827, except, during the four years from the summer of 1812 to the summer or fall of 1816 the time intervening between the destruction and rebuilding of Fort Dearborn. John Kinzie, who is justly called the "Father of Chicago," was born in Quebec about the year 1763. He early became an Indian trader. Kinzie came to this new location in the prime of life, strong, active and intelligent, his manner sobered by experience, but his heart kindly and generous. He was beloved by the Indians, and his influence over them was very great. He was acknowledged to be the Indian's friend, and of (Cljtrago 11 through many fearful scenes of danger he and his family moved unscathed. JOHN H. KINZIE The esteem in which John Kinzie was held by the Indians is shown by the treaty made with the Pottawatomies, Sept. 20, 1828, the year of his 12 of (Ufyirago death, by one provision by which the tribe gave "to Elenor Kinzie and her four children by the JULIETTE A. KINZIE late John Kinzie, $3,500.00 in consideration of the attachment of the Indians to her deceased of 13 husband, who was long an Indian trader and who lost a large sum in the trade by the credits given them and also by the destruction of his property. The money is in lieu of a tract of land which the Indians gave the late John Kinzie long since and upon which he lived." OLD FORT DEARBORN, ERECTED IN 1803 For several years of its early existence Chicago was simply Fort Dearborn and the trading establishment and home of John Kinzie. With the exception of this house there was nothing but a few huts inhabited by hah - breeds and the wigwams of the Pottawatomies. In this house Ellen Marion Kinzie was born December, 1804. In the month of August, 1795, General Anthony Wayne, called by the Indians, "The Tempest," terminated the war that had raged in 14 &torg nf (Chirawi the Northwest for a number of years by a treaty of peace. By this treaty the Indians ceded to the United States a number of tracts of land, among others "one piece of land six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicago river emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan where a fort formerly stood." What this fort was, or by whom erected, is now a matter of conjecture. It was not garrisoned. In July, 1803, a company of United States soldiers, under the command of Captain John Whistler, arrived at the Chicago river, and during that summer built what has since been known as the first Fort Dearborn, named after General Henry Dearborn, at that time Secretary of War. This fort stood on the south side of the Chicago river at the bend where the river turned to enter Lake Michigan. It had two block houses, one on the southeast corner and the other at the northwest. Three pieces of light artillery com- prised the armament of the fort. THE MASSACRE OF FORT DEARBORN. On the evening of the 14th of August, 1812, Black Partridge, one of the most noted Potta- watomie chiefs, and who was always friendly to the whites, entered the fort and proceeded to Captain Heald's quarters, who was in command. "Father," he said, "I come to deliver up to you the medal I wear. It was given me by the Americans, and I have long worn it in token of nf fltytntgn 15 our mutual friendship. But our young men are resolved to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites. I cannot restrain them, and I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy." The Indians held a council and resolved on the destruction of the garrison. With heroic forti- tude and constancy the officers made their final arrangements for evacuation and departure for Detroit, as commanded by General Hull, to which city they had instructions to proceed by land. At 9 o'clock on the morning of the 15th of August, all being in readiness, the gates of the fort were thrown open for the last time and the march commenced. In accordance with Indian custom and in premonition of his fate, Captain Wells had blackened his face. With fifteen of his Miami braves, whom he supposed to be trusty, he led the advance, another fifteen bring- ing up the rear. The women and children were in wagons or on horseback. Brave John Kinzie determined to accompany the troops, hoping that his presence would be the means of restraining the Indians. Intrusting his family to the care of Indian friends to be taken around the head of the lake in a boat to a point near St. Joseph, Mich., he marched out with the troops. He was warned by several friendly chiefs not to accompany the soldiers, but he was determined to do all in his power to bring some restraining influence if possible to bear on the savages. The strains of 16 Qlljirago music as the soldiers passed beyond the gates were certainly not enlivening. By some strange and weird choice of the bandmaster, who was among the killed, the "Dead March" was played as the soldiers filed out from the protection of the fortification, on to the open plain. Scarcely had the troops departed when the fort became a scene of plundering. FORT DEARBORN, AS REBUILT IN 1816 Along the lake shore ran a beaten Indian trail, which was the path pursued. Westward of this, at about one hundred yards distant, com- mencing perhaps a quarter of a mile from the fort, a sand bank or range of sand hills separated the lake from the prairie. When the troops started, an escort of five hundred Pottawatomies accompanied them, but when the sand hills were reached the Indians struck out toward the prairie instead of keeping along the beach. of (Eljtrago 17 Concealing their movements behind the sand hills, they nurried forward and placed an ambus- cade in readiness for the troops. The little band had marched about a mile and a half when Captain Wells, who had led the advance, came riding swiftly back saying that the Indians were about to open an attack from behind the sand banks. The company charged up the bank, firing one round, which the Indians returned. The savages getting in upon the rear, were soon in possession of the horses, provisions and baggage, slaughtering many of the women and children in the attempt. Against fearful odds, and hand to hand, the officers and the men, and even the women fought for their lives. But it was soon over. Drawing his little remnant of survivors off an elevation on the open prairie, out of range, Captain Heald, himself wounded, proceeded to survey the situation. The Indians did not follow, but after some consultation of the chiefs, made signs for Captain Heald to approach them. He advanced alone and met Blackbird who promised to spare their lives if they would surrender. Upon these terms Captain Heald complied with the demand. The surrender was made to Lieutenant Helm who was also severely wounded. Of .the whole number that had left the fort but an hour before, there remained only twenty-five non-commissioned officers and privates and eleven women and children. The force had consisted of fifty-four privates and two officers. There were also twelve militia- 18 Slnnj of (Eljtrago men. Many of the regulars were sick and alto- gether there were not probably more than forty able-bodied fighting men. With them were about a dozen women and children. Opposed to these few men were from four hundred to five hundred Indians, whose loss was about fifteen. Mrs. Helm, the daughter of Mrs. Kinzie had a narrow escape from death. Assaulted by a young Indian she avoided the blow of his toma- hawk, and then seized him around the neck trying to get possession of his scalping knife. While struggling in this way for her life, she was dragged from his grasp by another and older Indian, who bore her struggling to the lake, wherein he plunged her, but with her head above water. Seeing that it was not the Indian's object to drown her, she looked at him earnestly and found him to be Black Partridge who was trying to save her life. After the firing had ceased she was later conducted to a place of safety. Mrs. Helm's account 01 her rescue, given in her own words, was as follows : 'The troops behaved most gallantly. They were but a handful, but they seemed resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. Our horses pranced and bounded, and could hardly be restrained as the balls whistled among them. I drew off a little and gazed upon my husband and father, who were yet unharmed. I felt that my hour was come and endeavored to forget those I loved and prepare myself for my ap- proaching fate. of OHjiragn 19 "At this moment a young Indian raised his tomahawk at me. By springing aside I partially avoided the blow, which was intended for my skull, but which alighted on my shoulder. I seized him around the neck, and while exerting my utmost efforts to get possession of his scalping knife, which hung in a scabbard over his breast, I was dragged from his grasp by another and older Indian. The latter bore me, struggling, and resisting toward the lake. "I was immediately plunged into the water and held there with a forcible hand notwithstand- ing my resistance. I soon perceived, however, that the object of my captor was not to drown me, for he held me firmly in such a position as to place my head above water. This reassured me, and regarding him attentively, I soon recognized, in spite of the paint with which he was disguised, the Black Partridge. "When the firing had nearly subsided my preserver bore me from the water and conducted me up the sand banks. It was a burning August morning, and walking through the sand in my drenched condition was inexpressibly painful and fatiguing. I stooped and took off my shoes to free them from the sand with which they were nearly filled, when a squaw seized and carried them off, and I was obliged to proceed without them. "When we had gained the prairie, I was met by my father, w r ho told me that my husband was safe and but slightly wounded. They led me 20 gtorg of gently back towards the Chicago river, along the southern bank of which was the Pottawatomie encampment. At one time I was placed upon a horse without a saddle, but finding the motion insupportable, I sprang off. Supported partly by my conductor, Black Partridge, and partly by another Indian, Pee-so-tum, who held dang- ling in his hand a scalp, which, by the black ribbon around the queue, I recognized as that of Captain Wells, I dragged my fainting steps to one of the wigwams. "The wife of Wau-be-nee-mah, a chief from the Illinois river, was standing near and seeing my exhausted condition, she seized a kettle, dipped up some water from a stream that flowed near, threw into it some maple sugar, and stirring it up with her hand, gave it to me to drink. This act of kindness, in the midst of so many horrors, touched me most sensibly, but my attention was soon diverted to other objects. "As the noise of the firing grew gradually less, and the stragglers from the victorious party came dropping in, I received confirmation of what my father had hurriedly communicated in our encounter on the lake shore, viz.: That the whites had surrendered after the loss of about two-thirds of their number. They had stipulated, through the interpreter, Peresh Leclerc, for the preservation of their lives and those of the re- maining women and children and for their delivery at some of the British posts, unless ransomed by traders in the Indian country. of OIljira00 21 It appears that the wounded prisoners were not considered included in the stipulation and a horrid scene ensued upon their being brought to camp. "An old squaw, infuriated by the loss of friends, or excited by the sanguinary scenes around her, seemed possessed by a demoniacal ferocity. She seized a stable fork and assaulted one miserable victim, who lay groaning and writhing in the agony of his wounds, aggravated by the scorching beams of the sun. With a delicacy of feeling scarcely to have been expect- ed under such circumstances, Wau-be-nee-mah stretched a mat across two poles between me and this dreadful scene. I was thus spared in some degree a view of its horrors, although I could not entirely close my ears to the cries of the sufferer. The following night five more of the wounded prisoners were tomahawked." (Mrs. Helm is represented by the female figure in the bronze group at the foot of Eighteenth street, donated to the city of Chicago by the late George M. Pullman, to commemorate the mas- sacre.) The day following the massacre the fort and agency buildings were burned to the ground and the first Fort Dearborn ceased to be. Peace came in 1816 and it was ordered that Fort Dearborn should be rebuilt, which was done on the site of the former one, but on a larger and different plan. What has preceded is but a brief outline of what occurred from 1681 when this portion of the 22 >tnrg of American Continent was visited by La Salle, until the first white man made his residence in 1804 up to the year 1830, when Chicago was platted as a town. Prior to this it was known as Fort Dearborn settlement. At this time there were thirty-two voters and some of these were not residents of Chicago, although living within the limits of the precinct and sufficiently near to attend the election. MRS. NELLY KINZIE GORDON. The oldest native of Chicago, still surviving, is Mrs. Nelly Kinzie Gordon, now a resident of Savannah, Ga., a granddaughter of John Kinzie, Sr., who was at Fort Dearborn at the time of the massacre on the loth day of August, 1812. In a communication announcing her intention to visit Chicago, Mrs. Gordon writes : "Various individuals have lately claimed that they were entitled to the distinction of being Chicago antiquities because of their arrival in Chicago prior to the year 1834. "I claim the honor of being the oldest person now living who was born in Chicago. I arrived there on June 18, 1835. Mr. Elijah K. Hub- bard, now residing in Middletown, Conn., was born there three weeks later. We are both older than Chicago, which was not incorporated as a city until two years after our birth." To the Kinzie family Chicagoans of today are largely indebted for whatever definite information MISS NELLY KINZIE 24 &inrij of (Etjiragn is available concerning the great massacre. The narrative of Mrs. Juliette Kinzie, mother of Mrs. Gordon, has been generally accepted as the most complete and accurate. It was largely based upon the statements of her mother-in-law, Mrs. John Kinzie and Mrs. Helm, wife of the officer who enacted a prominent role in the massacre. In the year 1812 there were only five houses at Chicago outside the fort and the garrison, and one of these was the Kinzie home. The others were occupied by the Ouilmette, Burns and Lee families, and another was located on the Lee farm, on the south branch. The Kinzie family, therefore, has been the custodian of a great amount of information concerning the early history of Chicago. These circumstances give importance to the statement by Mrs. Gordon a statement that has been corroborated by many others that the monument is not situated on the site of the old fort, but a distance west and south of it. 'The tablet is at least 200 feet south of the true spot and 100 feet west of it," writes Mrs. Gordon. "Why, the blockhouse which I passed every day when I went to school was east of the Rush street bridge! Mrs. Kate Snow Isham, Mrs. Eliphalet Blatchford, Mrs. Rollin Larrabee and plenty of others can substantiate this. " This statement also has been corroborated by Mrs. Alexander Beaubien, 5400 West Madison street. The Beaubien homestead was situated where now is the southwest corner of South Water street and Michigan avenue. The house of (Etyiragc 25 was sold at the land sale in June, 1839, when, in the words of a son of the old pioneer, "the very house which his father was inhabiting, in which his family had been born and reared, and around which were the graves of his departed children, was sold from him in his old age. No wonder the citizens of Chicago held an indignation meeting." Mrs. Gordon's parents settled in Chicago in 1834, a year previous to her birth, her father previous to that time having had an adventure- some career in private business and as a govern- ment official. St. James' parish was organized the year they arrived in Chicago, and the Kinzies were from the first most influential and devoted members of the church. They may be con- sidered its founders. The first regular service of the church was held in a room in a wooden building standing on the corner of Wolcott (now North State), and Kinzie streets. The hall was fitted up by Mr. Kinzie, and the lots on the south- east corner of Cass and Illinois streets, where a church edifice was erected in 1836-37, were donated by him. Mrs. Juliette A. Kinzie died in 1870 at Amagansett, N. Y., her death being caused by the mistake of a druggist, who sent her morphine instead of quinine. For several years of its early existence Chicago was simply Fort Dearborn and the trading establishment of John Kinzie, save perhaps, a few huts inhabited by half-breeds and the wig- 26 at warns of the Pottawatomies. The old home, as remembered by John H. Kinzie, was a "long, low building with a piazza extending along its front, a range of four or five rooms. A broad green space was inclosed between it and the river and shaded by a row of Lombardy poplars. Two immense cottonwood trees stood in the rear of the building. A fine, well-cultivated RESIDENCE OF JOHN KINZIE garden extended to the north of the dwelling, and surrounding it were various buildings appertain- ing to the establishment dairy, bakehouse, lodging-house for the Frenchmen and stables." The home of Mr. and Mrs. John H. Kinzie was on the northwest corner of Cass and Mich- igan streets and the generous hospitality of both host and hostess was proverbial. Mr. Kinzie left a widow. There were seven children, six sons, three of whom died in childhood and a daughter of (Eijiragfl 27 (Nelly Kinzie). One son, John, who was three years the junior of Nelly Kinzie, was also born in Chicago. He served in the navy and was killed on the gunboat, Mound City, in an engagement at White River in the summer of 1862. In conversation with one who well remembered Miss Kinzie in her younger days, he describes her as a most charming and vivacious young lady, who at that time turned the heads of all the avail- able young men of Chicago; and he mentioned that she had a good word for them all. The engraving shown is taken from a painting by George P. A. Healy in 1856, when Miss Kinzie was a young girl. The one showing Mrs. Nelly Kinzie Gordon was made from a photograph taken in 1908. (The Frontispiece). INCORPORATION AS A CITY. In 1837 an act incorporating the City of Chicago was passed and the election of the first city officers under the act was held on the first Tuesday of the May following. From this time the growth of the City of Chicago has been phenomenal, its population in 1840 being 4,479 and in 1870, thirty years after, it had increased to 298,977, and as given by the last census, 1910, it is conceded to have a population of 2,185,283. The original town of Chicago in 1835 extended from Chicago avenue on the north to Twelfth street on the south, and from Halsted street on 28 &targ of the west to Lake Michigan on the east. When the city was incorporated in 1837 its limits were as follows: From Lake Michigan west along Center street to North Clark street, south to North avenue, west to Wood street, south to Twenty-second street and east to the lake. The largest addition to the area of the city was made in 1889 when Lake View, Jefferson, Hyde Park and the Town of Lake were annexed. Edison Park was annexed Nov. 8th, 1910. The extension of Chicago's area is also great. In 1833 the Original Town was 2.550 square miles, while today the City of Chicago covers a territory of not less than 191.325 square miles, and contains within its limits 2,180 miles of rail- road track. It is the greatest railway center in the world, being the terminal of thirty-two main trunk lines having an aggregate mileage of 98,632 miles or a little less than 50 per cent of the mileage of the United States, besides fourteen switching and freight roads having a mileage of 1,063 miles. Chicago is the absolute terminus for all these roads. The number of passenger trains arriving and departing from this city daily is 1,594 and the number of freight trains is about300. The lake tonnage of the port of Chicago was in 1911 greater than the combined foreign tonnage of the ports of Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Galveston and San Francisco. In receipts of grain and flour at the principal lake and river ports Chicago takes first place, with more than 291,000,000 bushels. at OHjirago 29 Chicago in many respects is a marvelous city and is regarded as such by the world in general. Its rapid advancement from a village containing but a few scattered homes, less than seventy-five years ago, to a city of such magnitude that today it numbers more than two millions of population is believed to be without a counterpart in the history of the world. THE GREAT FIRE. No story of Chicago would be complete without a short account of the great fire of 1871, and nothing can prove more interesting than the state- ments of eye witnesses of that scene, and by these accounts and what history has proved, it stands today as one of the most appalling visitations which the world had ever experienced. There were seventy-three miles of streets burned and the total loss of property could not have been less than $200,000,000.00. The Custom House, the Court House, the Postoffice, the Chamber of Commerce and the great business blocks, the banks, the theaters and the newspaper offices, all went down together in the awful conflagration. We can form some conception of the extent of the buildings and property destroyed by the space burned over which, on the West Side, embraced one hundred and twenty-four acres; South Side, four hundred and sixty acres; North Side, one thousand four hundred and seventy acres; making a total area of two thousand one hundred 30 torg of and twenty-four acres, or nearly three and a half square miles, being about four miles in length and from one to one and a half in width. The num- ber of buildings destroyed was seventeen thous- and four hundred and fifty, and nearly one hundred thousand persons were left homeless. The conflagration of 1871 wiped out the old Chicago that had been built prior to that time, and from its ashes arose a city of such propor- tions and such grandeur as the world previously had never seen. At the time of its destruction it was looked upon as one of the greatest calamities visited upon mankind, but the ultimate effect was to direct the eyes of the world upon it and make it the Mecca of thousands of venturesome spirits, so that it attracted men from every clime, men of towering ambition and energy; men with means and those without means, but of unrivaled skill, to assist in placing it where it stands today, the cynosure of all eyes and the point of attraction for innumerable great enterprises. The massiveness of its buildings is what strikes the eye, and is the wonder of every visitor, and especially is this so when they learn of the difficulty of securing an adequate foundation for such stupendous structures. These structures are built upon the solid rock which lies under- neath Chicago and at no inconsiderable depth, and are constructed in such a way as to with- stand the inroads of time and to guard against as much as possible a second destruction by fire. A great portion of the buildings of this city that of (CIjtragn 31 were hurriedly erected after the fire of 1871 have since that time outgrown their usefulness and are giving place to those of larger and more modern construction. The following is an extract from The Chicago Tribune of Sunday, October 8, the last issue before the office was destroyed. It is said to be one of the best descriptions of the scene now accessible : " Only a few minutes elapsed after the striking of the alarm before the flames were seen sweeping to the sky, and the lurid light that illuminated the horizon grew more and more powerful, casting its brilliant rays in every direction, bringing out in bold relief the fronts of the buildings which faced it from all quarters. The wind, seeming to rise as the flames did, set from the Southwest, carrying with it in its onward rush streams of sparks, cinders and partially burned pieces of wood, which covered the sky with dazzling spangles, sweeping northwestward like a flight of meteors, but falling steadily in a fiery shower of rain, over that broad area embraced between the river, the South Branch, Wells street and Jackson street; the lighter ones going far over on the North Division, while the heavier and more dangerous ones fell before they reached that point. They dropped with great force to the ground, to the occasional danger of the foot passenger and the frightening of horses, and showered upon roofs of buildings, inspiring constant fear that other conflagrations would 32 &tnrg of break out, and that a terribly broad area would be covered by the flames, and put it out of the power of the engines to combat them. "Late as it was, the splendor of the flames and the wonderful brilliancy of the sky were such as to attract enormous crowds from every quarter. The densely populated sections of the West Division lying near the fire would have-, of itself, been sufficient to choke up the surrounding streets with an impassable crowd ; but as the fire showed no signs of abating, they came from greater and greater distances, forcing their way down Clinton street, in the center of which near Adams, were half a dozen isolated street cars utterly unable to get back to their stables. The crowd made its way down Jackson street, near where the fire began, and stopped there, caring nothing for the smouldering ruins which lay beyond that point. At first the concourse was all from the West Side; but, as time passed on, they began to come from across the water until the blazing viaduct and the police made Adams street bridge impassable. Then they swept in a solid mass over Madison street bridge, meeting as they crossed the returning stream of those who had satisfied their curiosity or felt it inadvisable to stay there after 12 o'clock. The bridge and the approach on Madison street were covered with men and women alone and together who found there a favorable point for watching the flames, while they were generally out of range of the falling cinders. The viaduct of (Eljtragn 33 on Adams street, with its blazing woodwork, stood out in bold relief, and beyond and under- neath it, nothing but a wild whirlwind of flames, obscured for a moment by bursts of smoke, but reappearing the next with added brilliancy. The fire burned down close to the river, and impelled eastward by the wind, seemed to one on the bridge to have almost reached across the water, and to have partially consumed that as well as the more combustible material on which it was really feeding. Above the sound of the con- flagration occasionally rose the scream of the engines, or the thunder of the falling beams and tumbling houses. The sharp smell of smoke filled the air with its oppressive odor. "On the west side of Clinton street, from Jackson to Adams, were the relics of the house- hold goods of the people who had been living on the east side of the street; sometimes piled on drays and wagons, but generally piled upon the sidewalk, after the adjoining houses had proved too small to hold them. Their frayed and di- lapidated condition testified to the haste with which they had been carried away. On, and around them, were their unfortunate possessors, who were awakened from their slumber to flee for their lives. The spectators who were near Jackson street could look eastward across a weltering sea of fire, through which black and desolate ran Jackson street, like some road cutting through the infernal regions. From wrecks of buildings, from rapidly 34 &iary of Glljtrago consuming lumber piles, and more slowly but more steadily burning coal heaps, rose thousands of jets of flame, whirling up with them pillars of smoke, or the slender masts and blazing rigging of some vessel in the river. So grand and so novel was the spectacle, that these poor men and women who stood shelterless did not wail and moan, and hug their babies to their breasts, as is the usual custom at such calamities, but stood in dazed and dumb amazement staring straight before them. They did not stop to see what they had lost, or what few trifles had been saved, but watched, as if in admiration, the fearful fascinat- ing scene. Further north on the street, the efforts of the firemen and the eastward tendency of the wind had preserved the houses facing west on Clinton street the southern ones being mere shells, but the condition improving as one went northward. The buildings were all much scorched, however, and rendered uninhabitable by fire and water. But though these somber and forbidding looking tenements generally barred the view, yet, through alleys and occasionally breaks in the buildings, one could get a glimpse into the furnace which lay beyond, as if one were gazing into the portals of hell." Mrs. Alfred Hebard, one of the guests at the Palmer House on the night of the Chicago fire, narrated the following: "Journeying from New London, Conn., with my husband 'and daughter to our home in Iowa, of (Etjtragn 35 it was found necessary, as often before, to spend Sunday in Chicago, and all through the weary hours of October 8th, 1871, we were enjoying pleasant anticipations of rest and comfort so sure to be found at the Palmer House. Arriving late, and leaving most of our baggage at the Union Depot, we were soon comfortably established at the hotel, which seemed almost like a home to us. The wind was high on Sunday morning, and kept increasing; and as we walked to church covering our faces from the dust, my husband remarked, 'How fortunate the fire was last night instead of today. ' "Returning from an evening service, we were told that another fire had broken out in the western part of the city, and was progressing rapidly. We immediately took the elevator to the upper story of the Palmer, saw the fire, but deciding that it would not cross the river descend- ed to our rooms in the second story to prepare for sleep. Husband and daughter soon retired; I remained up to prepare for the morrow's journey, and thus gain a little time for shopping before the departure of the train at eleven a. m. Feeling somewhat uneasy, I frequently opened the blinds, and each time found the light in the streets increased, until every spire and dome seemed illuminated. I aroused my husband asking him to go out and investigate once more, which he did, telling me, on his return, not to be alarmed, as there was no danger in our locality. About eleven p. m. I retired, but could not sleep, and it 36 8>t0r of seemed not more than an hour before there was a rapping at every door, and finally at ours, to which my husband responded very cooly, 'What's wanted?' 'Fire, sir,' was the answer, and the same moment we were on our feet. Our daughter was awakened, toilets soon made, and no time wasted in gathering together bags and shawls, ready for departure. By this time my husband who had stepped out to reconnoiter, returned, saying that everyone was stirring, and that he saw gentlemen dragging their own trunks down the stairs. The clerk at the office assured him there was no immediate danger, but they thought it well enough to be prepared. "Then we once more all went to the seventh story, looked in vain for any evidence that the fire was decreasing, returned to our rooms, picked up our parcels, including the trunk (for no porters were to be found), descended to the office, paid our bill, and sat down to watch and wait. Finally leaving our daughter in charge of the baggage, I went with my husband to the street, and around to the rear of the building where the fire was distinctly visible, and appar- ently only two blocks from us. Within the house the perfect quiet had astonished us every man taking care 01 his own, silently and rapidly, few words being spoken; only some ladies, unaccompanied by gentlemen, consulting to- gether in whispers what they should do if com- pelled to leave the house. Outside we found confusion; Irish women, with bedding upon their at fllljtragfl 37 shoulders, crying noisily; children following as best they might; and all going they knew not whither only away from their burning homes. Evidently the Palmer House was in great danger, and it was better to leave it now than wait; but how to remove our baggage was the next question. Once we thought we had secured a cart or wagon, but no sooner was the trunk thrown on than it was pulled off again by some one claiming a prior right, and we were glad to accept the service of two boys, who, for sufficient compen- sation, agreed to carry it between them, and thus we sallied forth, a little before one a. m., to reach, if possible, the house of my relative, Mr. G. S. Hubbard, on LaSalle street, a long mile and a half from the hotel. Our boys ran at full speed, and we followed crossing State street bridge, amid a shower of coals driven by the furious wind from burning buildings and lumber yards, and which seeming to be caught by an eddy, were whirled in our faces. "The crowd thickened every moment; women with babies and bundles, men with kegs of beer all jostling, scolding, crying or swearing; and we were thankful to turn from this great thorough- fare to a more quiet street, calling to the boys to slacken their speed and give us a chance to breathe. It must have been 1 :30 a. m. when we reached Mr. Hubbard's, thankful that we had, as we supposed, found a place of safety. We dismissed our boys with $10 for their services, and ringing for admission, were met at the door by 38 gtorg of (Cfrtnigo our friends, who were all astir less on account of apprehension for their own safety than a desire to nelp others. Soon other friends of the family began to arrive, some already homeless, until the rooms were filled. "The fire meanwhile was coming nearer, and just as we began in earnest to pack necessary things for removal, the gas works were destroyed and candles had to be resorted to. Everyone thought that house might be saved, standing as it did on a corner and disconnected from every other building, but we worked on through the night preparing for the worst, and running often to the garret to see if the worst was not over. In the early morning men came, tore up carpets to cover the roof, draining both cisterns to keep the carpets wet, hoping if possible to stop the fire at that corner. Oh! how they worked. The thoughtful family provided refreshments as long as it was possible, and when all supplies were exhausted the men labored on panting and parched with thirst drinking the very dregs of the cistern water, from tubs in the kitchen, as they passed through. All said, "This house will not burn," but they might as well have tried to quench Vesuvius. The heat increased. A wooden block near by flashed into flames and at 11 a. m. the corner was blazing and we were obliged to go out through the alley to escape the heat and cinders, but where to go we could not tell. From this point it is impossible for me to describe the course of our wanderings. I only af (Hhtragn 39 know that we crossed to the west side of the river and reached some depot I think the North- western in season to see the train departing, but hearing that a train on the Chicago, Burling- ton and Quincy Railroad would leave about 3 p. m., we again set forth. It was a weary march of many miles after leaving LaSalle street. Exhausted and footsore we often sat on the door- steps and curbstones to rest drank beer at the street corners, and finally at a little station in the outskirts of the city, in company with the refugees like ourselves, we patiently waited for the departure of the tram for Aurora, where we passed the night. Strange to say, we lost nothing by the fire, the baggage at the Union Depot was all moved and protected the few things at Mr. Hubbard's were not stolen like some of theirs, but were all carefully restored to us." THE PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. Chicago today has the most beautiful parks in the world, many of them laid out years ago with a lavish hand as to size and have been improved with rare skill and care, until they present a scene of loveliness unsurpassed. They are the breath- ing spots of the metropolis and thousands on Sundays, holidays and other occasions flock to these leafy bowers to enjoy the scenery and the shade of the trees and at the same time to satisfy the esthetic side of their natures by viewing the richness of the flowers. Here may be seen every 40 of (Etjiraga kind of shrub, vistas of beautiful lawns, edged and decorated with trees from almost every clime and many of surpassing beauty. The lakes of vast dimensions, populated with water fowl from different parts of the world, together with aquatic plants which in their season present a scene that charms and which cannot fail to be interesting GRANT MONUMENT, LINCOLN PARK and elevating to the mind. The collection of wild animals from all parts of the world in Lin- coln Park is unsurpassed by anything of the kind anywhere. These parks occupy 4,428.50 acres and they are all connected by a system of boulevards which makes one of the most beautiful drives anywhere to be found, and presents a scene of life and g>tnnj of OHyirago 41 gayety during the summer season which is diffi- cult to describe. Here are to be found the largest conservatories and greenhouses for the display and cultivation of many varieties of foliage and blossoming plants that are to be seen anywhere. These present scenes of attractiveness during the winter months which draw thousands to these treasures of beauty and serve to gratify those privileged to view them, proving both interesting and in- structive to all. In addition to the parks there are the municipal play grounds fitted up with all kinds of appliances for athletic exercises and amusement for the children of the different sections. These grounds are scattered all over the city and a large attend- ance attests their popularity. They are main- tained in good order and present a feature for the young folk which is altogether attractive. The total attendance at the municipal play grounds in 1909 was 2,396,182 and in 1910, 2,969,197. CHICAGO IN 1887. Under the title of "Studies of the Great West" there appeared an article in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in May, 1888, by the late Charles Dudley Warner. This contribution is especially valuable in view of the fact that Cnicago at the time it was written had not yet reached the million mark : 42 &tary of " Chicago is becoming modest. Perhaps the inhabitants may still be able to conceal their modesty, but nevertheless they feel it. The explanation is simple. The city has grown not only beyond the most sanguine expectations of those who indulged in the most inflated hope of its future, but it has grown beyond what they said they expected. This gives the citizens pause as it might an eagle that laid a roc's egg. The fact is, Chicago has become an indepen- dent organism, growing by a combination of forces and opportunities beyond the contrivance of any combination of men to help or hinder, beyond the need of flaming circulars and reports of boards of trade and process pictures. It has passed the danger or the fear of rivalry, and reached the point where the growth of any other portion of the great Northwest, or of any city in it (whatever rivalry that city may show in industries or in commerce), is in some way a contribution to the power and wealth of Chicago. To them that have shall be given. Cities, under favoring conditions, for local expansion, which reach a certain amount of population and wealth, grow by a kind of natural increment, the law of attraction, very well known in human nature, which draws a person to an active city of two hundred thousand rather than to a stagnant city of one hundred thousand. And it is a fortunate thing for civilization that this attraction is almost as strong to men of letters as it is to men of affairs. Chicago has, it seems to me, only recently 44 targ of QH|iragu turned this point of assured expansion, and, as I intimated, the inhabitants have hardly yet become accustomed to this idea; but I believe that the time is near when they will be as in- different to what strangers think of Chicago as the New Yorkers are to what strangers think of New York. New York is today the only American city free from this anxious note of provincialism though in Boston it rather takes the form of pity for the unenlightened man who doubts its superiority; but the impartial student of Chicago today can see plenty of signs of the sure growth of this metropolitan indifference. And yet there is still here enough of the old Chicago stamp to make the place interesting. It is everything in getting a point of view. Last summer a lady of New Orleans, who had never before been out of her native French city, and who would look upon the whole North with the impartial eyes of a foreigner and more than that, with Continental eyes visited Chicago, and afterward New York. "Which city did you like best?" I asked, without taking myself seriously in the question. To my surprise, she hesitated. This hesitation was fatal to all my preconceived notions. It mattered not thereafter which she preferred; she had hesitated. She was actually comparing Chicago to New York in her mind, as one might compare Paris and London. The audacity of the comparison I saw was excused by its innocence. I confess that it had never occur- red to me to think of Chicago in that Continental of tnrg uf Qlljtragn and aggressive million, with so great a proportion of young, ambitious blood. In 1888 Chicago is a magnificent city. Al- though it has been incorporated fifty years, dur- ing which period its accession of population has been rapid and steady hardly checked by the devastating fires of 1871 and 1874 its metro- politan character and appearance is the work of less than fifteen years. There is in history no parallel to this product of a freely acting democ- racy; not St. Petersburg rising out of the marshes at an imperial edict, nor Berlin, the magic crea- tion of a consolidated empire and a Caesar's power. The North Side village has become a city of broad streets, running northward to the parks, lined with handsome residences inter- spersed with stately mansions of most varied and agreeable architecture, marred by very little that is bizarre and pretentious a region of churches and club-houses and public buildings of im- portance. The West Side, the largest section, and containing more population than the other two divisions combined, stretching out over the prairie to a horizon fringed with villages, ex- panding in three directions, is more mediocre in buildings, but impressive in its vastness; and the stranger driving out on the stately Washington street some four miles to Garfield Park will be astonished by the evidences of wealth and the vigor of the city expansion. But it is the business portion of the South Side that is the miracle of the time, the solid creation of of 49 energy and capital since the fire The square mile containing the Postoffice and City Hall, the giant hotels, the opera-houses and theatres, the Board of Trade Building, the many-storied offices, the great shops, the club-houses, the vast retail and wholesale warehouses. This area has CHICAGO POST OFFICE, 1880. the advantage of some other great business centres in having broad streets at right angles, but with all this openness for movement, the throng of passengers and traffic, the intersecting street and cable railways, the loads of freight and the crush of carriages, the life and hurry and excitement are sufficient to satisfy the most eager lover of metropolitan pandemonium. Un- 50 &fflrij af fortunately for a clear comprehension of it, the manufactories vomit dense clouds of bituminous coal smoke, which settle in a black mass in this part of the town, so that one can scarcely see across the street in a damp day, and the huge buildings loom up in the black sky in ghostly dimness. The climate of Chicago, though some ten degrees warmer than the average of its immediately tributary territory, is a harsh one, and in the short winter days the centre of the city is not only black but damp and chilly. In some of the November and December days I could, without any stretch of the imagination, fancy myself in London. On a Sunday, when business gives place to amusement and religion, the stately city is seen in all its fine proportions. No other city in the Union can show business warehouses and offices of more architectural nobility. The mind inevitably goes to Florence for comparison with the structures of the Medicean merchant princes. One might name the Pullman Building for offices as an example, and the wholesale warehouse of Marshall Field, the work of that truly original American archi- tect, Richardson, which in massiveness,simplicity of lines, and admirable blending of artistic beauty with adaptability to its purpose seems to me unrivaled in this country. A few of these buildings are exceptions to the general style of architecture, which is only good of its utilitarian American kind, but they give distinction to the town, and I am sure are prophetic of the concrete of (Eljtntgn 51 form the wealth of the city will take. The visitor is likely to be surprised at the number and size of the structures devoted to offices, and to think, as he sees some of them unfilled, that the business is overdone. At any given moment it may be, but the demand for "offices" is always surprising to those who pay most attention to this FIELD MUSEUM subject, and I am told that if the erection of office buildings should cease for a year the demand would pass beyond the means of satisfying it. Leaving the business portion of the South Side, the city runs in apparently limitless broad avenues southward into suburban villages and a region thickly populated to the Indiana line. The continuous slightly curving lake front of the city is about seven miles, pretty solidly occupied 52 &tnry of (Etjirago with houses. The Michigan avenue of 1860, with its wooden fronts and cheap boarding-houses, has taken on quite another appearance, and extends its broad way in unbroken lines of fine residences five miles, which will be six miles next summer, when its opening is completed to the entrance of Washington Park. I do not know such another street in the world. In the evening the converging lines of gas lamps offer a prospective of unequalled beauty of its kind. The South Parks are reached now by turning either into the Drexel Boulevard or the Grand Boulevard, a magnificent avenue a mile in length, tree-planted, gay with flower beds in the season, and crowded in the sleighing time with fast teams and fancy turnouts. This leads me to speak of another feature of Chicago, which has no rival in this country; I mean the facility for pleasure driving and riding. Michigan avenue from the mouth of the river, the centre of the town, is macadamized. It and the other avenues immediately connected with the park system are not included in the city street department, but are under the care of the Commissioners of Parks. No traffic is permitted on them, and consequently they are in superb condition for driving, summer and winter. The whole length of Michigan avenue you will never see a loaded team. These roads, that is Mich- igan avenue and the others of the park system, and the park drives, are superb for driving or riding, perfectly made for drainage and per- of dljtrago 53 manency, with a top-dressing of pulverized granite. The cost of Michigan avenue drive was two hundred thousand dollars a mile. The cost of the parks and boulevards in each of the three divisions is met by a tax on the property in that division. The tax is considerable, but the wise liberality of the citizens has done for the town what only royalty usually accomplishes given it magnificent roads. And if good roads are a criterion of civilization, Chicago must stand very high. But it needed a community with a great deal of dating and confidence in the future to create this park system. One in the heart of the city has not to drive three or four miles over cobble-stones and ruts to get to good driving-ground. When he has entered Michigan avenue he need not pull rein for twenty to thirty miles. This is almost literally true as to extent, without counting the miles of fine drives in the parks. For the city proper is circled by great parks, already laid out as pleasure-grounds, tree-planted and beautified to a high degree, although they are nothing to what cultivation will make them in ten years more. On the lake shore, at the south, is Jack- son Park; next is Washington Park, twice as large as Central Park, New York; then, further to the west and north, Douglas Park and Garfield Park; then Humboldt Park, until we come around to Lincoln Park, on the lake shore on the North Side. These parks are connected by broad boulevards, some of which are not yet 54 >turg of (Cljiragn fully developed, thus forming a continuous park drive, with enough of nature and enough of varied architecture for variety, unsurpassed, I should say, in the world within any city limits. Washington Park, with a slightly rolling surface and beautiful landscape gardening, has not only fine driveways, but a splendid road set apart for CORNER MADISON AND WABASH AVENUE horsemen. This is a dirt road, always well sprinkled, and the equestrian has a chance besides of a gallop over springy turf. Water is now so abundantly provided that this park is kept green in the driest season. From any- where in the south side one may mount his horse or enter his carriage for a turn of fifteen or twenty miles on what is equivalent to a country road, that is to say, an English country road. Of BLACKSTONE HOTEL 56 S>tnnj of (Eljuagn the effect of this facility on social life, I shall have occasion to speak. Almost equal facility for driving and riding is had on the North Side by taking the lake shore drive to Lincoln Park. Too much cannot be said of the beauty of this drive along the curving shore of an inland sea; ever attractive in the play of changing lights and colors, and beginning to be fronted by palatial houses a foretaste of the coming Venetian variety and splendor. The park itself, dignified by the Lincoln statue, is an exquisite piece of restful landscape, looked over by a thickening assemblage of stately residences. It is a quarter of spacious elegance. One hardly knows how to speak justly of either the physical aspect or the social life of Chicago, the present performance suggesting such promise and immediate change. The excited admiration waits a little upon expectation. I should like to see it in five years in ten years; it is a formative period, but one of such excellence of execution that the imagination takes a very high flight in anticipating the result of another quarter of a century. What other city has begun so nobly or has planned so liberally for metropolitan solidity, elegance, and recreation ? What other has such magnificent avenues and boulevards, and such a system of parks ? The boy is born here who will see the town expanded far beyond these splendid pleasure grounds, and what is now the circumference of the city will be to Chicago what the vernal gardens from St. of dtjtragn 57 James to Hampton are to London. This antici- pation hardly seems strange when one remembers what Chicago was fifteen years ago. Architecturally Chicago is more interesting than many older cities. Its wealth and oppor- tunity for fine building coming when our national taste is beginning to be individual, it has escaped the monotony and mediocrity in which New York for so many years put its money, and out of the sameness of which it is escaping in spots. Having also plenty of room, Chicago has been able to avoid the block system in its residences, and to give play to variety and creative genius. It is impossible to do much with the interior of a house in a block, however much you may load the front with ornament. Confined to a long parallelogram, and limited as to light and air, neither comfort nor individual taste can be con- sulted or satisfied. Chicago is a city of detached houses, in the humbler quarters as well as in the magnificent avenues, and the effect is home-like and beautiful at the same time. There is great variety, stone, brick, and wood intermingled, plain and ornamental; but drive where you will in the favorite residence parts of the vast city, you will be continually surprised with the sight of noble and artistic houses and homes displaying taste as well as luxury. In addition to the business and public buildings of which I spoke, there are several, like the Art Museum, the Studebaker Building, and the new Auditorium, which would be conspicuous and admired in any 58 8>tary of QJtyiragn city in the world. The city is rich in a few specimens of private houses by Mr. Richardson (whose loss to the country is still apparently irreparable), houses worth a long journey to see, so simple, so noble, so full of comfort, sentiment, unique, having what may be called a charming personality. As to interiors, there has been plenty of money spent in Chicago in mere show, but, after all, I know of no other city that has more character and individuality in its interiors, more evidences of personal refinement and taste. There is, of course Boston knows that a grace and richness in a dwelling in which generations have accumulated the best fruits of wealth and cultivation ; but any tasteful stranger here, I am sure, will be surprised to find in a city so new so many homes pervaded by the atmosphere of books and art and refined sensibility, due, I imagine, mainly to the taste of the woman, for while there are plenty of men here who have taste, there are very few who have leisure to indulge it; and I doubt if there was ever anywhere a livable house a man can build a palace, but he cannot make a home that was not the creation of a refined woman. I do not mean to say that Chicago is not still very much the victim of the upholsterer, and that the eye is not offended by a good deal that is gaudy and pretentious, but there is so much here that is exquisite taste that one has a hopeful heart about its future. Chicago has a physical peculiarity that radical- ly affects its social condition and prevents its 60 6>tnrg of becoming homogeneous. It has one business centre and three distinct residence parts, divided by the branching river. Communications be- tween the residence sections has to be made through the business city, and is further hindered by the bridge crossings, which cause irritating delays the greater part of the year. The result is that three villages grew up, now become cities in size, and each with a peculiar character. The North Side was originally the more aristocratic, and having fewer railways and a less-occupied- with-business lake front, was the more agreeable as a place of residence, always having the draw- back of the bridge crossings to the business part. After the great fire, building lots were cheaper there than on the South Side within reasonable distance of the active city. It has grown amaz- ingly, and is beautified by stately houses, and fine architecture, and would probably still be called the more desirable place of residence. But the South Side has two great advantages easy access to the business centre and to the great southern parks and pleasure grounds. This latter would decide many to live there. The vast West Side, with its lumber yards and factor- ies, its foreign settlements, and its population outnumbering the two other sections combined, is practically an unknown region socially to the North Side and South Side. The causes which produced three villages surrounding a common business centre will continue to operate. The West Side will continue to expand with cheap of dfyfoujo 61 houses, or even elegant residences on the park avenues it is the glory of Chicago that such a large proportion of its nouses are owned by their occupants, and that there are few tenement rookeries, and even few gigantic apartment houses over a limitless prairie; the North Side will grow in increasing beauty about Lincoln Park; and the South Side will more and more gravitate with imposing houses about the at- tractive south parks. Thus the two fashionable parts of the city, separated by five, eight and ten miles, will develop a social life of their own, about as distinct as New York and Brooklyn. It remains to be seen which will call the other "Brooklyn." At present these divisions account for much of the disorganization of social life, and prevent that concentration which seems essential to the highest social development. In this situation Chicago is original, as she is in many other ways, and it makes one of the interesting phases in the guesses at her future. In an article appearing in The Chicago Tribune of Sunday, January 28, 1911, Mr. Walter D. Moody says: "In less than fifty years Chicago will be the metropolis of the world. "This truth is proclaimed by the three great factors that control the destiny of modern cities as to growth and population. 62 &tanj nf 'These factors are: "1. The extent of rich and populous territory into which the trade and commerce of the city can be carried. "2. The supply of raw material near at hand for feeding and housing its people and for use in manufacturing products to be sold in the con- tributing territory. "3. The extent of railway and water trans- portation by which commerce may be easily and cheaply handled. "No man who makes a study of these factors as they affect Chicago can fail to see in this city the coming metropolis of the world. "The history of the growth of large cities is the growth of inland cities. London, Berlin, Paris, Rome, Chicago are inland cities. The growth of the interior eventually makes its city the metropolis. New York gained its ascendency at a day when the majority of commerce was by the high seas. "As the interior began to develop railways began to reach out and the country filled up. The ascendency of New York from that moment was limited. "Transportation is the greatest power govern- ing the growth or retrogression of a city. Thirty railways terminate in Chicago. This city is within a night's ride of 50,000,000 people. Any one of these can get into a train after dinner in the evening and get to Chicago in time for breakfast. Within this circle of 500 miles is more than half of (Thiruvui 63 the population of the United States and Chicago is the center of this circle. "Chicago is almost the geographical center of the United States. It lies at the head of the Mississippi valley, the richest valley in the world and still susceptible of great development. The deep waterway and the development of the harbor must also be considered among the possibilities. In the three great factors that govern growth Chicago has a position unequaled by any other city in existence. "The factors that point to Chicago's growth also point to New York's loss of supremacy. At one time New York controlled the manufacturing and jobbing business of the country from coast to coast. But some fifteen years ago a change began. Today New York's territory ends at the Detroit river or in Chicago itself. Chicago now occupies the position toward the West that New York did toward the whole United States. Chicago is even invading New York itself. There are more than 200 Chicago industries that now maintain New York branches. The South in the past has turned to New York. This was both gratitude and habit New York cared for the southern trade in the days following the war when Chicago could not do so. But in the last ten years a new citizenship has grown up in the South, one that has no sectional prejudices. The South is developing its resources in a way little dreamed of. Chicago is the logical center for this trade. It is closer than New York; it has 64 &t0r of better railway facilities. Its business men are now going after this trade actively and success- fully. Its acquisition will mean a big growth for the city. PREDICTIONS OF AN ENGLISHMAN. "At the time of the Association of Commerce peace banquet in 1909 a delegate from London said: 'I have been making comparisons with London. I believe that in forty years this will be the largest city in the world.' In fifty years Chicago has added 2,000,000 to its population. During forty years it has added an average of 75,000 a year. Its natural conditions, railroad facilities and other advantages will continue to operate to its advantage. There is no question to the reasoning mind that it will become the metropolis of the United States within twenty-five years. Sooner or later it will do what New York has done, absorb its rapidly developing suburbs. Greater Chicago will add a million to its popu- lation at one swoop. The city has a right to do this. Figuring the natural percentage of growth from the past, all arguments favor a city of 13,000,000 by 1950. London has about 7,000,- 000 now and is 1,800 years old. Chicago is but seventy-five years old. It now has no compe- tition in population except in New York and London. London lacks the possibilities of ex- pansion and sooner or later will reach the max- imum of growth. of 65 "The astounding and unparalleled growth of cities in the present period will help Chicago. The tendency is becoming more and more mark- ed for mankind to get in close contact. Cities today are larger than they ever were before. The dominance of railroads over the affairs of mankind will mean the most rapid growth for VIEW OF SUBWAY OF ILLINOIS TUNNEL CO. Chicago, the greatest center of railroads. The railroads of the United States have a higher standard than those abroad. This is a com- mercial age. America is the greatest commercial and industrial nation. It is rapidly becoming 1 t/ the financial center of the world. The time will come when it will also hold the supremacy in the arts and the sciences that it now does in commerce. All these things will help 66 Story of (Eljiragn to bring Chicago to the front as the world metropolis." The growth of population in Chicago is shown as follows : 1895 1,150,000 1900 1,700,000 1905 1,900,500 1910 2,185,000 1911 (December estimate) 2,225,000 The present area of the city is 204 square miles. This is divided into thirty-five wards. The Twenty-seventh ward, the largest in the city, increased in population for the decade ending in 1910, 156 per cent. It now has 113,336 residents and may be taken as an indication of the city's possibilities. It has been suggested that the large foreign born population in Chicago will also help to make it the largest city. Chicago has a great percent- age of immigrant peoples and these peoples have as a rule larger families than the native born. There is no race suicide on the West Side. To show the wonderful manner in which the schools of Chicago have increased to keep pace with its ever-increasing population, it is only necessary to mention that in 1841 there were enrolled in the public schools a total of 410 pupils, with but five teachers in all branches. In 1911 &fctrg of OItjtrag0 67 there were 304,146 pupils enrolled, with 6,584 teachers. The appropriation made for the year 1912 was $17,146,575.00, which means that it cost the city about $56.34 for each child's training for that period. This does not include approximately about 75,000 pupils in parochial schools. There is no question but that the public schools of Chicago stand pre-eminent among the best of any municipality in the country, and every effort is made to make them as much more effective as possible. This city can also boast of the University of Chicago, one of the most richly endowed institutions of learning in America, with an enrollment of 6,466 students and 330 instructors in all its branches. It was founded in the year 1892. The Northwestern University of Evanston, Illinois, just on the borders of the City of Chicago, is also another richly endowed institution of learning, and has 3,788 students with 361 in- structors. There are also numerous other places of learn- ing and technical training, and Chicago stands prominently in the eyes of the world as a center for a diversified class of study, and students are drawn from all parts to these places where may be obtained knowledge to equip them for usefulness in life. These institutions have received wide recognition and enroll students of almost all races and nations, who have been attracted to them by their well-earned reputations. 68 &torg nf OUjtragn FINANCES AND BANKING The first bank of Chicago was opened for business about the middle of December, 1835, in the four-story brick block then owned by Garrett Brown & Bros., at the corner of La Salle and South Water streets, and immediately started off with a flourishing business. The cashier advertised in the American of February 13, 1836, that the bank was to be open for busi- ness from 9 o'clock a. m. to 1 o'clock p. m., that ' 'discount days" were Tuesdays and Fridays, and that all paper should be offered on Mondays and Thursdays. As an index to the magni- tude of some of the accounts as well as the heavy business then done by one of the leading firms, it was stated in the American of March 12, 1836, that the Messrs. Garrett Brown & Bros, from December 30th, 1835, to Febru- ary 27th, 1836, deposited with the Chicago Branch Bank the sum of $34,359.31. This was nearly an average of seven hundred dollars per day, and at that time was an item of news that reflected great credit upon the enter- prising firm that did the volume of business evinced by their huge deposits, as well as upon the solid financial institutions that could be trusted by them with such a fabulous amount. The clearings for the banks of Chicago for the year 1910 reached the total of $13,939,689,984.43. No other comment is needed than point to the extent of the aggregate transactions. of OIljiKtga 69 STREET NOMENCLATURE In the Record- Herald of Jan. 26th, 1912, appeared an article by Mr. Arthur Evans on Names of Chicago Streets. These allusions are so full of rich sentiment and historical asso- ciations that we give them as follows : The study of Chicago street names is an inter- esting pursuit, and it brings to light many a bit of forgotten history. The first survey of Chicago was made in 1830 by James Thompson, and em- braced an area of about three-eighths of a square mile. Besides the garrison at Fort Dearborn, the population did not exceed 100. Three of the boundary streets of the village were named after the most prominent men of the day, the survey showing that Washington street was the south boundary, Jefferson street the west, Kinzie street the north and Dearborn street the east. Dear- born street was named after the fort, which in turn was named in honor of General Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War; Kinzie street took its name from John Kinzie, the early white settler, while the others were named after George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Northward from Washington street came Randolph, named after John Randolph of Roanoke; Lake, after Lake Michigan; Fulton, named after Robert Fulton, whose steamboat, the Claremont, had made its first trip on the Hudson between New York and Albany just twenty-three years before Chicago was mapped out; Carroll street, after 70 &>tory of (Eljtraga Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and then Kinzie street. Eastward from Jefferson the streets were named Clinton, after DeWitt Clinton, chief promoter of the Erie Canal; Canal, after the I. and M. Canal; east of the river the first street was named Market street because the city market was located in the middle of the thorough- fare, the reason of its width; Franklin took its name from Benjamin Franklin, and Wells was named after Captain William Wells, Indian agent at Fort Wayne, who came to Fort Dearborn with a band of Miamis in August, 1812, to escort the garrison and the settlers to Fort Wayne. He was killed in the Fort Dearborn massacre at what is now the foot of Eighteenth street, and his heart was eaten by the savages, who believed that thereby they would assimilate the courage of the fallen scout. In later years Wells street south of the river was renamed Fifth avenue, an absurdity now, for it is the seventh street from the lake front. North of the river, however, the name of the gallant captain is still preserved. East of Wells, La Salle street was named after the great explorer Chevalier La Salle, and then came "Clarke" street. This was named after George Rogers Clark, the intrepid soldier who conquered Kaskaskia and V 7 incennes and captured the original Northwest Territory from the British. The final "e" was dropped after it was found that it was not part of the soldier's name. Poor, of (tffjiragn 71 pathetic Clark! After winning the Northwest Territory, out of which five states have since been formed, he spent his later years in penury and neglect. The honor of having a great Chicago street named after him is perhaps his greatest memorial, and now there is talk of robbing him of that small distinction and making Clark street "Fifth avenue," or "Avenue E," or something equally dreary and non-distinctive. As the town grew the political fights of the villagers were reflected in the naming of new streets. In those days politics was tar more passionate than now. When the first street south of Washington was laid out the federalists wanted to name it Adams, after the second President, while the opposition wanted to name it Madison. Madison carried the day. Later a similar fight occurred over naming the street south of Madison. The federalists were beaten in their attempt to name it after President Adams and the street was christened after President Monroe. When the next street was laid out, however, the federalists managed to win, and it was called Adams street. The anti-federalists, however, were un- able to indorse with gusto the election of John O Quincy Adams, and accordingly they bestowed his name upon the narrow little street abutting upon the postoffice. Jackson, Van Buren, Har- rison, Tyler, Polk and Taylor had streets named after them, but Fillmore was ignored, and after Tyler left the Whig party his name was taken from the street, which was rechristened Congress street. 72 S>fcirg of Qltjtrago As the town grew many names of no signifi- cance were bestowed upon the streets. Other names, however, are of historical worth the names of men who built Chicago in its early days, the pioneers who founded a metropolis. Others recall interesting features of early Chicago, and still others are associated with names of celebrities famous in history. For instance, there is Archer road, which is connected with one of the most important and interesting undertakings in the history of Illinois the building of the old Illinois and Michigan Canal. It took its name after Colonel William B. Archer, one of the canal commissioners, who broke the first ground for the canal July 4, 1836, in the presence of nearly every inhabitant of the village and of invited guests from all parts of the state. Archer road ran from Chicago to Lockport, to facilitate the building of the ditch, and for many years it was the most traveled pike in the state. Ogden avenue is another street with a name that means something. It is named after Wil- liam B. Ogden, first Mayor of Chicago and one of the most useful of its early men of public affairs. BEAUTIFUL SUBURBAN HOMES Chicago is environed by some of the most beautiful suburban homes anywhere to be found, and the accommodations to reach them is un- surpassed by any other city of its size in the world. No visitor who has seen its people can nf (Eljtragn 73 understand them or form a true estimate of their character until they have seen where they reside. If the beauty, majesty and grandeur of this city strike with wonder all who gaze upon it for the first time it is when they visit the quiet and beautiful retreats of the suburbs, where thousands of its best citizens make their homes, that they are more than surprised. The entrancing lake shore with its hundreds of magnificent residences cannot but impress one; and in these homes no expense has been spared to make them what their name implies. All the conveniences of the city are to be found here. It is the country but with all the modern up-to-dateness of present-day refinement. Elec- tric lights, water, heat, gas and everything that the most exacting could possibly suggest. There are beautifully paved streets, with shade trees of grand proportions on either side of the drive- way to lend beauty and charm to the scene and appeal to the better side of all. The schools are good and the family enjoys the quiet and serenity of a home, that is to be found only in few places. It is here that the busy man relaxes from the rush and turmoil of city life and in the bosom of his family is seen the true Chicagoan, the man of letters and the man of taste. We find him surrounded by all that appeals to one of culture and refinement. It is here he leaves his business behind and is ever the delightful host and the genial gentleman. It is thus we know him. 74 &tory of targ of (Eljiragn The Exposition had the effect of stimulating business in many channels throughout the coun- try and Chicago gained new laurels from the manner in which the great enterprise was success- fully carried out. Taking it altogether it was one of the most wonderful displays of man's productive genius and power that has ever been brought together, and it undoubtedly created an impression in the minds of foreigners visiting it that was not easily forgotten or its value over-estimated. CHICAGO: THE Axis OF THE RAILWAY WORLD Possibly, next to its unsurpassed natural situ- ation, the predominating factor contributing to Chicago's supremacy, both commercially and financially, is its position as the center of the country's railway service. The first railroad to enter Chicago was the Galena Union, which now forms a portion of the Northwestern system. This line was completed in 1848, and from this small beginning, in the little more than three- score years, has grown thirty-seven trunk lines, forming the essential connections with almost one-half the mileage of the country, embracing approximately 250,000 miles. Necessary ad- juncts to these arteries of traffic are the extensive terminals and passenger stations, already in- stalled, with others of increased size planned to complete the system. nf 85 There is no city under the sun which has so vast a range of territory that is in direct contact with the manufactories and mercantile establish- ments which make up Chicago's activities, nor is there a situation so favorable for producer and consumer as this city presents as a distributing CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY STATION point. The great trunk lines centering here bring their journeys to a halt when this city is reached, none of the systems continuing beyond its confines. Necessarily this confers benefits as a shipping point that few localities supply, and when to these are supplemented the facilities for the millions of tons of freight carried on the great lakes, Chicago's manifold advantages are easily understood. 86 nf POSTOFFICE OF CHICAGO The history of the Chicago Postoffice reads like fiction, and when we consider the mass of sta- tistics that are undisputable it has a tendency to surprise those who regard themselves as familiar with this city and its many progressive features. The period intervening between 1833 and 1912 TEMPORARY POSTOFFICE BUILDING, LAKE FRONT. seems a long time but to render such an exhibit as has been shown by the postoffice of Chicago in these years is, to say the least, astonishing. In 1833 there was but one eastern mail eacn week and that was carried on horseback to and from Niles, Michigan. In 1911 there were 184,298,214 pounds of mail matter handled in the Chicago postoffice, repre- senting 1,618,900,651 pieces, and the amount of money received for domestic and international money orders, including fees, was $5,539,012.85. CHICAGO POSTOFFICE, 1912 88 &>torg of (Ehtrago The postal receipts for the year were $19,781,- 440.74, and are increasing in a more rapid ratio than is the city's population. This is what these statistics reveal, and all within the life and memory of men now living. From the first office, in a small log building, to one costing more than $8,000,000, is a subject worth mentioning, in addition to the fact that it ranks first among the cities of our country for certain schedules of postal business. During the years enumerated Chicago's post- office has made history of another kind, viz.: frequent movings and in visitations by fires, three times. The first fire was that of 1871, the second in 1874, and again in January, 1879. On April 12th, 1879, the postoffice was removed to the basement floor of the new government build- ing then being erected on the site where the postoffice now stands, the square being boun- ded by Clark, Dearborn, Jackson boulevard and Adams streets, it speedily outgrowing what would be regarded as ample quarters, since necessitating the use of many branch offices. To afford sufficient room a new structure was planned, the business of the service being transacted in a building on the lake front while the present federal building was being made ready. Further additions and extensions are now under contemplation, and a short time will see largely increased facilities installed in the postal service in this city. of Otytrago 89 CHICAGO'S GREAT PRINTING CENTER It is difficult in a narrative to give details of every fact which has contributed to make Chicago what it is, and that there should be a story at all is justified by the extraordinary growth it has shown in so short a time. However, it was not the intention at the beginning to go into those details, which have been fully described by others, but rather to direct attention to one of the factors that has contributed in no small measure to making Chicago what it is in reality, the most wonderful city in the world the print- ing business and in introducing this topic we make no mistake in calling attention to the great printing center where a large proportion of the activities of this industry are now rapidly concentrating. It is not an extravagant assertion to declare that among the many evidences of world- activities the rapid development of Chicago's business district is entitled to attention when things important are up for consideration and discussion. However ample may have appeared to be the provision to satisfy the demands of, say a generation ago, for adequate structures in which to conduct business and these were built in anticipation of a liberal extension of trade the establishments then erected were soon outgrown by increased demands upon their facilities and in a brief time the new construction became out of date and back numbers. >t0rij of (Etjirago 91 No city ever founded has shown this feature to the extent which Chicago's business district discloses, and abrupt and evolutionary as these have been, the changes still continue and bid fair to be in evidence for many years to come, supply- ing fruitful themes for the pen of the chronicler and interesting texts for students and scholars of TYPICAL BUILDINGS IN PRINTING-HOUSE DISTRICT, 1855. the causes contributing to a city's greatness as well as the ability of its people to make the most of their opportunities. Evidence is here at hand to impress upon the thinking what the brief years have accom- plished in Chicago's down-town section, but so radical has been this transformation that but few, unless keeping close observation on the ever- 92 &tnrij of changing scene, realize the deep significance of the same, and its lesson is likely to be lost. It has, however, been found impossible to secure a photograph of this section at a period antedating the conflagration of 1871. The build- ings then were small and of little importance, although there was an air of culture and refine- ment maintained by the residents who later were destined to become the foremost citizens of' the municipality and whose names have been handed down in veneration and regard as associated with many of the largest business enterprises of the present day. A drawing has been made and each landmark as shown at that time (1863), designated, and it is a faithful representation of the situation as it was known to the artist who made his home near the scenes depicted. In order to preserve for the future a few of the innovations which trade exigencies have wrought upon what was formerly an established residen- tial district the views here shown were made and embrace what is today known as the printing and publishing house district, covering the territory irom State and Clark streets and from Polk to Van Buren streets. The various plants located within the boundary outlined above need no introduction to the world of production, they being known to every one conversant with the art of printing, binding and engraving, as well as to the collateral branches of the art. By reference to the drawing it will be seen that where the Dearborn Station now is 94 gtonj nf (Efrtrago there stood an antiquated Methodist house of worship, while the Clark and Polk street corner still holds the old St. Peter's Catholic Church, its venerable walls having withstood the gnawing tooth of more than a half century. At the north- east corner of Clark and Harrison streets stood the old Jones School, where so many of the em- bryo business men of a former generation, and whose names are familiar to all in Chicago, first acquired the primary precepts of education. At the corner of the alley and Van Buren street, between Clark and Buffalo streets (now Federal street), stood another house of worship, while on the north side of Van Buren, corner of Edina place (later Third avenue) , now Plymouth place, stood Sinai Congregation. On State street, almost opposite Congress, a little to the south, the Old Eagle No. 7 Engine House had its quarters, and was often the scene of town meet- ings of the character common in the early days. Between these public buildings stood many homes with their picket fences inclosing green front yards bordered with trees and shrubbery on both sides of the street. On Edina place (Third avenue), and Buffalo street (Fourth avenue), were located the homes of many men whose names are still perpetuated in the fore- most circles of commercial life in addition to those of the substantial old settler who con- tributed his best efforts to make the city what it is today, the acknowledged wonder of the world and the superb metropolis of our country. >torg af 95 It must be understood that what is known as Dearborn street, at least that portion south of Monroe street, was not opened until the latter part of '71. What is now Dearborn street, as shown in the illustration, originally was the alley for the houses which fronted on Edina and Buf- RAND-McNALLY BUILDING, 1912 falo streets,forgotten names except to the survivor of the early period of which we write. To the Chicagoan familiar with the city before the conflagration of 1871 and also conversant with its growth up to the early '80's, who might have been absent during that period, upon again coming on the scene would find the marvels of Aladdin's lamp outdone and even the fairy stories surpassed by realities. A Chicago resi- of (SUjiragu 97 dent, harnessed by the claims of business to his immediate locality, upon surveying another sec- tion's growth might well wonder at the changes which a brief period had brought about; even if familiar with old landmarks he would have cause for amazement in contemplating the city's future possibilities. In all respects Chicago has moved forward, but in no portion of its limits has this been more pronounced than within the printing- house zone of activity. Real estate values have kept pace with the rapid transformations in other directions, prop- erty valuations within the section sketched having doubled in the last dozen years, while in the previous twenty-five it has quadrupled. Thus has printing been a magnet in stimulating in- vestment and has contributed to the upbuilding of the locality materially as well as esthetically. This section of Chicago may well be likened to the inner workings of a watch, one of the most important parts of which is the mainspring, as here is located the power which drives the machinery and develops the energy that has made this the foremost city of the continent the great printing center of Chicago. imp Knh frintera The art of printing has always attracted to it many of the best minds, or perhaps it may be said that many of the best minds have been evolved from associating with printing. Among early followers of the art preservative in Chi- cago many attained prominence in their coun- try's history, and graduated from the ranks of those following this calling. There appears something about the business that possesses a fascination, and its allurements are so strong that, regardless of self-interest and the restricted opportunity for the attainment of wealth, men have continued in its pursuit and passed away poor, the exceptions being few who finally gained a position of affluence. In itself this seems strange, because when we come to analyze it printing is found at the base of all business enterprise and success. That this was true in the past is without question, but it was not so well understood as it is today. The printer has always been more absorbed in his calling than in money making, and this may be accounted for by the fact that a printer comes in relation more with the minds of men than he does with their material wants, and in 99 100 (fllfr Situ* flub ffrtutrra this way he is led to forget the benefits to him- self by being immersed in his art and the need of others for his thoughtful assistance. In the early days of Chicago this was undoubt- edly the case. It is said that the good die young, but of the printer it might be remarked "Good printers die poor," There may b.e exceptions, but such as there are only prove the rule. All who think along these lines must admit that printing has had much to do with the ad- vancement of our city's greatness, the lifting of it into the prominent place it now occupies as well as demonstrating to the whole world its mar- velous history a city without a peer. Without printing there could be no progress, as w r e understand it today, or it would by com- parison be only of a limited order, and great centers such as we have now would be quite im- possible. Take printing away from our present- day mode of doing business, shut up our libraries and obliterate books, and immediately we sink into a depth of darkness that would appall us to contemplate. It is by viewing it in this light that anything that can be said concerning the early printer of Chicago should prove of interest to every studi- ous mind, and not only those who are intimately connected with the craft but also those who have derived inestimable benefits from the self-sacrific- ing labors of the craftsmen themselves. The first job printing done in this city was by John Calhoun in 1833, four years before Chicago 101 was incorporated as a city. He also edited and printed the first newspaper, the Chicago Demo- crat. This undertaking was issued from a build- ing at the corner of Clark and South Water streets. John Calhoun was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808. His parents were natives of Con- necticut. At the age of 16 he entered the print- ing office of W. Woodward Freeman, and therein acquired a knowledge of the printer's trade. He had heard such glowing accounts of the West that in 1833 he decided to make for Chicago. The vessel upon which he took passage encountered a terrific gale on Lake Erie, was wrecked, and Mr. Calhoun, after meeting with other adven- tures, reached Detroit, from which place travel- ing overland by slow stages he arrived in Chi- cago. His printing material was shipped by the way of the lakes on another vessel, two appren- tices in his employ accompanying the outfit. Mr. Calhoun eventually sold out his paper and plant to John Wentworth, who had been in charge of the office. He paid $2,800 for the material and good will, and the first number of the Chicago Weekly Democrat issued under his administration was on November 23, 1836. Robert Fergus, perhaps the most thorough of practical printers, arrived in Chicago on July 1, 1839. He was born in the Gallowgate of Glas- gow, Scotland, August 14, 1815. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to the printing business, and as a regular indenture in those days meant 102 a practical grounding in the knowledge of the art, upon its completion and his setting forth as a journeyman he possessed a knowledge of his business such as qualified him to earn a livelihood in any part of the world. He was married to Margaret Whitehead Scott, February, 1836. Mr. Fergus was closely identified with the early history of Chicago in the printing world, and was an acknowledged authority on all things per- taining to its early records. All his life he was identified with printing and publishing. The first book compiled, printed, bound and issued in Chicago was the Directory of 1844, which was placed upon the market in the year 1843. This directory was printed by Ellis & Fergus. It is said that the earlier directories of Chicago were compiled without copy. The pages were held upon the imposing stone and when a newcomer arrived his name, business and address were in- serted in the form. In this way new names were added until the time arrived to republish the book. It is stated that Mr. Fergus on many occasions received commendations for the cor- rectness of his directory, and he lived to see the city of his choice grow to be one of the most famous on the American continent and a center of typographical activity second to none. Edward H. Rudd was one of the early job printers of Chicago (1836). His place of busi- ness was on Dearborn, near South Water street. In 1839 he removed to the Saloon Building, where, with S. D. Childs, the first engraver in tou> Sob ffrintgrH 103 Chicago, they carried on business under the firm name of Rudd & Childs, engravers, book and job printers. It was evident at that time they were but a small concern as may be gathered from the following circumstance: In Septem- ber, 1839, the Common Council ordered the re- vision and printing in pamphlet form of the laws and ordinances of the city. The work was ten- dered to Messrs. Rudd & Childs, but they not being able to supply sufficient funds offered to transfer the contract to Ellis & Fergus, who accepted and fulfilled it. This work was the commencement of the Chicago Directory. There were six blank pages at the end, and it was sug- gested that they be filled with the names of the business men of the city, which was done. It was not by any means a complete Directory as only such names were taken as would fill their blank pages. A copy of this work is in the possession of the Chicago Historical Society. The city paid the sum of $25.00 for fifty copies, and about fifty copies were sold to the citizens at 50 cents each. The remainder of the 500 were never used and were lost in the waste incident to a discredited piece of work, as such it was then regarded by those who were associated with it. In early Chicago typographical history the job and newspaper printers were in a measure inden- tical. It may be said that every newspaper had its job department and that many job printers aimed to publish a newspaper. There were nu- 104 lft gtmr 31ob ffi rintrrH merous ups and downs in this line of business in those days and it may be stated this continued until a few years after the close of the civil war, when a decided change took place and some large institutions capable of turning out vast orders came into existence ; in fact the facilities for pro- ducing printing kept pace with the city's growth, and it gradually became one of the essential fac- tors of Chicago's greatness. The list of printers of Chicago, taken from a Directory published in 1860-61 by Halpin & Bailey, shows the following establishments, the entire list being given as was published in the book: Barnett, James, 189 Lake street. Beach & Barnard, 14 Clark street. Becker & Schlager, 233 Randolph street. Chapin, Henry L., 23 Lake street. Chicago Democrat, 45 La Salle street. Chicago Evening Journal, 50 Dearborn street. Chicago. Post, 82 Dearborn street. Church, Goodman & Gushing, 51 and 53 La Salle street. Cowdery, Asa A., 154 Clark street. Cravens, William, 132 Lake street. Dean, John W., 94 Dearborn street. Decker, W. I., 128 Clark street. Dunlop, Sewell & Spaulding, 40 Clark street. Hess, Charles, 93 Randolph street. Hoeffgen & Schneider, 12 Wells street. Jameson & Morse, 14 La Salle street. Millar, S. S., 55 Clark street. 105 Morgan, H. M., 7 Clark street. Munson, Francis, 140 Lake street. Pigott, Wm., 130 Clark street. Pool, Isaac A., 17 Clark street. Rounds, S. P., 46 State street. Scott, Hayes & Shurley, 148 Lake street. Storey, W. F. (Chicago Times), 73 Dearborn street. Thompson & Day, 86-88 Dearborn street. Tobey, A. B., 5 Clark street. Tribune Co., 51 Clark street. Wood, A. M., 21 and 23 Clark street. Work, H. C., 48 Clark street. It will be observed that the names of many who afterward became prominent in the printing history of Chicago are here given a place. The Chicago directories to the printer are in- tensely interesting and absorbing. It is here we must turn to find information about his early efforts, and the many vicissitudes encountered in seeking to present a work such as these chronicles. In themselves they present the most condensed and striking evidence of the city's growth that can be found, and are conclusive testimony from year to year of the increased development of its enterprises. The first book compiled, printed, bound and issued in Chicago was the Directory of 1844. It was placed upon the market in the year 1843. This Directory was compiled by J. Wellington Norris, and printed by Ellis & Fergus, from the Saloon Building, South Water and Clark streets. 106 (U> gime Sob The second Directory, prepared similarly to the first, was also compiled by Norris. It was printed by James Campbell & Co., Commercial Building, 65 Lake street. A ludicrous incident is connected with the compilation and printing of this work. The first of Campbell & Co. came to a premature dissolution while the Directory was in process of gestation. Mr. Campbell, who was a man of quick temper, becoming incensed at Mr. Norris (the Co.) forcibly ejected him from the office and threatened to kick him if he looked back. Some gentlemen, subsequently discussing the contention with Mr. Norris, asked him if he emulated the example of Lot's wife. Norris re- plied, "No, I didn't look back." This unseemly dispute severed the copartnership, as in point of fact any copartnership between Mr. Norris, a gentleman "as meek as Moses," and Campbell, as fiery as a Scotch Highlander, was sure to come sooner or later to an abrupt termination. A notice in the Chicago Journal of April 16, 1845, dated April 15, 1845, announced the dissolution of the firm of James Campbell & Co., and further that all demands against the same would be settled by James Campbell, to whom all money due said firm must be paid. Mr. Campbell is long since dead. Mr. Norris died a few years since in the interior of this state. It is doubtful if he made a living by his literary labors in Chicago. The next Chicago Directory was entitled "Norris' Business Directory for 1846," Eastman 3(ob Prtnfrra 107 & Davison, printers, 63 Lake street. It took all the fonts of type in the office to set up this direc- tory. The next in the list of early directories is en- titled "Norris' Chicago Directory for 1846-7, Geer & Wilson, printers, Saloon Building," The Geer of this firm was N. C. Geer, who was brought from Connecticut by Richard L. Wilson for the purpose of organizing a job department for the Daily Journal newspaper which would be on a par with the then importance of the city. The firm purchased in the East several presses and a large quantity of type. With Mr. Geer came James J. Langdon as an assistant. Lang- don soon became prominent in the printing busi- ness of the city, he associating with S. P. Rounds, as mentioned elsewhere. The next Chicago Directory is entitled "Illinois State Register and Western Business Directory for 1847; Norris & Gardner, editors and publishers." Geer & Wilson were also the printers of this Directory. The Chicago Directory is entitled "Norris' Chicago Directory for 1848-49; published by J. W. Norris and L. S. Taylor, Eastman & McClellan, printers (power press office of the Western Citizen), 63 Lake street." This was Mr. Norris' last attempt to compile directories for the citizens of Chicago. This directory is designated as the seventh of the Norris series. The title of the next Chicago Directory is: "Chicago City Directory for 1851; by W. W. 108 to Sim* 3lob Danenhower, printed by James J. Langdon, 161 Lake street." The Chicago Directory for 1852-53 by Updall & Hopkins was printed by Langdon & Rounds, 161 Lake street. We next have a series of directories compiled by Edwin H. Hall, an Englishman, who, under various firm names, published directories for 1853-54, 1854-55, 1855-56. These directories were all printed by Robert Fergus, two of them at 55 Clark street and two at 189 Lake street. Next we have John Gager & Co., publishing and compiling a Directory for 1856-57 called Case & Co.'s Chicago Directory, a business Directory for Chicago for October 1, 1856, and Gager's Chicago City Directory for June 1, 1857. The first named of these was printed by A. B. Case and Charles Scott at No. 84 Dear- born street; the second by Messrs. Solar, Zellis, Dow & Co., at No. 148 Lake street; the third by John Dow, No. 148 Lake street. D. B. Cooke & Co., law book publishers, Port- land Block, published the directories of 1858- 1859-60 and 1860-1. Smith & Moulin, 80 South Dearborn street, also published a Directory for 1859-60. The directories of 1861-62, 1862-63, 1863-64 were published by Halpin & Bailey, 45 Clark street. The Directory for 1864 : 65, T. M. Hal- pin & Co., publishers, R. D. Campbell & Co., printers, 73 Dearborn street, and 1865-66, T. M. Halpin, publisher, and the Religio-Philosophical Oltmg 3lub fritters 109 Co. Publishers' Association were the printers, 84-88 Dearborn street. There was also a Directory for 1864-65 printed by John C. W. Bailey, 128 and 130 Clark street; while in 1865-66, John C. W. Bailey & Co. pub- lished the Directory, which was printed by John C. W. Bailey, printer and publisher. For the years 1866-67, 1867-68 John C. W. Bailey, 162 Clark street,, published directories. In 1866 Edwards' Annual Directory, pub- lished by Edwards, Greenbrough & Sevell, made its appearance. This was printed and bound at Edwards' New Directory office, 73 Dearborn street. This Directory did not appear again until 1868-69, and was published by Edwards & Co. at the same address. In 1869-70 Richard Edwards was the publisher. Edwards' Chicago Directory (Fire Edition) was published in 1871, and contained the names of all persons in business in the city whose loca- tion could be ascertained up to December 12, 1871; also a Business Directory embracing a classified list of trades, professions and pursuits, alphabetically arranged and giving the old as well as the new address of those changed by the great fire. This was published by Richard Edwards, 47 North Halsted street. The 1870-1871 directories were published by Richard Edwards, and a Census Report for 1871. Edwards also published directories for 1872 and 1873, the former at 65 Exchange Building, Clark and Washington, and the latter at 148 Clark street. 110 lfc Sim* 3Jflb In 1874-75 appears the Lakeside Annual Directory by Williams, Donnelley & Co., 1875- 76, 1876-77, 1877-78, 1878-79 by Donnelley, Lloyd & Co., and 1879 by Donnelley, Cassette & Lloyd. For the year 1880 the first one appeared published by the Chicago Directory Company. This company has continued until the present (1912) to issue the Chicago Directory, which has grown to be a cumbersome volume, and it reflects Chicago's growth from so many standpoints that it is not necessary to enumerate them as they show for themselves, but none in the way of develop- ment more noticeable than in the printing in- dustry. The sketches appearing in these pages are of typical individuals associated with the early printing history of Chicago, and do not by any means embrace a full list of those who have con- ferred many benefits upon the craft, but the scope of this work is necessarily limited to the few who were active in the transitorial stage of the typo- graphic art. John Wentworth, the successor of John Calhoun in the ownership of the Chicago Demo- crat, was the first to introduce the power printing press in Chicago. In the beginning two sturdy Norsemen supplied hand power to the machine by simultaneously turning a somewhat cumber- some crank. Finally, Wentworth procured a small steam engine to run the press. This engine was provided with cylinders not over three or four inches in diameter each. This was later super- seded by a larger one built in the '50's, and the Sub rinfrni 111 press was frequently utilized by other publica- tions. The circulation of the Democrat being at most but a few hundred copies, there were chances to help other enterprises in the printing line, and the press of the Democrat proved a valuable aid to many struggling publishers who availed themselves of the spare time of the press. Political ambition w r as one of Wentworth's dominating traits, and for the period that he con- ducted the Democrat, a quarter of a century of important history-making, "Long John" was cer- tainly one of the conspicuous citizens of Chicago, and, unlike nearly all of the promoters of news- papers of his day, he retired from the journalistic field with a competency, his real estate invest- ments making him a rich man and his natural Yankee shrewdness gave him an opportunity which he was not slow to turn to advantage. James J. Langdon was foreman of the Jour- nal office in 1848. He later went into business with Sterling P. Rounds and aided in establish- ing the Printers' Cabinet. Mr. Rounds' entire capital was $5.00. Mr. Langdon shortly there- after retired to Prairie du Chien, Wis., and em- barked in the horse business, but finding that his animals cost him more than he could make out of them he returned to Chicago and again formed a partnership with Mr. Rounds. In December, 1856, there was but one other journal in the United States that was devoted exclusively to the interest of the art preservative The Typo- graphical Advertiser. Rounds' Cabinet was the 112 first of that character in the Northwest, the sec- ond in its date of issue, and the first monthly typographical journal in the Union. Langdon was a skillful workman and many ancient specimens bearing the imprint of Rounds & Langdon, whose establishment was then located at No. 46 State street, today are worthy of ad- miration because of the artistic execution with which they were turned out. Thomas C. Whitmarsh was one of the early printers to reach Chicago from the East, he com- ing to this city in 1843. His first employment was on the Western Citizen, conducted by Zebina Eastman, he engaging in business in 1848, the firm name being F. Fulton & Co., it later merging into that of C. Scott & Co. For several years he was employed by Rand-McNally in the responsible duties of proofreader, which position he retained until his death. Mr. Whit- marsh was a member of Plymouth Congrega- tional Church of Chicago from its foundation in 1852; and was a man of sterling character, a fine printer and a man of high attainments. He saw the art of printing develop in a manner that fell to the lot of but few and he always took a keen interest in everything that would contribute to its advancement. Mr. Whitmarsh was born in Springfield, Mass., 1822, and at an early age entered the establishment of George and Charles Merriam, the publishers of Webster's Dictionary, where he glob |Irintgrg H3 remained until coming to Chicago, reaching Chi- cago when he became of age. Mr. Whitmarsh died on October 10, 1885, his activities in this city extending over a period of forty-two years. Samuel S. Beach for nearly thirty years was a member of the firm of Beach & Barnard, he and Frederick Barnard starting business in Jan- uary, 1857, the partnership continuing until the death of Mr. Beach in 1884. Mr. Beach was born in Rochester, N. Y., in 1828, and acquired a knowledge of the printing craft in his native city, coming West upon reaching early manhood. The material for the business venture was pur- chased from Rounds & Langdon, the first type- founders to sell type and presses in Chicago. Liberal credit was extended to the struggling partners, who had to meet the financial panic of 1857. They, however, gradually stemmed the tide of adversity and became the most successful printers in their line. The fire of 1871 obliter- ated their establishment, but the firm was quick to start anew, Mr. Barnard (Barnard & Miller) being now the oldest employing printer in Chi- cago, he having conducted a printing office for fifty-five years. Richard Robert Donnelley was born in Hamil- ton, Canada, November 15, 1836. At the age of 13 he entered a printing office to learn the busi- ness. At 16 he was made foreman of the estab- lishment where he served his time. He subse- quently became a partner of William Pigott, who 114 (0U> tou Sob shortly after removed to Chicago and established the Evening Post. Mr. Donnelley continued in business with John J. Hand, afterward one of the proprietors of the Galveston News, until the depression following the panic of 1857, he went to New Orleans to take charge of the job de- partment of the True Delta, where he remained until the breaking out of the Civil War, when he returned to Canada, and established himself in business. In 1864 he returned to Chicago to become a partner in the firm of Church, Good- man & Donnelley, which in a few years became one of the largest book and periodical publishing houses in the West. In 1870 the Lakeside Pub- lishing and Printing Co. was organized with a capital of $500,000 and Mr. Donnelley was appointed its manager. This corporation was established for the pur- pose of competing for the western book trade. The machinery, material and business of Church, Goodman & Donnelley were purchased and made the nucleus of the new enterprise. The company began the erection of a pretentious structure at the corner of Clark and Adams streets known as the Lakeside Building, but when four of the six stories had been completed the great fire swept away their effort. Before the smoke had cleared away Mr. Donnelley set about to restore his business, and four days following leased the third floor of Nos. 103 and 105 South Canal street and started for New York to secure new material, beginning business on his own Sim* 3oh irtntera 115 account while awaiting the decision of the Lake- side Company as to its future. That corporation had lost everything, but there were among its stockholders those who felt it could be resuscitated if Mr. Donnelley would continue his relations as manager. He accepted the proposition, continuing his own business, and also acting as manager of the Lakeside Company until the completion of the new building in June, 1873. He then merged his own establishment into that of the Lakeside Company. In 1874 Mr. Donnelley associated with A. J. Cox in bookbinding under the style of A. J. Cox & Co. In 1877, on account of the continued commercial depression, the Lakeside Company closed its business, disposing of the building to the estate of P. F. W. Peck, and the machinery and printing material to R. R. Donnelley and A. T. Lloyd. In 1878 Norman T. Cassette became inter- ested in the concern, and a corporation under the firm name of Donnelley, Cassette & Lloyd was organized. In 1879 Mr. Donnelley purchased the interests of Mr. Cassette and Mr. Lloyd and reorganized the company under the name of R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. Mr. Don- nelley has gone to his reward, but the same spirit still dominates the business in the persons of his sons. The firm of Culver, Page & Hoyne was a familiar name to the older residents of Chicago and was established in 1854. Culver & Page 116 (to Sim* Job bought out a plant owned by a Mr. Stacy, and the following year Hoyne was made a member of the firm and the house of Culver, Page & Hoyne became identified with Chicago's commercial in- terests. This concern in 1855 was the first one in the United States which printed official county record forms for the use of county officials, and these blanks were adopted by nearly every state in the country, particularly in the North and West. From making a specialty of official blanks and blank books the firm of Culver, Page & Hoyne became known throughout the country, and for years it was one of the important ones in its line. The institution suffered great loss by the fire of 1871, but quickly re-established its business, gaining more patronage than ever. Financial reverses and internal disagreements among the stockholders finally forced the once noted estab- lishment to close its doors and the material was disposed of by piecemeal shortly after a reorgan- ization took place in the organization. The firm of Rand, McNally & Co., printers, engravers, electrotypers and map and book pub- lishers, takes its origin from a printing establish- ment opened in 1856 at No. 148 Lake street by William H. Rand, who was the senior member of the firm. Mr. Rand in 1860 consolidated his office with the Tribune job department at No. 51 Clark street and assumed the superintendency. In this capacity he continued for eight years when he and Andrew McNallv with others 117 formed a partnership to establish a printing and publishing house under the firm name of Rand, McNally & Co. In 1873 the firm was incorpor- ated as a stock company with a capital of $200,- 000 under the same name and it has since then assumed such proportions that it is now one of the largest printing houses in this country. October 9, 1871, when located at No. 51 Clark street, the establishment was burned out, but business was resumed at No. 108 West Randolph street, near Desplaines, until 1873, when the company moved into its own quarters at Nos. 79-81 Madison street. This becoming too re- stricted the firm erected a new building on East Monroe street, and later outgrowing this they have now completed a large structure at the junction of Clark, Harrison and LaSalle streets. This is ten stories high and of the latest type of fireproof construction. Mr. Rand withdrew from the company some twenty years ago. This house was built under the guiding hand of Andrew McNally, and there are few printing establishments on the American continent which take rank with it either in the variety of work turned out or the amount of its product. Mr. McNally died on May 7th, 1904, at his country home, Pasadena, Cal., his departure being recog- nized as a loss to the craft and the business world in general. Thomas C. Haynes for many years manager of the establishment of Rand, McNally & Co., was recognized as a workman of rare capacity 118 and as one who was thoroughly grounded in his knowledge of the business from many angles. In 1858 Mr. Haynes was foreman of the Eve- ning Journal job department and introduced many innovations in his line that attracted wide- spread attention. He was among the first to produce high-grade color printing and was inde- fatigable in advancing the quality of his work. During his connection with Messrs. Rand, Mc- Nally & Co. it was his privilege to see that house forge to the front and become one of the largest producers of all kinds of printing in the country, his ability as an executive being conceded by all. Samuel E. Pinta came to Chicago in 1858, he having lived for some years previously in New Orleans. It is questionable if any member of the fraternity in the old days or since had the equipment of Mr. Pinta as a linguist, he being capable of executing work in English, French, Spanish and Italian. His first work was in the office of Wm. H. Rand, No. 146 Lake street, Andrew McNally being foreman at that time. All during his life Mr. Pinta took great interest in French literature, and for a time in connection with a number of others he published a French paper under the title "L'Amerique." Mr. Pinta died in 1912. George K. Hazlitt was born in Bath, England, in 1830. Coming to this country during the war with Mexico he enlisted in the artillery branch of service, joining Major Ringgold's noted bat- tery. He participated in a number of severe en- Sob rintgrB 119 gagements, among others Chapultepec, Molino del Rey and Buena Vista. Upon the close of the struggle Hazlitt joined Walker's filibustering expeditions to Nicaragua and was wounded at Bluefields. Having satisfied his desire for war Hazlitt came to Chicago and during the remain- der of his life was a factor in the printing world, first as a journeyman and later as a proprietor. Organizing the firm of Hazlitt & Quinton, it con- tinued in business until the later '60's, when Quinton disposed of his interest to A. B. Reed, the new firm being Hazlitt & Reed. This con- tinued until the death of Mr. Reed, when Mr. Hazlitt admitted his son as partner, and the busi- ness was conducted until the demise of the latter. George K. Hazlitt took the greatest interest in fraternal societies and filled all stations of prom- inence in their promotion during his career. Napoleon B. Barlow was born in New York City in 1833, coming to Chicago when 20 years of age. Shortly after making this city his home he established the company with which he was identified for forty-five years. On account of his modest and retiring disposition he was not as well known in the community as his sterling qual- ities would warrant, but to those who were acquainted with him Mr. Barlow was a man whose friendship was valuable. In him the strug- gling found one whose aid was beneficial and an appeal to his generosity was never made in vain. Kindly sympathy and co-operation were always 120 (j&Ifr Slum* 3ob forthcoming, and always practical when pre- sented to him. In the printing world Mr. Barlow was unpre- tentious and conservative and gained the regard of his fellows by his uprightness and worth. In the rush and rapid changes since the fire he moved along quietly devoting his best talents to serving his patrons, building up a business of successful proportions, and accumulated a substantial com- petency as the result of his toil. Mr. Barlow died Sept. 30, 1908. Adam Craig was a native of Leith, Scotland, and at the age of 11 he was indentured to Messrs. Blackie & Sons, Glasgow, then one of the most important printing establishments in Great Britain. Here he served the required term of seven years, but wishing to add to his knowledge of the art he was induced to leave his native land and came to Chicago in the spring of 1871, first accepting employment in the office of Robert Fergus, later going into business on his own ac- count, the firm being known as Bryant, Walker & Craig. This was one of the first establishments in the burnt district, it being located on Lake street, near Franklin. Becoming desirous of specializing in the way of fine printing, Mr. Craig opened an office called the "Craig Press," and devoted his efforts along this line, finally going into the publishing branch of the industry. For more than forty years he was an active fac- tor in the realm of printing in Chicago, dying on May 2, 1911. At the time of his death he was a 121 member of the firm of Jacobsen Publishing Co., publishers of Hide and Leather. William Franklin Hall, the founder of the W. F. Hall Printing Company, was probably one of the most successful master printers in Chicago, if the comparatively brief period of his connection with the trade is considered. Mr. Hall was born in Columbia City, Ind., in 1862, and acquired an insight into the trade in a country newspaper office in the Hoosier State. Ambi- tious to advance, he in 1882 came to the busy hive of the industry, Chicago, and at once began his climb to distinction. For a time he pursued his calling as journeyman and later assumed the foremanship of the Regan Printing House, where his ability found scope for its display and where he demonstrated unusual forcefulness as a work- man. In 1893 Mr. Hall organized the W. F. Hall Company, and previous to his death he built one of the conspicuous printing establish- ments of the country, demonstrating possibilities in the industry that were not deemed possible. Impaired health compelled a trip to Europe, and, failing of relief, his death took place in London in 1911, aged 49 years. John Alexander was a product of the "Land of the Bonnie Braes," being born in Glasgow, Scotland, the home of good printing, in 1843, he beginning his indenture when a lad of 11 years. Feeling the need of educational advantages, the youth pursued his studies in night schools, and through industrious application won medals of 122 @Ifr giimr 3(ob f rtnlrra honor for his proficiency. Mastering the mys- tery of the art seemed natural to Alexander; he ascended all grades to the superintendency of the institution where he began his first effort, arriving at that distinction upon reaching his majority. Wishing newer and wider fields of opportunity, after several years spent as super- intendent of the Glasgow establishment, Mr. Alexander came to Chicago the year of the fire and associated himself with the D. C. Cook Pub- lishing Company, where he was employed almost twenty years. There were but few craftsmen in all branches of the printing business who were so finished and capable as John Alexander, and it may be stated to his credit that under his skillful supervision many of the most important pieces of printing of his time were executed in such rapid order as to excite comment. He was connected with a number of the leading printing firms of the city among these were William Johnston & Co., the Regan Printing House, and others until shortly before his death, which occurred in April, 1909. Those whom we have been privileged to men- tion constitute but a small fraction of the number who have left an impress upon the typographical history of Chicago. They were representative followers of the vocation, with all that the term implies, and through their efforts the printing- world as we know it in this day and generation has been the legitimate outgrowth of their en- deavors. The enterprise of these pioneer printers SItmg Sob jrintrrH 123 contributed striking examples of courage in over- coming the obstacles which surrounded them, and while they have passed to their reward, the memory of their achievements remains with those who have come after them, and will be cherished as a rich testimonial to the skill of their fellow- craftsmen who helped to make Chicago pre- eminently the printing center of the nation. As an index of the tremendous strides which printing has made in a comparatively few years, it may be recalled that in the directory published in 1860-1861 there were only twenty-nine names of printers of all kinds, that is, job and news- paper, while the directory for 1911 shows no less than 1,047 book and job printing offices, exclud- ing newspapers, thereby showing the industry has developed in a ratio calculated to excite wonderment on the part of those now engaged in it. From every point of view the capacity to produce as well as the high quality of the work turned out, Chicago's supremacy is undisputed. 's iatlg The history of the newspaper undertakings of Chicago during the past three-quarters of a cen- tury reads like a chapter of romance as we con- template the enthusiastic efforts with which ambitious publishers would inaugurate their enterprises and the many disappointments which would attend their projects within a brief space of time. The atmosphere of early Chicago seemed charged with the stimulating ozone which took form in pretentious newspapers and periodicals, the period of rapidly changing thought, political alignment and development doubtless giving added impetus to the publication idea. At all events, there were issued newspapers and maga- zines in response rather to the impulse of the promoter than to the desire of the public or its ability to support these after they were started. As a consequence many of them had but an ephemeral existence, and the delver into facts is forced to turn into almost forgotten receptacles to bring forth even brief references to past publications. After much labor and research there has been rescued from oblivion, as far as possible, the 126 126 QUjtraiui'fl Duiht N'ruu^tayrrr. names and titles of publications of former days, and it is a source of satisfaction to be able to present many enterprises. In numerous lines of effort these papers are recognized as among the most influential in their class, and while some have been doubtless overlooked in the rapidity with which this work has been compiled, on the whole the extensive list presented can be re- garded as embracing a very large percentage of the projects instituted in Chicago since the first paper was issued, almost four score years ago. The first newspaper published in Chicago was issued by John Calhoun, in November, 1833. Calhoun was a practical printer and started a weekly called the Chicago Democrat. The great West was then attracting settlers, and the dis- turbed conditions in the South incident to the nullification ideas of South Carolina made the time auspicious to establish a paper which would support the policies of Andrew Jackson, the then President. The Democrat continued to espouse the cause of "Old Hickory," and it found a field for its views more encouraging by far than it found substantial support in a material sense. Mr. Calhoun was in control of the pioneer paper for three years, when he disposed of the property to John Wentworth, who later became mayor and afterward served as a member of Congress. Newspapers had been started in other portions of Illinois previous to Calhoun's venture; in fact, there were many much more promising sites for thriving and successful papers than Chicago pre- (Chtraitu's II ail it X'piuapa^rH 127 sented in 1833, and as a consequence the news- paper history of Illinois is an old and interesting one. In 1840 Wentworth issued the Democrat as a daily, it being the first undertaking in that line with which the city was favored. The paper continued in its support of the principles of the Democratic party until the divisions in the organ- ization over the slavery question became so wide that a new party came to the front, and Went- worth gradually left his former affiliations and later landed in the Republican party. Party ties were being adjusted on new lines, and the Demo- crat became pronounced in its allegiance to the new party. With the inauguration of Lincoln and imminent danger of civil war, Wentworth looked on the time as propitious to cast aside his burden of responsibility as the publisher of a daily paper, which he had been running for more than twenty years, and in 1861 the pioneer daily was turned over to the Tribune and it ceased to be issued. The later period of the Democrat's career was at a time of tremendous consequence to human rights, problems being put forward that shook the very foundations of free govern- ment and really precipitated the bloody strife of four years for final settlement. In all these Chi- cago was in evidence, and in many particulars it was an important factor, the newspapers con- tributing their full share to the extraordinary development now so observable on every hand. 128 i0pap*rH 131 degree to have the regard of its readers. Its policy has been such as to command respect, and its course in later years, while possibly inclined to be less partisan, continues to be a great power for good in this community. As is well understood, the conflagration of 1871 de- stroyed every newspaper establishment in the city, and effectually paralyzed efforts to resume publication because of lack of material, but the pluck of the Journal was dis- played in an extraordinary degree by the fact that while the fire was rapidly pushing its way to Lincoln Park on that fateful Monday, the Journal publishers were invading an abandoned printing office at No. 18 South Canal street and proceeded to get out a small sheet in defiance of the calamity. No one not familiar with this period of anxiety can fully estimate the value or comprehend the encouragement which this circumstance afforded to the victims of the fire and how their hopes were revived by the example of newspaper enterprise. At once business was attracted to the West Side, and in the immediate section surrounding the Journal's loca- tion there was a revived activity that would not have been believed possible under conditions other than those stimulated by a newspaper atmosphere. The Journal continues one of the city's great news- papers and its broadening influence and increasing patronage have been legitimately earned by uniform devo- tion to every worthy cause and in the advocacy of prin- ciples that are recognized as progressive. For about ten years John C. Eastman has been in charge of the Journal's editorial policy, the Journal Company being registered as its publishers. THE INTER OCEAN, 1872-1912: In March, 1872, there was issued from the corner of Wabash avenue and Con- gress street, now occupied by the Auditorium, a newspaper which up to that time never had a counterpart as far as its name is concerned, it being christened Inter Ocean, the departure itself attracting unusual attention. This undertaking was sponsored by Jonathan Young Scam- 132 ro0pajuer0 135 has been safeguarded by following a conservative course which has made friends for the paper. EVENING POST, 1889-1912: There have been many journalistic ventures in Chicago with the name of Evening Post, but the one which has lasted and bids fair to become as permanent as the municipality itself, is the one begun with ample equipment of newspaper resources and liberal capital in 1889 by James W. Scott and a coterie of trained journalists. This practical band of clever newsgatherers at once made the enterprise a success, and almost from the first issue the Post had a large following. Originally the paper was sold at two cents, but a short time ago the price was lowered to the cheaper standard, and the paper has continued to flourish. In typographical excellence the Post is regarded as a model, and in dignity and bearing the paper is of meritorious quality. A number of noted newspaper men won distinction on the Post in its early days, among others F. P. Dunne of "Dooley" letters fame, and Kirke La Shelle, who afterwards became prominent as a playwright. John C. Shaffer is the editor and publisher, he owning three daily papers in the Hoosier state, and one in Louis- ville, Ky. For a number of years the Post has leaned to the principles of the Republican party, but the recent campaign found the paper espousing the cause of the Progressives. Much space is given in the paper to music, art, theatricals, book reviews and commercial and financial reports, its patronage seeming to warrant the attention given to these departments. CHICAGO AMERICAN, 1900-1912: On July 4, 1900, William Randolph Hearst launched the first number of his Chicago American, and from that day to the present there has been unusual evidence of newspaper activity. The new undertaking was so unlike what the citizens of Chicago had been familiar with that predictions were general that modifications would have to be made in the appearance of the newcomer if it would succeed. This prophecy has remained unfulfilled, and instead of their 136