917. ,3 m LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ^917.3 rC722e - THE EMIGBANT'S HAND-BOOK; OR, A DIRECTORY AND GUIDE FOR PERSONS EMIGRATING TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; CONTAINING ADVICE AND DIRECTIONS TO EMIGRANTS, BUT ESPE- CIALLY TO THOSE DESIGNING TO SETTLE IN THE GREAT WESTERN VALLEY. And also, a Concise Description of the States of Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri and Iowa, and the Western Territories; and including a Statement of the Modes and Expenses of Travelling FROM NEW-YORK TO THE INTERIOR, AND AN EXTENSIVE LIST OF ROUTES IN EACH STATE BY STEAM- BOATS, RAILROADS, CANALS AND STAGES. ACCOMPANIED WITH A CORRECT TRAVELLING MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, NEW-YORK : PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, No 86 CEDAR-STREET. 1848. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION . . 3 Constitution of the United States of America 8 The St. Lawrence Valley or Basin ., 27 Vulley of the Mississippi 29 Valley of the Ohio 30 Upper Mississippi Valley 3*2 Valley of the Missouri 34 Valley of the Lower Mississippi 37 Inundations of the Mississippi 39 Face of the Country 39 Climate of the Mississippi Valley , , 42 Public Lands 4S Diagram of a Township 51 Away to the West! A poem : By W. K. COLE ., 52 STATE OF OHIO. Face of Count:-} Population Pro ducts Live Stock Rivers Government CINCINNATI COLUMBUS CLEVELAND routes 53-61 STATE OF INDIANA. Face of Country Products Live Stock Rivers Government- Population INDIAN APO LIS LA FAYETTE routes 62-67 STATE OF ILLINOIS. Face of Country Prairies Bar- rens Products Live Stock Rivers Government CHI- CAGO SPRINGFIELD Michigan and Illinois Canal ^Towns routes. 68-S3 STATE OF MISSOURI. Face of Country Products- Live Stock Rivers Government ST. Louis JKFFER- SON CITY routes, ffc 64-90 STATE OF MICHIGAN. Face of Country Products- Live Stock Rivers Government LANSING DETROIT routes, &fc 91 97 STATE OF WISCONSIN. Surface Lakes Rivers Pro- ducts Live Stock Population Climate MADISON MILWAUKIE History routes 98--10I STATE OF IOWA. Face of Country Products Live Stock Government History IOWA CITY routes 105-109 WESTERN TERRITORIES 109 APPENDIX. Letter to the Publisher Irish Emigrant So- ciety'n Address General Routes and Rates of Fare Value of Foreign Coins 110-136 Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by J. H. COLTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New- York. en, 3 ClZZs EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK, &C. &C. INTRODUCTION. A PERSON about to emigrate to, or visit a for- eign country, naturally feels desirous of becom- ing acquainted with its geography and resources, and the condition and habits of the people among whom he is about to take up his residence. The want of this knowledge has long been lamented by thousands who have come to the shores of the United States, and it has been the regret of phi- lanthropists, who have witnessed the evil conse- quences of a hasty and immature change of location, that no one has hitherto supplied the great desideratum so much needed by the emi- grant information. The "E?nigrant's ffand- JBook" is published with the view of giving, in as brief a manner as the nature of the subject will allow of, such information as is required by those emigrating from Europe; and no better method can be adapted to this end, than by pointing out the present condition of the United States, and the real prospects those visiting our shores may in- dulge in. The United States occupy by far the most valuable and the most temperate portion of North 283539 4 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. ^^ America. Confined originally to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, this great confederacy of republics has extended its empire over the whole region spreading westward to the Pacific, and surpasses in internal resources, and in the means of developing its natural wealth, the capacities of any of the empires of the old world. To the miner, the artizan, the manufacturer., merchant or agriculturist, it offers the most unbounded in- ducements. In staples inexhaustible, in mechani- cal power efficient, in means of transportation unexceptionable, in matter and mind not sur- passed, the prospects of the American Union are pre-eminently brilliant. The commerce, the in- ternal trade, mechanical skill and agricultural industry of the United States are second, indeed, to those of no other nation, except in the aggre- gate amount of commercial transactions, in which it is surpassed by Great Britain alone. The progressive increase of the dimensions of this country by conquest and cession has been rapid. At the termination of the revolution, in 1783, it was confined to the territories east of the Mississippi, and south of the Canadas. In 1803 it was augmented by the purchase from France of Louisiana, a country now occupied by the thriving states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and several territories extending over many hundreds of thousands of square miles. Florida was purchased in 1819, and at the same time the Spanish claim to the " Oregon" was transferred to the republic. In 1845 Texas vo- luntarily annexed itself to the Union ; and by the treaty of 2d February, 1848, the whole territory INTRODUCTION. 5 of New Mexico and California were ceded by the republic of Mexico. The present limits of the United States are bounded north by the Canadas and the 49th par- allel of north latitude ; east by the Atlantic Ocean ; south by the Gulf of Mexico, the Rio Grande, and the Rio Gila, which separates it from the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Sonora, &,c., and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. This vast country measures in extreme length from east to west, 2,800 miles, and from north to south, 1,369 miles, with an estimated superficial area of about 3,200,000 square miles, an extent of surface little inferior to that of the whole of Eu- rope, and a population counting from 21,000,000 to 22,000,000 of souls. The United States comprises three essentially different geographical regions : the slope from the Alleghany Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, which comprises the oldest settlements ; the val- ley of the Mississippi, or great central plain, now in the process of settlement ; and the slope from the Cordilleras of New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains, to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Such are the great natural divisions. Usually the country is divided into what are termed northern and southern, or free and slave states, in which the climate and habits of the people differ materially. It is chiefly, if not en- tirely, to the non-slave-holding states that the immigrants, those from Great Britain especially, direct their attention, because there they can en- joy a strictly healthy climate, and associate with neighbors of kindred opinions and habits of life. 6 EMIGRANT'S HAND-ROOK. Greater scope is likewise afforded in these re- gions for their industry in agricultural and me- chanical employments. The slave states, espe- cially those in the extreme south, or below the line of 36 30' north latitude, offer inducements only to the capitalist, who has sufficient to pur- chase both lands and slaves. There the climate is unsuited to the European constitution. Neither are the soil or staples of agriculture there grown, such as the European has been accustomed to. To raise cotton, tobacco, sugar and other tropi- cal products, is the peculiar employment of the African, and could not be attempted by those indigenous to temperate regions. There are now in the Union thirty separate and independent states, and a number of terri- tories which are as yet but thinly settled. The following table will exhibit the name, extent, O ' * ' population, &/c., of each, and the chief town or seat of government : NAME. EXTENT. POPULATION. CAPITAL. N. E. States. Sq. miles. Cens. 1840. Est. 1848. Maine 32.628 501.793 600,000 Augusta. New Hampshire 9.411 281.574 300,000 Connor I. Vermont 10,212 201.948 302.000 Montpelier. Massachusetts.. 7,500 737.699 850,000 Boston. Rhode Island... 1,340 108,830 130,000 j ^Newport! Connecticut.. 4,764 309,978 330,000 \ 3 ! CV toi ' (1 ^ ( N. Haven. Middle States. New York 46,085 2.428.921 2,780,000 Albany. New Jersey.... 8320 373,306 406,000 Trenton. Pennsylvania... 44.000 1,724,033 2,125,000 Harrisburg. Delaware 2.120 78,085 80.000 Dover. Maryland 13,950 470,019 495,000 Annapolis. INTRODUCTION. NAME. Southern States. Virginia North Carolina.. South Carolina.. Georgia Florida.. EXTENT. POPULATION". CAPITAL. Sq. miles. Cens. 1840. Est. 1848. 64,000 1,239,797 1,270,000 Richmond. 48,000 753,419 28,000 594,398 62,000 691,392 45,000 51,177 765,000 Raleigh. 605,OJO Columbia. 800,000 Milledffeville 75,000 Tallahassee. ' Western States. Ohio 39,128 ' L,519,467 ] L,850 000 Columbus Indiana 37,000 685.866 960,000 Indianapolis Illinois 52 000 476,183 735,000 Springfield Michigan 60,000 212,267 370,000 Lansing Wisconsin 64,000 50,600 30,945 43.102 215 000 Madison. 130 000 Iowa City Missouri 63,000 383,702 600,000 Jefferson Kentuckv. - 42 .,000 779.828 855,000 Frankiort. South Western States. Tennessee 40,000 Alabama 46,000 Mississippi 45,760 Louisiana. JO AikansasTf.... 55,000 Dist. of Columbia, 100 Territories. \ Minesota 60,000 829,210 590,756 375,651 352,411 120,000 97.574 43,712 950,000 690.000 610.000 470,000 119,000 152,400 46.000 Nashville. Montgomery. Jackson. Baton Rouge. Austin. Little Rock. WASHINGTON Fort Snellin?. Fort Leavenworth. Fort Gibsou. j Western 460,01)0 ( Inhabited by Nebraska 120,000 [ Indian Tribes. Indian 90,000 J -^ ( New Mexico.. 70,000) 80,000 Santa Fe. J -5 "5 [ Oregon 400,000 ) 20,000 Astoria. These states have also separate and distinct governments, and have uncontrolled*surveillance over all their own institutions, and form their own laws and municipal regulations. The whole states, however, are bound together as a con- federacy, and are subject to the Constitution of the United States, which, for the benefit of those 8 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. who are destined to live under its aegis, we give below, without reduction. The state constitu- tions are mostly of a similar form, and only dif- fer from the confederation in being integral republics. The territories are under the imme- diate control of the President and Congress of the United States. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the -"filesaing'st vjflilicrty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICL^ I. SECTION I. 1. ALL legislative powers herein granted, shall be vest- ed in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION II. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members, chosen every second year, by the people of the several stateslf and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. . CONSTITUTION. 9 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- tioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole num- ber of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years alter the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not ex- ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enume- ration shall be made, the state of New-Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three Massachusetts eight Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one Connecticut five New- York six New-Jersey four Pennsylvania eight- Delaware one Maryland six. Virginiaten North Caro- lina five South Carolina five and Georgia three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legisla- ture thereof, for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- quence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class, shall be vacated at the expira- tion of the second year, of the second class, at the ex- piration of the fourth year, and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legisla- ture of any state, the executive thereof may make tempo- rary appointments, until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 10 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. 3. No person shall be a Senator wlio shall not have at- tained to the age of thirty years, and been nine yearn a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. t 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro-tempore, in the absence of the Vice-Presi- deut, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or allirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not ex- tend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. SECTION IV. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION v. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, re- turns and qualifications of its el- 14 32 51 65 85 105 127 167 251 Athens From Co/ limb us to JVTariet To Zanesville fTo Plymouth Terre Haute Covington La Fayette Logansport Lockport Northtield Logan sport Indianapolis Cincinnati ........ Fro-lit jEvaitiicille to Chicago To Covingtou 1 1 III 172 THE PORK TRADE OF INDIANA. HOGS SLAUGHTERED FOR MARKET, IN 1846-7. Places. Number. \ Places. Number. Uichinond, 1,100 \ Lagree 1,000 Madison, .......... 63.000 Lafayette, ......... 15,000 Lawrenceburg, ---- 10,000 Connorsvilie ....... 7,000 Fort Wayne 2,000 Covington 6,000 Eugene 6.000 Attica 3,500 Dupin 6,000 Terre Haute.. 20.000 Evansville ......... 7,000 Laurel ............ 8,000 Brookville ......... 6,000 The above statistics are taken from the " St. Louis Republican and Western Journal ' They are of inestimable value. How inexhaustible is our great West ! 68 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. STATE OF ILLINOIS. Illinois is bounded on the north by the State of Wisconsin, east by Lake Michigan and In- diana, south-east and south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucky, and west by the Mississippi, which flows from north south- ward between it and the states of Iowa and Mis- souri. Its geographical position is between 37 and 42 30' N. latitude, and 87 and 92 W. longitude. In extreme length it is 378 miles, and width 210 miles, containing an area of about 55,000 square miles. The population in 1840 was 478,183; in 1845, (>43,48'2, and at the pre- sent time, it is estimated at 735,000. Face of the Country, fyc. The surface is generally level ; the southern and northern parts of the state are somewhat broken and hilly, but no where rising to an 4 elevation deserving the name of a mountain. That portion of the state, south of a line from the mouth of the W abash to .the m,outh of the Kaskaskia, is mostly covered with timber ; thence northward, prairie predomi- nates. " The eye sometimes wanders over im- mense plains, covered with grass, finding no limit to its vision but the distant horizon ; while more frequently it wanders from grove to grove, arid from one point of woodland to another, charmed and refreshed by an endless variety of scenic beauty." A range of bluffs commences on the margin of the Mississippi, (a short dis- tance above the mouth of the Ohio,) and extends north of the Des Moines Rapids, sometimes rising abruptly from the water's edge, but most STATE OF ILLINOIS. 69 generally at a few miles distance, having, be- tween the bluffs and the river, a strip of alluvial formation, of most exhaustless fertility. The soil throughout the state is generally very fertile. The forest trees most abundant, are oak of dif- ferent species, walnut, ash, elm, sugar maple, lo- cust, hackberry, buckeye, sycamore, &,c. Lead is a very important mineral production of this state ; copper and iron ores exist. Coal abounds in the bluffs ; several fine salt springs exist in the southern part of the state. Vegetable pro- ductions are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, buck- wheat, potatoes, turnips, cotton, hemp, flax, to- bacco, castor bean, &c. A large part, probably two-thirds of the sur- face of the state, is covered with prairies. A common error _has prevailed abroad, that our prairie land is wet. Much of it is undulating and entirely dry. Prairie is a French word, signifying meadow, and ,is applied to any de- scription of surface that is destitute of timber and brushwood, and clothed with grass. Wet, dry, level, and undulating, are terms of descrip- tion merely, and apply to prairies in the same sense as they do to forest lands. Levc.l prairie is sometimes wet, the water not running off freely is left to be absorbed by the soil, or evaporated by the sun. Crawfish throw up their hillocks in this soil, and the farmer who cultivates it, will find his labors impeded by the water. In the southern part, that is, south of the national road, leading from Terre Haute to the ^f Mississippi, the prairies are comparatively small, 70 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. varying in size from those of several miles in width, to those which contain only a few acres. As we go northward, they widen arid extend on the more elevated ground between the water courses to a vast distance, and are frequently from six to twelve miles in width. Their bor- ders are by no means uniform. Long points of timber project into the prairies, and line the banks of the stream, and points of prairie pro- ject into the timber between these streams. In many instances are copses and groves of timber, from one hundred to two thousand acres, in the midst of prairies, like islands in the oceun. This is a common feature in the country, between the Sangamon river and Lake Michigan, and in the southern parts of the state. The lead mine re- gion, both in this state and the Wisconsin Ter- ritory, abounds with these groves. The origin of these prairies has caused much speculation. We might as well dispute about the origin of forests, upon the assumption that the natural covering of the earth was grass. Probably one-half of the earth's surface, in a state of nature, was prairies or barrens. Much of it, like our western prairies, was covered with a luxuriant coat of grass and herbage. The steppzs of Tartary, the pampas of South Ame- rica, the savannas of the southern, and the prairies of the western states, designate similar tracts of country. Mesopotamia, Syria, and Ju- dea, had their ancient prairies, on which the patriarchs fed their flocks. Missionaries in Bur- mah, and travellers in the interior of Africa, mention the same description of country. Where STATE OF ILLINOIS. 71 the tough sward of the prairie is once formed, timber will not take root. Destroy this by the plow, or by any other method, and it is soon converted into forest land. There are large tracts of country in the older settlements, where, thirty or forty years since, the farmers mowed their hav, that are now covered with a forest of / * young timber of rapid growth. The fire annually sweeps over the prairies, destroying the grass and herbage, blackening the surface, and leaving a deposit of avshes to en- rich the soil. It is evident to those who, for a series of years, have observed the changes upon prairie land, that they were never caused, nor are they perpetuated by these sweeping autumnal firesv The writer has known a tract of prairie en- closed, and preserved from the ravages of fire for a quarter of a century, and still retain, as if with determined tenacity, its distinctive charac- ter. Not a shrub or bush appeared. Brush- wood and timber will not grow as long as its ad- hc.sive sward remains unbroken. The prairie grass must be destroyed before timber will take root. Tlys fact is well known to the old in- habitants of the country, and is worth a thousand speculations of recent emigrants or casual tour* ists. Extensive prairies existed in the Atlantic states at the period of the first visits of Euro- peans. Captain John Smith noticed them when he visited the Chesapeake. The late Mungo Park describes the annual burning of the plains of Mandingo in Western Africa, in the same 72 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. manner as one would describe the prairie fires of the Western States. The writer is acquainted with thousands of acres, now covered with a thick growth of young timber, that since his residence in the country have been changed from prairie. Invariably the grass and sward were first destroyed. Barrens. This term, in the western dia- lect, does not indicate poor land, but a species of surface of a mixed character, uniting forest and prairie. These are called " openings " in Michigan and Northern Illinois. The timber is generally scattering, of a rough and stunted appearance, interspersed with patches of hazel and brushwood, and where the contest between the fire and timber is kept up, each striving for the mastery. In the early settlements of Kentucky, much of the country below and south of Green river presented a dwarfish and stunted growth of tim- ber, scattered over the surface, or collected in clumps, with hazel and shrubbery intermixed. This appearance led the first explorers to the in- ference that the soil itself must necessarily be poor, to produce so scanty a growth of timber, and they gave the name of barrens to the whole tract of country. Long since it has been ascer- tained, that this description of land is amongst the most productive soil in the state. The term barren has since received a very extensive appli- cation throughout the west. Like all other tracts of country, the barrens present a considerable diversity of soil. In general, however, the sur- face is more uneven or rolling than the prairies, STATE OF ILLINOIS. 73 n,nd sooner degenerates into ravines and sink- o holes. Wherever timber barely sufficient for present purposes can be found, a person need not hesitate to settle in the barrens. These tracts are almost invariably healthy ; they possess a greater abundance of pure springs of water, and the soil is better adapted for all kinds of produce, and all descriptions of seasons, wet and dry, than the deeper and richer mould of the bottoms and prairies. When the fires are stopped, these barrens pro- duce timber, at a rate of which no northern emi- grant can have any just conception. Dwarfish shrubs, and small trees of oak and hickory are scattered over the surface, where for years they have contended with the fires for a precarious existence, while a mass of roots, sufficient for the support of large trees, have accumulated in the earth. Soon as they are protected from the ravages of the animal fires, 'the more thrifty sprouts shoot forth, and in ten years are large enough for corn cribs and stables. As the fires on the prairies become stopped by the surrounding settlements, and the wild grass is eaten out and trodden down by the stock, they begin to assume the character of barrens ; first hazel and other shrubs, and finally, a thicket of young timber, covers the surface. Agricultural Products, fyc. The productions of Illinois, in reference to its population, is equally great with that of the other Western states. The mining and other interests, how- O ' ever, divert a large portion of the people from the more valuable, but le^s lucrative occupation 7 74 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. of agriculture ; and grazing is more attended to than in most other states. The estimated crops of 1847 were as follows : Wheat 4,900,000 bushels, barley 116,000 bushels, oats 4,200,000 bushels, rye 155,000 bushels, buckwheat 120,000 bushels, Indian corn 33,000,000 bushels, pota- toes 2,100,000 bushels, hay 365,000 tons, to- bacco 1,288,000 pounds, rice 7,500 pounds, silk cocoons 3,200 pounds, and maple sug'ar 615,000 pounds. The value of fruit and vegetables is immense, but has not been computed. Live Stock, fyc. -The number of horses and mules in the state, is 210,000, of neat cattle 670,000, of sheep 430,000, of swine 1,650,000, and the value of poultry $420,000. The pro- ducts of the dairy are about half a million of dollars in yearly value. There are about 215,000 persons employed in agricultural industry. Rivers. The Mississippi, Ohio and Wabash rivers form more than two-thirds of the boundary of the state. The Bif a mile from its entrance into the lake. By he construction of piers, an artificial harbor has >een made at the mouth of the river. The city contains the county buildings, a United States Land Office, eight churches, an academy, and [(3,000 inhabitants. Back of the town, for three >r four miles, is a fine, elevated, and fertile prai- ie, and to the north, along the lake shore, are extensive bodies of fine timber. Numerous teamboats and vessels ply between this place ind Buffalo, and the intermediate places on the ipper lakes. It is admirably situated for trade, md is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. SPRINGFIELD, the capital of the state, is situ- ated on the border of a beautiful plain, four ailes south of the Sangamon river, and very near 76 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. the centre of the state. In 1823 it contained about 31) families, living in small log-cabins. There are now many handsome public buildings, including the cupitol, an elegant edifice of hewn stone, and has a population of about 5,000. It is in the county of Sangamon, which is said to con- tain a larger quantity of rich land, in proportion to its extent, than any other county in the state, and therefore can maintain a larger agricultural population, which is the great basis of national wealth. The following description of the Michigan and Illinois Canal, from the " Chicago Journal" gives an interesting view of the future prospects of this important enterprise ; the value of which, not only to Illinois, but to other states of the Union, cannot be over-estimated : " The Illinois and Michigan Canal connects Lake Michigan, at Chicago, with the Illinois river at La Salle. This last named point is usu- ally considered to be the head of steamboat na- vigation on the Illinois, although boats do occa- sionally pass further up the stream, in times of hi nli water. La Salle is 212 miles above the O mouth of the Illinois, 250 miles above St. Louis, and about 1530 miles above New-Orleans. The construction of the canal was commenc- ed in 1830, and continued until the close of 1842, when, for the want of adequate funds to prose- cute the work, operations were brought to a close ; at that period about $5,000,000 had been ex- pended ; the entire cost upon the modified plan is about six and a half millions of dollars. It was at this juncture that the State of Illinois ia STATE OF ILLINOIS. order to secure a loan of rnonev sufficient to y complete the canal upon a modified and less ex- pensive plan of construction, offered to pledge the canal and all its works, together with some 230,000 acres of canal lands, to such of her creditors as would come forward and advance a sum sufficient to complete the work in the modi- fied form, the estimated cost of which was set down at $1,630,000. As an additional induce- ment for the creditors to come forward and furnish this sum, the state agreed to re- gister bonds of the subscribers to the loan to an extent equal to twice and a half the amount they might subscribe, and to secure to such sub- scribers priority of payment of said registered bonds, both interest and principal ; and for the security thereof, the canal, lands, &>c., were, by the law authorising this measure, to be placed in the hands of three trustees, two acting for the bondholders or subscribers to the loan, and one for the state. Upon this proposition several of the large holders of bonds in Europe caused the canal, and all its affairs, to be examined by two agents, appointed by them for that purpose ; and upon receiving from the agents thus appointed, satis- factory evidence that the property offered as se- curity for the loan might be considered sufficient to reimburse the same, principal and interest, they, together with a large number of the Ame- rican bondholders, agreed' to furnish the sum 7 O named as necessary to complete the canal $1,600,000. 7* 78 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. The 239,000 acres of land spoken of, con- stitute about four-fifths of the entire quantity which the general government granted to the State of Illinois in 1827, to aid in the construc- tion of the canal. These lands lie on both sides of the canal, and within three miles of it, in al- ternate sections of 640 acres each ; all the resi- due, or the intervening sections, having been sold by the United States, and much of it, as well as 50,000 acres of the donation made to Il- linois, sold by the state, settled upon and culti- vated. That which remains unsold, now known as canal lands, has been greatly enhanced in value by the proximity of the surrounding im- proved lands. As the law which authorised the loan of $1,090,000, required these 239,000 acres to be brought to sale within three months after the completion of the canal, they will soon be brought into the market for sale, affording an excellent opportunity for those who desire to become inhabitants of one of the most important, thriving, and rapidly improving states in the West. Since the opening of the canal, business along the line has been exceedingly active. Freight boats and passenger boats are running back and forth continually ; and there is no doubt but that the revenue from this vyork, the first year of its operation, which can be but partial, -on ac- count of the short supply of boats, will exceed the anticipations of all. It is one of the most important works of the kind in the western country ; it furnishes the most expeditious route STATE OF ILLINOIS. 79 from the Mississippi river to the lakes, and it is impossible to estimate the extent of its maximum business. One great article of trade upon this canal will, without doubt, be the coal of the Illinois valley, both for the use of the steamers on the lakes, ind for domestic purposes. Five years ago (1842) 80,009 bushels of coal only were brought to Cleveland; but last year (Itf4?) 2,000,000 bushels were sold there. The steamboats prefer it, at the price of $2 50 to $3 per ton, because it requires so much less room, is handled with less labor, and generates as much steam per ton as two cords of wood will generate. Wood, per cord, costs about the same as a half ton of coal. Lumber, from the lake to the Mississippi, is to be a great article of trade also. Corn, which O ' can be and is raised in great abundance on the Illinois river, can be supplied at a profit to the grower, and delivered on the bank of the river for twelve and a half cents per bushel. This will be put in canal boats in bulk, and, by means of the steamers, tugged to the canal, and thence to Chicago, where this corn will be put on board the large propellers and sent direct to the St. Lawrence through the Welland canal, and thence shipped to England. The first cost being light, and the transportation being entirely by water, it can be carried a great distance with profit to the buyer. Pork and beef, also, which hitherto has been sent to Chicago on the hoof, for slaughter, will be packed on the river, and sent by the canal to Chicago, while salt for the same will be sent from the lake, through the canal, to immense 80 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. slaughtering establishments, similar to those which we see described in the Western ne\vs papers. All the staple productions of the countn on the Illinois, and on the Upper Mississippi, wil find their way through this canal." This canal is a work of the first class, anc both in character of its workmanship, and poin of capacity, will bear advantageous comparisoi with any canal of equal length in the Unitec States. It is GO feet wide at the surface, 36 a the bottom, and 6 feet deep. The locks are 1* in number, and of the same size as those of tru "enlarged Erie" designed for boats carrying from 100 to 120 tons. The locks, dams, piers and abutments of the aqueducts and bridges an of the best description of hammered masonry The bridges over the canal, of which there arc some 25 or 30, are of the kind known a: " Home's patent/' having spans of 70 feet anc upwards, and elevated ten feet above the deck* of the boats. The trunks of the aqueducts are supported by trussed frames of oak, constructed upon the same principle as the bridges. The towns of Illinois, otherwise than those already noticed, are small, but some of them are rapidly growing into importance. Along the Ohio are Shawneetown, Golconda, Napoleon, Trinity and Cairo ; along the Mississippi, down- wards, Galena, Rockport, Commerce, Warsaw. &,c. ; on the Illinois, Ottawa, Peoria, Beards- town, Carrolton, Augusts, &c. ; on the Wabash. Darwin, Palestine, Mt. Carmel, &c. ; and Ore- gon City, &c., on Rock river. Besides these, are a large number of thriving villages in the state. ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 81 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS, FramShawneeto wn to Spring- field. To Duncanton | 23 Mount Vernon '43 661 Salem ' 92 88 Zanesville 78166; Spnn-field 38201 From S/tawneftoiv/t to St. Louis. ToGallatiu... Nashville. Belleville. St. Louis. . 07 32 99 i 36 135 J.5150 From Golconda to St. Louis To Sar,dm!le Frankfort St. Louis From, Springfield to Galena, via. Peoria. To Peoria Providence Scot sville Buffalo Grove... Galena. . 70 44 114 35 149 24 173 5_7230 From Springfield to Lewis- twn. 21 To Petersburgh Havanna. . Lewistown 10 24 45 55 34 21 101155 From Shawneetowii to Cape Giradcau. From Springfield to Qitincy. To Berlin Jacksonville Meridosia , Mount Sterling... Columbus Quincy To Vienna... Jonesboro' Cape Giradeau.. .. 2-2 47 69 14 33 53 19! 72 21 ( JO 15111 19 20 24J_93J From K'iskaskiato Vinceunes. To Nashville 1 Salem.. i29 41 70 Maysville 26100 Vincennes.. 5610-2 Fr:nn Alton to Jacksonville. To Fayette . . Athensville. . Jacksonville. 11 20 32 43 63 Frot/i Spring field to Chicago, via. Peoria. To Middletown I ,20 Tremoat j 37 57 Peoria i 13 70 Chillicothe j 18 88! La Salic ! 46 l-'M Ottawa 15111) Joliet 43)192 Des Plaines 17,-JO!) Chicago From Springfield to Bur/i.ng- ton, la., via. Jacksonville. \ 33 21' 57 39l 96 39.135 To Jacksonville Beardstown Macomb ____ Burlington.. From Sprin To Rushville. Pulaski Carthage Nauvoo Fort Madison. field to Fort la., via. Nauvoo, 25 69 94 2H115 18 133 10 143 From S To Auburn Carlinville Lincoln Edwardsville St. Louis.. St. Lou/'s 15 24 2~0 15 21 39 59 74 95 From Spnngfield to S/tau>- neetown. ToL'incsville j | 38 Hillsboru'. 126 64 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK. Vandalia . 27 25 22 43 23 Cin olis 50 28 36 20 31 22 20 105 l^Oj 50 22 34 55 91 116 138 181 204 fin- JO 60 88 124 144 175 197 217 322 /. fay- 15 65 81 121 L76 Delevan 1 2 25 45 70 95 165 t alem. Springfield Jv'ourit Vernoii Duncanton St. Louis From Chicago a. Mai Us Wisconsin. To Rockford 'JU 85 102 118 159 kie, 16 32 61 72 97 Shawneetown From Springfield to nati, via Indiana^ To Rochester. Picatonica 17 16 41 Janesville Phelbyville Madison Bethsaida From Chicago to Milwati Wisconsin. To Wheeling Paris Terre Haute Putnamville Abinglon 16 29 11 25 Belleville South port Indianapolis Racine Cincinnati Milwaukee Frcm Spring ji eld to ette, la. To Mechanics burgh.. Montieello From Chicago to Prairie Clicne, via. Galena. To Cazenovia Du 11 41 59 tfS 112 158 202 229 Udina 30 18 24 27 46 44 27 Urbana ]Ylaren or o ] /anvil le ]( ochtord Lafayette Freeport From J, i cksonville to Si To Williamsburg Manchester u Lc 10 18 33 24 10 20 3S 71 95 Galena Cassville. ........ Prairie du Chene .. Carrolton From Chicago to Rock Isla via. Dixon. To Brush Hill ltd, 18 28 50 106 130 174 uis t eld. 40 83 98 113 117 162 175 212 232 327 Alton St. Louis From Peoria to Galena. To N. Hampton 20 NapinvilltJ ....... 10 22 56 24 11 Providence 24 35, 24 17 2.7 15; 44 79 103 120 145 160 m, It 35 45 66 94 I \ivon Scottsvil'e Lyndon Buffalo Grove Cherry Grove Rock ["land From Chicago to St via. Pt'oria and Spri To Pes Plaines Lo ./' 17 43 15 15 34 15 13 39 20 95 Apple River Galena From, Peoria to Bartingtt la. To Robin's Nest i Joliet Ottawa La Stille .. Trenton 21 11 21 28 Hennipin . Pome Knox Court House Wonmouth PC on a Burlington, la Tremont From Peoria to Ft. i To Pekin 1. jO-ll'i 5 s. c 13 Middlctown i" pringfield Tremont . St. Louis.. ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. From Chicago to . town. ToDesPlaines Joliet Roelcville Iroquois Danville Paris York Russelville Viiicennes. Mount Carmel Carmi Sliawneetown Shawiiee- \ 23 17 10 -30 70 31101 50151 38192 35 227 23 255 10 265 29 294 35 329 31360 From Chicago to Detroit. To falumet 12 Michigan City 41 53 Niles 44 97 Mottsville Freedom Cold water Moscow Cambridge Ypsilanti Detroit.. 28 125 23 148 21 169 22 191 22213 36249 30279 From Galena to Chicago, via. Rock-ford. To Burr Oak Grove.. Vanceburg. B<>lvidere. . LTdina Chicago ... 28 26 30 61 87 117 41158 Prom Galena to JXLadisoJi. To Mineral Point Ridgewav j 1 Madison.. ! 35 40 57 92 From Gal na to Prairie du C/tf.ne. To Jamestown 1 18 Cassville 26 44 Patch Grove 12 56 Pniiriodu Chene.J 15: 71 Illinois a n ft Michigan Canal from Chicago to Peru. To Canal Port.. Summit . '.. . Des Plaines-. Kupoiaw Lock-port Joliei Du Page River Morriiana Clarkson Marseilles Ottawa.. Ulica La Salle.. Peru. . 5! 27 5 32 6 10 13 38 48 61 4: 05 12 77 8 85 10 95 3 98 2100 \St(>amboat Route from Buf- falo to Chicago, 111., via. Mack iliac. To Hamburg. - 8 16! 12 22 Cattaraugus. Dunkirk Portland Erie, Penn Conneaut Harbor. Ashtabula Grand Kiver Cleveland Black River Vermiltioti River- Huron Sandusky Port Clinton Toledo Erie Monroe. Brest Gibraltar Detroit Fort Gratiot Point Barques.. . Thunder B.iy 1*1. Presque Isl Bfackinac Fort... Fox Isl Point Manitou Islands.. Manitowoc Sliehoygnn Milwaukie, Racine Pouthport Chic&go 18 17 15 30 30 14 28 32 28 10 12 10 15 35 121 12i 5 171 22 75 72 78 33.J 78 28 75 !100 21 53 10 28 45 60 90 120 131 162 194 222 234 244 254 26!) 301 316 328 333 350 372 447 519 597 630 708 736 811 911 935 988 23J1011 12 1023 52:1075 84 EMIGRANT'S HAND-ROOK. STATE OF MISSOURI. Missouri is bounded north by the State of Iowa ; east by the Mississippi river, which sepa- rates it from Illinois and Kentucky ; south by the State of Arkansas, from which it is divided by the parallel of 36 30' N. lat. ; and west by the Indian and Nebraska Territories, and the Missouri river. It is between 36 30' and 40 30' N. lat., and 90 and 95 30' W. long. Length, from north to south, 278 miles ; mean breadth 230 miles ; containing an area of 64,140 square miles. In 1840 the population was 383,702 ; in 1845 it was 511,937 ; and in 1847, according to estimate, 600,000. Face of the Country, fyc. With the exception of the alluvial bottoms, Missouri is rolling or hilly ; yet no part rises to an elevation deserving the name of a mountain. No other state in the union is so greatly diversified as respects soil and external features. The south-eastern corner is almost entirely alluvial. A range of hills com- mences in St. Francis county, and extends in a .south-westerly direction to the southern boundary of the state. Another range of a larger class, commencing near the Missouri, and between the C5 ' waters of the Gasconade and Osage, continues through the state, increasing in magnitude, until far within the State of Arkansas ; these are term- ed the Ozark mountains. This ridge is fre- quently very abrupt near the water courses, and often retiring from them, with strips of riqh allu- vial between. In St. Francis county exists the STATE OP MISSOURI. 85 celebrated " mountain " of micaceous oxide of iron, which has an elevation of 350 feet above the surrounding plain, is a mile and a half across its summit, and yields eighty per cent, pure metal. Five miles south is another magnificent pyramidal " mountain " of the micaceous oxide of iron, known as the Pilot Knob, 300 feet high, and with a base of a mile and a half in circum- ference. This pyramid is not in plates, but huge masses of several tons in weight, and yields also 80 per cent. Copper is also found in Missouri, and its inexhaustible lead mines are well-known. The " Pine Ridge," in this region, furnishes that lofty timber in abundance ; many of the trees being ninety feet high, and four feet in di- ameter. Washington county is a perfect bed of metallic treasures ; lead and copper, copperas, chalk, black lead and brimstone, cornelian and other precious stones, free-stone, lime-stone, grind-stone, and burr-stone. St. Genevieve county has numerous quarries of magnificent marble, and vast caverns of beautiful white sand, resembling snow, much prized for the manufac- tory of flint glass. " Throughout the mineral district is found, on searching the bowels of the earth for ores, beds of rich, red marl clay , which has been proved to be the very best manure for the soil. These beds are inexhaustible ; and some years hence, that portion of Missouri which is considered a sterile, mineral region, will be found as fertile as any portion of the state." Between the waters of the Osage and the Mis- souri, is a fine tract of country, celebrated for its fertility, agreeably diversified with woodland and 8 86 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. prairie, and abounding with coal, salt springs, &-C, The country north of the Missouri, is emphati- cally the " Garden of the West." There is no part of the globe where greater extent of coun- try can be traversed more easily when in its na- tural state. It is for the most part a surface de- lightfully rolling and variegated, sometimes rising into picturesque hills, then stretching far away into a sea of prairie, occasionally interspersed with shady groves and sparkling streamlets. Almost every acre of this fine region of country is susceptible of agricultural improvement, and usually productive, The products consist of to- bacco, cotton, hemp, corn, wheat, rye, oats, bar- ley, and the grasses. All kinds of garden vege- tables thrive well. Large quantities of horses, mules, horned cattle, sheep and hogs, are raised annually for exportation. Agricultural Products, fyc. The quantities of produce raised in 1847, are as follows : wheat, 1,750,000 bushels; oats, 6,020,000 bushels; rye, 86,000 bushels ; buckwheat, 25,000 bush- els ; Indian corn, 25,000,000 bushels ; potatoes, 1,050,005 bushels; hay, 80,000 tons; tobacco, in the cultivation of which the slaves are occu- pied, 14,000,000 Ibs. ; silk cocoons, 230 Ibs. ; and maple sugar, 500,000 Ibs. The value of fruit and garden vegetables, may be estimated at $140,000 yearly. Hemp and flax, and some cot- tons, are raised in this state. Live Stock, fyc. Missouri has comparatively a large stock of domestic animals ; the numbers may be set down as fully equal to those of Illinois, except in neat cattle, which may be about 25 per STATE OF MISSOURI. 87 cent. less. The produce of the dairy is about $180,000 in value ; and the annual amount of wool is stated to be about 760,000 Ibs. Rivers. The Mississippi meanders along the entire eastern boundary of the state, for a distance of 400 miles; receiving in its course the waters of the Missouri. Through the centre, and the richest part of the state, the wild Mis- souri pours out its never-ceasing currents, being navigable for steamboats far westward, for four or five months in the year. The Lamine, Osage and Gasconade on the right, and the Grand and Chariton on the left, are the navigable tributaries of the Missouri. Salt river, a navigable stream, falls into the Mississippi 86* miles above the Mis- souri. Merrimac river, also navigable, enters the Mississippi 18 miles below St. Louis. The White and St. Francis drain the south- eastern port ion, and the Six Bulls and tributaries, the south-western part of the state. The principal exports are lead and furs. A large capital is employed in the fur trade, on the head waters of the Missouri. .Form of Government, fyc. The powers of government aie divided into three distinct de- partments. The legislative power is vested in a " general assembly," which consists of a " Se- nate >: and a 4< House of Representatives." Elections are held biennially, as are the ordinary sessions of the legislature. Senators are elected for four years. The supreme executive power is vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled " The EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. Governor of the State of Missouri." Term of service, four years. ' ml The judicial power is vested in a " supreme court, " in circuit courts," and in such inferior tribunals as the general assembly may, from time to time, establish. Every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, and who shall have re- sided in the state one year before .an election, and three months in the county where he votes, is a qualified elector. Enumeration of inhabitants to be made every four years. The CITY OF ST. Louis is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, 20 miles below the junc- tion of the Missouri ; population in 1845, 34,140. now estimated at about 50,000. It occupies a plain, which rising gently at an angle of aboul two and a half dogrees, to a distance of six hun- dred yards from the river, terminates in a hori- zontal plane, which extends far to the west, north, and south. St. Louis is the great depot of the country west of the Mississippi, to the shores of the Pa cific. Viewed from the opposite shore, or as i is approached from the river, it presents a beau tiful appearance. The city was first settled in 16(34. It is mos favorably situated for commerce, and is no doub destined to be one of the largest cities of the west O JEFFERSON CITY is the capital of the state and is situated on the west bank of Missour river, on elevated ground. It contains about 200( inhabitants. ROUTES IN MISSOURI. 89 ROUTES IN MISSOURI. From, Burlington to Peoria > From St. Lows to New-Mad- To Monmouth Knox Court House Trenton . : Charleston Peoria 21 10 14 21 281 49| 59 73 94 From Burlington to Quincy To Augusta Fort Madison 11 10 17 11 22 32 49 Nauvoo Warsaw Lima I 13 _Quincy , 18 80 'From St. Lo'/is to Chicago, via. Springfield, M. To Edwardsville Lincoln Carlinville Auburn rid. To Fredericktown.. Jackson Benton New Madrid . 38 109 147 26ll73 41214 Sprin^ Chicago. field. 15; 20 24 15 21 36 56 80j 951 232 327 From St. Low's to Burling- ton, Iowa. To Alton Jerseyville 20 44j Carrolton 13 57 Manchester 18 75 Jacksonville 20 95 . 102197, \From St. Louis to Fort Leav- enworth,via. St. Charles. | To St. Charles | 20 Hickory Grove... j 28 48 Danville 36 84 Fulton 25109 Decatur 42151 Glasgow 21172 Brunswick 28'200 Carrolton 22 222 Richmond 27249 Liberty 27276 Fort Leaven worth 1 31307 Prom Si. Louis to Indepen- dence. To Manchester.. Burlington From St. Louis to Iowa City. ToSt Charles Troy Bowling Green.. New-London. ... Palmyra Monticello Waterloo Fort Madison. . . . Burlington Union. Gasconade Jefferson City Boonvillc . , 20 35 55 37j 92 36 128 45 IT.} Arrow Kock ! 22 195 Mount Hope 39 234 Lexington 18252 Independence ' 40292 32 32 22106 23 129 32 162 25187 29 22 20 Prom St. Louis to Ft. Smith, 52 1 Ark. 84 ToClifton.. Caledonia Steel vi lie Pine Bluff. Oakland Woodburv 216 233; I Springfield. Iowa City 80323 > Cassville 8* j 26 28 79 42 121 50171 36207 18225 33 258 50!30S 90 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. Fayetteville 53371 26387 35422! Platte Kiver, Up Platte River ,CJp North Fork to \ Cedar Grove, j To Chimney Rock.. Scott's Bluff..... Fort Laramie Big Springs 220 196 75 58 38 73 45 88 120 40 70 133 55 70 70 110 153 94 70 80 100 676 872 947 1005 1043 1116 1161 1249 1369 1409 1479 1612 1667 1737 1807 1917 2056 2209 2303 2373 2453 2553 Evarisville . . Fort Smith From St. Loin's to Little Rock, Ark. To Caledonia 1 79! Farm ; n cr ton 22101 43 144 80 224 50 274 90364 f-2>i*Afnvi 1 1 1* Jackson Sweet Water ) River | Little Rock. South Pass, j RockvMts.. J Little Sandy Riv. Green River. . From St. Louis to Lot Ky. To Belleville, 111 lisville, 14 23 37 41 78 61 139 31170 35205 40245 18263 16279 Great Sandusky. Partenith first ) waters of the > Columbia J Fort Hall Aviston Saiem * Olney Vincennes Mount Pleasant. . . Hardinsburg Solomou's Falls. Greenville Grand Ronde Walla Walla.... Dalles Louisville From St. Louis to Astoria, Oregon. To mouth of Kansas. 381' Kansas River ) Crossing \ 75 456 Cascade Falls... Fort Vancouver.. Astoria PORK TRADE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. NUMBER OF HOCJS SLAUGHTERED FOR MARKET 1347 '48. St. Joseph's. 5,000 Weston 10.000 Lexington 2,000 Camclen 5,000 Brunswick 5,000 Glasgow, 3,000 Boonville 4,000 Rocheport 3,000 Liberty 2,000 Total, 39,000 STATE OF MICHIGAN. 91 \ STATE OF MICHIGAN. The State of Michigan is composed of two Peninsulas, formed by the great lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, and contains about 66,000 square miles. Its population in 1845 was 304,285, and is now estimated at 370,000, Its boundaries are thus established by an act of Congress. " Beginning at the point where a line, drawn direct from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, to the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay, intersects the eastern boundary line of the State of Indiana, and running thence with the said line to the said most northerly cape of the Maumee Bay ; and thence from the said north cape of the said bay, north-east, to the boundary line between the United States and the province of Upper Canada , thence, with said boundary line through the Detroit river, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, to a point where the said line last touches Lake Superior (being the rnouth of Pigeon river) ; thence in a direct line through Lake Superior, to the mouth of the Montreal river; thence, through the main channel of the said river Montreal, to the middle of the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the nearest head water of the Monomonie river ; thence, through the middle of that fork of the said river first touched by said line, to the main, channel of the said Monomonie river ; thence down the centre of the main channel of the same, to the centre of the most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan ; thence 92 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. through the centre of the most usual ship chan- nel of the said bay, to the middle of Lake Michi- gan ; thence through the middle of Lake Michi- gan, to the northern boundary of the State of Indiana, as that line was established by the act of Congress of the nineteenth of April, 1816; thence, due east with the north boundary line of the State of Indiana, to the north-east corner thereof; and thence south, with the east bound- ary line of Indiana, to the place of beginning." Face of the Country, fyc. The surface of the lower or southern peninsula is generally level, having very few elevations which may be termed hills. The interior is gently undulating, rising gradually from the lakes to the centre of the pen- insula, and is mostly covered with fine forests of timber, interspersed with " oak openings," " plains," and beautiful "prairies." Along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, are sand hills, thrown by the winds into innumerable fantastic forms, sometimes covered with stunted trees and scanty vegetation, but most generally bare ; on the shore of Lake Huron, are some high sand cliffs. The point formed by Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay is generally low and swampy. The forest trees are the same as in Ohio, with the addition of white and yellow pine ; fruit- trees produce abundantly. The soil is well adapted to wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, Indian corn, buckwheat, &/c. All kinds of garden vegetables, and the various species of grasses, thrive well. Agricultural Products, fyc. The crops esti- mated by the Commissioner of Patents, for 1847, STATE OF MICHIGAN. 93 were exceedingly heavy, and seem almost in- credibly large : the wheat crops amounted to 8,000,000 bushels ; barley to 210,000 bushels ; oats to 5,500,000 bushels ; rye to 90,000 bush- els ; buckwheat to 290,000 bushels ; Indian corn to 6,500,000 bushels ; potatoes to 498,000 bush- els; hay to 250,000 tons ; rice to 700,000 Ibs. ; silk cocoons, 1500 Ibs. ; and maple sugar to 3,260,000 Ibs. Live Stock, fyc. Horses and mules, 54,000 ; neat cattle, 230,000 ; sheep, 210,000 ; swine, 435,000, and the value of poultry of all kinds, about $115,000. The products of the dairy are estimated at $420,000, and the annual quantity of wool at 325,000 Ibs. Rivers. The southern peninsula of Michigan is drained by several large rivers and numerous smaller streams, which rise near the centre and pass off in an easterly and westerly direction, with the exception of the Cheboigan and three or four smaller streams, which flow in a northerly direction ; the larger streams are navigable for boats and canoes nearly to their sources. Raisin and Huron rivers flow into Lake Erie, Rouge into the Detroit strait, Clinton, St. Clair, and Black river, into the lake and strait of St. Clair. Saginaw river, formed by the junction of the Tittibawassee, Hare, Shiawassee, Flint and Cass rivers, enters into Saginaw Bay. Thunder Bay river and Cheboigan, with several smaller streams, flow into the northern part of Lake Huron. St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand and Maskego rivers, and several smaller streams, flow in a westerly direction into Lake Michigan. The counties 94 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. of Oakland, Livingston, Washtenaw, Barry, Jackson and Kalamazoo, abound with small clear lakes, from which are taken great quantities of fish of various kinds, and of most exquisite flavor. The Northern Peninsula. *" The entire area comprehended within the state limits west of lakes Michigan and Huron, cannot be stated O * with accuracy in the present unsurveyed condi- tion of the country ; but it cannot, if I have used proper data, vary greatly from twenty-two mil- lions of acres." " Portions of it are the mere development of sublime scenery, which apper- tains to that comparatively elevated portion of the continent. Mountains and lakes, plains, rivers, and forests, spread over it with a boldness of outline, which may be said to constitute al- most a peculiar type in North American geogra- phy. This divison embraces the mineral district of the region. Much of it falls under the influ- ence of causes which render it of little or no value in an agricultural point of view ; but it maybe regarded as the seat of future mineral operations. Accuracy, with respect to the extent of either kind of soil, either in acres or miles, must be the result of explanation and survey. The northern shores of Lake Michigan and Hu- ron, as far as Point Detour, are exclusively lime- stone, where rock is at all visible, and this rock is characterised by the usual indications of gyp- sum and brine springs. The growth of trees in the newly acquired boundary is as various as the * Schoolcraft. STATE OF MICHIGAN. 95 soils, and is, in general, an accurate index of its fertility. The sugar maple is interspersed throughout the tract, being separated by the san,, From Detroit to Cht To Nil PS cago. 1182 32 214 12 226 41267 12279 Port Huron Laporte Prom Detroit to Sag To Birmingham Michigan City Columbus, 111 Chicago ....... . Pontiac ... * See steamboat route from Buffalo to Chicago, p. 83. 9 98 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. STATE OF WISCONSIN. Wisconsin, a state just emerged from its tute- lage as a territory, is one of the most interesting and fertile districts of the broad lands of our Re- public. It is bounded north by the territory of Minesota and Lake Superior ; east by the State and Lake of Michigan ; south by Illinois, and west by Iowa and the Western Territory, from which it is separated by the Mississippi, and a line drawn from the Falls in the St. Louis, direct- ly south to the former river. It lies between 42 30' and 49 30' N. lat., and between 87 and 96 W. long., being about 600 miles long and 150 miles broad, and contains about 84,000 square miles of surface. Surface, fyc. Wisconsin is one vast plain, va- ried only by river hills, and the gentle swells and undulations of the country, usually called " roll- ing." This plain is elevated from 600 to 1 ,500 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest lands are those dividing the waters of the lakes from those of the Mississippi. From these there is a gradual des- cent towards the south and west, which, however, is several times interrupted by ridges and mounds, the latter of which, rising above the general land- scape, present an anomaly in the contour of the country ; and in the unsettled parts serve as guides to the traveller. The slope towards Lake Superior is very abrupt, and, as a consequence, the rivers are short, rapid, and broken by falls. They are unfit for navigation, but possess abun- dance of water-power, which at no distant period STATE OF WISCONSIN. 99 will become useful to the settler. There is an- other ridge of broken land, running from Green Bay south-westerly, forming the " divide ' : be- tween the waters of Lake Michigan and those of the Bay and the Neenah. After pursuing a simi- lar direction this ridge passes into the State of Illinois. Lakes, fyc. Besides the greatlakes on the north and east, a vast number of smaller ones are scatter- ed over the northern portion of the state. They are from one to twenty miles in extent, and many are amid the most beautiful and picturesque scenery, abounding in fish of various kinds, and having a rich supply of fine specimens of agate, cornelian and other precious stones on their shores. In the shallow water of the bays, the "zigania, aqua- tica" a species of wild rice, is abundant, and attracts immense flocks of water-fowl to these lo- calities, and even affords a nutritious aliment for man. Among the small lakes may be mentioned Lakes Winnebago, St. Croix, Cass, Pepin, Four Lakes, the Mille Lac, Ottawa, Pewaugau, Pewau- kee, Geneva, Greene, and many others. Rivers, Sfc. The Mississippi, as before observ- ed, forms the western boundary. It is augmented from this state by the waters of the Chippevva and Wisconsin, which,though themselves considerable rivers, scarcely perceptibly increase the volume of the " Father of Waters." Innumerable smaller streams and branches run through the whole ex- . tent of the state, so that no portion of it is with- out a plentiful supply of good, and generally pure water. The Mississippi is navigable as far up as ICO EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. the Falls of St. Anthony, and small steamboats ply on the Wisconsin snd some other rivers. The rivers running into the Mississippi take their rise in the vicinity of the sources of those running into the lakes, and they often originate in the same lake or swamp, so that the communi- cation from the Mississippi to the lakes is render- ed comparatively easy at various points. Some of the rivers are supplied from the Tamarack Swamps, from which the water takes a dark color. Products. Wisconsin is composed of timber- ed and prairie land, pretty equally divided, with some swamps and wet' prairies, having generally a soil from one to ten feet deep. All kinds of crops which are raised in north- ern latitudes may be cultivated with success ; and owing to the great range of pasturage on the prairies, it is an uncommonly fine grazing coun- try. The counties of Grant and Iowa abound with lead and copper ore. Bordering the Mis- sissippi and Wisconsin rirers the soil is rich, and the surface most generally covered with a heavy growth of timber. Agricultural Products. From the valuable statistical matter furnished in the report of the U. S. Commissioner of Patents, we are enabled to exhibit the amounts of the various crops raised in 1847: wheat, 1,21)0,000 bushels; barley, .30,000 bushels; oats, 1,500,000 bushels; rye, 8,000 bushels; buckwheat, 30,000 bushels ; In- dian corn, 1,000,000 bushels; potatoes, 1,080- 000 bushels ; hay, 96,000 tons ; and maple su- gar, 175,000 Ibs. STATE OF WISCONSIN. 101 Live Stock, fyc. There is no reliable infor- mation on this subject since 1840; and as the statistics of that year are entirely incapable of giving even an idea of the numbers of horses and cattle in 1848, we need not here trouble the reader with the details. Wisconsin is no doubt as liberally supplied with " flocks and herds " as her neighbors. For so young a state it is won- derful to behold the rapid progress which has been made by the people. Population. In regard to population Wiscon- sin has outstripped some of the old established states. As a rare phenomenon in social statistics we will exhibit in full its progressive increase : -Increase.- Date. Population. Numerical. Relative. 1830 3,245 1836 11,686 in 6 years 8,441 72,7 percent. 1838 18,149 in 2 years 6,463 35.3 " 1840 30,945 " .12,796 41.4 1842 ; 46,678 " 15,733 33.9 " 1844 117,000 " 70,322 60.1 1846 155,277 " 38,277 24.7 1848 215,800 " 60,523 28.0 " I Climate, fyc. The proximity of Wisconsin to the Great Lakes ensures it a softer climate than its geographical position would assign to it. The ex- tremes however are great, the thermometer some- times duringthe summer marking 100 and in win- ter receding to 40 below zero ; but the salubrity of the counjtry is not disturbed by these circum- stances, as the heat and cold are seasonal and approach not by sudden flaws, but by a gradation that renders the approach almost unfelt. The mean temperature of the year is, in different 9* 102 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. parts, from 46 6' to 47 4' ; and of spring, 43 4' to 48 6' ; summer, 67 3' to 71 I' ; autumn, 45 D 5' to 43 2' ; and winter, 17 3' to 27 3'. The lowest mean monthly temperature is 13 58' in January ; and the highest 75 D 47 / in July. The average annual amount of rain is from 27.96 to 38.83 inches. The north and north-west, and the south and south-west winds are those most prevalent ; the former in the winter and the lattei in the summer season. The salubrity of the climate, the purity of the air, and of the water ; the coolness and short duration of the summers, and the dryness of the winters, conspire to render Wisconsin one of the most favored regions of the United States. The swamps, marshes, and wet meadows are constant- ly supplied with pure water from springs ; and as they are seldom exposed to long continued heats, they do not send forth those noxious vapors so much dreaded in the more southern sections of the Union. Many of the most flourishing towns are in the immediate vicinity of large swamps, yet no injurious effect on the general health is experienced, and longevity is signally a. prevalent complaint with the settlers. Wisconsin has now taken an independent po- sition among her sister states, and a regular con- stitutional government, based on the most liberal principles, has been installed ; courts of justice are established, and schools and churches are thickly planted over the state. The natural advantages, and the present ad- vanced position of this state, render it very invit- ing; it is especially adapted for purely agricultural STATE OF WISCONSIN. 103 purposes, also for mining, or for grazing or sheep- farming. Its river and lake facilities are great, and already the busy strife of commercial activity has penetrated to its very centre. Steamboats ply on its waters; and roads, which have been built by the late territorial government, greatly facilitate the, development of the natural wealth of this fine country ; a country which is destined to support a large population, and to be one of the bright- est jewels in the diadem of liberty. MADISON, the capital, is 159 miles from Chr cago, and pleasantly situated on a peninsula, be- tween two lakes, on a gentle swell of ground, from which there is a regular descent to the O water. It is well laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and having in their centre a large square, in the middle of which is the State-House, a handsome stone edifice. The town contains about 1,500 inhabitants. MILWAUKIE is the largest and most important place in the state, whether we regard it in its na- tural or commercial position. It is situated on both sides of Milwaukie river, near its entrance into Lake Michigan, 90 miles above Chicago, and is a very flourishing city. Previous to 1835 the site of this city was a wilderness ; its population is now about 12,000. History. Wisconsin was formerly in the pos- session of the French, by whom it was discovered. It subsequently fell into the hands of the British, who held it until 1794, when it was transferred to the United States, and became a part of the * 104 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. " territory north-west of the Ohio river." In 1836 it was made a separate territory, and in 1848, on its adopting a constitution, it became a state of the Union. ROUTES IN WISCONSIN. From Milwa:ikie to C To Racine ''hici 11 14 10 16 4 12 igo. 25 36 50 60 76 80 92 From Madison to G alena. \ 25 19; 44 8 62 12 64 19 83 9 92 Southport T^Oflcrp vil !*- Otsego, 111 Mineral Point Rf^l iTinnfr Abington , \Vheeling ..... Hazel Green. Galena Dutchman's Point. Chicago From Milwaukee to Bay. To Washington. . Green - 1 28 30 .18 36 84 18 102 18 120 From Miliraukie to Island. To New Berlin Rock \ 10 23 33 20 53 24 11 18 85 13 98 27 125 15 140 68 208 Trov Shebovgan Johnston Ma niton woe Beloit La Boeuf Roseford Green Bay T7of*ktnrrl Oregon City From Madis-in to Fort ford. To Beaumont Craw- \ 26 10 35 10 46 IS 61 24 88 13101 Dixon. ......... Rock Island Fi-om Mil'-aukie to M To Prairie Village Summit adii 20 9 21 ton 15 30 50 59 80 Ridge way.. Dodge vi He . . Wingville Astuian Pateligrove. ...... Cottage Grove Madison. . Fort Crawford STATE OF IOWA. 105 STATE OF IOWA. Iowa is a large and fertile state, bounded on the north and west by the western territory ; east by the river Mississippi ; and south by the state of Missouri. It is situated between 40 30' and 43 30' N. lat., and between the meridians of 90 29' and 96 50' W. long., being about 256 miles long, and in mean breadth about 198 miles, and contains 59,600 square miles of surface. The population in 1840 was 43,112; in 1844 it was 78,819, and it is now estimated at 130.000. Face of the Country. The general features of this state present much of what is called " rolling," without being mountainous or even hilly. An elevated table-land or plateau, how- ever, extends through a considerable portion of the country, dividing the streams which flow re- spectively into the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers. The margins of the rivers and streams are thickly timbered, but the rest of the state is open prairie, with alternations of woodlands of some extent, which diversify and enliven the scenery. About three-fourths of all the lands are prairie. The varieties of these are end- less : some are level and others rolling ; some clothed in thick grass, suitable for grazing farms, while hazel thickets and sassafras shrubs invest others with a perennial verdure ; and in spring and summer are superbly decorated with flowers. The soil of Iowa is universally good, being of a rich black mould ; and in the prairies 106 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. this is sometimes mingled with sandy loam, and sometimes with red clay and gravel. Agricultural Products, fyc. The estimate of the crops of 1847 were as follows : wheat, 1,000,000 bushels ; barley, 35,000 bushels ; oats, 1,000,000 bushels; rye, 12,000 bushels ; buck- wheat, 20,000 bushels; Indian corn, 2,900,000 bushels; potatoes, -850, 000 bushels ; hay, 40,000 tons ; and maple sugar, 175,000 Ibs. The statis- tics, however, are incomplete, giving no account of the miscellaneous crops ; but which, it is pro- bable, have been as abundant as in the other western states. Live Stock, $$c. Horses and mules, 35,000 ; neat cattle, 7(5,000 ; sheep, 40,000 ; swine, 320- 000 ; and the value of poultry of all kinds, $42,000. Rivers, fyc. The Mississippi river borders the east of this state, and is navigable for steamboats the entire distance. The Des Moines waters the southern section of the country, and falls into the Mississippi, after forming, for some distance, the south-western boundary of the state. It is navigable for 100 miles from its mouth. The Iowa river, a navigable stream, also traverses a large portion of the state. Besides these there are numerous minor rivers and streams falling into either the Missouri or Mississippi, and which are highly beneficial to the fertility and produc- tiveness of the lands, as well as being available for transportation and internal communication. Government The government, of Iowa is based on the Constitution of 1846. Every white male ci- tizen is eligible for voting or office, on attaining the STATE OF IOWA. 107 age of twenty-one. The legislature, called the Gen- eral Assembly, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives, assembles at Iowa City bien- nially. Both senators and representatives are elected by ballot from among the people, and for the term of two years. The governor is chosen by a plurality of the popular vote, and is elected for four years ; he must be 30 years old, and have resided in the state for two years previous to his election. The secretary of state, auditor, and treasurer are chosen by the people. The judicial power is vested in courts created by the Constitution. The Supreme Court con- sists of a chief justice and two associate justices, elected by joint vote of the General Assembly, for six years, and until their successors are elect- ed and qualified. This court has appellate juris- diction only. The judges of the District Courts are elected by the people of the several judicial districts, for five years. Justices of peace have jurisdiction over all minor civil cases and breach- es of the peace of all descriptions. The Constitution is very stringent in regard to finance. No state debts, exceeding $100,000 can be, created, except in case of war or insur- rection, without a'special law, and the consent of the people, expressed through the ballot-box. Banks cannot be chartered, and no persons or associations are allowed to issue or circulate paper money. The state can never become a stockholder in any corporate undertaking. Funds are provided for the establishment of a University, and for the support of schools throughout the state. In this respect Iowa pro- 108 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. vides more liberally than any other state in the Union. Religious opinions are safe from moles- tation slavery and involuntary servitude is for- ever forbidden and the duelist is disqualified forever from holding any office of honor or profit within the country. History. Iowa was formerly a portion of Loui- siana, and came into the possession of the United States in 1803. In 1838 it was erected into a se- parate territorial government ; and in 1846, on the adoption of its Constitution, became one of the great family of our Confederate-Republic. The prospects of this new state are favorable. The land is good, and the emigrant experiences little trouble in making it productive. With a mild climate, plenty of water, pure and fresh, with navigable rivers, and all the characteristics of future prosperity in its midst, the state has rapidly increased in population and importance. Next to Wisconsin it is the most eligible to the European settler, who may find every description of land within its borders he may desire. Graz- ing and feeding are much attended to, and are highly remunerative to those engaged in these employments. IOWA CITY is the capital and seat of govern- ment. It is situated on the east side of the Iowa fiver, which is navigable at all seasons for keel- 7 O boats. This place was the hunting-ground of the Indian until 1839. The location is beautiful, rising on a succession of plateaux or elevated ter- races, overlooking a splendid country. The capitol is in the Grecian Doric style of architef?- ture, measuring 120 feet long and 61) ieet wide, ROUTES IN TOWA. 109 and is two-stories high above the basement. It is surmounted by a dome supported by 22 Corin- thian columns. The present population is about 1,600, and is daily increasing from the influx of emigrants. Dubuque, Burlington, &.G., are also places of considerable population and trade. There is a Quaker settlement at Salem, in Henry county, which is said to be in a very flourishing condition. ROUTES IN IOWA. Prom Burlington to St. Louis. To Fort Madison- Montrose St. Francisv lie Winchester Monticello La Grange ... Palmyra New-London . . 12 11 16 15 1") 22 34 45 61 76 91 W. Liberty [ 8 48 Iowa City | 12 60 \From Dubuqiieto Davenport. iTo Andrew De Witt Davenport 18109 23132 28 18 28 56 74 From Davenport to Burling- ton. Bowling Green. . . Troy St. Peters St. Charles Waltonham St. Louis 32186 21-210 8218 11229 9238 jjTo Blooming-ton. Muscatine Wapello Florence . . From Davenport to Iowa City. To Montpelier ....... Bloomington ..... Overman's Ferry. 12 Il 17 29 40 Burlington. 11 12 7 21 29 40 53 59 83 From Burlington to Iowa City. To Yellow Spring Florence. Wapello Muscatine... Bloomington , West Liberty Iowa City 10 7 12 11 19 12 16 26 33 45 56 75 87 TERRITORIES. Under a variety of local names these vast territories are yet occupied by the Indian ; but in several parts the pioneers of civilization have penetrated into their wilder- nesses. They are for many miles of a similar character to the Ian! of Iowa and Missouri, and principally consist of prairie. They ter- minate only with the Rocky Mountains. It is unnecessary to dilate further on their topography, as it is improbable thut any emigrants, for years to come, will find it necessary to occupy them. Millions may yet find homes in the more settled districts. 10 110 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. APPENDIX. THE following letter is from a gentleman, in whose practical knowledge and benevolent intentions the pub- lisher has the fullest confidence ; and as it contains many remarks and suggestions which may prove serviceable to the immigrant, he has concluded to insert it as a por. tion of his book, and has also adopted his advice, to re- publish the " Address of the Irish Emigrant Society," the contents of which are recommended to the best at- tention of those to whom it is addressed, and to all others, who, like them, are about to become citizens of the United States. J. H. C. NEW-YORK, 10th August, 1848. J. H. COLTON, Esq., Dear Sir : The interest you have ever had in forwarding the welfare of the thousands of immigrants who annually land on our shores, and seek among ourselves those immunities and privileges which are denied them in the countries of despotic Europe ; and having seen the proof-sheets of a small work you are now preparing for publication, have induced me to address you briefly on a subject intimately connected with the purport of your intended publication, viz. : the views I entertain in regard to conveniences which ought to be extended towards the stran- ger, who seeks to mingle his destiny with that of our own country, and the extension to him of those comforts which philanthropy would ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. Ill dictate, as necessary to his happiness and wel- fare. Having crossed the Atlantic between twenty and thirty times, and in almost every returning passage having made myself acquainted with many individuals and families, corning out to settle in the Far West, who had very little know- ledge of the country or the evils to which they were exposed from a set of sharpers, who watch to plunder every credulous and unsuspecting stranger from a foreign land, I am fully con- vinced, not only from observation on ship-board, but also from investigating the condition of this class of persons at their lodging-places in our cities, that in addition to the protection and aid they receive from the state, some further assist- ance is peculiarly needed, by individual exertion, for their benefit, until they arrive at the end of their journey in the interior, or find employment earlier in some of the Atlantic cities. It is a popular maxim, that '* IN UNION is STRENGTH." The principle will apply peculiarly to emigration ; and 1 would advise those immi- grants coming out with families, to buy farms in the west, that they associate with them other families, say from ten to twenty ; there being in such associations many advantages to be derived in the economy and comfort of each, not only on ship-board and to the place designed for set- tlement, but also in forming and executing their future plans of life as a social community. Many very pleasant and flourishing villages have been thus formed in the west, by families from the Eastern States ; and it is stiil more needful 112 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. and desirable for those from abroad to unite for their mutual benefit in such a plan, as they can have little or no practical experience in forming new settlements ; and singly, whatever enter- prise or perseverance a man may possess, these are too often thrown away on impracticable endeav- ors, which would have been crowned with suc- cess had the method pointed out been adopted. Immigrants, coming with or without families, should make no engagement for a passage, or arrangements for the voyage, without consulting some judicious friend, capable of giving the needful advice respecting the price to be paid for fare, and the provisions, clothing, money, and other matters, necessary to secure his com- fort and ultimate success in life. Such precau- tion is as proper in foreign cities to prevent im- position, as it is in our own. Passengers in the between decks, having mo- ney, would do well to place it, immediately on going aboard, in care of the captain, taking his receipt for it. This precaution ought not to be omitted, as there are usually among those in the forward part of the vessel some that are dishon- est ; and I have seldom sailed in any ship having emigrant passengers, that there were not some thieves to pilfer or deceive the unsuspecting on the voyage. Our packet captains are all respon- sible men, of high respectability, and money so entrusted to them will always be perfectly safe. But immigrants have been most imposed on and robbed after their arrival here, and that often by their own countrymen, whose influence should have been exerted to promote their com fort, and to assist, certainly not to injure them. ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 113 Before the state interfered to protect their in- terests, and to keep them from the hands of those swindlers, I employed considerable time to ascertain their condition after landing, and to discover whether public rumor respecting impo- sitions and robberies was correct. After visit- ing many of the immigrant boarding-houses, I was convinced that these reports were but too true, and that something ought to be done im- mediately by our public authorities or benevolent societies to put a stop to the victimizing, swin- dling operations carried on by a set of heartless and designing knaves. I therefore called upon the Presidents of the St. George's, Hibernian, St. Andrew's and German Societies, the Mayor of the city, and others, to see if some united ef- fort of these institutions and our city govern- ment could not be made to save the unprotected stranger from those depredations and disappoint- ments which have been the means of filling our hospitals and alms-houses, and flooding our great cities with sickness and pauperism ; and to pro- vide for the immigrants other places, where they would not be enticed into habits of gambling, in- temperance, and other vices, destructive alike of all those hopes of future prosperity, which are na- turally indulged in by the immigrant, and that usefulness to which he might otherwise have de- voted his energies. Since this period, the " British Protective Emigrant Society," the Irish Emigrant Societies, and other laudable associations for the protec- tion of the immigrant, have been founded. These and the recent laws of the state, and the 10* 114 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. appointment of a Board of Commissioners to protect the interests of the classes referred to, will, I have no doubt, be of essential service, and be productive of much good to all con- cerned. But much more remains to be done for them, that can only be effected by individual ef- fort, and with which the public authorities are incompetent to cope. Some systematic mode should be adopted to guide them, from the time they leave the land of their fathers, until they find a suitable residence in this country ; and no better plan presents itself to my mind to accomplish this desirable result, than to adopt the following proposals, viz. : 1. To distribute cards at Liverpool and other parts, whence emigrants usually embark, direct- ing them to the Agents of the numerous benevo- lent societies instituted for their benefit, in this and other cities of the United States, and to the managers of the Intelligence Offices under their O O care. By this plan the emigrant will receive, gratuitously, all the information he may want, and, in general, be able, through the influence of these societies, to find immediate employ- ment, if such be desired. 2. A word to those who are desirous of pro- ceeding to the interior. To those seeking em- ployment on the public works, as canals, rail- roads, &c., or those who are going out west to purchase lands, I can commend no one more worthy and willing to give assistance and advice, than JOHN ALLEN, Esquire, Superintendent of the Western Passage Company. He is a gentle- man eminently trustworthy, and capable of giv- ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 115 ing information on all topics connected with im- migrants, and the company to which he belongs is composed of about twenty of the most respec- table transportation firms, having 1,000 boats navigating the rivers, canals, and lakes. Mr. A. will give letters of introduction to gentlemen of the first respectability in every section of the Western states. 3. I would propose, also, to have one con- nected chain of communication, not only from New-York, or other ports, to the interior, but commencing at the actual point of embarkation, and from the emigrant's former abode, and end- ing only with his destined home in this country. To effect this, agents ought to be stationed at the European ports, having power to sell passage fares, not only from port to port, but from the port of embarkation to the ultimate destination of the emigrant. By such an arrangement, he would be conveyed safely, and be protected from those impositions to which, in the present state of things, he is hourly liable, and he would find a friend, instead of a foe, at every stage of his progress. This, however, must of necessity be an individual enterprise ; and I feel certain that if carried into effect by honest and capable par- ties, it would conduce much to the welfare of all concerned. Thus a little forethought and a correct plan are necessary, and with these how much danger and misery are avoided how much comfort and safety is secured ! It is like every other enter- prise which men undertake : there is one right way and a great many wrong ones ; and, in or- 116 EMIGRANT'S HAND-ROOK. der to avoid the latter and to secure the former, one must make use of the knowledge and expe- rience of others ; being, however, at the same time very careful to know whom you consult, and on whom you may rely for correct informa- tion and advice. Before concluding this rather lengthy note, for the length of which, however, the subject matter must apologize, I should propose to you to republish, in extenso, the excellent " Address of the Irish Emigrant Society." It is a docu- ment full of the most valuable remarks, advisa- tory to the Irish immigrant, and may not only be useful to those coming from Ireland, but to those also from other parts of Great Britain. Sincerely hoping that your book may prove use- ful to those for whom it is designed, and, at the same time, remunerate your enterprize, I am, sir, with sincere regard, Yours, respectfully, ADDRESS Of the Irish Emigrant Society of New- York, to the People of Ireland. As an inducement to a proper consideration of the remarks which follow, it is perhaps necessary that you should be informed of the objects for which our Society was organized. During many years', the evils inflicted by fraud and violence upon the class of persons emigrating to America from Ireland, and the difficulties incidental to their utter ignorance of the people, laws, and institutions of our country, rendered their position upon their first arrival amongst ADDRESS TO IRISH EMIGRANTS. 117 us truly pitiable. For the purpose of alleviating to a degree their distresses, certain charitably disposed persons, being Irishmen, and their descendants in the city of New- York, established this Society, and obtained an act of Incorporation for the expressed object of affording advice, information, aid and pro- tection to emigrants from Ireland. It is by that Society you are now addressed. The greatness of the numbers arriving in large bodies at our port, is such, that we find it impossible amid the crowd and in the confusion and bustle of landing to address each, and hence, cannot secure to all that advice and care which we desire, and which their liability to imposition and mistake renders ne- cessary ; and therefore, we take this method to avoid the difficulty, and to present the matters to which we wish your attention directed. We desire, preliminarily, to caution you against entertaining any fantastic idea, such as that magnifi- cence, ease and wealth, are universally enjoyed in this country. We are apprehensive, that you may be deluded by tales of prosperity, delineated as princely, and declared certain of attainment ; origi- nated on the one hand by men who criminally do so with a selfish purpose, and upon the other, by those who thoughtlessly do so to gratify their own vanity. Thus they may be indirectly suggested, through un- suspected agencies, by the influence of parties, who, if they secure your passage money, are utterly in- different, should you be landed here diseased and poverty-stricken, with no prospect save a lingering sickness, a loathsome death, and a pauper's grave. Another, a guiltless, and by you unsuspected source of deception is, perhaps, the letters and remittances you receive from your friends who have heretofore migrated ; some may write, that they have become " government officers," who, in truth, are employed as mere day laborers, in the meanest and most menial capacities which, by a stretch of perversion, can be 118 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. so described. Others may send you glowing ac- counts of the elevation of their prospects, who in fact are but " hewers of wood and drawers of wa- ter," earning no more than the necessaries of life. Others again may, and to the credit of your country people it is that a great proportion of them do, send their friends in Ireland money, which is not over- plus funds, but is the proceeds of hard labor long continued, which have been accumulated only by exercising the most parsimonious economy. Dismiss entirely from your regard all stories which may be of interested origin, and take with many grains of allowance the representations of your friends. It is natural, persons who have adventured to leave home and to seek their fortunes in a foreign, and far distant country, to give highly colored ac- counts of a success, which in reality, has been but the obtaining a laborious employment, and it is equally natural for those who send you money, to wish rather that you should suppose it a reckless gift from the lavishness of wealth, than a charitable donation from the sympathy of poverty. Against all these varied sources of deception, and as well against any uneasy, aimless, and indefinable desire to come hither, which may possess your own minds, we give you full warning. Among us are all degrees and stations, the rich and the poor, the proud and the humble, in the same manner, though, perhaps, not to the same extent, nor in the same degree, as they exist in European society. The advantages of emigration apply more parti- cularly than to any other to the mechanical, agri- cultural and laboring classes, and to persons, male and female, proposing to engage in domestic employ- ments. If, after having well and sufficiently considered the warning we have tendered, which you are merely to take as a suggestion to reflection, you feel that ADDRESS TO IRISH EMIGRANTS. 119 you can reasonably and sensibly conclude to come to our country, it must be expecting not luxury but labor, with your minds determinedly fixed to en- compass difficulties, to endure hardships, and to en- counter adversities ; it must be with a spirit pre- pared to conquer impatience, and to avoid discou- ragement, at even what may seem insuperable ob- stacles. It is needless to expatiate further upon the care necessary to be exercised in considering the profit or loss you may sustain by the change of location ; were we to exhaust our time and your patience by a more lengthened treatise, it would amount to but the effect that care is necessary all the illustrations we furnish of our meaning would probably meet but the case of one in a thousand of your number, and would be in- applicable to the rest, and hence the great body of your people would be by them in no measure en- lightened. We therefore conclude, by saying, that you must never forget that when you emigrate, you- leave home. Supposing you to have properly or otherwise con- cluded to come here, it is one of the objects of our organization to offer you the best advice we can upon the course you should pursue. We first mention a danger which besets you near home. You may be disposed to think, and will, by many of those about you, near tho time of starting, be advised that one of the important preparations for your journey is the purchase of American money. If you have money in British gold do not change it all, and if at all, not for bank bills nor drafts upon America. If you do, you will to almost a certainty have palmed off upon you in exchange some worthless trash which you will upon this side of the Atlantic discover to be mere rubbish. British gold can be used herewith as much convenience as our own currency. Depend upon this, notwithstanding your own preconceived notions the apprehensions of your friends and the representations of merely interested parties. Many 120 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. instances have come to our knowledge in which per- sons have attempted to obtain American money in Liverpool and elsewhere, and almost invariably they have been defrauded. Many come with the expectation of meeting here the countenance of what they believed to be influ- ential and powerful friends. Such a hope is futile, unless the friend depended upon has been a long re- sident here, and during his residence has been of sober and correct deportment, and then unless he holds out to you offers of his assistance. If upon your leaving home, you have a friend here whose qualities come up to that standard, and calculate upon his aid, you must be prepared before your de- parture with the surest and most minute directions you are able to obtain for finding him upon your ar- rival. Often persons have landed here apparently with the expectation that by merely asking for their friend of the first' man they met, they would be en- abled to find him ; whereas, the fact is, that it would be difficult if they had the number and name of the street in which he resided ; and it would be impos- sible without. It is highly advisable that the direc- tions by which you are to be governed in seeking him, be written, the difference often existing in pro- nunciation may lead to misunderstanding. We should advise, however, that all calculations upon friends and friendship be laid aside in considering the expediency of, and should be regarded as a mere convenience, minor to the advantages expected to be obtained by emigration. Every individual emigra- ting will find that he has but his own exertions upon which to depend. Upon the coming of the ship into the harbor of New- York, or upon her arrival at the wharf, she will be boarded by an agent of this Society, by whose advice and directions it will be highly advan- tageous for you to be guided. She will also be board- ed by a large number of persons known as " run- ners," (many of whom are Irishmen, speaking the ADDRESS TO IRISH EMIGRANTS. 121 Irish language,) who make it a business in this man- ner to apply to emigrants to lake board and lodging B,t the different boarding-houses for which they may be employed. Of these persons beware ! They will agree to furnish you with good board at a trifling price, and after having got you and your baggage at their houses, will give you a meagre entertainment, and upon your leaving, will demand two, three, or four times what they agreed and what is reasonable, and will refuse to permit your baggage and furniture to leave their premises until their extortionate charge be paid, and will, perhaps, maltreat you besides. It is much easier for you, by following our directions, to avoid such difficulty, than for us to relieve you after you have become involved. These runners will tell you to have a care how you deal with our Society that we " wish to rob you," and other gross and monstrous slanders, the falsity of which you will perceive, when we inform you that no charge is made, nor money received by the Society or any of its agents that all the services rendered are rendered gratuitously. Our agent, who boards your vessel, will make all arrangements for you, if you will but listen to him, and be governed by his directions. This Society keeps an office at No. 22 Spruce- street, in the city of New- York, where, at all times, every advice and information as to boarding-houses and their proper rates of charges, as to travelling routes and their expenses, &c., will be readily and gratuitously furnished to such of you as apply. Supposing you to have avoided the fraudulent boarding-house-keepers, by pursuing our advice. and the directions of our agent, there is another species of fraud to which you are exposed, and which, while in its practice it is equally specious in its conse- quences, is infinitely more embarrassing. Many persons (the greater proportion of whom also are of Irish birth) have established in this city offices where they pretend to conduct agencies for certain rail 11 122 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. roads, steamboats, and other modes of transportation, and they also employ " runners," who will board your ship. Should you unadvisedly deal with them you will surely be defrauded. They will sell you tickets which purport to entitle you, with your bag- gage, to a passage to your destination. Upon the faith of this you start upon your inland journey, and having reached, perhaps, the firt stopping place, are in- formed that the ticket is utterly worthless, or may be called upon to pay freight for your baggage, and find the charge now demanded exceeding in amount that which you have already paid. It requires no- thing from us to picture to your minds the distress to which you may be thus exposed ; perhaps you may be out of money, and sick and weary, and in that state landed in a lonely part of the country, or among a people, who, by constantly seeing such things, have grown to a degree callous. It is sufficient, however, for the present to you, who, without care may be- come victims of such frauds, to be put upon your guard against them, without further enlarging upon the subject. With another a general remark we shall close. You may have full dependence upon your own in- genuity and knowledge of the world, but they are entirely insufficient to enable you to avoid the ever varying devices of rner, who make knavery their study, and plunder their livelihood. In perhaps the very cases in which a man of prudence would be disposed, if uninformed, to venture upon his own judgment, the greatest danger exists. You will, therefore, find much advantage in consulting with us, and by doing nothing which involves the outlay of money, or the incurring of responsibility without our advice and approval. We hope, that by presenting a dark* prospect, we may not dishearten any whose only hope consists in coming to this country. It is a land of plenty, but the seed must be sown, and.the crop must be gathered with equal labor here as in other parts of the earth. ADDRESS TO IRISH EMIGRANTS. 123 It is a land where honesty, sobriety, and industry, are sure of their reward but where poverty is sub- ject to the same trials and difficulties as elsewhere- Nor must you conclude from the fact that there are men here who make it a business, systematically, to defraud emigrants upon their arrival, that this is a people not worthy of respect. You must reflect that, by natural increase and by a great influx of popula- tion, this has become a large community, that it is inherent to every large community, to have lazy and worthless men among its members, who prefer cheat- ing to working, and that emigrants, by their igno- rance, and often by an overweening confidence in their own shrewdness, afford a practicable and pro- fitable field for the practice of piratical industry. You must remember that when you come here, it is to a people, who, though tney knew you not here- tofore, extend to you the hand of friendship, and in- vite you to partake of the rights and privileges of manhood. New- York, March 27, 1848. GREGORY DILLON, President. JOSEPH STUART, ) HUGH KELLY, V Vice- Presidents. JAMES MATHEWS, ) CHARLES SWEENEY, Secretary. WILLIAM REDMOND, Treasurer. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Felix Ingoldsby, James Reyburn, Charles M. Nanry, John Nicholson, K. B. Daly, John Manning, Thomas Swanwick, James Olwell, Terrence Donnelly, Charles E. Shea, William Watson," Francis Mann. 124 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF EMIGRANTS ARRIVING IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. [Passed April 11, 1848, three-fifths being present.] The people of the State of New-York, represented in Sen- ate and Assembly, do enact as follows : SECTION 1. The Commissioners of Emiora- O tion are hereby authorized and empowered to lease or purchase suitable docks or piers in the city of New-York, and to erect necessary enclo- sures thereon, and such docks and piers to be ap- propriated and set apart for the exclusive use of landing emigrant alien passengers ; but no docks shall be purchased or leased wilhout the approval and consent of the Common Council of said city, and the expense thereof, not to exceed fifteen thousand dollars, shall be paid out of the moneys paid in pursuance of the provisions of an act entitled " An Act concerning passengers in vessels coming to the city of New-York, pass- ed May 5, 1847," and be considered and charg- ed as applied to the general purposes of the said act. On application being made to them by any steamboat or lighter proprietor, who is a citizen of good moral character, and shall give good se- curity in a sum not exceeding five hundred dol- lars, to comply with the provisions of this act, the said Commissioners are hereby authorized and directed to grant licenses, to receive alien EMIGRATION LAWS. passengers and their baggage from vessels arriv- ing at the port of New- York, subject to quaran- tine, or from the passengers' docks at quarantine, to be landed at the emigrant piers or docks afore- said ; and the said Commissioners shall have power to revoke the license of any person violat- ing the provisions of this act. And every cap- tain of a steamboat or lighter not properly licen- sed for such purpose, pursuant to this section, who shall convey any emigrant passengers from any such vessel, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars for each and every offence, to be recovered by the said Commissioners of Emigration. 2. It shall be the duty of every ship-master, owner, or consignee bringing to the port of New- York any alien emigrants, steerage, or second- cabin passengers in vessels not subject to quaran- tine, to cause the same with their baggage to be landed on the emigrant piers aforesaid, either directly from the vessel or by means of some steamboats or lighters licensed as aforesaid ; and the landing of them upon any other pier or wharf, shall be punished by a fine not less than one hundred dollars, which fine may be recover- ed of the master, owner, or consignee of such ship or vessel. The Commissioners of Emigra- tion are hereby empowered to make all neces- sary regulations for the preservation of order, and the admission to, or exclusion from said dock of any person or persons, excepting such as are duly licensed ; and any person violating any of such regulations shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars for each and every offence, to be 11* EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK. recovered by the said Commissioners of Emi- gration. o 3. All persons keeping houses in any of the cities of this state, for the purpose of boarding emigrant passengers, shall be required to have a license for said purpose, from the Mayor of the city in which such houses are located ; and each person so licensed shall pay the said city the sum of ten dollars per annum, and shall give bonds satisfactory to said Mayor, with one or more sureties, in the penal sum of five hundred dollars for their good behavior, and said Mayor is here- by authorized to revoke said, license for cause. Every keeper of such boarding-house shall, under a penalty of fifty dollars, cause to be kept con- spicuously posted in the public rooms of such house, in the English, German, Dutch, French, and Welsh languages, a list of the rates of prices which will be charged emigrants per day and week for boarding and lodging, and also the rates for separate meals ; the keeper of such house shall also file a copy of said list in the city of New-York, in the office of the Commission- ers of Emigration, and in each of the other cities of this state with the Mayor of said city ; and the keeper of any emigrant boarding-house who shall neglect to post a list of rates, or who shall charge or receive, or permit or suffer to be charged or received, for the use of such keeper, any greater sum than according to the rates or prices so posted, shall, upon conviction thereof, be deprived of his or her license, and be punish- ed by a fine of not less than fifty dollars, and not exceeding one hundred dollars, to be recovered EMIGRATION LAWS. 127 in the city of New-York by the Commissioners of Emigration, and in the other cities of this state by the Mayors thereof. 4. No keeper of any emigrant boarding- house shall have any lien upon the baggage or effects of any emigrant for boarding, lodging, storage, or on any other account whatever ; arid upon complaint being made upon oath before the Mayor or any police magistrate of the city in which such boarding-house is located, that the luggage or effects of any emigrant are detained by the keeper of any emigrant boarding-house, under pretence of any lien upon such luggage or effects, or on any claim or demand against the owner or owners thereof, it shall be the duty of the officer before whom such complaint is made, immediately to issue his warrant, directed to any constable or policeman of said city, com- manding him or them to bring before him the party against whom such complaint has been made, and upon conviction thereof, the officer before whom such conviction shall be had, shall cause said goods to be forthwith restored to the owner thereof, and the party so convicted, shall be punished by a fine not less than fifty dollars, and not exceeding one hundred dollars, and shall be committed to the city prison until the said fine shall be paid, and until such luggage or ef- fects shall be delivered to such emigrants. 5. No person shall, in any city in this state, solicit emigrant passengers or their luggage for emigrant boarding-houses, passenger offices, for- warding or transportation lines, without the license of the Mayor of such city, for which he 128 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. shall pay the sum of twenty dollars per annum, and give satisfactory bonds to said Mayor in the penal sum of three hundred dollars as security for his good behavior. Every person so licens- ed shall wear in a conspicuous place about his person a badge or plate of such character, and in such manner as said Mayor shall prescribe, with the words " licensed emigrant runner" inscribed thereon, with his name and the number of his license ; no person who is not of approved good moral character shall be licensed as such runner. Every person who shall solicit alien emigrant passengers or others for the benefit of boarding- houses, passenger offices or forwarding lines, upon any street, lane, alley, or upon any dock, pier or public highway, or any other place with- in the corporate bounds of any city in this state, or upon any waters adjacent thereto, over which any of said cities may have jurisdiction, without such license, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and shall be punished by imprisonment in the county prison or jail not less than three months, nor exceeding one year, and shall also forfeit his license. 7. No person or persons shall exercise the vocation of booking emigrant passengers, or taking money for their inland fare, or for the trans- portation of the luggage of such passengers, with- out keeping a public office for the transaction of such business, nor without the license of the Mayor of the city in which such office shall be located, for which shall be paid the sum of twenty-five dollars per annum, and give satisfac- tory bonds in the penal sum of one thousand dol- EMIGRATION LAWS. 129 lars, to the Mayor of said city, as security for the proper manner in which his or their business shall be conducted, in forwarding said emigrant passengers, or their luggage. Every such office and place for weighing luggage, shall be at all times, when business is being transactecfltherem, open to the Commissioners of Emigration, or their agent, duly appointed. And no scales or weights shall be used for such purpose, but such as have been inspected and sealed by the City Inspector of Weights. And every such estab- lishment shall have posted in a conspicuous man- ner at its place of business, in the English, Ger- man, Dutch, French, and Welsh languages, a list of prices, or rates of fare, for the passage of emigrant aliens, and the price per hundred pounds, for transportation of their luggage to the principal places to which the proprietors thereof undertake to convey such passengers, and shall also deliver a copy of such list to the agent of the Commissioners of Emigration in any city where such agencies shall be established ; and every person or company who shall charge or receive, or allow to be charged or received by any person in his or their employment, a greater amount than is specified in said list of prices, or who shall defraud any emigrant in the weight of his luggage, shall, together with all other persons concerned in said fraud, be punished by a fine not less than one hundred dollars, and not ex- ceeding two hundred dollars, which money, when collected, shall be paid into the city treasury of said city, except in the city of New-York, where it shall be paid to the Commissioners of Emigra- 130 EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK. tion; and any person or company receiving money as aforesaid, for the passage of emigrant aliens, or for the transportation of their luggage, with- out such office and license, or who shall refuse admission as aforesaid, to such office or place of weighing luggage during the times of transacting business therein, or who shall neglect or refuse to post the said list of rates as aforesaid, or who shall neglect or refuse to furnish a copy thereof, as aforesaid, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and shall be punished with imprison- ment in the county prison, for a period not less than three months, nor exceeding one year. 8. No importance. 9. The penalties and forfeitures prescribed by this act, except as is herein before otherwise provided, shall be sued for and collected in the name of the People of this State, and applied in the same manner specified in the foregoing sec- tion, except so far as this act applies to the city of New-York, where the same may be sued for and recovered with costs of suit, before any court having cognizance thereof, by and in the name of the Commissioners of Emigration ; and when so recovered shall constitute a part of the fund, and be disposed of in the same manner as commutation money now derived from emigrant passengers. 10. The Commissioners of Emigration shall annually make and return to the legislature, with their annual report, an affidavit in and by which they shall respectively swear or affirm, each for himself, to the correctness of such report, and that he hath not directly or indirectly been inte- EMIGRATION LAWS. . 131 rested in the business of boarding emigrants, in the transportation of any emigrant passengers through any portion of the interior of this coun- try, or had made or received directly or indirect- ly, any gain,. profit or advantage by or through the purchase of supplies, the granting of any contract or contracts herein, or licenses, privilege or privileges, or the employment of any officer, servant or agent, mechanic, laborer or other per- son in the business under the control of said Commissioners. 11. In case the moneys now appropriated bylaw for the support of the fever and small-pox hospitals at quarantine, shall be exhausted during the recess of the legislature, the Commissioners of Emigration may use such portions of the com- mutation money collected pursuant to act of May 5th, 1847, for the support of said hospitals, as the Governor, Attorney General, and Comptroller may certify to be necessary for such purpose. 12. This act shall take effect immediately. STATE OF NEW YORK, Secretary's Office. I have compared the preceding with an origi- nal law on file in this Office, and do certify that the same is a correct transcript there- from and of the whole of said original. Given under my hand and seal of office at the city of Albany, the eleventh day of April, A. D.,1848. [L. S.J CHRISTOPHER MORGAN, Secretary of State. 132 GENERAL ROUTES. Route from New -York Philadelphia, via. R. 1 To Newark to ,. 9 31 59 69 88 From Boston to Ne- via. Fall River an port. To Fall River, via. ) Railroad .... \ w-y d A 18 165 'ork, fay- 53 71 236 5.B. 24 52 ! 74 111 IK) 145 New- Brunswick. . Trenton..... . . 22 28 10 19 Bristol Steamboat to Newport " to New- York. Philadelphia.. . From New- York to P pliia,via. Amboy. S. B. to South Amboy Camden and Amboy hila 43 19 del- VS 71 90 'tts- ail- 83 109 172 255 291 395 From. N. York to Albany , > To Piermont West Point 2S 22 37 5 29 Poughkeepsie Catskill To Burlington, Phila. Hudson. From Philadelphia tc burgh,via. Columbi roaa, and Canal. Ra'lroad to Columbia. Canal to Harrisburg-. Pi aR 26 63 83 36 104 From, Albany toBiijfal To Schenactedy... '0,1 51 21 53 26 78 43 31 l.R. 16 73 94 147 173 251 294 325 Little Falls LFtica Syracuse Hollidaysburg Auburn .......... Rochesler Attica Rnffolr* From Baltimore to Was/it ton, D. C.} by Railroad To Junction. .... ng- 20 34 40 From Albany to Buffc Canal. To Schenectady ilo, 3 IS 2S 61 34 3f 2S 2C It 2S 31 via. \ 30 i 69 88 111) 171 205 210 269 2S'.) 304 333 364 14 6 Canajoharie T i4tlsi l-'.Jl Prom Boston to Albany, Worcester and Western H To Worcester ..... via. '..R. 44 98 151 167 200 ork, Tew- 98 124 160 ,240 Utica ..... Syracuse. ........ Montezuma 54 53 14 33 "p;ticfit*}A Palmyra Rochester Brockport Albion From Boston to Nei via. Springfield, an Haven. Railroad to Springfield v-1 dT\ 26 36 80 Lockport Buffalo From New -Orleans Louis, (steamboi To Baton Rouge Natchez, Miss... : Vicksburg . . ] to i it.) L61 L07 >12 96 82 .67 75 .72] St. 138 299 406 618 714 796 963 LOSS L210 New-Haven Steamboat to N. York From Boston to Net via. Providence anc. ington. Railroad to Providence Stonington v-York, I Ston- 42 47| 89 125J214 Napoleon, Ark.-.S Helena, Ark .... Memphis, Tenn.. New-Madrid, Mo ] Cairo, 111 Steamboat to N. York St. Louis, Mo... I GENERAL ROUTES. 133 Tajkfaflf ' Routes and Distances, .. 'Juifctiorr....,']'j .'...!. '.'11' AniweiJ.:... 1 . 1. '.......... State lAne....L.'. Fork Wiylfte..'.. .. JTL.^.V'::!'!." ;;;;*."" i - * ; ?,v '!:<ri TJqrv/efls&l Qwfflew MAI/; and author of the/totktee):&l&Uflg'*o) ffceiUwte.&j;.[ T States in the A MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVIN|(mM^WA^PATjH$ ) rteehboBs' !ati3 . iefrhdnri* > M A K ries especially, it deserves tb.itafcp^pVeoeyeucei o!t'>iffrt all Maps heretofore published' in -this) etotta^U**8 bni; 4 sheets ................. j Jo IL . JJ . /La '-10 MAM AN ILLUSTRATED MAP -;,|QF/ LIFE, deduced from passages of 1 sheet ....................... Hti..^Ha5ib.y : 2^, ti-u)UT5 THE FAMILY AND SCHOOL kBSWS^^ria t Educational Chart, by James Henry, Jr." * In this Chart the fundamental maxims in Edueajiooi'PJiy&l-O M A I/I cal, Moral and Intellectual, are presented-iaMSijiieiljk '<< a manner, as to fix the attention and impress the H!H i memory. It cannot fail to be eminently useful ; in- deed, we believe the public will regard it?' ds^ifadii^ pensable to every family and school in our cmmtiry>. l>nr: 2 sheets ....................... - ....... -42 by. 3$ K, 60 P MAPS, ATLASSES, GUIDE BOOKS, almost every description wanted, will also b founds iv at the same place, and sold on reasonable term*. >rfe I Moon' MAP OP SOUTH AMERICA, by J. Pinkerton, London, revised and corrected from the latest authorities. 1 sheet 32 by 25. 1 MAP OF THE WEST INDIES AND ADJA- CENT COASTS, by J. Pinkerton, London, re- vised and corrected from the latest authorities. 1 sheet, 32 by 25. 1 Portable, 75c. MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, WITH PART OF GUATEMALA. By David H. Burr. 1 sheet 26 by 22. 3 Portable, 50c. MAP OF FRANCE, BELGIUM, and the adja- cent countries, by J. Pinkerton, London, revised and corrected from the latest authorities. 1 sheet 32 by 25. MAP OF MEXICO. 2 sheets 44 by 32. J Portable, 1,50. MAP OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN, as laid out by commissioners and confirmed by acts of the Legislature of the State of New- York, made from actual surveys ; the farm lines and names of origi- nal owners being accurately drawn from authentic sources. Containing, also, a map of the Village of Williamsburgh and part of the City of New- York, frc. MH'TMO C I/ Ml- IT d'/IA ,T/iUr/iA'JV,:-IT V/Iill MHT /! i -11 A (hi,, /<{ , i Ttft >! A M i IT ''io rt j r A v A :IT -nvilJiu; Ji-.'.im 'u(i nun! t f-.Mitn; /: in-tdol/! imr, ! Y KMTATf. UMTJHU MHT '>JO '!A OJI'i l!felTI}IH MHT ,/'>lH lltl/.l TJ'.MV/ Ml IT ,0'M/MM A'l HTI7/ t /:>lHMU:A JA/iT/'M'; XMHMV (I HA AUA/AJi; vllu'la'tji-) ,!-t>i'l i|i-il/! f-iilT .Ail in ;MM !' -j-iMjin bin? //-MI il.-tiui! ^(in;!iiu-i bnn t l d bii's r b-til.-.tli-Mluf:i yhliiii! .--i j| .iKiiJicdTiti') t'.K . ' lt)'il lid ll^VH'iiill'l "/Ill/I m H A (.1 >1T A '! TK ! I > I k 1 1 K'/fT)^ H j'l M 1 IT MO -fii!nA i-)M->-| Mill ;{iii!!.liil/"'r , /! ' . ! 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