STATE OF ILLINOIS WILLIAM G. STRATTON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION VERA M. BINKS, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS— NO. 168 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 WALTER H. VOSKUIL PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1953 ILL! SURVi CAL RARY DEC SI 1953 'LLIffOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00005 8408 STATE OF ILLINOIS WILLIAM G. STRATTON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION VERA M. BINKS, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS— NO. 168 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 WALTER H. VOSKUIL PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1953 MANUSCRIPT COMPLETED JUNE 8, 1953 ORGANIZATION STATE OF ILLINOIS HOX. WILLIAM G. STRATTON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION HON. VERA M. BINKS. Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION HON. VERA M. BINKS, Chairman W. H. NEWHOUSE, Ph.D., Geology ROGER ADAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry ROBERT H. ANDERSON, B.S., Engineering A. E. EMERSON, Ph.D., Biology LEWIS H. TIFFANY, Ph.D., Pd.D., Forestry GEORGE D. STODDARD, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D., L.H.D., President of the University of Illinois DELYTE W. MORRIS, Ph.D., President of Southern Illinois University GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D., Chief (75446— 2500-8-53) 7 (o/U z STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Natural Resources Building, Urbana M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D., Chief Enid Townley, M.S., Geologist and Assistant to the Chief Velda A. Millard, Junior Assistant to the Chief Helen E. McMorris, Secretary to the Chief RESEARCH (Not including part-time personnel) GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Arthur Bevan, Ph.D., D.Sc, Principal Geologist Frances H. Alsterlund, A.B., Research Assistant Coal Jack A. Simon, M.S., Geologist and Head G. H. Cady, Ph.D., Senior Geologist and Head, Emeritus Ernest P. Du Bois, Ph.D., Geologist George M. Wilson, M.S., Geologist Robert M. Kosanke, PhD., Geologist Raymond Siever, Ph.D., Associate Geologist John A. Harrison, M.S., Associate Geologist Margaret A. Parker, M.S., Assistant Geologist M. E. Hopkins, M.S., Assistant Geologist Kenneth E. Clegg, M.S., Assistant Geologist Oil and Gas A. H. Bell, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Lester L. Whiting, B.A., Associate Geologist Virginia Kline, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Wayne F. Meents, Assistant Geologist Kathryn C. Irving, Technical Assistant Margaret O. Oros, B.A., Assistant Geologist Eugene Frund, B.A., Research Assistant Jacob Van Den Berg, B.S., Research Assistant Petroleum Engineering Paul A. W t itherspoon Head Frederick Squires, A.B., B.S Emeritus Industrial Minerals J. E. Lamar, B.S., Geologist and Head Donald L. Graf, Ph.D., Geologist James C. Bradbury, A.M., Assistant Geologist Robert J. Cronk, M.S., Assistant Geologist Raymond S. Shrode, M.S., Assistant Geologist Clay Resources and Clay Mineral Technology Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D., Consulting Clay Mineralogist W. Arthur White, M.S., Associate Geologist Herbert D. Glass, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Edward C. Jonas, M.S., Assistant Geologist Groundwater Geology and Geophysical Exploration Frank C. Foley, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Merlyn B. Buhle, M.S., Associate Geologist Theodore R. Walker, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Robert E. Bergstrom, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist Richard F. Fisher, M.S., Assistant Geologist (on leave) John W. Foster, M.S., Assistant Geologist James E. Hackett, M.S., Assistant Geologist Margaret J. Castle, Assistant Geologic Draftsman (on leave) Lidia Selkregg, D.N.S., Research Assistant M.S., Petroleum Engineer and Petroleum Engineer, Geophysical Research M. William Pullen, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Robert B. Johnson, M.S., Assistant Geologist Bennie Ellis, Assistant (on leave) Robert C. Parks, Technical Assistant Engineering Geology and Topographic Mapping George E. Ekblaw, Ph.D., Geologist and Head William C. Smith, M.A., Assistant Geologist Stratigraphy and Areal Geology H. B. W t illman, Ph.D., Geologist and Head David H. Swann, Ph.D., Geologist Elwood Atherton, Ph.D., Geologist Charles W. Collinson, Ph.D., Associate Geologist Donald B. Saxby, M.S., Assistant Geologist T. C. Buschbach, M.S., Assistant Geologist Howard R. Schwalb, B.S., Research Assistant Charles C. Engel, Technical Assistant Joseph F. Howard, Assistant Physics R. J. Piersol, Ph.D., Physicist, Emeritus Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. GEOCHEMISTRY Frank H. Reed, Ph.D., Chief Chemist Grace C. Johnson, B.S., Research Assistant Coal Chemistry G. R. Yohe, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Francis Scheidt, B.S., Research Assistant Rudolph L. Pedrotti, M.S., Research Assistant Physical Chemistry J. S. Machin, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Kenneth B. Thomson, Ph.D., Physicist Juanita Witters, M.S., Assistant Physicist Tin Boo Yee, M.S., M.A., Assistant Chemist Daniel L. Deadmore, B.S., Research Assistant Fluo rine Chem is try G. C. Finger, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Robert E. Oesterling, B.A., Assistant Chemist Joseph E. Dunbar, M.S., Special Research Assistant Melvin J. Gortatowski, M.S., Special Research Assistant Raymond H. White, B.S., Special Research Assistant Chemical Engineering H. W. Jackman, M.S.E., Chemical Engineer and Head R. J. Helfinstine, M.S., Mechanical Engineer and Supervisor of Physical Plant P. W. Henline, M.S., Chemical Engineer B. J. Greenwood, B.S., Mechanical Engineer James C. McCullough, Research Associate (on leave) Walter E. Cooper, Technical Assistant Edward A. Schaede, Technical Assistant Cornel Marta, Technical Assistant X-Ray W. F. Bradley, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Analytical Chemistry O. W. Rees, Ph.D., Chemist and Head L. D. McVicker, B.S., Chemist Emile D. Pierron, M.S., Associate Chemist Donald R. Dickerson, B.S., Assistant Chemist Francis A. Coolican, B.S., Assistant Chemist Charles T. Allbright, B.S., Research Assistant Robert L. Eissler, B.S., Research Assistant William J. Armon, B.S., Research Assistant Evelyn Veazey, B.S., Research Assistant Raymond Isaac, B.S., Research Assistant Eugene Lange, Technical Assistant George R. James, Technical Assistant Lois Jean Ruffner, Technical Assistant MINERAL ECONOMICS W. H. Voskuil, Ph.D., Mineral Economist W. L. Busch, A.B., Assistant Mineral Economist Ethel M. King, Research Assistant EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION Gilbert O. Raasch, Ph.D. Margaret H. Bargh, B.S. Geologist in Charge Research Assistant ft in July 1, 1953 RESEARCH AFFILIATES IN GEOLOGY J Harlen Bretz, Ph.D., University of Chicago Stanley E. Harris, Jr., Ph.D., Southern Illinois Uni- versity C. Leland Horberg, Ph.D., University of Chicago Heinz A. Lowenstam, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology Paul E. Potter, Ph.D., Assistant Geologist, State Geological Survey William E. Powers, Ph.D., Northwestern University Paul R. Shaffer, Ph.D., University of Illinois Harold R. Wanless, Ph.D., University of Illinois J. Marvin Weller, Ph.D., University of Chicago CONSULTANTS Geology, George W. White, Ph.D., University of Illinois Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D., University of Illinois L. E. Workman, M.S., Former Head, Subsurface Division Ceramics, Ralph K. Hursh, B.S., .University of Illinois Mechanical Engineering, Seichi Konzo, M.S., University of Illinois Editing, Dorothy E. Rose, B.S. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION ( Not including part-time personnel) LIBRARY Anne E. Kovanda, B.S., B.L.S., Librarian Ruby D. Frison, Technical Assistant MINERAL RESOURCE RECORDS Vivian Gordon, Head Margaret A. Bryant, B.A., Research Assistant Gretchen B. Bauerle, Technical Assistant Judy Ann Day, Technical Assistant Mary L. Bahe, B.A., Technical Assistant Lorna J. Elliott, Technical Assistant Marianne Theodorsen, Technical Assistant PUBLICATIONS Jane V. Olson, B.A., Associate Technical Editor Barbara Zeiders, B.S., Assistant Editor Meredith M. Calkins, Geologic Draftsman TECHNICAL RECORDS Berenice Reed, Supervisory Technical Assistant Marilyn DeLand, B.S., Technical Assistant GENERAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Irene H. Benson, Technical Assistant Lois J. Winiarski, Technical Assistant (on leave) July 1, 1953 OTHER TECHNICAL SERVICES Leslie D. Vaughan, Research Associate Beulah M. Unfer, Technical Assistant A. W. Gotstein, Research Associate Glenn G. Poor, Research Associate Gilbert L. Tinberg, Technical Assistant Wayne W. Nofftz, Supervisory Technical Assistant Donovon M. Watkins, Technical Assistant FINANCIAL RECORDS Velda A. Millard, In Charge Leona B. Kenward, Clerk-Typist III Virginia C. Sanderson, B.S., Clerk-Typist II Joann M. Dunbar, Clerk-Typist I Irma E. Samson, Clerk-Typist I CLERICAL SERVICES Mary Cecil, Clerk-Stenographer III Mary M. Sullivan, Clerk-Stenographer III Ethel M. Henwood, B.A., Clerk-Stenographer II Lyla Nofftz, Clerk-Stenographer II Kathryn M. Retallick, A.B., Clerk-Stenographer J I Phyllis J. Barham, Clerk-Stenographer I Lillian Weakley, Clerk-Stenographer I Shirley Colvin, Clerk-Stenographer I Barbara Jolliff, Clerk-Stenographer I Mary J. de Haan, Messenger-Clerk I AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE Glenn G. Poor, In Charge Robert O. Ellis, Automotive Mechanic Everette Edwards, Automotive Mechanic David B. Cooley, Automotive Mechanic's Helper CONTENTS Page Introduction 7 Acknowledgments 7 Coal 12 Production in 1951 and 1952 12 Production by states 12 Eastern Interior basin 13 Illinois production 13 Cumulative coal production 13 Coal production in Illinois by counties 25 Coal markets 25 Upper Mississippi Valley 26 Coal exports 27 Coke industry 28 Coke in 1951 and 1952 29 Coke in Illinois 29 Petroleum 31 Developments in 1951 and 1952 31 Illinois development 39 Illinois production in 1951 and 1952 40 Nonmetallic minerals 41 Function of structure 41 Stone 43 Cement 43 Clay and clay products 43 Sand and gravel 44 Fluorspar industry 50 Production 50 Fluorspar industry in 1951 and 1952 50 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Value of annual mineral production in Illinois 11 2. National production of bituminous coal, 1930-1951 13 3. The seven states which produced 90 percent of the nation's bituminous coal for the years 1951 and 1952 13 4. Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky coal fields and main mining districts 14 5. Illinois coal production based on annual production figures 17 6. Illinois coal production based on a ten-year moving average of annual production figures 17 7. Illinois coal production by counties in 1951 24 8. Illinois counties which produced 100 million tons of coal, 1882-1952 26 9. Average mine value of Illinois coal, 1930-1951 28 10. Degree-day map of Illinois and adjacent region .- 30 11. New oil pools discovered in Illinois in 1952 32 12. Illinois production of crude petroleum, 1905-1952 33 13. Illinois well completions and production by months, 1937-1952 38 14. Source of United States crude petroleum imports, 1951 39 15. Source of United States crude petroleum imports, 1952 39 16. Estimates of proved oil reserves and production in Illinois, 1937-1952 40 17. Percentage consumption of fluorspar by industries, 1947-1952 52 TABLES Table Page 1. Summary of mineral production of Illinois, sold or used by producers, 1950-1952 8 2. Value of Illinois mineral production, 1914-1952 10 3. National production of bituminous coal, 1948-1952 12 4. Production of bituminous coal in the Eastern Interior coal field, 1948-1952 14 5. Annual coal production in Illinois, 1882-1952 15 6. Illinois coal production by counties, 1882-1952 16 7. Illinois counties which produced more than 100 million tons of coal, 1882-1952 17 8. Coal production of all Illinois mines by type of mine and by counties, 1951 18 9. Coal production of all Illinois mines by type of mine and by counties, 1952 20 10. Summary of amount and value of coal produced in Illinois, 1951-1952 22 1 1 . Summary of data concerning Illinois coal seams 23 12. Bituminous coal consumed by various industries, United States, 1952 25 13. United States exports of bituminous coal, 1939-1952 26 14. Coke and by-products used or sold by producers in Illinois, 1951 27 15. Sources of coal used for producing coke in Illinois, 1950-1951 28 16. Illinois coal supplied to Illinois and Indiana coke plants, 1947-1951 29 17. Production of crude petroleum by states, 1948-1952 31 18. Illinois well completions and production, 1936-1952 33 19. Illinois oil production by counties, 1952 34 20. Production of natural gasoline in Illinois and other states, 1949-1952 35 21. Gasoline consumption in Illinois and the United States by years, 1948-1952 35 22. Estimates of proved oil reserves in states serving the Illinois area, 1949-1953 35 23. Estimates of natural gas reserves in Illinois and other states, 1950-1953 36 24. Crude oil prices 36 25. United States crude petroleum imports, 1948-1952 37 26. United States exports and imports of refined petroleum products, 1940-1952 37 27. Limestone and dolomite in 1950, 1951, and 1952 42 28. Agstone used in Illinois in 1950, 1951, and 1952. , 42 29. Agstone used in Illinois annually, 1946-1952 43 30. Cement sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1950-1951 45 31. Lime sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1950-1951 46 32. Clay and clay products in 1950, 1951, and 1952 47 33. Sand and gravel in 1950, 1951, and 1952 48 34. Special sands in 1950, 1951, and 1952 49 35. Ground silica sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1950-1951 49 36. Fluorspar data for the United States, 1948-1952 51 37. Consumption of fluorspar (domestic and foreign) in the United States, by industries, 1948-1952. . 51 38. Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, by states, 1950-1951 51 39. United States imports of fluorspar, 1951-1952 52 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 WALTER H. VOSKUIL Illinois possesses an abundant wealth of agricultural, mineral, and human re- sources. A fertile soil, a favorable climate, and a level topography adapted to the use of power machinery on farms combine to make possible one of the most efficient and low-cost food-producing areas in the United States if not in the world. Within Illinois there are also found inexhaustible deposits of coal, generous supplies of petro- leum, and extensive deposits of sands, grav- els, clays, and other resources including zinc, lead, and fluorspar. However, it was through the efforts of an intelligent people, making diverse and profitable use of these natural assets, that a wide array of indus- tries has been built, limited in extent and output only by the consuming power of the area. This unusual combination of agricultural, mineral, and industrial resources is further strengthened by Illinois' strategic geographic position. Here the primary materials of in- dustrial production — fuels and iron ore, the latter from the Lake Superior district — are available in abundance and are assembled for processing at a low cost on Lake Michi- gan near the large market of Chicago and of smaller cities in the industrial belt. The opportunities for production and employ- ment in this inland empire are unsurpassed by most areas. The mineral industries of Illinois occupy an important position in the industrial ac- tivities of the upper Mississippi states and of the nation as well (see tables 1 and 2, fig. 1). Illinois ranks first in the value of mineral output in the Middle West and is one of the foremost mineral producers of the United States. Manufacturing, re- garded by many as an index of development in the modern age, further distinguishes Illinois as a great industrial state. This summary of the mineral production of Illinois for 1951 and 1952 and review of the various economic conditions is issued for the information not only of the mineral producers, who have cooperated in its com- pilation, but also all persons interested in the great natural mineral wealth and progressive character of the state. Acknowledgments This report is made possible through the cooperation of the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior, the Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, and mineral producers through- out Illinois, who furnished information regarding their operations. Special acknowledgment is made to Ethel M. King, who has assembled the statistics for the sections on stone, sand, gravel, clay and clay products, silica, and tripoli ; and to W. L. Busch for preparation of the sec- tions on coal, coke, petroleum, natural gas, zinc, lead, and fluorspar. Each section of this report was prepared in close collaboration with the heads of the several mineral research divisions of the Illi- nois State Geological Survey. Special assist- ance and advice were contributed by several members of the Coal Division; A. H. Bell, Geologist and Head of the Oil and Gas Division; J. E. Lamar, Geologist and Head of the Industrial Minerals Division; F. H. Reed, Chief Chemist and Head of the Geo- chemistry Section, and G. C. Finger, Chem- ist and Head of the Fluorspar Division of that Section. [7] ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 1. — Summary of Mineral Production of Material Detail table Unit 1950* Line No. Quantity Value at Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coal — bituminous Petroleum Crude oil Natural gas — marketed Natural gas — used in fields .... Natural gasoline Liquefied petroleum gases Stone, rock products Limestone and dolomite Cement Lime Clay, clay products Clays Clay products Sand and gravel Sand Gravel Special sand Ground silica Fluorspar Metals Zinc Lead Silver Annual mineral production 10 18 27 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 38 Tons Bbls. M cu. ft. M cu. ft. Bbls. j Tons Bbls. Tons Tons Tons a u Tons Tons Tons a Fine oz. 57,282,000 62,028,000 13,285,000 12,305,000 3,107,000 $231,993,000 171,818,000 1,342,000 964,000 7,177,170 7 8 9 10 18,283,655 8,145,885 367,485 181,301,170 22,099,967 17,810,417 4,465,413 11 12 13 237,957 44,375,797 1,178,017 47,155,311 14 15 16 17 6,467,478 9,763,933 2,422,723 48,333,328 4,777,106 6,687,958 5,150,318 18 19 20 21 22 23 263,122 154,623 26,982 2,729 2,001 16,615,382 2,278,237 6,110,765 7,500,996 725,914 1,811 24 — 8,228,721 25 — 539,236,400 26 27 28 29 Minerals processed, but mostly not mined, in Illinois Coke produced and by-products sold . Pig iron produced Slab zinc Miscellaneous minerals Total minerals processed 14 Tons u 6,035,333 108,301 69,619,000 258,131,192 30,107,678 6,674,589 30 — 364,532,459 31 Total minerals produced and processed — $903,768,859 * Revised figures. a Compiled from various sources, as stated in footnotes in each table. b Preliminary or estimated figures. c Subject to revision. INTRODUCTION Illinois, Sold or Used by Producers, 1950-1952* 1951 c 1952 c plants Quantity Value at plants Quantity Value at plants Line Xo. Av. Total Av. Total Av. $ 4.05 2.77 0.101 0.078 2.31 54,870,000 60,244,000 11,425,000 11,780,000 b 2,900,000 $223,320,000 166,876,000 1,748,000 1,333,000 b 6,786,000 $ 4.07 2.77 0.153 0.113 b 2.34 45,753,000 60,071,000 b 10,300,000 b 10,600,000 b 2,700,000 $186,671,000 166,397,000 b 1,648,000 b 1,219,000 b 6,399,000 $ 4.08 2.77 b 0.16 b 0.115 b 2.37 1 2 3 4 5 1.21 2.19 12.15 19,005,380 8,648,647 462,690 b 176, 743,000 23,082,723 20,775,862 5,878,289 1.22 2.40 12.70 b 13,909,541 b 8,994,590 b 300,000 b 175,663,000 b 18,166,895 b 21,587,016 b 3,750,000 b 1.30 b 2.40 b 12.50 7 8 9 10 4.95 283,406 49,736,874 1,305,247 53,594,329 4.61 b 200,552 b 43,503,911 b 1,106,987 b 42,209,798 b 5.54 11 12 13 0.74 0.68 6,607,153 8,521,204 2,772,273 54,899,576 4,854,705 6,398,482 6,293,841 0.74 0.75 b 4,854,084 b 7,302,511 b 2,877,980 b 43,316,785 b 3,748,500 b 5,850,000 b 7,557,403 b 0.77 b 0.80 14 15 16 17 8.66 39.52 278.00 266.00 0.905 262,488 204,328 21,776 3,160 3,465 17,547,028 2,300,100 9,294,703 7,926,464 1,093,360 3,136 8.76 45.49 364.00 346.00 0.905 b 278,438 b 207,000 b 19,807 b 4,278 b 3,708 b 17,155,703 b 2,436,333 b 9,522,000 b 6,536,310 b 1,368,960 b 3,356 b 8.75 b 46.00 330.00 b 320.00 0.905 18 19 20 21 22 23 — — 9,022,960 — — b 7,908,626 — 24 — — 542,864,241 — — b 486, 177,358 — 25 42.77 278.00 b 6,553,000 108,544 74,639,000 b 3 14, 544,000 39,510,016 6,384,161 b 48.00 b 5,700,000 364.00 b 111,800 b 64,200,000 b 279,300,000 b 36,894,000 b 8,090,100 b 49.00 330.00 26 27 28 29 — — 435,077,177 — — b 388,484,100 — 30 i $977,941,418 — — b $874,661,458 — 31 10 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 2. — Value of Illinois Mineral Production, 1914-1952* (Thousands of dollars) Minerals Year Mineral processed, but Total production mostly not mined, minerals produced in Illinois and processed 1914 $117,166 $ 44,843 $162,009 15 114,446 82,871 197,317 1916 146,360 130,082 276,442 17 234,736 144,754 379,490 18 . . . 271,244 149,740 420,984 19 213,701 95,077 308,778 20 373,926 137,228 511,154 1921 254,019 54,136 308,155 22 244,618 85,820 330,438 23 282,761 142,131 424,892 24 235,796 95,506 331,302 25 231,658 118,702 350,360 1926 237,242 119,642 356,884 27 180,394 105,099 285,493 28 188,099 110,622 298,721 29 182,791 125,516 308,307 30 148,311 89,303 237,614 1931 108,066 52,014 160,080 32 71,693 24,385 96,078 33 74,837 34,786 109,623 34 89,212 41,405 130,617 35 96,484 57,038 153,522 1936 117,916 78,693 196,609 37 133,437 104,359 237,796 38 130,155 50,482 180,637 39 215,157 86,324 301,481 40 287,327 114,814 402,141 1941 333,225 168,338 501,563 42 341,835 199,281 541,116 43 337,912 221,939 559,851 44 342,832 206,833 549,666 45 344,267 193,658 537,925 1946 379,673 183,491 563,164 47 458,734 264,652 723,386 48 567,624 291,866 859,490 49 487,808 293,652 781,460 50 *539,236 *364,532 *903,769 1951 542,864 435,077 977,941 52 486,177 388,484 874,661 Revised figures. 11 Compiled from following sources: For years 1914 — 1922, incl. — U . S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of United States. For years 1923 — 1931, " — U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Resources of United States. For years 1932—1938, " — U. S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbooks. For years 1939 — 1952, — Summary of canvass made by Illinois Geological Survey and U. S. Bureau of Mines, and from Minerals Yearbooks. IXTRODUCTIOX 11 750 ,00 450 350 300 10 50 t /» / i 1 i 1 1 \ 1 1 t 1 1 1 !'l ^ I » I \ , / \/ ~\ / \ / 1 u \ 1 1 1 i / / 1 1 1 \ 1 i i 1 k- -MINERA LS PRO[ )UCED 1 1 1 i\ AND 3 R< A. / i 1 / I ' .' 1 ■ » » i ' » ' ii 1 ' i 0* 1 ' ii ' !/ S^s^ • 'ii f \ < r \ A 1 V \ i 1 } *\ A <'l 1 / 1 ' i / / 1 / / / / / 1 / I MINERAL \ X * \ * ' *J PRODUCTION — ■ A \ i 1914 '15 '20 '25 "30 35 '40 "45 "50 Fig. 1. — Value of annual mineral production in Illinois. '55 12 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 COAL Production in 1951 and 1952 The record of coal production in the United States for a five-year period, 1948- 1952, is shown in table 3. Production in 1951, of 534 million tons, up slightly from the 1950 figure of 516 million tons, was only about 2 percent below the average for the previous five years. The average yearly output of coal for the decade ending in 1950, which included the war years, was 560 million tons. Preliminary figures for 1952 indicate a decline in production of about 13 percent from the 1951 total. Coal production for the United States in 1952 is estimated at 465 million tons. Production by States The states east of the Mississippi River produce more than 90 percent of the national bituminous coal output. Although compe- tition among these producing states is keen, there is a certain degree of market specializa- tion, based mainly on the characteristics of the coal. Coal supplied to the blast furnace, in the form of coke, is also used as fuel for domestic heating; thus the two markets are in a sense complementary. Coal suitable for coking is also excellent domestic fuel. Small sizes and screenings are used for the coking market, and prepared sizes find a ready out- let as domestic fuel over a large area. Table 3. — National Production of Bituminous Coal, 1948-1952 = (Thousands of tons) Percent State 1948 1949 1950* 1951 1952 b of total 1952 Alabama .... 18,801 12,934 14,422 13,597 10,950 2.4 Alaska 408 434 412 494 610 0.1 Arkansas .... 1,662 962 1,169 1,107 910 0.2 Colorado .... 5,631 4,636 4,259 4,103 3,640 0.8 Illinois 65,342 47,208 56,291 54,200 45,600 9.8 Indiana 23,849 16,550 19,957 19,451 16,250 3.5 Iowa 1,670 1,725 1,891 1,630 1,460 0.3 Kansas 2,538 2,031 2,125 1,961 1,835 0.4 Kentucky .... 82,084 62,583 78,495 74,972 68,320 14.7 Maryland .... 1,661 668 648 589 500 0.1 Missouri 4,023 3,647 2,963 3,269 3,060 0.7 Montana .... 2,898 2,766 2,520 2,345 2,095 0.4 New Mexico 1,364 1,004 727 783 685 0.1 North Dakota 2,961 2,967 3,261 3,224 2,875 0.6 Ohio 38,708 30,961 37,761 37,949 35,150 7.6 Oklahoma .... 3,462 3,022 2,679 2,223 2,050 0.4 Pennsylvania . 134,542 89,215 105,870 108,164 89,050 19.2 Tennessee .... 6,483 4,172 5,070 5,401 4,300 0.9 Texas 57 49 — — — — Utah 6,813 6,160 6,670 6,136 6,100 1.3 Virginia .... 17,999 14,584 17,667 21,400 20,400 4.4 Washington 1,220 899 874 857 830 0.2 West Virginia . 168,862 122,610 144,116 163,310 142,180 30.6 Wyoming .... 6,412 6,001 6,348 6,430 6,085 1.3 Other states 68 80 116 70 65 — Total . . . . 599,518 437,868 516,311 533,665 465,000 100.0 Percent change from previous year -27.0 + 17.9 + 3.4 -12.9 * Revised figures. a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. b Preliminary figures. COAL n Some producing districts market substan- tial portions of their output as railroad fuel while others distribute their output among manufacturing industries, utilities, railroads, and retail yards. Eastern Interior Basin Production of bituminous coal from the Eastern Interior coal field for the years 1948-1952 inclusive is shown in table 4. The production history of the three com- petitive districts, Illinois, Indiana, and west- ern Kentucky, and the contribution of each to the total production of the Eastern Inte- rior basin from 1913 to 1942 are shown in table 4 of Illinois Mineral Industry in 1942} Annual coal production in Illinois from 1882 to 1952 is shown in table 5. Illinois Production The 54,869,679 tons of coal produced in Illinois in 1951 represents a fairly solid year of mining activity. The tonnage of coal 1 Voskuil, Walter H., Illinois Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 94, 1944. 700 600 "2 £ £ oo cr> o - I 1 * * * S « £> en o> o> c» o g> YEAR Fig. 2. — National production of bituminous coal 1930-1951. Fig. 3. — The seven states which produced 90 percent of the nation's bituminous coal for the years 1951 and 1952. produced during this period is only 9.5 per- cent below- the average for the five previous years (1946-1950 average of 60,654,362 tons per year). However, Illinois continued to maintain its share of contributions to the nation's coal pile by supplying a little over 10 percent of the United States total coal for 1951 (average contributions for five previous years range between 10 and 11 percent). Production in Illinois for 1952 registered only about 83 percent of the 1951 tonnage — a slightly greater percentage de- cline than that recorded for the United States. In 1951 and 1952 strip mining increased in the Illinois coal fields, a method of mining which has been growing in prominence for many years. In 1951 Illinois strip mines pro- duced more coal than at any previous time, a record production uf 18,309,970 tons, 33.4 percent of the total Illinois coal produced. With slight variations, this trend toward more strip mining operations is evident also in national figures. However, the average for strip production for the nation as a whole was 23.5 percent in 1951, whereas the Illi- nois figure of 33.4 percent is above the na- tional rate for this method of mining. In 1952 over 36 percent of the coal pro- duced in Illinois was from strip mines. Cumulative Coal Production Table 6 gives cumulative coal production for Illinois, by counties, for the period 1882-1952, as compiled from the annual Coal Reports of the Department of Mines 14 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 4. — Production of Bituminous Coal in the Eastern Interior Coal Field, 1948— 1952 a (Thousands of tons) Year Illinois Ind ana West Kentucky Amount Percent 10 Amount Percent b Amount Percent b Total 1948 1949 1950* 1951 1952 c 65,342 47,208 56,291 54,200 45,600 58.5 57.7 56.1 56.7 55.0 23,849 16,550 19,957 19,451 16,250 21.4 20.3 19.9 20.4 19.6 22,397 18,029 24,033 21,890 21,100 20.1 22.0 24.0 22.9 25.4 111,588 81,787 100,281 95,541 82,950 * Revised figures. a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. b Percent of total in Eastern Interior Coal Fi c Preliminary figures. IOWA MISSOURI Fig. 4. — Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky coal fields and the main mining districts. COAL 15 Table 5. — Annual Coal Production in Illinois, 1882—1952' (In tons) Percent Percent Year Amount change from previous year Year Amount change from previous year 1882 9,363,438 1917 78,983,524 +24.0 1883 10,908,797 + 16.5 1918 89,979,469 + 13.9 1884 10,101,504 - 7.4 1919 75,099,730 -16.5 1885 9,791,874 - 3.1 1920 73,920,653 - 1.6 1886 9,455,331 - 3.4 1921 80,121,948 + 8.4 1887 10,109,588 + 6.9 1922 62,947,336 -21.4 1888 11,855,188 + 17.3 1923 75,514,095 +20.0 1889 11,597,964 - 2.2 1924 72,308,665 - 4.2 1890 12,638,212 + 9.0 1925 66,160,085 - 8.5 1891 15,660,187 +23.9 b 1926 69,813,255 + 5.5 1892 17,861,974 + 14.1 1927 46,947,700 -32.8 1893 19,949,144 + 11.7 1928 56,211,082 + 19.7 1894 17,109,016 -14.2 1929 61,264,993 + 9.0 1895 17,729,624 + 3.6 1930 54,035,116 -11.8 1896 19,786,402 + 11.6 1931 45,152,623 -16.4 1897 20,072,728 + 1.4 1932 34,122,786 -24.4 1898 18,599,299 - 7.3 1933 38,320,250 + 12.3 1899 23,434,445 +26.0 1934 41,724,043 + 8.9 1900 25,153,929 + 7.3 1935 45,013,278 + 7.9 1901 26,635,319 + 5.9 1936 51,475,899 + 14.4 1902 30,021,300 + 12.7 1937 52,432,255 + 1.9 1903 34,955,400 + 16.4 1938 42,390,312 -19.2 1904 37,077,897 + 6.1 1939 47,627,454 + 12.3 1905 37,183,374 + 0.3 1940 51,905,814 + 9.0 1906 38,317,581 + 3.0 1941 55,365,835 + 6.7 1907 47,798,621 +24.7 1942 65,746,204 + 18.7 1908 49,272,452 + 3.1 1943 73,344,761 + 11.6 1909 49,163,135 - 0.2 1944 77,400,031 + 5.5 1910 48,717,853 - 0.9 1945 73,446,930 - 5.1 1911 50,165,103 + 3.0 1946 63,767,082 -13.2 1912 57,514,240 + 14.6 1947 68,325,241 + 7.2 1913 61,846,204 + 7.5 1948 66,166,805 - 3.2 1914 60,715,795 - 1.8 1949 47,630,380 -28.0 1915 57,601,694 - 5.1 1950 57,282,303 +20.3 1916 63,673,520 + 10.5 1951 54,869,679 - 4.2 1952 45,752,588 -16.6 a Source: Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals. b Figures through 1925 are for fiscal years ending with June 30 of year listed, after 1925 for calendar years as listed. The July-December, 1925, production of 36,973,590 tons is not shown in the above table. 16 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 6. — Illinois Coal Production by Counties, 1882-1952 a County Total pro- duction (in tons) Total years of pro- duction Last year of pro- duction County Total Total pro- duction years of pro- (in tons) duction 14,998,922 8,284 69 13 79,702,059 190,787 71 64 2,032,236 16 64,940,219 153,342,126 71 71 5,081 1,562 8 11 10,071,893 29 64,714,223 71 154 1 3,846,169 67 216,587,376 71 182,554,042 71 232,219,153 71 2,903,411 70 612,476 61 4,119,763 67 1,227,280 69 17,608,042 71 148,285,718 71 186,144 29 683,610 71 17,713,785 71 1,676,741 36 36,408,942 71 288,108,906 71 7,810,160 70 Last year of pro duction Adams. Bond . Brown Bureau Calhoun Cass . Christian Clinton Coles . Crawford Douglas Edgar . Effingham Franklin Fulton . Gallatin Greene. Grundy Hamilton Hancock. Hardin Henry . Jackson Jasper . Jefferson Jersey . Johnson Kankakee Knox . La Salle Livingston Logan . Macon. Macoupin McDonough McLean Madison Marion Marshall Menard 46,186 7,355,569 57,324 48,274,097 96,247 212,477 198,636,046 38,003,568 198,932 44,786 667,284 915,698 796 458,522,088 163,164,942 4,434,557 622,849 40,146,374 22,097 605,034 40 21,114,352 79,832,442 23,739 8,713,814 120,350 242,109 4,033,414 24,467,087 65,490,017 10,091,404 14,167,935 11,000,468 259,418,232 2,634,903 5,544,139 155,345,506 38,727,856 12,516,141 13,311,763 15 57 34 69 27 53 68 71 6 13 7 41 1 54 71 68 69 71 16 66 1 71 71 11 49 59 51 33 71 71 71 68 65 71 69 47 71 71 70 71 1942 1942 1950 1950 1912 1941 1952 1952 1888 1942 1952 1952 1890 1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 1905 1952 1890 1952 1952 1939 1952 1951 1939 1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 1947 1952 1951 1928 1952 1952 1951 1952 Mercer Monroe . Montgomery Morgan . Moultrie . Peoria Perry Pike . . Pope . Putnam . Randolph Richland. Rock Island St. Clair . Saline Sangamon Schuyler . Scott . Shelby . Stark Tazewell Vermilion Wabash . Warren . Washington White . Will . . Williamson Woodford 1952 1941 1952 1951 1924 1952 1952 1942 1938 1938 1952 1890 1948 1952 1952 1952 1952 1942 1950 1952 1952 1952 1943 1952 1952 1940 1952 1952 1951 Total (1882-1952) 3,241,381,926 Estimated production (1833-1881) 73,386,123 Total production (1833-1952) 3,314,768,049 a Source: Illinois State Department of Mine? and Minerals. COAL 3 40 -J Z A \ f\ A J' | V \ / rv h l\l ' f r ! V V *The six July 1,19 amount not sh nonths cool 25 to Dece ng to 36,9 )»n. mber 31,192 73,590 to 5, FISCAL YEARS CALENDAR YEARS Fig. 5. — Illinois coal production based on annual production figures. FISCAL YEARS CALENDAR YEARS Fig. 6. — Illinois coal production based on a ten- year moving average of annual production fig- ures. A moving average is a series of successive averages arrived at by dropping the first item in each group averaged and including the next item in the series. Table 7. — Illinois Counties Which Produced More Than 100 Million Tons of Coal, 1882-1952 a (In tons) County Christian Franklin Fulton Macoupin Madison Perry St. Clair Saline Sangamon Vermilion Williamson Total — 11 counties Total for state Percent of 11 counties in state total Production 1952 5,070,072 5,305,997 5,775,756 1,716,224 1,228,392 4,044,341 3,475,548 2,996,317 295,046 963,458 5,751,861 36,623,012 45,752,588 80.0 Total production 1882-1952 198,636,046 458,522,088 163,164,942 259,418,232 155,345,506 153,342,126 ^16,587,376 182,554,042 232,219,153 148,285,718 288,108,906 2,456,184,135 3,241,381,926 75.8 Year of greatest production and amount Year 1950 1944 1947 1921 1918 1948 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 Tons 8,375,600 ,173,694 ,110,451 ,521,432 ,188,768 ,227,860 ,868,449 ,670,832 ,155,734 ,971,330 ,655,101 Source: Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals 18 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 8. — Coal Production of All Illinois (In Christian . Clinton Douglas . Edgar . Franklin . Fulton Gallatin Greene Grundy Hancock . Henry Jackson Jefferson . Jersey Kankakee. Knox . LaSalle . Livingston Logan Macoupin. Madison . Marion Marshall . McDonough Menard . Mercer Montgomery Morgan Peoria Perry . Randolph St. Clair Saline . Sangamon Schuyler Stark . Tazewell Vermilion Warren Washington Will . . Williamson W'oodford Total. County Shipping Mines Number of mines 136 Tons mined underground 8,183,437 200,733 156,295 7,955,001 77,832 87,739 131,812 802,522 912,073 18,532 2,351,655 1,308,373 199,031 700,974 113,730 1,756,794 577,393 2,114,113 2,970,474 441,803 14,800 4,230,050 Tons mined strip 6,045,601 55,427 811,238 665,800 857,916 1,295,096 2,800,492 1,081,812 849,949 322,436 899,002 446,814 1,158,349 35,305,166 17,289,932 52,595,098 Total tons mined 8,183,437 200,733 156,295 7,955,001 6,123,433 143,166 943,050 1,468,322 912,073 857,916 1,313,628 2,351,655 1,308,373 199,031 700,974 113,730 4,557,286 1,659,205 2,964,062 3,292,910 441,803 899,002 14,800 446,814 5,388,399 a Source: Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals COAL 19 Mines by Type of Mine and by Counties, 1951 ! tons) Local mines County totals Number of mines Tons mined underground Tons mined strip Total tons mined Number of mines Total tons mined Percent of state total 1 11,497 — 11,497 6 2 1 1 10 8,183,437 200,733 156,295 11,497 7,955,001 14 91 0.37 0.28 02 14.50 19 6 1 2 1 114,000 15,691 9,953 36,842 1,961 1,020 30,423 41,030 150,842 17,652 1,020 40,376 41,030 29 9 1 2 1 6,274,275 160,818 1,020 40,376 41,030 11.43 0.29 0.07 0.07 2 5 1 10,818 26,076 42 390 10,818 26,118 390 5 10 2 1 1 953,868 1,494,440 912,073 390 857,916 1.74 2.72 1.66 1.56 1 7 2 1 1 62,108 11,776 48,256 10,018 9,678 2,891 62,108 21,454 2,891 48,256 10,018 4 7 2 1 9 1,375,736 21,454 2,891 48,256 2,361,673 2.51 0.04 09 4.30 6 2 1 5 111,216 510 148 22,000 — 111,216 510 148 22,000 9 1 2 1 5 1,419,589 199,031 510 148 22,000 2 59 36 04 2 1 28 3 900 152,049 7,597 10 264 150,136 910 264 302,185 7,597 2 2 1 29 13 910 700,974 264 415,915 4,564,883 1.28 0.76 8.32 3 14 4 5 8 12,158 105,400 15,217 211,231 21,081 710,233 12,085 12,158 815,633 15,217 211,231 33,166 5 22 14 7 8 1,671,363 3,779,695 3,308,127 653,034 33,166 3.05 6.89 6.03 1.19 06 1 2 16 1 2 675 48,667 135,897 2,316 15,855 23,033 675 48,667 158,930 2,316 15,855 1 2 18 1 3 675 48,667 1,057,932 2,316 30,655 09 1.93 0.06 11 1 68,894 2,539 — 68,894 2,539 2 49 1 446,814 5,457,293 2,539 (Other) 0.82 9.95 0.02 166 1,254,543 1,020,038 2,274,581 302 54,869,679 100 00 : ILLTSOIS MTSERJL IXDUSTRY IX 1951 AXL Tarns: 9. — Coae. Pgtamxraom of All Igjj«pfp - - - - - . : - r . " •'" • . i - * i * ■ . i - . . - -,- '." ■ . • \ '.:>• 1 - -. •: i- ."..1.. : ' - - - — : " "1 ,*"". ."M " - ". 1 " '. ".'".V i -- " - - - ">64 ~ 1 * " "" Kjmh 3 - 1 1 ■ - if: ::• 19,20* m - ■.- \- Ml ;-: ».-.-: ?.:■:- : : «> :: ;:■ V 1.1. ".:'.'. "!' " - 1 ::.;. .: ' - ■ ..- - ; : — - ■ EM - : : '■{*•• i • : 1 . - - — - -:: * : * , * . - S 1 - 1,837,519 - OQ),928 - " - ._ ■-- - : 555,49* -- : -■-• ..--. ... 7i.:.fvt ...... — — - ' >f - 1. " v.-'. " : 1 MM -:: Hi. - -.: : :?•:■ --• V-: ■_- ;. - _ 15,3«©,989 - :'- 400 . COAL 21 Mines by Type of Mine and by Counties, 1952 ! tons) Local mines County totals Number of mines Tons mined underground Tons mined strip Total tons mined Number of mines Total tons mined Percent of state total 1 5,246 — 5,246 5 2 1 1 9 5,070,072 154,618 179,529 5,246 5,305,997 11.08 0.34 0.40 11.60 22 6 1 2 1 99,860 85,959 12,210 85,297 132 27,252 31,586 185,157 85,959 132 39,462 31,586 32 7 1 9 1 5,775,756 142,623 132 39,462 31,586 12.62 0.31 0.09 0.07 2 5 1 9,782 10,585 46,562 3,218 9,782 13,803 46,562 5 9 1 1 4 813,621 1,228,899 1,253,526 871,379 1,054,043 1.78 2.69 2.74 1.90 2.30 8 2 1 3 7,605 34,308 33,880 9,766 2,771 17,371 2,771 34,308 33,880 8 2 1 7 6 17,371 2,771 34,308 1,716,224 1,228,392 0.04 0.07 3.75 2.68 5 1 26 16,465 80 116,702 256,943 16,465 80 373,645 1 5 1 2 26 176,622 16,465 80 1,140,994 373,645 0.38 0.04 2.49 0.82 2 3 11 6 5 3,371 11,344 74,496 29,210 174,118 845,558 86,263 3,371 11,344 920,054 115,473 174,118 11 6 19 14 6 4,044,341 1,402,846 3,475,548 2,996,317 295,046 8.84 3.07 7.60 6.55 0.65 6 1 2 12 18,568 103 36,520 101,523 1,500 8,990 16,870 27,558 103 36,520 118,393 1,500 6 1 o 14 1 27,558 103 36,520 963,458 1,500 0.06 0.08 2.10 2 14 11,170 162,375 — 11,170 162,375 3 1 39 22,404 101,725 5,751,861 (Other) 0.05 0.22 12.57 0.02 152 1,103,542 1,374,646 2,478,188 263 45,752,588 100.00 22 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 WO ^O ,_, r- -—i OO O^ CO wo ON ~* WO NO wo U . (N wo IS CO ^f r^ wo 3 x> OO "p, ^ ^ o>~ OO CN o o O > C ON O ON <0 O h» r~- wo sD ON WO rf sO rh >'£ ^^ CN wo OO CO ^ OO NO < ^ sC vO 1—1 OO rt ^ ««. < - t - -r -^ o CO — ^ WO t-H NO wo O wo o -* Tf O c -^ CO CO NO — CN CO O CO CO SO NO iu o Oh " CN wo ON j — i ON NO wo ■-H CN CO OO cr -rj OO -f CO — Tf WO oc C
  • CN ON o ON CO ^ WO VO -H r- CO -* t«= > ^ O -f <* CO wo oo CO < rt r^ «* ■* CN CN l-H NO r-- Tf ON CO o wo OO CO CO CN NO o e «- .— I .-H CO •^ oi NO 6 °\°„ OS i—i wo r^- NO o U £ 3 oCcT oC WO Tf ON ON 4^T3 OO CN © O ^o WO NO V O CN O CO CO CN WO oo ZK t^- l-H OO WO ^H NO -* , " H "— ' CO CO WO U-i o CO Tf r-» CO CN wo C^l !"! CO Tf r-- O CN CN O l-H ^h CN CO z u c "6 <-t. o > O H c ■g ■ • C s- (X *^ fcj= q £j_c o 5fj ■s- u C > \& D < ^ a ^2 B.S •• o.s COAL 23 r^ o w-> CO ^ On ro vn r^ o Tf OO CN CO O O rf *-< ^ O <-0 r^ O On O Q\ \D •>*< w-i O CO ^h OO SO VO " £ i »/ wooorooo I | C, . _ J ( |OOUGL«S a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mi b Preliminary figures, Fig. 8. — Illinois counties which produced 100 million tons of coal, 1882-1952. Eleven counties produced 82 percent of the 1951 tonnage and 80 percent of the 1952 coal tonnage. Railroads. — Although the railroads of the country have gone over strongly to the diesel locomotive, in the future coal may receive renewed attention as the more efficient coal- burning steam locomotives demonstrate their practicality. Further, if the coal-burning gas-turbine locomotive can compete success- fully with the diesel, the railroad market for coal will improve. Home heating. — Another substantial mar- ket for coal is retail deliveries to houses, about 16 percent of the 1951 coal con- sumption (table 12). However, the retail deliveries figure is probably not an exact index of the number of tons which go into house basements for space heating. Many tons of coal move straight from the tipple by truck into private coal bins, especially in midwest farmhouses. Upper Mississippi Valley The Upper Mississippi Valley coal mar- ket includes Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, COAL 27 Table 14. — Coke and By-products Used or Sold by Producers in Illinois, 1951 1951 Quantity Value at plants Thousands of dollars Average Coke produced (M tons) Coal used (M tons) Coal per ton of coke (tons) Yield of coke (percent of coal used) 3,686 5,214 1.41 70.69 $62,053 53,454 $16.84 10.25 14.50 Plants in existence December 31 Ovens in existence December 31 Capacity (M tons) 8 900 3,866 E Coke used by producer in blast furnace (M tons) Coke used by producer for other purposes (M tons) .... Coke sold for furnace use (M tons) Coke sold for foundry use (M tons) Coke sold for domestic use (M tons) Coke sold for other use (M tons) 1,888 26 1,401 242 63 66 28,973 406 25,569 5,340 881 884 15.35 15.61 18.25 22.07 14.00 13.40 Total coke used or sold (M tons) 3,686 62,053 16.84 Surplus gas used or sold (millions cu. ft.) Tar sold (M gal.) Ammonia sulfate equiv. sold (M lbs.) Light oil and derivatives sold (M gal.) 33,399 29,536 87,193 7,791 5,472 2,999 1,611 2,504 .164 .102 .019 .321 Total coke and by-products used or sold $74,639 a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, the eastern Dakotas, and Kansas. The coal marketed in this area comes from the Eastern Interior coal field, in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky, and from the Appalachian dis- tricts in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, east- ern Kentucky, and Ohio. Coal is distribut- ed by rail, rail-lake, rail-river, and truck. The coal requirements of the Upper Mississippi Valley include fuel for domestic heating, for general industrial purposes, for rail transportation, and for the manufac- ture of metallurgical coke. Competitive conditions for the several producing dis- tricts in the Appalachian field and in the Eastern Interior districts of Illinois, In- diana, and western Kentucky vary from the keenly competitive industrial and railroad fuel market to the less competitive domestic fuel trade and by-product coal market. Coal Exports The United States exported in 1951 over twice as much coal as was exported during 1950 — an increase of about 123 percent (table 13). As a coal exporting year, 1951 was second only to 1947. Bituminous coal shipments to Canada from the United States in 1951 amounted to 22,823,044 tons ; such shipments during 1952 totaled 20,951,288 tons. Although these figures indicate little change in the quantity of coal shipped to Canada during these two periods, it is, however, significant to note that Canada receives nearly 50 per- cent of her coal requirements from the United States. Shipments of coal to all other North and Central American destinations from the United States in 1951 amounted to 138,054 tons; in 1952 the total was 111,676 tons. South American bituminous coal require- ments from the United States registered a significant gain in 1951 over the amount shipped to countries of that continent during 1950. The South American receipts of United States coal in 1950 totaled 1,303,073 tons as compared with 3,016,203 tons for 28 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 1951 — a gain of almost 132 percent. Re- ceipts in 1952 from the United States to- taled 2,275,058 tons. According to a report by the Economic Commission for Europe, "among the many commodity shortages which have befallen Europe since the war, the shortage of coal stands out as both the most serious and the most unnecessary." A report covering this situation urged Western European govern- ments to discourage wasteful use of high- grade coal and to accelerate coal produc- tion. If these problems are not effectively brought under control Europe will be faced with the alternatives of lowering production goals or purchasing American coal. Coal exported from the United States during 1952, according to preliminary fig- ures, totaled 16 percent less than the amount shipped in 1951. However, the 47,636,900 tons shipped during 1952 mark the year as the third greatest coal exporting year on record. COKE INDUSTRY The primary use of coke is in reducing ores to metals. Whatever other uses may have been found for coke, they are but in- cidental in the economic significance of this material. The reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace using coke as a fuel is so far superior in terms of economy to any Table 15. — Sources of Coal Used for Pro- ducing Coke in Illinois, 1950—1951 a < Q , 4.00 o - 50 \- f£ 3.00 °- -50 LU 3 200 § .50 1.00 w .50 o: 0.00 " H n rmi! i ■ ill ii I Tons of coal 1950 1951 Arkansas .... 243 Illinois . 437,925 447,053 Indiana — 89 Kentucky . 2,229,818 2,238,890 Pennsylvania 70,565 19,983 Tennessee . 24,855 4,690 Virginia. 123,744 117,237 West Virginia 2,430,447 2,325,250 Total . 5,317,597 5,153,192 Fig. 9. — Average mine value of Illinois coal, 1930-1951. a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. other method that there are no rivals. This is of fundamental significance, for it is at present the only means of obtaining iron cheaply. The other uses of coke, such as house heating and gas making, are incidental refinements in a technology which became possible only after low-cost smelting of iron ores was developed. Coke is an artificially prepared fuel, the residue after certain bituminous coals have been subjected to destructive distillation. The product of the coke oven is cellular in structure and almost entirely carbon. The other ingredients of coal — ash, sulfur, and phosphorus — are impurities. For metal- lurgical use coke must be quick-burning to produce a high temperature, and strong enough to support a weight of ores. Coal from which coke with these qualities can be produced is comparatively limited in quan- tity. Coking coals, therefore, have high value and will increase in value in the future. The evolution of the coke-manufacturing process, first in the beehive oven and more lately in the modern by-product oven, stands as one of the significant developments in the transformation of industrial society from the handicraft and semi-handicraft stage to a power-operated economy. For, in addi- tion to its unique characteristics as a fuel for the reduction of iron ore, a coke supply freed the metallurgical industry from the sharp limitations of fuels hitherto available for smelting ores — charcoal and anthracite. COKE INDUSTRY 29 With the advent of the coke oven and the blast furnace, the primary requirement for industrialization — cheap steel — emerged into reality. These two instruments of pro- duction are the basis of a highly versatile, complex industrial eoonomy. Coke in 1951 and 1952 According to data submitted to the U. S. Bureau of Mines by coke producers, a new all-time record in coke production was attained in the United States in 1951 — a total of 79.3 million tons of coke, exclud- ing breeze. Of this amount about 72 million tons was oven coke whereas the rest was pro- duced in beehive ovens. The production of coke is a measure of the general produc- tiveness of the country; the record-high coke production of 1951 supported the double burden of accelerated general industrial ac- tivity and the national defense program. Production of basic coal-chemical raw ma- terials, which generally parallels oven-coke output, also reached new high marks in 1951. In 1952 total coke production for the United States was down about 14 percent from 1951. Of the 68.2 million tons of coke produced in 1952, by-product ovens produced about 93 percent, while beehive ovens produced only about 7 percent. As compared to the amount of coke produced by beehive ovens in 1951 (9 percent of the United States total), there was about a Table 16. — Illinois Coal Supplied to Illinois and Indiana Coke Plants, 1947-1951 a (In tons) To To Year Illinois Indiana Total plants plants 1947 . . . 226,873 225,907 452,780 1948 . . . 261,338 344,153 605,491 1949 . . . 274,033 256,661 530,694 1950 . . . 437,925 128,375 566,300 1951 . . . 447,053 — 447,053 a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. 37 percent decline in 1952, or a total of 4.6 million tons. Coke in Illinois The total value of coke and by-products used or sold in Illinois in 1951 amounted to about 74.6 million dollars, an increase of 7.2 percent over the 1950 value of 69.6 million dollars. This increase in total value was the result of higher costs and prices rather than a great increase in output of coke or by-products (table 14). Illinois possesses eight coke plants which have a total of 900 ovens, about six percent of the slot-type coke ovens in the United States. If the 1,955 coke ovens in Indiana are considered as a group with the Illinois ovens, we find that the Chicago area pos- sesses almost 20 percent of the nation's slot- type coke ovens. 30 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Fig. 10. — Degree-day map of Illinois and adjacent region showing cumulative average degree- days (based on data through 1941). Degree-days are the number of degrees that the average daily temperature falls below 65° F. totaled for the heating season. PETROLEUM 31 PETROLEUM Developments in 1951 and 1952 Production of crude oil in the United States in 1952 established another new all- time high for total volume (previous record year was 1951; see table 17). However, 1951 set a new mark with the largest an- nual increase on record. Total crude oil production for 1952 amounted to 2,292 million barrels, the third time that the United States has produced 2 billion or more barrels of petroleum in a single year (previous years were 1948 and 1951). Also of interest is the fact that the state of Texas has produced more than one billion barrels of oil during each of the years 1951 and 1952. Impetus for the sustained high produc- tion rates of domestic crude oil arises, in part, from the unfavorable working condi- tions which have developed in some foreign fields. Other reasons are the greatly increased domestic petroleum needs for the increasing automobile population, for the ever-growing numbers of railroad diesel locomotives, for heating the many new homes, and to keep the armed forces ade- quately supplied. The years 1951 and 1952 saw increased drilling activity throughout the United States to find additional oil and gas reserves. In considering wells classified as oil wells, gas wells, or dry holes, the total for 1949 17. — Production of Crude Petroleum by States, 1948— 1952 a (Thousands of barrels) Percent State 1948 1949 1950* 1951 1952 b of 1952 total Alabama 466 462 735 1,020 1,019 Arkansas 31,682 29,986 31,108 29,798 29,551 1.3 California .... 340,074 332,942 327,607 354,561 359,415 15.7 Colorado 17,862 23,587 23,303 27,823 29,153 1.3 Florida 290 441 487 596 591 — Illinois 64,808 64,501 62,028 60,243 c 58,748 2.6 Indiana 6,974 9,696 10,699 11,100 12,067 0.5 Kansas 110,908 101,868 107,586 114,522 114,758 5.0 Kentucky 8,801 8,803 10,381 11,622 12,043 0.5 Louisiana .... 181,458 190,826 208,965 232,281 241,936 10.5 Michigan 16,871 16,517 15,826 13,927 13,250 0.6 Mississippi .... 45,761 37,966 38,236 37,039 36,239 1.6 Montana 9,382 9,118 8,109 8,958 9,576 0.4 Nebraska 215 330 1,547 2,558 2,502 0.1 New Mexico .... 47,969 47,645 47,367 52,719 59,137 2.6 New York .... 4,621 4,425 4,143 4,254 4,262 0.2 Ohio 3,600 3,483 3,383 3,140 3,214 0.1 Oklahoma 154,455 151,660 164,599 186,869 192,671 8.4 Pennsylvania 12,667 11,374 11,859 11,345 11,158 0.5 Texas 903,498 744,834 829,874 1,010,270 1,026,371 44.8 Utah ...... ■ • - 16 637 1,228 1,305 1,737 _ West Virginia 2,692 2,839 2,808 2,757 2,582 0.1 Wyoming .... 55,032 47,890 61,631 68,929 68,427 3.0 Other states .... 83 110 65 75 1,590 d 0.2 Total 2,020,185 1,841,940 1,973,574 2,247,711 2,291,997 100.0 Percent change from pre\ dous year -8.8 +7.1 + 13.9 +2.0 * Revised figures. 8 Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. b Preliminary figures. c The Illinois State Geological Survey reports 60,071,000 barrels for Illinois in 1952. d Includes all other untabulated percentages. 32 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 .i !n,> v r ^"f 1 r7 *Aw '■ i'WfVi i i.. •« # JANUARY I. 1953 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ^ L AS Fig. 11. — New oil pools discovered in Illinois in 1952. 1. Black River, White Co. 2. Crossville West, White Co. 3. Ellery East. Edwards Co. 4. Francis Mills, Saline Co. 5. Gards Point North, Wabash Co. 6. Harrisburg Gas, Saline Co. 7. Hunt City East, Jasper Co. 8. Junction City South, Marion Co. 9. Lawrence West, Lawrence Co. 10. New Memphis, Clinton Co. 11. New Memphis South, Clinton Co. 12. Oak Point, Clark Co. 13. Posen, Washington Co. 14. Posey East, Clinton Co. 15. Rinard North, Wayne Co. 16. Ruark West, Lawrence Co. 17. Shawneetown East, Gallatin Co. 18. Shelbyville East, Shelby Co. 19. Staunton, Macoupin Co. 20. Sumpter North. White Co. 21. Sumpter West, White Co. 22. Tilden, Randolph Co. 23. Wamac East, Marion Co. 24. Williams South, Jefferson Co. PETROLEUM 33 Table 18. — Illinois Well Completions and Production, 1936-1952 a Yea 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 Completions h 93 449 2,536 3,617 3,755 3,807 2,017 1,791 1,991 1,763 2,362 2,046 2,489 2,741 2,894 2,383 2,077 Producing wells f 52 292 2,010 2,970 3,080 2,925 1,179 1,090 (20) 1,229 (12) 1,094 (15) ,387 (17) ,102 (22) 1,316 (21) 1,447 (32) 1,328 (23) 947 (23) 854 (35) Production (thousands of barrels) New fields 2,884 19,771 90,908 142,969 128,993 101,837 77,581 72,946 70,839 70,174 61,455 59,623 58,571 55,794 54,147 53.727 Old fields c - (1 4,542 4,304 4,004 4,678 5,145 4,753 4,675 4,467 4,371 5,123 5,004 5,185 5,930 6,234 6,097 6,344 Total '• 4,445 7,426 24,075 94,912 147,647 134,138 106,590 82,256 77,413 75,210 75,297 66,459 64,808 64,501 62,028 60,244 60,071 a Source: Illinois State Geological Survey. b Includes only oil and gas producers and dry holes. Production figures based on information furnished by oil companies and pipe line companies. d Includes Devonian production at Sandoval and Bartelso. e From the U. S. Bureau of Mines, except 1951 and 1952. f Figures in parenthesis refer to number of producing wells included in total which had previously been completed as dry holes. is recorded at 37,656. The total for 1950 climbed to 42,030 wells, whereas the 1951 total was 43,136 wells. For the year 1952, the wells drilled for oil and gas, including dry holes, totaled 44,388. However, in ex- amining the record of wells drilled for oil and gas in the United States it is to be noted that the ratio of dry holes completed to the number of new oil wells completed has increased appreciably. In 1949 there were 22,042 new oil wells recorded as com- pletions while 12,727 dry holes were com- pleted. During 1952 completed new oil wells numbered 23,466 and dry holes num- bered 17,667. World reserves. — During the latter part of 1951 it was reported that the center of the world's known oil reserves had moved from the Western to the Eastern Hemis- phere. Of the some 102 billion barrels esti- mated to be the world's proved oil reserves at that time, about 62 billion barrels were credited to the Eastern Hemisphere and the remaining 40 billion barrels were located largely in the United States and Venezuela. That the Western Hemisphere is drawing heavily on its reserves is seen in the fact that it produced about seven-tenths of the world's oil output in 1951. Trends. — One does not have to look far to find how petroleum products fit into the pattern of the modern world. Our grow- ing dependence upon oil for daily living ac- tivity can be illustrated in part by the rail- roads, which in 1950 used more than 1,850 million gallons of diesel fuel — about a 30 percent increase over 1949. During 1951 150 x ioo I 50 S 19 05 1915 1925 1935 1945 Fig. 12. — Illinois production of crude petroleum, 1905-1952. 34 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 19. — Illinois Oil Production by Counties, 1952 a County Bond Christian Clark Clay Clinton Coles Crawford Cumberland Edgar Edwards Effingham Fayette Franklin Gallatin Hamilton Hancock-McDonough Jasper Jefferson Lawrence Macoupin Madison Marion Montgomery Perry Randolph Richland St. Clair Saline Shelby Wabash Washington Wayne White Total : < Source: Prepared from monthly prod Estimated production in thousands of barrels 92 528 1,755 3,978 1,151 392 1,715 12 270 1,472 388 6,006 3,704 1,463 4,098 78 (includes Siggins, Cumberland County) (Clay City Consolidated estimated) (Centralia estimated) (Siggins included in Clark) (New Harmony Consolidated and Parkersburg Consolidated estimated) 1,990 2,757 2 807 5,638 12 52 412 2,852 47 65 33 3,464 1,045 6,154 6,751 60,071 (Clay City Consolidated estimated) (Centralia estimated) (Clay City Consolidated and Parkersburg Consolidated estimated) (New Harmony Consolidated estimated) (New Harmony Consolidated estimated) of Illinois Basin Scout Association. PETROLEUM 35 Table 20. — Production of Natural Gasoline in Illinois and Other States, 1949-1952 a (Thousands of barrels) State 1949 1950 1951 1952 b Percent change from 1951 Illinois Kansas Kentucky Michigan Ohio Oklahoma 3,218 2,647 1,620 86 123 12,486 3,107 3,687 1,779 79 103 14,733 c 2,971 4,266 2,166 c 107 17,542 c 2,767 4,644 4,567 c 39 19,157 - 6.9 + 8.9 + 111.0 c - 63.5 + 9.2 Total 20,180 23,488 27,052 31,174 + 15.2 a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. b Preliminary figures. c Michigan figures included with Table 21.- -Gasoline Consumption in Illinois and the United States by Years, 1948-1952* (Thousands of gallons) 1948 1949 1950* 1951 1952 b Illinois total United States total . 1,970,904 35,519,670 2,089,194 37,515,278 2,279,608 40,617,285 2,375,678 43,888,727 2,445,210 46,411,364 Percent of U.S. total consumed in Illinois . 5.55 5.57 5.61 5.41 5.27 * Revised figures. a Source: American Petroleum Institute. b Preliminary figures. Table 22. — Estimates of Proved Oil Reserves in States Serving the Illinois Area, 1949— 1953 a (Millions of barrels) State 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 Percent change from 1952 Illinois . Kansas . Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma . Texas . Wyoming . 393 674 1,869 552 1,250 12,484 716 468 738 1,910 592 1,330 13,510 692 564 732 2,185 592 1,397 13,582 841 646 792 2,285 612 1,476 15,315 973 619 917 2,558 733 1,558 14,916 1,065 - 4.2 + 15.8 + 12.0 + 19.8 + 5.5 - 2.6 + 9.5 a Source: American Petroleum Institute: figures as of January 1. 36 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Table 23. — Estimates of Natural Gas Reserves in Illinois and Other States, 1950-1953 a (Billions of cubic feet) State 1950 1951 1952 1953 Percent change from 1952 Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana New Mexico .... Oklahoma Texas Wyoming 233 25 14,090 1,349 26,688 6,241 11,626 99,170 2,174 230 31 13,791 1,331 28,533 6,991 11,634 102,404 2,195 227 31 13,457 1,326 29,005 11,590 11,804 105,653 2,340 212 37 14,194 1,314 31,452 14,039 11,765 105,733 2,321 - 6.6 + 19.3 + 5.5 - 0.9 + 8.4 + 21.1 - 0.3 + - 0.8 a Source: American Gas Association; figures as of January 1. Table 24. — Crude Oil Prices* Illinois — Indiana — Kentucky — Ohio Bowling Green, Ky. (Owensboro- Ashland, 7-1-49) $2.42 Butler Co., Kv. (Owensboro-Ashland, 7-1-49) 2.55 Cleveland, O. and Others (S.O.Ohio, 4-15-50) 2.60 Clinton Co., Ky. (Ashland O. & T.) 2.60 Corning, O. (Seep, 5-6-49) 2.70 Eastern Illinois (Ohio Oil) 1 c below Schedule F Hitesville, Ky. and Others (Carter) 2.77 Illinois Basin (Ashland O. & R., Gulf, Magnolia, Ohio Oil, Shell, Sohio, Texaco) 2.77 Indiana Basin (Ashland O. & R., Sohio) 2.77 Lima, O. (S.O. Ohio, 5-1-49) 2.40 Loudon, III. (Carter) 2.77 Mattoon, 111. (Carter) 2.77 Plymouth, 111. (Ohio Oil, 7-1-49) 2.44 Ragland Grade, Ky. (Ashland O. & T.) 2.43 Somerset Grade, Ky. (Ashland O. & T.) 2.83 Southern Illinois (Mohawk) 2.77 Western Kentucky (Sohio) 2.77 a National Petroleum News, vol. 45, no. 8, February 25, 195: herein noted.) (Prices effective as of December 6, 1947, except as PETROLEUM 37 Table 25. — United States Crude Petroleum Imports, 1948-1952' (Thousands of barrels) Percent From 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 of 1952 total Borneo 3,498 1,624 0.8 Canada — — — 463 1,116 0.5 Colombia .... 8,542 11,678 16,159 16,312 16,209 7.7 Curacao and Aruba 4,707 613 611 — — — Iran 4,507 1,107 111 — — — Iraq 766 341 — — 705 0.4 Kuwait .... 3,442 23,445 26,741 21,601 26,444 12.6 Mexico 3,601 4,797 12,307 13,862 8,483 4.0 Qatar — — 116 — — — Saudi Arabia . 14,466 12,057 14,650 15,900 29,407 14.0 Sumatra .... — — — — 3,640 1.8 Venezuela .... 89,062 99,648 107,019 107,437 121,963 58.2 Total .... 129,093 153,686 177,714 179,073 209,591 100.0 Percent change from p revious year . 4-19.0 + 15.6 +0.8 + 17.0 Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. Table 26. — United States Exports and Imports of Refined Petroleum Products, 1940— 1952 a (Thousands of barrels) Exports Imports Year Exports Imports over imports over exports 1940 78,970 41,089 37,881 . 1941 75,592 46,536 29,056 — 1942 83,073 23,669 59,404 — 1943 108,615 49,579 59,036 — 1944 173,378 47,506 125,872 — 1945 149,985 39,282 110,703 — 1946 110,687 51,610 59,077 — 1947 118,122 61,857 56,265 — 1948 94,938 59,051 35,887 — 1949 86,307 81,873 4,434 — 1950* 76,483 132,547 — 56,064 1951 125,448 129,121 — 3,673 1952 132,811 140,716 — 7,905 * Revised figures. a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. 38 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 to LJ u 9 o> uS Ol o CT> <* 1 <* 2 <* z o S; q. : 2 < 3 in o 1- 2 2 5 2 o 2 \ ^. o> o> 2 SN0U3~ldkN0D S"i3bavg jo SNomiw ni NOUDnaodd PETROLEUM 39 nearly 2,500 million gallons of diesel oil was used by the railroads, at a cost of ap- proximately 225 million dollars. Since the end of World War II many of the rail- road lines of the country have become almost completely dieselized in their locomotive equipment. Motor vehicles. — Toward the close of 1951 the motor vehicle population of the United States had reached approximately 52 million units — autos, trucks, and buses — about 68 percent more than in 1945. The pre-Depression vehicle peak was about 26.5 million units. Some 15 years later, in 1945, the total was only about 31 million, but the tremendous output since then has pushed registrations up about 21 million units. Oil for lake freighters. — During recent years more momentum has been gained to- ward using oil as fuel in the Great Lakes freighters. There are two types of oil-burn- ing boats — diesel and turbine. Which type will prove most efficient in the long run will be determined after extensive tests have been conducted in actual service. Of all the boats under construction or about to have their keels laid during the latter part of 1951, fifteen were to be oil-fueled, three were to use coal, and three others were to use oil but have facilities for quick conver- sion to coal. Fig. 14. — Source of United States crude petroleum imports, 1951. Fig. 15. — Source of United States crude petroleum imports, 1952. Liquefied petroleum gas for motor ve- hicles. — Liquefied petroleum gas, another product of the petroleum industry, has been introduced on a line of motor trucks offered by a large farm machinery and truck manu- facturing company. It is said that liquefied petroleum gas used as a fuel for motor vehicles and tractors will give these units a cleaner engine and reduce maintenance costs. Illinois Development In December of 1951 ground was broken at Tuscola for a new multimillion dollar plant of the National Petro-Chemicals Cor- poration. The plant, one of the largest in the United States, is designed principally for the recovery of ethane from natural gas transmitted through the pipeline system of the Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Com- pany from southwestern states. Natural gas pipeline. — The 30-inch Texas Illinois Natural Gas Pipeline Com- pany's natural gas transmission line started operations in the latter part of 1951. Con- necting the Gulf Coast fields with the Chi- cago region, the new line is some 1400 miles long and cost about 135 million dollars to build. It had a capacity of 374 million cubic feet of natural gas daily, initially, but ulti- mate daily capacity is designed for more than 500 million cubic feet. 40 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 Illinois secondary recovery. — Through the year 1951 it is estimated that some 20 million barrels of petroleum had been re- covered in Illinois by means of water flood- ing, both planned and accidental. However, there exists in Illinois an estimated potential of about 800 million barrels of oil which might be recovered through secondary re- covery methods, principally water flooding. Illinois Production in 1951 and 1952 In 1951 Illinois produced 60.2 million barrels of oil, or about 2.7 percent of the total for the United States (table 17). For 1952, Illinois' percentage of the national total dropped slightly to 2.6 percent. For eight consecutive years before 1951 Illinois had ranked sixth in the nation for volume of production; however, during 1951 Wyo- ming edged ahead, and Illinois is now in seventh position. During 1951 total well completions in Illinois numbered 2,383, a decrease of 511 wells, or about 18 percent fewer than the 2,894 wells drilled during 1950. Well com- pletions during 1952 amounted to 2,077, about 28 percent fewer than in 1950. The number of wells drilled during 1950 in Illi- nois is the largest recorded since the peak of drilling activity in 1941, when 3,807 completions were made. 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 -< 944 £ 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 3 1 nn < £ finn co nnnnnnn o ■ J MIL IESERVE Fig. 16. — Estimates of proved oil reserves and production in Illinois, 1937-1952. A history of oil production and drilling activity for the period since the new fields were discovered is given in table 18; county production figures for 1952 are given in table 19. Figure 11 shows the new fields discovered in 1952. Illinois production is graphically illustrated in figures 12 and 13. The sharp production rise recorded in these illustrations reflects the opening of the Illi- nois basin in 1936. NONMETJLLIC MINERALS 41 NONMETALLIC MINERALS Next to fuels, the important mineral prod- ucts of Illinois are the group of non- metallics — stone, sand, gravel, silica sand, clay, and fluorspar. The major market out- let for nonmetallic minerals is in construc- tion, industrial and commercial — buildings, highways, railway roadbeds, and houses. Demand for structural materials in our in- dustrial economy has increased in tonnages comparable to those of coal and iron ore, and has also become more exacting in the nature of the materials for construction. An analysis of the functions of housing in an industrial society discloses that there are many types, such as industrial, commer- cial, rural and urban residential housing, public and community buildings, and mining and transportation housing. Housing for an industrial plant may consist of brick or concrete structures, with haydite, hollow tile, corrugated or sheet steel for outer walls and roofs, and glass block or glass window frames. Commercial housing includes banks, of- fices, retail stores, wholesale houses, and, in general, the structures which are an essen- tial part of the conduct of administration of manufacturing industries, of selling, distrib- uting, and financing. Brick, dimension stone, cement and cement aggregates, glass plate and block asphalt, and steel are the principal materials of construction. Insulating mate- rials such as asbestos, magnesium, gypsum, glass wool, and rock wool are also used. Urban residences have become an im- portant group of structures because of the phenomenal growth of large industrial cities. Theenormous material requirements of urban housing have run beyond the lumber supply, and there is a noticeable trend toward the use of earth material, particularly brick, al- though stone, haydite, concrete, and even steel are also used. Transportation requirements in an indus- trial economy are infinitely complex. The production of power and steel cannot go on without a large-scale movement of raw materials. Half the tonnage originating on railroads is mineral ; and to this should be added the shipments of oil in pipelines, and of coal, oil, sand, gravel, stone, and cement on lake and inland waterways. Also, the distribution of manufactured goods made of metals and minerals accounts for an addi- tional twenty percent of the rail car load- ings. The extensive railway system, with its large mineral requirements for roadbeds and ballast, for steel and concrete structures, for railway housing, depots, warehouses, etc., is only one important segment of the transportation system. The development of the internal combustion engine vehicle and the expansion of automotive transportation since the turn of the century have required a vast network of roads of concrete, paving brick, and asphalt on crushed stone and gravel to make this form of transportation economical. In a random year, highway con- struction required 24 million barrels of cement, 1.3 million tons of asphalt, 96 million tons of crushed stone, and 50 million tons of sand and gravel. Finally, in the raw material producing districts, on the farms, and in the mines and quarries, structural requirements have gone beyond the stage of the wooden struc- ture, toward brick and concrete. Function of Structure The materials used in modern structures are determined by the functions which the structures are expected to perform. To the all-important function of shelter which prompted the structures of nomadic and agri- cultural societies has been added the func- tions of support, mobility in transportation and storage, and withstanding high tem- peratures and the action of strong acids and alkalis. Stone and brick have replaced wood, reinforced concrete is the order of the day, and steel framework is characteristic of mod- ern structures. High temperatures in smelting of ore, in cement and lime manufacture, in coking, and many other industrial processes require the use of refractories in blast furnaces and ovens. 42 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 u bo ctf t}< O vO ■* rf< -h o O^rHrHCOM CO Ih O 1-H — ! 1-! l-i ,-i CN > «* *}= < V 3 rt lo o o o o o LO > ON o o o o o ON i OO o o o o o OO as CN lo ON rt ovo^^noo NO O t^O^<^(NO NO H ^OrHfOMHO -^ i— i ON rf CN oo *** •*^n'*oo , rTvDwn^t^ ^ O^hxOOn LO f >^OM^vO^O^ ON C i O >j-> so oo r~- — i o h i lo r-- o r^ © r~~ OO CO ON CO CI bo (NrHTt*G0O\O CN CO CO i— c ON CN r- CN Ih #*= ** < V 3 rt oov>rtTj(ioO CO t> t*i oo cn no co r- CN , hOb^vOO r~- rt ,_i 0~ON rOvOCNO CN lo O ^ co co r^ cn o oo On H t^OOrt*^ von O i-H C>1 i-h -* 1 CN CO CN O OO tHh lo CN i— i o ON't'tO^ oo LO CO Tf r- CN •— i CO ■5 c ON ON OO NO CN ON lo c ) CO O — * ON ON Tt< o h LO Tf ON t— i LO CO O On" bfl OO LO NO nO OO OO pH(SrH(>(SOO CN £ u > tfr +f> < o 3 rt OO lo .— ' CO LO LO r^ >• no no ^o no r^- co NO , ON r- ON I-- ^ CO ON rt * O ^h oo CO CN NO nO ON O (NO\Tf«^Ot^ ON <-o ON H Tf Tfi oo o Tf oo O w» CN~ CN CN w-^ ON tHh on no lo CN ON Tf •<+• r-i CN lo co t^ r~- y— < *n <— * so £ on rt< r- -^ on oo CO C 5 LO ON CN ON O ON oo h 4 CO *-i Tf O ■ D • 00 D Construction . 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"ft 4-> to tn Tfi Tf CO ^H NO r-~ rt on r^ vo co o CO oo H VO to VO ON -* "* co oo TfT ,-T so" VO-H r~~ o to ON ^ t». ««. i— I Tf ON Tf r- *-< ^O ON to j_, CN tJh vO CO Tfl ON OO oo C « -h o O CN —i Oh oo 1- o on r^ ^O CN Tf _H to ■"ti CN OO to CO CN CN -* oo cn r^ CO CN *o to >o t> r-~ oo ,fi 0<3 c Tf ^ CO ■* Tf "* Tt* -"f rt &H O u tal por ment u nry or • E s- _ O o b 4*3 O 00 c oo « a rt 4^ D, CO CO s o 2 X? o C u 1-1 ^2 ™ £ gi-s-5 46 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 1> J3 CO sO OO ,-H r^ on o VO So vo o r- ^H oo r- ^o ^h' > C »-h o^ «*< r» r- oo ON ci: 3 O £ orio CO u-> \o d W\ 1) (ND't < CO CN CN f- VO 1-1 VO r-- H TfTr-T 10 vO ^h CN os r^ -f ^^ O j_. Tf SO O o r- o oo ON c co oc co On ~ NO r-> ^O I y. C LO CO sO >-o CN Tf NO CN 1-1 OS »-H CO ■* ^D CO ^ "* < JQ '■A c ^ sC Tf c Tj- Tf <* SO S »-h ON vr> no CN ON rf vr> oo CO -* 1 r—i lo on O i—i ■s. > < d cn ^ CN CN .-H CN CN C a V* ^*. Ph co Tf co ^ O ON ON CO r-~ Tt- o OO On co CN a con ON so r- ■* ^ 4J «f ^ ^c Tf ■^ oo Q to o r^- r~~ oo CO "f oo CO NO >" r- I-H r^ CO O^ CO Tf o CO On octo CN O co CO >~n ■— ' w O ^ oo CO CO CN w-> oo C ON-^D r-» CO Tf r^ T^ I. r. OvOOO I-H CO CN w-> r^ 5 LO vO CO CO CO NO CN CO CO < CA c CO sO Tf NO CO co CO NO s • V £ f- " • O dj "8P3 ■ D— . ~ ci t/> 4J ■ ^ E • c/3 -y. ■2; 2 w u o O o •S'3 C'S H ■2S 3X h H I^CQc^O .^ 5 ^ ©*> ^ II N ON METALLIC MINERALS 47 & oo --o if o^oC O TjH CN CN Tf _l -f if *0 "f CN lo CO w-» \D i— i CN vo OO CO vO *o r- i— i CO i— i t-h OO <-0 LO CN ^ CN \0 vo O oo rf r- CO ©" oo oo CN CN I On ^f Tf VO CO r^ oo r^ o oo oo ^H rf (— ,— I \D O oo r-» oo oo o o\ r-- cn co ^o o i— i i— i ci cn on r- o r-- co co >-o CN CN C O Jh c/J > £ ir , >. C (Li t> +-i — i — i o nj 4-1 o UUUfcOO, 48 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 o o o o o o O O U"> r-^ r~- cn — . ^H CN Tf r- oo Tf ON CO — < ^ o on on r- OvO-h r- oo oo sO ~ sO OO OO Tf LO T-H 0> SO r^ CN ^ CN CN O OO O O O O O OO^O^ oV-ToCo cn SO O SO co oo co co 00\00h Tf O CO CN OO so O O CN CN sO ^h O ^ so ON -— i CN w> CO ^ r- cn cn ON CN O SO VDOOOOrH so so -^ O O CN OO OO OO — i CO (NO"f ^ r- cn OO sO sO CO -h CN CO CN CO CO rf O -^ CO ON OO SO ^h LO U-> CO X) O bfl rt rt g.s & I PQ&hO -h so Tf CO CN w-^ O CN sO sO *n "-o co so os r^~ so CO -* 1 i—i ON ->f oo CO Tf oo co oo "t> r- o o i— c un so so Tf sO O ^o u-> Tf so i— ' T3 4-. Ir O « OD rt T3 J-i 1^2 r" O j_ S-Sja S3 CQOhOcJO 6C O £■ T3.S.S D n c ,» 3 g t» x 2. NONMETJLLIC MINERALS 49 (N ~-H so SO OO CN > < O -H SO O J3 CN CO CN CN CN OO O CO CO rt CN CO so - , , CN OO O CO ^ C4 OO OS OO OS r- O r-- os r» r-~ LO H CO SO o ^ VO OS CN~+"" t^ r-» tfl. t«= w-> cN r- co o CN ^f VO --H OO e >-o >-o O OS OS 3 C 11 Tf SO ^H so r^- W-1 OO Tf CO r^ ^H Tf SO CN OO < rS^S CN~ CN~ OS OS SO CN > < OS T*< CN O t-H CN CN CN J3 ^ CN SO vs ,_, rt so O so r~- rJH > , so l> CO ^ OO cti CN *-h T^ OS CO i—i O <* O Tf T^ OS LT) H H OS O CN CN OS CN CO so so CO OO «H CN CO OS so SO ^h r^ C Tf CO OO rf CN II OS OS OO CO CN r-- so Tf CN r^ O >-o so r-i r^- < ^V-T cn~ cn" CN ^h Tf ^o O CN rH OS > < CN CN CN r-l J3 Tfl TfH oo O OO 0$ r- o r- Tfi > , r- o r- >o CO rt * o vcs OS OO so rfri >-o O O O i-i CN CN w-^ H ON© i-Tco" OS CN +" ^n w*. tft. O CN CN ^h CO r- Tf CN C OO TjH CO -f r- 11 CN ^ r^- ^o CN Tf SO o— > CN OS CO CO '-i -* < *« CN~ CN T3 • C OT rS "^ CN i-H + + I + + so oo so O u-> CN CO O CN ^h + 11 + os Tf r^ o -— i w-i O CN OS OS CN O cT Tt^co"^ ■^ so cn r^ t^ Tfl co t^- lo CO "^ so r- co so r-< CO OS OS CN CO CO so vo cn r- os co ^h so co r- r-~ Tf Tf so co co r- os CN Os wo Tf J^~ tT CO w-> T3 C rt w ^b3 rt C C o _o c o *-> p 50 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY The term fluorspar refers to the mineral composed chiefly of calicum fluoride, some- times called fluorite. Fluorspar is about as hard as glass, transparent or translucent, fairly heavy and brittle, and ranges from delicate tints to deeper shades of green, yel- low, blue, lavender, and rose. Such colors as orange, brown, and black are rare, whereas massive varieties may be white or colorless. Crystallization, in the isometric system, usually takes the form of cubes. Although the chief commercial use for fluorspar is still found in the iron and steel industry, percentagewise this industry is using less of the total fluorspar consumed in the United States than it did a decade ago (table 37). In 1942 steel consumed about 65 percent of all fluorspar, and in 1952 about 52 percent. Among the minerals needed in steel manufacturing, fluorspar holds a very important place because of its ability, as a flux, to form a fluid slag and also to help free the iron from sulfur and phosphorus. From 5 to 8 pounds is used per ton of steel. Other metallurgical uses of fluorspar include the manufacture of alloy steel and ferro-alloys in the electric furnace, the preparation of aluminum, and foundry work. Hydrofluoric acid, an important product of the chemical industry, requires the high- est-grade fluorspar as the basic raw material for its manufacture. This acid and its de- rivatives enter into the preparation of other chemicals, including those which play a part in the manufacture of high-octane gasoline, refrigerants, plastics, and insecticides. So important is this acid to modern industry that in 1952 about 34 percent of all fluorspar consumed in the United States was used for its manufacture. In 1942 about 81,600 tons (23 percent of total United States consump- tion) of fluorspar was used to manufacture hydrofluoric acid; in 1952 over 178,000 tons was used for this purpose. Fluorspar is also necessary in the glass and ceramics industries, where it is used in the manufacture of opal or opaque glass and colored glass, and in the manufacture of enamels used for coating steel and cast iron for such products as plumbing fixtures, table tops, signs, and various cooking wares. Production Although fluorspar is found in many parts of the United States, comparatively few of the deposits are of commercial value. The largest deposits discovered thus far are those of southern Illinois and northwest Ken- tucky designated as the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar field. The Illinois portion of the district lies in Hardin and eastern Pope counties, which border on the Ohio River, with the towns of Rosiclare and Cave-in- Rock being centers for the principal areas of mining activity. The Kentucky deposits, chiefly in Critten- den, Livingston, and Caldwell counties, have as their industrial center the town of Marion. The proved ore bodies of the Kentucky area seem to be less extensive and smaller, but more numerous, than the Illi- nois ore bodies. Fluorspar production in western states is found principally in Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Of the several other western states (Arizona, Montana, Nevada, and Texas) which produce fluorspar, Ne- vada is the most important. Fluorspar Industry in 1951 and 1952 The state of Illinois during 1951 main- tained its rank as the foremost producer of fluorspar in the United States by supplying 59 percent of the nation's total domestic shipments (table 38). Furthermore, in 1951, shipments from Illinois set a new rec- ord by being 32 percent greater than in 1950 and 3 percent more than the previous record year of 1943. Shipments from Illinois and Kentucky were 16 percent more in 1951 than in the year 1950, as compared with a gain of only 1 1 percent for other producing states. During 1952 those industries which mine, import, or consume fluorspar maintained a very high degree of such activity for the year. Production, of some 346,000 tons, in 1952 was a slight increase over the 341,300 tons of fluorspar produced in 1951. How- FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY 51 Table 36. — Fluorspar Data for the United Stapes, 1948-1952 1 (In tons) Shipments Total Year Production from Imports Consump- industry mines tion stocks 1948 336,000 331,749 111,626 406,269 184,213 1949 236,400 236,704 95,619 345,221 167,660 1950* 283,500 301,510 164,634 426,121 183,723 1951 341,300 347,024 181,275 497,012 182,409 1952 346,315 333,769 359,402 521,500 277,639 * Revised figures. a Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. ile 37. — Consumption of Fluorspar (Domestic and Foreign) in the United States, by Industries, 1948— 1952 a (In tons) Hydro- Year Steel fluoric acid Glass Enamel All other Total 1948 232,687 107,280 37,247 8,871 20,184 406,269 1949 201,501 89,152 30,797 5,510 18,261 345,221 1950 240,802 124,440 33,440 7,723 19,716 426,121 1951 276,654 151,698 35,505 6,736 26,419 497,012 1952 271,759 178,265 34,460 5,142 31,874 521,500 Percent of 1952 total . 52.1 34.2 6.6 1.0 6.1 100.0 Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. Table 38. — Fluorspar Shipped from Mines in the United States, by States, 1950-1951 a State 1950 H Tons Value Tot; Average 1951 Tons Vah Total Average Per- cent of total tons Colorado Illinois . Kentucky New Mexico Utah . . Other states: Tennessee Idaho. Nevada Arizona Montana. Texas . Total . 18,489 [54,623 80,137 20,036 18,936 ,577 952 41 719 654,089 6,110,765 2,554,668 742,408 337,912 219,875 S35.38 39.52 31.88 37.05 17.84 23.67 20,661 204,328 68,635 24,402 17,827 140 9,408 1,623 820,322 9,294,703 2,334,485 1,163,098 398,480 358,433 $39.70 45.49 34.01 47.66 22.35 32.09 301,510 510,619,717 S35.22 347,024 314,369,521 S41.41 6.0 58.9 19.8 7.0 5.1 3.2 100.0 Revised figures. Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. 52 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1951 AND 1952 ever, shipments from mines in 1952 showed about a 4 percent decrease from those of the previous year. Imports established an all-time high of 359,400 tons in 1952, nearly double those of 1951, the former record year (table 39). In 1952, for the first time, imports exceeded domestic production. Con- sumption of fluorspar, of almost 522,000 tons, also established a new record over the former record year of 1951 by a gain of about 5 percent. Stocks at consumers' plants (252,000 tons) at the end of December, 1952, were the largest ever recorded. 2C % 40% ; 56 60% 80% 100 1947 ^R^ : , ^SCOT 13 h 1948 C- " 57 j-:l wbrbt~wb& 12 b 1949 : 56 II • 1950 :;: ■ 56 '■..... EfiSjJffif'^fl 10 • 1951 ili; 56^ s -*'*'-'''tI38W-'-'*^ 8 I« CERAMI ACID 1 OTHER 1952 b * : f • 8 1- m STE EL HYDROFLUORIC :s Fig. 17. — Percentage consumption of fluorspar by industries, 1947-1952. Table 39. — United States Imports of Fluorspar, 1951-1952* Country 1951 1952 Percent of Ions \ alue Tons total tons Africa (total) 632 f 12,490 7,064 2.0 Canada Newfoundland 21,460 713,180 18,797 5.2 France 1,415 32,731 784 0.2 Germany 49,074 1,211,529 60,528 16.8 Italy 11,804 349,957 30,442 8.5 Mexico 64,025 1,019,690 182,068 50.7 Spain "... 32,865 770,504 59,719 16.6 Total 181,275 4,110,081 359,402 100.0 Source: U. S. Bureau of Mines. Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 168 1953