ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 
 AT UR8ANA-CHAMPAIGN 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
Vault 
 
.■■:iiiW^|J|llt!life!ll 
 
THE 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER'S 
 
 MANUAL. 
 
 By z. baker. 
 
 '• I.VDUSTRV approached ; 
 Eis faculties uufoldod; poiuted out 
 Where lavisli Nature the directing hand 
 Of Art demanded ; sliowed him how to raiao 
 His feeble force by the Mechanic Powers ; 
 Gave the tall, ancient forest to his axe; 
 Taught him to chiii the wood and hew the stone, 
 Till by degrees the finished fabric rose. 
 
 Home is the resort 
 
 Of Love, of Joy, of Peace and Plenty, where, 
 Supporting and supported, polished frionda 
 And dear relations mingle into bliss." 
 
 WORCESTER: 
 PUBLISHED BY Z. BAKER <fe CO 
 
 SOLD BY AGENTS ONLY. 
 1856. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the Year 18-56, by 
 
 Z. BAKER, 
 
 In the Clerk's Ofnes cf the? District Court of tiie District of Massachusetts. 
 
 BLKCTUOTVPED AT TUB 
 BOPTCH CTEKEOTYPE FOUNDRY. 
 
m 
 
 h 
 
 

 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 As it is the object of this work to give the greatest amount 
 of matter in the smallest possible space, a superfluous preface 
 may be dispensed with, and the work, like that of the house 
 builder, entered upon with the foundation construction, or a 
 beginning made at the beginning. 
 
 The subject of house building is more than ever engaging 
 the attention of all classes in the community ; so that not 
 merely those who build or perform the mechanical labor of 
 a house study its character and construction, but those who 
 propose to occupy it after its construction seek a voice in its 
 arrangement. They feci, and justly so, that, as it is for them 
 alone, they are the proper parties to decide how and what 
 it shall be. True, ignorant peasants thus come in contact 
 with enlightened architects ; but it is equally true that the 
 latter's duty in some degree is to instruct, and with a tol- 
 erant spirit seek to guide, the former. How frequent the 
 inquiries, " What is the best plan of a house ? — the cheapest 
 and most convenient ? " sometimes, " the prettiest ? " These 
 queries come, too, mostly from parties of quite limited means. 
 2 (9) 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Such are the struggle and anxiety of the people for homes. 
 The evils attendant upon renting houses, such as the apparent 
 necessity of frequent removals, the want of interest we neces- 
 sarily feel in that which is not ours, and the impossibility 
 of feeling at home in a hired house, largely conduce to this 
 strong feeling, discoverable every where, about houses and 
 homes. This is the more fostered here, perhaps, on account 
 of the individualism of our people, each man desiring to be 
 a man in and of himself. So, too, the vast stretch of country 
 open to the colonist proffers to each and all a home. Is 
 it strange there is this feeling, this great desire for a home, 
 a place occupied and possessed by one and the same party ? 
 
 While all this is conceded, it is a fact that there are too 
 few books of a practical character and sufficiently economi- 
 cal in price to meet the wants of the multitude thus inter- 
 esting themselves in this matter. Nearly all the works pub- 
 lished on the subject are too expensive for those who laboriously 
 struggle for a comfortable living ; they are good of their kind, 
 being designed for the " master builder ; " they are not adapted 
 to the wants of other than artisans themselves. In some re- 
 spects, too, they do not contain such plans as the larger 
 portion of the people require ; they give mansions for cottages, 
 and villas for mechanics' houses. 
 
 This work is intended to meet the wants of all such as 
 are seeking for a comfortable, convenient, or economical " house 
 to live in," and it has therefore a variety of plans and styles 
 of dwellings designed to meet these various wants prevalent 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 with the multitude. A large portion are original with Ihc 
 compiler. Some are quite unique ; and it is hoped nearly 
 all will be found useful to those in the study of this subject, 
 and if not just such as will be sought, yet sufficiently sug- 
 gestive to direct the inquirer to the thing that will best suit. 
 This, in fact, is the principal use of a book of this sort. 
 This science is as yet but suggestive ; and a plan like an essay 
 should not suppress or satisfy inquiry, but inspire new ideas 
 and open new fields of thought. In this way shall we have 
 an increased conformity to nature, upon which this science 
 should stand ; and from this we should not deviate, while we 
 may as far as possible study economy in construction, and 
 convenience and utility in use. 
 
 The FIRST thing to be considered in the proposed erection 
 of a house is the enclosure of a certain amount of space ; the 
 SECOND is the division of the space enclosed into the various 
 rooms or compartments desired, so that each part can be 
 allotted to its use, and not conflict with that of another. In 
 our dwellings there are usually a parlor, second parlor, or sit- 
 ting and dining room, a kitchen, and sleeping apartments, with 
 halls, pantries, closets, &c., &c. Some may dispense with a 
 first parlor, while others will add another. 
 
 "With regard to the form of a house, that which will best 
 divide into the apartments required should be taken. Circles 
 inclose more space with the same wall ; next, those forms nearest 
 approaching them ; then squares ; and lastly, or most removed, 
 or enclosing least, are ot longs. Examples are given of each 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and all. The circle divides favorably for dwellings ; so also 
 the twelve-sided ; the octagon does not divide as well. Ex- 
 amples are given, and the reader can judge which suits best. 
 Every house should be so constructed as to admit freely and 
 fully, in all its rooms, li^lit and air from without ; and that 
 form may be deemed best that best accomplishes this end, 
 other things being equal. 
 
 Another important item is the relative situation of the rooms. 
 K we are obliged to travel too far, or pass through rooms 
 otherwise appropriated, in going from one part of the house 
 to another, a wrong is at once seen ; time and labor are lost 
 in one case, and rooms perverted from their original use in 
 the other. It has been a special aim to obviate these things 
 in the plans submitted. 
 
 The internal arrangements should be such as to give every 
 possible advantage to the occupants of a house. Let the 
 rooms have as pleasant views as possible ivithout ; be as near as 
 possible to each other, yet all separate and distinct ; and above 
 all, those rooms most used should occupy the pleasanter part 
 of the house. The reader will see more of this under the head 
 of heating and lighting our dwellings. People have been too 
 much in the habit of living behind rather than in their dwell- 
 ings, an evil yet needing further rectification. The question 
 of a house, then, is, can all these items be combined, and 
 yet not spoil the general effect of a dv%'elling as viewed 
 from Avithout? It is the compiler's opinion that they will so 
 combine ; and, as we have just said, plenty of light and air 
 should be admitted into our dwellings; for these are the in- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 dispensable elements to health, and even to life itself. Every 
 thing, therefore, pertaining to the use of dwellings should be 
 taken into account in their construction. Utility has been 
 taken as of first moment in the compilation of this work. 
 It is proposed to give here some general, outside remarks, 
 before the architectural constructions and plans arc submitted. 
 
 Sites of Dwellings. — Very much depends upon the choice 
 of a site or spot on which to erect our dwelling. If a low 
 or swampy place is taken, we get no good view of the sur- 
 rounding country from it, and we shall be likely to have vitiated 
 air to breathe, giving us disease in warm weather, and mud 
 and frosts in winter and rainy seasons. If it is a fixed fact 
 that ive live for enjoyment^ and a comfortably situated home 
 contributes largely to this end, then no sensible or intelligent 
 man has a right, in this age, to put a good house in a bad 
 place unless from a plea of necessity, which can hardly be the 
 case ; and those whose sense of propriety does not cany them 
 beyond a mere hovel for a home should not think of building, 
 as we have enough of such already. A clean, airy, and pro- 
 spective site is first to be sought. Our dwellings are the surest 
 index of our civilization ; and the ignorance that fixes houses or 
 homes in miasmic or mud hollows, while there are enough better 
 places to be had equally cheap, is more than deplorable. Such 
 builders arc proper subjects of civil guardianship. Give such 
 places to frogs and ducks; but give men residences worthy 
 of men. 
 
 A cheerful, lovely spot of ground for a house lot will do 
 considerable towards insuring self-respect to the dwellers there- 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 on. It is pleasing to see what nature and art are both doing 
 io insure this end for man ; yet the thing needs further and 
 greater encouragement to general practice and success. 
 
 Extreme tops of hills are not to be chosen, especiaUy if quite 
 elevated. We can also upon prairies raise mounds for dwell- 
 ing house lots at not a very severe cost. Farm houses should 
 be central to the farm lands. An intelligent judgment and a 
 refined taste (taste refined in Nature's own crucible) will seldom 
 err in this matter. A love of trees, plants, birds, and animals 
 seems inherent in our very nature. This is well; it is a 
 perversion when we neglect to cultivate the former or when 
 we destroy the latter. It is only wicked boys who kill the 
 beautiful birds and destroy the plants and trees that offer 
 their united services to make a good habitation for man. Mor- 
 ally, this subject increases in importance. 
 
 Those meditating a plan for a future home (and who without 
 one is not?) will do well to give this subject a very careful 
 consideration. It is easier to alter plans than houses, and much 
 more convenient to move them about from place to place. This 
 is a great subject, and requires much attention. Every variety of 
 plan and place is to be considered, and generally the north 
 side of a street will be preferable in northern latitudes ; for, 
 besides giving a " sunny side " front, it will encoiurage the use 
 of the better part of the house more frequently than is usually 
 the case, and not occupy an ell behind the house in preference 
 to living in it. 
 
 Nearly allied with this subject is the out-door situation or 
 fixings, a matter of at least second importance to the site. 
 By this is meant the grounds about the dwellings, and their 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 necessary fixtures, as gardens, fences, trees, shrubbery, flowers, 
 walks, grass plots, &c., &c. 
 
 When it is considered how cheaply come all these things 
 in the common view, is it not surprising so few avail them- 
 selves of them ? The cost of a tree is but a trifle above 
 the mere labor of setting. Nature will do nearly all the rest, 
 and build up for us a noble, useful, and permanently beautiful 
 structure, permitting us to call it our own, asking neither 
 paint nor artists to patch up its beauty and glory. So much 
 for one. Now add a dozen or a score, and the effect is 
 heightened in nearly the same ratio. She cares for each and 
 aU, if you but confer the opportunity. Many persons expend 
 largely upon their houses in special ornaments and filagree 
 work, which require constant attention to preserve from de- 
 cay, while all around these same dwellings there is neglect 
 of the simplest ornaments nature affords. Nature, in her 
 warm and genial influence, greatly excels the cold and often 
 expensive works of art. Art is not to be set aside, but to 
 be combined with Nature, to give us just such houses as 
 give joy and satisfaction in use. 
 
 It seems necessary to intensify this subject to awaken that 
 interest in it its importance demands. Is there a better cure 
 for this evil than an encouragement, in youth, of a love of 
 trees and flowers ? Show them how far we depend on them 
 for much of that we call life ; inspire in them ambition to 
 set trees and take care of them, to line the walks about the 
 house with the choicest kinds of shrubbery and flower stocks, 
 and in a little while a miniature paradise will spring up. 
 Such a plan, too, will be the more a home to the family 
 
16 IXTRODUCTION. 
 
 because it is the work of their own hearts and hands. This 
 feeling, rightly encouraged and extended, would not only thus 
 beautify walks and gardens about the homesteads, but in due 
 time the highways and byways would be adorned with these 
 enduring monuments of Nature — monuments that require 
 little art of paint and chisel to preserve them for ages. Chil- 
 dren, also, who grow up in such care are more likely to retain 
 the integiity and virtue of childhood in mature years ; their 
 aims in life will be truer and higher, and patriotism almost 
 alone here fostered and encouraged. Hence so little of this 
 feeling in large towns by those reared therein. 
 
 Houses near villages and residences of gentlemen are more 
 profusely adorned in this way, to be sure, for they have means, 
 tastes, and leisure for it; but may not all have more or less 
 of these ornaments ? Fruit trees are often as good for this 
 purpose as any. Want of time is not the real excuse; w^ant 
 of taste is the better one. Boys in a family find time to range 
 the wide fields and forests, to kill little innocent birds; and 
 girls, too, have seasons of leisure often not too weU employed. 
 Set all at work in this out-door architecture, and soon we 
 will have added more real wealth than all California affords ; 
 more to enrich, more to adorn, more to make its inhabitants 
 contented — the aU-important thing after all. 
 
 Heating our dwellmgs in the cold seasons is fomid to be 
 a great labor and expense. It is probably true too much de- 
 pendence is placed upon artificial heat in order to render our 
 persons comfortable. Inhaling greater quantities and purer 
 air will in part remedy this, and probably greatly diminish 
 
INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 the ravages of the insidious and destructive workings of con- 
 sumptive disease, as it is called ; yet we cannot well live without 
 fire or heated rooms in our cold winter seasons. At the rate fuel 
 is now consumed, we may well be alarmed for the future. Some- 
 thing is gained by the modern construction of houses; something 
 more, perhaps, by the apparatus used for heating, as stoves 
 of any and every sort, ranges, furnaces, &c., &c. ; more still 
 by a wise care of the fires we do have, for fuel is wasted 
 in its use to a very great extent ; and still further is there 
 economy by graduating the manufacture of heat to just the 
 required needs. Self-regulating stoves have been tried ; air- 
 tights in endless variety ; but much yet remains to be done. 
 Much waste of fuel among the rural population comes of 
 using a cooking stove in winter for a common stove, and, 
 as a consequence, twenty to thirty cords of wood are con- 
 sumed, when less than half this amount would better serve 
 them, if the sitting room were heated v/ith an improved stove 
 and the kitchen used for only its allotted object. The reason 
 of this is obvious. The stove is not intended for heating, 
 while it requires a large amount of fuel, and the kitchen is 
 usually more open and exposed to cold from without. By 
 using another room, fuel is saved and the greater comfort of 
 the family is secured. By the use of extra funnel or heated 
 pipes of water, various parts of a house are heated with a 
 single fire ; and when much space is required to be warmed, 
 furnaces are used. It is not easy to decide which or what 
 is best as yet. Something is yet to come ; and the necessity 
 of the case argues the nearness of the advent. Meanwhile 
 
 it may not be ill advised to repeat that it is not good economy 
 3 
 
18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nor good morality to confine a family to a cold, open kitchen, 
 while a parlor or second parlor is unoccupied, that might be 
 made comfortable with one half the fuel wasted in a kitchen 
 stove. 
 
 Lighting' the house, especially by the sun, is a matter 
 of some importance. A gi-eat error with many is admitting 
 the light through the bottom of the window. This is like 
 placing the astral lamp on the floor. Light should come down, 
 so that the brow of the eye may shade the ball. It would 
 be better to suspend our artificial lights overhead ; every one 
 iVnows how much better we feel under such circumstances. 
 Is it because it is natural ? and if so, right and best ? The 
 same rule applies for the light of day, which should be used 
 as much as possible in lieu of any and every artificial light, 
 both on account of its cheapness and superiority. Rooms 
 used for sleeping apartments require to be fully lighted during 
 the whole day. It has been found that light gives color to 
 the blood, and the color is the life. The presence of light 
 during the day in our sleeping rooms is as necessary as fresh 
 air ; therefore they should not only be of good size to contain 
 sufficient air for breathing, but ample provision, by windows, 
 and these uncovered, should be made. It is easily seen how 
 the presence of light affects the growth of plants by just de- 
 priving them of it ; and why not our sympathy and sorrow 
 the more increased for the folly and wickedness that screens 
 human forms and dwellings from the glorious sunlight ? 
 
 The kind of material most desirable for artificial light may 
 in part depend upon the use we are to make of the light. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 For a centre table or suspension lamp we would require dif- 
 ferent articles from what would best serve for hard use. Gas, 
 where it can be had, is the best light, and perhaps as cheap, 
 considering the amount of light we get ; yet this is 'only prac- 
 ticable in large places, whore it is made in large quantities. 
 Various substances are taking the place of what used to be 
 oil, called by as various names. Turpentine and resin are in- 
 gredients largely used. These have in many cases proved dan- 
 gerous, and they burn with an unpleasant odor, if not injurious 
 to health. This matter, too, is open to the skill of man to 
 discover something cheaper and better ; and here the subject 
 is left with the passing advice, make the most of that light 
 that costs nothing, and is better than all, till a more near ap- 
 proach is made to it by the art and ingenuity of man. 
 
 Ventilation is a part of the study of those who would 
 build, or have built for them, dwellings to dwell in. The 
 motions of the air we breathe, and the causes of its changing 
 from place to place, need considering. Every house should have 
 facilities for passing the air through all its parts when in motion 
 without, or even when necessary by artificial means when not 
 in motion. The new appliances on railroad cars may suggest 
 some methods for houses. The draft of a stove also indicates 
 means of circulating air throughout our dwellings. Open a 
 room in the lower part of the house, and connect it with one 
 in the upper, and a current is formed. When the wind blows 
 we can let the air in and out almost any house ; but the 
 necessity is greatest when the air moves the least. School 
 houses, halls, lecture rooms, and all places where many persons 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 assemble, require great care in this particular. Very few are 
 yet, even where the thing is attempted, sufficiently ventilated. 
 Rooms in which we long remain need most care in this respect. 
 Bed rooms especially, in which most persons spend one fourth, 
 and many even one half their time, are the rooms needing 
 most care for ventilation ; yet they actually receive the least, 
 even in these days of educated physiologists and model archi- 
 tects. Any and every corner and attic large enough for man 
 or boy to lie down in at full length, setting aside the width, 
 is used to sleep in ; and even in rooms of larger dimensions 
 the head of the bed must be placed in the corner where the 
 air circulates least or not at all. If there are to be any good 
 sized, airy rooms in a house, let them be used for sleeping 
 apartments. 
 
 We inhale, at the best, enough of the air that is vitiated 
 by the exhalations from the body ; and it will be found much 
 dearer to pay the doctor than the carpenter ; for the latter 
 not only works for less pay, but he leaves us an airy room 
 instead of a cramped stomach — a home instead of the wreck 
 of a man. Some influence must be brought to bear on hu- 
 man conduct in this particular, else the present race will be the 
 last with man; no hale, healthy children will rise up to call 
 him " blessed." The author would not dictate any plan ; it is 
 enough to call earnest and special attention to the matter, when 
 those who would live in the full enjoyment of body and mind 
 may strive to conform to nature's laws. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 The object of a plan is to show how the space enclosed 
 within the walls of a building may be divided or distributed 
 into the various rooms or apartments of a dwelling. Houses 
 are constructed to accommodate various classes of occupants, 
 as well as diverse uses of the parts thereof ; consequently 
 there must needs be different sizes and forms to meet merely 
 these purposes. Then there are a great variety of tastes and 
 ideas with the same classes as to what is wanted for a house. 
 It is thus we get the diversity of houses all over the country. 
 The plans here given are more calculated to suggest than de- 
 termine what specific one shall be adopted in any given case. 
 After they have all been examined, the right one may be found 
 by a combination of several or an improvement on either. It 
 would have been easy and agreeable to the author to have 
 greatly extended this collection of plans ; but as some assign- 
 able limit must be fixed, a medium or perhaps moderate list 
 only is given. There is also a wide difference of opinion and 
 practice in the use of the rooms in a house. Some house- 
 wives are extremely careful, and nearly crowd themselves out 
 of doors to save the room in a clean and parlor-like style ; 
 others make the whole quite common. Perhaps in this, as 
 in nearly all extremes, a medium course would be best. Wis- 
 dom may not dictate a costly furnished room in the best and 
 pleasantest part of the house to be used very infrequently, nor 
 yet that there should be no parlors in which we can con- 
 vene visitors and friends calling upon us, as the social life 
 of civUized people requires. 
 
22 IXTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 People of wealth and distinction are wont to show their 
 superiority in their dwellings ; not that they despise or look 
 down upon those less fortunate than themselves in these par- 
 ticulars. Probably a large portion of the now almost house- 
 less would choose better dwellings if their means permitted. 
 It is no disparagement to either class that some have larger 
 and better dwellings than others. It is not the largest or 
 most elegant house that is an index to the happiness of the 
 occupants. It is a laudable ambition, however, that seeks a 
 neat and comfortable dw^elling, and proof that man has made 
 an advance in coming out of the caves in the rocks, and the 
 mere hovels and shelters of savage life ; and this advance is 
 in the right direction. Every season brings with it new proofs 
 of this progi'ess ; each new edifice is an attempted improve- 
 ment on the old ; and though all new ones may not excel the 
 old, it is evident gi*eat progress is constantly resulting from 
 the labors and endeavors of man in this field. 
 
 Sometimes, from motives of convenience or economy, several 
 parties finite and build double or triple houses. This is more 
 frequently done where people crowd in together, as in large 
 towns and villages. A few plans are given of this sort, though 
 it is believed but few like to mix or mingle together in this 
 way ; and when two or more families do thus use a single 
 building, they choose to have the tenements as nearly distinct 
 and separate as possible. 
 
 There are several little conveniences out of or around the 
 house that require at least a passing notice. These are fuel 
 and utensil apartments, and such out-door sheds and rooms 
 
INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 as may suit the convenience of parties using llie house, gar- 
 dens, and gi-ounds about the dwelling. All tools need careful 
 storage in a suitable and uniform place, so that they can be 
 readily found at any time, and in a suitable condition for 
 immediate use. The sties, poultry houses, stables, &c., are a 
 part of the essential buildings of a complete homestead in 
 country dwellings, and as such, here receive some little atten- 
 tion. They are, however, more simple, and require less care 
 and expenditure of money than dwellings for man ; still, con- 
 venience and beauty are not to be excluded from these less 
 worthy appendages of the home of man. Some skill and care 
 are required in properly locating these buildings, so as not to 
 interrupt the harmony of the buildings, taken together. Those 
 about to build should examine the buildings and grounds of 
 those about them, as well as those given in the books. In this 
 way there may be a better chance for the new structure exceed- 
 ing the old than in any other vray. The advice the author 
 would give in the matter is, consult first the special wants 
 or needs ; then, in full conformity with these, superadd every 
 other excellence and beauty the case can possibly admit. In 
 selecting a plan, the amount of money to be expended is taken 
 as a guide for the kind of house ; then the style of building the 
 funds proposed vAW give. After the size, &c., are determined upon, 
 the question how the divisions of the space shall be made arises. 
 The illustrations preceding the plans in this volume are in- 
 tended for the student of architecture, and are mostly taken 
 from volumes of recent issue in London, and they will be 
 found of great service to all in the practice of architecture; so, 
 also, will the rules and tallies of measurement gathered from 
 various sources. 
 
24 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In a work of this kind, intended more to incite inquiry than to 
 set down any results as already established, it may be proper to 
 observe that in a home of one's own seeking, or one arranged 
 to the taste of the dwellers thereof, it is not to be inferred that 
 every house (may be, any) is to suit exactly the projectors, so 
 that if another were planned, a mere copy would be the result. 
 It is sometimes urged that in this matter of house building, so 
 many tastes and minds are found, it is of little use to try to suit 
 even one's self; and some go so far as to assert they have but little 
 concern about it, even for their own use, merely on account of 
 this diversity of opinion about houses. To such, any work of 
 this kind can be of but little use, and if they are content with any 
 thing of a house, then they are accommodated as things are. 
 There are, however, so many otherwise affected, that we shall see 
 yet many new kinds and styles of dwellings ; to such these pages 
 are addressed; and although but a small number of plans are 
 given, they may yet answer a good purpose with such as are 
 trying to secure comfortable and convenient houses, fitted up with 
 neatness and good taste. Every man who builds a house for 
 himself, should by all means have it aiTanged to his mind : in this 
 v/ay we shall have variety. But such a course will, after all, tend 
 to secure a conformity to a higher standard ; it is in tliis way 
 progress is made. 
 
 We very natm-ally associate with a house a home ; and a home 
 is just and only the house we occupy, whether owned or merely 
 hired. If it is true " there is no place like home," — and it is not 
 well to dispute such antiquated phrases, — a person without a home 
 is a special object of commiseration. It is quite likely every 
 youth, of whichever sex, most fondly cherishes the idea that a 
 
INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 home is the special object of our destiny in this world, or a thing 
 first to be secured, before the various other schemes of life are 
 entered upon ; and this home consists oi first a house, and then its 
 various surroundings. A home, and a happy home, are sometimes 
 of extreme ditFerence ; though it is desirable all should be the lat- 
 ter, and, as has been hinted, those places our own hands have 
 contributed most largely to produce, are more to us, for we par- 
 take more largely of such ; so a home, more properly as such, is 
 the place to which we are attached by birth and the impressions 
 of early life, or else the one formed from our own ideas and labors. 
 It is natural we should esteem our thoughts and acts as part of 
 ourselves. 
 
 A home then, in either sense, is much, very much to us. If of 
 the first named, we cherish too highly every part or item of the 
 old shell to yield to alteration or demolition without powerful 
 emotions of mind. We have learned to pass around its huge 
 chimneys, and up and down its crooked stairs, and about and 
 through its ill-arranged rooms, and know not but they are the 
 most convenient in the world. A mind thus impressed is not 
 fitted for improvement in this direction. In the other case, all we 
 have done to perfect and beautify a place we are to call our home, 
 tends, in an equal ratio, to bind us to that place. This is a benef- 
 icent law of our being. In view of these statements, it will be 
 asked and urged, that as very many of our peoj)le are uneasy 
 or dissatisfied with their homes, our reasoning is based on wrong 
 views of what are, or may be, homes. Not at all ; for while it is 
 admitted that there is a vast amount of discontent, and that not 
 only the old homestead, but even the newly-erected one, is freely 
 offered " for sale," other reasons than a natural desire to part vn\\i 
 4 
 
26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 either, must be taken into the account. When we have set down 
 all that the spirit of adventure and speculation have done to effect 
 such a state of mind, and find this deficient in accounting for the 
 phenomena in question, then it will be time to call in question 
 the laws we have named as securing and regulating a home. 
 The avarice or perversion that can sell even a mother''s picture 
 can never faU back upon the slanderous assumption that one 
 place is as good as another, and carry away with it all those 
 noble monuments of human progress, our good houses. I know 
 very well, the wife who truly loves her husband can and vAM fol- 
 low him in the Indian forest trail, to prison, or death ; but it is 
 only that this love is stronger than the principle cited, that such 
 strange freaks of fortune, or misfortune, occur. Mutual affection 
 seeks mutual indulgence, and the true luxury of living will con- 
 form in aU things to right methods of living, and these arc only 
 found in strict and full obedience to the laws of our being ; and 
 if this were the plan, it is hoped the reader sees no necessity for 
 arguing a point so apparent, and therefore the whole can here be 
 summed up. No man can be fully a man, and enjoy the blessings 
 and privileges of life, who is destitute of a home ; and those with' 
 out a home are subjects of deep commiseration, either as too 
 prodigal and profligate, or else wanting the common fmictions or 
 mental powers necessary to a man, and thus become mere objects 
 of charity, or servants. It is on the broadest ground we assume 
 man's right to a home of some kind, and with the highest appreci- 
 ation of his powers, that this home shall be as neat, and convenient, 
 and beautiful as Nature herself. 
 
 What has been said about Home, as also most of the plans, 
 refers to home in the country, where almost alone the genuine 
 
INTRODUCTION. 27 
 
 is to be found. In the town only the wealthy are able to possess 
 land enough to make the house sufficiently attractive to enlist the 
 sympathies and love of the occupants ; and with this class, even 
 here, almost the whole aim of the thing is thwarted by the 
 employment of other hands to do the work or labor. Hence 
 the garden of the opulent townsman is but little more to him than 
 it is to the mere passer by — a spectacle, a thing to be seen merely. 
 The mere idea of possession is not enough to make the garden or 
 home what it should be to the dwellers thereon. 
 
 When a young man conceives the idea of a home, the house 
 may be one of the first items, then its surroundings, &c. ; but is 
 there not a something back of all this ? Yes, the real idea or 
 thing sought in this matter is the same as that of procuring a coat 
 or any needful garment ; it is not the garment we live for, but 
 the garment may help us to live. The better it is adapted to our 
 wants, well fitting the person and otherwise comely in appearance, 
 the more perfect we account it. So, also, the house is an ingre- 
 dient of the home ; the making of the house does not make the 
 home in the proper sense, although it is very essential to a home. 
 People often change (too often, perhaps) their places of residence, 
 and of consequence their homes. A home, in so far as a house 
 is concerned, is a place where the whole thing fits or suits those 
 who occupy it ; as, when the family is large, so must be the house 
 to correspond, as a large person needs a larger garment than a 
 smaller one. If the man has money and taste, he makes his house 
 better or more costly, as his fancy may lead, while the man of 
 smaller means governs himself accordingly. Both may live peace- 
 ably together if they will, seeing these distinctions are external to 
 the men, and often but accidental to their history. It does not 
 
28 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 require a large or an expensive house to constitute it either beautiful 
 or desirable as a residence. Each and every one will aim in these 
 as other things of life, and as his calculations may be. When the 
 real objects of life are seen and followed, then is the true mission 
 of this world experienced. 
 
 No one should live without some good object in view. It is 
 usually esteemed a correct principle of judgment, that man attains 
 the objects of his pursuits when his inspirations are sufficiently 
 ardent. The young man aspiring to an education gets it, even 
 in extremely adverse circumstances. So the man who desires 
 any particular kind of a house or home will, pretty likely, live to 
 secure it ; and if this is true, the only reason why each and every 
 one has not a home is, this natural instinct is suppressed in its 
 action, or perverted by some wrong course of conduct. What 
 now needs to be done is to make houses so comfortable, conven- 
 ient, and happy, that the rising generation will see clearly that 
 this is the right and only way to live, and then the race will come 
 to conform to such natm*al mode of life as here indicated. A 
 single paragraph will sufficiently indicate the author's views on 
 this subject. 
 
 There is an item often named in works of this kind, which it 
 may be proper to indicate the author's views thereupon, namely : 
 the equipping of the house, or, in the common expression, the fur- 
 nishing. It too frequently happens that this item costs as much 
 as the house itself. It is desirable to have a house furnished with 
 every thing that can render the service of housekeeping as agree- 
 able as possible, and to this end, every needed utensil of the most 
 approved sort should be secured, before any thing else is thought 
 of; then in the ornamental part, use funds as you may have to 
 
INTRODUCTION. 29 
 
 spare. In the usual course of our present customs in society, that 
 which is of least use to the individuals costs most to them, and 
 vice versa. Now, as all wish to appear well in the sight of their 
 friends, so, to conform to this idea in the undue development, we 
 have every degree of extravagance, and in many cases, leading to 
 great distress, if not bankruptcy. A neat, orderly house, if there 
 be but few ornaments, containing cheerful and happy occupants, 
 is better equipped to entertain visitants than the mansions of 
 princes can usually afibrd. We feel at home the moment we 
 enter, while those whose minds rest on fine furniture are all the 
 while anxious lest we do not enough lavish our praises upon 
 carpets, mirrors, &c. It has come to be an evil of no small mag- 
 nitude, and which very much needs correction, that we cannot tise 
 without abusing the common privileges of life, and the domestic 
 circle is not free from it. If we could rightly estimate life, especially 
 life at home, where, if to be found, we should see it, it would not 
 be difficult to distinguish between it and its appurtenances. Nor 
 will we think the less of life, while it will be so much the more to 
 us, when all else shall be subservient to life itself, being " more 
 than meat," as " the body is more than raiment." It may afford 
 pleasure to some persons into whose hands this will come, to sug- 
 gest an improvement in the matter of beds, inasmuch as it is 
 intimated we need large, airy bed rooms. As beds are now made, 
 they are of but little use, except in the night time ; if the frames 
 (so cumbersome) could be arranged in parts, and during the day 
 used as lounges or seats, like a sofa, it would be an improvement ; 
 and better still, to dispense with the feathers, as they usually 
 emit an unpleasant, unhealthy odor. Why not make double 
 lounges, to be rigged somewhat as above indicated ? We might 
 
30 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 then dispense with much that in the usual way is costly, always 
 exposed to dust, light, &c., and substitute therefor more econom- 
 ical coverings for beds, to be placed in closets as soon as aired, 
 and leave the bed room free as a sitting room, or otherwise, as 
 needed ; and the labor, too, of making the bed would be greatly 
 abridged, the room more easily cleaned, &c. We make the sug- 
 gestion, as worthy of consideration. 
 
 As nearly all the houses built must be occupied by persons of 
 moderate fortunes, there being but a very small portion of man- 
 kind strictly wealthy, or even likely to become so, it would seem 
 that the houses of this class will be of moderate proportions, and 
 of suitable economy in construction and equipment. It is spe- 
 cially advisable to all to live "within means," and as far as 
 practicable to keep clear of debt. As a general rule, few prosper 
 under the pressing weight of debt. If, then, so great a portion 
 of human dwellings is to be of this character, it is all the more 
 desirable that they should be as neat and convenient as possible ; 
 and much effect depends upon the trees, shrubbery, gardens, and 
 grounds that surround the dwellings. If these are of the proper 
 kinds, and arranged in the most suitable way, an ordinary house, 
 otherwise, becomes, with these, a beautiful habitation of man, 
 every way worthy of his origin and destiny. What has been 
 intimated in regard to the rearing of children with the love and 
 care of these elements of nature and art, deserves frequent repe- 
 tition; and when once civilization sets this way, the beggarly 
 poverty of our large towns will give its bone and muscle to this 
 care and culture of the waste lands, and cause the deserts to 
 blossom with roses, and the barren fields become rich with golden 
 harvests. This will prove the only effectual drainage of cities of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 31 
 
 the superfluous population that give the municipal authorities so 
 much trouble, and the whole body of inhabitants trouble and 
 distress. 
 
 The plans for this class are from four to six or eight rooms, 
 costing from three hundred to one thousand dollars. Eight 
 hundred dollars rightly expended will give a very beautiful house. 
 There is, throughout the country, such an abundance of waste 
 land, it is matter of extreme lament it could not be turned to 
 better account. Give every young man at all disposed to make 
 himself a home, a few acres, on condition he will work out the 
 problem. If our land monopolists would give or part with con- 
 siderable portions of their lands on the same terms, the remainders 
 would more than equal in value the first undivided portion ; and 
 better still, if, in the settlement of this country, lands had been 
 limited to each possessor to an amount equal to his wants, and 
 what he would use, and made free, our country would far have 
 exceeded its present wealth and population, and the moral aspect 
 of man in society would much exceed what we see at present. 
 Is there not in this a great problem for the philanthropist and 
 moral philosopher ? 
 
 The cut on the following page illustrates a new and cheap kind 
 of fence, made wholly of wire. It is calculated alike for garden 
 and field, and seems better adapted to the purpose of fences than 
 any thing yet devised. Made by James E. Butts & Co., succes- 
 sors to the Lowell Wke Fence Company, Boston, Mass. 
 
COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 ' 'rife 
 
 fy^'- iii'^N^^ 
 
COTTAGE BUILDER'S MANUAL. 
 
 BEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 A POINT is that which has no parts ; such is the true mathemat- 
 ical definition ; it is thus merely an idea, not apparent to our senses ; 
 but to perform an operation we must have something obvious to 
 these ; it has therefore been agreed upon to represent a mathemati- 
 _z, cal point, which has merely position, by a physical 
 ' ' one, which has comparative size, and is generally 
 ^^^^ made by the point of a pencil, a pin, or compass 
 fig. 1. leg. The position from which a circle is described, 
 
 as a, fig. 14, is termed a point ; also the place where two lines, a, b, 
 fig. 1, intersect or cut one another ; it is in this case generally 
 called the point of intersection. 
 
 A LINE is that which has length, but not breadth; it has been 
 defined as the "flowing of points." A geometrical line is there- 
 fore made by joining a succession of points ; and this is done by 
 placing the edge of a ruler to coincide with the points, a, 6, fig. 2, 
 
 «r. 
 
 ^ r 
 
 fig. 2. 
 and drawing along it with a pencil or ^ 
 
 graver. A line is termed indefinite fig- 3. 
 
 when it has no obvious termination, as a, 6 ; finite when terminated 
 5 
 
34 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 by obvious marks, or supposed to have such, as c, d. A line is 
 said to be produced when it is lengthened in the same dii-ection ; 
 thus a line may only extend to e, fig. 2, but it may be produced to 
 d or c. A circular line, a, b, fig. 3, is that which is continually 
 changing its direction, and described by compasses from one point, 
 which is termed its centre ; the line forming a circle is a completed 
 circular line. A curved line, e, d, is that which is drawn in more 
 than one du'ection. In geometrical drawing, lines are used in two 
 ways — " apparent " or " determined " lines, as a, b, fig. 4, and 
 
 fig. 4. fig. 5. 
 
 " occult " or " jiartial," as c, d. In general, occult lines are shown 
 in diagrams as only useful in constnacting them, but meant, after 
 the operation is performed, to be rubbed out, the determined lines 
 being left in. A line is said to be perpendicular to another, as a, 
 b to c, d, fig. 5, when the angles on each side of the upright line are 
 equal to one another. A liue is said to be vertical, us c, d, when 
 it inclines neither to one side nor the other. It differs from a per- 
 pendicular line in the fact that it is always straight up ; whereas a 
 line may be perpendicular to another, and yet be itself much in- 
 clined ; thus a shijj's mast may be both vertical and perpendicular 
 to the deck in time of complete calm, but if storms arise, and the 
 vessel reels over to one side, the masts are no longer vertical, al- 
 though still perpendicular to the deck ; this 
 i distinction should be carefully noted. A hor- 
 izontal line is that Avhich is parallel to the 
 horizon, or at right angles to a vertical line ; 
 a, b is a horizontal line. T,incs that are 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 35 
 
 neither vertical nor horizontal are said to be ohlique, as a, b, c, and 
 d, fig, 6. Lines that follow one another at equal distance, and 
 which if produced ever so far both ways never meet, are called par- 
 allel LINES, as a b, c d,e f, g h, fig. T. Cm-ved lines, us a b c d, fig. 
 
 '.d 
 
 fig. 8. 
 
 8, may also be parallel and circular lines, e f, g h ; these are termed 
 also concentric, as in fig. 86 are two concentric circles. The sides 
 of a figiu-e, or the boundary lines, are those witliin Avhich the fig- 
 ure is contained, as a, b, c, d, fig. 13, are the sides of the figure a 
 bed; the line c, d, is called the base, on wloich the figure rests or 
 is constructed. Lines that incline towards one another, as a b, c b, 
 figure 9, and if produced woidd meet in a point, 
 are angular linc;s, and form an angle, as the angle a 
 b c, c b a ; when the lines are right or straight lines, 
 a b, c b, the angle is rectilineal, but if curved or 
 circular, as / g, h g, it is a curvilinear angle. 
 When a perpendicular line cuts another, as a b, c b, 
 fig. 10, the angle formed at the point of intersection 
 is called a right angle. If an oblique line meets ^ 
 a horizontal one, the angle formed at the point of 
 
 O 
 
 fig. 10. fig. 11. fig. 12. 
 
 intersection is either an acute or an obtuse. An obtuse angle, a b 
 
36 
 
 COTTAGE KTIII.DER S MA^'UAL. 
 
 c, fig. W, being greater than a right angle, or more than ninety- 
 degrees ; an acute angle, fig. 12, less than a right angle. 
 
 A SUPEKFICIES, or SURFACE, is that which has length and breadth, 
 but not thickness ; hence it is that which is formed by boundary 
 lines, as a b c d, e fg h, fig. 13. A figure is that which is con- 
 tained by three (fig. 19) or more (fig. 31) sides. A diagonal is a 
 line drawn across a figure, as c h,fg, fig. 13, joining opposite an- 
 gles. Figui-es bounded by right lines are termed rectilineal ; those 
 
 by curved, curvilineal. A circle is 
 ^^ di'awn by placing one leg of the com- 
 passes in the centre, as a, fig. 14, and 
 opening the compasses till the other 
 leg reaches the point b ; then cause 
 this leg to revolve round the point a 
 till it returns to itself; the distance 
 by which the circle is described, as a 
 
 fig. 15. 
 
 b, is called the radius, and the diameter, as c a b, is double the 
 radius ; the boundaiy line is called the circumference. There are 
 360° in a circle, 180° in a semicircle, a d b, fig. 15, and 90° in a 
 quadrant, as c a 6, fig. 16. The semicircle is described from the 
 centre, d ; the quadi-ant from a, two lines, a b, a c, being first 
 drawn at right angles to one another. A segment, as a, b, fig. 17, 
 is a portion of a cu'cle contained by part of the circumference and a 
 straight line joining its extremities, as c d, e f; this straight line is 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 3T 
 
 called the chord, and an arc is part of the circumference of a circle. 
 A sector is part of a circle bounded by two radii, or semi-diame- 
 ters, as o 6, a c, fig. 18, and part of a circumference. 
 
 fe. 16. 
 
 fis:. 17. 
 
 fiff. 18. 
 
 An EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE is a right lined figure, having three 
 equal sides, as fig. 19. 
 
 fig. 19. 
 
 fig. 21. 
 
 fig. 20. 
 
 A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE is that wliich lias a right angle, as fig. 
 'ZO ; a b is called the base, h c the perpendicular, and a c the hy- 
 potenuse. A 
 
 An isosceles triangle is that which has two equal sides, as 
 fig. 21. 
 
 An OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE is 
 
 that which has an angle greater 
 than a right angle, as fig. 22. 
 
 fiff. 24. 
 
 fi- 25. 
 
38 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 A SCALENE TRIANGLE is that which has three unequal sides, as 
 fig. 23. 
 
 A SQUARE is a figure contained within fom* equal sides, all the 
 angles of which are right angles, as fig. 24. 
 
 A PARALLELOGRAM is a rectilineal figui-e, contained within four 
 equal sides, two of which only are equal, as fig. 25. 
 
 A RHOMBOID is a quadrilateral, or parallelogram, but has no right 
 angles, as fig. 26. 
 
 fif?. 26. 
 
 fiST. 27. 
 
 A RHOMBUS is a quadrilateral, the sides of which are equal, but 
 has no right angles, as fig. 27. 
 
 A TRAPEZIUM is a quadrilateral, c- i 
 
 the opposite sides of which are 
 neither equal or parallel, as fig. 28. 
 A TRAPEZOID is a quadrilateral, ^- 
 
 fiff. 28. 
 
 \ 
 
 fis. 29. 
 
 none of its sides being equal, but two parallel, as 
 abed, fig. 29. 
 
 A PENTAGON, a e d c b, is that which has five sides ; it is of two 
 kinds — equal sided and angled, as fig. 30, and irregular, as fig. 31. 
 
 fig. 30. fig. 31. 
 
 A II KX AG ON is a figure having six sides, a f e d c b ; it is of two 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 kinds — equilateral and equiangular, as fig. S2, and irregular, as 
 fig. 33. 
 
 A iiErxAGON is a 
 figure having seven 
 sides ; it is also of 
 two kinds — regular, 
 as fig. 34, and irreg- 
 ular, as fig. 35. 
 
 fiff. 34. 
 
 fig. 35. 
 
 An OCTAGON is that which has 
 eight sides ; it is of two kinds — 
 regular and irregular ; fig. 36 is a 
 regular octagon. 
 
 A NONAGON is that -which has nine sides ; 
 fig. 37 is au equal sided nonagon. 
 
 A DECAGON has ten sides ; fig. 38 is an equal i 
 
 sided decagon. 
 
 An ELijpsE, or oval, as it is more popularly 
 termed, is produced by the section of a cone, a 
 c b, by a line, d e, not parallel, that is, oblique, fig. 36. 
 
 to its base, as shown in fig. 39. The largest diameter, as a h, fig. 
 40, is called the " transverse diameter," or ** axis ; " the shortest, c 
 d, the " conjugate." The tAvo centres, e f, are termed the " foci ; " 
 they are placed in the transverse diameter, at an equal distance 
 from the conjugate. The " centre " of the ellipse is at the point of 
 intersection of the two diameters. All lines drawn A\ithin the 
 
40 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 ellipse, parallel to one another, and bisected by a diameter, arc 
 called ORDiNATES to that diameter which bisects them, as h h. The 
 point where the diameters touch the circumference or boundary line 
 
 fig. 37. fig. 38. 
 
 of the ellipse, is called the '' vertex." "When the transverse diam- 
 eter, as a h, is cut into any two parts by an ordinate, as e, the parts, 
 a e, a g, arc called '' abscissa." 
 
 d a^L :^...\ _.! \-}^. 1 S 
 
 J 
 €■■'/ \ fig 4Q 
 
 I f ; c 
 
 ■'-.. --'' A PARABOLA is thc plane of a section 
 
 fig. 39. of a cone, a h c, cut by a line, d e, par- 
 
 allel to one of its sides, as shown by fig. 41. A line, a I/, fig. 43, 
 thi-ough thc middle, is called its " axis," cad the " directrix ; " e 
 is the " vertex ; " all lines, as / /, that cut the axis at right angles 
 are called " ordinates ; " the greatest ordinate, as b b, limiting thc 
 length of the parabola, is called the " base ; " right lines drawn 
 within a parabola parallel to its axis, as g', are called " diameters ; " 
 the ordinate drawn thi'ough the focus is called the " parameter ; " 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 41 
 
 the abscissa is that part contained within the vertex and thp ordi- 
 nate, b b, which limits its length, as e b'. 
 
 fig. 41. 
 
 fisr. 42. 
 
 The HYPERBOLA is a figure formed by the 
 plane of a section of a cone, c b d, fig. 43, 
 by a line cither parallel to its axis, as g, or 
 otherwise, as e a, so that if the cutting line 
 be produced through one side of the cone, as 
 at 0, it may meet the other side of the cone 
 if it be produced beyond the vertex b, as to 
 a. The figure h n o n m is a hyperbola. 
 The line o g drawn through the middle is 
 called the " axis ; " that part of it, as o a, 
 which is produced till it meet the other side 
 of the cone produced, is called the " transverse diameter." Ordi- 
 nates are lines drawn within the figm-e at right angles to the axis, 
 as 7i n ; that ordinate passing through the focus is the " parameter ; " 
 the middle point of the transverse diameter is called the centre of 
 the hyperbola ; from this point lines can be drawn,' which will ap- 
 proach nearer and nearer to the sides of the hyperbola, yet never 
 really meet, however far the curve lines be produced; lines thus 
 drawn are termed " assymptotes." 
 
 The CONJUGATE AXIS is a line drawn through the centre of the 
 hyperbola, terminated by a circle, drawn from the vertex of tlie 
 
 fiff. 43. 
 
42 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 curve ; the radius of this cii-cle being the distance between the cen- 
 tre and focus of the elHpse. The assymptotes are drawn from 
 the centre through the terminations of the conjugate axis. 
 
 The CONCHOID, a conic section 
 
 •^ or curve, discovered by Nico- 
 
 medes, about A. D. 450, the 
 
 fig. 44. 
 
 properties of wliich will be here- 
 after described. In figure 44, 
 which represents the curve, a b 
 is the centi-e line, / e the " superior conchoid," and d c the '* infe- 
 rior conchoid." 
 
 The CI3S0ID, another curve or conic 
 section, shown in fig. 45 ; it was discov- 
 ered by Diocles, a mathematician, who 
 fig- 45. floiuished about A. D. 150. 
 
 The CYCLOID, a cmve, generated in the following manner : Let a 
 h, fig. 46, be a straight lirre, along wliich the circle c d rolls as a cart 
 
 wheel does along a road; if 
 the distance, a h, is equal to 
 the distance Mhich the circle 
 rolls over in one revolution, or 
 in other words equal to its cir- 
 cumference, the point c will trace out the cui've, as shown in the 
 diagram. 
 
 To CONSTRUCT A DIAGONAL SCALE FOR MEASURING LARGE DIS- 
 TANCES. — Draw the line c 2, fig. 47, and divide it into any 
 number of equal parts, as three ; for use, the division should be 
 eleven in number ; divide the last division to the right hand into 
 ten equal parts ; firom C draw c d perpendicular and equal to this, 
 and divide it into the same number of equal parts ; number these 
 as at 2, 4, &c., these denoting 20, 40, &c. ; the intermediate ones, 
 30, 50, «S:c. From d di-aw d e parallel to 2 c ; fi-oni the ix)ints in c 
 d, draw lines parallel io d e ; through the large division in 2 c 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 43 
 
 draw lines parallel to c d. Divide d f into ten parts, and from 
 these draw to the division on c 2, as in the drawini^. To measure 
 
 1 
 
 Jf ± Z d' ff s 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 \ \\ \\ 
 
 
 
 \ \ \ \ \ 
 
 
 
 Mill 
 
 
 
 W 1,1 1 
 
 
 
 1 M 1 1 1 1 M 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 11 1 M 
 
 
 
 ' 'MM 
 
 
 
 1 I 1 1 \ r-ri 
 
 J 
 
 47. 
 
 distances from this scale proceed as follows ; suppose the distance 
 to be taken is 250 ; with compass point in the large division 2, 
 open to the point 5 in the division to the right hand ; to measure 
 165 — with point of compass in one, lay off to division 6 ; then, 
 with point in this, bring down the leg in 1 to the 5th horizontal 
 division ; then move the point fiom six to the same division. In 
 this scale the distances may have different values ; thus the large 
 divisions may be ten, while the small ones will be each one, or the 
 large one hundi-ed, and the small tens, or the large a thousand, and 
 the small ones hundi'eds. 
 
 To CONSTRUCT A SQUARE ON A GIVEN LINE, a b, FIG. 49. From 
 
 a and h, Avith radius a h, describe arcs to c d'^ from the point e of 
 intersection with radius e a, describe a circle ; with same radius, 
 from c, d, cut the circle in g and / ; draw a g ; b f from g, f, a\ ith 
 
4i COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 radius of the circle ; cut these lines in h i ; join hi; a h c h is the 
 square required. 
 
 I 3f.. -■.. 7, To CONSTRUCT OX A GIA'EN LINE 
 
 -•''1 ?"■•-. 
 
 / :\ /: •«.. ANY POLYGON HAVING FROM SIX 
 
 j \ /' I \ TO TWELVE OR TWENTY-FOUR SIDES. 
 
 ,f / : \e.y'' I • ^ — Let a h, fig. 50, be the line from h, 
 
 \ ^-j •""■••-'-• ::::.:.:.-^.^--^ I with a h ; describe an ai-c, a e ; bi- 
 
 i i /' sect a 6 in c, and erect an indefinite 
 
 \ i I /*' perpendiculai', as c e ; divide the arc 
 
 ^ " ""5 a e into six equal parts ; from c 
 
 "S- 49. transfer these to the line e c. 
 
 To CONSTRUCT A HEXAGON. — On « b, from e, with radius, e a, de- 
 scribe a circle. This will contain a h six times. For a heptagon, 
 octagon, nonagon, (nine-sided figure,) decagon, (ten-sided,) undeca- 
 gon, (eleven-sided,) dodecagon, (twelve-sided,) the centre of the 
 circle is respectively at the points 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. A poly- 
 gon, having from twelve to twenty-four sides, can also be con- 
 structed by the same means — by dividing the arc into twelve equal 
 parts, and proceed as above. In fig. 50, f is the centre of a ciixle, 
 
 10 \ 
 
 ■A 
 
 A 
 
 "If 
 
 fi- 50. 
 
 containing o h five times. The sides of a regular pentagon, hexa- 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTKUCTIONS. 
 
 45 
 
 gon, &c., can be found by means of the protractor. The rule (fig. 
 48) is simple. Divide 360°, the number of degrees on the circum- 
 ference of a circle, by the number of the sides of the desired poly- 
 gon. This will give the angle at the centre of the circle, in which, 
 or about which, the figure is to be inscribed or described. If the fig- 
 ure is to be constructed on a given line, the angle found as above is 
 to be subtracted from 180° ; the angle thus found is that to be used. 
 All the other figures can be constructed by the rule given above. 
 
 To DESCRIBE AN OCTAGON ABOUT A SQUARE. 
 
 — (Fig. 51.) — Draw diagonals, cutting in 
 e ; from e, Avith e b, describe a circle ; bi- 
 sect c d, c a, in f and g ; from these draw :/ 
 lines through, meeting the circle ; join the 
 points. 
 
 To DESCRIBE A HEXAGON ABOUT A HEXA- 
 GON. — (Fig. 52.) — Produce a b, c d, to e ; 
 bisect b e, d e, in f g ; 
 draw from b and d through 
 these, cutting in h; from 
 m, the centre of the given 
 hexagon, with a h, de- 
 cribe a circle ; bisect all the 
 sides of the hexagon, as a 
 b, c d ; through the centre 
 m fr-om these draw hues, 
 touching the circle ; join 
 the points. 
 
 To DESCRIBE A SQUARE ABOUT AN 
 EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. (Fig. 53.) 
 
 — Bisect b c in d ; draw d a ; pro- 
 duce b c ; make d e, d e = d a ; join 
 e a ; from d, with d c, describe c f 
 b ; from /, through b c, draw to A g. 
 
 fiff. 52. 
 
46 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 To INSCRIBE FOUR CIRCLES WITHIN A CIRCLE. (Fig. 54.) DraW 
 
 diagonals, cutting in e ; join a c ; from 
 c, with a c, lay off on c d to d ; with d 
 c, from a bed, lay off in the diameters 
 to g h t f; with radius f b describe 
 1 3 firom these points the four circles. 
 
 To INSCRIBE THREE CIRCLES WITH- 
 IN AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. 
 
 (Fig. 55.) — Bisect the sides in d e f, 
 and fifom these di-aw to the opposite 
 angles ; with a d, fi-om e f d, lay 
 off to m no; describe from these the three circles. Note. — By 
 joining the points m n o by lines a triangle may be inscribed within 
 the other. 
 
 To INSCRIBE FOUR CIRCLES WITHIN A SQUARE. — ( Fig. 56.) 
 
 Bisect the sides, and draw lines from the points, cutting in e ; join 
 a c ; from c, with c e, cut a cin d ; with d a, from abed, lay off 
 in the diameters ; these are the centres of the circles of which a d 
 =. radius. 
 
 fig. 56. 
 To DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE IN A GIVEN LINE. (Fig. 57.) Di^^de 
 
 a b into three equal parts ; from c d, with c a, describe two circles, 
 cutting in e ; through the centre and the points of intersection draw 
 lines, as c f,d e; from the point of intersection take to / in the com- 
 passes ; from the points, as e, describe parts of circles joining the small 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTKUCTIONS. 47 
 
 ones previously described, as //. Meth. 2nd, (Fig. 58.) — Divide 
 
 %. 58. 
 
 
 the line a b into four equal parts ; 
 fiom c d, the first and third, 
 describe, with radius a c, two circles ; from c d, with c d, describe arcs 
 cutting in e, on both sides of a b ; fi-om e draw through d to g, with 
 c g ; from e describe parts of circles joining those previously drawn. 
 Meih. ord — the diameters being given. — (Fig. 59.) — Let a' b' be 
 the diameters ; draw a b :=a' ; bisect it in e ; draw e a ; d c ^ half 
 of 6' ; d c will therefore equal b'. Take c d, and from d lay it on a 
 btof; divide/ 6 into three equal parts ; with two of these from e 
 lay on a 6 to ^ ; make e h =z e g ; from h g, with h g, describe arcs 
 in 7« n ; from h g, with a h, 
 describe parts of cii'cles a b ; 
 from m draw through g, touch- 
 ing the circle described from g ; 
 from r,i n, describe arcs as in 
 preceding problems, Meth. 4:th. 
 — Let a b, c d, fig. 60, be the 
 diameters. With c e from b lay 
 off to f; divide / c into three 
 equal parts ; from f, with one 
 of these, describe a semicircle to 
 h ; make e g = e h ; proceed as 
 in last problem. Meih. 5th. — An ellipse maybe described with- 
 out compasses, on a large scale, as follows : Let a b, fig. 61, be the 
 
48 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 length of proposed ellipse, and c d half its breadth ; bisect a b in c ; 
 draw c d perpendicular to it ; with a c, firom d, cut a 6 in e and f, 
 in c? e y* fix pins ; fasten a cord round e, cany it round cZ, and fasten 
 
 fig. 61. 
 
 it firmly to / ; take out the pin d, and substitute for it a pencil or 
 tracer ; keep the cord tight, and j5rom d towards a move the tracer, 
 and from cZ to 6 ; half of the ellipse will be described ; move the 
 cord to the other side of the pins for the remaining half. 
 
 To DRAW AN ELLIPSE ROUND TWO ^^ 
 
 SQUARES. — (Fig. 62.) — Let a b c d, e r\ 
 
 f d c he the squares ; draw the diag- / \ 
 
 fig. 62. 
 
 fi2. 63. 
 
 onals as in the diagram ; from g and h, c and d, describe the parts 
 of the circles, joining a b, f e, f a, e b. 
 
 To DRAW A TANGENT TO AN ELLIPSE. (Fig- 63.) Let C be the 
 
 point of contact, and a b the foci ; from b draw a line through c ; 
 make c d z= c b ; join d a ; bisect it in e ; from e draw through c ; e 
 c is the tangent. Meth. 2nd. — (Fig. 64.) — From « b, the foci of 
 the ellipse, to the point of contact at c, set off in c a, c d = c b ; 
 from b draw through d ; draw from c a line parallel to b d ; it is the 
 tangent required. 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTKUCTIONS. 
 
 49 
 
 An ellipse being given, to itnd its " foci " and diameteus. 
 - (Fig. 65.) — Draw any tAvo parallel lines, as £fom a h, c d ; 
 
 bisect them in e e ; draw e e ; bisect it in /; / is the centre of 
 the ellipse ; from this, with any radius greater than half the supposed 
 conjugate diameter, draw the circle p h c, cutting the ellipse in h m ; 
 join h m ; bisect it ; through the point of bisection and f draw a line 
 o ; this is the transverse diameter ; through f perpendicular to o o 
 draw a line, meeting the ellipse ; this is the conjugate diameter ; 
 bisect yo in s ; make f s =zfs', on both sides the conjugate, s 5, are 
 the foci. 
 
 To describe an ellipse on the large scai,e by means of 
 points. — (Fig. 66.) — Let a h, c d be the two diameters ; with a 
 e, from c, lay on c d to g ; from any point m between e g, with e g, 
 cut e b in n ; from m through n, draw a line, and make this from n 
 
 rn/ 
 
 -•/^ 
 
 J.Z 
 
 u\.^..\...X — i— .i.....J 
 
 ■j-^-i—i — J— -4 — •! .' 
 
 ...J* 
 
 yy 
 
 fijr. 67. 
 
 fiS- 66 
 
 may 
 
 = e fZ ; the point thus found is 
 in the curve of the ellipse ; any 
 niunbcr to complete the curve 
 thus be found. Meth. 2nd, — Let a b, fig. 67, be half the 
 
 7 
 
50 
 
 COTTAGE BLILDEK S MANUAL. 
 
 transverse, and h c lialf the conjugate diameter ; draw 6 c at riglit 
 angles to a h, and produce it indefinitely ; from h, -vvitli a h, describe 
 the quadrant. Divide a h,h c, into the same number of equal parts, 
 and from these draw lines parallel to a h, h c ; tlrrough the points 
 where the corresponding lines intersect, as the first from h, with the 
 first from c, draw a curve by hand ; this is one quarter of the 
 ellipse ; the others may be produced in like manner. 
 The base c d oy a parabola, and its ab- ^ 
 
 i i1 1 11 H: 
 
 fi?. 68. 
 
 y? SCIS3A a h, BEING GIVEN, 
 ; TO FIND THE CURVE. 
 
 1 (Fig. G8.) — Trom c 
 "1 and d draw lines to & f;"^ 
 ■•\ through a, parallel to &- 
 ; d, draw e a f. Divide 
 c h, h d, each into any "^ 
 nimibcr of equal parts. 
 
 as foui' ; also c e, d f. From the points in c d draAV lines to e f, 
 jjarallel to c e, and from those in c c, d f, to the vertex a ; through 
 the points where the corresponding lines intersect, as the first from 
 c, with the third fi-om e, draw by the hand the curve requii-ed ; the 
 various points may be correspondingly numbered to facilitate the op- 
 eration. Fig. 69 gives another diagram, shoM'ing this construction 
 — a h, h c, divided each into foiu' parts, as also c e, h ; the points 
 
 t^ n, m, n, m, are those tln-ough 
 / which the cm*ve is drawn. In fig. 
 j2 70 another method is shown. 
 I- Draw the line a h, c d ; divide a 
 b into five equal parts ; tln-ough 
 these di-aw lines to d e, c f; from 
 the points on d e draw lines to a, 
 and from c, through the points on 
 a b, meeting those ; through the points thus obtained draw the 
 curve by hand. 
 
rEFI>'lTIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 51 
 
 A PARABOLIC CURVE BEING GIVEN, TO FIND ITS FOCUS, DIRECTRIX, 
 
 AND PARAMETER. — (Fig- "^l-) — Draw any two parallel lines, a h, c 
 d ; bisect them in e e ; draw a line e e througli these ; this forms a 
 diameter ; at right angles to this cbaw any line f h g ; bisect it in 
 h ; draw h m o ; join m f; from /, at right angles to m f, draw a 
 perpendicular, cutting m n in n ; divide h n into four equal parts ; 
 lay one of these from m to p and o ; p is the focus ; through this 
 draw a line parallel to fg ; it is the parameter ; a line through o 
 parallel to this is the directrix. 
 
 .o To' DRAW A TANGENT TO A e 
 
 GIVEN POINT IN THE CURA'E OF 
 A PARABOT,A. Let «, fig. 72, 
 
 be the vertex, the point of 
 \^ contact, and c the point where 
 the tangent will intersect the 
 parabola's axis produced : from' 
 d draAV the semi-ordinate, d e ; 
 
 at right angles to h e, di'aw a c =^ a e ; d e is the 
 
 tangent. 
 
 To DRAW THE CURVE OF A HYPERBOLA, THE CENTRE d, FIG. 73, 
 
 iiii. 73. 
 
 •.Vfi- 
 
 THE VERTEX AND ORDINATE d C BEING 
 
 (UVEN. — Draw a h through the vertex ; 
 draw e, /, and from a b parallel to d e, 
 
 i 
 4.« 
 
 
 If" 
 
 fiff. 74. 
 
 \e.,- 
 
52 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 a e, b f; divide a c, c b into any number of equal parts, as foiu', 
 and cbaw from these to the centre, d ; divide a e, f b into the same 
 number of equal parts as a b, namely, four, and draw from these to 
 c, through the points where the corresponding lines intersect ; draw 
 the cxirve by hand. 
 
 To DESCRIBE A HYPERBOLA BY'MEANs OF POINTS. — Draw auv in- 
 definite line, a f, fig. 74 ; set off on it the transverse b c. Let d be 
 the focus ; equal to d c, from b set off to a ; from a, with any radius 
 greater than b a, describe an arc ; from the radius take the trans- 
 verse b c ; and with this difierence as a second radius, from the 
 centre d describe another arc, cutting the former one in e e. By this 
 means any number of points may be found ; the nearer they are the 
 better. 
 
 
 3-J -/ 1 J- 
 
 -I? 
 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE CURVE " CYCLOID. Lct tt b C d, fig. 75, be 
 
 any circle ; at right angles to a b, draAV any line b e ; make this 
 equal to half of the cii'cumference of the circle n b c d ; this will be 
 quickest done by dividing a b into seven equal parts, and making b 
 e eqiial to eleven of these ; the proportion the circumference of a 
 circle bears to the diameter being as 22 to 7. Divide b e into any 
 number of equal parts, as eight, and number them as in the dia- 
 gram ; make e c' at right angles to b e, and equal to b c^ ; draw c' e' , 
 and divide it into the same number of parts as 6 e ; from each of 
 these parts as centres, with radius b c describe circles ; from the 
 centres draw lines to the vai'ious points on e b. Divide d b c, half 
 ■of the circle, into as many parts as 6 c is divided into ; then, with 
 
DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 53 
 
 radius c h, from the j^oint 1 on b e cut the circle described from the 
 point e ; then, with c m, from the point 6, cut the circle described 
 from the point 1 on c e, in the point a' ; in the same manner with 
 the distances c n, c b, c o, c p, c s ; from the various points in a b, 
 cut the circles in the points b', d', g, c, i, and h ; through the points 
 thus found draw the ciu"ve. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE CURVE CONCHOID." — Draw any two lines, as 
 a b, g e, fig. 76, at right angles to each other ; from b di-aw any 
 number of straight lines, as d, e f, b m h, b g ; make on the line a 
 b, c d =zc a ; and on each of the lines drawn from b, take c d =z e f, 
 7n h = a c, and so on ; tlii'ough the points thus obtained draw the 
 curves ; the upper curve, f, h, is called the " superior conchoid ; " 
 the lower one the " inferior conchoid." 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE cissoiD. — Lct a b c, fig. 7T, be a cii-cle, and d 
 e any indefinite line touching it at b ; from a draAV any lines to 
 
54: 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MA^'UAL. 
 
 points on the line d e, as to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and so on ; witli the 
 distance a m, cnt tlie line 8 a fi-oni 8 in n, and from 4, with a o, cut 
 a 4 in ^, and so on. Through the points thus found, on each side 
 of a b, draw a curve as in the diagram. 
 
 To DRAW A SPIRAL ON A GIVEN' LINE. — (Fig. 78. ) — Lct a b he 
 the distance between each convolution ; divide a b in c ; from c, 
 with c b, describe the semicircle b a ; from b, with a b, the semi- 
 circle a d ; from c, with c d, the semicircle d e ; fr-om b, with b e, to 
 f; from C, c f g ; from, b, with b g, to b ; from c, with c 5, to m ; 
 the spiral is complete. 
 
 fiff. 78. 
 
 Having thus frilly explained the various methods of performing 
 useful Geometrical Constructions, we shall now show their apj)lica- 
 tion to Architectural Drawing. 
 
 Note. — A careful study of these forms will proye very useful to the student of archi- 
 tecture. 
 
GEOMETRY 
 
 APPLIED TO 
 
 AECHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 D 
 
 a- 
 
 We shall first notice, under this division of oiu* work, the 
 methods of describing the various " Mouldings " met Avith in archi- 
 tectural productions. We shall take them as near as j)ossible in 
 the order of their general sequence. The first we notice is the 
 " FILLET," shown in fig. 79 ; tliis is so sim^jle that pg c< | 
 
 it requires no particular instructions as to the fig. 79. 
 
 method of describing it. 
 
 Fig. 80 is the " astragal." — Let 6 =: the breadth ; draw a line 
 b d ; make c the centre ; take half of b, and as 
 radius from c describe the semicii'cle ; draw the 
 horizontal lines c e. 
 
 Fig. 81 is the "torus." — The method of 
 describing it, the breadth being given, is the 
 same as in last problem. 
 
 Fig. 82 is the "scxdtia."' — Let a a be the 
 top line, and b b the bottom one ; from a drop a 
 perpendicular to b ; divide this into three equal «. 
 parts ; from the first of these, from a, di'aw 
 any line e d pcU-allel to a ov b ; from the 
 point of intersection c, with radius c a, de- 
 scribe tlie semicircle e d ; from d, with d c, 
 describe part of a circle, meeting the line b b ; 
 draw the fillets b b, a a. 
 
 fm. 80. 
 
 fii?. 81. 
 
 3 
 
 ',«' 
 
 fiLr. 82. 
 
 (o5) 
 
56 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 Method 2nd. — Let a a, fig. 83, be the upper line, and c c the 
 lower ; from a drop a perpendicular to c ; divide a c into seven 
 equal parts ; thi'ough the third of these, from a, draAv a line par- 
 allel to a a ; from b, with h a, draw the semicircle b d ; from d 
 draw to e, perpendicular to b d ; produce a a to e ; fi-om e di'a v\^ 
 through b a line meeting the semicircle b d j^roduced in m ; from e, 
 as a centre, with e m as radius, describe part of a circle to n. 
 
 ---.-■7-^ ^^--^ 
 
 v 
 
 '\ x' 
 
 .-I- X 
 
 [^ 
 
 fig. 83. fig. 84. 
 
 Fig. 84 is the "echinus," "quaiiter round," or "ovolo." — 
 Let a h be the tAVO points ; join them by a line a b ; divide this into 
 seven equal parts ; fi'om 6, with b 6, aud from a with same radius, 
 describe arcs, cutting in c ; from c, with c a, describe the arc a b. 
 
 Method 2nd — Let a b, c d, fig, 85, be the two lines ; draw b d 
 perpendicular to c <Z ; divide it into thjfee equal parts ; produce c d 
 to e, and make d e equal two of the parts oxib d ; from e draw to 
 f ; join d f; from d f, Avith any radius greater than half, describe 
 arcs cutting in g ; from g, with g f, describe the arc / d. 
 
 -,-^ .-, « s - j^- 
 
 -if I 71 r-^ 
 
 Method Srd. — Let a b, c d, fig. 86, be the lines ; divide b d into 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 four equal parts ; make d e equal three of these ; draw e /, and 
 proceed as in Li>;t problem. 
 
 Fig. 87 is the " cavetto," or " hollow." To describe it. — 
 l.ct a h, c d, fi<^-. 88, be the lines at top and bottom; from 6 draw 
 to d perpendicular io a h -, divide h d into three equal parts ; from 
 d lay on d c to c equal to two of these ; join b e ; from e and b, 
 with radius greater than half e b, draw arcs cutting in / ; from /, 
 yvithfb, draw the arc b e. 
 
 fiff. 87. 
 
 fiff. 88. 
 
 Method 2nd. — Let a b, c d, fig. 89, be the two lines ; divide the 
 perpendicidar into five equal parts ; make d e equal to four- of these, 
 and proceed as in last problem. 
 
 Fig. 90 is the " a pophygee" generally used to connect a 
 shaft of a column with its base. To describe it. — Let a b, fig. 
 91, be the line of base, and c that of the shaft ; produce c to d ; 
 divide a d into four equal parts ; lay five of these from c^ to c ; 
 join e d ; bisect it by arcs cutting in/; from/, with / a, describe 
 the arc a e. 
 
 
 
 -''1_L_J. 
 
 ..j..::n" 
 
 __ o_ __ 
 
 
 .fe-l ' 
 
 ' ci 
 
 
 fi- 
 
 89. 
 
 
 k 
 
 90. 
 
 Fig. 92 is the ''cyma-recta." To describe it. — Let a b, c d, 
 be the lines ; join a d ; divide it into five equal parts ; bisect the 
 8 
 
58 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 part a e (the jjoint e is the thii'd from d) by arcs cuttmg in /, and 
 the part d e, by arcs in g. From /, Avith / a, describe the arc a e, 
 and from g, "with g d, an arc e d ; the moulding is complete. 
 
 :\ --U 
 
 fig. 9L fig. 92. 
 
 Method 27id. — Let a b, c d, fig. 93, be the Hnes ; di-op a perpen- 
 dicular to e ; produce c d to e ', make d e =^ e b ; join d b ; di\dde it 
 into twelve parts ; from d and e, (the sixth of these,) "oith radii d 
 5, e 1, describe arcs cutting injT; from e and b, with radii e 11, b 
 "7, arcs cutting in g ; from f and g as centres, with radii f d, g b, 
 describe arcs meeting in the point e. 
 
 h 
 
 ~ 
 
 CO 
 
 -:??;-"": v 
 
 2^ i 
 
 
 
 / ' 1 
 
 ^ ^lA C 
 
 i-' '• ! 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 £^"""-"f^- 'O 
 
 fig. 93. fig. 94. 
 
 Fig. 94 is the "cyma-eeversa." To construct it. — Let a b, 
 C d, be the lines ; produce c d to e, and drop a perpendicular fi-om 
 b ; from e, with e b, describe an arc cutting c e in d ; join d b ; bisect 
 it in the point n ; from d and n, with radius greater than half d n, 
 describe arcs from the point of intersection as centre ; describe an 
 arc d n ; from n and b, ^vith same radius, describe arcs cutting in A ; 
 from h, with h b, desciibc an arc meeting the arc d n in n. 
 
 Fig. 95 is the " ogee." To construct it. — I^et a b, c dhe the 
 lines ; join b d ; divide it into foiu* cqiial parts ; through the third 
 
GEOMETilY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 59 
 
 of these from d, as e, draw a line parallel to a b. With the dis- 
 tance c b, from e, lay on e / to A ; from h, with same distance, 
 describe a semicircle to o ; draw A o parallel to e 6, 'cutting the 
 semicircle described from h in the point o ; join o d ; bisect it by 
 arcs meeting in g ; fr'om g, with g d, describe the arc o d. 
 
 fijr. 95. 
 
 fi^. 96. 
 
 "We now proceed to give examples of various mouldings, with 
 the method of describing them. Draw the line a b (fig. 96) ; di- 
 vide it into nine equal parts ; from b draw to A, at right angles to a b ; 
 take any point / for the termination of the quarter round, from the 
 end of the fillet c d ; join / d ; divide it into seven equal parts ; 
 fr-om 1 and 6, with 1, 6, as radius, describe arcs cutting in g ; from 
 g, ^vith same radius, describe the quarter round ; from /, make / n 
 equal to ten of the parts in a b ; bisect n f in m ; draw a line 
 through m parallel to a b. From g, through the point where the 
 arc 6 g intersects / b, draw the line gfo; make h n equal to fom- 
 and a half parts of a & ; from o as a centre, with o f as radius, 
 describe an arc to t ; from m, with radius m n, describe another 
 meeting this. This moulding is met with in the Tuscan order.* 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOULDING IN FIG. 97. — DraAV any two lines 
 cutting in c ; with c & as radius, descrilje a semicircle, cad; divide 
 c d into two equal parts ; make d e equal to one of these ; drop a 
 perpendicular fr-om e to /; make / g equal to c d, and g h to d e ; 
 
 * Sec the section on Orders of Arclutectnrc. 
 
60 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 fiom e and h, with radius greater than half the distance between 
 tliem, describe arcs cutting mm; w is the centre of the arc e h. 
 
 fig. 97. 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOULDING IN FIG. 98. 
 
 Draw any hne d g ; divide g d into two 
 equal parts at c ; divide c g also at e ; make 
 c f, c f, equal to c e ; bisect c f, and make 
 gh, g a, equal to it ; from a and b draw to 
 f cf, perpendicular to a g b ; from d de- 
 scribe the semicircle with radius g b ; join the pouats // with the 
 extremities of this. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOULDING IN EiG. 99. — Draw the line a d ; 
 
 fii?. 98. 
 
 make a b equal to ^ c ; bisect c ^ in e ; 
 draw through c and b lines f f, s s, at fig. loi. 
 right angles to cZ a ; make b f, s c, equal to b e ; bisect 
 b f, b f, in m m ; join m n, m n. The remainder of the 
 moulding will be easily drawn from inspection of the 
 
 diagram. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOULDING IN FIG. 100. — Draw a b, and divide 
 
 it into six equal paits ; tlurough the fomth of these di-aw a line c d 
 
 fis. 99. 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 61 
 
 
 at right angles to a b ; bisect the distance between 2 and 3 in the 
 point e ; fi-om 4, with 4 e, describe the arc d e ; from, the point 1, 
 di'aw 1 / perpendicular to a b, and make it equal to a e ; from f as 
 centre, with f 1, describe an arc ; from d, with d c, describe a 
 second arc, and from the point 4, with 4, 5, the arc c 5 ; the three 
 arcs joining will describe the curve as in the diagram. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOULDING IN FIG. 101. — Draw « b ; divide it 
 into four equal parts ; make a c equal to two of these, and c d 
 equal to one ; through d draw d f parallel to « 6 ; from d, with d 
 c, describe the arc c e ; make e f equal to e d ; fi-om the centre, 
 above e, describe the part of the circle to h ; from f, with f h, de- 
 scribe the curve meeting the semicircle described from o. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOULDING IN FIG. 102. DraW 
 
 d e f, and the semicircle a e, with radius d e ; di- 
 vide d e into five equal parts ; make e f equal to 
 one of these ; make d b equal to t\vice d e ; from 
 ydraw a perpendicular, meeting c b produced. 
 
 To DRAW THE MOULDING IN FIG. 103. Draw « 
 
 b ', divide it into five equal parts ; make c d equal 
 to four of these ; thi'ough d draw d f parallel 
 with a b ; from d, with d 
 c, draw the arc c e ; make 
 c f equal to d e ; divide e 
 f into five parts ; make the 
 line above f equal to one 
 of these ; draw f g equal 
 to six of these ; from g, 
 with radius d e, describe^ 
 the arc ; bisect g f, and 
 lay the distance to h ; it is ^ 
 the centre of the curve, 
 meeting the semicircle de- 
 scribed from m ; join no,o s. 
 
 102. 
 
 6cr. 10.3. 
 
 fia:. 104. 
 
62 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE MOT-LDiNG IX FIG. 104. — Divide a b into five 
 equal parts ; make a c equal to Z> a ; make c d parallel to a b, and 
 equal to two parts ; from e, with c d, describe the arc ; f, h, m, n, are 
 the centres £i-om which the other arcs are described. 
 
 « The :mouldixgs ix 
 
 FIG. 105 may be drawn 
 easily by inspecting the 
 figure ; a b,c d,e and / 
 are the centres of the 
 the measure- 
 ment for the height of 
 fillet must be taken from 
 the base n, on the hne 
 
 In DRAWING THE 
 MOULDINGS IN FIG. 106, 
 
 the base b must first be 
 drawn ; then the line a 
 h at right angles to it ; 
 the respective depths of the mouldings must be laid down on this 
 line, as d, h, m o, and p -, t, t, 2, arc the centre lines of the torus s 
 and 2 ; e / is a " cyma-reversa ; " g n the quarter round ; u v the 
 '' cyma-recta." 
 
 We shall now proceed to give illustrations of the different varie- 
 ties of Arches, with explanations as to describing the ciu-ves ge- 
 ometrically ; the first we shall notice is the 
 
 Semicircular Saxon Arch. 
 — (Fig. 107.) — Draw the line 
 c, and perpendicular to it a ft : 
 from c lay off to e e, and with f 
 c describe the semicircle. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE NoRMAN OR 
 
 Horse-shoe Arch. — (Fig. 108.) 
 
 fi^r. 105. 
 
 fiff. 107. 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 63 
 
 — Draw the line c h, and perpendicular to it another, b a ; from b 
 lay oft' to d, and from d, with b e, describe the arch ; draw perpen- 
 dicular lines, joining the cxtreijiities of the arch with the line e b e. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 , 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 \ \\ 
 
 L._ ^ 4 i 
 
 
 j 1 
 
 "T" 
 
 fig. 109. 
 
 fig. 108. 
 To DESCRIBE THE POINTED HoRSE-SHOE ArCH. (Fig. 109.) 
 
 Draw the line c d, b a, perpendicular to one another ; divide c b, b 
 d, each into two equal parts at e f; from e, with e d, describe an 
 arc, and from b, with b c, another, both meeting in a 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE EQUILATERAL ArCH, OR EARLY ENGLISH ArCH. 
 
 — (Fig. 110.) — Draw c e,mn, at right angles to each other ; make 
 m e z= m c ; from e c, with radius e c, describe arcs meeting in h. 
 
 fig. 111. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE EARLY ENGLISH ArCII GIVEN IN FIG. 111. 
 
 DraAv the lines a b, c d, at right angles ; divide c h, b d into tAvo 
 equal parts at e and/; from these points draw lines to g h perpen- 
 dicular to c d, and make e g,fh, equal to e f ; from ^ and h as 
 centres, with radius g d, or h c, describe arcs meeting in a. 
 
64 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE Lancet Arch, IN FIG. 112. — Draw chjf d, 
 at right angles. Let a 6 be the breadth, and divide it into three 
 equal parts ; lay four of these fi.-oni a b to h; from a b, with a b, 
 
 fiff. 113. 
 
 fiff. 114. 
 
 Z '0 y^ 
 
 fig. 112. 
 
 lay to d and f ; from these, as 
 centimes, with radius d b, f a, de- 
 scribe arcs cutting in A ; o o are 
 centres, from which the dotted 
 arcs are put in. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE ^^SEMI-EL- 
 LIPTICAL Arch/' in fig. 113. — 
 Let a 6 be the breadth, and g f 
 its height ; divide a g, g b into 
 two equal parts at d and c ; 
 from d c, with c fZ as radius, 
 describe arcs cutting in g ; from 
 I *^ ^\ '• ^ ^' with radius c b, describe 
 pai'ts of circles ; from, g draw 
 through c d to m n ; from g, 
 with radius g n, or g m, de- 
 scribe part of circle joining 
 n m. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE ElJJPTI- 
 
 CAL Arch, in fig. 114. — 
 Draw the line a b, divide it in 
 the point c, and di-aw a line 
 
GEOMETKY Arri.I];D TO ARt 11ITE( TUKAL DRAWING 
 
 (35 
 
 perpendicular to a b, through this ; divide e a, e b, into two equal 
 parts 2ii c d ; from a b, with radius ad or b c, describe arcs cutting 
 the lino e produced ; from d. c, with radius d b, descril)e parts of 
 circles to t t ; divide a e, e b into thiee equal parts, and lay one of 
 these from e to m w ; from m n, thi'ough o, draw lines to ^ A ; from 
 a b, with a b, cut these in g h ; from the points g h, with radius g 
 t, describe arcs joining t t. 
 
 To DESCRIBE ANOTHER FORM OF ArCH IN THE SAME STYLE. 
 
 Draw c d, a b, fig. 115, at right angles ; divide c b, b d into two 
 equal parts at g and f; divide g C,f d into equal parts at A c ; from 
 g f, Avith radius g c, describe arcs or parts of circles to m w ; from 
 c d, with radius c h, or d e, describe arcs below c d ; then, with c d 
 as radius, from g and/ cut these ; from o o, with o m, o n, describe 
 
 arcs meeting m a. 
 
 TTV 
 
 fig. 115. 
 To DESCRIBE ANOTHER FORM. 
 
 Draw a b, e m, fig. 116, at right an- 
 gles ; divide a m,b m, into four equal 
 parts ; from c and d, (the first of these 
 from a b,) with radius a b, describe 
 })arts of circles to t and s ; from c d, with c d, describe arcs, cutting 
 the perpendicular drawn thi-ough m in / ; from d c, through /, draw 
 lines to g and h ; with a b, from c and d, cut those lines in g h; 
 from g h, Avith g s, ov g t, describe arcs cutting in e. 
 
 fig. 116. 
 
 We shall now jiroceed to describe the method of constructing 
 arches used as canopies for niches, &c. 
 9 
 
66 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 To DRAW THE FORM IN FIG. IIT. — Make a b, c d, at right 
 angles ; divide a d, d b into five equal parts ; lay one of these from 
 dtoee; let c dhe the height of the arch ; through c dl■a^v f c g 
 parallel to a b ; from e e, with radius e b, describe parts of cii'clcs to 
 m, n ; join a c, b c ; bisect c n, c m (from where the lines a c, b c, 
 cut the circles described from e e) in o; draw lines tlu'ough the 
 points of intersection of the bisecting circle, meeting c g f in f and 
 g ; from / and g, with radius g n, describe parts of circles joining 
 c m, c n. 
 
 fig. 117. fig. 118. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE FORM IN FIG. 118. — Let a b he the breadth, 
 and e f the height of the canopy arch, equal to half a h ; draw lines, 
 a b, e f, at right angles ; divide a e, e b into two equal parts at c 
 d ; from these points draw lines parallel to e /, meeting a line drawn 
 through/ parallel to a b ; fiom c d, with d h, describe quadrants to 
 m ; from g h, with same radius, describe other quadrants joining o 
 /, m f. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE FORM IN FIG. 119. 
 
 — Let c d he the width, and a b the 
 height ; draw a b perpendicular to c d, 
 and join c b, d b (only one half of the 
 diagram has the constructive hnes.) 
 Divide a d, a c, into two equal parts 
 in g and h ; from g h, with rachus g 
 d, describe arcs cutting c b in o ; bi- 
 sect b in m ; draw h b s parallel to 
 
 fig. 119. 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 67 
 
 c d, and through the intersection of the bisecting circles between o 
 b ; draw a hne cutting h b in h ; h is the centre of the circle, join- 
 ing o b ; divide g d, c h, into three equal parts ; from d c lay off to 
 //; viithfd lay from a in a b to t ; from h g and t, with radius 
 df, describe the circles as in the diagram. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE EXAMPLE IN FIG. 120. 
 
 Let c b he the breadth ; from c b, M-ith c b 
 as radius, describe arcs cutting in a ; join c 
 aba, and draw a d at right angles to c d ; 
 divide b c, b d, into three equal parts ; from 
 
 d, with d 3, describe a semicircle, cutting a 50 
 
 b in m, the point 3. Bisect a c, c b, in the ^S- 120. 
 
 points e e ; through the points of intersection of the bisecting cir- 
 cles, draw lines cutting the line c d in the points ; from the 
 divisions 1, l^on the line c d, and the division 3 on the line a b, 
 with radius 1 , 0, describe arcs meeting in g and A. 
 
 121. 
 
 To DESCRIIJE THE ArCH IN FIG. 121. 
 
 — Draw the lines a b, c d, at right an- 
 gles ; divide a d, a c, into two equal 
 parts at e e ; from c c, with radius c c, dcscjibe arcs cutting b a 
 produced in / ; from /, through c c, draw lines to ^ ^ ; from e c, 
 with e e, describe arcs to ^ ^ ; join g h ; bisect it in the point m ; 
 from a, through m, draw a line, meeting a line perpendicular from c 
 in o ; from o, with radius o g, describe the arc g b ; p in the corre- 
 sponding centre to o. 
 
68 
 
 COTTAGE BmLDER's MANUAL. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE Arch IN FIG. 122. — DiaTv a b,b c 4, bX right 
 angles ; divide b 4 into foiu* equal parts ; bisect 1, 2, in d, and 2, 3, 
 in c ; from c, with c S, describe the arc as in the diagram ; make b 
 e equal to two of the parts in Z> c ; draw e h parallel to b d ; join d 
 h ; by a line perpendicular to b c, form c h ; A is the centre of the 
 arc meeting a b, and that described from c as a centre. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE Arch IN FIG. 123. — Let a 6 bc the breadth ; 
 draw c h at right angles to this ; divide a b into five equal parts ; in 
 c n draw the line n m parallel to a b, and at a distance from a equal 
 
 to two of the parts in a b ; make 
 n 0,0 m, equal to four of these ; 
 ._ the points 1 and 4, in a b and n 
 m, are the centres from which 
 the various arcs are described. 
 The Arch in fig. 124 is described from the centres e d and/. 
 
 fio:. 123. 
 
 fig 125. 
 
 fisr. 126. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE ArCHED WiNDOW OPENING IN FIG. 125. 
 
GEOMETllY APPIJED TO ARCHITECTUKAL DRAWING. 
 
 G9 
 
 Describe an equilateral tiiangle a h c ; a h c are the points from 
 wliich the arcs are described. 
 
 Ix FIG. 126 THE METHOD IS SHOWN OF DESCRIBING THE INTER- 
 NAL TRACERY- WORK. — Draw as before the equilateral triangle and 
 the outline curve ; bisect a c, h e, a b, in the points c,f,g; from 
 the point e, with radius a e, describe arcs to m, n, from a and b ; 
 from / and g, with same radius, other arcs, meeting in o and m, and 
 71, from a, b, and c. 
 
 fi£r. 128. 
 
 fig. 127. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE ArC'H IN FIG. 
 
 127. — Draw a line b c ; bisect it, 
 and draw perpendicular to it a line from a ; make the point a dis- 
 tant from the line b c equal to half b c ; bisect a b, a c, in e e ; with 
 b e as radius from b c and a, describe the arcs as in the diagram, 
 and the curves of the sunk pannels d d. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE Arch IN FIG. 128. — Draw c f, and at right 
 angles to it the line g ; o\\ g make a square abed; firom a and b, 
 describe, with radius a b, arcs meeting in m ; bisect any side of the 
 square abed, and vriih. the distance obtained as radius ; from a b, 
 c d, and m, as centres, describe the arcs in the diagram. 
 
 To DR.VW THE INTERSECTING ArCHES IN FIG. 129. — Draw the 
 line e f ; \vt e d be the breadth of an arch ; divide it in b ; draw b 
 h ; make d a equal to d b, and draw a g ; b h, a g are the centre- 
 lines of two of the arches ; d m is the centre line of the third. 
 
70 
 
 fOTTAGE I5Tn,l)i:K S MANUAL. 
 j1 T V> 
 
 > 
 
 u 
 
 fig. 129. 
 
 To DRAW THE INTERSECTING Arches IN FIG. 130. — b h are the 
 centre lines of the two arches ; // those of the others ; c c, d d, o o, 
 are the centres of the respective arches ; an inspection of the dia- 
 gram will sufficiently illustrate the method of drawing them as 
 sriven. 
 
 To DRAW the Trefoil as in fig. 131. — The equilateral tri- 
 angle, a b c, is first diawn, and the angle b a c bisected ; a line 
 drawn from « to e, cutting the line cf, gives the centre of the sur- 
 rounding circles ; a b and c are the centres of the trefoil curves. 
 
 fig. 131. fig. 132. 
 
 The Quatrefoil, in fig. 132, is described from the corners, h m, 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAI, DRAWING. 
 
 71 
 
 f g, of a square ; a is the centre of the surrounding circles, found 
 by the intersection of the diagonals, a b, c d, of the square ; the 
 curves, s s s s, are drawn from the 
 centre a ; while those meeting in 
 t t t t are described from the cen- 
 tres, h m, f and g. 
 
 The " Cinquefoil" Orna 
 MENT, IN FIG. 133, is described 
 from the comers of a pentagon, 
 a b, d e f; by dividing e d equal- 
 ly on the point g, and drawing a 
 line from a to it, cutting the per- 
 pendicidar e c in h, the centre 
 h of the surrounding circles is 
 obtained. 
 
 The Ornament in fig. 134 is 
 described as follows : Draw a b,o 
 d, at right angles ; divide a c, c 
 b, into parts at e / ; parallel to c 
 
 fia: 133. 
 
 fig. 134. 
 
 fii?. 135. 
 
n 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MAXl'/L. 
 
 d, draw lines from / and e ; with / c or c e, lay from / and e to ^• 
 and h ; from these points as centres, with radius g c describe parts 
 of circles ; divide o d into four equal parts ; from m, the third of 
 these, with radius g c, describe arcs meeting the lines produced from 
 f e as in n, and the circles described from g and h ; join d n ; 
 through d, parallel to a b, draw a line to c ; bisect the line d n, and 
 through the intersections of the bisecting arcs, draw a line to c ; c 
 is the centre of the arc joining d n. 
 
 In fig. 135 we give the drawing of a Baluster. — a is the 
 centre of the lower curves ; the centres of the upper cui^ves are 
 found by drawing a line c b ; from a and b describe arcs cutting in 
 d ; from d, with radius d a, describe an arc cutting the line c d va. 
 c ; c is the centre of the curve. 
 
 ,^.. 
 
 fig. 137. 
 
 Part of the Baluster (^he central 
 portion) shown in fig. 136, is drawn in a 
 similar manner, as may be seen on inspec- 
 tion ; the centre hue is a b ; the other 
 centres are c c, e, and d. 
 
 The Ornament in fig. 137 will be 
 easily drawn by the assistance of the centres marked. 
 
 We now proceed to give examples of Vases, with the mode of 
 describing their contour or outline. 
 
 In the example, fig. 138, di'aw a centre line, b h — the base, a b, 
 c c, the fillet d, and the occult line //, g g ', f f, ^ c, aie the cen- 
 tres of the circles of the base ; join g h ; bisect it by the line i i, 
 cutting g g ill k k ; from k, with radius k h, describe arcs «• A ; on 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTUKAI, UKAWIXG 
 
 73 
 
 the line n n the centres of part of the cap are found. In fig. 139 
 
 we give an enlarged view of the top portion of this vase. Draw a 
 
 h 
 
 ■..ii 
 
 ..rx. 
 
 of] 
 
 : T\ 
 
 ........ 
 
 
 \A 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 je 
 
 y 7 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ...i.e 
 
 
 
 
 .a. 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 \l 
 
 
 c 
 
 fig. 138. 
 
 a 
 fig. 139. 
 
 h \ through e draw etc, make d c 
 equal d e ; c c, d d, are the centres 
 for describing the base ; o and n are 
 the centres for the top. 
 
 In the form of vase given in fig. 
 140, the centres for the base, a a, are 
 on the line c b c, and at h h, on the 
 line f f, i i, m m', and n n. In fig. 
 141 we give an enlarged view of the 
 
 fig 140 
 
 fig. 141. 
 
 upper part of 140. The centres d e are 
 ■*■" . found by producing perpendiculars from o 
 o to d and e, cut by lines drawn tlii'ough 
 the points of intersection of the bisecting 
 circles of the h'nes b o, c o ; the centre of 
 the top rirrlf^ at a is foimd by bisecting 
 10 
 
74 
 
 COTTAGE BUII.BEK S "MANUAL. 
 
 ../iL-ii:...L../? 
 
 lines c a, b a, and producing the lines of bisection, meeting the per- 
 ■ pendicular from a. 
 
 The form of vase in fig. 142 is de- 
 scribed as follows : Make the points a 
 a distant from the ends equal to the 
 height of the fillet fonning the base ; 
 a a are the centres of the arcs ; h b, 
 and c c, are the centres of the top part 
 of the base ; e e are the centres for 
 :^^=,'.- ;? describing the arcs of the torus ; make 
 b' d =.io a a', and lay ofi" from b* h' 
 and n' ; through h' draw h h' h -, join 
 c h', bisect it by a line f d produced, 
 meeting h h m g ; ^ is the centre 
 of the arc A e ; the arcs h o, h o, 
 are described from the centres s s ; m 
 ■0 
 
 142. 
 
 fix. 14a 
 
GEOMETRY APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 75 
 
 m, n n, are the centres for describing the curve of the upper 
 part. 
 
 The form of vase in fig. 143 is described as follows : Draw a o ; 
 form the base a a ; make b c equal a h ; and from c lay off three 
 times a b to b' ; bisect the last part in /; through / draw g f 
 g parallel to a a ; from h h describe the arcs to e e ; join d e, d e ; 
 bisect them by lines produced, cutting g f g in g g ; these are the 
 centres of the arcs d e, d e ; make b' n equal to b' b, and draw n m 
 and i i ; m! m are the centres from which the arcs s s and o o are 
 described, i i the arcs t t, and 7i' the arcs o v. 
 
 In fig. 144 the upper part of a vase is given ; ...[.. 
 n n, a a, b b, c c, and m, are the centres from 
 which the curves are described. 
 
 In fig. 145 the base of a vase is given ; o J is 
 the centre line, c c the centres for the " torus " 
 c c c, and //for that at /e /; produce //to h 
 h, and c c to d d, meeting the line drawn through 
 g parallel to c c c ; h h and d d are the centres 
 of the curves. 
 
 ■■<^ 
 
 fiff. 144. 
 
 fig. 145. 
 To DESCRIBE THE PART OF THE HAND RAIL OF A STAIR SHOWN IN 
 
 FIG. 146. — Draw a b, and at right angles to it, through the points 
 c d and e ; from c lay off to g g, and from these describe curves to / 
 
76 
 
 COTTAGE BLILDER 3 MA>'UAL. 
 
 /and from h h ; ixom. ff, -with// describe arcs meeting in a ; with 
 a b, from a describe the part of the circle joining the arcs from g g. 
 
 The MA^'^'ER of 
 
 DESCRIBING THE 
 " FLUTES " OR HOL- 
 LOWS IN THE SHAFT 
 OF A COLUMN IS 
 SHOWN IN FIG. 147. 
 
 — Let b a c, or d e'e\ 
 
 / be the diameter of ; 
 
 the shaft at its base ; j 
 
 ■N describe a semicircle I 
 
 JL I 
 
 : I 
 
 '3 bhc. Suppose there c 
 
 are to be twenty-four 
 
 ^Njiiii!!;: 
 
 >l II 11 H 
 
 ■In* 
 ■ma 
 
 148. 
 
 flutes in the shaft ; divide b h. c into twelve (half) equal parts ; bi- 
 sect each of these j)arts, and from the points as centres describe 
 small semicircles, as in the diagram, or merely mark the points of 
 division, as A A ; parallel to a b, from the jioints, draw lines, as c d, 
 bf; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, shows the di\ision between the flutes, lessening 
 in breadth as they approach the outside line ; thus giving the ap- 
 pearance of roundness or distance. When the shaft tapers towards 
 the top, the diameter at the upper extremity is taken and divided 
 as above described. 
 
 In fig. 148 the method of drawing the hollows in cases where 
 
 each is divided from the other by a 
 narrow band or fillet is given ; a 6 is 
 the semi-diameter of shaft ; c d the 
 line on which the semicircle is drawn ; 
 n n n is the breadth of the fillets. 
 
 To DESCRIBE THE SPIRAL SCROLT- OF 
 THE TERMINATION OF A HAND RAIL FOR 
 
 A STAIR, AS IN FIG. 149. — On thc line 
 a draw a square, and divide it as in 
 fig. 149. 
 
GEOINIETUY AmJED TO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 77 
 
 ^ N 
 
 yS fig. 150. From a describe the circle nhc, then, 
 yfrom the point 1 (see fig. 150) describe the 
 
 K* 
 
 fiff. 150. 
 
 curve to e ; from 2, from e to d ; from the 
 point 3, from d to c ; from 4, from c to /; 
 from 5, from y* to g ; from 6, g h. Suppose the 
 breadth of rail to be A ^ ; then from the point 6 
 draw the ciu've p o ; from point 7, o to n. 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 THEIR PROPORTIONS AND METHODS OF DELINEATION. 
 
 Fig. 151 is an elevation of the Tuscan order, as generally re- 
 ceived. The part from a to b is the pe- fSp 
 DESTAL ; from h io c the base ; from c to 
 d the SHAFT ; from d to e the capital ; 
 from e to f the entablature — the parts, 
 base, shaft, capital, and cutabhiture, being 
 termed a column. The heights of the 
 mouldings and the projections are all taken 
 from the standard of measurement of each 
 column ; this standard is the diameter of 
 shaft immediately above the base. This is 
 divided into two equal jiarts, termed mo- 
 dules ; each of these again into thirty 
 equal parts. The diameter is therefore 
 divided into sixty equal parts ; if neces- 
 sary, each part is divided into sixty parts, 
 called seconds. The standard is, there- 
 foie, thirty parts equal one module ; two 
 modules equal one diameter, or sixty parts. 
 According to Palladio and other authori- 
 ties, the height of column (Tuscan) now 
 under consideration is, including base and 
 capital, equal to seven diameters. To ob- 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 79 
 
 tain, therefore, the diameter of any cohimn, its height being given, 
 all that is necessary is to divide the height into seven equal parts, 
 one of which is the diameter ; or where, on the contrary, the diam- 
 eter is given, seven times this will give the height of column, 
 including base and capital. 
 
 We may now proceed to describe the laying out of the vai-ious 
 members of a complete order, shoAving the proportions of the 
 mouldings, their height, and projections. Although some writers 
 discard the pedestal as an integral portion or a correct featnre of 
 any of the orders, we follow the majority of those who adopt it as a 
 distinguishing feature. It is not here our province to enter into a 
 detail of the aesthetic rules guiding the laying out of the various 
 orders ; we merely give examples of the parts as generally received. 
 To those of our readers anxious to go into the matter wc refer to 
 more technical works. 
 
 Fig. 152. Suppose the line a b to represent the diameter of a 
 Tuscan column. Dividing a h into two parts in the point c, a c, c 
 h will be the two modules ; dividing each module into three equal 
 
 p S 10 35 20 2S 30 33 flO iS fO 6S (D 
 
 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I i I M n iTi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 
 
 fig. 152. 
 
 parts at d, e f, and g, and these again into five equal parts, a scale 
 will be constructed from which to measure the various mouldings. 
 Number as in the drawing. 
 
 Fia. 153 shows the method of proportioning the mouldings of 
 the Tuscan pedestal. Every pedestal is divided into three parts 
 — the BASE, as a b, die, b c, and cornice, c d. In the figure given, 
 the whole height of the pedestal is four modules. In order to keep 
 our sketches within the limits of the page, we take the proportions 
 from a scale, the divisions of which arc only half the size of those in 
 fig. 152. At a draw a line of indefinite length, and at right angles 
 
80 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MA^'UAL. 
 
 to it a line a b ; make a b equal to 2 diameters, or 4 modules ; a c 
 equal 26 parts ; c d equal 4 parts ; d e equal 8 Make the die e n 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 D./r- 
 
 C^- 
 
 8^" 
 
 ffe: 
 
 ..•t?j?.. 
 
 -V 
 
 J/ A.7.'i.:?.?.P.. 
 
 fig. 153. 
 
 equal 2 modules, 4 parts ; make b f equal 3 parts, fg equal 8, 5- A 
 equal 2, ^ n equal 4. The projections of the mouldings are all set 
 out from the central line a b. From a, with 53 parts, lay off to i, 
 i, and from these draw lines meeting that di-awn from c ; make d m 
 equal 51 parts, or set back the line m d 2 parts from the end of line 
 c ; make e equal 41^, and the die equal 40 parts ; make bl I 
 equal 53 parts; make g s equal 50^, and 5 t equal 7, and n v 
 equal e 0. 
 
 Fig. 154 shows the base of the Tuscan order. Draw the centre 
 line c d, put the plinth a b, making c b equal 40 parts, and c e 
 equal 15 ; make the torus moulding in height equal 12^- parts. 
 The centre m of the circular termination is found in the line/. 
 Make the fillet h equal 2^ parts, and its projection from centre line 
 
THE FIVE OllDEKS. 
 
 81 
 
 eqnal 33|, or nearly 34 parts. To describe the apophygee, by 
 
 whicli the lines of shaft are connected with the base, see first part 
 of this work, where also the various forms of mouldings met with 
 in the Orders may be found described, and the methods of dehn- 
 eating them. 
 
 £ 
 
 h 
 
 «Hf 
 
 ^ 
 
 .-^0^., 
 
 JJJ -V- / 
 
 
 %. 154. 
 
 fiof. 155. 
 
 Fig. 155 is the Tuscan capital, drawn to the same scale as the 
 others. Draw c d, a b, at right angles ; make c a, c h equal 
 22^ parts, or a b equal 45 ; make the fillet of the astragal e n 
 equal 24^ parts, or n n equal 49 parts. INIake g h equal 27 ; g i, 
 the NECK, equal a b, or 45 parts, and the fillet m above the neck 
 
 , equal e n. Make the diam- 
 X eter of abacus n' o equal 
 y. 60 parts, or 1 diameter. 
 These are the projections ; 
 the heights are as follows : 
 The fillet e f equal 2 parts ; 
 f g equal 4: ', g m equal 8^ ; 
 the fillet above this 1^ ; the 
 quarter round m n' equal 10 ; 
 <2 the abacus or plinth n' o 
 equal 40. The quarter 
 '^ round begins at 1 part back 
 from s. 
 
 Fig. 156 is an elevation 
 
83 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER 3 MANUAL. 
 
 of the Tuscan entablature. Every entablature consists of three 
 parts — the architrave, a b, the frieze, b c, the cornice, c d. 
 Draw the line b d representing the centre line of column, and a b 
 at right angles to it. The position of the entablatui-e with reference 
 to the column will be seen in fig. 151. In the present figure the 
 position is reversed. Make b c, the lowest fascia, equal 12^ paits 
 in height and SSJ- in width from the central line b d to a. The 
 upper fascia c e is 17 parts in height and 24 in width ; the fillet 
 e f is 5 parts in height and 21^ in projection ; the height of the 
 frieze/^ is 20 parts, and its projection 224- ; the first moulding in 
 the cornice g n, the cavetto, equal 7^- in height, and projection g h 
 equal 24. Make the fillet equal 1^, and its projection n o equal 
 32 ; make the quarter round from n to p 
 equal 9, and its projection p s equal 52| ; 
 make p t equal 40, and join o t ; make the 
 
 cO 
 
 jfig. 157. 
 
 fig. 158. 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 83 
 
 corona jp v eqtial 10 in liciglit, and the fillet above it equal 2; its 
 projection equal 54]^. Put in the cyma-recta to x, equal 10 parts, 
 the last fillet equal 34-, and its projection equal 66. 
 
 Fig. 157 shows the elevation of the Doric cot-umn, with pedestal 
 a h, b c the base, c d the shaft, d f the capital, and / e the entabla- 
 ture. The height of the column, including base and capital, is equal 
 to seven diameters. 
 
 Fig. 158 is the elevation of half of the pedestal of the Doric 
 column to same scale as the last example. Draw a p, a h at right 
 angles ; make a h equal to 4 modules 5 minutes, or 4 modules 20 
 minutes. Make the plinth a c equal 26 parts in height ; the fillet 
 c d equal \h ; the cyma-recta d e equal 6^ ; the fillet e cqiuil 1 ; 
 the cavetto / equal 4. Proceed now to put in the cornice ; make 
 the top fillet at 6 equal 2 parts ; the corona below equal 6^ ; the 
 quarter round equal 64 ; the fillet equal 1, and the cavettb equal 4. 
 Put in the breadth of the die by measuring from f to n, equal 40 
 parts. From n, the flice of the die, measure off to o, equal 16 
 parts ; through o draw a line to ^ parallel to a h. From p' set off 
 to s, equal 2 parts ; from the line p o to t, equal 11 parts. Make 
 the projection of the cavetto at top of base and at cornice equal to 
 1 part fiom line of die. From v lay back to 4 equal 12 parts ; 
 from 2 to 3 equal 5^. Put in the cyma at s t, and the quarter 
 round from 4 to 3. 
 
 Fig. 159 represents the base 
 of the column now under consid- 
 eration ; it is sometimes termed 
 the Attic base. 10 parts are 
 given to the plinth ; 7 to the 
 torus; 1} to the fillet; 4 to the; 
 scotia ; 1 to the fillet above it ; 
 5J to the second torus, and 1 to 
 the fillet above. The projections are set off from the centre line a b, 
 and are as follows, commencing with the plinth, equal 40 ; torus, 
 
 
 "^-^f-^-^^ 
 
 k 
 
 c ■■ > 
 
 X 
 
 ! 
 
 rK, 
 
 r \ ) 
 
 
 
 Cm. 1.09. 
 
 
84 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 second torus, 36| ; 
 \b 
 
 equal 40 ; fillet, equal 36| ; fillet beneath tlie second torus, 35 ; 
 last fillet 34. 
 
 Fig. 160 is the capital of the 
 P Doric order. The various heights 
 and projections are as follows, be- 
 ginning with the fillet c d : The 
 diameter of top of shaft is 52, or 
 26 parts on each side of the centre 
 line a h ; fillet c d is Ig- parts in 
 height, and projection 28 ; the as- 
 tragal or bead, 3^, projection 30 ; 
 the neck 9 parts, projection 26. The three fillets below the quarter 
 round are together 3^^ parts in height ; this is divided into three 
 equal parts, as in the drawing. The quarter round is 62- in height ; 
 the abacus 6f , and its projection 36 ; the quarter round below it 
 begins at a point 1 part back fi'oni end of abacus ; the last fillet is 39. 
 
 \C7| p 
 
 fTi m 
 
 S 7V\ 
 
 K7X7 
 
 J 
 
 A/\/\ ' 
 
 :X 
 fisr. 161. 
 
 Fig. 161 shows an elevation of the Doric entablature. The line 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 85 
 
 X X is the centre line of column, (see fig. 157,) from which the pro- 
 jections are taken. The architrave a f is composed of two fasciae, 
 a b, b d, with a fillet d f. The gutta; or drops in the upper fascia 
 b d are 3| parts in height, surmounted with a fillet \^. The tri- 
 glyph is over this in centre of column, and its width is 30 parts ; 
 the distance between the triglyphs is exactly a square, the side of 
 which is the depth of the frieze f g ; the distances between the 
 triglyphs are called metopes, and are filled in with the orna- 
 ment as in the di'awing. The following are the heights of the 
 various mouldings, with their projections; a b 11 parts, projection 
 equal 26 ; 6 c equal ^^ ; c d equal 3§ ; d e \\', the projection of b 
 and d equal 27 ; of the fillet f d equal 28, its height being 4 parts ; 
 the height of frieze f g equal 4:5 ; g h equal 5 ; projection of g h 
 equal 27. Height of h k equal 5 ; the fillet 1 ; projection of h 
 equal 32 ; of k So^ ; height of k m equal 6 ; projection of m equal 
 64^ ; of V t equal 39 J. Height of m n equal 8 ; n o ol; the fillet 
 I ; its projection 68. Pleight of o s equal 6f ; fillet equal 2^ ; pro- 
 jection 76. The method of draw- 
 ing the tiiglyphs and gutta; of 
 this order is further elucidated by 
 Fig. 162. Let a b he the 
 iieight of fiicze, and c d semi-di- 
 ameter of column at base. Make 
 b e equal 4 parts ; the fillet be- 
 neath, the fillet c e' beneath this 
 equal 2 ; and from e' to / equal 
 4. Divide c b,b d each into six 
 equal parts; and parallel to a b, 
 draw through these lines, as in 
 the drawing, to the line g h. On 
 g c, lay off equal 22- parts to m, 
 m ; and with m n, from m, lay off 
 to o; join n o, n o. On the fig. \Cy: 
 
 
 &:^- 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 V 
 
 m 
 
 M. 
 
 In/ \yn. 
 
 
86 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MAXUAL. 
 
 fourth line, fi-om points g and h draw to o, o, and put in the angu- 
 lar lines. Bisect the fillet 5 e in the line s s ; from the points 1, 2, 
 3, Sec, atf, draw lines to s s, where this line intersects the vertical 
 ones, dotted as in the sketch. These angular lines are only con- 
 tinued to the under side of fillet e\ 
 
 Fig. 163 represents the elevation of the 
 Ionic order, a is the base of pedestal ; b 
 the die ; c the cornice ; D the base of col- 
 umn ; E the shaft ; F the capital ; G the 
 architrave ; H the fiieze ; i the cornice of 
 entablatui-e. 
 
 fii?. 163. 
 
 fi^. 164. 
 
 Fig. 164 shows the elevation of half of Ionic pedestal, the line a 
 b being that from which the projections are taken ; the plinth 6 c is 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 87 
 
 28^ parts in height, and 67 in projection. The upper fillet a d is 2 
 parts high, and 57 in projection. The width of die is 42 parts. 
 The whole height of pedestal from « to 6 is 2 diameters 34 parts, 
 or -1 modules 4 parts. The heights of the other mouldings and 
 projections are as follows, commencing with the fillet at e above the 
 plinth, which is in height 1^ parts, projection 54^ ; the cyma 6J- in 
 height, projection 484- ; the astragal 2^ in height, projection 50 ; the 
 fillet 1, projection 48 J ; the cavetto 3^, projection 43. The height 
 of die 87 parts ; the height of cavetto above die 4 parts, projection 
 43 ; the fillet 1, projection 46 ; the astragal 3^, projection 48 ; the 
 quarter round 6 ; the corona 6, projection 55. 
 
 Fig. 165 is the Ionic base, the line a b being the centre line. 
 The heights and projections are 
 as follows : the plinth c d, \0 
 height, 42 projection ; the torus, 
 8 height, 43 projection; fillet, 
 1 height, 37 projection ; scotia, 
 height 5 ; second fillet, height 
 1, projection 344- ; second torus, 
 height 5, projection 37 ; astragal, 
 height 2, projection 342- ; third 
 fillet, height 1^, projection 33. 
 
 Fig. 166 shows the elevation 
 of Ionic capital drawn to same 
 scale as the others. The plan 
 of the capital is shown in 
 
 fia-. 166. 
 
 fig. 167. 
 Fig. 167, and the side view In 
 
 fiff. 168. 
 
88 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 Fig. 168. The method of describing the scroll termed the volute 
 is explained in 
 
 Fig. 169. Draw a h, c d at right angles ; let e / be the diame- 
 ter of the eye of the volute corresponding to the breadth of the 
 astragal (see fig. 166 ;) with half e/ from the point where a h, c d 
 intersect, describe a circle; within this inscribe a square. In fig. 
 170 the centre of the volute is drawn to a larger scale to enable the 
 pupil to mark out the centres used to describe the scroll in fig. 169. 
 From e, fig. 170, with radius e d, describe the circle, and within it 
 
 fiff. 169. 
 
 inscribe the square ah d c corresponding to the square e g fh in 
 fig. 169. Thi-ough e, the centre, parallel to c a draw /A, and par- 
 allel to a b, i g ; join the extremities, and form a square i h g f. 
 Divide the diagonals i g,fh each into six equal parts at the pomts 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 89 
 
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. At these points draw lines at right angles, form- 
 ing squares of wliich the corners are only given in the diagram to 
 avoid confusion. Divide i k into four equal parts ; from h lay one 
 of these to m ; from i to 7i ; from f to o ; from g to p ; from 8 to 
 s ; from 1 to ^ ; from 5 to « ; from 4 to x ; from 1 to y ; and so on 
 
 to the point of the square corner at 3. These various points thus 
 obtained are the centres from Avhich the curve is described. Sup- 
 pose the point i, fig. 169, to be the under line of abacus of capital, 
 (see fig. 166,) from the centre, on line e h, fig, 169, corresponding 
 to the point c, fig. 170, with radius h i, describe an arc of a circle 
 to the point m, meeting the diameter of g h prolonged to a. From 
 the point in the smallest square in fig. 169, corresponding to the 
 point d a, fig. 170, with radius h m describe an arc m n, meeting 
 the diameter ef prolonged to c. From the point on the small 
 square, fig. 169, corresponding to g, fig. 170, as a centre, with g n 
 as radius, describe an arc n o, meeting g h produced to b. From f 
 as centre, with f o dcscri])c an arc to p, meeting lino c d. From 
 centre 1 (see fig. 170,) with radius 1 p, describe an ai'c to r. From 
 12 
 
90 COTTAGE KLTLDEr's MANUAL. 
 
 centre 8, (see fig. 170,) with 8 r as radius, draw an arc to 5. From 
 centre, 4 (see fig. 170,) with 4 s describe an arc to i ; from centre 
 5, with radius 5 t, describe an arc to tv ; from centre 2, (see fig. 
 170,) with radius 2 w, describe an arc to g, and so on. To draw 
 the interior curve proceed as follows : from the point n m, (see line 
 i h, fig. 170,) with radius n 1, describe an arc to the point 2 in the 
 line a h, fig. 169 ; fr'om the point m, with the radius m 2, an arc to 
 the point 3 on the line c d, fig. 169 ; fr'om the point p, with the 
 radius p 3, an arc to 4 ; fr-om the point o, with radius o 4, an arc 
 5 ; and so on fr-om the centres corresponding to the points s, t, v, x, 
 y, &c., describing curves to the points 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, &c., fig. 169. 
 
 Fig. 171 represents the Ionic entablatui-e, a b being the centre 
 line of column, and that from which the projections of the various 
 members are taken. In succession, beginning from the point h up- 
 wards, the heights and projections of the various mouldings are as 
 follows : 
 
 1st height equal Gg- parts, 
 
 2d " " '^ " 
 
 3d " " 8 
 
 4th " " 2^ " 
 
 5th " « 10 " 
 
 6th " « 5 " 
 
 7th '' "3 « . 
 
 8th « " 27 « 
 
 9th " " 5 " 
 
 10th " " 1 
 
 11th " " 6 
 
 12th " " 2 " 
 
 13th « " 7 
 
 14th " " 3 
 
 loth " '' 4 '' 
 
 16th " " 4 " 
 
 17th " « 1 " 
 
 18th " « 7 " 
 
 19th « « 2 " 
 
 projection 
 
 equal 
 
 26^ 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 27 
 
 (t 
 
 (( 
 
 27^ 
 
 (f 
 
 e( 
 
 29 
 
 t( 
 
 <( 
 
 29^ 
 
 te 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 35 
 
 (C 
 
 (( 
 
 '^^ 
 
 (t 
 
 (C 
 
 27 
 
 ft 
 
 le 
 
 32 
 
 te 
 
 (( 
 
 36 
 
 it 
 
 i( 
 
 37 
 
 proj. to e equal 
 
 38, to c equal 52 
 
 it 
 
 « 
 
 55 
 
 tt 
 
 <( 
 
 60 
 
 ft 
 
 (( 
 
 63^ 
 
 « 
 
 *f 
 
 64 
 
 te 
 
 (f 
 
 64 
 
 tt 
 
 t( 
 
 72 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 91 
 
 Fig;. 172 represents an outline sketch of the Corinthian column, 
 with pedestal complete. The height of column is 9} diameters, 
 including base and capital, a is the base of pedestal ; b the die ; c 
 the cornice ; D the base of column ; e the shaft ; F, the capital ; G 
 the architrave ; h, the frieze ; i, the cornice. 
 
 fig. 171. 
 
 Fig. 173 is the pedestal of the Corinthian 
 order. The proportions are as follows, 
 taking them in their order from b c : the 
 plinth b c, 234- parts in height, its projection 
 from the central b d to a 61 parts ; the to- j- 
 rus, height 4, projection 56 ; fillet |, projec- ; 
 tion 55 ; cyma 5, projection 47 ; fillet 1, j 
 projection 47 ; cyma 3^, projection 42 ; die 1 
 3 modules 4J- parts ; the cavetto in cornice L 
 3f , projection 43 ; fillet f , projection 46 ; i 
 quarter round 4f , projection 50 ; corona 4^, 
 projection 53 ; cyma 3^, projection 57 ; the top fillet 2j, projec- 
 tion 57. 
 
 zr 
 
 Ei 
 
 fie:. 172. 
 
92 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER 8 MANUAL. 
 
 Fig. 174 represents the base of the order, of whicli a 6 is the 
 centre line. The heights in the progression of theii- order, com- 
 
 fijj. 173. 
 
 fiff. 175. 
 
 mencing -N^-ith h c, are as foUovrs : 10, 7, 2, 1, i, I, 2, 6, 24, 2. 
 The projections, beginning with b d, are as follows : 42, 42, 38, 37. 
 32, 37, 35, 32. 
 
 Fig. 175 represents the capital of the order. The diameter of 
 shaft at the neck is 52^ parts ; the fillet N, its projection 56 ; the 
 astragal 4, projection 60. The height from a to Z> is 70 parts ; the 
 projection fi-om 5 to c 46 ; the projection from J to e 60. Join c f, 
 prolong a f. b e to g and h ; join g hhx a line parallel to b a, and 
 mark off on it from g, as in the sketch. From the points obtained 
 draw lines parallel to b e ; the intersection of these with e f will 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 93 
 
 give the position of the acanthus leaves. The method of laying 
 out the plan of this capital is shown in fig. 176, -vvhcrc a 6 is the 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 V / 
 
 fig 176 
 
 diameter of shaft at neck, c e corresponding to the distance b c, fig. 
 175. The centre of the cu-cle, of which d d is a. part, is found by 
 the intersection of the lines at f. 
 
 Fig. 177 shows a form of capital of 
 this order filled in. 
 
 Fig. 178 is the Corinthian entab- 
 lature. The heights of the different 
 mouldings, commencing with a b, are 
 
 as follows : 6, If, 8^, 10^, 5, ^, 
 cei 4± 1 51 1 41 1 71 01 1 7x 
 
 §, 3, I, 6, 2|. The projections, be- 
 ginning with a c, are as follows : 26, 
 26^, 27, 27^, 28, 29^, 34^, 26, 26^, 32, 34, 35, 40, 58^, 60, 62, 
 62^, 66, 74. 
 
 Fig. 179 represents the outline of the Composite order with 
 
94 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 pedestal complete ; the letters and parts correspond with those 
 given in fig. 172, where the pedestal is delineated. Its height, 
 including base and capital, is 10 diameters. 
 
 ^^^1>^AJ / 
 
 J 
 
 ({^mmr / 
 
 TKUL 
 
 n 
 
 fig. 178. 
 
 Fig. 180. The pedestal. The heights, 
 commencing with h c, are as follows : 33, 
 4^, 1, 3, H ; height of die «? e 4 modules 
 5 parts. The height of mouldings in cor- 
 nice, beginning at e, are as follows : 1^, 3, 
 S?, 1, 5^, 3^, 2^. The projections, begin- 
 ning with a b, are 57, 57, 55, 46, 45, 42, 
 44^, 47, bU, 53 ; top fillet 57. 
 
 Fig. 181 represents the base of the or- 
 der. Heights, beginning with be, 10, 7, 
 h ^h h 2, 2, i 2, J., 4h 2, 1 ; projec- 
 tions, beginning with b d, 42, 42, 38, ZQ, 
 37, 37, 36, 36, 37, 36, 34. 
 
 fi?. 179. 
 
 I 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 95 
 
 Fig. 182 represents tte capital of the order. The semi-diameter 
 of shaft at neck is 26 paits ; the fillet } in height and 27 in projec- 
 
 fi.ff. 180. 
 
 tion ; the astragal 4 in height and 29 
 in projection. The height from 6 to a 
 is 70, projection from « to c 45, and 
 to c? 60 ; the heights on the line / c 
 arc used hy the intersection of the 
 Another form, with 
 
 line d c to find the height of the ornament 
 the ornaments filled up complete, is given in 
 
 Fig. 183. 
 
 Fig. 184 is the Composite entablature. The heights of the 
 mouldings, beginning with b c, are as foUoM-s : 12, 24, 15, 14, 34, 4, 
 
96 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 fig. 183. 
 
 2, 30, 2, 2, 5, Si, If, 6^, U, 2^ 9^ Sf, 1, 8, 21 The projections, 
 beginning with b a, are 26, 28, 29, 32^, 35, 35, 36, 52, 53|, 54, 66, 
 67, 70, 78. 
 
 3 
 
 fiiT. 184. 
 
 The next example shows the manner of delineating intercolum- 
 niations. By this term is meant the distance between two columns, 
 as a and b. 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 97 
 
 Fig. 185 is tlie intercolumniatlon of the Tuscan order. The 
 distance between the columns is 6 diameters, the general distance, 
 however, being 4 diameters. The pupil, at this stage of his pro- 
 ceedings, should make drawings to a large scale, as of that in fig. 
 
 fis. 185. 
 
 152, of the intercolumniatlon of all the orders, to assist him in 
 which we here give the various distances for each. The distance 
 between the Doric columns is equal to three diameters ; the dis- 
 tance in the Ionic is two diameters and a quarter ; the distance 
 between the columns in the Corinthian is two diameters and a quar- 
 13 
 
98 
 
 COTTAGE IJUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 ter ; and tliat of the Composite one diameter and a quarter to one 
 diameter and three quarters. 
 
 Where it is necessary to introduce doors, -vrindows, &c., thus 
 widening the space between the columns to a greater extent than 
 true proportion requires, coupled columns are introduced, the dis- 
 tance between them being such as to allow of the proper projection 
 of their capitals. 
 
 Fig. 186 shows coupled columns in the Corinthian order, where 
 the space between the two columns is a little over two diameters. 
 
 fis. 186. 
 
 d". 187. 
 
 Pilasters bear a considerable resemblance in their elevation to 
 columns. The height of members and their j)rojections are the 
 
THE FIVE ORDERS. 
 
 99 
 
 same as the columns of the same order ; the 
 plaii^ however, instead of being circular, as in 
 columns, is square, the external sui-face being 
 flat. 
 
 Fig. 187 shows coupled pilasters in the Corin- 
 thian form. 
 
 Caryatides are sometimes used in place of 
 columns and pilasters. These are representa- 
 tions of the human figure. When female, they 
 are known by the name as above ; when male, as 
 Persians. 
 
 Fig. 188 is an exemplification of a caryatides. 
 As a series of columns at proper distances form flg. jss. 
 
 a colonnade, so columns with arches between them are termed ar- 
 cades. The Tuscan arcade is given in 
 
 Fig. 189. The distance between the columns a and b is six 
 
 fisr. 190. 
 
 diameters ; a is termed a pier, b the impost, c the archivolt, and 
 D the keystone. A semi-diameter of column is laid from c to d, 
 
100 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 which gives the line of pier, h d. The distance firom p to < is six 
 diameters and three quarters ; a line through t, parallel to a h, gives 
 the height of impost ; the capital of impost is obtained by dividing 
 g h iiito seven or eight equal parts, and giving one of these firom m 
 
 fiff. 189. 
 
 to n ; the width of archivolt s o is equal to one ninth part of g h ; 
 the width of keystone at e / is equal to o s. By drawing Knes to e 
 and /from t, the diverging lines will be obtained. 
 
 To assist the pupil in making out examples of arcades in the 
 
THE FlVp: OKDERS. 
 
 101 
 
 other orders, we quote the following directions of a celebrated 
 author on architecture, as to proportions : " The height of arches 
 to the under side of their crowns should not exceed twice their 
 clear width, nor should it be much less ; the piers ought not to be 
 less than one third the breadth of the arch, nor more than two 
 thirds." The pupil desirous of studying the principles of architec- 
 tural design may consult the previous section. 
 
 Fig. 190 is an elevation of the Tuscan impost, with the heights 
 and projections. The projections are set forward from h to Ic, in the 
 line h c, the Kne h c representing the face of pier corresponding to 
 the line g d in fig. 189. The scale from which the measui-eraents 
 are taken is that in fig. 152. The figures 1, 2, and 3 denote the 
 width of the mouldings on the archivolt, (see fig. 189,) and are 
 Bet back on the line a Jc from b. 
 
 fiff. 191. 
 
 Fig. 191 is the Doric impost. The heights are measured from 
 the point b, on the line b c, representing the line of pier, as in last 
 example, the projections being set forward from b to t, the width 
 of mouhVmgs of archivolt, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, being from b towards a. 
 
COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 Fig. 192 is the Ionic impost, the projections, heights, and widths, 
 1, 2, &c., of archivolt mouldings being set out as in last figure. 
 
 %. 192. 
 
 Fig. 193 is the Corinthian impost. The projections being set 
 
 fijT. 19a. 
 
THE FIVK OKDKIIS. 
 
 103 
 
 out from the Hue c d towards e, the width of archivolt mouldings, 
 1, 2, 3, &c., as a e, from c towards a. 
 
 a 
 
 IS 3r 4 5 6V 
 
 7 
 
 fig. 194. 
 
 Fig. 19-1 is the Composite impost, the projections beiug set from 
 the Hue h b. The scale from which the measurcmeuts should be 
 taken is the same for all the imposts, being that in fig. 152. 
 
 fi-. 195. 
 
 Fig. 195 shows a pediment, c c, the tympanum, is generally 
 filled in Avith sculpture. In the previous section is shown how 
 
104 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER rf MANUAL. 
 
 geometiy is made applicable to the construction of the various 
 forms of arches, vases, and balustrades. We now give, in 
 
 Fig. 196, an elevation of the Tuscan balustrade ; and in 
 
 Fig. 197, an elevation of the Ionic. 
 
 fig. 196. 
 
 fig. 197. 
 
ROOT FORMING. 
 
 It is not within the present design to give examples of frame 
 work, as these are matters gleaned from master workmen. The 
 few that follow are inserted with special reference to frames obvia- 
 ting lateral pressure. 
 
 To construct a roof which, without tie D 
 
 beams, shall have no lateral pressure on ^Wkv^H 
 
 tlie walls : two rafters, C D, fig. 198, 
 
 resting on the two beams A B and h a, (t/,^^ >^^. r 
 
 are strongly jointed together at the sum- A B I 
 
 mit D. From the angles C and E unite ^3 ^^^• 
 
 rafters that are well fastened at F G, at H and I, and to each other 
 at K by means of a double notch. C E and D are also united to 
 the other rafters by two cross-pieces at L and M. 
 
 fin's. 199 and 200. 
 
 fig. 202, 
 
 Figs. 199 and 200 sufficiently explain themselves ; they are 30 
 and 40 feet, as also 201 and 202. 
 
 14 (106) 
 
106 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 Fig. 203 is a more complicated example, taken from " Benja- 
 min's Elements." Fig. 203 exhibits the manner of measiuing the 
 strains caused by the peculiar position of the tie beams and other 
 
 fig. 203. 
 
 timbers of this construction of a roof INIake the base line A B 
 equal to one half of the span of the roof. jSIake A D equal to the 
 length and pitch of the rafter, and A C equal to the length and 
 inclination of the tie beam. Measure from A down on the vertical 
 line to a, nine tons, the load which rests on one side of the roof; 
 continue D A down to h ; draw a C parallel to A D, then a C 
 measures thirty-one and a half tons, which is the strain on the 
 rafter A D ; noAV draw a h parallel to A C, the tie beam, and it 
 will measure twenty-seven and a half tons, which is the strain on 
 the tie beam. 
 
 If the tie beam had been placed in a horizontal position, then 
 the strain would have been measured by drawing the vertical line 
 h 0, cutting the centre of the rafter A D at o ; then draw D h par- 
 allel to A B, join h A, and then measure nine tons fiom h down to 
 o ; draw o i, and it will measure seven and a half tons, which is 
 the horizontal thrust of the foot of the rafter at the end of the tie 
 beam ; and h i measiu'es eleven and a half tons, wliich is the pres- 
 sui"e on the rafter. 
 
 By these measui'es we are able to compare the various and com- 
 plicated strains in this example with what they would have been 
 had the tie beam been placed in a horizontal position. This com- 
 parison will show us the great difference caused by the position of 
 
BOOF FORMING. 107 
 
 the inclined tie beam, which knowledge will undoubtedly prove un- 
 favorable to the use of this example unless it be from necessity. 
 
 We will now produce a few examples by which the less impor- 
 tant strains on this or any other example of a roof may be measured. 
 
 The load on this roof, including its own weight when covered 
 with slates, and its liability to heavy snows and high winds, is esti- 
 mated at fifty pounds on each superficial foot. Hence, one pair of 
 rafters sustains a vertical pressure of eighteen tons ; each wall of the 
 building, therefore, sustains a vertical pressui-e of nine tons. But 
 these nine tons have four points of support upon each side of the 
 roof ; one of one and a half tons at A ; one of three tons at a ; 
 one of the like weight at b ; and another at the apex D, of one and 
 a half tons on each side of the roof. The weight at h is sustained 
 by that part of the tie beam above C, which here assumes the 
 office of a strut, and is strained by a compression in the direction 
 of its length, wliilst the other end of the same timber is strained in 
 a contrary dhection. A is another point of support, on which rests 
 thi'ee tons, one half of which is thrown by the strut i upon the tie 
 beam at k. It is therefore apparent that the vertical load on each 
 king post is six tons ; hence, if the king post were placed in a ver- 
 tical position, that would be the whole load ; but as the king posts 
 are necessarily inclined towards each other, the measure of the strain 
 will be obtained by measuring on the vertical line D C, twelve tons, 
 which is the weight the king post has to sustain from that point. 
 Draw a line parallel to one of the king posts, and that line to where 
 it cuts the opposite king post will measure seven tons ; hence the 
 breaking weight of each king post ought not to be less than twenty- 
 eight tons. 
 
 The strut i, in consequence of its inclined position, is strained 
 about six tons ; its breaking weight, therefore, ought not to be less 
 than twenty-four tons. 
 
 The severe strain of compression on the princijial rafter renders 
 it incapable of sustaining any considerable cross strain without 
 
108 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 producing deflection. It will at all times be hazardous to cause 
 any considerable cross strains on a beam which is heavily loaded by 
 a compression in the direction of its length ; hence the precaution 
 of throwing the weight on this roof upon supported points. 
 
 Size of timbers, ^c, in this roof. 
 
 Inclined tie beams, . . . . 16 X 12 
 
 Principal rafters, 12 X 12 
 
 Struts, 12 X 3 
 
 Straining beam, 12 X 12 
 
 Pui-loins, 9x6 
 
 Small rafters, 8x2 
 
 King posts, 24- X ^ 
 
 Straps at the foot of the raftier, 2 X i 
 
 Iron bolts, |- inch square. 
 
FIREPLACES. 
 
 Fig. 20:i is in the Italian style ; A shows the profile of the skirt- 
 ing-board running round the room, of which the lines at B show 
 the front elevation. 
 
 Tr 
 
 ::!. 
 
 iiik 
 
 h 
 
 No. 204. 
 
 No. 205. 
 
 Fig. 205 is in the Elizabethan style. In these examples of fire- 
 places, we have only shown half, the other being an exact counter- 
 part. The pupil should, however, draw them complete, the line 
 
 A B being the centre line. 
 
 (109) 
 
no 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 m 
 
 f^Ay^/t, 
 
 n 
 
 No. 206. 
 
 J 
 
 Nos. 208 and 209 arc door 
 elevations of different styles ; 
 in this part of the work are 
 special items for all parts of 
 inside finish. 
 
 N-^ 208. 
 
 No. 209. 
 
TABLES AND RULES 
 FOR MEASURING VARIOUS SUPERFICIES AND SOLIDS. 
 
 A SQUARE foot (12X12=) 144 inches — yard, (3X3=) 9 feet, arc the 
 usual terms of measurement with ordinary artisans, as applied to superfi- 
 cies ; and a cubic foot (12X12X12=) 1728 inches — yard (3X3X3=) 27 
 feet of solids. 
 
 To find the superficial contents of a square, a triangle, or a circle, we 
 have to observe the proper rule of its figure ; thus a square is the prod- 
 uct of one of its sides into itself — as, 5 feet square, 5X5=2o feet. An 
 oblong is the product of its length by the breadth, as, 5 by 7:=35. A tri- 
 angle superficies is found by multiplying the base by half the perpendicu- 
 lar, or any oblique angle, thus : Multiply the base by the perpendicular, 
 and half the product will be the answer. Circles are measured thus : One 
 half of the diameter into half the circumference gives the area. The cir- 
 cumference is 3 1-7 times the diameter, very nearly. When we have the 
 diameter alone given, to find the area: Multiply its square by .7854, deci- 
 mal ; the product will be the area. The area, of oimls is found by multi- 
 plying the longest diameter (called the transverse) by the shortest, (called 
 conjugate,) and this product by the above decimal. 
 
 Cubes '(bodies of six sides) are measured by multiplying length, breadth, 
 and thickness together. Cylinders by multiplying the area of an end by 
 the length. Cones, or bodies with circular base decreased to a point at 
 the top, are measured by multiplying the area of the base by ^ of the 
 height. The superficies of a globe is found by multiplying the circumfer- 
 ence by the diameter ; and the solid contents may be found by multiplying 
 the superficies by ^ of its diameter, or mvdtiply the cube of its diameter by 
 .5236, decimal. Polygons may be measured by the following table : — 
 
 Sides. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Areas. 
 
 Sides. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Areas. 
 
 3 
 
 Triangle, 
 
 0.4330127 
 
 8 
 
 Octagon, 
 
 4.8284271 
 
 4 
 
 Square, 
 
 1.0000000 
 
 9 
 
 Nonagon, 
 
 0.1818242 
 
 5 
 
 Pentagon, 
 
 1.7204774 
 
 10 
 
 Decagon, 
 
 7.G942088 
 
 6 
 
 Hexagon, 
 
 2.59807G2 
 
 11 
 
 Undccagon, 
 
 9.3G5G399 
 
 7 
 
 Heptagon, 
 
 3.6339124 
 
 12 
 
 Dodecagon, 
 
 11.19G1524 
 
 These areas are for unity, or 1. Hence, to apply this table, we multiply 
 
 the square of the given side by the ai'ca of the given polygon, as set do%vn 
 
 in the table, thus : "What is the area of a dodecagon whose given side is 
 
 11 feet? 11X11X11.1901524=1344.7344404. 
 
 (Ill) 
 
11^ 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 TABLE OF SUPERFICIAL OR FLAT MEASURE, 
 
 By which the contents in Siijierfrial Feet, of Boards, Plank, Paving, &c., of any Lenrjth 
 and Breadth, can be obtained, by multiplying the decimal expressed in the table by the 
 length of the board, &o. 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Area of a lin- 
 
 Breadtli 
 
 Area of a lin- 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Area of a lin- 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Area of a lin- 
 
 inches. 
 
 eal fl)Ot. 
 
 inches. 
 
 eal foot. 
 
 inches. 
 
 eal foot. 
 
 inches. 
 
 eal foot. 
 
 1 
 
 .0208 
 
 3^ 
 
 .2708 
 
 H 
 
 .5208 
 
 H 
 
 .7708 
 
 X 
 
 2 
 
 .0417 
 
 H 
 
 .2916 
 
 H 
 
 .5416 
 
 H 
 
 .7917 
 
 f 
 
 .0625 
 
 H 
 
 .3125 
 
 6f 
 
 .5625 
 
 9f 
 
 .8125 
 
 1 
 
 .0834 
 
 4 
 
 .3334 
 
 7 
 
 .5833 
 
 10 
 
 .8334 
 
 u 
 
 .1042 
 
 H 
 
 .3542 
 
 n 
 
 .6042 
 
 10l 
 
 .8542 
 
 H 
 
 .125 
 
 H 
 
 .375 
 
 n 
 
 .625 
 
 10^ 
 
 .875 
 
 If 
 
 .1459 
 
 4f 
 
 .3958 
 
 n 
 
 .6458 
 
 10^ 
 
 .8959 
 
 2 
 
 .1667 
 
 5 
 
 .4167 
 
 8 
 
 .6667 
 
 11 
 
 .9167 
 
 2i 
 
 .1875 
 
 H 
 
 .4375 
 
 H 
 
 .6875 
 
 Hi 
 
 .9375 
 
 H 
 
 .2084 
 
 5^ 
 
 .4583 
 
 8i 
 
 .7084 
 
 lU 
 
 .9583 
 
 n 
 
 .2292 
 
 5f 
 
 .4792 
 
 8-1 
 
 .7292 
 
 iif 
 
 .9792 
 
 3 
 
 .25 
 
 6 
 
 .5 
 
 9 
 
 .75 
 
 12 
 
 1.0000 
 
 ROUND AND EQUAL-SIDED TIMBER MEASURE. 
 
 Table for ascertaining the number of Cubical Feet, or Solid Contents, in a Stick of Round 
 or Eijual-Sided Timber, Tree, &c. 
 
 k Rirt in 
 
 Area in 
 
 I eirt in 
 
 Area in 
 
 .T Pirt in 
 
 Area in 
 
 4 pirt in 
 
 Area in 
 
 J girt in 
 
 Area ;n 
 
 iiiclies. 
 
 feet. 
 
 inches. 
 
 feet. 
 
 inches. 
 
 feet. 
 
 inches. 
 
 feet. 
 
 inches. 
 
 feet. 
 
 6 
 
 .25 
 
 10^ 
 
 .803 
 
 15^ 
 
 1.668 
 
 20^ 
 
 2.898 
 
 25 
 
 4.34 
 
 6i 
 
 .272 
 
 11 
 
 .84 
 
 15^ 
 
 1.722 
 
 201- 
 
 2.917 
 
 25i 
 
 4.428 
 
 6^ 
 
 .294 
 
 Hi 
 
 .878 
 
 16 
 
 1.777 
 
 20-f 
 
 2.99 
 
 251 
 
 4.516 
 
 6f 
 
 .317 
 
 lU 
 
 .918 
 
 16i 
 
 1.833 
 
 21 
 
 3.062 
 
 25f 
 
 4.605 
 
 7 
 
 .34 
 
 11^ 
 
 .959 
 
 16J- 
 
 1.89 
 
 2U 
 
 3.136 
 
 26 
 
 4.694 
 
 n 
 
 .364 
 
 12 
 
 1. 
 
 16f 
 
 1.948 
 
 211- 
 
 3.209 
 
 26^ 
 
 4.785 
 
 n 
 
 .39 
 
 m 
 
 1.042 
 
 17 
 
 2.006 
 
 21f 
 
 3.285 
 
 261- 
 
 4.876 
 
 n 
 
 .417 
 
 12.1 
 
 1.085 
 
 17i 
 
 2.066 
 
 22 
 
 3.362 
 
 26J 
 
 4.969 
 
 8 
 
 .444 
 
 12| 
 
 1.129 
 
 174- 
 
 2.126 
 
 22^ 
 
 3.438 
 
 27 
 
 5.062 
 
 H 
 
 .472 
 
 13 
 
 1.174 
 
 m 
 
 2.187 
 
 221 
 
 3.516 
 
 27:J 
 
 5.158 
 
 H 
 
 .501 
 
 13^ 
 
 1.219 
 
 18 
 
 2.25 
 
 22|. 
 
 3.598 
 
 27^ 
 
 5.252 
 
 H 
 
 .531 
 
 13^ 
 
 1.265 
 
 18i 
 
 2.313 
 
 23 
 
 3.673 
 
 27^ 
 
 5.348 
 
 9 
 
 .562 
 
 13f 
 
 1.313 
 
 181 
 
 2.376 
 
 231 
 
 3.754 
 
 28 
 
 5.444 
 
 H 
 
 .594 
 
 14 
 
 1.361 
 
 18^ 
 
 2.442 
 
 231 
 
 3.835 
 
 28|. 
 
 5.542 
 
 H 
 
 .626 
 
 Hi 
 
 1.41 
 
 19 
 
 2.506 
 
 23f 
 
 3.917 
 
 284 
 
 5.64 
 
 n 
 
 .659 
 
 H.i- 
 
 1.46 
 
 19| 
 
 2.574 
 
 24 
 
 4. 
 
 28J 
 
 5.74 
 
 10 
 
 .694 
 
 14^ 
 
 1.511 
 
 19:V 
 
 2.64 
 
 2-li 
 
 4.084 
 
 29 
 
 5.84 
 
 m 
 
 .73 
 
 15 
 
 1.562 
 
 19f 
 
 2.709 
 
 244- 
 
 4.168 
 
 20^ 
 
 5.941 
 
 lOJ: 
 
 .766 
 
 15J. 
 
 1.615 
 
 20 
 
 2.777 
 
 24J 
 
 4.254 
 
 294- 
 
 6.044 
 
TABLES AND RULES. 
 
 113 
 
 TABLE SHOWING THE SOLID CONTENTS IN TIMBER, BOXES, 
 
 PACKAGES, &c. 
 
 Rule io find Solid (or Cubic) Feet. — If all the dimensions are in feet, multiply the 
 h'lu/th by the width, and {hia product by the depth. If all the dimensions arc in fed and 
 inches, rcduie the wliole to inches, and multiply the knyth, breadth, and dejjth together, 
 and divide the product by 1728, to obtain cubic tcct. 
 
 The iridl/f, and thickness of the timber or packaqe is given in the top lines of the ta- 
 bles. The column on the left contains, first, the length in feet, and below the length in 
 inches. If the length of the timber or package is in feet and inches, add the feet and 
 inches together. 
 
 If a timber or package be of larger thickness or breadth than is contained in the ta- 
 bles, add two numbers together, or double a number. 
 
 If the length of the timber is not contained in the table, take twice some length, or 
 add two lengths together. Suppose a timber is 5 by 6 inches, and 22 htt long, — take 
 twice 11, and you have 4 feet 8 inches. 
 
 I.rnmli 
 
 1 
 
 5 Inclips think hv 
 
 ■" 
 
 
 
 nn 
 
 <; liclcs ilii< k l>v 1 
 
 ft. 
 1 
 
 ill. 
 
 |6 E 
 
 [7 B 
 
 8 B 
 
 9 BjIO B 
 
 11 
 
 B 
 
 12 B 
 
 6 
 
 B 
 
 7 B^ 8 li; 9 B 
 
 10 \; 
 
 11 B12 BJ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ~3 
 
 X4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 I 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 1 21 1 4 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 
 
 .5 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 G| 1 8 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 I S 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 2| 2 5 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 11 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 6 2 9 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 I 11 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 G 
 
 2 10 3 2 
 
 3 
 
 h 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 0| 3 5 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 2 3 6 
 
 3 10 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 41 3 9 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 .5 3 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 3 3 
 
 3 8 4 2 
 
 4 7 
 
 5 1 
 
 5 6 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 4 
 
 3 9 4 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 4 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 6 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 7 
 
 4 1! 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 10 
 
 4 4 4 11 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 6 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 2 11 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 11 
 
 4 5! 4 10 
 
 .5 
 
 4 
 
 5 10 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 8 5 3 
 
 5 10 
 
 6 5 
 
 7 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 8 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 8 5 3 
 
 .5 
 
 9 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 5 5 Oi 5 8 
 
 3 
 
 6 11 
 
 7 6 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 10 
 
 .5 7 
 
 6 3' 6 11 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 lo! 6 8; 7 6 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 2 
 
 10 
 
 2o 
 
 
 
 5 3 
 
 6 1 
 
 6 11 
 
 7 10' 8 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 4! S 4I 9 5 
 
 10 5 
 
 11 6 
 
 12 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 6 3 
 
 7 4 
 
 8 4 
 
 9 .5 10 .5 11 
 
 612 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 910 0,11 3 
 
 12 6 
 
 13 9 
 
 15 
 
 36 
 
 — 
 
 7 6 
 
 8 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 3 12 6 13 
 
 9 15 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 6 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 16 6 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 (1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Lonctl) 
 ft. 1 in. 
 
 •s^mamsex. 
 
 7 Iiirlip^ (liirk tw 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 8 Inches thick hy | 
 
 7 B 
 
 8 B' 1' 
 
 10 B 
 
 11 B 
 
 12 
 
 B 
 
 13 B 
 
 8 
 
 B[ 
 
 9 B 10 B 
 
 11 Bil2 Bil3 B 
 
 14 B 
 
 4 
 
 .3 l> ■> 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 ~0 8 
 
 
 
 "51 
 
 6' 7 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2 — 
 
 8 
 
 9 oil 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 ii! 
 
 1 0! 1 1 
 
 13 14 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 7 
 
 3 — 
 
 1 
 
 12 14 
 
 1 6 1 7! 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 11 
 
 1 
 
 4| 
 
 1 6' 1 8 
 
 1 10 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 4 1 — 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 7| 1 
 1 11 2 2 
 
 1 11 2 2 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 2 3 
 
 2 5 2 8 2 11 
 
 3 1 
 
 
 I 8 
 
 2 .5 2 8 211 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 
 
 3' 
 
 2 6 2 9 
 
 3 1 3 4] 3 7 
 
 3 11 
 
 — 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 4 2 8 
 
 2 11 3 3 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 10 
 
 2 
 
 8! 
 
 3 0| 3 4 
 
 3 8 4 4 4 
 
 4 8 
 
 7 ; — 
 
 2 
 
 2 9 3 1 
 
 3 .5 3 9 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 5 
 
 3 
 
 i: 
 
 3 e: 3 11 
 
 4 3| 4 8 5 1 
 
 5 6 
 
 8 — 
 
 2 9 
 
 3 1 3 fi 
 
 3 114 3 4 
 
 8 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 
 
 ( 
 
 4 4 5 
 
 4 115 4 5 9 
 
 6 3 
 
 9 — 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 6 311 
 
 4 .5 4 10 .5 
 
 3 
 
 5 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 6; 5 
 
 5 6 6 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 1 — 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 11! 4 
 
 4 10 .5 4 5 
 
 10, 6 4 
 
 4 
 
 51 
 
 5 0| 5 7 
 
 6 1; 6 8 7 3 
 
 7 9 
 
 11'- 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 3 4 10 
 
 .5 4[ .5 11 6 
 
 5 6 11 
 
 4 11! 
 
 5 6 6 1 
 
 6 9' 7 4 7 11 
 
 8 7 
 
 12 ' — 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 8 5 3 
 
 •5 \\ 6 .5 7 
 
 7 7 
 
 5 
 
 4i 
 
 6 6 8 
 
 7 4 8 8 8 
 
 9 4 
 
 13 — 
 
 4 5 
 
 .5 I 5 8 
 
 fi 4! 'i 11 7 
 
 7 8 3 
 
 5 
 
 9; 
 
 6 61 7 ? 7 11 8 8j 9 6 
 
 10 1 
 
 14 — 
 
 4 9 
 
 ,5 6 2 
 
 6 10' 7 6 8 
 
 2 8 10 
 
 6 
 
 ='i 
 
 7 7 O! 8 7 9 4 10 1 
 
 10 11 
 
 15 — 
 
 ') 1 
 
 .5 10 6 7 
 
 7 4 8 8 
 
 9 9 6 
 
 6 
 
 8! 
 
 7 6 8 4| 9 2 10 10 10 
 
 11 8 
 
 21 i — 
 
 10 
 
 7 9 8 9 
 
 9 9 10 8 11 
 
 8 12 8 
 
 8 11 
 
 on 1 12 3 13 4 14 5 
 
 15 7 
 
 2') — 
 
 8 G 
 
 9 910 11 
 
 12 2 13 4 U 
 
 7 1.') !0 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 2 6 13 11 1.5 3 16 8 18 1 
 
 19 5 
 
 3') — 
 
 10 3 
 
 11 813 2 
 
 It 7 16 117 
 
 6 19 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 .5 16 8 18 4 20 21 8 
 
 23 4 
 
 J!i - 
 
 12 3 
 
 14 1) 9 
 
 17 6 19 3 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 22 9 
 
 16 
 
 0, 
 
 IS 0,20 22 24 26 
 
 28 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 '(T 
 
 10 1 
 
 ~0~ 
 
 7) 
 
 10 10 10 10 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1; 1 
 
 10 10 
 
 1, 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 (1 1 1; 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 1 
 
 10 2 
 
 2 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 2 2i 2; 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 3 
 
 4, 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 03030 41 4, 04 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
114 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 Leii"!!! 
 
 9 Inches tliick l.v 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 Inches iliick l.v 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 9 BIO 15 11 J5 12 Bi3 B 14 
 
 BL5 
 
 BJIO 
 
 Bll B12 B13 B 14 B15 B 16 B 
 
 1 — 
 
 7, « 8 9i 10 11 11 1 
 
 
 
 8 9 10 11 1 0, 1 1 1 1 
 
 2 — 
 
 1 2 1 3 1 1 6 1 8 1 
 
 9 1 11 
 
 1 
 
 5 1 6 1 8 1 10 1 11 2 1 2 3 
 
 3 — 
 
 1 8 1 11 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 
 
 8 2 10| 
 
 2 
 
 12426292 11 3234 
 
 4 ,— 
 
 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 O: 3 3; 3 
 
 6 3 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 93134373 11; 424 5 
 
 
 2 10 
 
 323 5 394 14 
 
 5 4 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 6 3 10 4 2 4 6 4 10 5 3 5 7 
 
 6 — 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 9 4 2 4 6 4 11 5 
 
 3 5 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 2 4 7 5 5 5 5 10 6 3 6 8 
 
 7 — 
 
 3 11 
 
 4 5 4 10 5 3 5 8 6 
 
 2 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 10 5 4 5 10 6 4 6 10 7 4 7 9 1 
 
 8 ; — 
 
 4 G 
 
 5 5-660667 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 76 168737 9848 111 
 
 9 : — 
 
 1 
 
 5 8 6 2 6 9 7 4 7 11 8 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 6 11 7 6 8 2 8 9 9 5 10 1 
 
 10 :- 
 
 5 8 
 
 6 3 6 11 7 6 8 2' 8 
 
 9 9 
 
 5 
 
 611 7 8 8 4 9 9 910 511 1| 
 
 15 — 
 
 s .5 
 
 9 5 10 4 11 312 213 
 
 214 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 5 11 6 12 6 13 7 14 7 15 8 16 8 1 
 
 2) — 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 6 13 9 15 16 317 
 
 6 18 
 
 9 
 
 13 1115 3 16 818 119 5 2^10 22 3| 
 
 25 , — 
 
 14 1 
 
 15 8 17 2 18 9 20 4 21 11 23 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 4 19 1 20 10 22 7 24 4 26 1 27 9 1 
 
 3) 1 — 
 
 16 11 
 
 18 9 20 8 22 6 24 5 26 
 
 3 28 
 
 2 
 
 20 10 22 112-5 27 129 2 31 3 33 4 1 
 
 36 | — 
 
 20 3 
 
 22 6 24 9 27 29 3 31 
 
 6 33 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 27 6 30 32 6 3-5 37 6 40 
 
 — 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1 1, 
 
 IT 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 1010 101010101 
 
 — ' 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 10 2 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1020202020202 
 
 — 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 020202020 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2020 3 03030303 
 
 — 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 04 4050 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 5 5 5 G 6 7 
 
 LeiiL'tii 
 ft. ill. 
 
 11 Indies tliick liy 
 
 
 
 
 1^ Inches thick hv 
 
 11 B 12 B 13 BUB 1.5 B 16 
 
 B17 
 
 B 
 
 12 
 
 B 13 BUB 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 B 
 
 ~T — 
 
 10 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ~T 
 
 01116131815 16 
 
 2 — 
 
 1 8 1 10 2 
 
 2 2 2 4, 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 02 22826202 10 30 
 
 3 — 
 
 2 6 2 9 3 
 
 3 3 3 5! 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 11 
 
 3 
 
 03 33239444346 
 
 4 — 
 
 3 43840 
 
 4 3 4 7i 4 11 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 04 4445058 5 860 
 
 
 4 2 4 7 5 
 
 5 4 5 9 6 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 5 5 10 6 3 6 7 1 7 6 
 
 6 — 
 
 5 1; 5 6 6 
 
 6 5| 6 11 7 
 
 4 
 
 7 10 
 
 6 
 
 0667076848690 
 
 7 — 
 
 5 IV 6 5; 6 11 
 
 7 6 8 0' 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 0778289989 11 10 6 
 
 8 — 
 
 6 97 4 7 11 
 
 8 7 9 2 9 
 
 9 10 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 8 8 9 410 10 Oil 4 12 
 
 9 ' — 
 
 7 7 8 3 8 HI 9 810 4 11 
 
 OjU 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 910 611 312 4 12 9 13 6 
 
 10 : — 
 
 8 5 9 2 9 11 10 8 11 6 12 
 
 3 13 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 10 11 8 12 6 13 14 215 
 
 1.5- 
 
 12 7 13 914 1116 117 2 18 
 
 4T9 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 16 317 6 18 9 20 8 21 3 22 6 
 
 2T — 
 
 16 D 18 4 19 10 21 5 22 11 24 
 
 5 26 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 21 8 23 4 25 26 4 28 4 30 
 
 2-5 — 
 
 21 22 1124 10 26 9 28 8 3) 
 
 7 32 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 27 129 2 31 3 33 0.35 5-37 6 
 
 3) — 
 
 25 3 27 6 29 10 32 1 34 36 
 
 8 39 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 32 6 35 37 6 40 42 6 45 
 
 36 — 
 
 30 3 33 35 9 38 6 41 3 44 
 
 046 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 39 42 45 48 151 54 
 
 — i 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1| 
 
 1 "0" 
 
 T 
 
 ~o" 
 
 10101010 30 102 
 
 2 
 
 020202020 2, 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 202020 3040303 
 
 — ' 3 
 
 3 3 3 3 3| 
 
 4) 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 30 3040 4040 405 
 
 - 6 
 
 6 6 6, 7! 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 6O707O8O8O909 
 
 I.OIlL'tll 
 
 13 Inches thick hy 
 
 
 
 
 14 Inches thick hv 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 13 B14 Bl-5 B16 B 17" B 
 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 01 1 6 
 
 18 
 
 B19 
 
 B 
 
 14 
 
 B 15 B IG B 17 B 18 B19 B 20 B 
 
 T 
 
 "s'rr 
 
 "9" 
 
 "T 
 
 4 1 6 
 
 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 
 
 __ 
 
 2 4 2 61 2 9 2 11; 3 1 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 9 2 11 
 
 313436383 11 
 
 3 — 
 
 3 6 3 10' 4 1' 4 4i 4 7| 4 11 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 4 5 
 
 4 8 5 5 3 5 7 5 10 
 
 4 — 
 
 4 8 5 1 5 5 5 9 6 2' 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 5 10 
 
 6 3 67707579 
 
 
 .5 10 6 4 6 9 7 37 81 8 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 10 7 417983899 3 991 
 
 6 — 
 
 717782889 3! 9 
 
 9 n 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 8 9l 9 4 9 11 10 6 11 1 11 81 
 
 7 
 
 8 3 8 10 9 610 1 10 9,11 
 
 5,12 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6 10 3,10 11 11 7 12 3 12 1113 71 
 
 S — 
 
 9 olO 110 10 11 7 12 313 
 
 0jl3 
 
 9 
 
 10 11 11 812 5 13 3 14 14 9 15 7l 
 
 9 
 
 10 7 11 5 12 2 13 13 10 14 
 
 8115 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 3 13 2 14 14 11 15 9 16 8 17 6 
 
 1) — 
 
 11 9 12 8 13 714 5 15 4 16 
 
 317 
 
 2 13 
 
 7 14 7 15 716 6 17 6 18 6 19 5 
 
 15 — 
 
 17 7 19 21 4 21 8 23 24 
 
 525 
 
 9, 21 
 
 5 211123 4 24 10 26 3 "7 9 29 2 
 
 2 ) 1 — 
 
 23 6 25 3 27 128 1130 8 32 
 
 6 34 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 3 20 2 31 1 33 1 35 36 11 .''8 11 
 
 25 — 
 
 20 4 31 733 10 36 1 38 4 40 
 
 8 42 11 
 
 34 
 
 36 6 381141 443 946 2 48 7 
 
 30 — 
 
 35 337 1140 8 43 4 46 1,48 
 
 951 
 
 6 
 
 40 10 43 9146 8 49 7 52 6| 55 5 58 4 | 
 
 36 — 
 
 42 3 4-5 6 48 9-52 55 3 
 
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TAHLE3 AND RULES. 
 
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 15 (iiches iliick \>v | 
 
 
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116 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 PLANK AND SCANTLING MEASURE. 
 
 If a plank be longer than is represented in the tables, then take twice some length. If 
 shorter, take ^ or ^ of some length. 
 
 '^'11^' 
 
 ti Inches Thick, by 10 to 28 Indies Wide. 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 28 
 
 14 1 15 1 
 
 16 
 35 
 
 17 
 37 
 
 18 
 39 
 
 19 1 
 41 
 
 20 
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 21 1 22 1 23 1 24 
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 2.5 
 
 20 
 56 
 
 27 ' 28 
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 30 
 
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 54 
 
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 23 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
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 58 
 
 61 
 
 63 1 65 
 
 J 1> 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 53 1 55 58 60 
 
 63 
 
 6.5 
 
 68 70 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 56 i 59 61 64 
 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 72 75 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 60 i 62 1 65 68 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
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 31 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 63 66 69 72 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 1 81 84 
 
 19 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 67 ! 70 1 73 76 
 
 79 
 
 82 
 
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 20 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 
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 53 
 
 57 60 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 70 73 1 77 80 
 
 83 
 
 87 
 
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 21 
 
 35 
 
 39 
 
 42 |46 
 
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 56 
 
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 88 
 
 91 
 
 1 95 98 
 
 22 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 59 
 
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 70 
 
 73 
 
 77 81 84 88 
 
 92 
 
 95 
 
 99 103 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 65 , 69 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 81 84 88 92 
 
 96 1 100 
 
 104 1 107 
 
 2i 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 68 . 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 84 88 92 96 
 
 100 
 
 104 
 
 108 ! 112 
 
 2J 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 71 ' 75 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 88 92 96 100 
 
 104 
 
 108 
 
 113 117 
 
 2G 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 69 
 
 74 78 
 
 82 
 
 87 
 
 91 95 100 104 
 
 108 
 
 113 
 
 117 121 
 
 27 
 
 4.5 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 95 99 104 108 
 
 113 
 
 117 
 
 122 126 
 
 2S 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 56 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 98 103 107 112 
 
 117 
 
 121 
 
 126 131 
 
 2.) 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 97 102 I1O6 llll III6 
 
 121 
 
 126 
 
 131 I 1-35 
 
 3) 
 
 •50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 75 1 
 
 81 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 LOO 
 
 05 |110 11 
 
 5 1120 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 135 ! 140 
 
 L'm^' 
 
 3 1-4 Indies Thick by 10 to 27 Inches Wi 
 
 le. 
 
 
 It. 
 
 10 
 
 11 1 12 
 
 13 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 1 18 
 
 K 
 
 2fl 
 
 1 21 
 
 22 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
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 13 
 
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 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
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 57 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
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 32 
 
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 38 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
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 53 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
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 73 
 
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 31 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
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 59 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
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 75 
 
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 16 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
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 57 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
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 85 
 
 89 
 
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 18 
 
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 41 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
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 90 
 
 94 
 
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 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 87 
 
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 21 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 100 
 
 104 
 
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 21 
 
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 53 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 101 ; 
 
 105 
 
 109 
 
 114 118 
 
 22 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 101 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 119 124 
 
 23 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 101 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 125 129 
 
 24 
 
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 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
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 120 
 
 12.5 
 
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 25 
 
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 57 
 
 63 
 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
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 109 
 
 115 
 
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 70 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 102 
 
 108 
 
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 130 
 
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 79 
 
 81 
 
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 70 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 117 
 
 193 
 
 128 
 
 134 
 
 140 
 
 146 
 
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 66 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 97 
 
 103 
 
 109 
 
 115 
 
 121 
 
 127 
 
 133 
 
 139 
 
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 151 
 
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 63 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
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 94 
 
 100 
 
 106 
 
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 119 
 
 125 
 
 131 
 
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 144 
 
 150 
 
 156 
 
 163 , 169 
 
 
 3 Inches Thick bv 10 to 27 Indies Wide. 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 13 
 
 10 ! 11 12 
 
 13 
 42 
 
 14 
 46 
 
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 49 
 
 16 i 
 
 17 1 
 
 18 1 
 59 
 
 19 
 62 
 
 20 
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 39 
 
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 39 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
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 56 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
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 41 
 
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 53 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
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 71 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 98 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 100 
 
 104 
 
 17 
 
 43 
 
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 65 
 
 60 
 
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 68 1 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 85 
 
 89 1 
 
 94 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
 106 
 
 111 
 
 18 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
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 63 
 
 63 
 
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 77 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
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 113 
 
 117 
 
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 48 ,52 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
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 81 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
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 119 
 
 124 
 
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 6) 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
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 80 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
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 15 120 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 21 
 
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 58 
 
 63 
 
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 74 
 
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 84 
 
 89 
 
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 105 
 
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 88 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 116 
 
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 138 
 
 143 
 
 23 
 
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 63 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 92 
 
 98 ; 
 
 104 
 
 109 
 
 115 
 
 121 
 
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 78 
 
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 126 
 
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 135 
 
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 28 
 
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 140 
 
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 188 
 
 195 
 
TABLES AND RULES. 
 
 117 
 
 PLANK AND SCANTLING MEASURE, 
 
 If a plank or scantling be longer than is represented in the tables, ta.](.c twice some length 
 given iu the tables, or add two lengths together ; if wider, take two widths ; if both longer 
 and wider, double the contents of such number in the tables as will give the same length 
 and width retiuircd. 
 
 L'ns 
 ft. 
 
 - 
 
 it 1-4 Imlie 
 
 s Tliick l)y 10 to 
 
 •46 Inches Wide. 
 
 i 
 
 i 10 
 
 111 12 
 
 13 14 15 
 
 1 16 
 
 1' 
 
 18 
 
 1 ly 
 
 20 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 1 64 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 83" 
 
 87 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 14 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 - 69 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 1 86 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
 106 
 
 15 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 66 
 
 7) 
 
 1 74 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 101 
 
 105 
 
 109 
 
 114 
 
 16 
 
 47 
 
 .51 
 
 56 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 7o 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 1 98 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 112 
 
 117 
 
 1 121 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 6:) 
 
 71 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 1 104 
 
 109 
 
 114 
 
 119 
 
 124 
 
 129 
 
 18 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 116 
 
 121 
 
 126 
 
 131 
 
 137 
 
 19 
 
 5-5 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 1 116 
 
 122 
 
 127 
 
 133 
 
 139 
 
 144 
 
 20 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 117 
 
 123 
 
 128 
 
 134 
 
 140 
 
 146 
 
 1.52 
 
 21 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 92 
 
 98 
 
 104 
 
 110 
 
 116 
 
 123 
 
 ' 129 
 
 135 
 
 141 
 
 147 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.59 
 
 02 
 
 64 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 
 9) 
 
 96 
 
 103 
 
 i;i9 
 
 116 
 
 122 
 
 128 
 
 135 
 
 141 
 
 148 
 
 154 
 
 160 
 
 167 
 
 23 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 94 
 
 101 
 
 107 
 
 114 
 
 121 
 
 127 
 
 lU 
 
 141 
 
 148 
 
 154 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 174 
 
 24 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 105 
 
 112 
 
 119 
 
 126 
 
 133 
 
 140 
 
 147 
 
 154 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 175 
 
 182 
 
 2-5 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 95 
 
 102 
 
 DO 
 
 117 
 
 124 
 
 131 
 
 139 
 
 146 153 
 
 160 
 
 168 
 
 175 
 
 182 
 
 190 
 
 26 
 
 76 
 
 83 
 
 91 
 
 99 
 
 1)3 
 
 114 
 
 121 
 
 129 
 
 137 
 
 144 
 
 152 1.59 
 
 167 
 
 174 
 
 182 1 190 
 
 197 
 
 27 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
 102 
 
 11) 
 
 118 
 
 126 
 
 134 
 
 142 
 
 150 
 
 158 165 
 
 n-i 
 
 181 
 
 189 i 197 
 
 205 
 
 28 
 
 82 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 106 
 
 114 
 
 123 
 
 131 
 
 139 
 
 147 
 
 1-5.5 
 
 163 172 
 
 itn 
 
 188 
 
 196 
 
 204 
 
 212 
 
 2:) 
 
 85 
 
 93 
 
 l'»2 
 
 110 
 
 118 
 
 127 
 
 13) 
 
 144 
 
 1.52 
 
 161 
 
 169 178 
 
 186 
 
 195 
 
 203 
 
 211 
 
 220 
 
 iL 
 
 8S 
 
 96 
 
 105 lU 
 
 123 
 
 131 
 
 140 
 
 149 
 
 153 
 
 166 
 
 175 184 
 
 193 
 
 201 
 
 210 
 
 219 
 
 228 
 
 L'lig 
 
 
 4 Inches Th 
 
 clc l.y 10 to HG I 
 
 nchcs Wide. 
 
 1 
 
 ft. 
 
 10 
 
 11 1 12 1 13 I 14 , 15 ! 16 
 
 17 1 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 1 21 
 
 87 91 
 
 22 
 ~95" 
 
 23 
 100 
 
 2-4 
 104 
 
 25 
 l(i8 
 
 20 
 Tl'3 
 
 13 
 
 43 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 69 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 14 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 7) 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 93 08 ! 103 
 
 107 
 
 112 
 
 117 
 
 121 
 
 15 
 
 5) 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 9) 
 
 95 
 
 100 1 105 ' 110 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 16 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 101 
 
 107' 112! 117 
 
 123 
 
 128 
 
 1.33 
 
 1,39 
 
 17 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 74 79 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 96 
 
 102 
 
 108 
 
 113' 119 125 
 
 130 
 
 136 
 
 142 
 
 147 
 
 18 
 
 6) 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 78 ; 84 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 102 
 
 108 
 
 114 
 
 120 ! 126 ; i: 2 
 
 138 
 
 144 
 
 1.50 
 
 156 
 
 19 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 82 89 
 
 95 
 
 101 
 
 108 
 
 114 
 
 12) 
 
 127 ; 133 1 1;:9 
 
 146 
 
 1.52 
 
 1-58 
 
 165 
 
 20 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 87 93 
 
 10) 
 
 117 
 
 113 
 
 120 
 
 127 
 
 1.33 ! 14(1 j U7 
 
 1.53 
 
 160 
 
 167 
 
 173 
 
 21 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 91 9S 105 
 
 112 
 
 119 
 
 126 
 
 133 
 
 140 1 147 1 1-4 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 175 
 
 182 
 
 22 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 95 ! 103 110 
 
 117 
 
 125 132 
 
 1.39 
 
 147 ' 1-54 I 161 
 
 169 
 
 176 
 
 183 
 
 191 
 
 23 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 92 
 
 100 i 107 115 
 
 123 
 
 130 
 
 1.38 
 
 146 
 
 153 1 161 1 169 
 
 176 
 
 184 
 
 192 
 
 199 
 
 24 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 104 112 120 
 
 123 
 
 136 
 
 144 
 
 1.52 
 
 160 ! ICS 
 
 176 
 
 184 
 
 192 
 
 200 
 
 208 
 
 2-5 
 
 83 
 
 92 
 
 10) 108 ' 117 
 
 125 
 
 133 
 
 142 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.58 
 
 ir- ; 175 
 
 183 
 
 192 
 
 200 
 
 208 
 
 217 
 
 26 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
 104 113 121 
 
 13) 
 
 139 
 
 147 
 
 1.56 
 
 165 
 
 173 : 182 
 
 191 
 
 109 
 
 208 
 
 217 
 
 225 
 
 27 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 108 117 , 126 
 
 135 
 
 144 
 
 153 
 
 162 
 
 171 
 
 18) j 189 
 
 108 
 
 207 
 
 216 
 
 225 
 
 234 
 
 28 
 
 93 
 
 103 112 121 1 131 
 
 140 
 
 149 
 
 159 
 
 163 
 
 177 
 
 187 196 
 
 205 
 
 215 
 
 224 
 
 233 
 
 243 
 
 23 
 
 97 
 
 106 116 126 ' 135 
 
 145 
 
 155 
 
 164 
 
 174 
 
 184 
 
 193 203 
 
 213 
 
 222 
 
 2.32 
 
 242 
 
 251 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 
 110 12) 130 140 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 170 
 
 180 
 
 190 
 
 2"0 210 
 
 220 
 
 230 
 
 240 
 
 250 
 
 260 
 
 L'ng 
 
 
 5 Indies T 
 
 hiric, tiv 10 In Sf 
 
 Inches Wide. 
 
 ^ , 
 
 ft. 
 
 10 
 
 111 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 1' 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 54 
 
 60 65 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 92 i 98 
 
 103 
 
 108 
 
 114 
 
 Tl9 
 
 125 
 
 '130 
 
 135 
 
 ITT 
 
 14 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 105 
 
 111 
 
 117 
 
 123 
 
 128 
 
 i:m 
 
 140 
 
 146 
 
 152 
 
 15 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 94 
 
 100 
 
 106 
 
 113 
 
 119 
 
 125 
 
 131 
 
 138 
 
 144 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.56 
 
 163 
 
 16 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 100 
 
 107 
 
 113 
 
 120 
 
 127 
 
 133 
 
 MO 
 
 147 
 
 1.53 
 
 160 
 
 167 
 
 173 
 
 17 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 85 
 
 92 
 
 99 
 
 106 
 
 113 
 
 121 
 
 128 
 
 1.35 
 
 112 
 
 149 
 
 1.56 
 
 163 
 
 170 
 
 177 
 
 181 
 
 18 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 115 
 
 113 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 1.35 
 
 143 
 
 1.50 
 
 158 
 
 165 
 
 173 
 
 180 
 
 188 
 
 195 
 
 19 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
 103 
 
 111 119 
 
 127 
 
 135 
 
 143 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.58 
 
 166 
 
 174 
 
 182 
 
 190 
 
 198 
 
 206 
 
 20 
 
 83 
 
 92 100 
 
 108 
 
 117 125 
 
 133 
 
 142 150 
 
 1.58 
 
 167 
 
 175 
 
 183 
 
 192 
 
 200 
 
 208 
 
 217 
 
 21 
 
 88 
 
 96 :i05 
 
 114 
 
 123 
 
 131 
 
 140 
 
 149 158 ' 
 
 166 
 
 175 
 
 184 
 
 103 
 
 2^1 
 
 210 
 
 219 
 
 228 
 
 22 
 
 92 
 
 101 
 
 un 
 
 119 
 
 128 
 
 138 
 
 147 
 
 156 165 
 
 174 
 
 183 
 
 193 
 
 2"2 i 
 
 211 
 
 220 
 
 229 
 
 238 
 
 23 
 
 96 
 
 105 
 
 115 
 
 125 
 
 134 
 
 144 
 
 153 
 
 163 173 
 
 182 
 
 192 
 
 201 
 
 211 1 
 
 220 
 
 2,30 
 
 240 
 
 249 
 
 24 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 15-) 
 
 160 
 
 170 180 
 
 190 
 
 210 
 
 210 
 
 221 
 
 230 
 
 240 
 
 250 
 
 2()0 
 
 25 
 
 104 
 
 115 
 
 125 
 
 135 
 
 146 
 
 156 
 
 167 
 
 177 188 
 
 198 
 
 218 
 
 219 
 
 229 
 
 240 
 
 250 
 
 260 
 
 271 
 
 26 
 
 108 
 
 119 130 
 
 141 
 
 152 163 
 
 173 
 
 184 195 
 
 216 
 
 217 
 
 223 ; 23S , 
 
 249 
 
 260 
 
 271 
 
 282 
 
 27 
 
 113 
 
 124 135 
 
 146 
 
 158 160 
 
 181 
 
 191 2^3 
 
 214 
 
 225 
 
 236 ' 218 ' 
 
 259 
 
 270 
 
 281 
 
 293 
 
 28 
 
 117 
 
 128 140 
 
 152 
 
 163 175 
 
 187 
 
 198 210 
 
 222 
 
 233 
 
 245 : 257 1 
 
 268 j 280 
 
 292 
 
 303 
 
 29 
 
 121 
 
 133 145 
 
 157 
 
 169 181 193 
 
 205 218 ! 
 
 230 
 
 212 
 
 254 266 
 
 278 1 290 
 
 ,302 
 
 314 
 
 30 
 
 125 
 
 138 |150 
 
 163 
 
 175 188 1 200 
 
 213 1 22.5 1 
 
 238 
 
 2.50 
 
 263 , 275 
 
 288 1 .300 
 
 .313 
 
 323 
 
118 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 SCANTLING AND TIMBER MEASURE 
 
 REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 
 
 Explanation. — To ascertain the number of feet of scantling or timber, say 18 feet long 
 and 2 by 3 inches. Find 2 by 3 in the top columns, aud 18 in the left hand column, and 
 under 2 by 3 and against 18 is 9 feet. 
 
 If the scantling is longer than contained in the table, add two lengths together. If 
 shorter, take part of sonio length. 
 
 [^rhe precudlny payes also contain scantling and plunk measure!\ 
 
 ~ Thickness and W Wih in Indies. 
 
 
 
 2.2 2.3 1 
 
 2.4 2.5 1 2.6 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.8, 2.9, 
 
 3.3 3.4 3.5 
 
 : 3.6j 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.4 4.5 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 1 9. 
 
 4.6, 6. 7.6 
 
 9. 1 10.6 12. 13.6 8. 10. 
 
 7 
 
 2^4 
 
 3.6 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.10 
 
 7. 
 
 8.2 
 
 9.4 10.6 
 
 5.3 7. 
 
 8.9 
 
 10.6! 12.3 14. 15.9 9.4 11.8 
 
 8 
 
 2.8 
 
 4. 
 
 5.4 
 
 68 
 
 8. 
 
 9.4 
 
 10.8 12. 
 
 6. 8. 
 
 10. 
 
 12. 1 14. 1 16. 18. 1 10.8 13.4 
 
 9 
 
 3. 
 
 4.6 
 
 6. 
 
 7.6 
 
 9. 
 
 10.6 
 
 12. 13.6 
 
 6.9 9. 
 
 11.3 
 
 13.6 15.9; 18. 20.3 12. 15. 
 
 10 
 
 3.4 
 
 5. 
 
 6.8, 8.4 
 
 10. 
 
 11.8 
 
 13.4 15. 
 
 7.6 10. 12.6 
 
 ' 15. 1 17.6 20. 22.6 13.4 16.8 
 
 U 
 
 3.8 
 
 5.6 
 
 7.4 9.2 
 
 11.1 12.10 
 
 14.8: 16.6 
 
 8.3 11.! 13.9 16.6i 19.3, 22. 24.9 14.8 18.4| 
 
 12 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 8. 10. 
 
 12. 
 
 14. 
 
 16. 1 18. 
 
 9. 1 12. 1.5. 
 
 18. 21. 124. 27. 1 16. 20. 
 
 13 
 
 44 
 
 6.6 
 
 8.8 10.10 
 
 13. 
 
 15.2 
 
 17.4 19.6 
 
 9.9 13. 16..3 
 
 19.6 22.9 26. 29.3 17-4 21.8 
 
 14 
 
 4.8 
 
 7. 
 
 9.41 11.8 
 
 14. 
 
 16.4 
 
 18.8 21. 
 
 10.6' 14. i i7.fi 
 
 21. 1 24.6 28. 31.6' 18.8 23.4 
 
 lo 
 
 0. 
 
 7.6 
 
 10. 1 12.6 
 
 15. 
 
 17.6 
 
 20. 22.6 
 
 11.3 15. 18.9 
 
 22.61 26.3 30. 33.9 20. 25. 
 
 16 
 
 5.4 
 
 8. 
 
 10.8, 13.4 16.1 18.8 
 
 21.4 24. 1 
 
 12. 16. 20. 
 
 [ 24. 1 28. 32.; 36. i 21.4 26.8 
 
 17 
 
 5.8 
 
 8.6 
 
 11.4' 14.2 j 17. 
 
 19.10 
 
 22.8; 25.6 
 
 12.9 17.' 21.? 
 
 25.6 29.9; 34. S8.3' 22.8 28.4 
 
 18 
 
 6. 
 
 9. 
 
 12. 1 15. I 18. 
 
 21. 
 
 24. 
 
 27. 1 
 
 13.6 18. 22.6 
 
 27. 1 31.6 36.1 40.6 24. ; 30. 
 
 19 
 
 6.4 9.6 
 
 12.8 15.10 19. 
 
 22.2 
 
 25.4 
 
 28.6, 
 
 14.3 19. 23.S 
 
 28.61 33.3 38.i 42.9 2-5.4 31.8 
 
 ■21 
 
 6.8 10. 
 
 13.4 16.8 
 
 20. 
 
 23.4 
 
 26.8 
 
 30. 
 
 15. 1 20. 25. 
 
 30. 35. 1 40. 45. 
 
 26.8 33.41 
 
 21 
 
 7. 10.6 
 
 14. 17.6 
 
 21.; 24.6 
 
 28. 
 
 31.6 
 
 15.9 21. 26.r 
 
 31.6, 36.9 42.; 47.3 
 
 28. 35. 1 
 
 22 
 
 7.4I 11. 
 
 14.81 18.4 1 
 
 22.; 25.8 
 
 29.4 
 
 33. 
 
 16.6 22.1 27.( 
 
 ,33. 
 
 38.6 44.' 49.61 29.4 36.8 
 
 23 
 
 7.8 11.6; 15.4i 19.2 i 
 
 23. 
 
 26.10 
 
 30.8 
 
 34.6 
 
 17.3 23.^ 28.£ 
 
 , 34.6 
 
 40.3 46.1 51.9, 30.8 38.4 
 
 24 
 
 8. 
 
 12. 16. 20. 
 
 24. 
 
 28. 
 
 32. 
 
 36. 
 
 18. i 24. 30. 
 
 ! 36. 
 
 42. ! 48. 54. ,32. 40. 
 
 2-3 
 
 8.4 
 
 12.6] 16.8 20.10j 
 
 25. 
 
 29.2 
 
 33.4 
 
 37.6 
 
 18.9 25. 31.3 37.6 
 
 43.9 ,50.| .56.31 33.4 41.8 
 
 3') 
 
 10. 
 
 15. 20. 25. 
 
 30. 
 
 35. 
 
 40. 
 
 45. 
 
 22.6 30. 37.6' 45. 
 
 ,52.6 60. 67.61 40. | ,50. 
 
 34 11.4! 17. ! 22.81 28 4 
 
 34. 
 
 39.8 
 
 45.4 
 
 51. 
 
 25.6 34. 42.6, 51. 
 
 ,59.6 68. 76.6, 45.4 56.8 
 
 40 13 4l 20. i 26.Si 33.4 
 
 40. 
 
 46.8 
 
 53.4' 60. 1 
 
 30.0 40.1 .50. 
 
 |60. 
 
 70. SO.! 90. ! 53.4 66.8 
 
 w Thickness and Width in Inches. 
 
 I 
 
 ? 
 
 i. 
 
 4.0 1 4.7 4.8 1 4.9 
 
 1 5.5 
 
 5.() 
 
 5.7 
 
 5.8 
 
 _^19_] 
 
 6.6 1 6.7 6.8 ■ 
 
 6.9 
 17~ 
 
 6.10 
 
 (> 
 
 12. i 14. 16. 1 18. 
 
 12.6 
 
 15. 
 
 17.6" 
 
 20. 
 
 22.6 1 
 
 18. 
 
 21. 1 24. 
 
 
 30. 
 
 / 
 
 14. 1 16.4 18.8 ! 21. 
 
 u.i 
 
 17.6 
 
 20.5 
 
 23.4 
 
 26.3 
 
 21. 
 
 24.6, 28. 
 
 31.6 
 
 35. 
 
 8 
 
 16. 
 
 1S.8 
 
 21.4 1 24. 
 
 168 
 
 20. 
 
 23.4 
 
 26.8 
 
 ,30. 
 
 24. 
 
 28. 1 32. 
 
 36. 
 
 40. 
 
 9 
 
 18. 
 
 21. 
 
 21. ; 27. 
 
 18.9 
 
 22.6 
 
 26.3 
 
 30. 
 
 33.9 
 
 27. 
 
 31.6 36. 
 
 40.6 
 
 45. 
 
 10 
 
 2). 
 
 23.4 
 
 26.3 ; 30. 
 
 20.10 
 
 25. 
 
 29.2 
 
 33.1 
 
 37.6 
 
 30. 
 
 ,V). 1 40. 
 
 45. 
 
 50. 
 
 u 
 
 92 
 
 23.8 
 
 20.4 J 33. 
 
 22.11 
 
 27.6 
 
 32.1 
 
 36.8 
 
 41.3 ! 
 
 s.r 
 
 38.6, 44. 
 
 49.6 
 
 55. 
 
 12 
 
 24! 
 
 28. 
 
 32. i 3 5. 
 
 23. 
 
 30. 
 
 35. 
 
 40. 
 
 45. 
 
 36. 
 
 42. ! 48. 
 
 54. 
 
 60. 
 
 13 
 
 26. 
 
 30.4 
 
 34.8 i 30. 
 
 27.1 
 
 32.6 
 
 37.11 
 
 43.4 
 
 48.9 
 
 39. 
 
 45.6 52. 
 
 58.6 
 
 60. 
 
 14 
 
 28. 
 
 32.8 
 
 37.4 
 
 42. 
 
 29.2 
 
 35. 
 
 40.10 
 
 46.8 
 
 62.6 
 
 42. 
 
 49. i 56. 
 
 63. 
 
 70. 
 
 
 30. 
 
 35. 
 
 40. 
 
 45. 
 
 31.3 
 
 37.6 
 
 43.9 
 
 50. 
 
 56.3 
 
 4rK 
 
 52.6' 60. 
 
 67.6 
 
 75. 
 
 16 
 
 32. 
 
 37.4 
 
 42.8 
 
 48. 
 
 33.4 
 
 40. 
 
 46.8 
 
 53.4 
 
 60. 
 
 48. 
 
 56. 64. 
 
 72. 
 
 80. 
 
 17 
 
 31. 
 
 39.8 
 
 45.4 
 
 51. 
 
 33.5 
 
 42.6 
 
 49.7 
 
 06.8 
 
 63.9 
 
 51. 
 
 ,59.6, 68. 
 
 76.6 
 
 85. 
 
 IS 
 
 36. 
 
 42. 
 
 48. 
 
 54. 
 
 37.6 
 
 45. 
 
 52.6 
 
 60. 
 
 G7.6 
 
 54. 
 
 63. 72. 
 
 81. 
 
 90. 
 
 19 
 
 33. 
 
 44.4 
 
 50.8! 57. 
 
 39.7 
 
 47.6 
 
 5r>.', 
 
 63.4 
 
 71.3 
 
 57. 
 
 66.6 76. 
 
 85.6 
 
 95. 
 
 2) 
 
 40. 
 
 46.8 
 
 .53.4 61. 
 
 41.8 
 
 50. 1 58.4 
 
 66.8 
 
 75. 
 
 60. 
 
 70. 1 80. 
 
 90. 
 
 100. 
 
 21 
 
 42. 
 
 49. 
 
 56. 63. 
 
 43.9 
 
 52.6 61.3 
 
 70. 
 
 78.9 
 
 63. 
 
 73.6: 84. 
 
 94.6 
 
 105. 
 
 22 
 
 44. 
 
 51.4 
 
 •58.8 66. 
 
 45.10 
 
 55. 64.2 
 
 73.4 
 
 82.6 
 
 66. 
 
 77. I 88. 
 
 f!9. 
 
 110. 
 
 23 
 
 |46. 
 
 53.8 
 
 61.4 1 69. 
 
 47.11 
 
 57.6; 67.1 
 
 76.8 
 
 S6.3 
 
 69. 
 
 80.6: 92. 
 
 1(3.6 
 
 11.5. 
 
 24 
 
 48. 
 
 56. 
 
 64. 1 72. 
 
 50. 
 
 OX 70. 
 
 8'>. 
 
 90. 
 
 72. 
 
 84. I 06. 
 
 1«'8. 
 
 120. 
 
 2) 
 
 50. 
 
 58.4 
 
 66.8 75. 
 
 52.1 
 
 62.6| 72.11 
 
 83.4 
 
 93.9 
 
 75. 
 
 87.6 100. 
 
 112.6 
 
 125. 
 
 30 
 
 60. 
 
 70. 
 
 80. 1 90. 
 
 62.6 
 
 75. 87.6 
 
 100. 
 
 112.6 
 
 90. 
 
 105. 120. 
 
 135. 
 
 1.50. 
 
 34 
 
 63. 
 
 79.4 
 
 90.8 ' 102. 
 
 70.10 
 
 85. 99.2 
 
 113.4 
 
 127.6 
 
 102. 
 
 119. 136. 
 
 153. 
 
 170. 
 
 40 
 
 80. 
 
 93.^ 
 
 106.8 1 12^. 1 83.4 
 
 100. 116.8 
 
 133.4 
 
 150. 
 
 120. 
 
 140. I 160. 180. 
 
 200. 
 
TABLES AND IIULES. 
 
 119 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 'I'l 
 
 ickiiess iiiiij Wiidli ill liulit:*. 
 
 
 ■z 
 
 G.ll j 6.12 ( 7.7 7.8 ! 7.9 
 
 7.1U 
 
 7.11 1 7.12 
 
 8.8 1 8.9 1 8.10 
 
 8.11 ! 8.12 
 
 
 (j 
 
 33. 
 
 36. 
 
 21.6 
 
 28. 31.6 
 
 35. 
 
 38.6 
 
 42. 
 
 32. 
 
 36. 
 
 40. 
 
 44. 
 
 48. 
 
 
 7 
 
 38.6 
 
 42. 
 
 28.7 
 
 32.8 36.9 
 
 40.10 
 
 44.11 
 
 49. 
 
 37.4 
 
 42. 
 
 46.8 
 
 51.4 
 
 56. 
 
 
 8 
 
 41. 
 
 48. 
 
 32.8 
 
 37.4 42. 
 
 46.8 
 
 • 51.4 
 
 56. 
 
 42.8 
 
 48. 
 
 63.4 
 
 58.8 
 
 , 64. 
 
 
 9 
 
 49.6 54. 1 
 
 36.9 
 
 42. 47.3 
 
 52.6 
 
 57.9 
 
 63. 
 
 48. 
 
 64. 
 
 60. 
 
 66. 
 
 72. 
 
 
 10 
 
 OJ. 
 
 60. 
 
 40.10 
 
 46.8 52.6 
 
 58.4 
 
 64.2 
 
 70. 
 
 53.4 
 
 60. 
 
 66.8 
 
 73.4 
 
 80. 
 
 
 11 
 
 6).6 
 
 66. 
 
 44.11 
 
 51.4 57.9 
 
 1 64.2 
 
 70.7 
 
 77. 
 
 68.8 
 
 66. 
 
 73.4 
 
 80.8 
 
 88. 
 
 
 12 
 
 66. 
 
 72. 
 
 49. 
 
 56. 1 63. 
 
 70. 
 
 77. 
 
 84. 
 
 64. 
 
 72. 
 
 80. 
 
 88. 
 
 96. 
 
 
 13 
 
 71.6 
 
 78. 
 
 53.1 
 
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 83.5 
 
 91. 
 
 G9.4 
 
 78. 
 
 86.8 
 
 95.4 
 
 104. 
 
 
 14 
 
 77. 
 
 84. 
 
 57.2 
 
 65.4 73.6 
 
 81.8 
 
 89.10 
 
 98. 
 
 74.8 
 
 84. 
 
 93.4 
 
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 112. 
 
 
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 120. 
 
 
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 106.8 
 
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 17 
 
 93.6 
 
 102. 
 
 69.5 
 
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 90.8 
 
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 124.8 
 
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 18 
 
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 104.6 114. 
 
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 88.8 90.9 
 
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 110. I 12). 
 
 81.8 
 
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 160. 
 
 
 21 
 
 110.6 12a. 
 
 85.9 
 
 98. 110.3 
 
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 134.9 
 
 147. 
 
 112. 126. 
 
 140. 
 
 154. 
 
 , 168. 
 
 
 22 
 
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 89.10 
 
 102.8 115.6 
 
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 117.4 1 132. 
 
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 161.4 
 
 176. 
 
 
 23 
 
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 93.11 
 
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 122.8 138. 
 
 153.4 
 
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 160. 
 
 176. 
 
 1 192. 
 
 
 w 
 
 Tliit 
 
 )<ness and Width in Inclie 
 
 s. 
 
 
 Zi^ 
 
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 10.10 
 
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 11.11 
 
 11.12 12.12 12.13 12.14 
 
 
 6 
 
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 60. 
 
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 90.9 
 
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 117. 
 
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 10 
 
 67.6 
 
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 83.4 
 
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 11 
 
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 12 
 
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 14 
 
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 16 
 
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 17 
 
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 18 
 
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 19 
 
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 21 
 
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 211.9 
 
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 22 
 
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 264. 
 
 286. 
 
 308. 
 
 
 23 
 
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 242. 
 
 264. 
 
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 312. 
 
 336. 
 
 
 i j Tliic 
 
 Ifii ss and Widtli in Inrlie 
 
 s. 
 
 
 rj: fl2.1o ! 12.16 
 
 13.13 1 13.14 
 
 13.15 , 13.16 14.14 
 
 14.15 1 14.16 1 15.15 1 15.16 
 
 
 (3 
 
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 96. 
 
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 8 
 
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 10 
 
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 186.8 
 
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 11 
 
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 12 
 
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 13 
 
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 212.4 
 
 227.6 
 
 242.8 
 
 243.9 
 
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 14 
 
 210. ] 224. 
 
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 227.6 
 
 242.8 
 
 228.8 
 
 245. 
 
 261.4 
 
 262.6 
 
 280. 
 
 
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 16 
 
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 320. 
 
 
 17 
 
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 297.6 
 
 317.4 
 
 318.9 
 
 310. 
 
 
 18 
 
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 312. 
 
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 314. 
 
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 19 
 
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 20 
 
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 325. 
 
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 326.8 
 
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 373.4 
 
 375. 
 
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 21 
 
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 341.3 
 
 364. 
 
 343. 
 
 367.6 
 
 392. 
 
 393.9 
 
 420. 
 
 
 22 
 
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 357.6 
 
 381.4 
 
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 410.8 
 
 412.6 
 
 410. 
 
 
 23 
 
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 313.11 
 
 348.10 
 
 373.9 
 
 398.8 
 
 375.8 
 
 402.6 
 
 429.4 
 
 431.3 
 
 460. 
 
 
 24 
 
 360. 384. 
 
 3.38. 
 
 364. 
 
 390. 
 
 416. 
 
 302. 
 
 420. 
 
 448. 
 
 450. 
 
 480. 
 
 
120 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT— AT SIGHT. 
 
 This Table gives the square feet and inches in boards from 6 to 2-5 inches wide, and from 
 8 to 3G feet long. If a board be longer than 36 feet, unite two numbers. For instance, if a 
 board is 40 feet long and 16 inches wide, add 3 ) find 10 and you have 53 feet 4 inches. For 
 2 inch plank, double i\ie product. See also Board Table, page 118. 
 
 t tii « *" 
 
 VV. 7 It 
 
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 RO.\I?D T.ABT.E :\lEASUUK'\fENT — 
 
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 7 
 
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 10 
 
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 26 
 
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 36 
 
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 40 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
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 35 
 
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 9 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
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 42 
 
 
 
 43 
 
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 22 
 
 29 
 
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 31 
 
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 33 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 8 I 38 
 
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 40 
 
 4 
 
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 45 
 
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 3) 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
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 36 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
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 3 
 
 42 
 
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 46 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 1 42 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 2> 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
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 39 
 
 7 
 
 41 
 
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 9 
 
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 10 
 
 47 
 
 11 
 
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 52 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 8 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
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 6 
 
 47 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 8 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 8 49 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 53 
 
 8 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 8 
 
 41 
 
 1 !43 
 
 6 i 45 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 4 50 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 15 
 
 147 
 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 ' 52 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 6 
 
TABLES AND RULES. 
 
 131 
 
 LOGS REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 
 
 Rule. — The number of feet is obtained by subtracting one qunrtcr from the diameter of 
 the log. Example. — If a log is 12 feet long, and 12 inches diameter, deducting one quar- 
 ter from the diameter, leaves 9 inches, making 9 l)oar(ls 9 inches ^vide, each Ijoard measur- 
 ing 9 feet. Now multiply the number of boards by the number of feet in one board, and 
 the product will be SI feet. 
 
 The diameter of all timber is to be taken 20 feet from the butt. All logs short of 20 feet, 
 take the diameter at tiie top or small end. If the log is longer than is contained in the 
 table, take any two lengths. 
 
 The first column on the left gives the length of the log in feet. The figures under D 
 denote the diameters of the logs in inches. 
 
 Lsth 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D 
 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 1>. 
 
 iJ. 
 
 Lt. 
 
 teet. 
 
 10 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 79 
 
 92 
 
 105 
 
 12) 
 
 135 
 
 1.52 
 
 ~Tm 
 
 188 
 
 2)7 
 
 227 
 
 248 
 
 270 
 
 U 
 
 52 
 
 62 
 
 74 
 
 87 
 
 101 
 
 116 
 
 132 
 
 149 
 
 167 
 
 186 
 
 206 
 
 227 
 
 250 
 
 273 
 
 297 
 
 12 
 
 56 
 
 68 
 
 81 
 
 95 
 
 110 
 
 127 
 
 144 
 
 163 
 
 182 
 
 203 
 
 225 
 
 248 
 
 272 
 
 298 
 
 324 
 
 13 
 
 61 
 
 74 
 
 88 
 
 103 
 
 119 
 
 137 
 
 156 
 
 176 
 
 197 
 
 220 
 
 244 
 
 269 
 
 295 
 
 322 
 
 351 
 
 14 
 
 66 
 
 79 
 
 95 
 
 HI 
 
 129 
 
 148 
 
 108 
 
 190 
 
 213 
 
 237 
 
 263 
 
 289 
 
 318 
 
 347 
 
 378 
 
 15 
 
 70 
 
 85 , 101 
 
 119 
 
 138 
 
 15S 
 
 18) 
 
 2)3 
 
 228 
 
 254 
 
 281 
 
 310 
 
 .340 
 
 372 
 
 405 
 
 16 
 
 75 
 
 91 ; 108 
 
 127 
 
 147 
 
 169 
 
 192 
 
 217 
 
 243 
 
 271 
 
 300 
 
 331 
 
 363 
 
 397 
 
 432 
 
 17 
 
 81 
 
 96 115 
 
 135 
 
 156 
 
 179 
 
 2)4 
 
 230 
 
 258 
 
 288 
 
 319 
 
 331 
 
 386 
 
 422 
 
 459 
 
 18 
 
 84 
 
 102 ' 122 
 
 143 
 
 165 
 
 190 
 
 216 
 
 244 
 
 273 
 
 305 
 
 338 
 
 372 
 
 408 
 
 446 
 
 486 
 
 19 
 
 89 
 
 108 123 
 
 150 
 
 175 
 
 2(0 
 
 228 
 
 257 
 
 289 
 
 322 
 
 356 
 
 393 
 
 431 
 
 471 
 
 513 
 
 20 
 
 94 1 
 
 113 135 
 
 158 
 
 184 
 
 211 
 
 240 
 
 271 
 
 304 
 
 338 
 
 375 
 
 413 
 
 4.54 
 
 496 
 
 540 
 
 21 
 
 98 
 
 119 142 
 
 166 
 
 193 
 
 221 
 
 252 
 
 284 
 
 319 
 
 355 
 
 394 
 
 434 
 
 476 
 
 521 
 
 .567 
 
 22 
 
 103 
 
 125 149 
 
 174 
 
 202 
 
 232 
 
 264 
 
 298 
 
 334 
 
 372 
 
 413 
 
 455 
 
 499 
 
 ,546 
 
 594 
 
 23 
 
 108 
 
 130 1 155 
 
 182 
 
 211 
 
 243 
 
 276 
 
 312 
 
 319 
 
 389 
 
 431 
 
 475 
 
 522 
 
 570 
 
 621 
 
 24 
 
 113 
 
 136 162 
 
 190 
 
 220 
 
 253 
 
 288 
 
 325 
 
 364 
 
 406 
 
 450 
 
 496 
 
 544 
 
 ,595 
 
 648 
 
 25 
 
 117 
 
 142 1 169 
 
 198 
 
 230 
 
 264 
 
 300 
 
 339 
 
 380 
 
 423 
 
 469 
 
 517 
 
 5:.7 
 
 620 
 
 675 
 
 26 
 
 122 
 
 147 176 
 
 206 
 
 2,39 
 
 274 
 
 312 
 
 352 
 
 395 
 
 440 
 
 488 
 
 537 
 
 500 
 
 645 
 
 702 
 
 27 
 
 127 
 
 153 ' 182 
 
 214 
 
 248 
 
 285 
 
 324 
 
 366 
 
 410 
 
 457 
 
 .506 
 
 558 
 
 613 
 
 670 
 
 729 
 
 28 
 
 131 
 
 159 
 
 139 
 
 222 
 
 257 
 
 295 
 
 336 
 
 379 
 
 425 
 
 474 
 
 525 
 
 579 
 
 6.35 
 
 694 
 
 756 
 
 29 
 
 1.36 
 
 164 
 
 196 
 
 230 
 
 266 
 
 306 
 
 348 
 
 393 
 
 440 
 
 491 
 
 544 
 
 .599 
 
 638 
 
 719 
 
 783 
 
 30 
 
 141 
 
 170 
 
 2!)3 
 
 238 
 
 276 
 
 316 
 
 36.) 
 
 406 
 
 456 
 
 508 
 
 .563 
 
 620 
 
 681 
 
 744 
 
 810 
 
 31 
 
 145 
 
 176 2)9 
 
 246 
 
 285 
 
 327 
 
 372 
 
 420 
 
 471 
 
 625 
 
 581 
 
 641 
 
 703 
 
 760 
 
 837 
 
 35 
 
 164 
 
 19:-! ! 236 1 277 
 
 322 
 
 369 
 
 420 
 
 474 
 
 532 
 
 592 
 
 656 
 
 724 
 
 794 
 
 8G8 i 945 
 
 Lgth 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. 
 
 feet. 
 
 2.5 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 - 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 293 
 
 317 
 
 342 
 
 368 
 
 394 
 
 422 
 
 450 
 
 480 
 
 510 
 
 542 
 
 574 
 
 608 
 
 11 
 
 322 
 
 349 
 
 376 
 
 404 
 
 434 
 
 464 
 
 496 
 
 528 
 
 562 
 
 596 
 
 632 
 
 668 
 
 12 
 
 352 
 
 380 
 
 410 
 
 441 
 
 473 
 
 506 
 
 541 
 
 576 
 
 613 
 
 650 
 
 689 
 
 729 
 
 13 
 
 381 
 
 412 
 
 444 
 
 478 
 
 512 
 
 548 
 
 586 
 
 624 
 
 664 
 
 704 
 
 746 
 
 790 
 
 14 
 
 410 
 
 444 
 
 478 
 
 515 
 
 552 
 
 591 
 
 631 
 
 672 
 
 715 
 
 759 
 
 804 
 
 851 
 
 15 
 
 439 
 
 475 
 
 513 
 
 551 
 
 591 
 
 633 
 
 676 
 
 720 
 
 766 
 
 813 
 
 861 
 
 911 
 
 16 
 
 469 
 
 507 
 
 547 
 
 588 
 
 631 
 
 675 
 
 721 
 
 768 
 
 817 
 
 8(;7 
 
 919 
 
 972 
 
 17 
 
 498 
 
 639 
 
 581 
 
 625 
 
 670 
 
 717 
 
 766 
 
 816 
 
 868 
 
 921 
 
 976 
 
 1033 
 
 18 
 
 527 
 
 570 
 
 615 
 
 662 
 
 710 
 
 759 
 
 811 
 
 864 
 
 919 
 
 975 
 
 1034 
 
 1094 
 
 19 
 
 557 
 
 602 
 
 649 
 
 698 
 
 749 
 
 802 
 
 856 
 
 912 
 
 970 
 
 1030 
 
 1091 
 
 11.54 
 
 2!) 
 
 586 
 
 634 
 
 683 
 
 735 
 
 7«8 
 
 844 
 
 901 
 
 960 
 
 1021 
 
 1084 1148 
 
 1215 
 
 21 
 
 615 
 
 665 
 
 718 
 
 772 
 
 828 
 
 886 
 
 946 
 
 1008 
 
 1072 
 
 1138 
 
 1206 
 
 1276 
 
 22 
 
 645 
 
 697 
 
 752 
 
 8)9 
 
 867 
 
 928 
 
 991 
 
 1056 
 
 1123 
 
 1192 
 
 1203 
 
 1337 
 
 23 
 
 674 
 
 729 
 
 786 
 
 845 
 
 907 
 
 970 
 
 1036 
 
 1104 
 
 1174 
 
 1246 
 
 1.321 
 
 1.397 
 
 24 
 
 703 
 
 761 
 
 820 
 
 882 
 
 916 
 
 1012 
 
 1081 
 
 1152 
 
 1225 
 
 1300 
 
 1378 
 
 14.58 
 
 25 
 
 732 
 
 792 
 
 854 
 
 919 
 
 986 
 
 1055 
 
 1126 
 
 12)0 
 
 1276 
 
 1.355 
 
 1436 
 
 1519 
 
 26 
 
 762 
 
 824 
 
 888 
 
 956 
 
 1025 
 
 1097 
 
 1171 
 
 1218 
 
 1327 
 
 1409 
 
 1493 
 
 1580 
 
 27 
 
 791 
 
 856 
 
 923 
 
 992 
 
 1064 
 
 1139 
 
 1216 
 
 1206 
 
 1378 
 
 1463 
 
 1.550 
 
 1640 
 
 28 
 
 82') 
 
 887 
 
 957 
 
 1029 
 
 1104 
 
 1181 
 
 1261 
 
 1314 
 
 1429 1517 
 
 1608 
 
 1701 
 
 29 
 
 850 
 
 919 
 
 991 
 
 1066 
 
 1143 
 
 1223 
 
 1.306 
 
 1492 
 
 1480 1571 
 
 1G65 
 
 1762 
 
 30 
 
 879 
 
 951 
 
 102.5 
 
 1103 
 
 1183 
 
 1266 
 
 1,^31 
 
 1440 
 
 1531 l(i26 
 
 1723 
 
 1828 
 
 31 
 
 908 
 
 982 
 
 1059 
 
 1139 
 
 1222 
 
 1.308 
 
 1396 
 
 1488 
 
 1582 1680 
 
 1780 
 
 1883 
 
 35 
 
 1025 
 
 1109 
 
 1196 
 
 1286 
 
 1380 
 
 1477 
 
 1577 
 
 1680 
 
 1787 1897 
 
 2010 
 
 
 2126 1 
 
 16 
 
122 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 SOLID CONTENTS OF EQUAL SIDED TIMBER. 
 
 If the lot; is shorter than is contained in the table, take half or quarter of some length, 
 if longer double some length. The length of the log is given on the top of the columns, 
 the diameter in the left hand column. To obtain the cubical contents of masts, spars, 
 round logs, &c., subtract one fourth from the contents. 
 
TABLES AND RULES 
 
 123 
 
 TABLES to find the cost of any number of pounds, yards, pieces, or bushels, from 2 cents 
 to ^3. The first column contains the number, tlie top columns the prices. 
 
 Nos 
 
 2ct. 
 
 : 3 ct. 
 
 4ct. 
 
 5ct.'6ct.6jct. 7ct. 8ct. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 10 ct. 
 
 11 ct. 
 
 12ct.12.ict. 
 
 |13ct. 
 
 14 ct. 
 
 ~2 
 
 . 4 
 
 . 6 
 
 .8 
 
 .10 
 
 .12 
 
 .12i .14 
 
 .16 
 
 .18 
 
 .20 
 
 .22 
 
 .24 
 
 .25 
 
 .26 
 
 .28 
 
 3 
 
 . 6 
 
 . 9 
 
 .12 
 
 .15 
 
 .18 
 
 .181 .21 
 
 .24 
 
 .27 
 
 .30 
 
 !.33 
 
 .36 
 
 .37d 
 
 .39 
 
 .42 
 
 4 
 
 . 8 
 
 .12 
 
 .16 
 
 .20 
 
 .24 
 
 .25 .28 
 
 .32 
 
 .36 
 
 .40 
 
 .44 
 
 .48 
 
 .50 
 
 .52 
 
 .56 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 .15 
 
 .20 
 
 .25 
 
 .30 
 
 .31}! .35 
 
 .40 
 
 .45 
 
 ..50 
 
 .55 
 
 .60 
 
 .62^ 
 
 .65 
 
 .70 
 
 6 
 
 .12 
 
 .18 
 
 .24 
 
 .30 
 
 .36 
 
 .37i .42 
 
 .48 
 
 ..54 
 
 .60 
 
 .63 
 
 .72 
 
 .75 
 
 .78 
 
 .81 
 
 7 
 
 .14 
 
 .21 
 
 .28 
 
 .35 
 
 .42 
 
 .43a .49 
 
 ..56 
 
 .63 
 
 .70 
 
 .77 
 
 .84 
 
 .87a 
 
 .91 
 
 .98 
 
 8 
 
 .16 
 
 .24 
 
 .32 
 
 .40 
 
 .48 
 
 .50 .56 
 
 .64 
 
 .72 
 
 .80 
 
 .88 
 
 .96 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.12 
 
 9 
 
 .18 
 
 .27 
 
 ..36 
 
 .45 
 
 .54 
 
 ..56} .63 
 
 .72 
 
 .81 
 
 .90 
 
 .90 
 
 l.fS' 
 
 1.12.1 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.26 
 
 10 
 
 .2) 
 
 ..30 
 
 .40 
 
 .50 
 
 .60 
 
 .62.^ .70 
 
 .80 
 
 .90 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.25~ 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.40 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 ..33 
 
 .44 
 
 .55 
 
 .66 1 .6.S3: .77 
 
 .88 
 
 .99 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.32 
 
 1..37a 
 
 1.43 
 
 I..54 
 
 12 
 
 .24 
 
 ..36 
 
 .48 
 
 .60 
 
 .72 
 
 .75 .84 
 
 .96 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.20 
 
 1..32 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.50 
 
 1..56 
 
 1.68 
 
 13 
 
 .26 
 
 .,30 
 
 ..52 
 
 .65 
 
 .78 
 
 .81}! .91 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.17 
 
 l.,30 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.62^ 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.82 
 
 14 
 
 .23 
 
 .42 
 
 ..56 
 
 .70 
 
 .84 
 
 .87-li .98 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.40 
 
 1..54 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.96 
 
 1-5 
 
 .30 
 
 .45 
 
 .60 
 
 .75 
 
 .90 
 
 .9.35 1 1.05 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.3.5 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.87A 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.10 
 
 16 
 
 ..32 
 
 .48 
 
 .64 
 
 .8) 
 
 .96 |1.00" 1.12 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.92 
 
 2.00" 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.24 
 
 17 
 
 ..34 
 
 ..51 
 
 .68 
 
 .85 
 
 1.02 11.0611.19 
 
 1.36 
 
 1..53 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.S7 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.12.1 
 
 2.21 
 
 2..38 
 
 18 
 
 ..36 
 
 .54 
 
 .72 
 
 .91 
 
 1.08 1.12^ 1.26 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.16 
 
 2 ''5" 
 
 2!.34 
 
 2..52 
 
 19 
 
 ..38 
 
 ..57 
 
 .76 
 
 .95 
 
 1.14 1.18* 1.. 33 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.28 
 
 Ihh 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.66 
 
 2) 
 
 .40 
 
 .60 
 
 .80 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.20 1.25 11.40 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.00 
 
 2 20 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.80 
 
 21 
 
 .42 
 
 .63 
 
 .84 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.26 I.31V1.47 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.89 
 
 2.10 
 
 2^31 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.62.i 
 
 2.73 
 
 2.94 
 
 92 
 
 .44 
 
 .66 
 
 .88 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.32 !l.37.^il..54 
 
 1.76 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.75" 
 
 2.86 
 
 3.08 
 
 23 
 
 .46 
 
 .69 
 
 .92 
 
 1.15 
 
 1..38 
 
 1.4.33 i.r,i 
 
 1.84 
 
 2.07 
 
 2..30 
 
 2.53 
 
 2.76 
 
 2.87.1, 
 
 2.90 
 
 3.22 
 
 24 
 
 .43 
 
 •72 
 
 .96 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.44 
 
 1..50 1.68 
 
 1.92 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.88 
 
 3.00" 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.36 
 
 25 
 
 ..50 
 
 .75 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.25 
 
 1..50 
 
 1..561 1.7.5 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.75 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.12^ 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.50 
 
 30 
 
 .60 
 
 .90 
 
 1.20 
 
 1..51 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.87.^:2.10 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.70 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.90 
 
 4.20 
 
 40 
 
 .8) 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.60 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.40 
 
 2..50 2.80 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.60 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 5.60 
 
 .50 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.00 : 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 .3.12i-3..50 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.50 
 
 7.00 
 
 fiO 
 
 1-20 
 
 1.80 1 
 
 2.40 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.75''|4.20 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.40 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.60 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.80 
 
 8.40 
 
 11 
 
 1.40 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.80 
 
 3..50 
 
 4.20 
 
 4..37.-^ 4.90 
 
 5.60 
 
 6.30 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.70 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.10 
 
 9.80 
 
 80 
 
 1.60 
 
 2.40 
 
 3.20 [ 
 
 l.OO 
 
 4.80 
 
 .5.00", 5.60 
 
 6.40 
 
 7.21 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.80 
 
 9.60 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.40 
 
 11.20 
 
 9) 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.70 : 
 
 3.6) 
 
 1.50 
 
 5.40 
 
 0.62.^ 6..30 
 
 7.20 
 
 8.10 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.90 
 
 10.80 
 
 11.25 
 
 11.70 
 
 12.00 
 
 rn 
 
 2.00 , 
 1.5 ct 
 
 3.00 ; 
 
 1.00^ 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.00 ,6.25''i7.00 
 
 8.00 
 
 0.00 10.00 1 
 
 11.00 
 
 .2.00 
 
 12..50 
 
 13.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 .\.)S.^ 
 
 16 ct 
 
 {I7ct 
 
 .Il8ct.'l8:]ct. 
 
 19 ct. 
 
 20 ct. 
 
 21 ct 
 
 22 ct 
 
 23 ct 
 
 24 ct.! 25 ct. 
 
 20 ct. 27 ct.| 
 
 2 
 
 .3) 
 
 .3: 
 
 ■ .3 
 
 t .36 
 
 .37A 
 
 .38 
 
 .40 
 
 ~~.42 
 
 .44 
 
 .46 
 
 .48 
 
 .50 
 
 .52 
 
 .54 
 
 3 
 
 .4.5 
 
 .46 
 
 .5 
 
 ..54 
 
 ..56i 
 
 .57 
 
 .60 
 
 .63 
 
 .66 
 
 .69 
 
 .72 
 
 .75 
 
 .78 
 
 .81 
 
 4 
 
 .60 
 
 .6^ 
 
 .65 
 
 ? .72 
 
 .75 
 
 .76 
 
 .80 
 
 .84 
 
 .88 
 
 .92 
 
 .96 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.08 
 
 5 
 
 .7-5 
 
 .80 
 
 .8. 
 
 ) .90 
 
 .9.33 
 
 .95 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.0.5 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.35 
 
 6 
 
 .90 
 
 .9G 
 
 l.Oi 
 
 I 1.08 
 
 1.12, 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.32 
 
 1..38 
 
 1.44 
 
 1..50 
 
 1..56 
 
 1.62 
 
 7 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.12,' i.ir 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.31] 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.17 
 
 1..54 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.89 
 
 8 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.23 i..3r 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.76 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.08 
 
 2.16 
 
 9 
 
 1.35 
 
 1.44 
 
 ; 1.5: 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.6S-] 
 
 171 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.07 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.25 
 
 2..34 
 
 2.43 
 
 10 
 
 1.-5) 
 
 1.60 
 
 ! 1.7' 
 
 1.8) 
 
 1 S7.J, 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.20 
 
 2..30 
 
 2.40 
 
 2..50 
 
 2.60 
 
 2.70 
 
 11 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.76 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.06} 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.20 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.42 
 
 2..53 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.97 
 
 12 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.92 2.0 
 
 2 16 
 
 2.25 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.40 
 
 2. .52 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.76 
 
 2.88 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.24 
 
 13 
 
 1.95 
 
 2.0S 2.21 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.43-1 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.60 
 
 2!73 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.99 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.25 
 
 3..38 
 
 3.51 
 
 It 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.21 2..3'^ 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.62.^ 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.08 
 
 3.22 
 
 3.36 
 
 3..50 
 
 3.64 
 
 3.78 
 
 1-3 
 
 2.25 
 
 24) 2..5-- 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.81} 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.15 
 
 3..30 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.75 
 
 3.90 
 
 4.05 
 
 16 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.56 2.72 
 
 2.8S 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.20 
 
 3..36 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.68 
 
 3.84 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.32 
 
 17 
 
 2.55 
 
 2.72 2m 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.18=} 
 
 3.23 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.57 
 
 3.74 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.25 
 
 442 
 
 4..59 
 
 18 
 
 2 70 
 
 2 83 
 
 3.0fi 
 
 3.21 
 
 3..37A 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.U 
 
 4 32 
 
 4..50 
 
 4.68 
 
 4.86 
 
 19 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.2? 
 
 342 
 
 3..56i 
 
 3.61 
 
 3.80 
 
 3.99 
 
 4.18 
 
 4.37 
 
 4. .56 
 
 4.75 
 
 4.94 
 
 5.13 
 
 21 
 
 .3. or 
 
 .3.21 
 
 .3.4' 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.75' 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.60 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.20 
 
 5.40 
 
 21 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.36 
 
 3.57 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.931 
 
 3.99 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.41 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.83 
 
 5.04 
 
 5 25 
 
 5.46 
 
 5.67 
 
 22 
 
 3..30 
 
 3.52 
 
 3.71 
 
 3.06 
 
 4.121 
 
 4.18 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.84 
 
 6.06 
 
 5.28 
 
 5..50 
 
 5.72 
 
 5.94 
 
 23 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.6S 
 
 3.91 
 
 4 14 
 
 4.31} 
 
 4.37 
 
 4.60 
 
 4.83 
 
 .5.06 
 
 5.20 
 
 5..52 
 
 5.75 
 
 5.98 
 
 6.21 
 
 24 
 
 .3.60 
 
 3.81 
 
 4.".'i 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.50' 
 
 4..56 
 
 4.80 
 
 .5.04 
 
 5.28 
 
 5..52 
 
 5.76 
 
 G.OO 
 
 6.24 
 
 6.48 
 
 25 
 
 3 75 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.2" 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.681 
 
 4.75 
 
 .5.00 
 
 .5.25 
 
 5.50 
 
 5 75 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.25 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.75 
 
 30 
 
 4..50 
 
 4.80 
 
 .5.1 
 
 .5.40 
 
 .5 62.\ 
 
 .570 
 
 6.00 
 
 fi..30 
 
 6.60 
 
 fi.90 
 
 7.21 
 
 7..50 
 
 7.80 
 
 8.10 
 
 40 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.40 
 
 6 8 
 
 7.20 
 
 7..50 
 
 7.60 
 
 8.00 
 
 8,(0 
 
 8 80 
 
 9.20 9.60 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.40 
 
 10.80 
 
 .50 
 
 7.50 
 
 8.00 
 
 8 5' 
 
 9.00 
 
 9..37.i 9..50 10.00 
 
 10..-,0 11.00 11.50 112.00 
 
 I2..50 
 
 13.00 
 
 13..50 
 
 60 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.60 
 
 10.2 
 
 10.80 
 
 11.25''11.40 112.00 
 
 12.60 13.20 i 13.80 
 
 14.40 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.60 
 
 16.20 
 
 70 
 
 10.50 
 
 11. 2n 
 
 11.9 
 
 12.60 
 
 1.3.12i 13.30 14.00 
 
 14.70 15.40 ;16.10 
 
 16.80 
 
 17.50 
 
 18.20 
 
 18.00 
 
 80 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.81 
 
 13.6r 
 
 ) 14.40 
 
 15.00 15.20 16.00 
 
 16.80 17.60 18.40 
 
 10.20 
 
 20.00 
 
 20.80 
 
 21.60 
 
 90 
 
 13.50 
 
 14.4f 
 
 il5..3' 
 
 16.20 
 
 16.S7.A 17.10 !l8.00 
 
 18.90 119.80 120.70 
 
 21.60 
 
 22.50 
 
 2.3.40 
 
 24 .:x) 
 
 100 
 
 15.0' 
 
 16.001 17.0f 
 
 ) 18.00 
 
 18.75 19.00 ,20.00 
 
 21.00 !22.00 i23.00 
 
 24.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 26.00 
 
 27.00 
 
124 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 If the number required is not found in the tables, add two numbers together. For in- 
 stance, if '66 bushels are required, add the prices opposite 30 and 5 together; and so for 365 
 bushels, treble the value of 100, and add 6D and 5 together. 
 
 N.)s. 
 
 23 ct. 
 
 29 ct. 
 
 30 ct. 
 
 .31c 
 
 t. 
 
 311 
 
 ;t. 
 
 32 
 
 ;t. 
 
 33 ct. 
 
 33^ ct. 34 ct. ,35 ct. ,36 ct. 37 ct. 37i ct. j 
 
 2 
 
 .56 
 
 .58 
 
 .60 
 
 .62 .62^1 .64 
 
 .66 
 
 .665 .68 .70 .72 
 
 .74 
 
 .75 
 
 3 
 
 .84 
 
 .87 
 
 .90 
 
 .93 
 
 .9341 .96 
 
 .99 
 
 100 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.05 1 1.08 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.12i 
 
 4 
 
 1.12 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.24 
 
 L25 1 1.28 
 
 1..32 
 
 1.33i 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.40 1.44 
 
 1.48 
 
 1..50 
 
 5 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.50 
 
 1..55 
 
 1..56i| 1.60 
 
 1.65 
 
 I Mi 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.8-5 
 
 1.87i 
 
 G 
 
 1.6S 
 
 1.74 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.87ii 1.92 
 
 1.98 
 
 2.0:) 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.25 
 
 7 
 
 19'3 
 
 ' 2.03 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.17 
 
 2.183] 2.24 
 
 2.31 
 
 2..33i 
 
 2.38 
 
 2 45 
 
 2.-52 
 
 2.,59 
 
 2.62^ 
 
 8 
 
 2.24 
 
 2.-32 
 
 2.40 
 
 2 48 
 
 2.51 
 
 2.-56 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.60^ 
 
 2,72 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.00 
 
 9 
 
 2'.52 
 
 1 2.61 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.79 
 
 2.81 i 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.97 
 
 300 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.24 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.37d 
 
 10 
 
 2.8) 
 
 1 2.91 
 
 3.00 
 
 .3.10 
 
 3.12J 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.3.3i 
 
 3.40 
 
 3.-50 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.70 
 
 3.75 
 
 11 
 
 3.08 
 
 j 3.19 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.41 
 
 3.43:1 
 
 3.-52 
 
 3.63 
 
 3 66:? 
 
 3.74 
 
 3.85 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.07 
 
 4.12i 
 
 12 
 
 3.3!) 
 
 3.48 
 
 .3.6') 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.7-5^ 
 
 3.84 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.00' 
 
 4.08 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.44 
 
 4..50 
 
 13 
 
 3.6 i 
 
 3.77 
 
 3.9-1 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.061 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.29 
 
 4.33.1 
 
 4.42 
 
 4..55 
 
 4.68 
 
 4.81 
 
 4.87i 
 
 14 
 
 3.92 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.20 
 
 4..34 
 
 4.37.i 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.66^ 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.90 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.18 
 
 5.25 
 
 1-5 
 
 4.2) 
 
 4.35 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.65 
 
 4.683 
 
 4.80 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.00 
 
 ,5.10 
 
 5.25 
 
 5.40 
 
 5.,55 
 
 5.62Ji 
 
 16 
 
 4.48 
 
 4.61 
 
 4.81 
 
 4.96 
 
 .5.00 
 
 5.12 
 
 5.28 
 
 o.^Zk 
 
 5.44 
 
 5.60 
 
 5.76 
 
 5.92 
 
 6.00 
 
 17 
 
 4.76 
 
 4.93 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.27 
 
 5.3U 
 5.62,1 
 
 5 44 
 
 5.61 
 
 5.66^ 
 
 5.78 
 
 5.95 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.29 
 
 6.37i 
 
 18 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.22 
 
 5.40 
 
 5.58 
 
 5.76 
 
 5.94 
 
 600 
 
 6.12 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.48 
 
 6.66 
 
 6.75 
 
 19 
 
 5.32 
 
 5>)l 
 
 5.70 
 
 5.89 
 
 5.9.33 
 
 608 
 
 6.27 
 
 6.-331 
 
 6.46 
 
 6.65 
 
 6.84 
 
 7.03 
 
 7.124 
 
 21 
 
 5.61 
 
 5.81 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.20 
 
 6.25 
 
 6 40 
 
 6.61 
 
 6.66,? 
 
 6.80 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.40 
 
 7..50 
 
 21 
 
 5.S8 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.51 
 
 6.-56 |l 6.72 
 
 6.03 
 
 7.00"' 
 
 7 14 
 
 7.35 
 
 7.-56 1 7.77 
 
 7.87i 
 
 22 
 
 6.16 
 
 6.38 
 
 6.60 
 
 6.82 
 
 6.87.^ 
 
 7 04 
 
 7.26 
 
 7.-33I 
 
 7.48 
 
 7.70 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.14 
 
 8.25 
 
 23 
 
 6.44 
 
 6.67 
 
 6.90 
 
 7.13 
 
 7.18| 
 
 7.-36 
 
 7.-59 
 
 7.66J 
 
 7.82 
 
 8.05 
 
 8.28 
 
 8.51 
 
 8.62^ 
 
 24 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.96 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.44 
 
 7.50' 
 
 7.68 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.16 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.64 
 
 8.88 
 
 9.00 
 
 2o 
 
 7.00 
 
 ) 7.25 
 
 7.50 
 
 7.75 
 
 7.811 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.-33} 
 
 8.50 
 
 8.75 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.2.5 1 9.37i 
 
 30 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.70 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.30 
 
 9.-37^ 
 
 9.60 
 
 9.91 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.20 
 
 10.50 
 
 10.80 
 
 11.10 I 11.25 
 
 40 
 
 11.21 
 
 11.6T 
 
 12.00 12.40 
 
 12.-50 
 
 12.80 
 
 13.20 
 
 13.33} 
 
 13.60 
 
 14.00 
 
 14.40 
 
 14.80 ■ 15.00 
 
 .50 
 
 14.00 
 
 14.50 
 
 i 15.00 15..50 
 
 1-5.62A 
 18.7-5^ 
 
 16.00 
 
 16..50 
 
 16.66^* 
 
 17.00 
 
 I7..5O 
 
 18.00 
 
 18.50 i 18.75 
 
 60 
 
 16.8) 
 
 17.40 
 
 118.00 18.60 
 
 19.20 
 
 19.80 
 
 20.00 20.40 
 
 21.00 
 
 21.60 i 22.20 22.,50 
 
 70 
 
 19.61 
 
 21.30 
 
 121.00 21.70 
 
 21.87.Jf22.40 
 
 2.3.10 
 
 23.3-3} 23.80 
 
 24.59 
 
 25.20 I 25.90 26.2-5 
 
 80 
 
 22.40 
 
 23.20 
 
 i24.00 24.80 
 
 25.00 |25.60 
 
 26.40 
 
 26.06s 27.20 
 
 28.00 
 
 28.80 29.60 30.00 
 
 90 
 
 25.21 
 
 26.10 
 
 127.00 27.90 
 
 28.12.iJ28 80 
 
 29.70 
 
 -30.0) .30.60 
 
 31.-50 
 
 32.40 , 33.30 33.75 
 
 100 
 
 J8.0J 
 
 29.00 130.00 31.00 |31.25';32.0') 
 
 33.00 
 
 .33.33V '34.00 
 
 35.00 
 
 ,36.00 37.00 37.50 
 
 Nns. 
 
 38 ct. 
 
 39ct.40ct. 41ct.|42ct.j43ct.!44ct.i45ct. 46ct. 47 ct. 48 ct. 49ct. 50 ct. 51 ct.j 
 
 2 
 
 .76 
 
 .781 .80 
 
 .82 
 
 .84 
 
 .86 
 
 .88 
 
 .91 
 
 .92 1 ,94 .96 1 .98 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.02 
 
 3 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.17 1.20 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.29 
 
 1..32 
 
 1..35 
 
 1.38 1.41 1 1.44 1.47 
 
 I..50 
 
 1..53 
 
 4 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.-56I 1.61 
 
 1,64 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.72 
 
 L76 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.84 1.88 1 1.92 1.96 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.04 
 
 6 
 
 1.9) 
 
 1.95 2.00 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.15 
 
 2.20 
 
 2 25 
 
 2.30 
 
 2..35 2.40 1 2.45 
 
 2..50 
 
 2.-55 
 
 6 
 
 9 28 
 
 2.. 34 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.-58 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.70 
 
 2.76 
 
 2.82 1 2.88 I 2.94 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.06 
 
 7 
 
 2.'66 
 
 2.73 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.87 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.01 
 
 3.08 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.22 
 
 3.29 3,36 
 
 3.43 
 
 3.50 
 
 3.57 
 
 8 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.21 
 
 3.28 
 
 3..36 
 
 3.44 
 
 3.52 
 
 3 60 
 
 3.68 
 
 3.76 1 3,84 
 
 3.92 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.08 
 
 9 
 
 3.42 
 
 3.51 
 
 3.61 
 
 3.69 
 
 3.78 
 
 3.87 
 
 3.96 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.23 1 4.32 
 
 4.41 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.-59 
 
 10 
 
 3.8) 
 
 3.90 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.30 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.60 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.80 
 
 4.90 
 
 5.00 
 
 5.10 
 
 11 
 
 4.18 
 
 4.21 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.51 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.73 
 
 4.84 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.06 
 
 5.17 
 
 5.28 
 
 5.39 
 
 5.50 
 
 5.61 
 
 12 
 
 4.58 
 
 4.68 
 
 4.81 
 
 4.92 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.16 
 
 5.28 
 
 5.40 
 
 5..52 
 
 5.64 
 
 5.76 
 
 5.88 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.12 
 
 13 
 
 4.94 
 
 5.07 
 
 5.21 
 
 5..33 
 
 5.46 
 
 5.-59 
 
 .5.72 
 
 5.85 
 
 5.98 
 
 6.11 
 
 6.24 
 
 6.,37 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.63 
 
 14 
 
 5.32 
 
 5.46 
 
 5.60 
 
 5.74 
 
 5.88 
 
 6.02 
 
 6 16 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.44 
 
 6..58 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.86 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.14 
 
 lo 
 
 5.70 
 
 5.85 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.15 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.45 
 
 6.60 
 
 6.75 
 
 6.91 
 
 7.05 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.35 
 
 7.-50 
 
 7.65 
 
 16 
 
 6.08 
 
 6.24 
 
 6.40 
 
 6.-56 
 
 6.72 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.04 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.-36 
 
 7.-52 
 
 7.68 
 
 7.84 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.16 
 
 17 
 
 6.46 
 
 6.63 
 
 6.80 
 
 6.97 
 
 7.14 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.48 
 
 7.65 
 
 7.82 1 7-99 
 
 8 16 
 
 8.33 
 
 8..50 
 
 8.G7 
 
 18 
 
 6.84 
 
 7.02 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.38 
 
 7.-56 
 
 7.74 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.10 
 
 8.28 1 8.46 
 
 8.64 
 
 8.82 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.18 
 
 19 
 
 7.22 
 
 7.41 
 
 7.60 
 
 7.79 
 
 7.98 
 
 8.17 
 
 8.36 
 
 8.-55 
 
 8.74 1 8 93 
 
 9.12 
 
 9.31 
 
 9.-50 
 
 9.C9 
 
 20 
 
 7.60 
 
 7.8') 
 
 8.00 
 
 8.20 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.61 
 
 8.80 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.20 1 9,40 
 
 9.60 
 
 9.80 110.00 
 
 10.20 
 
 21 
 
 7.9S 
 
 8.19 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.61 
 
 8.82 
 
 9.03 
 
 9.24 
 
 9.45 
 
 9.66 9.87 
 
 10.08 10.29 110.-50 
 
 10.71 
 
 22 
 
 8.36 
 
 8.58 
 
 8.81 
 
 9.02 
 
 9.24 
 
 9.46 
 
 9.68 
 
 9.90 10.12 10.34 I10..56 |10.78 lll.OO 
 
 11.22 
 
 23 
 
 8.74 
 
 8.97 
 
 9.20 
 
 9.43 
 
 9.66 
 
 9.89 
 
 10.12 110.35 10.58 10.81 ill.04 '11.27 11.50 
 
 11.73 
 
 24 
 
 9.12 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.60 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.08 
 
 10.32 
 
 10..56 110.80 11.04 11.28 11.-52 11.76 
 
 12.00 
 
 12 24 
 
 2i 
 
 9.50 
 
 9.75 
 
 0.01 
 
 10.25 
 
 10..50 
 
 10,75 
 
 11.00 11.25 11..50 11.75 112.00 112.25 
 
 12 50 
 
 12.75 
 
 30 
 
 11.40 
 
 11.70 
 
 2.00| 12.30 
 
 12.60 12.90 
 
 1.3.20 |13.50 13.80 14.10 14.40 114.70 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.30 
 
 40 
 
 15.21 
 
 15.6^ 
 
 6.ii0!l6. 40 116.80 
 
 17.20 
 
 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 
 
 20.00 
 
 20.40 
 
 ,50 
 
 19.00 
 
 I0.50i21.00i20.51 
 
 21.00 
 
 21. .50 
 
 22.00 122.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 j25.00 
 
 25.-50 
 
 60 
 
 22.8) 
 
 23.4 124.0)24.6) 
 
 25.20 
 
 25.80 
 
 26.40 127.00 27.60 28.21 28 80 29.40 :,30.00 
 
 30.(?0 
 
 70 
 
 26.60 
 
 27.31 28.00128.70 
 
 29.40 
 
 30.10 
 
 ,30.80 i31..50 ,32.20 32.90 33 60 34.,30 135.00 
 
 3.5.70 
 
 80 
 
 30.40 
 
 3l.2"132.0(i!:v2.S0 
 
 33.60 
 
 ,34.40 
 
 35.20 1.36.00 .36.80 37.60 .38.40 39.20 40.00 
 
 40.80 
 
 90 
 
 34.21 
 
 35.10 .36.00i36.90 
 
 37.80 
 
 38.70 139.60 I40..50 41.40 42 30 4.3.20 44.10 45,00 
 
 45.90 
 
 100 
 
 38.00 
 
 30.0:) 40.00i41. 00 '42.00 !43.00 |44.00 145.00 46.00 .^.O') 48.00 40.00 50.00 
 
 51.00 
 
TABLES AND KULES. 
 
 125 
 
 Nos. 62 ct. I o3 ct.l 54 ct. 5o ct. .56 ct.l 57 ct. 58 pt.l 59 ct. 6!) ct. 61 ct. 62 ct. 62.\ ct. 63 ct 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 U) 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 U 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 n 
 
 2) 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 30 
 40 
 50 
 60 
 70 
 80 
 90 
 100 
 
 1.04 
 1.56 
 2.»8 
 
 2 60 
 3.12 
 
 3 64 
 4.16 
 4.68 
 5.20 
 5.72 
 6.24 
 6.76 
 7.2S 
 7.80 
 8.32 
 S81 
 9.-36 
 9 88 
 
 1).4) 
 10.92 
 1141 
 11.96 
 12.48 
 13.00 
 15.6) 
 20.8 ) 
 26.0) 
 31.2) 
 36.40 
 41.60 
 46.80 
 52 10 
 
 I 1.06 
 
 1.59 
 
 2.12 
 
 2.65 
 
 3.18 
 
 3.71 
 
 4.21 
 
 4.77 
 
 5.30 
 
 5.83 
 
 6.36 
 
 6 89 
 
 7.42 
 
 7.95 
 
 8.48 
 
 9.01 
 
 9.54 
 
 10 07 
 
 10.6) 
 
 11.13 
 
 11.66 
 
 12.19 
 
 12.72 
 
 13.25 
 
 15.90 
 
 21.2) 
 
 26.5 ) 
 
 31.80 
 
 37.10 
 
 42.40 
 
 47.70 
 
 o3.00 
 
 1.08 
 1.62 
 2.16 
 
 270 
 
 3.24 
 
 3.78 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.86 
 
 5.40 
 
 5.94 
 
 6.48 
 
 7.02 
 
 7.56 
 
 8.10 
 
 8.64 
 
 9.18 
 
 9.72 
 
 10.28 
 
 10.8) 
 
 11.34 
 
 11.8S 
 
 12.42 
 
 12.96 
 
 13.50 
 
 16.20 
 
 21.60 
 
 27.0) 
 
 32.40 
 
 37.3T 
 
 43.20 
 
 48.60 
 
 54.00 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.65 
 
 2.20 
 
 2^75 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.85 
 
 4.40 
 
 4!)5 
 
 5.50 
 
 6.05 
 
 6.60 
 
 7.15 
 
 7.70 
 
 8.25 
 
 8.80 
 
 9.35 
 
 9.90 
 
 10.45 
 
 11.00 
 
 11.55 
 
 12.1) 
 
 12.6) 
 
 13 2) 
 
 13.75 
 
 16 50 
 
 22 00 
 
 27.)) 
 
 33. to 
 
 38. )1 
 
 44.00 
 
 49.50 
 
 35.00 
 
 1.12 
 1.68 
 2.24 
 
 2!8) 
 
 3.36 
 
 3.92 
 
 4.4S 
 
 5.' 14 
 
 5.6 ) 
 
 6.16 
 
 6.72 
 
 7.28 
 
 7.84 
 
 8.40 
 
 8.96 
 
 9.52 
 
 10.08 
 
 110.64 
 
 111.2) 
 
 11.76 
 
 12.32 
 
 12.88 
 
 13.44 
 
 14.00 
 
 i 16.80 
 
 122.40 
 
 ■28.00 
 
 33.60 
 
 39.20 
 
 [44.80 
 
 '50.40 
 
 56.00 
 
 I 1.14 
 
 I 1.71 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.85 
 
 I 3.42 
 
 3.99 
 
 1.56 
 
 5.13 
 
 5.70 
 
 6.27 
 
 6.81 
 
 7.41 
 
 7.98 
 
 8.55 
 
 9.12 
 
 9.60 
 
 10.26 
 
 10.83 
 
 11.40 
 
 11.97 
 
 12. .54 
 
 13.11 
 
 13.63 
 
 14.25 
 
 17.1) 
 
 22.8) 
 
 28.50 
 
 34.20 
 
 39.90 
 
 45.60 
 
 51.30 
 
 57.01 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.74 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.90 
 
 3.48 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.64 
 
 5.22 
 
 5^80 
 
 6.38 
 
 6.96 
 
 7.54 
 
 8.12 
 
 8.70 
 
 9.28 
 
 9.86 
 
 10.44 
 
 11.02 
 
 11.60 
 
 12.18 
 
 12.76 
 
 13.34 
 
 13.92 
 
 14.50 
 
 17.40 
 
 23.20 
 
 29.00 
 
 34.80 
 
 40.60 
 
 46.40 
 
 52.21 
 
 5S.00 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.77 
 
 2.36 
 
 2.95 
 
 3.54 
 
 4.13 
 
 4.72 
 
 5.31 
 
 5.9) 
 
 6.49 
 
 7.08 
 
 7.67 
 
 8.26 
 
 8.85 
 
 9.44 
 
 10.03 
 
 10.62 
 
 11.21 
 
 11.8) 
 
 12.30 
 
 12.98 
 
 13.57 
 
 14.16 
 
 14.75 
 
 17.70 
 
 23.6) 
 
 29.50 
 
 35.41 
 
 41.30 
 
 47.20 
 
 .53.10 
 
 59.00 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.40 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.60 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.40 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.6) 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.80 
 
 8.40 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.60 
 
 10.20 
 
 10.80 
 
 11.40 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.60 
 
 13.20 
 
 13.80 
 
 14.40 
 
 15.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 24.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 36.00 
 
 42 00 
 
 48.00 
 
 54.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.83 
 
 2.44 
 
 3.05 
 
 3.66 
 
 4.27 
 
 4.88 
 
 5.49 
 
 6.10 
 
 6.71 
 
 7.32 
 
 7.93 
 
 8.54 
 
 9.15 
 
 9.76 
 
 10.,37 
 
 10.98 
 
 11.59 
 
 12.20 
 
 12.81 
 
 13 42 
 
 14.03 
 
 14.64 
 
 15.25 
 
 18.,30 
 
 24.40 
 
 .3'l..50 
 
 36.60 
 
 42.70 
 
 48.80 
 
 54.90 
 
 61.00 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.86 
 
 2.48 
 
 3.10 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.34 
 
 4.96 
 
 5.58 
 
 6.2) 
 
 6.82 
 
 7.44 
 
 8.06 
 
 8.68 
 
 9.30 
 
 9.92 
 
 10.54 
 
 11.16 
 
 11.78 
 
 12.40 
 
 13.02 
 
 13.64 
 
 14.26 
 
 14.88 
 
 15.50 
 
 18.60 
 
 24.80 
 
 31.00 
 
 37.20 
 
 43.40 
 
 49.60 
 
 55.80 
 
 62.00 
 
 1.25 
 1.87.A 
 2.50" 
 3.12A 
 3.75^ 
 4.37i 
 5.00 
 5.n2A 
 6.25" 
 6.87d 
 7.50 
 8.12.4 
 8.75~ 
 9.37i 
 10.00 
 10.62.^ 
 11.25 
 11.87.i 
 12.50 
 13.12.J 
 13.75 
 U.37i 
 15.00 
 15.62^ 
 18.75 
 25.00 
 31.25 
 37.50 
 43.75 
 50.00 
 .56.25 
 r.2.50 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.89 
 
 2.52 
 
 3.15 
 
 3.78 
 
 4.41 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.67 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.93 
 
 7.56 
 
 8.19 
 
 8.82 
 
 9.45 
 
 10.08 
 
 10.71 
 
 11.34 
 
 11.97 
 
 12.60 
 
 13.23 
 
 13.86 
 
 14.49 
 
 15.12 
 
 15.75 
 
 18.90 
 
 25.20 
 
 31.50 
 
 37.80 
 
 44.10 
 
 50.40 
 
 56.70 
 
 63.00 
 
 N():<.i 
 
 64 ct. 65 ct. 66 ct.' 66:? ct.; 67 ct.l 68 I't. 69 ct.j 70 ct. 71 ct 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.56 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.84 
 
 4.48 
 
 5.12 
 
 576 
 
 6.40 
 
 7.04 
 
 7.63 
 
 8.32 
 
 8.06 
 
 9.60 
 
 10.24 
 
 10.88 
 
 11.52 
 
 12.16 
 
 12.80 
 
 13.44 
 
 14.08 
 
 14.72 
 
 15.33 
 
 16.00 
 
 19.20 
 
 25.60 
 
 .32.00 
 
 38.40 
 
 44.80 
 
 51.20 
 
 57.60 
 
 1.3) 
 1.95 
 2.60 
 3.25 
 3.90 
 4.55 
 5.20 
 5.85 
 6.50 
 7.15 
 7.80 
 8.45 
 9.10 
 9.75 
 
 1..32 
 1.98 
 -2.64 
 3.30 
 3.96 
 4.62 
 5.2S 
 5.94 
 6.60 
 7.26 
 7.92 
 8.58 
 9.21 
 9.90 
 
 10.40 j 10.56 
 11.22 
 11.88 
 12.54 
 
 11.05 
 11.70 
 12.35 
 13.00 ,13.20 
 13.65 |13.86 
 14 .30 14.52 
 
 14.95 
 15.60 
 16.25 
 19.5) 
 2'5.O0 
 .32.50 
 .39.00 
 45.50 
 52.00 
 
 15.18 
 15.84 
 16.50 
 19.80 
 26.40 
 33.00 
 .39.60 
 46.20 
 52.80 
 
 58 5) .59.40 
 65. '^0 r.^.oo 
 
 1-33} 
 2.00 
 2 66.^ 
 3.3.3;^ 
 4.00' 
 4.66:? 
 5.33i 
 6.00 
 6.66:^ 
 7.33J 
 8.00 
 8.66:^ 
 9.33} 
 10.00 
 10.665 
 11.33i 
 12.00 
 12.66'; 
 13..3.3ii 
 14.00 
 14.66? 
 15..3.3'| 
 16.00 
 16.66:? 
 20.00' 
 26.66.^ 
 33.33} 
 40.0) 
 46.66:? 
 53.3.3} 
 60.00" 
 66.66:* 
 
 1.34 
 2.01 
 2.68 
 3..35 
 4.02 
 4.69 
 .5.36 
 6.03 
 6.70 
 7.37 
 8.04 
 8.71 
 9.38 
 10.05 
 10.72 
 11.39 
 12.06 
 12.73 
 1.3.40 
 14.07 
 14.74 
 15.41 
 16.08 
 16.75 
 20.10 
 26.80 
 33.50 
 40.20 
 46.90 
 53.60 
 60..30 
 67.00 
 
 1.36 
 2.04 
 2.72 
 3.40 
 4.08 
 4.76 
 5.44 
 6.12 
 6.80 
 7.48 
 8.16 
 8.84 
 9.52 
 10 20 
 10.88 
 11.56 
 12.24 
 12 92 
 13.60 
 14.28 
 14.96 
 15.64 
 16..32 
 17.00 
 20.40 
 27.20 
 .34.00 
 40.8) 
 47.60 
 54.40 
 61.20 
 68.00 
 
 1.38 
 
 2.07 
 
 2.76 
 
 3.45 
 
 4.14 
 
 4.83 
 
 5.52 
 
 6.21 
 
 6 9) 
 
 7.59 
 
 8.28 
 
 8.97 
 
 9.63 
 
 10..35 
 
 11.04 
 
 11.73 
 
 12.42 
 
 13.11 
 
 13.H0 
 
 14 49 
 
 1.5.18 
 
 15.87 
 
 16..56 
 
 17.25 
 
 20.70 
 
 27.60 
 
 3t.50 
 
 41.40 
 
 48..30 
 
 55.20 
 
 62.10 
 
 69.00 
 
 1.40 
 
 2.10 
 
 2.80 
 
 3..5O 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.90 
 
 5.60 
 
 6.30 
 
 7.00 
 
 7.70 
 
 8.40 
 
 9.10 
 
 9.80 
 
 10.50 
 
 11.20 
 
 11.90 
 
 12.60 
 
 13. ,30 
 
 14.00 
 
 14.70 
 
 15.40 
 
 16.10 
 
 16.80 
 
 17.50 
 
 21.00 
 
 28.00 
 
 .35.00 
 
 42.00 
 
 49.00 
 
 56.00 
 
 63.00 
 
 70.00 
 
 1.42 
 
 2.13 
 
 2.84 
 
 3.55 
 
 4.26 
 
 4.97 
 
 5.63 
 
 6.39 
 
 7.10 
 
 7.81 
 
 8.52 
 
 9.23 
 
 9.94 
 
 10.65 
 
 11.36 
 
 12.07 
 
 12.78 
 
 13.49 
 
 14.20 
 
 14.91 
 
 15.62 
 
 16.. 33 
 
 17.04 
 
 17.75 
 
 21.30 
 
 28.40 
 
 35.50 
 
 42.60 
 
 49.70 
 
 •56.80 
 
 63.90 
 
 71.00 
 
 72 ct. 
 
 73 ct. 
 
 74 ct. 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.46 
 
 1.48 
 
 2.16 
 
 2.19 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.92 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.60 
 
 3.65 
 
 3.70 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.38 
 
 4.44 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.11 
 
 .5.18 I 
 
 5 76 
 
 5.84 
 
 .5.92 1 
 
 6.48 
 
 6.57 
 
 6.66 
 
 7.20 
 
 7.30 
 
 7.40 
 
 7.92 
 
 8.03 
 
 8.14 
 
 8.64 
 
 8.76 
 
 8.88 
 
 9.36 
 
 9.49 
 
 9.62 
 
 10.08 
 
 10.22 
 
 10.,36 
 
 10.80 
 
 10.95 
 
 11.10 
 
 11.52 
 
 11.68 
 
 11 84 
 
 12.24 
 
 12.41 
 
 12.58 
 
 12.96 
 
 13.14 
 
 13.. 32 
 
 13.68 
 
 13.87 
 
 14.06 
 
 14.40 
 
 14.60 
 
 14.80 
 
 15.12 
 
 15.. 33 
 
 I.5..54 
 
 115.84 
 
 16.06 
 
 16.28 
 
 II6..56 
 
 16.79 
 
 17.02 
 
 17.28 
 
 17.52 
 
 17.76 
 
 18.00 
 
 18.25 
 
 18.50 
 
 21.60 
 
 21.00 
 
 22.20 
 
 28.H0 
 
 '9.2 > 
 
 29.60 
 
 :.36.00 
 
 .36.50 
 
 37.00 
 
 43.20 
 
 4.3.80 
 
 44.40 
 
 50.40 
 
 51.10 
 
 51.80 
 
 57.60 
 
 .58.40 
 
 .59.20 
 
 64 80 
 
 65.70 
 
 66.60 
 
 72.00 
 
 73.00 
 
 74.00 
 
 7o ct. 
 
 1..50 
 
 2.25 
 
 3.00 
 
 3.75 
 
 4..50 
 
 5.25 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.75 
 
 7. -50 
 
 8.25 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.75 
 
 10..50 
 
 11.25 
 
 12.00 
 
 12.75 
 
 1.3..50 
 
 14.25 
 
 15.00 
 
 15.75 
 
 16..50 
 
 17.2.5 
 
 18.00 
 
 18.75 
 
 22..50 
 
 30.00 
 
 37.50 
 
 45.00 
 
 .52..50 
 
 60.00 
 
 67. .50 
 
 75.00 
 
126 
 
 COTTAGE BL'ILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 Nos. 76ct.|77ct.i78ct. 79ct.i80ct. 81 et. 82 ct. 83 ct. 84 nt. Boot., 86 ct. 87ct. 87ict. 88 ct. 
 
 1.54 
 2.31 
 3.08 
 3.8.5 
 4.62 
 0.39 
 6.16 
 6.93 
 7.70 
 8.47 
 9.24 
 10.01 
 64 10.78 
 4 1,11. .5.5 
 16 12.32 
 92:1.3.09 
 6.s;i3.86 
 44 14.63 
 
 20 1.5.40 
 06 16.17 
 72 16 94 
 4S:17.71| 
 2418.481 
 Oo| 19.25 
 8123.10 
 41 .30 81 
 01.38..51' 
 6146.21' 
 
 21 -53.90 
 81 61.61 
 40 69.31, 
 00 77.00: 
 
 1.56 
 
 2.34 
 
 3.12 
 
 3.90 
 
 4.68 
 
 5.46 
 
 6.24 
 
 7.02 
 
 7.80 
 
 8.58 
 
 9.36 
 10.1410 
 10.92 U 
 11.7'i 11 
 12.48 12 
 1.3.26 13 
 14.04 14 
 14.82 15 
 15.611.5. 
 16..38 16 
 17.16 17, 
 17.9418, 
 18.72,18, 
 19..50 19, 
 23.40 23, 
 31.2131 
 30.00 .39, 
 46.8147, 
 54.61 55. 
 62.40 63. 
 70.20:71. 
 78.00 79 
 
 1.60 
 2.40 
 3.20 
 4.00 
 4.80 
 5.60 
 6.40 
 7.20 
 8.00 
 8.80 
 9.60 
 10.40 
 06 11.20 
 85 12.00 
 64 12.80 
 43 13.60 
 2214.40 
 01 1-5.20 
 80; 16.00 
 .5916.80 
 38 17.60 
 17 18.40 
 96 19.20 
 75 20.00 
 70 24.00 
 60 32.00 
 50 40.00 
 4048.00 
 30 56.00 
 20 64.00 
 1072.00 
 00 81.00 
 
 1.62 
 
 2.43 
 
 3.24 
 
 4.05 
 
 4.86 
 
 5.67 
 
 6.48 
 
 7.29 
 
 8.10 
 
 8.91 
 
 9.72 
 
 10.53 
 
 11.34 
 
 12.15 
 
 12.96 
 
 13.77 
 
 14.58 
 
 15.39 
 
 16.20 
 
 17.01 
 
 17.82 
 
 18.63 
 
 19.41 
 
 20.25 
 
 24.. 30 
 
 32.40 
 
 40..50 
 
 48.60 
 
 -56.70 
 
 64.80 
 
 72.90 
 
 81.00 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.46 
 
 3.28 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.92 
 
 5.74 
 
 6.56 
 
 7.38 
 
 8.20 
 
 9.02 
 
 9.84 
 
 10.66 
 
 11.48 
 
 12.30 
 
 13.12 
 
 13.94 
 
 14.76 
 
 15.58 
 
 16.40 
 
 17.22 
 
 18.04 
 
 18.86 
 
 19.68 
 
 20.50 
 
 24.60 
 
 32.80 
 
 41.00 
 
 49.20 
 
 57.40 
 
 65.61 
 
 7381 
 
 82.00 
 
 1.66 
 
 2.49 
 
 3.32 
 
 4.15 
 
 4.98 
 
 5.81 
 
 6.64 
 
 7.47 
 
 8.30 
 
 9.13 
 
 9.96 
 
 10.79 
 
 11.62 
 
 12.45 
 
 13.28 
 
 14.11 
 
 14.94 
 
 15.77 
 
 16.60 
 
 17.43 
 
 18.26 
 
 19.09 
 
 19.92 
 
 20.75 
 
 24.90 
 
 .33.20 
 
 41.-50 
 
 49.80 
 
 .58.10 
 
 66.40 
 
 74.70 
 
 83.00 
 
 1.68 
 
 2..52 
 
 3.36 
 
 4.20 
 
 5.04 
 
 5.88 
 
 6.72 
 
 7.56 
 
 8.40 
 
 9.24 
 
 10.08 
 
 10.92 
 
 11.76 
 
 12.60 
 
 13.44 
 
 14.28 
 
 1-5.12 
 
 15.96 
 
 16.80 
 
 17.64 
 
 18.48 
 
 19..32 
 
 20.16 
 
 21.00 
 
 25.20 
 
 33.60 
 
 42.00 
 
 .50.40 
 
 58.80 
 
 67.20 
 
 75.60 
 
 84.00 
 
 1.70 
 
 2.55 
 
 3.40 
 
 4.25 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.95 
 
 6.80 
 
 7.65 
 
 8.-50 
 
 9.35 
 
 10.20 
 
 11.05 
 
 11.90 
 
 12.75 
 
 13.60 
 
 14.45 
 
 15.30 
 
 16.15 
 
 17.00 
 
 17.85 
 
 18.70 
 
 19. :5 
 
 20.40 
 21.25 
 25..50 
 34.00 
 42.-50 
 51.00 
 .59.-50 
 68.00 
 76.-50 
 85.00 
 
 1.72 
 
 2.-58 
 
 3.44 
 
 4.30 
 
 5.16 
 
 6.02 
 
 6.88 
 
 7.74 
 
 8.60 
 
 9.46 
 
 10.32 
 
 11.18 
 
 12.04 
 
 12.90 
 
 1-3.76 
 
 14.62 
 
 15.48 
 
 16..34 
 
 17.20 
 
 18.06 
 
 18.92 
 
 19.78 
 
 20.64 
 
 21. .50 
 
 25.80 
 
 .34.40 
 
 43.H0 
 
 51.60 
 
 60.20 
 
 68.80 
 
 77.40 
 
 86.00 
 
 1.74 
 
 2.61 
 
 3.48 
 
 4.35 
 
 5.22 
 
 6.09 
 
 6.96 
 
 7.83 
 
 8.70 
 
 9.-57 
 
 10.44 
 
 11.31 
 
 12.18 
 
 1.3.05 
 
 13.92 
 
 14.79 
 
 15.66 
 
 16..53 
 
 17.40 
 
 18.27 
 
 19.14 
 
 20.01 
 
 20.88 
 
 21.75 
 
 26.10 
 
 .34.80 
 
 43.-50 
 
 52.20 
 
 60.90 
 
 69.60 
 
 '78.30 
 
 87.00 
 
 1.75 
 2.62.JI 
 3.50' 
 4.37^ 
 5.25 
 6.12i 
 7.00 
 7.87^ 
 8.75 
 9.62^ 
 in..50 
 11.37ii 
 12.25 
 l-3.12.i 
 14.00 
 |l4.87i 
 15.75 
 16.62^ 
 17.-50 
 18.37i 
 19.2-5 
 20.12i 
 
 2i.no~ 
 
 21.87^ 
 
 26.25 
 
 35.00 
 
 43.75 
 
 52.-50 
 
 61.25 
 
 70.00 
 
 i78.75 
 
 '87.50 
 
 1.76 
 2.64 
 3.52 
 4.40 
 5.28 
 6.16 
 7.04 
 7.92 
 8.80 
 9.68 
 10.56 
 11.44 
 12..32 
 13.20 
 14.08 
 14.96 
 15.84 
 16.72 
 17.60 
 18.48 
 19.36 
 20.24 
 21.12 
 22.00 
 26.40 
 35.20 
 44.00 
 -52.80 
 61.60 
 70.40 
 79.20 
 88.00 
 
 Nos. 89 ct. 90 ct. 91ct.:92ct. 93 ct. 94 ct. 95 ct.. 96 ct. 97 ct. 98 ct. 99 ct. §1. ^2. S3. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.56 
 
 4.45 
 
 5.-34 
 
 6.23 
 
 7.12 
 
 8.01 
 
 8.91 
 
 9.79 
 
 10.68 
 
 11.-57 
 
 12.46 
 
 13.35 
 
 14.21 
 
 15.13 
 
 16.02 
 
 16.91 
 
 17.8) 
 
 18,69 
 
 19..58 
 
 20.47 
 
 21.36 
 
 22.25 
 
 26.70 
 
 35.61 
 
 44.50 
 
 53.40 
 
 62.30 
 
 71.20 
 
 80.10 
 
 89.00 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.70 
 
 3.60 
 
 4.50 
 
 5.40 
 
 6.30 
 
 7.20 
 
 8.10 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.91 
 
 10.80 
 
 ill.70 
 
 112.61 
 
 1.3..51 
 
 114.40 
 
 i 15.-31 
 
 16.21 
 17.10 
 18.00 
 18.90 
 19.80 
 20.70 
 21.60 
 22.50 
 27.00 
 .36.00 
 •15 00 
 -54.00 
 63.00 
 72.00 
 81.00 
 90.00 
 
 1.82 
 
 2.73 
 
 3.64 
 
 4.55 
 
 5.46 
 
 6..37 
 
 7.28 
 
 8.19 
 
 9.10 
 
 10.01 
 
 10.92 
 
 11.83 
 
 12.74 
 
 13.65 
 
 14.-56 
 
 15.47 
 
 16.38 
 
 17.29 
 
 18.21 
 
 19.11 
 
 20.02 
 
 20.93 
 
 21.84 
 
 22.75 
 
 27.30 
 
 36.40 
 
 45.. 50 
 
 54.60 
 
 63.70 
 
 72.81 
 
 81.90 
 
 91.00 
 
 1.84 
 2.76 
 3.68 
 4.60 
 5.52 
 6.44 
 7.36 
 8.28 
 9.21 
 10.12 
 11.04 
 11.96 
 12.88 
 13.80 
 14.72 
 15.64 
 16.56 
 17.48 
 18.40 
 19..32 
 21.24 
 21.16 
 22.08 
 23!00 
 27.61 
 36.81 
 46.00 
 -55.20 
 64.40 
 73 60 
 82.80 
 92.00 
 
 1.86 
 
 2.79 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.65 
 
 5.-58 
 
 6.51 
 
 7.44 
 
 8.37 
 
 9..30 
 
 10.23 
 
 11.16 
 
 12.09 
 
 1.3.02 
 
 13.95 
 
 14.88 
 
 15.81 
 
 16.74 
 
 17.67 
 
 18.60 
 
 19.53 
 
 20.46 
 
 21. .39 
 
 22.32 
 
 23.2.5 
 
 27.90 
 
 37.20 
 
 46.-50 
 
 -55.80 
 
 65.10 
 
 74.40 
 
 83.70 
 
 93.00 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.82 
 
 3.76 
 
 4.70 
 
 5.64 
 
 6..58 
 
 7.52 
 
 8.46 
 
 9.40 
 
 10.34 
 
 11.28 
 
 12.22 
 
 13.16 
 
 14.10 
 
 15.04 
 
 15.98 
 
 16.92 
 
 17.8'3 
 
 18.80 
 
 19.74 
 
 20.68 
 
 21.62 
 
 22.56 
 
 23.50 
 
 28.20 
 
 .37.60 
 
 47.00 
 
 56.40 
 
 65.80 
 
 75.20 
 
 84.60 
 
 94.00 
 
 1.90 
 
 2.85 
 
 3.80 
 
 4.75 
 
 5.70 
 
 6.65 
 
 7.60 
 
 8.-55 
 
 9.50 
 
 10.45 
 
 11.40 
 
 12.35 
 
 13.30 
 
 14.25 
 
 15.21 
 
 16.15 
 
 17.10 
 
 18.05 
 
 19.00 
 
 19.95 
 
 21.90 
 
 21.85 
 
 22 80 
 
 2-3'.75 
 
 2S..50 
 
 3-!. 00 
 
 ,47..50 
 
 '57.00 
 
 66.50 
 
 76.00 
 
 85.50 
 
 95.00 
 
 1.92 
 
 2.88 
 
 3.84 
 
 4.80 
 
 5.76 
 
 6.72 
 
 7.68 
 
 8.64 
 
 9.60 
 
 10..56 
 
 11..52 
 
 12.48 
 
 13.44 
 
 14.40 
 
 15..36 
 
 16.32 
 
 17.28 
 
 18.24 
 
 19.21 
 
 20.16 
 
 21.12 
 
 22.08 
 
 23.04 
 
 24.00 
 
 28 81 
 
 38.40 
 
 18.00 
 
 57.60 
 
 67.20 
 
 76.80 
 
 86.40 
 
 96.00 
 
 1.94 
 
 2.91 
 
 3.88 
 
 4.85 
 
 5.82 
 
 6.79 
 
 7.76 
 
 8.73 
 
 9.70 
 
 10,67 
 
 11.64 
 
 12.61 
 
 ; 13.58 
 
 ! 14.-55 
 
 1 1 5.-52 
 
 16.49 
 
 17.46 
 
 18.43 
 
 19.40 
 
 20.37 
 
 21. .34 
 
 22.31 
 
 23.28 
 
 24.25 
 
 29.10 
 
 38.81 
 
 48.-50 
 
 58.20 
 
 67.90 
 
 77.60 
 
 87.30 
 
 97.00 
 
 1.96 
 
 2.94 
 
 3.92 
 
 4.90 
 
 5.88 
 
 6.86 
 
 7.84 
 
 8.82 
 
 9.80 
 
 10.78 
 
 11.76 
 
 12.74 
 
 13.72 
 
 14.70 
 
 15.68 
 
 16.66 
 
 17.r>l 
 
 18.62 
 
 19.60 
 
 20.58 
 
 21.56 
 
 22.-54 
 
 23.52 
 
 24..50 
 
 29.40 
 
 .39.20 
 
 49.00 
 
 58.80 
 
 68.60 
 
 78.40 
 
 88.20 
 
 98.00 
 
 1.98 
 2.97 
 3.96 
 4.95 
 5.94 
 6.93 
 , 7.92 
 j 8.91 
 9.90 
 '10.89 
 11.88 
 12.87 
 13.86 
 14.85 
 15.84 
 16.83 
 17.82 
 18.81 
 19.80 
 20.79 
 21.78 
 22.77 
 23.76 
 24.75 
 29.70 
 39.60 
 49..50 
 .59.40 
 69..30 
 79.20 
 89.10 
 99.00 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11- 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 IS. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 2.5. 
 30. 
 40. 
 50. 
 60. 
 70. 
 80. 
 90. 
 100. 
 
 60. 90. 
 
 80. 120. 
 
 100. 1-50. 
 
 120. ISO. 
 
 140. 210. 
 
 160. 240. 
 
 180. 270. 
 
 200. 300. 
 
TABLES AND RULES. 
 
 127 
 
 No. 
 
 Sijiiare 
 
 Ciihe 
 
 No. 
 
 ijipiare | 
 
 Ciilie 
 
 No. 
 
 i^ipiare 
 
 Ciihe 
 
 No. 
 
 t-'qii.iro 1 
 
 Ciilio 
 
 root. 
 
 root. 
 
 
 mot. 
 
 root. 
 
 
 nil 1. 
 
 mot. 
 
 
 r.iot. 1 
 
 root. 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 m 
 
 8.3l()6 
 
 XllT 
 
 "UiT 
 
 11.704() 
 
 0.155 
 
 2 15 1 
 
 14.3178 1 
 
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 21.4009 
 
 7.708 
 
 526 
 
 22.9346 
 
 8.072 
 
 323 
 
 17.9722 
 
 6.861 
 
 391 
 
 19.7737 
 
 7.312 
 
 459 
 
 21.4242 
 
 7.713 
 
 527 
 
 22.9564 
 
 8.077 
 
 324 
 
 18. 
 
 6.868 
 
 392 
 
 19.7989 
 
 7.318 
 
 460 
 
 21.4476 
 
 7.719 
 
 528 
 
 22.9782 
 
 8.082 
 
 325 
 
 18.0277 
 
 6.875 
 
 393 
 
 19.8242 
 
 7.324 
 
 461 
 
 21.47(19 
 
 7.725 
 
 529 
 
 23. 
 
 8.087 
 
 326 
 
 18.0554 
 
 6.882 
 
 394 
 
 19.8494 
 
 7.331 
 
 462 
 
 21.4941 
 
 7.730 
 
 530 
 
 2.3.0217 
 
 8.092 
 
 327 
 
 18.0831 
 
 6.889 
 
 395 
 
 19.8746 
 
 7.337 
 
 463 
 
 21.5174 
 
 7.736 
 
 531 
 
 23.04.34 
 
 8.097 
 
 328 
 
 18.1107 
 
 6.896 
 
 396 
 
 19.8997 
 
 7.343 
 
 464 
 
 21.5416 
 
 7.741 
 
 532 
 
 23.0651 
 
 8.102 
 
 329 
 
 18.1.383 
 
 6.903 
 
 397 
 
 19.9248 
 
 7.349 
 
 465 
 
 21.56.38 
 
 7.747 
 
 533 
 
 23.0867 
 
 8.107 
 
 330 
 
 18.1659 
 
 6.910 
 
 398 
 
 19.9499 
 
 7.3-55 
 
 466 
 
 21. .5870 
 
 7.752 
 
 534 
 
 2.3.1084 
 
 8.112 
 
 331 
 
 18.19.34 
 
 6.917 
 
 399 
 
 19.9749 
 
 7.361 
 
 467 
 
 21.6101 
 
 7.758 
 
 535 
 
 23.1.300 
 
 8.118 
 
 332 
 
 18.2208 
 
 6.924 
 
 400 
 
 20. 
 
 7.368 
 
 468 
 
 21.63.33 
 
 7 763 
 
 536 
 
 23.1516 
 
 8.123 
 
 333 
 
 18.2482 
 
 6.931 
 
 401 
 
 20.0249 
 
 7.374 
 
 469 
 
 21.6564 
 
 7.769 
 
 537 
 
 2-3.1732 
 
 8.128 
 
 334 
 
 18.2756 
 
 6.9.38 
 
 402 
 
 20.0499 
 
 7.380 
 
 470 
 
 21.6794 
 
 7.774 
 
 538 
 
 23.1948 
 
 8.133 
 
 335 
 
 18.3030 
 
 6.915 
 
 403 
 
 20.0748 
 
 7.386 
 
 471 
 
 21.7025 
 
 7.780 
 
 539 
 
 23.2163 
 
 8.138 
 
 336 
 
 18.3.303 
 
 6.952 
 
 404 
 
 20.0997 
 
 7.392 
 
 472 
 
 21.7255 
 
 7.785 
 
 540 
 
 23.2379 
 
 8.143 
 
 337 
 
 18.3575 
 
 6.958 
 
 4a5 
 
 20.1246 
 
 7.398 
 
 473 
 
 21.7485 
 
 7.791 
 
 541 1 
 
 23.2594 
 
 8.148 
 
 338 
 
 18. .3847 
 
 6.965 
 
 406 
 
 20.1494 
 
 7.404 
 
 474 
 
 21.7715 
 
 7.796 
 
 542 
 
 23.2808 
 
 8.1.53 
 
 339 
 
 18.4119 
 
 6.972 
 
 407 
 
 20.1742 
 
 7.410 
 
 475 
 
 21.7944 
 
 7.802 
 
 543 1 
 
 23.3023 
 
 8.1.58 
 
 340 
 
 18.4.390 
 
 6.979 
 
 408 
 
 20.1990 
 
 7.416 
 
 476 
 
 21.8174 
 
 7.807 
 
 .544 
 
 23.3238 
 
 8.163 
 
I 
 
M 
 
 B 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 For special remarks on plans of houses see the Introduction 
 to this ■work. 
 
 r^ 
 
 D 
 
 No. 1 is a proposed 
 plan of a village house 
 the author made for Mi: 
 A. Lyon, of AVorces- 
 ter, Mass. A is the 
 parlor in front, so 
 placed as not to ex- 
 clude a view of street 
 from either of the rooms 
 back of it, as also to 
 give side views from 
 the room itself and pi- 
 azza. B is the hall, 
 having entrances on 
 either side of the par- 
 lor, and easily commu- 
 nicating with any part 
 of the house. Many 
 
 persons prefer quite a ■ A 
 
 large parlor, and as 
 nearly distinct as may be from the other portions of the building. 
 This plan effects this purpose, and yet the room is easy of access 
 17 (129) 
 
 B 
 
 No. 1. 
 
130 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 firom any part of the house, or from without. A hall ranges 
 from B to rear of the house, communicating with all parts of 
 
 lower floor, as also the 
 upper story. C is a din- 
 ing room ; D, a family 
 sitting room ; E, a bed 
 room ; F, kitchen ; g, 
 pantry ; h, closet. 
 
 No. 2 is a second story 
 plan divided into several 
 rooms for bed rooms and 
 stores, as may best suit 
 the purposes of the occu- 
 pants. It has a commu- 
 nication to a pleasant 
 walk, enclosed, over the 
 parlor and piazzas below, 
 which have a flat roof. 
 Should it be deemed ad- 
 visable, a large dome 
 window can be made 
 over the parlor. Cost, 
 from $1800 to $2200. 
 No. 3 is the front elevation of the same, with an observatory. 
 No. 4 is a twelve-sided figure, with a novel division of the space 
 enclosed, intended not merely for the fanciful, but presenting some 
 special claim to the consideration of those desiring special and 
 convenient apartments. A is a fi-ont hall, communicating with all 
 parts of the house, without interference with any other portion or 
 room. B is a family living room, with a bed room, C, adjoining 
 which is also attached a children's bed room, G, with closets at- 
 tached to each. D is a parlor ; E, dining room ; F, kitchen ; 
 H and I, centre and rear halls ; cellar and chamber staii-s con- 
 
 F 
 
 T" 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 H 
 
 
 E 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 J 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 No, 2. 
 
PLANS AND IMASTKATIONS. 
 
 1.31 
 
 voulontly affixed, and the clilinncys readily accommodating the 
 several rooms. Cost, $;2000, finished with observatory. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 5 is also a 
 twelve-sided, build- 
 ing, arranged with 
 bide room for wood 
 and summer work. 
 Fig. 1, parlor ; 2 is 
 a second parlor, used 
 as a dining or sitting 
 room ; 3, a family 
 bed room ; 4, kitch- 
 en ; 5, front hall ; 6, 
 stau'way communicat- 
 ing with both par- 
 lors, kitchen, cham- 
 ber, and cellar ; 7, 
 
 No. 4. 
 
132 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 closet ; 8, ditto. If thought desirable, a more direct commimica- 
 tiou can be made with 3 and 4. Fig. 9 is a china closet and 
 
 pantry; 10, pantry; 11, conservatory; 12, wood room and sum- 
 mer kitchen. Second story similarly arranged with the main build- 
 ing ; the other portions are of one story only. This plan can be 
 
 built for $1600 
 
 H 
 
 G 
 
 D 
 
 B 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 
 to $2000, or even 
 less in a common 
 quality of stock 
 and finish. 
 
 No. 6 is an old- 
 fashioned plan, ac- 
 ceptable only to a 
 few. A is the 
 front hall; B, the 
 
 Note. — Plans like Nos. 4 and 5 have the special advantage of bringing the rooms near 
 each other, saving time and labor when it is required to pass from one part to another — a 
 duty constantly required of all housekeepers. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 133 
 
 r 
 
 = e 
 
 <v 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 parlor ; C, a dining and sitting room ; D, kitchen ; E, small bed 
 room ; F, pantry ; G, back kitchen ; H, wood room ; a, side en- 
 trance ; h, kitchen closet ; c c, closets, or else this space is used 
 as winding fi'ont stairs. 
 
 No. 7 is a mechanic's cot- 
 tage, with a good-sized liv- 
 ing room in front, a ; b in 
 the hall, as also the same 
 letter in plan a kitchen ; C, 
 bed room ; e, pantry ; f, rear 
 passage both out and to pan- 
 try, cellar, and bed room. 
 Second floor, two bed rooms 
 and closets. Very many, re- 
 quiring a house of this sort, 
 having a small family, deem 
 this plan or any similar one 
 fully suited to theu- wants. Each room in the plan has a front 
 window, and the whole, taken together, makes a comfortable and 
 convenient house. 
 
 No. 8 is a larger plan in a 
 square form. From the front we 
 enter parlor, c, or the family, re- 
 ception, and sitting room ; b is 
 the kitchen ; a, bed room ; e, pan- 
 try ; cellar entrance from the 
 kitchen ; upper story, from front 
 hall. This is a convenient mode 
 of building when only a small 
 house is wanted. 
 
 Upright No. 9 will give a tol- 
 erable idea how such a house may be made to appear 
 build a very good liouse of this kind. 
 
 I 
 
 IT 
 
 3 
 
 J L 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 $1000 will 
 
134 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 -b 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 No. 10. 
 
 No. 10 is another method of 
 makmg the rooms of a similar 
 house, c and d are the front 
 rooms ; h, a bed room ; a, kitchen ; 
 e, pantry ; cellar, from kitchen ; 
 uj) stairs, from front hall, a has 
 a rear entrance, where a woodshed 
 can be made. One chimney is 
 sufficient for such a house as this, 
 and the cost does not vary much 
 from No. 8. Other divisions of a 
 similarly formed house may be made, as the fancy or judgment 
 may decide. 
 
 No. 11 is the first story of a double house. A is the front 
 hall ; B, reception room ; C, dining room ; D, bed room ; E, 
 kitchen, with an airy at rear entrance. No. 12. I is front parlor 
 on second floor of No. 11, communicating with another parlor, H, 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 135 
 
 and with hall, K. There are two bed rooms, F, G, on this 
 floor, and four on a third. Each half is thus described, and an 
 upright ffont view is seen 
 in No. 13. Houses of this 
 kind are quite common in 
 some sections of the coun- 
 try ; that is, houses with the 
 parlors on the second floor. 
 They are rooms but seldom 
 used with many families, 
 when there is a suitable 
 room in which to receive 
 temporary guests and ordi- 
 nary and familiar callers. 
 Size, 40 by 43 feet ; cost, 
 $5000. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 E 
 
 »l 
 
 "^^^ 
 
 ^i 
 
 H 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 In 
 
 
 
 C 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . r -^^ 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 A B 
 
 No. 12. 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 _m-. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 No. 14 is the plan of a house in Dudley, designed and erected 
 by a young mechanic housebuilder. A, front hall ; B, pai'lor ; C, 
 second parlor ; D, bed room ; E, kitchen ; F, work room ; G, 
 closet ; H, ditto ; I, ditto ; J, piazza ; K, M, closet and pantry j 
 O, wood room and water closet attached. From the kitchen there is 
 
136 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ^ J. 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 a pass to cellar and chambers. The 
 second story is nearly the same, ex- 
 cept a small room over the front hall, 
 and ample closets to all the rooms. 
 Estimated cost, $2300. 
 
 The size of most of the plans is 
 not given to an exact measurement. 
 Those using any of the plans "will 
 naturally make the size to their own 
 liking. Size of rooms is generally 
 given as of generous proportions. 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 ..jr:::i-" ^~i 
 
 A 
 
 ■ 
 
 B 
 
 No. 15. 
 
 No. 15 is a cottage in Worcester, built by a carpenter for $1000. 
 A is a piazza entrance to the house ; B, parlor ; C, kitchen ; D is 
 a bed room ; E, closet ; F, spaceway from front hall and stairs. 
 
 No. 16 is the second story, con- 
 sisting of tAvo bed rooms, A and 
 B, with closets. 
 
 No. IT is a raised view of the 
 same. 
 
 No. 18 is a plan the author 
 erected a few years since. It 
 
 A 
 
 L. 
 
 B 
 
 No. 16. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 137 
 
 makes a very con- 
 venient plan for a 
 country cottage. A 
 the front hall, com- 
 municating with 
 the parlor, B, sec- 
 ond parlor, C, and 
 rooms above, and 
 a closet under the 
 stairs. D, E, bed 
 rooms, the latter 
 communicating 
 with dining room, 
 F. G is a pantry ; 
 H a kitchen, which 
 connects with a 
 wood room and 
 barn. The whole is 
 surrounded by a 
 piazza, terminating 
 
138 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 on one side at a well, and on the other the kitchen. Cost, 
 $1800. 
 
 No. 19 is a twelve-sided, or dodecagon. F is the front hall 
 entrance ; A, parlor, with a closet, 1 ; D, dining room, with a 
 china closet connected with the centre hall and the kitchen, E, which 
 has two pantries, 2, 2, and connects with cellar, centre spaces, and 
 rear hall, H. B and C are family bed rooms, having three closets, 
 and easily connecting with the other poitions of the house. The 
 second story is of similar arrangement of rooms. Scale iV ^ch to 
 foot ; cost, |2500. 
 
 No. 19. 
 
 No. 20 is the plan of a house in Grafton, Mass. From the 
 front hall, we pass into parlors, A and B, or rooms above. C is 
 a dining room ; D, kitchen ; E, bed room ; F, back kitchen ; G, 
 pantry. There are two side entrances, as seen in cut. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 139 
 
 No. 21 is a neat and convenient cottage, of 
 small dimensions and cost. A is a fi'ont hall ; 
 B, parlor ; D, sitting and dining room ; C, bed 
 room ; F, pantry ; E, kitchen, M'ith wood room 
 and rear entrance. The second story is com- 
 posed of three rooms. Cost, $850 to $900. 
 This plan has just been built by a cousin ol" 
 mine in Dud- 
 ley, Mass. 
 
 No. 22 is the 
 first floor plan 
 of a large house 
 divided as fol- 
 lows : From 
 the front hall 
 entrance we 
 can pass into 
 either the par- 
 lor, a, dining 
 room, (1, or second parlor b, 
 used as a reception room> 
 which has a rear room, c, 
 
 No. 20 
 
 D 
 
 L 
 
 No. 21. 
 
 No. 22. 
 
140 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 wHch, when required, cati be thrown into the dining room, making 
 a large hall ; / and g are rooms allotted to the culinary department, 
 and e is a bed room. 
 
 No. 23 is the second floor of the above, a is the landing space 
 from either stairs ; h and c, parlor bed rooms, comunicating with the 
 rooms below, without entering the space common to all the rooms 
 on this floor ; cZ is a large front bed room ; e and i are side bed 
 rooms ; g and h are store rooms, and / servants' room. Cost, 
 $3000 to ."iij^OOO, according to the style and method of finish. 
 
 No. 23, 
 
 Qy 
 
 C/ 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 No. 24 is a plan of a city teneinent, 
 first stcfty. a is the entrance, double 
 on account of cold and other purposes. 
 The first room on the left is a recep- -^^ 24. 
 
 tion room ; the next is a bed room for 
 
 the family use ; the next a dining room, with closets, &c., and an 
 aiiy at rear passage. The basement stoiy has a kitchen and ser- 
 vants' bed room, store rooms. See, The second is the parlor story, 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 141 
 
 sometimes witli fii-ont r-iic" rear rooms over the hall. The third 
 story has from three to five bed rooms. Cost, ,$3500 to $5000. 
 
 No. 25, (see Frontispiece,) the author's residence in Dudley, 
 Mass. 
 
 No. 2G. 
 
 No. 26 is the first story of the same. This plan is a double 
 house, or having two tenements. A A, front hall entrances ; B B, 
 parlors ; C C, second parlors and dining rooms ; D D, kitchens, 
 with pantry and work rooms in rear, and rear passages, as also 
 pantries, 11. F is passage way to all rooms below and above ; 
 cellar passages from kitchen ; 2 2, closets ; chimneys at the angle 
 of parlors on F side. Parlor windows, unlike the design given in 
 No. 25, are long, reaching to floor of two casements, 10 by 20 
 glass. 
 
142 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 No. 27 is the second floor. A is a library ; B B, parlor bed 
 rooms ; C C, second parlor ditto ; D D, kitchen ditto ; E, one of 
 the rooms in the ell ; F G, spaces or passages ; 1 1, closets. 
 
 No. 28. 
 with yard ; underneath this is a cellar 
 
 No. 27. 
 
 No. 28 is the observatory. 
 
 No. 29 is the first story of bam. 
 A is carriage room ; B, Avood room ; 
 C, ditto and shop ; D, E, water 
 closets ; F, horse stalls ; C, cows' 
 ditto ; H, temporary ditto, with a 
 passage way for carri«ngc to pass 
 underneath the drive way to floor 
 above. From C is a communication 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 143 
 
 No. 29. 
 
 No. 30. 
 
144 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MA^'UAL. 
 
 No. 30 is the barn proper. B, floor passage | A C, hay and 
 fodder storage ; D, granary, in part, adjoining the same, and con- 
 necting with the house. The stock is fed thi'ough floor. There is 
 a passage for carriages from either side of the house, leading under 
 D of this number. 
 
 t 
 
 5==9 
 
 No. 31. 
 
 No. 32. 
 
 No. 31 is the chimney, sho-vmg a panelled octagon. Nos. 32 
 and 33 elevations. 
 
 No. 33. 
 
 No. 34. No. 35. 
 
 No. 36. No. 37. 
 
 No. 34 is the basement of a plan by !Mr. Vaux. K is front ; 
 H, sink ; C, kitchen, 14 by 17 ; E, coal, adjoining the furnace ; I, 
 proyision cellar ; J, veranda. 
 
 No. 35 is the principal floor. K, front ; A, porch to hall en- 
 trance ; B, parlor, 14 by 17 ; D, dining room, of the same size ; 
 C, pantry. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 145 
 
 No. 36 is the second floor. A, front bed room , C, rear do. ; 
 small do. at head of stair landing, F, with closets. 
 
 No. 37 the attic. B, bed room ; D, do. ; E, do. ; H I J and 
 K, closets. Estimated cost of a double house of this kind, .^5000. 
 
 ■^Hc^^ 
 
 
 No. 38. 
 No. 38 is an upright of a neat 
 cottage for a small family, ans- 
 wering to a variety of ground 
 plans, of the cost of the next 
 number, or any of the preceding 
 of like dimensions. 
 
 M' 
 
 E ' 
 
 IlllllUliili I ■ 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 c -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 T3„r.„ef 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 _l 
 
 J 
 
 No. 40. 
 
 No. 39. 19 
 
146 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 No. 41. 
 
 No. 39. A is the parlor ; B, back do. or bed room ; C, Icitcben, 
 or dining room ; D, family bed room ; E, hall and front stairs ; F, 
 pantry. This plan has a side and rear door, and in many cases will 
 be found to answer a good purpose for a family on a small fann or 
 in a country village. 
 
 No. 40 is a plan for a country 
 meeting house, with an improved 
 method of lighting the pulpit or 
 speaker's stand without injury to 
 the view from the hearers' seats, as 
 would be the case if the window 
 was directly back of the speaker. 
 
 No. 41 is a plan frequently built, 
 or something nearly like it, and is 
 considered a good one. A, veranda ; 
 B, hall ; D, parlor ; C, dining room ; 
 E, library ; F and H, verandas ; G, pantry ; K, stores ; I, rear 
 hall. Cost of this plan, constructed by two stories, $4000. 
 
 No. 42 is the plan of Messrs. 
 
 C. Foster & Co.'s hardware store 
 in "Worcester, Mass. ; it is also 
 occupied by the City Bank. Tliis 
 is a remarkably classic, ornamental 
 front, made of iron, and is proba- 
 bly not excelled by any structure 
 of the kind in the country- 
 No. 43 is a view of Rev. Mr. 
 Bent's boarding school in Worces- 
 ter ; the ground plans, which 
 are thought to be very good, are 
 given in a subsequent place. 
 
 No. 44 is a proposed plan of 
 the author for a square cottage, 
 
 No. 42. 
 
PLANS AND 1LLUSTUAT1GN3. 
 
 U7 
 
 cither for farm or village pm-poses. A is the parlor ; B, the dining, 
 sitting, and library room ; C, the front hall, communicating with 
 nearly all parts of the house, as is readily seen by the plan or cut 
 given ; D, kitchen, with a rear out door or wood room entrance ; 
 E and F, bed rooms, very conveniently located ; G, pantry ; H, 
 veranda ; I, closet to parlor bed room. For the second story divis- 
 ions, four comfortable rooms can be made, with a hall space ex- 
 
 I 
 
148 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 tending to the front of the house, where is a window to light the 
 
 same, and making a good place 
 for reading in warm weather ; 
 this hall connects with all the 
 rooms on this floor. An up- 
 right of this plan is scarcely 
 necessary, as its main features 
 are so readily suggested. 
 
 No. 45 is an upright of a 
 
 barn of modern style, having a 
 
 ventilator, as all barns should, 
 
 Iv[o. 44. and rendered complete by Mr. 
 
 A. Lyon's * emblematical weather vane. 
 
 No. 45. 
 
 No. 46 is a plan of a barn the author made for !Mr. Ealph Eob- 
 inson, Hampton, Connecticut, for a dairy stock of ten cows. A is 
 the portion allotted to hay, called the bay, imdemeath which is 
 
 * Manufacturer of the excellent copper lightning rods, and a great yariety of weather 
 vanes, compass marks, &c. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 149 
 
 the root cellar and storage fodder, connected with floor passage, B, 
 by stairs as given in the cut. 
 
 C C, stalls ; D D D D D, stalls 
 for cows at time of dropping 
 calves, and the use of the latter 
 thereafter as occasion requires. 
 Underneath B C C is the cellar 
 for manui-e, which is dropped be- 
 neath D D, which latter is raised 
 to admit this plan, and thus we 
 avoid the common scuttle, which 
 has often proved dangerous to 
 cattle. This, or some similar 
 plan, will be found convenient 
 for all barns. 
 
 No. 47 is a picturesque view 
 of residences by the side of water. 
 
 t c — 
 
 No. 46. 
 
 No. 47. 
 
 situations extremely desirable to some persons ; and now that arti- 
 ficial fish feeding is found to be a source of profit, more persons 
 will select like points for houses. 
 
150 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MA^"UAL. 
 
 No. 48. 
 
 No. 48 is a view unlike the preceding, and both, with the two 
 that follow, are given in illustration of the views given in the Intro- 
 duction. 
 
 No. 49. 
 
 No. 49 is the late Hon. Daniel Webster's homestead, Marshfield, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
r 
 
 PLAKS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 151 
 
 No. 50 is the residence of Cornell Monroe, late Plainfield, Conn., 
 a view taken on the spot, and shows what a little care with trees 
 will do to beautify a house. 
 
152 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER 8 MANUAL. 
 
 No. 51. 
 
 No. 51 is a proposed plan of a school house, by the author, for 
 the use of such large towns as, by their condensed population, are 
 enabled to unite a large number of pupils of all grades, and there- 
 fore secui'e the advantages of classification. A is the front hall 
 entrance, coramimicating with either school room below, the clothes 
 room or store room, as may be wanted, and the rooms above. B 
 and C are the school rooms of this floor. These rooms, besides the 
 convenient aiTangement of seats for the pupils, have bench seats on 
 the entire circle, and the same in rear at teachers' stands, back of or 
 within B and C The second floor arrangements for the advanced 
 classes or higher department is still further improved by the use 
 of the space over the halls for recitation rooms ; otherwise the two 
 stories may be considered nearly alike. A plan of nearly this form, 
 for a single school room, can be made superior to the forms now 
 in use. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 153 
 
 No. 62 is a plan of a very cheap cottage, adapted to places and 
 parties of extreme limits and re- 
 quirements. 
 
 No. 53 is an upright of the 
 same, or any similar one. 
 
 No. 54 is a plan of the author 
 for the use of moderate sized fam- 
 ilies, or a farm residence. A is 
 the family or living room, or a 
 second parlor, connecting with 
 cellar, front hall, back kitchen, F, and with room E, which may be 
 used as a bed room or stores. C is front hall ; B, the parlor ; G, bed 
 room ; D, special closet or pass to kitchen, F ; and from the latter 
 may be constructed a small projection, as wood or summer kitchen, 
 
 No. 52. 
 
 No. 53. 
 
 with store room, of width so as just to exclude windows in main 
 part. The upper story is so readily suggested, a view need not be 
 given. Chimney at inner comers. E G. 
 20 
 
154 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER 8 MANUAL. 
 
 No. 54. 
 
 No. 55, "Family Man- 
 sion," represented in No. 
 56, frontispiece to this vol- 
 ume. A, parlor ; B, second 
 parlor ; C, kitchen ; D, bed 
 room ; E, do. or stores ; F, 
 pantry ; G, china closet ; H, 
 closet ; K, airy ; M, front 
 hall ; N, veranda ; O, fr-ont 
 portico. 
 
 No. 55. 
 
 No. 57. 
 
 No. 57 is another oval plan of a school house for the country, 
 very convenient and of easy construction of brick or stone. A, en- 
 trance ; B and C side rooms for the use of the scholars, one side 
 for boys, the other for girls ; D, school room, surrounded with a 
 seat, E E. The author gives these plans in the belief that they 
 will be found better adapted to the purpose than any heretofore 
 published. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTKATIONS. 
 
 155 
 
 No. 58. 
 
 Above, No. 58, is a proposed house by the author, for Mr. Drew, 
 of the Worcester Spy. It shows what special advantages there may 
 be in the circular form for a house. 
 
156 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER 8 MANUAL. 
 
 No. 59. 
 
 No 59 is tKe first floor to No. 58. On the right are parlor, sec- 
 ond parlor, and kitchen ; on the left are rooms for family use. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 157 
 
 No. 60. 
 
 This is tlie second story of preceding, divided in a manner con- 
 formable to the first story. The uses of the several rooms are read- 
 ily suggested to the reader. 
 
158 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 No. 61 is the first story plan of Mr. Bent's Boarding School, 
 recently erected on a prominent situation, Salisbury street, Worces- 
 ter, Mass. The rooms are all marked, so as to need no further 
 explanation. 
 
 = 
 
 m^w:;^ 
 
 ' k 
 
 
 30 
 
 CHAM. 
 II t'-li<' 
 
 CHAM. 
 13-lS 
 
 No. 61. 
 
 No. 62. 
 
 No. 62 is the second story of same. 
 
 No. 63 is basement story, likewise marked. The front elevation 
 IS given on a preceding page. 
 
 No. 64 is a plan of a small, convenient dwelling, of cheap 
 construction. A, living room ; C, common do. ; D, bed room ; 
 E, back room ; F, closet ; G, pantry ; H, front hall. 
 
 No. 65 is a cottage, very convenient, and of a cost of about 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 159 
 
 $800. A, parlor; B, bed room; C, kitchen; D, back do.; E, 
 
 No. 65. 
 
 stores. It has a veranda in 
 front, and a second story of 
 three rooms. 
 
 No. G6 is a plan for Sunny- 
 side residence, (see plate front- 
 ing plans to this work.) A, parlor; B, second parlor or living 
 room ; C, front hall ; D, dining room or kitchen ; E, small bed 
 room or store room ; F, kitchen, with pantry and rear passage. 
 This plan has the pla/za front, and five rhunibcr rooms. 
 
 No. G(i. 
 
160 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 No. 67 is the ground plan of the new Congregational Church, 
 Thompson, Conn., provided with a kitchen, A, pastor's study, B, 
 
 with ample library cases and conveniences of personal comfort 
 scarcely equalled. C is a room for ladies' industrial circles and 
 society purposes, with kitchen, china closets, &c. This is the vestry 
 lectvu'e room, and is proidded with furnaces for warming the church. 
 The ground or floor plan is given in No. 68. Nos. 69 and 70, front 
 
 and side elevations. Cost of whole, $15,000. Towle & Foster, 
 Architects, Boston, Mass. Stratton & Bishop, contractors and 
 builders. New Haven, Conn. 
 
I 
 
 PLANS AND UXUSTKATIONS 
 
 161 
 
 No. 71 is a convenient plan of farm house or family mansion, 
 A, parlor ; B, small reception room ; C, dining room ; I), rear par- 
 
 21 
 
 No. 69 
 
162 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDEK 3 MANUAL. 
 
 No. 70. 
 
 lor ; E, bed room ; F, kitch- 
 en ; G, fi-ont hall, vriih. pi- 
 azza on two sides, and airy 
 at rear entrance. 
 
 No. 72 is a plan often 
 built, or those nearly allied 
 to it. There are two front 
 rooms, with open hall be- 
 tween them ; kitchen, D, 
 with pantry, closets, and a 
 bed room, C ; veranda, K. 
 
VL^2sS A>D ILLl=TRATI0>-3. 
 
 163 
 
164 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 165 
 
 The two following plans, Nos. 73 and 75, the author is permit- 
 ted to give by Messrs. Fowlers & "Wells, publishers of the Fowlers' 
 *' Home for All." The second is that used by Mr. F. in his man- 
 sion at Fishkill, on the Hudson. Mr. F. constructed his house with 
 the gravel or concrete wall ; and in his book he has given amjjle 
 details of that method of constructing the walls of houses. It may 
 do well where the right kind of material is abundant ; yet, as a gen- 
 eral practice, frame houses with wood covers, (for the present at 
 least,) will be most used, both on account of the plentiful supply of 
 timber, and the dryness of such houses — a very desirable thing in 
 all residences for man or animals, except such as burrow in the 
 earth. 
 
 No. 73. 
 
 Mr. Fowler earnestly labors to show the cheapness of the gravel 
 wall, and probably with truth ; but it is yet needing further tests to 
 
166 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MANUAL. 
 
 establish, it as a strong and durable method of building. The reader 
 is specially referred to his volume as containing many valuable hints 
 for those about providing themselves with a house. 
 
 The preceding is also from the same source. 
 
 No. 73. P is parlor ; T), dining room ; K, kitchen ; B, bedroom ; 
 B E, back entry ; E C, front entry ; A, dumb waiter ; B and C 
 C C, closets. 
 
 No. 74. Upiight of house in Williamsbui-g. No. 75, first stoiy. 
 No. 76, second story. Cost, $1200. 
 
 PANTRr I LIVING-ROOM 
 15 X 13 
 
 No. 75. 
 
 No. 77 is the first story of Mr. Fowler's house. 
 No. 78 is the basement story, amply provided, as will be seen by 
 the plan, with all the appuitenances of a " work " story, as he terms . 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 167 
 
 No. 77. 
 
168 
 
 COTTAGE BtriLBER S MANUAL. 
 
 it. This story is nearly all above ground, and as the rooms are so 
 clearly marked on the cut a further notice need not be given. 
 
 No. 78. 
 
 No. 79 is an upnght of same ; the whole is of four stories. Mr. 
 Fowler has not given full cost yet. 
 
 No. 80 is another plan of a school house, to be made of Trood 
 and a frame. This is the second floor ; the first is so readily sug- 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 169 
 
 gested as not to need further notice. There are two rooms on this 
 floor, one for each depaitment ; the size is 60 feet by 40. Cost, 
 $4,000. 
 
 No. 80, 
 
 The special advantages of school rooms of this form are at once 
 seen by all who have had much occasion to use them, and the cost 
 on the whole is less, when the same amount of space is inclosed. 
 The whole is simnounted with an observatory, mIiIcI) makes a com- 
 plete ventilator to the building. 
 22 
 
170 
 
 COTTAGE 13 LILDLK S MANUAL. 
 
 No. 81 is the Bank Block Building, Worcester, a fine specimen 
 of its kindj occupied in its upper stories by Mr. Eaton for his schooL 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 171 
 
 No. 82 is a proposed plan for a very cheap cottage, or prairie 
 lodge for a small family, having two rooms in front, A and B, with 
 
 No. 83. 
 
 a small space for entrance, in preference to having the doors open 
 directly into the rooms fi'om without, as is too fi'equently the case 
 
 No. 84. 
 
 in the "Western States. There are two bedrooms, C and E, and a 
 store and passage room, D, and space above for stores. 
 
 No. 83 is a better style for a small cottage, having a parlor, A, 
 
172 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 living room, B, kitclien, C, -with pantry, E, and bedroom, D. $400 
 to $600 will build good houses of these plans, and still less sums 
 when greater economy is desired. 
 
 No. 8-1 is a proposed square house with the rooms octagon, a 
 style that may suit the fancy of some parties. A and D may be 
 used as parlors, or A and B, with C for kitchen, and D family bed- 
 room ; F and G front and rear entrances, E the space in the centre, 
 where are the stau's, which can be made double with a common land- 
 ing. The closets are suiEciently indicated, as also the chimneys. 
 
 No. 85. 
 
 No. 85 is the first second floor plan. 
 
 No. 86 is the second proposed plan that may be desired by a great 
 number, who yet, for the novelty of the first story, would like so 
 much in that form. In practice these lower rooms would be fomid 
 veiy convenient. 
 
 In No. 87 is given the front elevation of these plans in outline, 
 
PLANS AND U.LUSTRATIONS- 
 
 173 
 
 yet "with sufficient definiteness to enable any ordinary mechanic to 
 go on with the plan. It would make a very neat house, and it will 
 
 No. 86. 
 
 w'ith others of like character j)rovc a complete refutation to the 
 
 No. 87. 
 
174 
 
 COTTAGE BUILDER S MANUAL. 
 
 objection made to houses witliout projections, tliat they are wanting 
 character. 
 
 No. 88. 
 
 No. 88 is a plan vaiying in some respects from any of the pre- 
 ceding. A, parlor ; 3, kitchen or living room ; C and D, bedi'ooms 
 
 No. 89. 
 
PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 1/0 
 
 with closets; E, pantry. The upper portion should have two 
 rooms, with store and closet rooms. 
 
 No. 89 is an irregular plan, acceptable to many persons. A, par- 
 lor ; B, living room ; C and E, bedrooms ; D, hall ; F, summer 
 kitchen. 
 
 -^t^. 
 ^o^'. 
 
 No. 90. 
 
 No. 91. 
 
 No. 90 is another dissimilar plan. A, parlor ; B, hall ; C, sec- 
 ond parlor; F, kitchen; D and E, bedrooms. 
 
 No. 91 is the upright of No. 94. 
 
 No. 92 is a proposed plan of a Court House with offices, over 
 which is a gallery amply provided with windows to light the whole 
 interior, though the plan proposes skylights. 
 
 No. 93 is an old-fashioned homestead ; the ground ])lan is No. 95. 
 
 No. 94, A is parlor ; B, living room ; C, bedroom ; D, front 
 hall ; E, pantry ; F, summer kitchen. 
 
176 
 
 COTTAGE builder's MAISUAL. 
 
 Plans of a similar form 
 to tills "will answer well 
 for hotels, water-cui-e es- 
 tablishments, or any sim- 
 ilar public resorts, hav- 
 ing a different inside 
 arrangement. 
 
 No. 92. 
 
fNM