THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS V .LIBRARY !nive1sity^^ ;mm library Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library 7 !-P! 11 FEB- 1> S 'J v.; 1 PI? FEB MAY 1 FEB üd9 f £ß 1 1 isgj FEB 20 1991 1 2 6199S 01935 ^ 2005 SERBIAN IN acE ^JfD WSTRUCTION FOR GE IN THE J I ^^ilTED STATES OF AMERI ALSO, d BEGINNERS IN TKl ENGLISH AND GERMAlf LANGUAC.^ BY F. wNbogen, ASTOR IN VOSTON, MASH, CONTENTS ; t. -VKllAL RKMARKS. . T-^ , ^CONSTITUTION OF THE UMTED STATES. IKCTCII OP THE LIFE OF VASHINGTON. «KKTcii or thr i.rrr or fkanklin. TIIIKD KDITJOX. Oh ' ON: B. II. GnEENE, 12-1 Wufchingtoii-ßtrrct ; W.yOKL : D. FAN6HAW, 108 Nassnu-ßtrcet, corner of Ann. 18 5 2. Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive in 2015 littpsV/arcliive.org/details/germaninamericaoOOboge 2lufi3nid)^lo^ unb befdieibeit treten biefe ^ciUrt !}iu, (lebcr ?efer* Sen ©djreiber berfelben mr ein ©treben, nur ein SOBunfd), nänv .V, , (neu etmvanbcrnben ?anböfeuten nül^(tcf) werben unb tijnen-— tDie er glaubt il)rer l^age ent# ed)cnbe-~&tatl)fd}fäc(e ju ertbeifen. Sepmcgen oft er auf i()re gütige Tiad^^\d)t mit ben ?0?änge[n luib Uuüoltfommen[)eiten ber nadifolgenben feilen, üibem er ifjnen jugleid? juruft: prüfet 5ltteö unb baß ^ejle be[)a(tet. iniitn^ axt ^inwanbevtv zQk ^crfcl)iebeit and) ik Urfattcu unc ($)nnit bc[d)affcn ffnb, ml&ic J^eiufdje 'oeftinniicn, au^ em a[>arerlanb aiu:^jini>anbcrn inib md) Simenfa eriibcrjufommcn: in bem ci^ticu 9i5iuifd)e fJim:? cn jTe 2(((e iibcrcin, i)ier fret unb g(iicf(id) Ic? in Unb tu ber Zl)at, mücid)t fein ?anb in ber ^^<*ft bietet far bell reutjitcn alter Staube uub nie^t)ert)ä[t-uiiTe fo mauiu'gfiidie ©e(egeu[)eit bar Hilb ju btefem Bi^'tt^ ju cjefrntßeu, aki 'bie 3>ere! iUjlteu ©taateu luvn 9(merifa. Qin grc|;er ge^eu cm):fau<]t jebeu bentfdieu Si) iKUibereiv fcbalb cr bie jtu)le biefei^ \!aube^ betrtt cr founut in ein freie^^ i^aub; frei i>cu bem 3}ni bci^ 2}efpoti!^mu*^, frei ihmi ^Mninfegieu uub ^Dfcui poleu, frei Dou ber l^af^' uuerfd)miugfid)er Steuer liub 31 bgabeu, frei imx ©laubcus^^ uub ®e)viff?u jwdug. i^rei uub uuge[)iubevr fauu eiu S^ber reifeu, v l)iu er mil uub ftdi uicbertaffeiv it?o if)m gcfä feiu ^aß nnrb mianQt^ feine ^^oHgci mifd)t jTd feilte 3(uj3e(co,euheiteu uub bemmt feiue 93eti>i( (jeu* S?or ibm (ieo^t bae' gre-pe ?aub mit feiueu crfd)öpffid)eu Äidf^queUeu: mit feiuem fruditb SSobeu, mit [eiueit er(]iebigeu 9J?iueu, mit feiueu frmeflid}eu DJeidubuiu an ^prebufteu, fcmoi^ ^flaujeu^ aU beö S:luerre{d)^, wdd^c eri)orbe ADVICE TO IMMIGRANTS. |i However different may be the reasons ^Yhich Üucc' Germans to leave their fatherland and come I America, yet they all agree- in one wish— to l^e he)"e free and happy. And indeed perhaps^ no funtry in the world offers such various oppor- nities' to facilitate^ the accomplishment of this 'jirpose^ as the Un ited States of America, A great blessing*^ meets^ the German emigrant le moment he steps upon these shores:^ He ^mes into a free country ; free from the oppression despotism, free from privileged orders and mono- t3lies, fi'ce from the pressure of intolerable'^ taxes iid imposts, free from constraint'^ in matters of Relief and conscience. j Every one can travel, free and untrammelled, ^2 irhither'3 he will, and settle where he pleases. No ; assport is demanded, no police mingles in his af- tirs and hinders his movements.^^ Before him lies le country, exhaustless*^ in its resources, with its ruitful soil,'^ its productive mines, its immense^"' Products, both of the vegetable and animal king- , 1 roran(aifcn. — 2 üOoroinfltmnuMi. — 3 t^ioUctdit. — | 5c(caon(>oit;iu — > cr(dd)torn. — G ^cr Bivccf, X^ax> "l^crfu I l^cr '^c^'n.— 8 lH\^a'oncn. — 9 Mo .^äfro. — 10 iinortrti* I I tor Biv;ino.— 1^ ^^h'•o^ln^ort —1.? iDcbin.— 14 Mc i|unpAMu— 15^l^orK^)öpf(icb.--16^cr^3c^cn.--17llncruKi 8 SCfjeif nod) nte 9efe()en, mit feinen nnjdf)[igen ©tab^ ten nnb ^lorfern, mvin ®en)erbflei^, ^anbel nnb äBol)f|lanb bliil)t. £!en fleißigen 2(cfer^mann labet ber feme äBeflen, ja ba^ ganje ?anb, ein, feinen (2cf)ooß jn bnrd)fnr^ d)cn nnb bie ®d)ä(5e bejfelben jn ernbten ; ber ge^» fd)i(ftc ^anbwerfer nnb Äiinfller finbet ot)ne langeö ©udien fafl iiberall Unterfnnft in ben ©tabten nnb anf bem Sanbe ; ber @efel)rte ijl: tt)iUfommen mit feinen Äenntniflfen, n^enn er fie nnr jnmUöcI)Ieber @efe([fd)aft anjn^Denben Der(lel)t. 2 ©0 jal)[reid) inbejTen bie x^üffi^qneßen ffnb, bie biefec^ ?anb barbietet nnb fo gro(5 bie ?eid)tigfeit ifl, mit n)e{d)er baffeibe im Slllgemeinen ein fd^neßeö Unterfommen gemährt, fo ja[)(reid) finb and) bie ^änfd)ungen nnb gefd^eiterten v^ojfnnngen, benen fo Diele 2tni?manberer anl)eimfat(en. Ui5ie mand)er nnb jwar red)tfd)affene, t)on ben beften ©rnnbfälsen befeelte, 3ln^tvanberer tränmt pd), el)e er baö ?anb feiner SSäter verläßt, in ber nenen Uöelt ein ®(iicf jn finben, av(d]e^ it)m bie 9öivf(i*feit nie gemäl)rt; n>ie mand)er entwirft it)äi)renb ber Ueberfabrt i^ane ber ^>l)antajTe, bie nie gnr 2ht^fiil)rnng fommen; wie mand)er nnter^ ni?nmt Kn feiner Slnfnnft 3^inge, bie il)n halt^ bitter nm unb an feine Derfel)(te33e(limmnng erinnern, ir frften ftnben mir 9lni%>anbcrer nad) einem erc?! ober längeren 2(nfentt)a(te,--änmcifen [dion eu trften Xagen nad) iljrer 3(nfnnfr,— enrtänfd)t. 9 dorn, a portion of which he nas never before seen ; , its countless cities and villages, where flourish in- : dustry, commerce, and wealth. The industrious farmer is invited by the " Far West," even by the whole country, to furrow iff? bosom and reap its treasures. The skillful and '^ active craftsman^ and artist readily finds a liveli- hood in the country and the cities, with but little effort. The scholar is welcomed wnth his attain- ments,2 if he has only the ability to turn them to the benefit of society. ' 2 numerous, however, as are the resources I which this country affords, and as great as are the i facilities with which it offers a ready support, yet I numerous are the illusions^ and disappointed hopes, of which so many immigrants are the victims. How many honest and good principled immi- grants dream, before they leave the country of their fathers, that they shall find in the New World hap- piness which reality never furnishes ;^ how many visions of glory during the voyage fill their anxious hearts that they never realize;-^ how many a one on his arrival here, undertakes things which he scon repents of, and which remind him of the failure of his attempts. Frequently we see immigrants, after a shorter or longer sojourn, sometimes even dui ing the first days after their arrival, disappointed, ^ dis- 1 tor .pontivcrfvmann. — 2 Mc .^cnntniffc — 3 Mc ^üxm na. — 4 acivü(}vciu — 5 iH'nvivHtcbcn. — 6 OiOtüii|cl)r, 10 DoKer Äfagen luib S5efcf)U^erbeu, mit §eimn?el) bc* Ijaftct mit i)oü aSerfangeu „narf) beu ^Ieifcl)topfcn t)ou S(}t)pteu^' juvücfjiifel)vcn» 3a, allcrbiugö ift für. jte Slmerifa g(cict)fam eine lBi(benu^, burrf) ivelcf)e jte jiet)en haben, beüor (Te in ba^ /,gefof)te ?ant)" gefangen» Unb yool)cv biefe tranvigen @rfcf)einnngen, biefe gefcl)eirerten äönnfd)e nnb .^offnnngen ? 2lbgefel)en i)on (2d]icffa[cn nnb Ungliicf^fäHen, n)e(d)eanperbemS5ereid)e men fd)nd)erSßorfict)t Hegen, ftnben fie \vol)l barin il)re ßTffärnng, baß fo t)iele @tnn>anbever i)on ^ovn I)evein i'l)re nenc ?agenid)t rid)tig anffaffen nnbnid}t ben gjintl), bieÄraft nnb @infid)t befilien, fid) biefer nenen Sage gemäß jn benel)men» SSor altem Derjid)te ber (SintDanberer anf ben nn^ g[iicflid)en ©ebanfen, bnrd) ein (larveö ^cil^ l)alten an feinen fritl)eren ®eu>ol)nl)eiten nnb ®ebränd)en, bnrd) u n b en)eg[ id) e ©leid)^ g ii 1 1 i g f e i t gegen bie ®prad)e, ben ©eij^, bie fo^^ cialen nnb politifd^en aSevl)ä(tni(Te biefec^ ifanbeö, jTd) fein Unterfommen jn evleid)tern, feine 23iirger^ pflid)ten jn erfiiUen nnb fid) ein g[ncflid)eö geben ju bereiten. 3 2Baö jnerft nnfer ^ortf ommen anbefangt, fo finb mv fafl nberaU nnb fa(l in allen gäKen anf bie Sriernnng ber englifd)en ©prad)e an^ geh)iefen, unb äußern bie gortfdjritte, meiere tt?ir i 11 ■ couraged, full of lamentation and complaints, home- sick, and longing' to return again to the " fleshpots of Egypt." Indeed, America is to them a wilder* ness, through which they must pass before they \ can reach the promised land." And whence these sad^ experiences, these dis appointed hopes and wishes 1 Looking away from those misfortunes and re- verses, which lie beyond^ the sphere of human fore- sight, they might perhaps be found in so many im- migi-ants not having a right conception of their new relations from the beginning, and in their not pos- sessing the courage, power, and capacity* to accom- \ modate themselves to their new condition.^ Above all, the immigrant must renounce the pernicious^' idea, that he is to gain his livelihood, perform"^ his duty,^ and promote his happiness, by an obstinate^ reliance on his German habits and cus- I, toms^ by an inflexible indifference'^ to the language,!^ ;' the spirit, and the social and political character of this country. ^ In the first place, as it concerns our means of j living, we must, above and beyond all, rely upon a \ knowledge of the English language^ and the progress that we make therein'^ has the most important and . 1 vtcrtanc^cn, fid) fchncn. 2 traurip. 3 über, jcnfcit^* 4 l>ic ^ä()iAfcit.— 5 tic ?aqc.— 6 pcrt)cvb(id). — 7 erfüllen.— 8 t)ic ^flici)t* — 9 ()a(c^flaiano, ftarr, — 10 Vu ©(eid)9u(ti9* Celt. — 11 tic ©prad)c. 12 tarim ( 12 barm macl)en, auf tie S?e()vünbun() luifcrc^ 5So()f^ flaiibei^, fowie unfere^^ ? ebc n ^ g en u f f c ti, hen wid)tuficn iinb crfreiilirf)jitcu (J i n f I n fu 3}ie cugfifc!)c 6prad)e ift bcfauiUHd) bei ^i^eitem bie iHni)eiTfd)ciibe in biefcm SanDe nub im pclirifd)cn nnb gend)tlid)cn ?ebcn bie aficm cje^ brand)iid)e, Uöcr fein (Sng(ifd) i3er|l:eht nnb fprid)(-, fann Don feinen Äenntnijyen nnb 5vöbi(]feiten eft feinen, ober nur einen bcfrf)ränfren (Sebrand) miv d)en. ^cv 3(merifanev t?erjl:e[)t i!)n nid)f, nod) feme 9ünnfd)e nnb SebürfnijTe/ nnb er feinerfeit^ iH'rjleht feinen 3lmerifaner, ®nd)r er ^^efdiäftignng bei Slmerifanern, fo fann er [id) nid)t l^evftänblid) ma^ d)c\\. Seine Äenntnijje nnb gäljigfeüen pnb ihm ein tobtet Kapital nnb Don geringem 9inlpen, fo lange er fte nid)t begreiflid) jn mad)en nnb nnijUi^ tanfd)en verjleliL © r bleibt ein 5y r e m b e r, mitten in biefem 2anbe; ein gemiffei^ ^DtiBtranen eri* fiUft ben 3(rbeitgeber gegen einen I'iener, mkl)cv feine ©prad)e nid)t l^erftel)t ; jener mi^ nid)t, ob er ffd) auf biefen v^er(aj]*en fann, benn er fann feineu 2Ser|Tanb nnb ßbarafter ntd)t genau benrtbeifen. @r lüirb be^megen lieber einen fo(d)en iu feinen Sienj^ ne()men, n)e(d}em er fid) frei mittl)ei(en nnb mit mU d)em er fid) med)fe(feitig Derftdnblid) macf)en fann» 4 gönnten n^ir Xanfenbe nuferer l\inbC)Iente über biefen ^pnnft befragen, fi? würben 3(lle n)ie an^ Sinen^ 9JJnnbe antm Mtm: „@o fange id) fein ©nglifd) founte, ging e( vir fd)Ied)t ; id) fonntc 13 • propitious^ influence upon our welfare. It is well known, that the English language is by far tho widest-spread, and, m the political and judicial life, the only usual language in this country. Who- ever does not understand nor speak English, can. make no use of his knowledge and abilities, or at the most, a very limited^ one. The American does not comprehend either his wants rr desires ; neither does he understand the American. If he seeks employment^ of the Americans, he cannot make himself understood. His knowledge and abilities are to him a dead principal, and of no use so long as he is unable to communicate his thoughts and to exchange them in English. He continues a stranger here^ his employer entertains a kind of suspicion*^ of him as long as he is unable to speak his language; he does not know whether he can depend upon him, for he cannot appreciate^ his intellectual .and moral worth. He will therefore rather take such a one into his service as he can freely converse with, and between whom and him- self there can be a mutual understanding, j. 4 Could we hear the testimony^ of thousands of our countrymen upon this point, they would all unanimously"'' answer ; " As long as I was ignorant of English, it w^ent ill^ with me; I could get no em- 1 cvfrciiticl). — 2 ücfcbränft. — 3 tie S3cfcl)(Xfti^unp, tie 2(rOcit. — 4 l)a^ 93Ußttaucn. — 5 wurti^cm — 6 ta^ 3cug« nif\ — 7 cinjtimmig. 8 fct)lccl)t. 2 f 14 jtfcf)tö anfangen; id) fonnte feinen 2)ien(l befom^ inen, fein Ö)efd)äft treiben, id) wwxie nid)t benierft, unbgenop n^enin 3(ct)tnng, — fnrj, id) fiüjUe mid) nnglitcfiicf) nnb Derlaj^en, Sobalb icl) aber einmal ©nglifd) Derftanb nnb fpred)en fonnte, ba n^ar mix geholfen ; id) befam einen (inten ?ol)n, mein (^k^ fd)äft ging, id) erl)ielt SSeijlanb i)on ben SJmerifa^ nern,--fnrj, e^ öffneten |Td) mir tanfenb 3öege nnb 5?iifj^qnellen be^ ®Iiid^ nnb be^ aßol)[)lanbö, bic mir friU)er Derfdjloflen iparen/' S3ebenfen roiv iit Söa()rl)eit biefe^^ @rfal)rnngö^ falser, fo füllte fein @inn?anberer, ber e^ u^abrbaft gnt mit ftd) felbft meint nnb in fürjefter 3^it feine ?age jn Derbejfern tpünfdjt, and) nnr einen Slngen^^ bficf janbern, alle Littel nnb ®e!egenl)eiten jn be^ untren, nm bie englifdje @prad)e , ein nnentbe[)r[i^ d)e^ Wittel jn biefem 3^t)erfe,t)erfte^en nnb fpred)en jn lernen» 21 ber and) bie 31 n n e !) m 1 1 d) f e i t e n beö ge^ felligen nnb bie 3? c d) t c beö bürgerlid)en nnb po^ lttifd)en Sebent, n)eld)e il)m mit ber Äenntniß biefer @prad)e ju Xl)eil n)erben, foltten einen jeben ®n^ itjanberer ermnntern, anf Sriernnng berfelben allen gleiß nnb alle ©orgfalt jn Dermenben» ^ (i6 ift wahr, and) im Umgange mit ad)tbaren bent^? fd)en Sanb^lenten fönnen n)ir nnö l)ier mand)e frol)e ©tnnbe bereiten ; and) anö bentfd)en S3üd)ern nnb 3eitnngen fi3nnen xoiv 25elel)rnng nnb Unterbaltnng fd)5pfen aber ffnb wir benn nnn in Sentfd^lanb, 15 ployment, I was neglected, little esteemed ; iu fine,' I felt unhappy and forlorn. But as soon as I became master of the language of my adopted \ country, my troubles- ceased ; 1 got good wages, I my undertakings were prospered, I received aid3 ^from Americans; in short, a thousand ways of i happiness and prosperity were now opened to me || which formerly were closed. I If, then, we consider the truth of the above ar. — 10 aMcitcn, fcl)öpfcn. 1 tic Hntcrf)a(tuno. f 16 «nb (tub eö beim lui r i:)entfc()e, um mUf,e wir und Ijier 3U fumment l)abeu ? leben mv uidjt mit 3lnie=j nfaneni m iinnuttelbarer, täg(id)er SSerül^rung, oft mit ibneu jufammen in einem nnb bemfelben Syiwie^ iinb foUen rviv Singen nnb Dl)ren bev grlernnug ei^^ Iter ®prac()e t)erfcf)Iiefen, mki)e allein xuvS bie Sln^iibnng nnferer biirgerlid)en nnb ))eliri)cl)en dicdjtc bei $Bal)Ien nnb SSerfammlungen möglich mad)t, einer (£pracl)e, in mld)cv bie gefelAgebcnben Äörper nnb aSevn>a[tnngöbel)örben biefei:^ ?anbc^ beratl)en nnb S5efd)Iüjte fafjcn nnb in tx)clct)cr alle SSerl)anb(nngen i)or ®evidit gepflogen ii^erben ? 3u bem Döllen ©ennffe feinet amerifanifd)en S3iirgerrec()t^ fann nnr derjenige gelangen, un'(d)er ta^ (Sngtifd)e üerftel)t nnb fprid)(-, nnb fo lange u>ir fo mit nod) nid)t gefommen finb, genießen \y>iv nid)t bie ganje greil)eit nnb Unabl)ängigfcit, mld)e biefe^ ?anb nn»,^ anbietet, finb \m gleid]fam l)alber 2^ent^ fd)er, l)alber Slmerifaner ; feine ved)ten Sentfd)ea niel)r, u>eil wiv ben ^Jiittelpnnft bec? bentfd)en Se^ ben^, 2)entfd)tanb felbjl, Derlafien nnb bie politic fd)en Sanbe, bie nnö an baö alte aSaterlanb an* fnüpften, anfgelopt l)aben ; aber and) nod) feine red)ten Slmerifaner, u>eil wiv nnfere bürgerlid)cn nnb politifd)en 9ted)te in ber Sprad)e nid)t geltenb mad)en fönnen, in mld)cx jTe an^geiibt iverben miiffen. 6 mag inbefjen Dielleid)t hiergegen eingemenbet »Verben, baß eö einige Sänber in (Jnropa gibt, ii>el^ 17 we arc now interested ? Do we not live in imme- diate' daily contact,*'^ often together in one and the same house, with Americans? and should we close our eyes and ears to the acquirement of a lan- guage which alone enables^ us to exercise and enjoy our civil and political rights ; a language in which the legislative and judicial* bodies of this country perform their functions ? That man alone can enjoy, to their full extent,^ the rights of an American citizen, who understands and speaks English ; and as long as we do not ac- complish this, so long can we neither^' appreciate nor enjoy the whole freedom and independence'' which this land has in store^ for us. We arc half Germans and half Americans, but no reaP Ger- mans any more ; for we live no more in the centre^^ of German life, and yet we have dissolved*^ the bands that bound us to the old flitherland, and, at the same time also, we are not yet real Americans, because we are not able to enjoy our civil and po- litical rights, being ignorant of the language in which they are set forth. ^ In opposition^* to this, however, it may perhaps be urged, that there are some countries in Europe 1 unmittelbar. — 2 bic SBcruf)runc. — 3 (>ofaf)iccn. — 4 p,orid)t(idv — 5 btc ?f uf^bcbnunp, tcr Umfanc. — G tvotct. 7 tic llnab()u'np,ic\fcit. — 8 bcv ^l>cvratfs— • 9 ivirtücl). — 10 ^cv ?i}attclinintt* — 11 auflcfciu — l'^ tor ©egcnfag. 2^ 18 cf)e cl)emal55 ju Scutfd)Ianb gcl)örrcn, nub ui mU d)en, iut(]cad)tct bicfe V^inber jam $thci[ fcir %i\)v^^ binibcrtcu >)on 3^ciutcl)(ant) (]ctreiuu finb, bie beiit^ frf)c gpradie bi^ anf btcfcu 3;:a() bie i>orl)crvfd)cnbe geblieben ifl ; bev (glfaj} gum 33ei|pie(, it>c(d)er im gnnnbinibevt S^'^b^'^^» ^^c>n ^^ranfveid) in 33etTlj; (je^ itommeu miivbe; ba^ ö)rcßl)erjogrbinn ?u.vembnrg, )t)eld)es^ jcl^t mit :f;^ol{anb Dereüußt ijl; bie Ä^erjog;^ tl)nmev ^^eljleiu iiiib gd)(ei^vi)ii], iiber VDeld)e ber ^bitit] DiMi 2^anenuivf bie Dberbol)eit in 2(ufprud) nimmt; bie fcgenaunten Dilfeeprouinjen ?iepanb, Änrianb nnb CS'ilbf^^^b, nber mid)c geoenu^ärtig ia^ alle^ Devfd)lini]enbe 5)hif;(aub berrfd)r, unb and) bie fleine Snfel S^efgoiaub, m je[5t bie bviw [d)e glaj^ge n^ebt. (S^ ift n)abiv baß in alien biefen nnb nod) in eini;? gen anberen ^anbftrid}en bad 3^entfd)e ~ n^enn ed and) nid)t in feiner 9ieiul)eit (ie[prcd]en mirb, - bie t)er[)evrfd)enbe (2prad)e geblieben i|i^ nnb jn)av an^ b c m ®vnnbe, mil biefe Sänber feit nralten Reiten bcntfd) n^aren in ©itten unb ®ebränd)en. 1}ie 'l^c^ iDobnev biefer ?anb|lrid)e fpred)en il)rc gjcijtier^ fprad)e auf ibvem eigenen ®vnnb nnb Sin^ben, bev an unfer SSaterlanb außvcnjt, von tt)eld)em \ie getrennt ivurben, nid)t in gofge n)cd)fe(feiriger 3» M inu ninng, fcnbern bnrd) bip(omarifd)e a^erbanbhin^en, ober bnrd) ben SlU'ogan.q bi)na)Tifd)er ^i'riege. ^ Siefe f tinber, in tt)cld)en bie n n d e r m i f dr t e bentfdjc SSevölfernng nod) uorVDiegt, finb ivefenriid)c 19 . which fonncrly' beloiigccl- to Gerrricany, though' partly separated from her"* for centuries, >vhcre the German language is still the prevailing^ one : ; Alsace, for instance, -which was tv*o hundred years I ago taken by the French ; the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, which is now united to Holland ; ihe Duchy of Holstein and Schleswig, over which the - King of Denmark now claims'^ sovereignty ; the i counties called the Eastern Sea provinces, Livonia, Kurland, and Esthland, over which the all-devour- j ing* Russia now rules,^ and also the little island 1 of Heligoland, where waves^^ the British flag. It is true, that in all these, and some other parts also, the German is still the prevailing lan- 'I guage, though not spoken in its purity but the i reason'' of this is, that these countries from the old- est time have been German in their customs''^ and manners.'^ The inhabitants of these portions speak [! their mother-tongue upon their own soil,'^ border- ing'^ on our fatherland, from which they were di- vorced,'^ not by mutual agreement,^^ but either by diplomatic arrangements of peace, or the issue of dynastic struggles.^^ These countries, in which the 1 clicniatw — 2 o;c()crcn, — 3 cOc(cid). — 4 tbciltvclfo. — !5 t^crfHTvfd)cnK— 6 in 7Cnfvvud) ncfniicn, — 7 rcvfd)(inccn. 8 (HTrfdHMi.— 9 ivcbcn. — 10 tic 9?cinfutt. — 11 tcr @runK 12 tic ©circfuihcttcn, (Sirtciu — 13 tic Ci5ctn\uidH\ — 14 tcr SBctciu — 15 anpvcnicn. — 16 (cfn'cij}cn. — 17 tic llcOcrs !cinftimnuuu\ — 18 tcr ^ampf. 20 S3e|lanbtl)eife t)on 9!JJonard)iccn gemorocn ; — beim graiifreid), wie je(3t ift, faim feine $HepubIif im pi'gentlicl)eu ®inne beö lüortö genannt tvcrben, — unb barin ifl bie S:i)ei(naf)me an öjfentlic{>en Singer legen l)eiten, fo n)ie bie Sln^iibnng ))olitifd)er dicd)tc, entweber befrf)ränft, ober völlig mtU, wie ;(um S3ei* fpief in 5yinßlanb. ^nnx Zljcii axi^ biefen ©riinben, jnm 2;i)eil anö §aß gegen bie anfgebrnngene dic^ giernng, l)ängt bie bortige nrfpriinglid) bentfdhe S5e^ t)ülfernng forrtt)äl)renb an il)rer alten gjjntterfprai^ 7 Wlit obigen SSemerfnngen über bie 5Ißicl)tigfeit einer grnnb(icf)en Sriernnng ber englifc{)en Spraite mü ber SSerfajyer feinedtDcgö bie 9JJeinnng ändern, a(ö ob [eine ?anböfente anf il)re 9Kntterfpracl)c l)ier "obU lig i)erjirf)ten mörf)ten ; biefe ift Dielniel)r in ber Zi)at eine ber niäd)tigflen, reict)(len nnb an^gebilbetflen in ber 3ße(t ; jTe l)at anf bie ßitJilifatien ber SSoffer ben größten ginflnß an^geiibt, b^t an^gejeid)nete Uöerfe in ^rofa nnb ^oejTe jn S;age geforbert nnb Derbient beßl)alb and) in biefem iJanbe gebiil)renbe Pflege nnb a3ead)tnng. Sie grage \{i t)ie(me()r : n)ie nnb anf n?eld)e 2ßeife bemeiflert ftdi ber ein^^ n^anbernbe Sentfd)e fo fd)nen al6 niöglid) ber eng^^ lifd)en ®prad)e, nm bie bamit t)erbnnbenen SSor^ l)ei(e in ibrem ganjen Umfange jn genießen ? 3nfofern bie perfönfid^en aSert)ä(tni(Te ber @in^ n>anberer fo fel)r i)erfdiieben unb, (ajTen fid) biefer^ tt>egen bloß allgemeine 9iatl)fd)(äge ertl)ei(en. 21 unmixed^ German population prevails, have be- come essential parts of monarchies, (for France, las it now is, cannot properly be called a Repub- lic,) wherein the participation^ of public affairs and the exercise of the privileges of political rights is but a limited one, and but a mere nullity, as in Russia for instance. Partly from these reasons, .jpartly from hatred-^ to the obtruding^ government, the original German population^ still adhere to their old language. |. 7 Having said thus much upon the importance of '[obtaining a thorough^ knowledge of the English lilanguage, the author by no means asks his coun- Itryman to renounce entirely his mother tongue, j-'which is in reality one of the most powerful, Hrich and refmed in the world, and one which has i|exercised a wonderful influence in civilizing the Ipeople, and brought to light excellent works, both in prose and poetry, and therefore deserves also in I this country due care and attention. But the ques- tion is : How and in what manner the German immigrant may in the shortest possible time be- j come master of the English language, so that he I can fully enjoy the benefits connected therewith? Inasmuch as the personal circumstances of im- i migrants are so various, only general advice can i be given. 1 unv>criiuj'cl)t. — 2 Mc Ijbcituatmc. — 3 tor .irb, cljne 3^^^^'^'/ ^uf fein @rfnd)en, bie ©ef^xKigfeit l)aben, ibu mit mand)eu eng(ifd)eu ^iffiorten unb 9{eben^arteu befannt ju ma^ d)en unb ibm bie ridni.ge 5Iuiifprad)e ber Ußorter an^ geben, n)eld)e er in feiner ©rammatif unb in fei^ uer (Sammlung üou ®efpräd)en i)orfinbet. Senn ber 35efil3 einer eng(ifd)en ©rammatif unb eineö ?efcbnd)»5 \]l ein unentbel)rlid)eii Srforberniß jum 23el)uf einer fdjueKeren unb grünblid)eren Sr^ lernung biefcr (Sprad)e, befonber^ fürSenjenigeu ber, wie bie meijleu Sintr^anberer, genbtbigt i|l, fein eigener Sebrer ju fein. Sie niililidifteu unb am meiilen verbreiteten S3üd)er ber Slrt, mld)c ber 23er;» faffer fennt, ffnb: 5Ü ö r t e r b ü cf) e r mx % % Deblfd)fäger, ^hi^ labelpbia, bei ^ol). 5öeif, $ 1 ; — \)on % % Änufl, §arriöburg, bei ?u(j unb @d)efer, $1^; — i)on 23 ® The following may generally be said : Dear fellow-countryman, seized every opportu- Inity that offers itself, or rather seek after opportu- nities, to familiarize thy car, memory ,2 and organs of speech, with the intonation,^ words, and pro- nunciation'' of the English language. As nearly every German immigrant takes ^lodgings at first in a German boarding-house, (and indeed this seems to be preferable, for many reasons) '.he should choose especially^ such a one, in which Ithe landlord is familiar^ with English, and he (will doubtless"^ have the kindness,^ if he ask it, \io make him acquainted^ with many English words 'and phrases, and teach him the right pronuncia- tion of the words, which he will find in his gram- i;mar and collection of colloquial phrases. For the .^possession of a grammar and exercises is indis* pensably^® necessary, for the purpose of learning the ; language more rapidly and correctly, to those who I are obliged, as the most immigrants are, to be their ^ own teachers. The most useful books for immigrants are : German and English Dictionaries of I. C. Oehl- ! schlaeger, Philadelphia, (JohnWeik,) %l ; of P. I. i Kunst, Lutz & Scheffer, Harrisburg, $1.50 ; of Wm. 1 crarcifcn. — 2 t>a^ ®cl)Äcl)tnif\ — 3 tic S^ctcnitng. — A bic 2(u^fprad)C. — 5 vcvncömticl). — 6 fcrtrant. — 7 c^n« iSwclfct. — 8 t)ic GJütc. — 9 tcfannt, — 10 unumga'nglid). 1 24 3B. Dbett aimU, Ticw^^^ovf, hci ©ebnibcr 3Be|!er^ manu, -$ ; — Don DKcnborf, Tuny^'^ovf, $ L ©rammatifen Don ^prof. S^l). 35» Srpan, $yfen)^2)orf, bei Äod) n, iSonip. 62^ C5t^. ; — Don S^r. Sol), gran^ Strnolb, ^^l)ilabelpl)^a, bei 3oI)antt Üöinf, $1 ; — Don gvicbrirf) 9{anrf)fiipv 3^en>^^orF, 62^- C5ti^, nnb ®. Dan ben 5)erg, .^aniburg bei Qd)iu bavt lu Sompv 62} ßr^^. 3D 0 I m c t f dl e r, ber fleine, größere nnb große, bei 3ß. D?abbe, 9r;cn) 2)orf. 121, 25 nnb 37J (5ent^, beren 3(nfd)ajfnni} großen 9inlien bringt nnb mit 5y{ed)t empfol)(en VDerben fann. Sa^ Sefen (eid^rer englifd)er a5iid)er, Dornamlid) ©d)nlbiid)er, fo u>ie ber 53ibe[, bringt nnbered)en^ baren a>ortl)eiI, Ie(5tere^ 35nd) nid)t nnr in biefer, fonbern in einer nod) roeit und)tigeren 93egiel)nng, bnrd) @rl)ebnng nnferer ©ebanfen auf @ott. @inc Dortrejflid)e Stn^gvibe bed nenen ^teftamentd in bei? ben (£prad)en, mit jn>ei ©palten auf jeber Seite, bie eine englifd), bie nnbere bentfd), \\t Don ber aine? tifanifd)en 35ibe(gefeUfd)aft in Tic\))^^^oxt im 3^^t)r 1849 Deranftviftet morben nnb jn fel)r billigen ^3rei? fen jn l)aben. 2)er SSerfajfer bicfer ^cikn ge|iel)t, baß er bem Serg(eid)en ber beiben Zextc fel)r Diel jn Derbanfen t)at nnb bierbnrd) jnerft anf ben ®e? banfen geleitet tDnrbe, and) biefem Serfnd)e bie englifd)e Ueberfel^nng beijnfiigen, mil er l)offre, ba? bnrd) bem einen ober bem anberen feiner ?efer in SSejng anf bad griernen ber eng(ifd)en ©pradje ei^ \ neu 2)ieu(l iu leifteiu f 25 Odell Ehvoll, N. Y.,Westermanii&]irothers, $1.50. English Grammars of Dr. John Fr. Arnold, Phila- delphia, John Weik ; New-York, Wm. Radde, $1 ; of Prof. T. B. Bryan, New-York, Koch & Co., 62^0 ; of G. van den Berg, 62^c. ; Interpreter^ published by Wm. Radde in a small, larger, and largest size, 12 J, 25 and 37^c. ; of Frederick Rauchfuss, 621c. The possession of which is of vast importance, and Germans are hereby most earnestly requested^ to obtain them. The reading of easy^ English books, especially^ school-books and the Bible, is of in- calculable benefit, the latter not only^ for the purposes of learning, but also^ for the infinitelye higher purpose of turning our hearts to God. An excellent edition^ of the New Testament, with two columns on each^ V^^^? German, the other in English, was published by the American Bible Society in 1849, and is to be had at a very low^^ price. The writer himself confesses^ ^ that he is very much indebted^- for his progress in the English to his exercises in comparing the two texts, and he was accordingly^^ induced to add to this essay an English translation, hoping that he might per- haps, by so doing, famish a new facility to his read- ers for the accomplishment of this end. 1 mahnen, crfucl)cn. — 2 (ctcbt — 3 rcrnc()mlic(). 4 nid)t allein. — 5 fcnbcvn and). — 6 uncntücl). — 7 tie 2(ii^9at»c 1 8iet)cr. — 9 tic (Seite. — 10 niebrtg. — 11 gefteftcm— * 12 fctu(l>i9 fein. — 13 »eröteic^en. — 14 in t^io^^ teffen. 3 26 ^ Sluperbem bieten (Td) bcm tDi^begiericjeu (Bd)iu lev taufeut)fad)e ©elegeitbeiten bar, bca Umfang (einer ÄenntnijTe im @nglifd)en jn crmeirern. Slnfmerffamei^ 3nl)'>i*^i^ ^i^f ®efpräd)e, fomo()f ber @nt)ad)fenen, al^ ber Äinber, — letztere finb ihrer cinfad)en, natiirh'd)en ©pred)n)eife n^egen nnb mil fie i[)re SBorfc mit entfpredjenben SSen^egnn^^ gen nnb ©eberben jn beg(eiten pflegen, befonber^ Ieid}t jn vet\tcl)cn ; — Uebnngen nnb namentfid) gegenfeitige^ lleberf)ören mit anbern @d)ii(ern ; S3ef fnd) t^on öffentlid)en 3(nftionen (n)obei er fid) je^ bed) eben fo fel)r Der bem ?D?itbieten, V)or Za^ fi-f)enbieben in 2(d]t jn nehmen l)at); Zljcilnaljme an ben üjfent[id)en ®erid)t^i^erl)anbhingen, tt>ojn ein jeber freien 3ittritt l)at; an Serfammfnngen, tve(d)e M Slbenbö gehalten jn ^Derben pflegen ; am englifd)en ®otteöbien(l, tvofmx bieß feine fonftigen religiöfen aSerpfIid)tnngen, ober feine Ueberjengnng erlanben:— bieg atteö bringt ifjm großen ®en)inn ; bereid)ert feinen SSerflanb in manrf)er SSejiefinng mit nii^IidKU Äenntniflen nnb fiiljrt it)n ber SBer^ n)irnid)nng feiner äBitnfd)e fd)nell entgegen. Uebnm gen im Ueberfegen, foiDO^I anö bem 2)entfd)en in'^ @nglifd)e, alß nmgefeljrt, ffnb ebenfalls mx großem 3ln§en ; ffe erweitern nid)t nnr feine @prad}fennt^ nijje, fonbeni and) bie Äräfte feineö S3er(lanbeö» loj^reifid) wirb er 3(nfangö nnr ben geringRen 5t()eit t)on bem tjerfleben, waö er [)ört nnb (ieöt, aber barnm t)erliere er ben SlWntl) ixid^u 3lad) nnb I ^Moreover,* a thousand opportunities offer ihem- h selves to him who seeks, by every means, to enlarge '[ his stock^ of English ; such as attentive listening^ {i to conversation, especially of little children, whose ] diction is so plain,'* natural and ingenuous,^ accom- : panied, as it always is, by free and natural ges- tures ; exercises in mutually repeating phrases with X those that are learning with you ; attendance^ at j I public auctions, where he must look out for pick- f; pockets, and should also refrain*^ from bidding; n attendance at the courts, where every one has a [(free admission; attendance at the various public y meetings, also at religious meetings, if it is in ac- ifcordance^ with his other religious engagements, H and not repugnant^ to his conscience ;^^ all of which ( are very conducive to his welfare. It tends to store I his mind with knowledge, and is of aid to him in other important particulars ; and leads him on ra- ^pidly to the accomplishment of his wishes. |f Exercises also in translating from the German into English, and vice versa, (in which newspapers offer a good opportunity,) are of great utility, not j . only by enlarging his knowledge of the language, I but also in strengthening his intellect. I It is true, that he understands at first only a small part of what he hears and reads ; but he must 1 ?X^I5cr^cnu — 2 >r-crratfu — 3 ;;ul)crcn» 4 ctnfncl). — ' 5 unpcfünftclt* — 6 ^P-cfucb. — 7 fid) enthalten. — 8 btc llc« 't&crcinftimmung. — 9 lvit)crftrcitcn^. — 10 taö ©can j[cn. 28 ttad) n)irb fein DI)r unb fein ®ebäcf)tnig immer t)cr^ tranter mit ben SOBcrten nnb — U e b n n g m a d) t ben 5iK e i jl e r, n)ie baö ©pridjwort fagt. dx bcf Ijerjige bie 2ßorte ©ötl)e'ö : 92un/ man fcmmt fc{)Ou cine (Strcclc." (Selbjl anf ber ©trage ftnbet ber anfmerffame ®d)iUer ®e(egen[)eit jn lernen» & betracl)tet jnm aSeifpicfe bie i)erfcl)iebenen 5(nöl)angefd)i(ber an ben ?abcn, beren ©inn il)m meijlenö bnrd) bie babei be^^ ftnblid)en gmbleme, ober bnrd) bie anc^gelegten äßaaren entjijfert mvb ; er merft fid) bie gramen ber ©tragen, it)cld)e geir>5!)n{id) an ben ©tragen^ erfen angefdjvieben ftnb; er fd]ärft l}ierbnrd) fein ©ebäd)tnig nnb geti>o()nt Ol)r nnb Bintge an bie Slnjfajfnng nnb 3(n^fprad)e eng(ifd)er äöijrten SBei aUem biefem t)erfanme ber Sln^manberer nid)t, fid) ein 5Ttorijbiid)eId)en jn balten, ^Dorin er fid) einjehie englifd)e 5öerter nnb Heine 9?ebe^ fälpe, bie er gel)ort l)at, anfäeid)ne nnb ^Defd)e er fleißig überlefe nnb repetire» ?ictirt er fid) bee^ Za^ geö nnr jel)n nene löi3rter (me(d)e Äleinigfeit !), fo l)at er nad) SSerlanf eineö "^aljreß in feinem Äopfe ein ^JJiagajin Don 3,650 äöörtern. äßeld)er beben^^ tenbe ©prad)fd)a<3 ! ii@in anbere{^ ganj l;)ortreff(id)Cö Littel jnr @r^ iDcrbnng eng(ifd)er ©prad)fenntnif|'e uerbient je^ bod) nod) befonbere (SnDäl)nnng. Sieg f[nb bie cng(ifd)en ©onnragöfd)nIen für Sentfd)e, mldjc in 29 not, on this account, lose his courage. By and by his ear will become more and more familiar with the sounds of words, and his memory more accus- tomed to retain them. Remember the old adage — "Practice makes perfect.'* And, as Goethe says, j " Fresh courage take, f Good purposes have, [ Then all is well, I And you move sweetly on." Even in the streets the attentive scholar finds m opportunity to learn. He, for instance, notices the signs on the shops, whose signification mostly Is explained to him by the emblems around and ['the wares that are exposed; he retains in his me- jtofiory the names of the streets, which are usually '|)n buildings, at the corners. This practice will jBharpen his memory and accustom his ear, by re- minding him of the sound, to the distinction of I English words. Besides all this, the immigrant should not ne- i ^lect to keep a little blank-book, in which lo note i iown single English words and short paragraphs, j which he should often read over. If he notes, for j nstance, but ten words a day, (a mere trifle,) iu ! ;he course of a year he has in his head a magazine : ;>f three thousand six hundred and fifty words, a ionsiderable treasure indeed. Another very excellent means of acquiring the 30 m'dcn ©egcnbeii bcr Union, ido ftcl) ScntfAe aixf^ l)aUcn, cnnd)rct finb. liSicrin genießen 3^tnitfd)c i)on beibcrfci ®efd)(ccf)f, Snnge nnb @mad)Kne lint) i)on i)erfrf}iebencn SonfefjToncn, nnentne(tlid)cn Untcrridit hn 35nd)|tabivcn, ?cfen, gd^rcibcn nnb (£prcd]cn, fnvj, in SlKcrn, wa^ jnr @r(crnnn(] bcr englifd]cn (gprad^e bicnt. Ter SSerfajJer fennt an^ eigener (Srfal}rnn(] ben großen S^ntjen folder 3hu flatten, ba er ml)renb feinet 3lnfentl)afte(? im mft^ lid)en Zl)eii be^ ©taat^^ yim ^ "^ovf cine foldie befnd)te. @r fd)ämte (Tcf) nid)t afs^ ein ®ei)T(id)cr unter jnngen S3nrfd)en jn filien, anfangt mit bem 2t53(5^bndv nad)her mit ber 53ibef in ber >>inb nnb cr mvb ftet^ bie 5D?änner fegnen, u>eld)e ihm gnr SSeforbernng feiner Äenntnifife nnb feinet 3öel)fer^ Qel)cn^ fo I)ii(freid) bie 5;^anb boten, giiriDabr, ber regelmäßige Sefnd) ber ©onntagc^fdinfen fann ben bentfd)en Sinivanberern, männ(id)en nnbiDeib[id)int ^erfonen, jnngen nnb (5rn)ad)fenen, nid)t wavm genng empfol)Ien vijerben* Surd) baö 53anb ber £)antbarfeit mit feinem amerifanifd^en ?ehrer v>cv^ einigt, ftärft bierbnrd) ber bentfd)e Stnfommling feine 3lnbäng(id)feit an feine nene fi^eimarb nnb an ben ®ei(T, ber barin maltet nnb malten fo((, nixnu lid) ben ©eijl trenen 5öobfu>oI(en(^ nnb )t>ed)fe[fetti;; gen 3i^f^^nimenmirfen^ jnr ^eforbenutii ber ojfeiU;? Iid)en nnb priDat(id)en ^löoblfabrt; bief? ift ber ©eift bci^ n>abren iKepnbfifani^mn!:^, fo mie ber beS (51)riftent[)nm^. 81 !' language deserves a particular notice: I refer to the English Sunday-schools for Germans, which are established in many places where Germans reside. In these, Germans of both sexes, young and old, and of different religious denominations, enjoy a gratuitous instruction in spelling, reading, writing : and speaking; and, in short, all things that tend to promote their advancement in the English lau- ' . guage. The author knows, by his own experience, 1 the great benefit of these establishments, having at- I tended une of them in Western New- York during I his stay there. He felt not ashamed, although a 'J clergyman, to take his seat with young men, first ■ with the spelling-book in his hand, afterwards the ; Bible; and he will always owe a debt of gratitude |: to those who so kindly, friendly, and affectionate- •I ly offered their services to promote his knowledge and happiness, 'j Indeed, the regular attendance at Sunday-schools ! cannot be too warmly recommended to German [ immigrants, both males and females, young and ' old. United by the ties of gratitude, the German stranger hereby strengthens his attachment to his I fecond home; and the spirit that prevails there, and i ought to prevail, the spirit of true benevolence and i mutual concurrence in promoting the public and I private welfare, which is the spirit of true Repub« , licanism, and of Christianity too, he will find also to be strengthened in him. 82 '2 2Son t)cr l)öcl)il:en 2ßict)ti()feit unb eine elgent(id)e Sebeit^frage ijl e^ für jeben ©iiimanberer, uiib $anb lit ^anb mit bent ©tubinnt ber englifcl)en Sprarf)e ge()t e^, baß er febatb al^ ini>glid) eine feinen Äräf* ten nnb gdljigfeiten angemejyene S3efd)äfrignng er^ l^afte. 91 r b e i t i |l eine a n b e r e ® r n n b b e? bingnng feinet ©liicf ^. 9tirf)t immer aber ifi: eö mög(td), bie frii[)ere ^e^^ benöbefct)äftigung fejl:jnl)alten, namentlid) fiir fo(d)e^ ttjeldie in Seutfd](anb ben gebilbetcren ©täuben angel)5rten» äöac^ foHen nun biefe 3lt[e tt)nn? „? e r n e bid) f e I b (1: f e n n e n", fprad) einft ein 5ßeifer be^ 2l(tertl}nm^, ba^ l)eißt, fomel)! beine $^al)igfeiten nnb ^tenntniflfe, a(d and) beine 9Jtänge[ unb (55ebred)en, bamit bn i)on beinen ©aben einen n^eifen Oebrand) jn mad)en nnb Sl)or!)eiren jn "ocv^ meiben lernefi-. 5a, in nn^ fefb|t febt nnfer ®(iicf, nnter bent SSeiftanb nnb Segen be^ aKnmditigen ®ette^. „s>ilf bir felbft'' fagt baß amevifanifd)e (Epvid)n)crt nnb ©Ott n)irb bir helfen. ©0 mandjer Sintt^anberer aber fel)It bann , bag er !?;age, ja ^lCcd)en (aug jufteht nnb mirrlevavile fein fcflbareö ©elb nnb feine nod) fcflbarere ^cit i^ergcnbet, inbem er rnbig iv>artet, bi^ ihm icv fait irgenb ein „®(üd" in bie S^awtc fhhiw 33 II 12 It is of the highest importance for every immi- grant, and the very means of his livelihood, going hand and hand with the study of the English lau- \ guage, that he finds, as soon as possible, an occupa- tion^ adapted to his powers and abilities.^ Labor 1 is a principal condition of his happiness, but it is I not always possible for him to adhere^ to his for- I mer occupation, especially for those who were numbered in Germany among the more educated^ \ classes. What now must all these do? Ifnow thyself^ thy talents and attainments, as well as thy faults^ and errors,"^ said a wdse man of old : in or- ' der that thou mayest be able^ to make a wise use of thy gifts,^ and avoid folly, may be added. Yes, in ourselves lives our happiness, under the assist- ance and blessing of Almighty^ God. " Help yourself," is the American proverb, and God will help you. But the mistake^® of many an immigrant is, that ' he waits for days, even weeks, spending^^ in the mean while his precious^^ money and his still more precious time, quietly^^ waiting until some favora- 1 tic 23cfcl)a'fti9unö- — 2 bic (SJcfcbicKicbfoit, 3'ä[)t9fctL— 3 an()än9cti, — 4 gcbiltct. — 5 bcv gcMcr. — 6 tor Srr« tftuuu — 7 fäf)tc. — 8 tic ©abc. — 9 aUmü'cbtip. ~ 10 tec 3rrtf)um. — 11 au^oßcbciu — 1-2 fcjlbar. — 13 vu[)ic^. f 34 (5ö ill fcf)on oft gefagt it)orben iinb ber ScrfajTer, — ber nirf)t fon)oI)f baraiif au^gef^t, ml Ticiic^ jii fageu, t)ielmel)v alte 3B a l) r f) e 1 1 e n beneii öu baö ^crj ju legen, n?e[c()e baraud yiiü}cn jiel)en fönnen nnb wollen, — fann eö nict)t evnfilict) ge^^ nng tt)ieberI)oIen, baß berjenige ffcf) friU)er ober fpä^^ ter bitter getänfci[)t ftnben n)irb, ber ba glaubt, bier ein ?anb, tt)o WHÜd) nnb §onig fließt, ein Slbcrabo, ober gotbene SSerge, anjntreflfen; ober, mit anberen Söorten, ber ba mt)nt, ol)ne D?ect)tfrf)ajfenl)eit nnb eine n)ol)(georbnete,^erftänbige S;()ätigfeit fein ®lnd fiir bie T^aner gritnben jn fönnen» 13 3>ev ©nmnberer \)at jTd) n)äbrenb feined Slnf^ entl)aftö im Äoflbnn^ bat)or jn l)iiten, baß er jenem SSanern in ber gäbe! g(eicl)e, ber in bie (Stabt get)en tt)oIlte, nnb ba er an bem Ufer eined glnfle^ anfam, über ben er I)inüber mnßte, bid jnm fpäten 5lbenbe tDartete, bid ffrf) baö aßaffer i^erfanfen l)aben n^iirbe. Stber bie ©ette ^,fli'ömt unt) ivivb )lct^5 ftrömcn l&inat) nn'i5 Gntc tcr 3a, balb n>irb ancf) er am @nbe feiner Zaqc fle!)en, ol)ne feinem '^ide nät)er gefommen ju fein, mnn er, n)ie biefer tf)örict)te ?anbmann, i^erfänmt, .^anb an baö 5öerf jn fegen, Dormäild jn gel)en nnb bieman^ itigfact)en ^inbernij]e jn befeitigen, tt>efcl)e auf bem äßege feined ?ebenö i()m entgegentreten Sin planlofeö, nnt^ernünftiged 5;^eriiberfommen tragt ^ä)on fogleicf) bei ber Sin fünft feine bitteren 35 ble accident^ comes to his relief. It has been often said, — but the author, not desirous^ of saying any new things, but rather warmly to recommend old truths to the hearts of those who may be benefited by them, begs'^ leave'* to repeat it — that that man must be the victim of his illusions, sooner or later, vfc^ho believes he shall find here an Eldorado — gol- den mountains — ^^or seeks to promote his lasting^ happiness without^ honesty'' and a well-guided,* judicious** activity. ^3 The immigrant, during his stay in his boarding house,shou]d not imitate the foolish peasant^^ in the fable, who, as he was going to the city, arriving at the bank^^ of a river which he had to pass, waited till the water might cease^^ flowing.^^ But "the waves did run and will run perpetually,^^ to the end of time.^^* A planless and unprincipled intention, in com* ing to ,this country, bears*''' its bitter fruits on the very day of arrival, and the longer the immigrant stays^^ without a regular, usefuP^ employment,^° the * **Labitur, et labetur in omnc volubilis aevum.'* 1 Sufntr. — 2 fc!)nförf)ti9 n)(infcf)cnl). — 3 l^ittcn, — 4 bu ©rtaubniS. — 5 l)flucrl)aft. — 6 c!)nc. 7 tic $Hccl)tfc!)nf5 fcn^cit. — 8 tvc{;(9c(i'itct. — 9 wftantig*— 10 33aiicr,— 11 Ufct. — 12 auf Wrcju — 13 flicpcn. — 14 t)ic SSefs Icn. — 15 tcflantip. — 16 t>U Beit. — 17 trngcn. — 18 fid^ (luftaltcn. — 19 wii^Mh — 20 t>tc 23cfc!)äfti3un9. i 86 griid)re, unb je länger ber Sinv))anDever o[)ne xtf gelniäßige mib nul3licl)e 23efct)äfti9iuig bleibt, beflo inel)r (ieigt feine 2>er(ec|enl)eit, fein 9Jintl) nimmt ab, fein ®e(t) be^g(eict)en nnb n f f i g g an g i ft aU lev Rafter 51 n f a n g/' fagt ta^ ®pnid)n)crt* 1^2) ie er fte "'Pf lid) t ei n e ^ S3 nr g er ö ift Slrbeit; jTe bringt (Sl)re nnb ©eminn. ®ie ift cine Dnelfe l)än^lid)en ©litcf^ nnb politifdjer iBol)!^ fal)rt; ber ®rnnbpfei(er im Stempel ber 9?cpnb(if, l)orjitg(id) menn bie Singenben ber ©eniigfamfeit unb 9Jivißigteit bamit Derbnnben finb» 2öo feine Slrbeit ift, ba leibet ber äöohfftanb nnb ijerfallen bie ©itten; nnb be§tt)egen follte 9ciemanb befd)äfti^ gnng^lo^ ober mit^ig fein, mit ^nönabme ber ®e^ bred)(id)en nnb Äranfen, ober berer, bie an SKterö^ fd)n)äd)e feiben« ba^ ehrmiirbige 5([ter mag bie griidne jngenb(id)er nnb männlid)er Äraftanftren^ gnng m n)iirbiger 5Knbe geniegen* 3lber mv nnr irgenb arbeitöfäbig ift, follre tvirfen nnb ®nteö tbnn „fo lange e^ ZaQ ift; e^ fommt bie 3tad)t, ba 9tiemanb VDirfen fann." (3ob. 9, 40 „Siebe anf ba^ 2lmr, baö bn empfangen baft Don bem 5;^errn, bag bn bajfelbe an^rid)teft." (ßolofTer 4, 17.) „diiiu get barnad), bag ibr ftille feib nnb baö @nre id)affi fet, nnb arbeitet mit enren eigenen 5;^änben, anf bag il)r el)rbarlid) iDanbelt nnb feinet bebiirfet." (1 Ji:i)eft'. 4, 11. 120 //5Ö0 man arbeitet, ba ift genng, tt)o man aber mitSlßorten nmgel)et, ba ift 9Rangel/' (®prnd)e ©alomo'^ 14, 230 //5ßer arbeitet, bem 37 move he feels embarrassed/ his energy^ failing, and his purse too; and "idleness^ is the beginning of all vices,"'* as the proverb says. The first duty of a citizen is to labor : and this • brings honor and reward.^ It is a source of do- mestic happiness and political welfare, the main pillar in the temple of the Republic, especially if the virtues of frugality and temperance^ are cou- pled with it. Where there is no labor, morals, as well as the means of living, suffer and decay ;^ and therefore no one should be idle or unemployed except those, that are debilitated by sickness,^ or by Ijthe infirmities of age.^ Yes, venerable age may enjoy, in its worthy retirement/^ the fruits of youth- ful and manly labor. But whoever^^ is able to worJc^ should labor and do good, "while the day lasts^ flfor the night cometh, in which no man can work** (John 9 : 4.) '*Take heed to the ministry which I thou hast received in the Lord, that thou fulfil it.** (Coloss. 4: 17.) ''And that ye study to be quiei and to do your own business, and to work with your ' own hands, as we commanded you ; that ye may walk honestly and that ye may have lack of nothing." i(L Thessal. 4: 11. 12.) "In all labor there is 1 t>crtvlrrt. — 2 t)cr 9}Zuth, tic ^S^atfvaft. — 3 OJJu^'ig* gang. — 4 Rafter. — 5 ber Scf)iu — 6 bic ?}Za'ßi9fcit. — 7 Dcrfallen. — 8 bic .^ranfbclt* — ö ta^J 2C(tcr. — 10 t)if 3ur lief gelegen f)cit« — 11 tvcr nur. 4 38 {(1 ber ®d)faf fi't^e, er babe wenig ober t)ief gegejyen, öber bie gitUe be^ SKeid^eu läjyet il)u itid]t fAfafen/' {^preb{(]er ©afomo'^ 5, 12.) „Snvd)te bid) ri{d)t unb la^ beiue 5jaube nid]t miibe werben ; benn ber ^err, bein ©ott, if! bei bir, ein jiarfer ü^eilanb, er Wirb fid) über biet) frenen nnb bir frennblid) fein." (3ep[)an. 3, 16. 17.) Sebe Slrbeit ift ebreni^oU in einer 9?epnb(if, wenn fie ba^ 23erte ber ©efel(fd)aft beforbern l)ifft. 2^cr ?anbmann l)inter feinem ^fln^ ge; ber ^^aglobner an üjfentlid)en äöegen, Kanälen, @ifenba[)nen nnb in ben Sergwerfen; ber ^anbwer^ ter nnb Äünftfer in feiner Slrbeit^ftätte; ber Manff mann in idncv^al)l{tnhc; ber ®e[e[)rte in feinen gcrfdjnngen ; ber an'o3ejeid)nete ©taat^^mann, wie ber f (eine (^ajiitenjnnge, ber ®ei|l(id)e, wie ber Heine iEaminfegerjnnße,— fie aUe finb gleidier &)ve mwf big; fie ringen in ben i)erfd)iebenen Birten iljvc^ Se^? vnf'Sf afferbing^ anf 5)erfd}iebenen SBegen, aber für ein nnb bajfelbe ^id, für ba^ 5öo!)f ber SWenfd)^ l)eil: ; jnr (Jrfüffnng il)rer ^flid)ten gegen ®ott unb jnr 33eförbernng il)re^ eigenen 3Bo!)[ergebenö, fo wie beö ®lnrM i!)rer 5!)Jitmenfd)en* i5 9Rid)t^ ift DieKeid)t gefdl)rlid)er nnb fd)äb[id)er, al^ ba^ t)on 9!)?onard)ieen l)errü[)renbe aSornrtl)ei[ be^ Äaftengeifle^^ bap Einige bnrd) il)re®ebnrt jn gürften nnb (SbeI(enren,2Jnbere gu bo[)en ®taat^^ bienern beilimmt feien; wäl)renb wieber Sfnbere aU gewöl)nlid)e Untert()anen geboren, woDon Weber ffe nod) il)re 5Rad)fommen ffd) befreien fönnen» 2)0^ 89 profit, but the talk of tKe lips bendeth only to pen ury." (Proverbs 14 : 23.) *'The sleep of a laboring I man is sweet, whether he eat little or much, but the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep." (Ecclesiast. 5 : 12.) **Fear thou not, let not thy hands be slack. The Lord thy God in the midst of thee is mighty; he will save, he will rejoice over \ thee with joy." (Zephaniah 3 : 16. 17.) All labor • is honorable in a republic, if it is such as the good oi I society requires.^ The farmer^ behind^ his plough, the day-laborer on the public ways, canals, and rail- roads, and in the mines; the mechanic in his work- ' shop,'^ the merchant in his counting-room,"^ the scholar in his meditations ; the distinguished^ statesman, as well as the small cabin-boy ; the clergyman, as well as the little chimney-sweep : they are all worthy of \ the same honor ; they toiF in the different vocations* iof life ; in different ways, to be sure, but for one and ' the same end, the benefit of the race; to fulfil their duty to God, to promote their own welfare and the happiness of their fellows. 1^ Nothing can be, perhaps, more dangerous^ and [pernicious^^ than the prejudices,^^ originating in mon- archies, in regard to caste ; that some are born princes 1 crfcrtcnu — 2 bcr Sandmann. — 3 Winter. — 4 bic .^anbiDcrffmittc, — 5 Ba()()lubc. — 6 nui^gc^cicbnct. — 7 vinp.cn, fid) aOmuf)Ciu — 8 tcr iBevuf. — 9 gcfatnlid). — 40 rum bringen mancf)e @inn)anberer, tie auö folcfyeit Sänbern fommen, in SJejug auf tic natiirlid)e ®feid)l)eit ber ?Oienfc(}en fel)i' irrtt)iimlid)e SSegrife mit l)erüber« ®oId)e ©ebautcn nm^en ftc anc^ il)*^ rem ®ebad)tnip i[)ertilgen, fobalb crti(gcn, t>ernid)tcn. — I 6 t>cru{)rcn. — 7 bic ::^reuc, *5)flid)ttrciic. — 8 ba^ ^^crs t>'icn)l?— 9 bcr J^iij}, (^tant^piinft. — 10 bcr .pan^mafcr. — II t)af)or. — 12 ftarh — 13 (Soangcliunu — H crf)a(ti'n. i 42 i6 2)a er unbefannt i\l mit ben 9ftainen unb 3ßo^^ nungen ber ^Ivbeitgeber, mir feiner 3ieiferoute, bem S3etrag ber Dteifefoften ii. f. U).^ fo füblt er bat^ 25c^ biirfuip nad) diati) luib Selebrimg. (StS mirb ibni nun, namenrlid) mm\ er bei Jiajje ijl, nict)t an (Sefd)en fehlen, me(d)e Um ihre Xieni'te anbieten, iiatiirfi* unter ber ä>erfid)eruuc) ibrerUui? eigenunlpißfeit, fo wie, baß fte alleö auf baö ^^e|lc beforgen unirben. (Sr benehme fid) i)'6d))t DovjTd;ng geqen fold)c pIol3lid)e greunbe, wie \d)bn fa* and) gef leibet fciiU, me(d)e (ccf euDe ä^ertpredninflen fi'e il)m and) uiad)en mögen. & iajje fein (^>^elb von il)ueu medifeln uub gebe ihnen fein ©elb jur Jlufj? bemahrung ober gefattigen "ilH^forgniig ananberc; benn mean ein foId)cr unic^iid) iil unb erfiävr, taß er e^ Derloren habe, fo fann er nad) bem C^'^ejcl) nidH beftrafr werben, mefern biefe ^i>eforgung feine ®efd)äfr^fad)e war, wofür er eine $>e(ohnung ober bie 3i^0d)^^vung einer feld^en erhalten hatte, iix Dermeibe ihre (SkfeUfd)aft, lajTe fid) uid)t ihmi ihnen trafriren, furj, er mad)e fid) lu feiner 3Üeife V)erbinb(id) gegen ^Vrfonen, bereu ©teüung nub guter (Si^arafter ihm uid)t wohl befannt ift. 2}er arglofeöinwant'erer iff wirflid) i^ftbci feiner f anbung in ©efabr, in bie A^änbe dou ^Hninocru gu fallen nub ein Dpfer feinei^ Bi^^^^^^^'^i^ i^J^b feijicr Unfenntnip ju werben» ^'iHt ehe er ben '<^oteu biefei? gefegnetcn ^anbe^ berührt, 3lngefid)t^^ ter Äüfte, wirb er gar oft düu biefer jllaffe i>on Waiu 43 country, towards the end of his destination, and is not discouraged, until he lias found at least a means of satisfying his immediate and short urgent wants. ,16 As he does not know the addresses of employers, nor liis route, nor the fares of travel either by water or by land, &c. he feels tlie want of instruciion and advice. There will be, especially if he is in possession of money, no lack of those, who offer him their sei vices, of course, under the affirmation of their dis^interestedness and that they will take the best care of all his affairs. He ought to be very cautious with those friends of the moment, however decently they may appear, and whatever alluring promises they may make him. Ho should trust them with no money to change for him, neither should he favor them with any money to keep or send away to others ; for if such a one is dishonest and declares that he has lost it, he cannot be punished for it by law, provided that this trust was not a matter of business, for which he has received a reward or the promise of one. Indeed, the unsuspecting immigrant, on his landing, is often in danger of falling into the hands of some swindler and of becomino- the dupe of his own confidence and ignorance. Even before touching the soil of this blessed country, in the sight of the shore, he is apt to be approached by those men, who skilfully seize, in behalf of their own selfish puiposes, upon his feelings of astonishment and 44 fcf)en attgefprcc{)en, mld)e jTcf) feüteö ©rjlaiinenö unb feiner freubic] aufgeregten ®efnl)Ie nub jng(eicf) feiner llnbefanntfcbaft unb 2lbl)ängigfei(: bei bent Slublicfe benjor it)m liegenbeu neuen 2öelt mit ®e^ fd)icf gu bemeijlern tvijTen, urn il)re felb)lfiicl)tigeu Slbfid)ten ill erreic{)en. i"3n biefer unb nmucf)er anberen S5ejiebung fottte ber 5(u^n)anberer, meld[)er 2ßitten^ ift, feine Steife itacl) 3lmerifa anzutreten, ober auf bem 5öege bal)irt, ben Diatl) für 5Iu^n)anberer nid)t mbead)tct faffen, n)c[d)er i)or einiger S^it in öjfentlid^en S3Iättern er^ fd}ien unb motion 9(ad)fo(genbe^ entnommen ijl : L 9iif unb nimmer la^t end) in 2)eutfd)fanb baju t)erleiten, jnm SSorau^ fiir eure $)^eife t)ou 5ieu<2)orf iu'^ 3nuere von 2lmerifa ju bejableu* ©eroinneu fönnt ibr babei uid^t^, t)erlieren febr Dief* SSejabIt bloß bie ©eereife biö TiCiu'^oxt, unb nid)t meiter ! 2. ^eib il)r ^löilteut^, nad) ^Dlijfouri, Soma, bem tt)e)l(id)en ober fitblid)en 3Hinoi^ ober bem fitblid)en 3nbiaua ju reifen : fo reifet über 9t e u D r I e a u ^ ! Dbmobt and) bort 53etrug genug verübt tt)irb, fo i|l'^ bod) bort uid)t f o arg, unb bie golgeu nid)t f o cm^ |3finblidv mc in iyfeu<2)orf, 8. 3br brandy end) mit feinem dJlä flex (rimnt^r) uub f e i u e m ^ a f f a g e S u r e a u (foi- warding office) etujulaffeu. Sie 9JJäf(er mad)en ^\d) md)t^ \)aYaii^, bie uuverfcbämteften ?ügen ju fageu. gragt it)r uad) einem greunbe in ?teu^2)orf. 4^ joyous* emotion,^ and at the same time of bis depend- ance^ and ignorance, in view of the new world which I lies before him. \ ^'^ In this and many other relations the emigrant in- \ tending to start^ for, or on his way to America should not neglect to consider the advice for emigrants, which appeared in some public papers a short time since and from which the following is selected.'^ 1. Never süßer yourself to be so misguided^ in Germany, as to pay in advance'' your fare from New- York to the interior of America. You can gain nothing by this, but lose much. Pay your ,! passage only to New-York, and no fjirther.^ ■ 2. If you wish to go to Missouri, Iowa, to Western or Southern Illinois, or to Southern In- diana, go by the way of New Orleans. Although there is deception^ enough committed there, yet it is not so bad and the consequences not so pernicious/** j as in New- York. \ 3. You need not engage^* a runner^^ or inquire^^at a forwarding -office. The runners feel no compunc' tion in telling you the most impudent falsehoods If you, for instance, inquire for a friend in New- York, 1 frof), frcubig. — 2 t)ic 2Cufrc9ung, GkmütOc^ücrucgunc^. - 3 t)ic ?Cb()änc\ic\!cit. — 4 aOvcifcn. — 5 ivä()(cn, cats eignen. — 6 v»cr(cttcn, irre fa()rcn. — 7 tm r-croui^. — tvcitcr. — 9 Saufcbung, ^Betrug. — 10 lu'vtcrüücl), — 11 fiel) cintajfciu — 12 t)cr 931äf(cr. 13 anfragen. i 46 fö t)erjTcf)ent ffe eitcf), er feitueggcjogcn. ^ragt i!)r md) einem 2Birtl}e, ben man eud) empfol)len l)at, fo i)erjTdi)eni (Te eud), ber fei banfevott gegaiiv^en. Saßt end) bitrd) bie^ 5(t(e^ nic{)t irre mad)en ! üöie fred) (Te aiid) 6el)auptcn mögen, (Te feien i)on bei Dbrigfeit bajn befleßt, end) jn ratben nnb ju leiten: glaubt'^ nid)t nnb befolgt'^ nid)t ! Serbaltet end) gegen f[e, al^^ eb i[)r meber ()ören nod) fpred)en fönn^? tet ! gjJiißt il)r ja etmaö fpred)en, fo fagt rnl)ig : /,3cl) it>erbe fd)on ^Diflfen, maö id) gn tl)nn l)abe/' ober eine äl)nfid)e an^meid^nbe Slntn^ort» 4. l)abt ba^9?ed)t, jv))eimal 24 ©tnnben nad) enrer Slnfnnft mit enrem ®epäcf anf bem (gd)iffe gn bleiben* 33 e n n Ij e t bie^ 5)ted)t ! ©fet nidit ! iJiebmt end) ^cit ! ©ebt rnbig Don enrem gd)ijfe an^^ am ^;^afen entlang, fo merbet ibr ba fd)on bie 2^ampfboote liegen febn, bie nad) ^bila^^ befpbia, gilbani) nnb anbern Orten l)infa!)ren. 5)tit großen S3nd)iT:aben finb jeneSTi'amen („^l)ilabefp()ia," „2l[bant)'0 bort angefd)rieben. äöenn il)r nnr ^hu gen l)abt nnb fefen fönnt, fo ftnbet H)v'^ fd)on, obne einen anfDring(id)en gübrer nötbig jn Ijaben. ^ße^ gabft bann anf bem J^ampfboote in ber SDfftce beö gd)iff^capitaini^ nnb nid)t eber, a(^ biö baö Sd)i|f abfährt, enre greife bid ^l)ilabelpl)ia, Slfbani) 2C., unb mnn ibr bort angefommen feib, fo beja()It bie n)eitere 9?eife mit g(eid)er 2sovffd)t ! 5, ilanal^D^eifen fd)einen ^mx t?itUDol}(feifer ju ; 47 they will assure you, that he has moved away.^ If you inquire for a landlord, who is recommended lo you, they will assure you, that he has become a bankrupt. Be not led astray^ by all this ! However impudently they may assert, that they are commis- sioned by the government to advise and to guide you : do not believe them nor follow their advice. Conduct yourself with them, as though^ you could neither hear nor speak. But if you must say any- thing, quietly say : I know already what I have to do," or give a similar evasive* answ^er. 4. You have the right to remain with your bag- gage^ on board the ship forty-eight hours after your arrival. Make use of this privilege. Do not be in a hurry Take time. Go quietly from your ship along the wharf, and you will see lying there the steamboats which are bound for Philadelphia, Al bany and other places. These names (Philadelphia, Albany, &c.) are written there in great letters. If you only have eyes and can read, you will soon find it out without the aid of an obtruding conductor. Pay then upon the boat, at the captain's office, and not till the boat starts, your fare for Philadelphia, Albany, &c. and when you arrive at these places, pay for your farther passage with like precaution. 5. Travelling by canal seems to be much cheaper 1 wcg^ic()cn. — 2 irre (citcu, tvrc mocf)cn. — 3 ct\a(d wenn. — 4 auon 2(lbani) nad) SiiflFa(o braucf)t mau per (gnfeubabu uur 1 !i:ag, per Äaual 8 bi^^ 14 ^age ; auf ber @ifeubat)u l)atmau im Sommer 150 ffnn^ ®epäcf frei, auf bem Manal 50 ^fuub ; auj^ ber (Jifeubalyu bat mau uur für eiueu Xag Setöfii^ guug ju bejal)(eu, auf bem Maml 8 biö 14S:age. 6. iöer Dou 5ieu^2)orf über SSufalo uarf) bem SBefteu reift, tbut iu ber Stege! am befieu, ftd] eiuer ber jmei groj^eu @ifeubal)ueu ju bcticncn^ bie üou 9?eu^2)^^'f bortbiu ge^u, uämlirf) bie 2t 1 b a u i) S3 u f f a ( 0 ^Sifeubabu uub bie 9? e u ^ 2) o r f ^ r i e ^^(Sifeubahu. ^iöoUt ibr auf ber erfleu reifeu, fü fabrt per I^ampfboot bi^ SUbaui), uub uebmt bort auf bem (Sifeubabubofe ein 33iUet nad) S3uffaIo, Dod) fount ibr and) in dlen^'^ovf fd)ou eiu 93i(tet uebmeu uub tbut \vol)l, wenn iljv end) beöbalb bei ber Slgeutur ber Seutfdjeu @efet(fd)aft nad) bem 3lgeuteu ber 3(lbaui) i^23ujfa(o ^ Sifeubahu erfuu?^ bigt» ar^oHt ibr mit ber ?(eu^2)or^@rie:^@ifeubabu reifeu, fo gebt ibv eiufad) ju bem 23abul)ofe, ber fid) am ^^iibfou^glug, am (Sube ber Duaue^^Stra^e befiubet» SSou bort gebt'^ jmar jueril 25 "öJteilen mit beu j^ubfou^Strom btuauf per Sampfboot, \)ann aber per ©ifeubabu in uorbU)ejlIid)er 9iid)tuug grabe burd) bi'^ nad) X)üufirf am Srie^See (ijou ba mitev per Sampfboot nad) (^'fe^efanb, Ban^ bu^fi), Detroit icj 7. ®eib ibr aöilteuö, lu'ö 3unere beö ?anbcö 49 , than by raih'oads, but it takes much more time. It ! takes only one day to travel by railroad from Albany to Buffalo (328 English miles), by canal it takes j from 8 to 14 days ; by the railroad you can take 1 150 pounds baggage free during the warm sea- t son, by the canal only 50 pounds; on the railroad you have only to pay the expenses of one day's living, I on the canal from 8 to 14 days. <| 6. Whoever travels from New-York to the West I by the way of Buffalo, generally does best, to take < one of the two great railroads, which lead there from ; New-York; that is, the Albany and Buffalo railroad ir^- and the New-York and Erie railroact If you choose to travel by the first mentioned, take a steamboat from New- York to Albany and there at the railroad station buy a ticket for Buffalo. But you can also take a ticket for N. York ; and you do well to enquire, for tliat purpose, in the ofHee of the Germau Society, , for the Agent of the Albany and Buffalo R. R. Co. But if you choose to travel by the New-York and i Erie railroad, you have merely to go to the railroad station which is on the North River, at the end of Duane-street. From there it goes at first 25 miles up the Hudson by steamboat, then by railroad in a northwest direction directly through to Dunkirk on lake Erie, and from thence by steamboat to Cleveland, I Sandusky, Detroit, ol)I gefdHt nnb rec^t 8. 3iie nnb nimmer fanfet ?anb, baö il)r nid)t ntit eigenen ^ngen befel)en ^abt! 9. 93ebitrft il}r in 9ten^2)orf gnten diatl) ober 3ln^fnnft über irgenb etwa^, fo gefjet jnr bent^^ fd)en ®efellfd)aft, Oreenmid) ^ ©trage S^ro* 95. 9JJit großen S5nd)|taben febt il)r ba über ber 2;i)nr gefd)rieben: „Sie 5(gentnr ber bentfd)en @ e f e 1 1 f d)a f t/' ®a mvb man end) nnent^^ g e 1 1 1 i d) e n 9?atf) nnb Slnöf nitft cvtljcUeiu mextt mbji: bie^ ipt bie einjige Slgentnr, ba^ cin^iQ^ SSnrean ober Somptoir, baö bie „bentfd)e ®c\cU^ fdiaft ber ©tabt Ticiu'^oxV* iintevi^aU. :Siefe @efettfd)aft Ijat men rein menfd)enfrennblir]^e« 51 tained^ either in ISTeAv-York or^ in other great cities by Germans residing tliere. They will tell you stories'* about bears and wolves, and impenetrable* forests,^ and poisonous'' swamps/ which they say, are in the interior; they will paint before you phantoms of terror of every kind,^ in order to detain you in the cities. Believe them not! Be not deceived thereby!'* If you have relations^^ or acquaintances^^ in the in- terior, who have written you, travel to them. If you were accustomed"^ to a country life^^ in Germany, and like^^ it, a country life in America will please^* you, as many thousands of your countrymen are very much pleased with it, and are doing^" very well. 8. Never buy land, which you have not seen with your own eyes. 9. If you need in New- York good counsel or information, go to the German Society, No. 95 Green- wich-street. There is written in great letters above the door, "Agency of the German Society.'* There advice and information will be i^iven to you gratui- tously. Remember well : this is the only ngency, the only office, which is sustained by the German Society of the city of New- York. This society has a humane purpose only. Its members contribute 1 a(>()atten — 2 cntivctcv. — 3 ct»cr» — 4 bic (55cfd)icl)tc. — 5 unt)urd)brinöticl). — 6 t)vV S^Batb. — 7 (l^ft^^* — 8 bcr (Sumpf* — 9 7(rt. — 10 f)icvt)urd). — 11 t)cu "^Scts n)ant)te» — 12 t)cr 33c6annte. — 13 9cia)of)ncn. — 14 ba^J l^ant)(c&cn. — 15 (tcbcn. — - IGocfallciu — 17 fid) Ocfinbcn, 52 tt)ot)Ort jte tl)ei(^ 2(rme itnb Äranfe uuterfliUj.eu, tf)ei[^ jmei 5(genteu unterl)alten, bie tn jenem ^lu xean ben ginmanberern ratben nnb helfen, y^iibrt man end) anf ein anbre^ 93nrean, nnb fagt end), ba^ fei bie bentfcf)e ®efel{fd)afr, fo mag e^ wol)l eine ®efeUfd)aft bentfcter Setriiger nnb ©d)nrfen fein, aber nict)t bie ®efeßfct)aft bentfd)er ^Ken^? fd)enfrennbe ; benn biefe l)at, me gefagt, fein an^ bere^ 53nrean, alö ba^ : ®reenn)id)^@trage yiv. 95* 10* 5:^a[tet tt)r end) in gien^2)orf einige ^age auf, fo fel)t w>obl jn, in wa^ fiir ein ® a fK)anö i\)V ge[)t SSeflfer ifi'^^: in einem reinticf)en, orbent^? Iid)en 5panfe t)iel ju bejat)fen, af^ nnter bem SSer^^ fprecf)en ber 9Bol)Ifeill)eit ffd) in ein fd)Ied)teö, fd)mnl3i(]e^, t)erbäd)tig an^fel)enbe^ S^an^ lorfen ju (affen nnb — ba geprellt jn merben. 11 ♦ @nb(i(J) rat()en mir jebem ©nmanberet anf'ö bringen bfle, Dor nnb n)äl)renb feiner SInfnnft in Tien-^'^oxt ffrf) in ernftem ®ebet bem ®d)nl3 nnb ber ^itlfe ®otteö anjnbefebfen, nnb beö ®prnd)e^ ju gebenfen : ,,aSer(ajte bid) auf ben ^errn V)on ganjem 5?erjen nnb ijerlag bid) nicht anf beinen SSerjlanb ; fonbern gebenfe an il)tt in alien beinen SBegen: fo n)irb @r bid) red)t fiil)^ ren/' (©pritd)e ®aL 3, 5—6) nnb ber fd)önen @rmal)nnng be^ alten Stobiae an feinen ®ol)n : „Sein ?ebentang Ijabe ®ott t)or JJlngen nnb im 53 . money, with which they both render aid to the poor^ and sick/ and support^ two agents, who advise and \ help the emigrants, who come to this office. If you I are conducLt.d to any other office, and told tliat that 1 is liie German Society, this may be perhaps a society of German deceivers'* and rogues,^ but not the society of German phihmthropists,^ lor this has, as we have said, ' no other office, than that at No. 95 Greenwich-street. 10. If you slop^ in New- York or any other phice ' for a few days, be carefuP in what kind of a boaj ding- house you go. It is better to pay much in a ckan' * and deceriL^^ house, than to be, under the promise of cheapness, enticed'^ into a bad,^^ dirty, ^'^ suspicious \ looking house, in order to be cheated there, •j 11. Finally we advise every emigrant most ur- < gently to commend himself before his arrival and J; during his stay in New-Yoik, ttc. in earnest prfiyer to the protection and the help of Almighty God, and i remember the verses of the Bible : " Trust in the Lord '; with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding. In all thy w^*iys acknowledge Him, and He shall direct thy paths,'* (Proverbs 3 : 5. 6.) , and the beautiful admonition of old Tobias to his son : **jMy son, be mindful of the Loid our God all thj days, find let not thy will be set to sin, oi' to irans- II aviiu — ^ franf. — 3 untcv()altcn. — 4 bcr JBctrüQcr. — 5 rcr (Scholia, (S'cburfc. — 6 t^cr ^)}^cn|;l)cnfvi:lln^, — 7 Otabon, nd) aufholten. — 8 acbtfam, iHU'iicbrlo. —9 rcin(tof), — 10 cvDontlicb. — 11 (ccfciu — l-2i'cb(ccl)t, --13 (a)mn6ig. 54 ^erjeit, unb f)üte bid), bap bit in feme (giittbe wnüU geil, unb tt)uc|l miber ®ottc^ ®cbot/' (tob. 4, 6.) 2^ag ba^ üben bejuqlid) ber ^Didflcr ®efac|te ind)t übertrieben fet, n>irb bnrd) ben anitlidiPU 33eri(f)t einei^ amerifanifd^en eijTlidKn be|l-atu]t, mld)er bie 2:batfad)e anfuhrt, bag bie J}nrd)fd)nitt(^nnnme, inn \vcld)e jäbrlid) bie (g-nuqranren bei ihrer \*an^ bnn.(] in Dten^^jorf unb auf ihremUBeae in'c^ "sunere betro(]en tDerben, fuh nadi ber (]erin.qjien Sdicilpung auf eine ^Oiiüion I^ollanl ^JJiiKionen fiinfmalj^ t)nnberttaufeiib ©alten belaufe, 2lud) mag nod) auvienilnt a>.n'Drn, bag ähn(id)e tvoblthätige ©efetlfdnifren, nxe bie oben ermähnte in 5)ien''?)orf, in ben lUM-jnolidiftcn Seehäfen beftes? I)en unb eil unrb bem (giinivuiberer hiermit onf ba^ crnfrlidijle empfohlen, ben :)i\ith, meldten er bort empfäiu]t, and) jn benutzen uu^ fid) uidn a>ieber Don 3lubern irre feiten ju (äffen o^er ,^n benfen, bag[ er bcffer mit ber Sache befannt fei, aiß OJcänner, benen eine lan<\c (ivfal)nmc\ jnr Seite jleht. Unb fo u>ün)ct)en wir einem ieSDen (§inn>anberer, ohne lange»^ Sndieu, eine Ivilbige, feinen yvähi.qfei^ ten unb üeben^Derhältniffen angemejjene 3^efd)äf^ tigunc^. i^.v^at er ein (Skfd)äft an(]ef»in(ien, fo maite er ffc^ mit ber 55tethobe befanur, me e^ betrieben n>irb; benn bie meiiien 31rbeitfn, i>on bem 3(d*erbau (ober ber ?anbmirthfd)aft) au, hi^^ ju bcn iH>llenbetften Ännfliüerfen im 5-ad)e ber t^)ewerbe, lUTben hier itt 55 gress his commandments : do uprightly all thy life ' long, and follow not the way of unrighteousness." ^ That wliat is said about the runners " in the above is not exaggei-ated/ may be substantiated by ^ an offici.il report^ of an American clergyman, who ' €tates that the average sum,^ out of wiiich the ] eiiiigrants landing annually in New-York and on ; their way to the interior are swindled/ amounts,^ at the least calculation,^ to one million of dollars, or two ^, million five hundred thousand florins, f It may be added, also, that similar benevolent ,j Boci"ties as the above mentioned in New-York, are \ established in the principal seaports/ and it is most I earnestly recommended to the immigrant to follow ; the advice as given above, and not to be misguided' again by others, or to think that be is better acquaint- . ed with the matter than those who are aided by a ^; long experience. And thus we wish to every im- migrant as the result of his inquiries/ a speedy success i in finding an occupation, suitable to his abilities and circumstances in life. i^When he becomes established in an occupation, he must familiarize himself with the new modes and manner of doing business; for almost every kind of labor, from agriculture (or husbandry) to the most refined arts in the mechanical profession, is carried 1 übertrieben. — 2 Verteilt. — 3 tic t)urcl)fd)nittlicf)C ©ummo. — 4 prcUcn. — 5 (id) bctaufcn. — 6 tic )!^crcd)5 ■ nung. — 7 Der 6cc()afcn. — 8 verleiten. — 9 t)ic 0lad)fvaöc. 56 cmem ganj anbereu ©ti)Ie aii^gefiilirt, ale in 2)eutfct)(ant). (§r l)abe beftaubig feine ©ebanfen auf SSerbefiferuuijeu unb SSernieibuug i)ou gel)leru geriet)^ tet nub feiu gen)ij]*eul)after, n^oblgefeiteter gteig n:)irb ba(b benicvtt unb belobnt n)erben* Senu jeber ©inmauberer fottte c6 n)obI emägen^ baß in einem ?anbe, roie tie bereinigten (Staaten t)ou Slmerifa, tvo 3{eict)tl)um nub ®rnnbbefil^ fei^ Item S3ef(ger nict)t ba^ minbejle politifd^e died)t \)ov bem t)er[eil)t, m[d)c^ ber armfte Bürger l)at, n)o fein 2(bel, feine be^or^ngte Älajyen, feine bc^ jal)(te 2lemter fur 5Ttidi)t^tl)nn erijliren, wo feine ftel)enbe i^^eere bie pl)i)f(!*d)e nnb moralifdie Äraft be^ Solfd fd)n)dd)en, wo fein jal)Ireid)er ^eamteus^ tro9 in träger 9int)e bai^ 33rob be^ Slrmen Derjet)rt unb »er 3l(lem, wo feine gnrften nnb i[)re i)erberbi? ten i^ofe ba^ fogenannte „g5ttlid]e 9ied)t ber ©e^ bnrt" repräfentiren, tro|3 iserbienfl nnb S:ngenb,— Sag in einem [old^n Sanbe bie geifiige Äraft, S;i)ätigfeit unb 2Ui^baner te^ ©njelnen einen wnt größeren ©piclranm l)aben nnb n^eit fd)neUere grnd)te tragen, al^ in yjjonardneen, wo jene Uebel feit 3al)rl)nnberten beilanben l)aben nnb m i t i I) re u traurige n 215 i r f u u g e u nod) befteiien* SSiele ^eifpiele fönnten bartl)nn, mit wcid)cm gUicflidieu ©ifolgeoben ermbnte Jngenben fmuobl Don Slmerifanern, al^ £)entfd)en in bie}cin l^ulbe geubr moreen finb, fo unter auberen, ba^ i^^beii be^ benibnuen 3ob^nn "^atob 2(ilor, t))eld)er aiS ein I 57 ^ on here in quite a different style from that of Ger- many. He should continually^ turn^ his thoughts ; toward improving himself and rectifying^ his mis- takes/ and he ma}'- be sure that his conscientious* i and well .guided industry will soon be observed and I ewarded. — For every emigrant should well consider, : that in a country like the United States of America, where wealth^ and possession of real estate^ confers' not the least political right on its owner above what ' the poorest citizen has, where ihere exists no nobi- lity, no privileged orders and sinecures, where no standing armies weaken the physical and moral power of the people, where no swarms of public functionaries devour in idleness the bread of the poor, and above all, where no princes and their cor- rupt courts represent the so-called divine right of birth,'* in spite of merit and virtue, — that in such a country the talents^ energy and perseverance of a per- son must have a far greater opportunity for display, than in monarchies, where the evils above mentioned have existed for centuries, and with their sad effects exist still. Many examples might be given to prove, with what happy effect these virtues have been exercised in this country, as well by Americans as by Germans, and among the latter, especially the life of John Jacob 1 tcftauMg. — 2 wcn^en, rtd)tciu — 3 iH^vbcfforn, Ocrid)* ttgcn. — 4 bcr ^rrthum. — 5 pciviffcnf}afr. — 6 ^or lOi'cid)? t!)um — 7 ^aC^ liegende (äic^cntbunu — 8 rcrUnbcn. 58 örmer 3unge I)erüberfam mtb aU einer ber reid)^ flen yjlämxev in icv ^löeft flarb* ©ein Untenie^^ miing^geijl:, feine Stn^baner, feine $){eb(irf)feit im gei^ fct)äftlicf)en aSerfel)v, feine ©parfamfeit, feine Wlä^ ßignng im ©litcfe, feine 2Bol)ltl)äti9feit, fott)ol)l öff fentfirf) al^ im ©titten, »erbienen alte 9^act)al)mnng unb f[d)ern einem jeben, ber g(eict)en ©inne^ ifl, mmx and) nid)t immer benfelben Srfolg, aber boc^ fletö einen großen ©rf)at^ an innerer 3"fnebenl)eit unb anderem aöol)(jl:anbe- 19 ift inbejyen n)al)r,bag ber ©nn>anberer ^inm^ len, and) mit bem beflen bitten nnb mit Slnfbietnng aller feiner Äräfte, fanm im ©tanbe if}, manct)e ^inbernijTe ju befeitigen, n)elcf)e auf feinem iifeben^^ ttjege il)m begegnen» äßaö foil er in einem fütd]en galle tl)nn ? ©oll er bie ^^anptqnelle feiner Unjn^ friebenbeit in bem nnDoHfommenen B^l^anbe ber menfd)Iid)en ®efellfd)aft fnd)en ? foil f[d) fein fi^erj ntit SSitterfeit füllen in betreff be^ bürgerlid)en nnb |)olitifd)en ©tanbe^ b.er 2)inge, ben er l)ier antrifft? ober foil er felbfl: { jnm SSeifpiel, um l)öl)eren ?ol)tt jn erl)a(ten,) baö @efe^ ^erad)ten nnb jn gemalt^* famen, nngefeglidien ^Kitteln feine 3iJflucl)t nehmen ? ©Ott bet)nte ! ©onbern, fo febr and) jeber SIrbeiter feinet ?ol)ne^ SÜBertt) ill nnb fo tiefet 5Witgefübl mv and) für feine ?eiben ()egen: fo ernftlid) miijfen n)ir nid)t^betlon)eniger bie !üeibenfd)aften berjenigen mißbilligen, U)eld)e bnrd) 3?erlelinng be^ ©efegeö ein t)ermeintlid)eö 9Jed)t geltenb ju mad)en fudfen. 59 Astor, who came over as a poor boy^ and died one of the richest men in the world. His enterprising' spirit,^ his perseverance, his honesty in his business transactions/ his economy, his moderation^ in success, 'jis benevolence^ both in public and private, deserve all imitation, and give the assurance that every one who is of the same mind, may attain, if not always the same success, at least outward^ competence^ and inward^ happiness. \ ^9 It is true, however, that sometimes^^ the immigrant I with his best will and ability is hardly able to sur- : mount^^ many obstacles^^ which he meets with in his \ career. "What shall he do in this case? Shall he seek the main source of his discontent in the imper- fect condition of human society ? shall his heart be filled with bitterness in regard to the civil and poli- tical state of things in this country ? or even shall he (for instance in order to get higher wages) disregaj^^' the law and resort^'^ to violent/"^ illegal means God I forbid! But as much as the laborer deserves his reward and as deep as are our sympathies'^ for his sufferings, we must nevertheless strongly disapprove the passions of those, who, by violation of the law, attempt to maintain a presumptuous right. For if 1 tcr .^nat)C, — -2 untcrncfjmcni). — 3 tcr ©ctft. — 4 tic S5crrid)tung. — 5 t>k 5}^a9tc^unp. — 6 bic 5öcl)(tJ)ättgfcit. — ' 7 äu§crlict>. — 8 t)cr S[Bo[)(ftanb, bai> ?(uöfcmnuMU ~ 9 in* crlicb,— 10 ^iiwoitcn. — 11 ubcrjlcic^cn, — 1:3 t>a5 .^)inl)cr« nl9- — 13 mii}ad)tcn, i>cracf)tcn. — 14 cine 3uflud)t nc()mcn. , — 15 gcwaltfam. 16 l>a<) mittel — 17 t>ic Sf)ci(na[)me. 60 2)enn mnn bie Äfagen ber arbeitenben Äfciflen n)t51)Ibegriuibet |Tnb, fo flet)eu gefe^fid)e 5Wittel iinb aöege bem SSoffe jit ©ebote, feine dicd)tc ju n)al)j» reu iiub bie ©torungen feinet ®Iitcfe^ auö bem äöege ju räumen, 2)ie Freiheit be^iBorte^ uub ber ^> reffe, ba^ a I tg em eine ©timms* red)t uub ba^ uubefct)räuf te 9? ect)t ber 21 f f 0 c I a 1 1 0 u e n, tt)etcf)eö l)ier be|lel)t, bieg alle^ benimmt bem gemaltfamen löiberfprud) jeg[id)en aSormaub uub mad)t Stufläufe uub 9{ut)eft0rungen t)öllig un|T:att[)aft, ja felbfl Deräd)tlid). 5;^ier bietet fid) feine aSeranlajJung bar, (Sd)[ad)teu gegen unge^? red)te 3mingl)erreu ju fämpfeu : ba^ a>o(f felbft i|l ber :^errfd)er uub burd) ba^ heilige SSaub ber grei^ Ijeit uub gered)ter ®efege unjertrenulid) mit einan^ ber Derbuubeu, Ser ©timmfafleu, bie ®erid)tö^ l)öfe, bie ijalten ber ©efel^gebuug uub jene^ ebr^ rr§rbige gapitol in aBa^l)iugtoii fiub bie eiugigen Kampfplätze, n)o bie unblutigen ^fämpfe für bie ojfeutlid)e aöol)Ifat)rt au^gefod)teu merben. 2o^ißol)er bie Unjufriebeul)eit ©injefuer mit iii^cv ?age oft entfpringe, mag burd) folgeube 2Inefbotc t)eraufd)au(id)t n)erben, bie t)ieHeid)t l)ier einen pap fenben 2?erg(eid)ungöpuntt barbieten bürfte. ®n Hauptmann in Dieuften eineö ffeineu beutfd)en gürften ttjurbe einjl: anö ©rünben ber (Sparfamfeit, auf eine ?ieutenautö|leUe Ijerabgefel^t» 211^ er bie ^a&jvi&jt t)iert)on erl)ielt, geriet!) er in bie äußerfle aiufregung, eilte fogfeid) ju feinem ®eneral uub be> 61 the claims^ of the working classes are well founded, legal ways and measures are at the command^ of the people, to secure then* rights and remove the obstacles from the way of their success. The freedom of speech and of the press, universal suffrage^ and the unlimited'* right of association, Avhich are established here, take awa}^ every pretext^ for a violent opposition^ to the law, and make mobs^ and riots^ utterly^ unjusti- 6able^° and even contemptible.^^ There is here no opportunity for fighting battles against tyrants, the people themselves being the ruler, and being insepara- bly united by the sacred bands of liberty and just laws. The ballot-box, courts of justice, legislative halls, and that venerable capitol at Washington, are the only arenas,'^ where the bloodless contests for the public welfare are waged.^^ 20 Whence the discontent of individuals with their lot often arises, may be illustrated by the following anecdote, which may perhaps be pertinent to the point in question. A certain captain in the service of a petty Ger- man prince was reduced under a system of re- trenchment to a li€!utenancy. As soon as he had notice to this effect, he became very much excited 1 tic g^crbcrung. — 2t)cr 93 cfc ()(, ba6 ©cbct. — 3ta^ ©timmrcd)t. — 4 un(H'fcI)ränft. — 5 bcr ^r^criDanb^ — 6 t)ct Sßit)crfprud), tcr -SBibcrflanl). — 1 t)cr 7(uf(auf. —0 Me 9iu()cftÖrung. — 9 buccl)au^,gan^ unl) gar. — 10 unftattfjaft. — U ucrädrtlid). — 12 bcr ilampfplag. — 1 3 f ufjrcn, wagen* 62 idmvtc jTd), ba^ feine @l)re riuiurt fet unb baf? er iinmoglid) (an^er in einer ©tabt leben fi3.nne, wo ex allgemein alß ber ^anptmann Tt. Ti. befannt fei iinb fügte nnter anberem Ijin^n^wa^ ihn am meiflen fcfjmerge, fei, Don feinem Sebienten fortan nicf)t tnel)r : ,,§err ^anptmann/' fonbern „Jgerr f ientr^ nant'^ angerebet jn merben* i:>er ®eneraf/^ o/)ne 3«>eife[ ein SS}?ann DonStaft, gab it)m ben bernhigen^^ * ben 9?at() : „©ie fommen an^ biefer aSerlegenl^eit, xoenn ©ie itjxen 33ebienten n)egfd[)icfen nnb einen anberen nel)men/' X)ie ernfle ieljve bicfer Qv^atj^ Inng ijl: it)ir mnjjen bieUrfac()en vieler Uebef^nber mldje mv nnö beffagen, nic()t anßerf)alb, f o m b e r n in n n d f e I b fl, in nnferem eigenen S)evf jen anhüben nnb fie ^ n bcfcitiQcn f n d) e n, mnn wiv frei nnb gliicHfd) fein iDoffen* ©0 {)ören mv jnmerTen Äfagen Don dinmnie^ rern, mld)e, nad) einem fnr^en 9(nfentl)afte in bie^ fem ?anbe, nnb ohne bie gjjinbejle Äenntnig Don bemfelben nnb feinen g'inrid)tnngen jn beffgen, ein 3?ed)t anf bie 53efriebignng affer ihrer 2öiinfd)e ju [)aben Dermemen, nnb mldje, mnn ffe f[d) in biefen il)ren grtrartnngen getdnfd)t fxnben, bann jn ben unbittigiTen 25efd)tr>erben über i()re nene ?age fTd) l)inrci^en faj]en, mäbrenb n^eber bie Ungered)tigfeit tt)rer 9iebenmenfd)en, nod) bie 5i)?angell)aftigfeit ber bnrgerlid)en @inrid)tnngen bie n)at)re Urfad)e il)rer Unjnfriebenf)eit ffnb, fonbern il)r eigener SRangef an 'ieben^mi^l^dt, il;re eigene Unfenntniß ber SSer^ 63 and immediately re23aired to his general, complain* bg, that his honor was lost/ and that he should be unable^ to lemain^ any longer in a city, where he WAS well known as the Captain N. and adding at the same time, that the most painfuP thing of all was, to be called henceforth^ by his servant no longer *' Captain but " Lieutenant.'* The general, doubt- less^ a man of tact, gave him the conciliating^ advice : ^* You will be free from this trouble, if you send off® your servant and take another." The moral of this story is this : We must seek the reasons of the many evils, of which w^e complain, not abroad,^ hut in our- selves^ in our own hearty and endeavor^^ to remove them, if we wish to be free and happy. So we hear sometimes complaints of immi- grants, who, after a short stay^^ in this country, and without any correct^^ idea of it and its institutions, believe, that they have the right to enjoy all their wishes, and when they faiP^ in this expectation, they resort to the most perverse^** complaints of their new situation, while neither the injustice^^ of their fellow- men, nor the imperfection^^ of the civil institutions of which they complain, are the true reason of their 1 vcrtcßt. — 2 aix^a 8tantc, unfähig. — 3 Hctbcn, ^urücfs MciOcn. — 4 fcbmcv^dd). — 5 fcvtan* — G oF)nc 3n)cifc(, ^wiU fctici% — 7 t>cniuttc(nb, ücfänftigcnt). — 8tX)C9fd)icfcn, aO« fcbaffciu — 9 auviravti?. — 10 lld)t)cmüf}cn. — 11 t)cr2Cufs cnt()a(t. — 12 vid)tjp,. — 13 fid) ta'ufc()cn. — 14 ocrfcfjvt. — 15 tic Un9crcd)ti9fcit» — 16 t)icUnt)cttfemmcnl}cit, 64 f)fiftmj|e, t[)r Seibenfcf)aftett unb if^r Untjerffanb* 5Reiu, ungej^iime^ Slnfämpfen gegen bie l)i'er befle^* fienbe Drbnung ber Singe i(l meber ber ^IBeg jnr Singenb nnb jnm ©litcfe beö (Sinjefnen, nod) jn ben öffentlicfjen 3ieformen, n)elcf)e nott) tJ)nn^ „sterben ivit nur fclOcr bcffcr, SBic bait) mUv> bcfl'cf fein !" •-^^Sagt nnö mit ben SSerbeflfernngen an nnö felbfl ben 2(nfang mact)en ; faßt nn^ anf jene (Sebanfen unb Smpftnbnngen a3erjicl)t (eitlen, momit eine nn^ gfii(flic()e SSergangenbeit nnfer Urt()ei( befangen qc^ mad)t nnb nnfer ®efnt)I erbittert bat ; laßt nn(J jnerfi atte nnfere strafte ber (Srfiittnng nnferer ^flirf)ten n)ibmen, nnb bann nact) ben 5Rect)ten nnö unifel)ett, bie nnö nnb 3^bermann gebiU)ren* 3fl iiun SSeifpiel ©tolj ein ^jinberniß nnfereö @lMe6^ laßt nnö bemiitl)ig nnb befcl)eiben tDerben; ift e^ 2;rdgl)eit, (aßt nn^ fleißig fem ; ift e^ Seiben fcf)aft^ Iirf)feit, faßt nn^ bie ^;^errfcf)aft über nn^ felbft ge^ tt)innen ; ijl eö Unmäßigfeit, laßt nnö nücf)tern nnb mäßig n^erben ; ijl: ^D?angel an 23efc{)äftignng, faßt nn^ unfere Gräfte t)erboppefn, um nn^ hcv^ov^ jntl)nn ; ifl eö 9!}tangef an grennben, faßt nn^ lic^ ben^witrbig nnb tren fein ; i(l e^ .^eimweh nnb baö ®efitl)l ber (§infamfeit, laßt nn^ ein febbafre^ 3»^^ tereflfe an biefem ?anbe nnb feiner 3ßof)lfabrt xxct^f men nnb fo nnö eine ijeimatt) \)iev b:reiten ; — aber biefe^ 2l(feö faßt nn^ für geringfügig batten, tDofern nict)t ber ®eijl: ber Dteligion nnfer Syvi 1 J 65 dissatisfaction/ but their own want of practical wis- ' dorn, their own ignorance, their own passions and indiscretion.^ No, impetuous aggression^ on the state of thing's which is estabhslied here, is neither the • way to private virtue and happiness, nor to public f reforms which are needed. 1 ** As we ourselves grow better and better, \ " So grow better and better things around"* us." i *i Let us begin the reformation in ourselves : let us ' renounce*^ those ideas and sentiments, with which an run fortunate*' past^ has prejudiced our judgment and embittered our feelings ; let us at first devote all our ■ power to the performance of our duties, and then : look out for the rights which are due to us and % mankind. If then it is pride^ which is an obstacle ' to our welfare, let us become humble^ and meek ;^^if ( it is idleness, let us become industrious; if it is pas- I sion, let us become self-possessed;^^ if it is intemper- I' ance,^^ let us become sober'"^ and temperate;*^ if it is want of em ploy m en t,*'"^ let> us double^^ our energies in , Older to excel ;^^ if it is want of friends, let us be ! am.iahle and true; if it is the feeling of loneliness and homesickness, let us take a lively interest in I this countiy and its well-being, and thus make us I 1 t)ic Un^ufvicbcnbcit.— 2 ^cr Unvcrflant».— 3 bor 7fngviff — 4 rincif>unu — 5 t?cr.Vicbten, aMcacn. — 6 unc^tüc!(ich. — 7 t>ic ^-BiTC\ana>'nf)cit. — 8 t)oc (Stct^ — bcmüthia. — 10 fanft — 11 .pcrr über fid) K((>ft. ~ 12 bic llnma'ijigfoit. — 1.3 nücl).- tcrn.— 14 mafnp,. --15 bic S3cfcbafti9ung. — 16 ycrbcppctn — 17 fid) auC\5idd)ncn. 66 burd)bvtngt, unfere (gd^vitte leitet unl) intfere Syff^ ttungeu fiavtt iinb n>cfern mv iucf)t atle imfere Uu^ tentehmiingeu bem (Secien bcr altn)altent)eu ^Hov^ fel)ung (Settel anl)eim fleUen ; t^enu ,,tt)o ber i>err nid)t ba^ ^^^aui^ baut; fo arbeiten umfoiift, bie Mvaix bauen. ^JBo t)er 5?err nid^t tie ©tabt beburet ; fo tva&ict ber ^löäditer umfoujl." Äurj, voir niütJeit itidit benfen, baß bie Sßelr fid) nm unö unb unfcrc ©ebauteu l)erumbrel)t ; wiv nnifj'eu nn^ t^avan erinnern, baß mv nid)t berufen morben finb, in biefe^ ?anb bt*ntberjufumnien, weber al^ S^erbeffe^ rer ber ©efelje, nod) a(^ ©törer be(^ grieben^ unb bag wir bie heilige i5erpflid)tung l)aben, pflid)ttreue SSitrger ju werben unb ben ©efel^en miUigen ®e\)ovf fam JU leiften. SSor altem bürfen mir nid)t üergeflfen, baß ein ©efeti, fo lange at^ e^ betlel)t, uuüerleljlid) gehalten iDerben muß; benn bie fd)limmften ^oIqcu würben barauö entfteben, wäre e^ nid)t fo« äüenn übrigen^ ein ©efel^ fe()(erl)aft befunden wirb, bann gibt e^ einen eigenen ®erid)t^l)of, eö abjufd)affen. Unb wer mag leugnen, baß alle nienfd)lid)en @efei;e inx^ t)oltfommen finb unb t)on ^cit ju ^cit ^i^erbeffernui? gen bebürfen, in Uebereinftimmung fowohl mit ben §orrfd)rirten be^ ^eitQcift^, ai^ mit ben nnwanbel^ baren äöal)rl)eiten ber ^{eligion ? 67 a home here; — but all this let us consider of ■ little avail, unless the spirit of religion penetrates i our heart, guides' our paths^and strengthens our hopes, I and unless we do not depend in all our undertakings I on God's providential blessings; for except the Lord I build the house, they labor in vain^ that build it: ''I except the Loi d keep the city, the watchman* waketh* ] jbut in vain." i "^Ttn fine, we must not think that the world turns ! accordini]: to our notions,^ and we must remember j also, that we have come to this country, not : called here, either as reformers^ of the laws, or as s disturbers^ of the peace, and that we are under the ^ most sacred obligation to become dutifuF citizens and to submit cheerfully'^ to the laws. Above ail, then, we must keep in memory, that a law, as long as it exists, must be inviolable, for the i very worst of consequences would ensue'' if it were j otherwise. If, however, a law is seen to be wrong, I there is a proper tribunal to annul it. And who Avill \ deny, that all human laws may be imperfect and i require amendments from time to time according to the progressing'^ spirit of the age, as well as to the ' immutable'^ principles of religion? 1 (cltcn. — 2 bcr ^cbritt. — 3 umfcnjl. - - 4 bcr 9ßa'ct)tcr. ^ 5 ivad)cn. — 6 bcr ©c^anfc, Mc ©inbitbunc^. — 7 bet ©crOcffcrcr. — 8 bcr 5Kuf)cftörcr, ^tcrcr. — 9 pflichttreu^ öcf)crfam. — 10 fröt)(id), frc(). — 11 crfotQcn^ — - 12 fort» fd^rcitcnt»» — 13 univanbclbar. w 68 22. Der frifcf)e Slnfommlhig an^ gdnbern, bi'e unter bem Snicfe ber ai5iltfül)rl)errfd)aft feitfjen unb mv felbfl biefeu i:5riicf enipfunben t)at, i|l (eict)t ber @efat)r aufgefegt, t)on einem (Jrrrente in'^ an^ bere jn fallen, unb ba feine SSegrijfe Don 9Jienfrf)en^ xcd)t nnb ?[Renfd)enwnrbe nirt)t bie gel)erige 5(ni^ln(* bnng erlangt t)aben, Freiheit mit 3itgt^ftofigfeit, ober bem 9?ecf)te ju tljnn, tDaö il)m gefällt, t)ern)ect)^ fein. 25ie ^vei\)eit biefeö ?anbe^ ifl bie ^iöirfnng f[tthV (f)en @e()orfam^ gegen ein ©efelj., mefd^et^ foiue S3e>' n)ol)ner ahS binbenb für ftrf) nnb Jebevmann aner^ fannten» (Sie erlangten biefe ^^reibeit mit mcinnfi^ Iber @ntfc()IojTeni)eit nnb genojfen ihre griid)te mit roeifer ?[)?äfngnng. 2}ie greil)eit hier Derbanft il)r (gnrftel)en nid)t irgenb einer plöti(id)en 3Uifregnng unb 2lnfa>a(tnng ber ©L^fiible, fonbern einer rnl)ii]en unb forgfältigen Erwägung ber ©riinbe nnb einem ernften, tiefgefiil)(ten aSerlangen, n)al)rl)aft frei ju IDerben* J)iefe^ 2Ser(angcn nad) ?^reii)eit mnrbe genä[)rt im greife einer jeben gamilie, in ben ®d)n^ fen nnb Äirdien nnb bnrrf) eine i^erftcinbige, (eiben^ fd)afttilofe ^rejfe. g'j^ mar ber ®ei)l ber Selbftbe^ herrfdiung nnb SelbjtDertengnung, U)e(d)er eine grnd)t berDieligion ift, u^obnrd) bie ebfen ^Patrioten Don 1775 nnb ben fofgenben 3^1^^'^*" ben ©ieg über it)re mäditigen geinbe baDon trugen; nnb fo lange biefer religiöfe Sinn, ivefdjer ben ®ei|i er(cnd)tet uub baöCeben Derebelt, unter il)rcn i^irgern bcftebt, 69 22. The emigrant from a foreign land, who has . lived under the oppression of Despotism, is in danger of falling from one extreme into another, and, as he has not been properly' enlightened^ in respect to hu- man rights, and the dignity of man, he is quite apt to regard^ liberty as nothing more or less than reck- lessness,^ or the privilege of doing as he pleMses. The freedom of this country is the result of moral H obedience to a law, which its inhabitants recognized^ i as binding upon them and all men. They asserted** ' this freedom with manly firmness, and enjoyed its fruits with wise moderation. The first appearance of freedom here was caused not by im.pulse^ or feeling, but bv a calm and careful consideralion of reasons, by an earnest and heartfelt* desire to become free in- I deed. This desire for freedom was nourished at I every fireside,^ in the public schools, and in the pul- pit,^^and by a sober^^ minded^^ press. It was by that self-governing and self-denying^^ spirit, which is a liifruit of religion, that the noble patriots of 1775, and the following years, gained the victory over power- ful enemies; and as long as this spirit of religion, iWhich enlightens the mind and purifies^* the life, ex- 1 gehörig. 2 oufflärcn. — 3 t>ctrad)tcn. -- 4 tic (Scrg^ (ofigfclt, SugeUcfigfvnt, — 5 ancrfcnncn. — 6 bc[)auptcn, cdangcn. — 7 t)Ct ?fntricb, ^rang. — 8 bcv^Cict), tiofcicfüf)(t. — 9 t)Ct .^caX>, ilamin. — 10 t)ic .Kan;5cl. — 11 nü:l)torn. —•12 ö^finut. — 13 fiel) fclbft t^crl^ugncnt). — 14 rcinicicn. I 70 fo fange n>irb biefe groge Dlcpubtif Untren unb ge^ beil)en. ©laube ?tiemanb, fd)on banim ein guter S3ürger jit fein, mil er in biefem freien Sanbe lebe unb bie D?ecf)te eine^ freien 23ürger^ geniege ober mit er in nngemeffenen Stn^brücfen auf dürften nnb ihre ^'iener Io^ji'eI)e. 9tein, mv frei fein tDiK, muß nid)t nur bie grüd]te t)on bem SSaume ber grei[)eit ejfen, fonbern anrf) feine aönrjeln begiefSen unb \nd)t nur feine (gntriifiung gegen jebe Untere brürfung an ben Zciq fegen, n)elcf)e^ eine feicl)te (2act)e ifl in biefem ?anbe, fonbern feine ?iebe ju biefer Union, iliren ©efeljen unb @inrid[)tungen, and) burd) fein geben bemeifen* 23. @^ ift meffeid)t für mand)e 2)eul-fd)e bie IBarnnng t)on einer alf^n großen 2(ufregnng ober ^anati^mu^, fomol)f in SSe^ng auf ^ofitif af^ auf Dieligion, bier nid)t am inxvcdjten Drte, Ungtücf(id)e 9)?enfd)en fon)oI}f af^ ungfürf{id)e aSötfer ftnb l)ierju gerne geneigt. 5e mel)r ber SSo^^ ben be^ 9ied)t^ nnb be^ ©fücfe^ i[)nen unter ben güßen tveggejogen ^Dirb, befto bitterer tDerben bie SBorte, n^omit fie il)ren t)erlet?ten ®efiil)[en ?uft \md)cn. 3^ wtel)r fie ben Wandel mvtlid)cv 9?ed)te empfinben, befto mehr finb fie geneigt, fid) mit pl)antajlifd)en ©i)ftemen, ben ^Vobuften pl)i(ofop!)i^ fd)er gorfd)ungen, ix)etd)e anfärben nie i^ern)irf(id)t werben fönnen, jn täufd)en; unb biefe ^]3rinjipien })flegen fie mit einer 5;)eftigfeit ju »erfolgen unb 71 ists among its citizens, so long will this great Repub- [ ' lie flourish and increase. Let no one expect to be- i come a good citizen merely by living in this free country and enjoying the rights of a free citizen, or by abusing^ in unmeasured terms^ Despots and their menials.^ No; wlioever wishes to be free, must not only eat the fruits of the tree of liberty, but also water its roots, and not only show his indignation'* Ägainst oppression, which is an easy matter in this ■ country, but also prove, by his life^ his love to this I Union, its law§ and institutions. 23. It is perhaps a proper place here, to warn \ many a German against too great excitement and fa* I naticism,'^ both in matters of politics and religion, y Unhappy men, as well as unhappy nations, are vcrj • prone^ to this. The more the basis of right and hap* I piness is taken away from under their feet, the more 1 excited become the words, by which they give vent^ to their wounded feelings. The more they feel the want of real privileges, the more inclined they are to ! delude^ themselves with fancifuP systems founded on I metaphysical speculation, which never can be realized ) on earth ; and they are apt to maintain these princi- 1' . j 1 fct)lmpft'n, (a'ftcrn. — 2 t)cr 2(uf>l)ruc!. — 3 t)a^ (SJc(int)e^ ji t)cv ®cf)ü(fc, ©kncn — 4 t>lc (Sntrüftung, — 5 btc ^ Witterung, t)cr ^anat^omu^^. — Gc^cncigt. — 7 t)tc 2uft. — 8 täufcl)cn. — 9 cinQcOiltct, p^antaftifdf)^ 72 fef?ju[)a(ten, n)elcl)e mit i\)xex Uuauöfüf)rbarfeit m gleu1)em 3Serl)ä(tniflfe flel)t» äöie nngercd)t iinl) liebloö ffnb bod) jumeileu bie Urtl)ci(e mand)er ^)erfonen, nament(ict) foIc{)er, bie itoct) nirf)t lange im ?anbe jTnb, in 2(nfel)nng il)rer 5[)?itmenfct)en nnb ber 3n(länbe il)rer aSergangentjeit; me gerne gefallen fie fid) barin, 3inberen alte ©d)ulb anfjiibitvben, n>al)renb ein 3cber fid) felbjt jnmei)!: anflagen foltte, nnb me iei&it \)evbtenben ^artl)eil)a§ ober religiöfe aSornrtfjeile i()r gefnnbeö Urtl)eil iiber 2)inge, mid)e ihnen nod) fremb finb nnb \ve[d)e fie erfl mit 2Sorfid)t prüfen foltten, nm pe bejfer fennen jn lernen. yjjöge barnm ber ©ei|l berSDläßignng, bera3efd)eii? benbeit nnb ä>orfid)r ftetö über nn^ walten ; möge rege ^igbegierbe bie ©teile eineö t)orfd)neIlen Ur^ tl)eil^ erfe^en ; mi)ge @intrad)t nnb Sffiol)ln)ollett alle J^erjen i)erbinben nnb ber 2önnfd), ©lite^ gn tl)nn, bie böfen ©eifler be^ fi^aflfeö nnb ber S'^ie^ txad)t für immer enttüajfnen ! 24. 9tid)t^ aber erl)ält ben ©eijl freier Don ben t>eiberblid]en ©inflüjfen ber 2lnpenn?elt nnb fd)ü^t il)n mel)r t)er 3?erfnd)nngen, al^ SDrbnnng nnb (Sinfad)l)eit in ber ?eben^n)eife, ©enügfamfeit nnb 9Jiäßigfeit in alten ©enüjlen ; fnrj, eine flren^ ge 3«d)t in SInfebnng bed Äörperd, — nnb biefe tl)nt Dielen nnferer ?anbdtente notl)* Sie in 2)entfd)lanb*nnter alten Stänben, jumal fcen gebilbeteren, ^errfc^enbe @ennßfnd)t trägt nid)t 73 pies with a violence proportioned^ to their impracÜ» ' cability.^ I ^ How unjust and unkind^ is sometimes the judg- ! ment of persons, especially those who have not been I long in the country, in regard to their fellow men, or i the circumstances of the past. How readily do they : impute^ all blame to others, while each one should ; rather accuse himself; and how easily does the spirit i of party or religious prejudices blind^ their sound i reasoning® on things which are still new to them, and which they ought to examine cautiously, in order to know them more thoroughly. ) May therefore the spirit of moderation, modesty J and caution, always rule over us; may an active de* '! sire for instruction prevail, instead of hasty judg- ' ment; may concord and good will unite all hearts, and the wish to do good disarm for ever the bad I spirit of hatred and discord ! 24. Nothing, however, keeps our mind more free I from the pernicious influences of the outward world, and secures it from temptations, than order and simplicity in the manner of life, temperance and fru- gality in all enjoyments; in fine, a strong discipline in regard to the body, — and in this respect many of our countrymen are greatly wanting, j The desire for amusements, prevailing in Germa- I ny, among all classes of the people, especially the ' 1 tm ^I>crl}ä(tni5 ftcf)cnt). — 2 tiie llnau5fii{}rbarfcit. —3 i ttnfreunt>Uct).— 4 bcimcffcn»— 5 ücrbUntcn.— 6 ta^ Uxtl)üU 74 feie geringjle Sct)ulb an bem SerfaHc unfere^ SSater^ raubet luib an, bem 5J?ig(ingeu aller feirlieriger greil)eit0be(trebungen. IDort wirb ber SSerbraiicf) geiftiger ©eträitfe \3cu ben aiegienutgeu gerabeju beförbert, tljciU aU eine ergiebige DneKe be^ (gin^ fonnnen^, ohne welche bie fo fojlfpielige nnb timü^ üd)e (Btaatßma\d)ine faim erl)a(ten werben fönnte, thcil^ ein gdinl^mittef gegen bie JJfagen nnb S3efcf)Werben beö armen feiner ebleren 9?ecf)te nnb reineren ®enüj]e )oon ihnen beranbten SSolfe^^, %afl ein 3eber liebt bort bie 5reil)eit, ober gibt bieö jnm wenigilen t)or ; aber ijl: and) ein Seber bereit, an^ ?iebe gnr grcibeit anf jene ff[at)ifd)e Slbfiängig^ feit t)on finn[id)en SSergnügnngen jn Derjid)ten, weldK feine Selb|lfnd)t il)m anferfegt ? S5eflef)t bie greil)eiti^(iebe Siefer nid)t febr I)änftg n n r in bem ä>er(angen nad) einer größeren 2(nöbet)nnng irbifd)er ?eben^genü(Te nnb ber ÜJJittel l)ierjn, gfeid)^? wie in ben fpäteren X^agen beö atten 3?om ber 9}nf : „53rob nnb Spiele" (" Panem et Circenses ") t)on bett Sippen be^ entarteten 2SoIf^ erfd)allte? 25. Sie 25ergnügnngi^fnd)t i(l (let^ ber ffd)ere Sorbote nnb Segleiter be^ na\)cn SSerfatt^ eine^ S5oIfei5 ober eine^ einzelnen 5[)?enfd)en gewefen. Slber ber erfle(Sd)ritt jnr wal)ren ?frei[)eit ijt, .^err über nn^ fetbfl jn werben, baö beißt, nnfere ?iijle jeglid)er 5lrt nnter bie ^errfdjaft jTttftdjn^eligiöfer ©runbfäge jn bringen, unfere SSebürfnijfe einju^ 75 more educated/ is not the least cause of the decay* ' of our Fatherland, and of the failure of all the strug- gles which have been made, up to the present time for freedom. There the consumption^ of spirituous ' liquors'* is openly favored by the governments, not i only on account^ of its being a rich source of income, ■ without which the expensive^ and artificiaF machine- ; ry of the state could hardly exist, but also because ^; they consider it as a palliative against the com- ; ^ plaints of the poor people, whom they have deprived I : of their nobler privileges and purer enjoyments. There almost every one loves freedom, or at least pre- tends to do so; but is every one also ready to re- nounce, for the sake of freedom, that bondage to sensual pleasures which his selfishness imposes upon him? Does not their love of freedom very often ; merely consist in a desire for the greater amount of i their worldly enjoyments and the means of procuring ; them, as in the latter days of Rome of old, the cry I "Bread and games" ("Panem et Circenses") re- sounded from the lips of the degraded people ? 25. Sensuality has always been the certain fore- runner and companion of the approaching ruin ot a nation or an individual. But the first step towards true freedom is to become mas'ers of ourselves; that is, to bring our desires of, every description, un- der the dominion of moral and religious principle ; to 1 cr^CQcn, ac(>t(t)ct. — 2 bcr ^r>crfa(L — 3 bcr 3?cr(^rau(b. I — 4 ba^ ©ctranf c* — 5 wcgctu — 6 f cilfpiclig. — 7 Eünflüd). 76 fd}vänUn unb eiit nücf)terneö, mäßigec(, arbeitfameg mt> recf)tfct)afene^ geben ju fn()ven. aBenn mir fo beii ®eijl in un(^ aiifnel)men, in tt>dd)cm biefe 9?epublif gegrintbet tvarb, nnb iDe(^ c{)em jle il)r beifpiellofe^ 5Bact)^tt)um Derbanft, bann tt)erben n>ir n)urbige Srbeu jener eblen ^atriofen, bie mit fo t)ie(en ü)in()en nnb ®efat)ren, ja felbfl mit i[)rem .^erjblnte, bie Freiheit nnb Unabl)ängigi« feit biefe^ ?anbe^ errnngen l)aben* 26. Ser gro§e Unterfcl)ieb jn)ifd)en 5[l?onarrf)ie ttnb JHepnblif ift ber, baß in (elfterer aße ®eti?att in ben 5jänben beö SSoffe^^ rnl)t nnb i)on il)m ober feinen gefel^fidjen Organen (©teUt)ertretern ober Sienern) an^get}t* ^ier werben bie ®efet^e ^om SSoIfe felbfl gemacf)t bnrcf) feine Drgane, bie bnrcf) feinen eigenen freien äßiifen für fnrje ^eit, nnb bnrd) l)änf[ge 3ßal)len bajn beflimmt nnb angeilefft werben. Db eine foId)e ^Jegiernng^form beffer fei alö eine 9D?onard)ie, l)ängt t)on bem ®ei(le ab, ber baö ganje SSoIf bnrd)bringt. „5d) bin ber (Btaat/^ (letat, c'est moi !) fagtc einfl ber Se^pot ?nbn)ig berSierjebnte t)on granf^^ reid), nnb 5!)?etternid), ber t)ie(gepriefene ©taatc^^? mann ber nnbefd)ränften giirjlengewalt nnfereel Sal)rt)nnbertö, erffärte in äl)nlid)er aßeife: „Sittel für baö aSolf, nid)tö bnrd) ba^ SSoIf" ("Omnia pro populo, nihil per populuni" wav fein 2ßal){fprnd)), wobei nnter bem 5Borte „aSolf" einmal ba^ „^on ©otteö ®naben" t)erliel)ene @igentl)nm fürfl(id)er \ 77 moderate our wants and to lead sober/ temperate, industrious and honest lives. ] If thus we enter into the spirit" in which this Re- pubHc was founded, and to which it owes its unpa- ralleled^ growth,^ then we shall become wortliy heirs* f those noble patriots, who with so many toils and ' perils, even with their hearts* blood, achieved^ the freedom and independance of this country. 26. The great difference between a Monarchy ;and a Republic is, chat in the latter all the power re- poses in the hands of the people and emanates^ from I tliem or their legitimate' organs. Here the laws are made by the people themselves, through agents free- ly appointed for short periods by frequent elections. Whether such a form of government be better than a { Monarchy, depends upon the spirit which penetrates' I the whole people. I am the state!" ("Tetat, c'est moi !") said once the Despot Louis XLV" of France ; and Metternich, the much praised statesman of the absolutism of our i century, declared in a similar sense, " All for the peo-- pie, nothing through the people,'* ("omnia pro popu- lo, nihil per populum,") meaning, by the word " peo- iple," in the first place, the property given to Piinces I 1 nücl)tcrn. — 2 OcifüicUc^o. S*rbc, — 5 cnvcrbon, aringcn. — 8 biircbbringciu — 3 93?ad)i^t()um. — 4 bcr — 6 au<>9c()cn.-- 7 gcfcgticl)* I 78 ^erfonen, i'()re ^ad)t, ihv ©nfliig iinb ber ©lattj tl)rer 2!i)uaftie; jum nuberen lUJale bcinal)c tt)ieber baflfelbe, immfid) bie (Mefammtl)eir ber fteuerpflidHi^ gen llntertbanen, mld)c (]el)crd)cn m ii ff c n, u>ieber giirft ober cine @d)eiii^(5oufi:itiition Derfd)reibr, l)erftaubcu tt>irb, ®ott(ob, wir leben in feinem foId)en ?anbe mehr ! S[i?ir leben in einem Vanbe, tvo ein jeber Bürger ahS ©on^erain betrad)rer n>ivb, ber nnr ben 6)efel^en ®ottc^ nnb ber ^epnblif l)orfam fd)nlbicj ill. Va^ font^eraine 2soIf mu§ aber ein befferer nnb n^eiferer ^err fein, ^^^^^ft'^^^ nnb ibre $)fätl)e (Tnb, n>enn e^ mit (§hren berrfd)en unb beReben foIL (gin franjojTfdjer ©raati^manu xinb *lM)i(ofoplv 9JJontetiqnien, fagt in feinem beriibm^ ten iöerfe, „ber ®eijl: ber ®efelje"(L'E ptii des loi^) fet)r wabr, ba^ ©rnnbprinjip ber 9!J?iMtard)ie fei bie i)om Jtbrone an^gehenbe änßere (J I) re, ba^ ber Di'epnblif bagegen bie 2; n (] ^ n b ibrer 53ürqer. 2n i()ren re(igii>fen nnb fitrlid)en PHninbfal^en, in t()rem bieberen Sb^vafter, nnb befonbeni in ben JTnqenben ber Saterfanbpfiebe, be^ ?Vieifiei^, ber *5!Wäßit]feit nnb ©eniigfamfeir liegt ibre Stärfe, nnb fobiilb biefe (Sigenfd)aften nnter ben ^^iirgern befteben nnfböven, bann ift e^ einerfei, vi>e(d)en Seamen ober Titel bie \)M)ftc S tan ti'^ge waft führt; bann n)irb bed) factifd) ba^ Äonigrbnm berrfdien, mwn and) \)iet(eid)t nnter er ^JWa^fe repnbfifanird)er gormen, n)ie eö unter ben römifd)en jfaifern ber gall wax. 79 "by the ^-race^ of God," their power ana influence, and tlie splendor of tlieir Dynasty ; and in the second phice, nearly^ tlie same; tliMt is, the whole sum of tri- butary* subjects, which miist obey whatever the Prince or a Mock-Constitution prescribes. God be praised, thnt we no longer live in such a country ! We live in a country where eve>y citizen is considered as a sovereign, bound only to obey the laws of God and of the commonwealth.'^ But the people must be bet- ter and wiser sovereigns than the princes and their abettors^ are, if they expect to sustain their dominioo honorably.'^ Montesquieu, a French statesman and philosopher, truly remarks in his celebrated work, entitled The Spirit of Jaws, " («a^'Esprit des lois/') that the es- sential principle of a Monarchy is the honor emanat- ing from the throne, but that of a Republic the vir- tue of its citizens. Their strength lies in religious and moral principles, in upright character, and especially in patriotism, in- dustry, tempenmce and frugality ; and as soon as those qualities cease to exist in a nation, it matters' not by vvhat name the supreme power is called; it will be a re il Mon irchy, though^ perhaps masked^° by the forms of Republicanism, — as was the case under the Roman Emperors. pflicbtio, ftcucrpft(cbru\ — 5 XAc 9?cvn(>(if. — 6 fccr ^üttoU — 7 cbvcnvclL— 8 9U'iel)gü(ti^, — Ocbglcicb. — 10 »crbccfU 80 27» 3Bie bic SKepublif einem jebeit tl)rer S3ur^ ger gle(cl)e 5Hect)te nnb g(eid)en ©egeu anbietet, fo legt jTe and) einem jeben 9(eicf)e ^>flid)ten anf. ©n Seber i(l t>erbnnben, ba^ ®efeg jn beobad)ten, ba^ aßot)t ber ®efammtl)eit gn beforbern nnb bie geinbe ber JHepnblif jn befämpfen. ©iner it)rev gri)^tert geinbe aber i|l ba^ ent(Tttlic()enbe nnb öerberb(id)e f after ber U n m ä g i g f e i t. I^ie gerflörenben aCirfnngen biefe^ gafterö, mld)e täglid) bem Seob^ adhter in bie Singen fatten nnb beren enerme Snm^^ me uon 3lerjten, ©pitaf^ nnb 3lrmenl)an^üertt>af^ tern, ©efangenwdrtern nnb anberen i)ffentlid7en ^erfonen in frf)anbererregenben 3^1)I^Ji jäbrfirf) be^ gfanbigt tverben, fotlten jeben gnten 25iirger anfen^ ern, mit alter Äraft jTct) feiner iveiteren Serbreitnng jn unberfelsen, nnb fo eine ber (Idrfffen Dnelten ber Slrmntl) nnb beö 3>erbred)en^ i)er|lopfen jn t)e(fen» 28. £)ie gjJäßigfeitö^®efeltfd)aften baben biefe el)reni)olte Slnfgabe nbernommen, nnb ed fann nnr baö befd)ranfte|te 2Sornrrheit ober bie bö^n)ittig(le ©e(bfi:fnd)t fid) il)rem fegenöreid)en ^ißirfen entge^ gen(lellen. (Sin 3<^ber foltte e^ jnm UjenigRen einfe^» t)en, bag biefe ®efellfd)aften nnenbtid) ml Uebet v^er^ ^inbern, eine ber 5janpt)liigen ber$)Jepnb(if,namtid) biellngenben ber (Sinfad)l)eit, be^ gteißec?, berSpar^^ famfeit nnb ®eniigfamfeit, befeiligen nnb l)ierbnrd) @cfnnbt)eit,3ßol)I(lanb nnb ®Iitd beforbern helfen @ö ifl: inbejfen \val)Y, mand)er Don A>an^ am mc\)v an ein (Tnntid)eö ®enn^teben gewöhnte Sent^ 81 27. As the Republic has in store for every one of its citizens equal rights and blessings, so it imposes' upon every one equal duties. Every one is bound^ to observe the law, to promote the welfare of the whole, i and to defend the Republic against its enemies. But i one of its greatest foes is the demoralizing and perni- cious vice of drunkenness. The ruinous effects of j this vice, which are daily seen by all observers, and the fearfuP amount of which is annually stated by pliysicians, overseers'* of hospitals and poor-houses, keepers'^ of prisons, and other public persons, should induce^ every good citizen to counteract its farther spread with all his energy, and in so doing, aid in stop- iping^ one of the chief sources of poverty and crime. ! 28. The Temperance Societies have taken upon themselves this honorable mission,^ to whose benefi- iciaP^ operations only narrow-minded^^ prejudice or jmalicious^^ selfishness can be opposed. I Every one should be aware at least, that these so- [; cieties prevent an infinite amount of evil, support one I of the main pillars of the Republic, to wit, the vir- I tues of simplicity, industry, economy and frugality, and in this manner promote health, wealth and hap- piness. I 1 aufcrU'C|cn. — 2 t?crOunt)cn, — 3 furi()t6ar, ^cl)rccf on cr^ ' rcc\cnt).— 4tia* ?(iiffcf)cr, ^Bcrtvattcr. — 5 ^H^a'vtcr. — 6 Oc« n)C(icn, antreiben. — 7 cutgcc^cnwivfcn, bcfa'mpfcu — Srcrs I ftcpfcn. — 9 ^)ic(^cn^u^9, ?fufc^aOc. — 10 wo()(tl)ati9. — 11 82 fcf)e mafl (Tcf) Sdtfattgö md)t gerne an biefe republifa^ nifcf)e -lugenb ber ©clbflt)erleiiguiing gemol)nen, obwo[)l ev e^ (lebt, gewijTe äußere ©ebrdud}e ber Slmerifaner nacf)jiial)men» Sr fiiblt ]\d) nocl) fremb ; feine frnl)ere ?eben^meife nub ®en?oI)nl)eiten (inb nod) frifd) in feiner (geele nnb mand)e geiffige Untere baltnng gel)t il)m für ben Slnfang wegen feiner Un^^ befanntfct)aft ntit ber englifchen @pracl)e t)erforen. Slber n)ohf i[)m, tt)enn er feinen n)al)ren SSortbeil bafb beranöftnbet nnb bie Äetten feiner aScrnrtbeifc jerfprengt, nnbefiimmert nm ba^ ®erebe @oIcf)er, mld)c ben ebleren 3^^e(fen beö ?cben^ il)r £^erj t)erfd)(iegcn nnb „benen ber 55and) il)r (Sott ill nnb beren (Sl)re ^ju ©d)anben mirb." (^l)i(ipper 3, 19.) 29. Ißir finb 3(l(e bnrd) nnanf(ö^(id)e 25anbe unter einanber tJerbnnben nnb einer mnß bem anbe^ ren in ber Xngenb ber ©e(b(lbel)errfd)nng ein gnteö SSeifpiel geben : nnb biefe^^ Ijat eine clcftrifd)c ^raft- &n foldje^^ S3eifpicl Don Selbflbel)errfd)nng liefert ein großer 5;telb be^ 5((tertl)nm^, ber ein|l: bei g(ül)euber ©onnenbii^e ffd) in einer 5Büfte, wo fein ^IBaffer gefnnben tt)erben fonnte, verirrt l)atte. enblid) ein ©olbat in einer SSertiefnng etn>a^ Sßaffer, genug fitr einen ober jwei, anfgefnnbcn t)atte, fammefte er ee' in feinem SyUuc nnb brad)te ju feinem gelbt)errn. Siefer aber fd)üttete, 3ln^ gef(d)tt^ tc6 .\>eereii, ben 5nba(t be^ .^elme^ auf bie @rbe nnb erf(ärte, er fei entfd)(offen, an allen 6ntbel)rnngen feiner Ärieger Jl)ei( ju nebmpn, nnb 83 It IS true, however, that many a German, though \ desirous of imitatini^ certain American customs, yet i habituated^ from Iiis early life to more indulgent^ ha- j bits of living, is far from willing to adopt this Repub- 1 lican self-denial. He feels himself a stranger still; I his former habits and associations^ are still fresh in his '! inind; and many an intellectual* entertainment^ is closed to him at first, on account of his ifrnorance of i the English language. But well for him, if he soon ' finds out what truly benefits him, and if he breaks * the chains^ of his prejudices, without caring" for the remarks of those who shut their hearts to the nobler purposes of life, and "whose God is their belly,^ and j whose glory is in their shame." (Phil. 3 : 19.) ( 29. AVe are all bound to each other by indissolu- i ble bands, and must set each other a good example I in self-government; and this has an electric power. I Such an example of self government is furnished by a i great hero of antiquity, who had lost his way when I marching through a desei't,^^ under a burning^^ sun, -where no water could be procured. When by chance ' a soldier had found in a little cavity,^'-^ water enough for one or two to drink, he took it in his helmet^' to his general, who, in presence of his army, turned it out on the ground, declaring, that he was resolved to 1 öctt)ö()nt. — anacbgicMg. — 3bit'3Scrüinl)ungcn. — 4 rcrftänbic], — 5t)ic llntcrf}a{tun9. — 6l)ic.^tcttc.— 7 fid) Ws iimwKxxu — 8 bcr Saud), 2ciO. — 9 bic ^d)anbi\ -— 10 bic SSüftc.— 11 brcnncnb. — 12 biciScrticfunq. -— 13 bet vg)c(nu 84 feinen Stropfen jn trinfen, hcoov ber leiste feiner Sente im (Btan'oc fei, feinen Snrfl gn (.üfd)en, Sin fo[cf)er Jhiö'brucf n)a[)ren aßol)Iti>ollcni^ nnb ebfert ÜJJirgefih)!^ l)atte eine beffere^Üirfnng^al^ bie fd)öm |le 9?ebe I)erüorgebrarf)t haben VDürbe : ber fittlirf)e SWntt) Don S^anfenben tDnrbe bnrd) biefeö gnte ^eU fpiel nenbefebt. Unb gerabe fo i)ert)ätt e^ firf) mit ben 5Kägi()feit^^®efettfd)aften. liie gntbalrfam^' feit i)on beranfd)enben ©etränfen, mkl)€v fie ba(^ SBort reben, ift nnr ba^ i 1 1 e l , vvoburd) (Te ein gnte^ Seifpiel geben nnb jenen ©eift ber Selbj^be^» ^errfd)nng nnb ®e(bfti)erfengnnng beförbern motten, 0 l) n e n) e l d) e n 2: n g e n b n nr e i n leerer 31 am e i(l. Wlit t^ereinter yjtad)t fiibren pe Ä'rieg gegen jenen großen Be^poten, ben Ä'i)nig 3J[lfol)oI unb fein ftarfe^, t)erberblid)eö ^eer* Ü)Jöd)ten ffe il)n balb überannben nnb nii>cf)ten and) bie I^cnU fd)en in Slmerifa l)ierjn n]äd)tig beitragen» WÖQC deiner ^nrücfjlel)en, n)o ein fo(c5)er mal)rl)aft niigli^ d)er nnb prei^tx)ürbiger ^md erreid)t U)erben (oll, nnb möge jeber ^^entfd^e e^ beipeifen — wa^ bie @efd)id)te nnfere^ Saterlanbe^ in fo Dielen 53ei^ fpielcn beftäligt, — baßeö bem 2)entfd)en nie an einem t^armen 5;^erjen unb feften ?[öi[len fel)lte, ba, IDO e^ fid) um bie (Sad)ebe^ (5l)riflent()um^ unb um bie Syereblung ber S)venfd)l)eit l)anbe(L 80. ?anb^(ente ! 2lnf biefer viü)mlid)m 23at)rt Doranjufd)reiten, ruft ber 5(poflel ^aulu^ end) ju: ^,©0 be|lel)et nun in ber grei^eit, iamit 85 participate in all the wants of his soldiers, and not to drink a drop^ before the whole of his men should be able to satisfy their thirst. Such an expression^ of true benevolence and noble sympathy had a better effect, than the finest speech^ would have had ; the moral energy of thousands was reanimated'* by this good example. And this is exactly the case with temperance societies. The abstinence'^ from the use of intoxicating^ drinks, which they advocate, is only the means by which they will set a good example, and promote that self-governing and self-denying spi- rit without which virtue is only an empty'^ name. With united powers they wage^ war against that great Despot, king Alcohol, and his mighty and nu- i merous army. May they soon overpower^ him, and I may also the Germans in America powerfully contri- jpute to that result. May no one stand back, where r^Buch a truly useful and praiseworthy^® object is to be 1 3fFected, and may every German prove, that which ;he history of our country in so many instances^^ con- l irms, that the Germans have never lacked^^ a warm leart, and a strong will, where the cause of Christiani- I y and civilization is at stake. 80. My countrymen ! to pursue^^ this noble ;ourse, the Apostle Paul calls to you: "stand fast, I bet JSrcpfcn. — 2 tec 2Cu6brucf.— 3 tic ^Jcbc. — 4 neu •eleOcn. — 5 tie ®ntf)a(tfamfeit. — 6 l>eraufd)enb. — 7 leer» -8ia)Q9en,fü!)ren. — 9 üOertvältigen. — 10 preii^ivürtiig, 1, - 11 taö SScifpict. — 12fel)(en, niongetn.-- 13 t>erfc(.qe«* 86 (5^n'(tuö befreiet I)at, unb la^et eitcf) tticf)t miebentm m ba^ fnecf)Hfcf)e 2orf) fangen. 31)^ (^ber, lieben Sriiber, feib gnr greif)eit bernfen» Stttein fel)et jn, baß il)r bnrd) bie Freiheit bem g(eifcl)e nid)t Dianm gebet; fonbent bnrd) bie ?iebe biene (Siner bem Sfnberen. Senn alle ©efege mrben in einem SBorte erfiiKet, in bem : giebe beinen9iärf)jlen a I ^ b i d) f e I b ©o il)r end) aber nnter einanber beißet nnb freffet, fo fet)et jn, bag il)r nid)t nnter einanber t3erjel)ret werbet. 3d) fage end) aber: ößanbelt im ®ei|Ie, fo tt>erbet il)r bie Si'tfle be^ gfeif fd)e^ nid)t DoKbringen. Offenbar ffnb aber bie äßerfe be^ gfeifd)e^^, alö ba finb @l)ebrnd), ^nrerei, Unreinigfeit, llnjnd)t, 3lbgötterei, ^aiihcvci, geinb^ fd)aft, 5?aber,5leib, 3orn, 3anf, 3mietrad)t, 9?otten, ^aß, gjlorb, ©anfen, ^rejfen nnb bergfeid)en, Don n)eld)en id) end) l)abe jnüor gcfagt, nnb fage nod) gnt)or, baß, bie fo[d)e^ tbnn, mvhcn baö 9ieid) Oot^ te(^ nid)t ererben/' (®afater 5, L 13-210 3üng{inge ! S3el)erjiget bie IBorte be^ ^falmijlen : „5ßie tt)irb ein 3intgling feinen 2ßeg nnfiräflicf) ge^ l)en ? wenn er ffd) hält nad) beinen (®otteö) 5Sor^ ten/' C^falm 119, 90/ unb bie @rmal)nnng: „®e^ benfe an beinen @d)öpfer in beiner 3»gcrn)icfc(n. — 2 bicnciu — 3 Ocif'cn. — 4 tic ?fcl)r.— 5 tie if 0uft.— 6 l>a$ (Scl)ivct9cn, fvctfcn. — 7 t)crötcid)cn. 88 billig, el)re SBarer unb 9Kuner ! ba^ i(t ba(^ erfle ©e* bot, ba^ bie 2ScrI)eigun(} l)at : 3luf baß bir'ö n)cl)l get)e unbbu lange lebejl: auf (grben." ((äpt), 6,1—3.) Unb if)r, (Altern, betrac()tet a(^ eure erfie ^flic{)t, euren Äinbern eine gute, ct)ri(ilirf)e (iv^ jiel)ung jn ertl)eilen; gebt ibnen fiet^ ein gute^ S3eifpiel unb ermahnt jTe bei 3^iten ju ber „gnrd)t (Siebe) beö ^errn, n)eld)e ijl aller SBei^beit ^liu fang leljrt ^e baö ©ebot bebenfen, „bn foUjl ben Feiertag beiligen" unb feib ibnen l)ierin fetbft ein nad)al)mung^it)ürbige^ SSorbilb. galtet im ©e^ bäct)tnijye bie @rmal)nung be^ 3tpo|lel^ : „3t)r 25ä^ ter, reibet eure Äinber nicl)t jum ^ovn, fonbern jiel)et fie auf in ber ^ndjt unb gTmal)nung jum ^errn/' (@p[)efer6, 4.) 3L „3llö bie gjjutter 2Baöl)ington^, fo wixi erjäl)lt, gefragt mivic, mc jTe ben ßl)arafter il)reö @ol)ne^^ gebilbet l)abe, fo gab fie jur Stutmort, ffe fei bemü()t gemefen, ifjn brei Dinge ju leljren : ®e^ tjorfam, gleiß unb Söabrbeitöliebe/' steine bejfere ?el)re unb @rmal)nung fönnen (St tern it)ren ^inbern ertl)eilen* ?el)rt eure Äinber © e l) o r f a m. ?a0t e^ bie erjle Section fein* Sf)^' fönnt faum frü()e genug anfangen. S3eftänbige Sorgfalt unb SlnfmerffantJ' feit ijl: nötl)ig, bag e^ auf folcl)e 5Beife gefcl)el)e, baß nid)t bie felbftpnbige ßl)arafterentn)icflung beö Äinbeö barnnter leibe. gefjrt eure Äinber Stl)ätigfeit* Sie ©en^olju* 89 dren ! obey your parents in the Lord ; for this is light. Honor thy father and mother, which is the first com- mandment with promise, that it may be well with thee, and thou may est live long on the earth.' ''Ephes. 6 : 1-3.) And you, who are parents, consider it as your first duty to give your children a good and Christian education; set them always a good example, and teach tliem early '* the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of all wisdom teach them to re- member the Sabbath dny to keep it holy," and be yourself a pattern worthy of their imitation. Keep in memory the admonition : And, ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath : but bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord." (Ephes. G : 4.) 31. It is said, that, when the mother of Wash- ington was asked, how she had formed the character of her son, she replied, that she had endeavored to teach him three things : obedience, diligence, and truth. No better advice can be given by any parent. Teach your children to obey. Let it b(! the first lesson, you can hardly begin too soon. It requires constant care and attention to do it in such a way as i.ot to break down the strenoth of a child's cha- racter. Teach your children to be diligent. The habit of 90 ^ei't, bcflaubig nii^üd) befchäftigt ju fein, ijJ ein c^itf ter v5cl)ii(5enge( burd)'^ ?cbeit, nnb j^ugfcid) jur ^>flege ieg(id)er 5l!u(]cnb iimimciängd'd) nethmeitbig* Tii&)t^ fawn rbönd^ter fein, al^ bie 3lnffd)t manner ©(tern, al^ fei e^ nnanftänbig, il)ve ^inber arbeiten jn (affen. ®ett)öl)nt jce frübjeitiß an eine niU^lidie 2;i)ätigfeit» X)k as a I) r I) e i t ^ t i e b e aber ill Don ber I)öd)(len 93ebentnng. ?agt lieber aßeö 3(nbere babin fahren, a(^ biefeö. Uöie fönnt ihr end) anf cnre ^inber Derlaflfen, tvenn biefelben ni*t )pahr^ {)eitö(iebenb ffnb? i;^iitet end) barnm feiber flanj befonberö, ctwa^ jn tbnn, ir^obnrd) ihr f[e jn in^cnb einer Untrene ober lliimabrbeir anfeiten fönnret. Unb enb(id), Csunß nn^ 3l(t, la^t nn^ alle nnfcre Gräfte ^nr STreid)nng eined ^ick^, cinc^ (SnC»^ jwed^ Dereinitjen, ?afit nn^ nuißii], fleif;i(] nnb genitgfam fein ; laßt nn^ eingebenf fein nnfcrer ^flid)ten gegen nnferen (gdiö^fer nnb nnfere "^Mt^ menfd)en; la^t nn^ in nnferen x^er^en einen Zcm^ pel griinben,n)orin ber i)erf?änbige nnb in bieJverne blicfenbe©eijl anierifanifd)er greil)eit lebe nnb blühe, — nnb bann werben mir g n t e , g l ii d I i d) e nnb freie S3nrger ähnerifa'c? werben« 91 'being always employed^ is a great safeguard' through life, as well as essential to the cultivation of almost every virtue. Nothing can be more foolislr** than an idea wliich parents have, that it is not respectable'' to set their children to work. Let them learn early^ to be useful. As to truth, it is the one essential thing. Let every thing else be sacrificed rather than this. Without it whnt dependance^ can you place in your child ?^ And be sure to do nothing yourself which .may countenance^ any species of prevarication^ or false- hood. And, finally, young and old, let us unite all our energies for the accomplishment^ of one purpose, one end. Let us b:v temperate, industrious and frugal; let us remember our obligations to our Maker and our fellow-men, let us build up in our hearts a temple, wherein the rational fjirseeing'" spirit of American li- berty, may live and flourish, and thus we may be- come^^ goody happy and free American citizens. 1 (>i'fc()äftic^cn. — 2Mc (^clni|n)acl)C. 3 tboricbt. — 4 onftantiu, c^rcnrdt. — 5 früb^cittp, — 6 ta^ Bntrnucn. — 7 aufmuntern, untcrftugcn. 8 t'tc7Cu?f(üchtc, 9?a'nfc.— 9 tic (£Tfü(Uin9/ ^n*cid)un9. — 10 wcitfcftcnK — 11 met* ten. 92 (SvnUitntipn bet fSetcini^ien Staaten Don ^tnetifa^ 5Bir, ba^ SSoff icx aSereinigtcu fc{)nttt. Sitte bierin bewittigte gefejsgebenbe ®ema(t foil einem ßougreffe bcr SSereiuigfeu ©raaten über^ tragen fein, mkhn* aii^ bem (Senate unb bem §aufe ber JHepräfentautcu beffel)en fott, Biveitcr ?(Ofd)nitt. §. 1. Sa^ .pauö ber $)?epräfentauteu foil auö gjjitgtieberu jufammeugefcBt fein, \vM)c alle '^wei 5abre i)on bem SSolfe ber i^erfc()icbcucu graaren emäbft mevben nub bie 3öäh(er in einem )e^en Staate fo((en biejenigeu (Siaeufctafren habnt, u^ffcbe für ^ßäbfer bei^ jahfrcidiftni 3u>riiiet^ tor &c)H}^ gebnug in iljrem eigenen Staate erforberlid) (Tnb^ 93 I CONSTITUTION ' OF THE i I UNITED STATES 0 AMERICA. I We, the people of the United States, m order to i form a more perfect union, establish^ justice, ensure ; domestic^ tranquilHty, provide for the common de- ! fence,"* promote the general welfjire, and secure* the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, ? do ordain and establish this Constitution for the j United States of Ameiica. ,; ARTICLE I. Section First. I The legislative powers herein granted, shall be irested in a Congress of the United States, wliicli shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. j Section Second, § 1. The House of Representatives shall be com- iposed^ of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors^ in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch^ of the state legishiLure. 1 cinrid)tcn, ciniegcn. — 2 ()a'ii>'^(icb/ tnnordcl). — 3 l)ic I tcr SS5ä()lcr» — 7 t)cr 3ivao.. 94 §♦ 2. Tiimanb foil jiim 9?eprafentantett crn)al)lt n^erben fönnen, hex nicht baö 2l(tcr Don fitnfunt)^ jwanjig 3cil)reu erreid)t bat lutb feit (Teben S5ürger ber 3Sereinigten.®taateu gen)cfeu iff, unb ber iud)t, jur ^eit feiner @rn)äl)lnng, ein ßin^ tt)ol)ner be^jenigen ©taateö ift, in n)eld)em er gen)äl)lt n)nrbe» §. 3» 2)ie $)Jepräfentanten nnb bie birecten ©tenern follen nnter bie i)erfd)iebenen . Staaten, ml&fC mm\)alb biefer Union begriffen fein mi^gen, t)erl)ä(tnißmäßig, je nad) beren refpectit)en 2(njaf)l, t)ertl)eilt mxbcw ; nnb biefe mxi fo bered)net, ba0 ber ganjen 2lnjal)l freier ^erfonen, einfd)Iie^lid) berer, n)eld)e eine fefi-gefel^te ^eit t)on S^llt'^n ju bienen ijerbnnben f[nb nnb an^fd)Iie^tid) ber nid)t bellenerten Snbianer, brei giinftl)eile aller übrigen ^perfonen jngett)eilt tt)erben. 2)ie bießmalige 3^1)f«"3 foil tnnerfjalb brei ^alj^ ten nad) ber erflen SSerfammlnng beö Songrefleö ber SSereinigten Staaten gefd)el)en nnb innerl)alb eineö jeben baranf folgenben S^^t^^i^^^^ ^on jel)tt 3al)ren in ber Slrt, wie berfelbe (Kongreß) ffe bnrd) baö ®efe§ beflimmen n)irb* S)ie 3^^1)1 ber JKepräfentanten foil nid)t @inen Don jebmeben breißigtanfenb (®ejä()Iten) nberfd)reiten, aber je^ ber ©taat foil n^enigflenö einen SHepräfentanteit baben, nnb biö baß eine nene 3^W'i»^3 Dörgen nommen n)irb, foil ber ©taat 9ten?$ampfl)ire brci, TOajfad)nfettö ad)t, 3ll)obe 3ölanb mit ^roDibence § 2. No person shall be a representative 'who ' shall not have attained^ to the age of twenty-five i years, and been seven years a citizen of the United I States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in- : Habitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 4 § 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be \ included within^ this Union, according to their re^ ^! spective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, includ- ing^ those bound to service for a term^ of years, { and excludino;^ Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all II other persons. — The actual enumeration^ shall be '\ made within three years after the first meeting of the I congress of the United States, and within every sub- I sequent"' term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.^ The number of representatives j shall not exceed^ one for every thirty thousand, but 1 each state shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence 1 crvcicl)cn. 2 inncrf)alO. — 3 cinfcWicf(id). — 4 Ut Scitraum. — 5 au6fcl)(icji(id). — 6 tie U\xUal)lwnQ* — 7 ttad)ftfc(9cnl>. — 8 Oc)limmcn. — 9 übcrftcigcn. i 96 plantation einen, gonnecticnt fünf, 9ien^9)orf fed)ö, ytciu'^scxin) Dier, ^Vnnf^f^anien ad)t, Sela^ tt)are einen, 5[)?ari)Ianb fcd]^, SSirginien jel)n 9iortf)^ garofina fiinf, (2entt)^(§aroIina fünf nnb ©eorgia brei jn tvabfen berecf)tigt fein* §. 4, äßenn jTd) in in 9?epräfentation irgenb eine^ ©taate^ ©tettenerlebignngen ereignen, fo fott tie t)ott3iel)enbe ©emaft bejfelben lBa()(an^fd[)reiben ergel)en fajfen nnb fofct)e erfebigte Stetten ergänzen» §. 5. 2)a^ §anö ber 9?epväfentanten foß feinen @precf)er nnb anbete SSeamte n}äl}fen, nnb bie attei^ nige 9)iad)tbefitgniß einer ^tageeinbringnng t)or bem ©enate l)aben» S)rittcr 2tbfd)nitt» §. L 25er ©enat ber bereinigten (Btaatm fott an^ jtt)ei (Senatoren mx einem jeben (Btaatc jn^ fammengefel^t fein, mld)e bie ©efei^gebnng beffefben anf ferf)ö 3cil)V'c ern)ä[)tt ^at; nnb jeber (Senator fott eine (Stimme [)aben» §. 2» Unmittelbar nad) iljrer anf bie erfte 5Baf)I erfolgten SSerfammfnng foHen fie fo gteid)fi3rmig afö möglid) in brei Staffen gctl)ei[t tverben* 'Sie (Si§e ber (Senatoren erfler Stajfe foHen mit bem SIbtanfe be^ jweiten 3al)rö, bie ber jrtieiten &a^e nad) 3lb^ (anf be^ vierten 3^f)t*^^ xmi) bie ber britten ßfaffe nad) Slbtanf be^ fed)öten Sabred erlebigt werben, fo baß atte jwei3al)re ein Srittbeit ermäbtt merbe; unb wenn (Stetten erlebigt werben bnrd) %mt6im^ 97 Plantations one, Connecticut five, New -York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. § 4. When vacancies^ happen in the represen- tation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. § 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole^ power of impeachment.^ Section Third. § 1. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each shall have one vote."* § 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally^ as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration^ of the second year, of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation,"^ or otherwise, during Itic C5r(ct)i9unc( einer 8tcllc.— 2 ntlcintg, cin^tp. — 3 bic öffcntlid)C 2(n!(a9C. — 4 tic 8tlmmc (Oct bcr 2(0fttnu mungO — 5 9(cicl)ma'ßic5, — 6 bcr ?(6(auf» — 7 tic 9Sct* lid^ttcijiun^ auf cine Stelle. 98 berlegintg ober auf aubere äBcife, n)al)renb bem bie ©efeggebuug irgenb eincö efen i% unb ber nirf)t, jnr ^cit feiner @rn)äl)tnng, ein SSe^ wot)ner be^jenigen Qtaatc^ n)ar, t)on ttjelc^em er ertt)äl)ft iDurbe. §♦ 4* 23er aSice^^räfibent ber SSereinigten (Staa^ ten foil ^räftbent be^ ©enat^ fein, jebocl) feine ©timme {)aben, an^er tt>enn bie ©timmen gleidl) 5!)ertl)eitt ffnb* §♦ 5» 2)er ©enat foil feine anberen SSeamten tt)ät)Ien nnb ebenfo einen ^räflbenten pro tempore in 5lbn)efen[)eit be^ SSice^^räfibenten, ober n^enn biefer ba^ 2(mt beö ^räjibenten ber SSereinigten ©taaten befleiben mi\^. 6» 2)er ©enat foU bie alleinige ©emalt I)aben, über alle Dor if)n gebrac()ten Slnffagen ®erid)t ju l^alten^ SBenn er jn bem @nbe ©ignngen I)ält, fo foil er t)or[)er bnrd) (Sibfcf)n)nr ober feiertid)e Serff^» d)erwng an @ibeö(latt t)erpflicl)tet mxicn. SBirb ber ^räffbent ber SSereinigten Staaten t)or ®erirf)t gelaben, fo foil ber £)berricl)ter ben SSorffß führen unb Kiemanb foH für übenuiefen erflart »erben. 99 the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments^ mitil the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill ^ such vacancies ( § 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of tlurty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 1^ shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state ' for which he shall be chosen. i: j § 4. The Vice President of the United States shall i be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, I unless they be equally divided. § 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence^ of I the Vice President, or when he shall exercise^ the \ office of President of the United States. I § 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try* \ all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose,^ they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief i Justice shall preside f and no person shall be con- 1 tic ScflaUung. — 2 tic 7C()n)cfcnf)cit. ■— 3 Ccfkibcn, ou^übcm — 4 (53cnc6t fiattcn. —5 (Snt^wccf. — 6 ben 100 töettit n\d)t jttjei 2)rittf)eife bcr gegenwärtigen WliU glieber nbereütflimmen» §. 7* Sin Urt()ei[ in Slnflagefäßen ^or bem ©e^ nate fann jtct) nicf)t weiter erflrecfen, al^ auf 5(mt^^ entfe^nng, Unfäl)igfeitöerf(ärnng, irgenb ein (gf)ren^ amt, ein antjertranteö ober einträglidf)eö 2lmt in ben bereinigten Staaten jn beffeiben nnb jn t)er^ walten ; aber ber überwiefene Zt)cil föH bemnnge^ acf)tet ber SInffage k)or bem ©efd)n)ornenj^@eri(J)te, bem gerict)tlirf}en aSerl)öre, ber 3Sernrtl)eiInng nnb SSeilrafnng nntermorfen fein. SSlcrtcc ?(Ofcl)nitt §• 1. 3eit, Drt nnb 5Beife ber 5Bal)rabf)artnng för (Senatoren nnb D?epräfentanten foKen in jebem (Staate Don bej^en gefe^^gebenber 95ef)örbe t)orgefc{)rie^ ben werben ; aber ber Kongreß barf jn jeber ^cit bnxd)'^ ®efei3 berartigeSSeftimmnngen madjcn ober änbern, an^fct)tießlicf) über bie jnr IBal)! ber ®ena^ toren bejlimmten Drte. 2. 25er Kongreß foil ffdf) wenigflenö einmal im Sat)r ^erfammeln nnb eö foil biefe Sßerfammlnng am erilen gjlontage beö I^ecemberö ftattftnben,wenn er nid)t bnrd)'^ ®efel^ einen anberen ^ag bajn be^ (limmen wirb. Sünftcc 2(0fcbnitt. §. 1. ©nem jeben fi^anfe (lebt baö 3?icl)teramt fiber bie 5ßablen,?Bal)lbericf)te nnb 5ßa()lbefngnijfe feiner eiqenenSUiitglieber iii, nnb bie 9[)?el)rgaf)l eixtci 1 101 victed* without the concurrence^ of two thirds of the members present. § 1, Judgment' in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal'^ from office, and disquahfication to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless^ be liable^ and subject to indictment,^ trial,® judgment, and punish-' ment, according to law. I Section Fourth, § 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, sliall be ; prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof: but the congress may at any time by law, make I or alter such regulations,^ except as to the places I of choosing senators. § 2. The congress shall assemble at least once^® in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first |. Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section Fifth. § 1. Each house shall be the judge of -the elec- tion returns,^^ and qualifications^^ of its own members, 1 ü(>orfüf)rcn, üOcrwcifon. — 2 tic llcbcrcinftimnmnci. — 3 t)af> llrtbcU. — 4 bic ?Cmt:^cntfdjiing. — 5 bcmungcnchtct, nid)t5bcflLMvcni(^cr, — 6 untcnvcrfcn, t»crl>inMid). — 7 feic , 2(nnaAc r»cc t)cm ®ofchn)crnon'®cricl)tc. — 8 Qcricbtlicbc SScrbcr. — 9l)ic ^^clTunimino. — 10 cinmaL — ll'bcc ^iBaht^ ,1 tci;icl)t. — 12 bic aßa()(l>cfu9nii;\ 102 jeben S>a\\^e^ foil bie jum SSetn'eb ber ®efc()äftc nött)ige Sdiijabl fein, aber eine fleinerc ^abl barf (td) üoa einem !£ag jnm anbeven tJertagen nnb i(l betJoUmäd^tigt, bie ^Infnnft abwefenber ^JKitglieber in ber 9lrt unb bnrd) foId)e ©trafen jn betreiben, tt)ie ein jebe^ 5;>anö (Te feftfe^en n)irb. §. 2. 5ebeö S^an^ barf feine ©efrf)äft^orbnnng felbjl bejlimmen, feine 5i)Jitglieber ivegen nnorbent^* Iid)en Senet)menö betrafen nnb mit 3«ftin^wnng Don jtt)ei 2)rittl)ei(en ein ?OJitg(ieb an(^fd)Iießen. §♦ 3. 3^bed S)axx^ foK ein $lagebnd) feiner 2>er^ l)anblnn9en i)aUen nnb eö tjon i^cit jn 3^it/ »nt Sln^nabme fo(d)er ^Ibcife, Die e^ nad) feinem Llr^ tl)eile geheim jn l)alten fiir nötbig bält, tjeroffentlii^ d)en. Sie ©timmen ber ^Witglieber eine^ S)a\\\c^ für ober gegen irgenb einein SKebe ftebenbe ®ad)e fotten anf SSerfangen öon einem giinftbeife ber ge^^ genwärrigen aWitglieber in baö ZciQcbnd) eingeriicft njerben. §. 4. Äein S)a\\^ barf, obne bie 3nftimmnng be^ anberen, feine (Si^nngen wäbrenb ber Saner be^ ßongreffe^ länger M brei itage an^fcgen, ncd) flc an irgenb einen anberen Drt i)erfegen al^ an ben, worin beibe ^änfer il)re ©ignngen Ratten werben. @cc()^tct: ?{bfcl)nitt. §. 1* Sie (Senatoren nnb 9tepräfentanten foffen eine ®e(bt)ergütnng fiir ihre Sicnftfetflnng erhalten, bie bnrd)'ö @efeg feil jn beflimmen nnb an^ ber I 103 and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum' to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn^ from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties^ as each house may provide. § 2. Each house may determine* the rules^ of its proceedings,^ punish its members for disorderly^ be- ^ haviour,^ and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, I expeP a member. ii § 3. Each house shall keep^^ a journaP of its pro- ' ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, re- quire secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members , of either house on any question, shall, at the desire^* of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. § 4. Neither house, during the session of congress, V shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for ; more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting,*^ Section Sixth, § 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation** for their services, to be ascertained** by law, and paid out of the treasury*® of the United 1 Mc nöt()ic^c 1i\\^a% — 2 wtagvn« — 3 tic Strafe— 4 bcfiimmcn. — 5 tic Sieget. — 6 Mc Gicfcbaftc. — 7 uncrtcnts lid). — 8 ta^ JBctrac^cn. ■— 9 au6fd)Ucf'cn. — 10 batten, — 11 ta^lSagcbudv— iSbcr SS^unfd), t)aö 58cr(angcn. 13 ©i^ung batten. — 14 Mc ^^^crgütung. — 15 fcftfcgcn^ 0cwi9 mad)Ctt. — 16 (^^ag. 104 ©taatöfaffe ber SSereinigten (Staaten gu bejat)krt ifl. ©ie foEen tu aßen gällen, i?od)t)erratlv ^elof nie unb griebene^brud) aufgenommen, baf 2Sorrect)t ^aben, n)d()renb i()rer ©egenmart bei beu ©ilsungett ihrer refpefrit)eu Käufer, fomie n)äl)reub beö S)m^ gängig gu ober ber 5Rncffebr dou beufelben nict)t t^ct^ l)aftet ju u>erben ; uub jTe foUen wcqcw feiner in einem ber beibeu Käufer ge()a(tenen 9?ebe ober Se^ batte au irgeub einem anberen Orte jur D?ebe geflelU tverben fönueu* §. 2. Äein Senator ober 9?epräfcntant fott wäl)^ renb berlDaner berS^^if/ fi^r bie er gemäh(tn)orbeu, in irgeub einem unter 2(nterität ber aSereinigten Staaten ffel)enben biirgerlid]en 2lmte, tDeld)ef n)äl)^ renb fold}er ^cit gefrf)atfen VDorben, ober bej]eu Qin^ fünfte unter ber ^eit vergrößert ivorbeu finb, ange^? pellt ^Derben; uub Sftiemaub, ber irgeub ein ben SSereinigten (btaatcn unterjogenef 2lmt befleibet^ foil iDJitgtieb einef ber beibeu ^;^äufer fein» (SicOcntct: 2(ü|cl)nitt. §. 1. 2llfe (Sefet^efeutiDÜrfe über (Srt)ebung i)on ©taatöeintünften follen auf bem j'^^anfe ber $)teprä^ fentauten nrfprüng(id) I)ert)orgehen, aber ber genat fann, me bei anberen S3iltf, Serbejyerungen ober 3ufal<5e Dorfd)lagen ober bajn mittt)irfen» 2. 3^be 35itl (©efejjefentmnrf), bie in bem ^anfe ber ^{epräfeuranten nnb bef (Senate burd)^ gegangen i\% foK, bevor fie jum ©efei^c u^irb, bem 105 States. They shall, in all cases/ except treason,^ felony,^ and breach'* of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance^ at the session of their respective houses, and in going to, and returning from, the same; and for any speech^ or debate^ in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. § 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authoiity of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emo- luments^ whereof shall have been increased^ during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house luring his continuance^^ in office.^ ^ Section Seventh, §1. All bills^^ for raising*^ revenue^^ shall origi- nate^^ in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments'^ as ou other bills. § 2. Every bill which shall have passed" the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before 1 bcc 5a((.— ^ibcc ^Scrratf)* — 3 t)a*5 gemeine ^crtvrc? ^cn. 4t)cr SBrud). — 5 bcc SBcföcl), bic ©egcnwart.— 6 btc JRcbi'* — 7 He Debatte. — 8 bic ©infunfte. — 9 i?crmel)? ren,t>crArö6crn.— 10 tic ^ctttiaucr. —11 ba<>?(mt. — 12 tec 63cfcgentn?urf. — 13 erbeben. — 14 bte :Stviatvcinf ünfte. — -ISau^piehen, entfprinaen. — 16 bic ^I^cvOeffcrun^en, 3u« p(|c* — - 17 burebgelKn, öenel)mic|t iDcrbcn. 106 ^räjTbenteu ber aSereinigteit (Btaatcn äberm'cl)i njerbcn ; ertf)eilt biefer feine 3iif^intnnnig, fo fotl er jle iinter^eict)neiv tvo xn&it, fo folt er fie mit feinen Sinivenbnngen jn bem .^anfe jnriicffenben, anö bem jle l)en)orgegangen ift, unb mld)c^ bie ©inti^enbnn^ gen an^fnl)rlic() in fein S^agebnd) anfnel)men nnb f[e ito(J)maliger Snt)ägnng nntertt)erfen fott. äBenn ober, nad) fo gebad)ter äSSieberenvägnng, jwei 2)rir^ tl)ei(e be^ 5;>anfe^ über bie SJlnnabme ber Si!t nberj^ einfommen,fo foil fie mit fammt ben ßinwenbnngen (be^ ^])rä(lbenten) bem anberen §anfe jngefenbet tt)erben, i)on bem f[e gteid]fallö nod)malö in @mä^ gnng gebogen mvten foil. Sßirb fie bann 'oon ^mx 2)rittl)eilen biefeö 5?anfeö genel)migt, fo folt jle ©e^ fel^ecfrafr erl)alten. 2n allen fold)en gällen jebod) foUen bie (Stimmen beiber i;>änfer bind) nnb 9?ein beflimmt an^ge^? briicft nnb bie 9iamen ber ^erfonen, n?eld}e fiir ober gegen bie 33ill ffimmen, in ba^ 2:agebnd) jebe^ be:^ iiiglid)en ^;^anfe^ eingetragen iverben. aßenn irgenb eine 23ilt »om ^räfibenten md)t innerl)alb jel)n ^agen (bie gonntvige nngeved)net), nad)bem fie il)m iiberreidit tt)orben ijT:, jnriicffommt, fo foil fie ebenfo (Sefcgeefraft erl)alten, al^ ob er fie unterjeid^net l)ätte, fei benn, ber Kongreß Der^ ^inbere il)re Dtiirffnnft bnrd) bie SSertagnng ber ^änfer, in tt)eld)em galt bie Silt feine ©efege^fraft |)aben folt. §. 3. eine jebe SSerorbnnng, jeber 55efd)tnp ober 107 it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; Jf he approve, lie sliall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections,^ to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large^ on their journal, and proceed to reconsider^ it. If after such reconsidera- tion two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise"* be recon- sidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against^ the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Presi- dent within ten days, (Sunday excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, un- less the congress by their adjournment^ prevent^ its return, in which case it shall not be a law. § 3. Every order,* resolution,^ or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repre- I bic G'inwcnbung, bcr Einwurf — 2 oui>füftrUd), im Tdlgcmcincn* — 3 ncd)mal5? erwägen. — 4 ötcid)faIB ■— 5 gegen. — 6 ble SScrtagung. — 7 ücr^inbern. — 8 Vk iöcr» crbnung. — 9 Ut 23cfd)(up. 108 itarö ober be^ ^aiijeö ber SRepräfentanten iiüt()ig ifl (mit 2l«^nal)me ber ^vhqc über aSertagung), feilen bem ^räjTbeitteu ber SSereinigten Staaten vorgelegt, iinb bet)or fie Äraft erl)a(ten, t>on iljm gene()nugt fein, ivenn er fie aber nirf)t genebniigt, fo fotten ffe nod)ma(^ buret) bie @iufcl)eibung t)on jwei 25rittl)eij' len be^ (Senate uiib be(^ joaufeö ber D^epräfentanten burct)gegangeit fein, ubereinftimmenb mit beu bei beu 35ilt^ i)orgefd)riebeueu S3e|limmungen unb fct)räufungen» 2(d)tcr 2(l)|ci)nitt. ©er Songreg foil bie ^JJladjt tjaben : 1. ©tenern, Sluflagen, 3ölle nnb SOBaaren^ penern anfjnerlegen nnb jn erl)eben ; bie (2ct)nlben jn bejahten nnb fiir gemeinfame SSertbeibignng nnb altgemeiite 'K$ol)lfabrt ber bereinigten Staaten ^^ür^ forge jn treffen» 5lber alte Slnflagen, 3ölte nnb SßaareniT-euern follen bnrcf) bie ganjen SSereinigten (Btaatm gleict)förmig fein. 2. 9(nf ben ßrebit ber bereinigten Staaten ©elbanlel)en jn maäjen. §. 3. 2)en .^anbel mit fremben Stationen, jwt^ fct)en ben einzelnen Staaten, fomie and) mit ben Snbiauerftämmen jn regeln* §. 4. @ine bnrcf) bie ganjen bereinigten Btaaten gleid)fürmige SSerorbnnng über 37aturalifation nnb I 109 I isentatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President o( the United States ; and before the same shall take Reflect, shall be approved^ by him, or being disap- [proved^ by him, shall be re-passed by two- thirds of ?the Senate and House of Representatives, according ito the rules and limitations^ prescribed in the case of fibill. Section Eighth, flhe Congress shall have power"* — § 1. To lay^ and collect taxes,^ duties,' imposts,' fand excises,^ to pay the debts and provide for the Jcommon defence and general welfare of the United j 'States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform^^ throughout the United States. § 2. To borrow^^ money on the credit of the jtUnited States. § 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian itribes.^^ § 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalisa- tion,^^ and uniform laws on the subject of bankrupt- cies throughout the United States. 1 bUUgcn, — • 2 mifüUligcn. •— 3 t)ic ^•tnfcf)ranEunc|, — 4 W 5)Zacbt, (35cit)alt^ — 5 auferlegen. — 6 t>ic Steuer. — 7 t)te 2Cuf(acje. — 8 ber 3oU. — 9 tie SBaarenfteuer. — 10 ö(eld)förmi9. — 11 Ocrgcn, entteftnen. — 12 t)er ©tamnu— • (13 t)ie ©rt^eilung l>e^ S3ur9crrecf)t^. 110 glei'd^föniitge ©efegc über ha^ Sanferottirefen ju §♦ 5* ©elb ju frf)Iagen iinb beffen, fott)ie frember ?!JJiuisen, äöertt) jit bcjlimmen, iiub ein 5[Raaß uub ®emid)t ill bejlimmen» §♦ 6* äüegcn ^ejlrafiutg ber 9tacl)a[)mung unb gälfd)inig t)on Sd^einen inib umlaufcnbcr QJJiutje ber SSereüugten ©taaten SSerfiigung jii treffen» §. 7* ^oftämter unb ^)o|l:flraßen ju errid]ten» 8. Saö gort[d]reiren ber äßiffeiifd^aften unb nüi3lid)en fünfte baburd) ju beförbern, ba^ er, je^ boci) nur für befd)ränfte ^eitcW; 2lutoren unb @r^ ftnbern ba^ au^fd)lieglid)e9{ed}t auf il)re refpecttoen ©d)rtften unb (grftnbungen fidjere, §♦ 9* Sem oberften ®erid)t^^üf nnter^i^orfenc $£ribunale ju ernennen» §♦ 10» Ueber ©eeräubereien unb auf offener ©ee begangenen 3Serbred)en, fon>ie über SSerfegungen berSßölferred^te ju eutfd)eiben unb bereu S3e(Irafung ju t)erl)ängen» §. IL krieg ju erf(aren,Äaperbriefe ju tJerfeiljen unb SSerorbnungen {)inftd)tnd) ber ©trafen ju ?anb unb JU äöajTer jn mad]en» §. 12» §eere juftellenunb juunterf)atten; jebod) fcU fein ®elb l)ierju für einen fängeru 3^itraum aU jtDei ^a\)xe Dermittiget n)erben» §» 13» Sine ®cemad}t auöjurüfleu unb tu gutem 3uftanbe ju erf)alten» §» 14» ©efeglidje SSejlimmuugen l^iujcdjtlid) ber Ill § 5, To coin^ money, regulate the value thereof, ,and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights (and measures. I § 6. To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting^ the securities^ and current coin of the United States. § Y. To establish post-offices and post-roads. § 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited** times, to authors • and inventors the exclusive right to their respective i writings and discoveries.^ § 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Su- preme Court. i § 10. To define and punish piracies^ and felonies .icommitted on the high seas, and offences against the |lavv of nations. I §11- To declare war, grant letters of marque and ^reprisal/ and make rules concerning captures^ on jjland and water. § 12. To raise and support armies, but no appro- priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. § 13. To provide and maintain a navy.^ § 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. . 1 (Selb fcbtagcii/ münden, prägen» — 2 tic ©ctbfäts fd)un(i* — 3 ber (^dicin, (Scbu^^^d)etn. — 4 (>erd)va'nEt, — 5 ble (äntbccfung. — 6 Me (Secvaubcret. — 7 berJtapcrs 'trief. — 8 beu — 9 bie 6'eemad)t. 112 S5efel)tigitiig unb @inn'd)tung ber ?anb^ wnb ©ee^ (Ireitfräfte treffen. 15* Den Slufruf ber yjlilii ju beforgeii, urn bie ®efe$e ber Union jn t)oHilrecfe4i, Slnfjlänbe ju bampfen nnb Slngrijfe tjon Sinken abjntt)el)ren. §. 16, gitrforge jn treffen für bie Drganifation, S5en)affnnng nnb Si^ciplinirnng ber yjfilij nnb fnr bie S3efel)Iignng be^jenigen5tntl)eifö baibon, ber jnm X)icn}tc ber 2>ereinigten Staaten i^evmnict n^erben barf, wobei ben refpectit)en Staaten ba^ dvimx^ iinngörecf)t ber Dfftciere nnb bie @rmäcl)ti9nng, bie SiKilij xxad} ben Don bem Kongreß tjorgefdjriebenen 2)i^ciplingefe(3en einjniiben, t)orbel)alten ifl. §. 17. (tUen nnb jeben gälten eine anöfd)Iie^f licf)e ©cfelsgebnng über einen SSejirf (beflfen ®rö^e jtid)t jebn ©eüiertmeilen überfd^reitet) anöjuüben, ber ba bnrd) SIbtretnng einzelner ©tanten nnb 2(n^ nal)me be^ (Senate berDiegiernngejT^ ber SSereinig^ ten Staaten mxicn n)irb,nnb eine gleid^e Oberberr^ (id)feit über alte ^lät^e an^s^iüben, bie mit S^flimsf mnng ber gefe^gebenben 33el)örbe bedjenigen Staate, worin biefelben fid) befinben, S3el)nf^ ber Srrid)tnng t)on gejlnngen, ?!JJagajinen, 3engl)änfern^ ®d)iff^^ tt)erften nnb anberen notl)tt)enbigen ®ebänlid)feiten fänflid) erworben worben ; — nnb 18. 3Jlte nötl)igen nnb pajfenben ©efege ju ntad)en, nm bie tJorfTebenben nnb alte anberen gKad[)tbefngnifi'e, ml(t)c in ®emäß()eit bicfer 23er^ fajfnng t)on ber oberjlen SScbörbe ber Sereinigteu i '\ 113 § 15. To provide for calling forth* the militia to I execute the laws of the union, suppress^ insurrections, [and repeP invasions/ § 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- icipHning the militia, and for governing such part of ithem as may be employed^ in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the ap- ipointment of the officers, and the authority of train- .:ing^ the militia according to the discipline prescribed (by Congress. § ] 7. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases j whatsoever, over such district, (not exceeding ten [miles square,^) as may, by cession^ of particular states, 'land the acceptance of congress, become the seat of 'the government of the United States, and to exercise ilike authoi ity over all places purchased^ by the con- isent of the legislature of the state in which the same ( Shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,*^ ' dockyards,^^ and other needfuP^ buildings. — And §18. To make all laws which shall be necessary land proper for carrying into execution the foregoing ^powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 1 aufrufen. — 2 untcrbrücfcn, bämpfcn. — - 3 at)ia)cf)tcm f — 4 bcr ^Cngriff v»cn ?Cuj5cn, ber (ginfalt. — 5 t>crivcnt)cn. ^ — 6 chuiOen. — - 7 bic D.uabtatmci(c« — 8 bic TCOtrctung, — 9 fciufcn, fäuftid) cnvcrOcn. — 10 t)a<> Scug^aui?. — H ta^o !Sd)iff5ivcrfr. — 12 nctfimcnbig. 114 Staaten ober Don xvQcni einem 'iScxmltnwQ^fad} ober SSeamtcu berfelbcu l)ef(eibet ivirb, jur 2liiö^ fül)rung bringeiu §. 1. Sic ©inn^anbcnnig ober bie @infül)rinig foIct)er ^erfoncu, n)ie irgenb einer neit bcn ber^ tnaligeu bc|T:el)enben ©taatcn für s^'äfjTg crnittet, füll Don bem (^engreß Dor bem ^a\)x 1808 nid)t ge^ gel.)inbert merben, jebod) barf eine Stener ober Slb^ gäbe, mld)e \\id)t jel)n ToHar^ fiir bie^erjon iiber* peigt, anf foldie @infül)rnng gelegt tverben. §. 2» Sa^ aSorred^t ber Ä;^abca^ ßorpnd 2lfte foU itid)t anfgel)oben tverben biufen, anper, wenn e^ in gcitten eine^ Slnfrnbr^, ober eine^^ feinblid)en 31nfallö bie i3flrentlid)e ®id)ert)eit erforbert- §♦ 3. (S^ folt feine SSannbilt nnb fein ©efel^ mit rncfwirfenber Äraft (ex post facto law) geniad)t n)erben» §♦ 4. Äeine Äopf? ober anbere birecte Stener foil auferlegt werben, bie nid)t im SSerbäftni^ jn bem ßenfn^ ober ber bierin Dorl)er Derfügten 3lnfjd[)fnng entnommen werben fann. §, 5. folt feine ©tener ober Slbgabe anf 2(nö^ fnl)rartifel Don einem jnm anberen (Btaat anferfegt werben ; bnrd) feinerlei SSerorbnnng über jf^anbel ober ©taat^einfünfre foil ben .^äfen t>eß einen ober anberen irgenb ein S5orred)t eingeräumt werben, nod) foUen ®d)ijfe, bie Don ober ju einem anberen 115 Ii . tution in the government of the United States, or in 1 any department or officer thereof.^ Section Ninth. § 1. The emigration^ or importation^ of such per- i sons, as any of the states now existing shall think \ proper'* to admit, shall not be prohibited by the i congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred ' and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed^ on ■ such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each I person. f § 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus I shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of re- I bellion or invasion the public safety may require it. I § 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law f Bhall be passed. § 4. No capitation,^ or other direct tax shall be j. laid, unless in proportion to the census or enume- 1' ration herein before directed to be taken. § o. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- ported from any state. No preference^ shall be given I by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall 1 hiervon. — 2 bic (Siinvanbcrung. — 3 tie ß-tnfü^? it rune;. — 4 paffcnt), fc()ic!(id). — 5 auferlegen. — G tic ^ ^cpfftcucr. — 7 lia^o 2[>cvrcd)t. 116 Btaate ju geben beflimmt ffnb, t)erpfli'rf)tet feirt, umjufaben, ober in einem anberen ©taate 3oll gu jal)(en» 6. Äeiite ©elber fotten auö bent ©taat^fcf)aße genommen werben bitrfen, in gofge gefel3lfc{)er 3Sern)il(ignng,nnb ein regelmäßiger ©tatn^ (S3end)t) nnb eine 5Hecf)nnng^abfage ber ®nna[)men nnb 2(iiö^ gaben aller öffentlicl}en (Selber follen t)on ^eit jn 3eit t)eröjfentlirf)t mxien. §. 7* Äein Slbelötitet foil Don ben bereinigten Staaten ertl)eilt n)erben, nnb ?tiemanb, ber irgenb ein it)nen nnterjogene^, an^ertrante^ ober einträgt Iicfje^ 2lmt befleibet, foil ot)ne ®enel)nngnng beö ßongre(i*e^,, irgenb ein @efcl)enf, (Smolnment, 2lmt, ober einen J^itel irgenb einer 2lrt nnb t)on irgenb einem Äönige, dürften ober fremben Staate anncl}^ men biirfen» Sehntet ?X6fcl)uitt. §♦ !♦ Mein ®taat foil fiel) in irgenb einen aSer^« trag, S3ünbnig ober eine aSerbinbniig einlajfen, Äaper^ nnb Dteprejfalienbriefe ertbeilen, @elb \Ma^ gen, ©taat^papiere erlaflen, mit nidjt^ anberem jicf) erbieten, bie ®cl)nlb jn bejablen, at^ mit ©olb^? nnb ©ilbermünjen, feine Sannbilt nnb fein ®efe$ mit riicfmirfenber Äraft, ober ein ®efel^, mld}c^ ben an^ einem Vertrage entfprnngenen SSerbinbd'cl)^? feiten jntt)iber i(l, erlajfen, and) feinen Slbel^titeC mlei^en* I 117 . vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear,^ or pay duties, in another. § 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts' and expenditures^ of all public money shall be pub- lished from time to time. § 7. No title of nobility"* shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section Tenth, § 1. No state shall enter into any treaty,^ alliance, or confederation f grant letters of marque and re- prisal ; coin money ; emit^ bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender*^ in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law or law impairing^° the obligation^^ of contracts, or grant^^ any title of nobility. 1 umtabcn, aui>tabcn. — 2 tic S*innaf)mc. — 3 bic ?fu^s gaOc. 4 t)cr ?Ct)c(i^titc(. —5 bcr SScrtrag. — 6 t)ai Sünbs ben. —9 t>a!$ ?(ncr(>ictcn., — 10 t?crminbcrn, fcbwa'cl)cn. — 11 tic 3Scrblnt(icl)fcit. — 12 OcivUligcn, t)cr(ci()cn. 118 2. Mein Qtaat foil o[)ne 3«(innntung be^ Som greft'e^^ ^öUt Dber 3(uflagen auf (iiiu unb 2tii^ful)r^ avtiM legen, mit Slu^nabmc befl'en,it)ad umimgängif üd) notl)n)enbig juvSSollftrecfuug feiner ^canf\\d)tU gnng^gefege ifl, nnb ber reine Ertrag alter Slnfla^ gen nnb S'öüe, bie in irgenb einem Staate anf din^ ober 2ln^fnl)rartifel gelegt ffnb, foil bem (S^taat^^ \d)a^e ber SSereinigten (Btaaten jn gntfommen, nnb alle berlei ©efe^e foUen ber ®nrd)fid)t nnb (Son^? trolle bei? ßongrefle^^ nntermorfen fein. Äein 'Staat foil ol)ne 3»l^i»^5"nng be^ Songrejfe^ irgenb ein JConnengelb erl)eben, S^rnppen ober Ärieg^fct)iffe in grieben^jeiten galten, in irgenb eine Llebereinfnnft ober einen SSertrag mit einem anberen gefallen, ober eö brol)e ihm eine fo angenfd}ein[id)e @efal)r, baß fein a!?erjng jnläffig fei. ^tüM II. — (Srflcr 7(6ic()nltt. §. Sie an^übenbe 9)Jad)t foil Don einem^räfT^? benten ber aSereinigten (Staaten Don 2(merifa befleiß? bet it>erien. @r foil fein 3(mt anf bie Saner Don Dier 3at)ren inne l)aben nnb jngleid] mit bem fiir ben gleid^en 3<^it^t*^nm ern)äl]lten SSice^^räjTbenten in folgenber 2lrt geit)äl]lt n)erben. §♦ 2. @in jeber Staat bejlimmt in ber 3(rt, mc feine gefei^gebenbe SSebörbe einrii)ten n)irb, eine 3al)l Don äöäl)lern, bie gleid) ber ganzen 3al)l ber 119 § 2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or ex- ports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net^ produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision^ and controF of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in lime of peace, enter into any agreement* or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in w^ar, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent^ danger as will not admit of delay Article ii. Section First § 1. The executive^ power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and to- gether with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : § 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of elec- tors equal to the whole number of senators and re- 1 rein. — 2 tic 5)urcl)f{cl)t. — 3 bic (Scntrcllc, 2Cuffi'c!)t, tli;()crn)acf)ung. — 4 ticllcbcrclnfunft. — 5 t'rof)cnb, nugcns fd^cinlic^. — 6 tcr ^Scr^ug. -— 7 tic auvü6cnt)c 5}?acbt. 120 ©enatoreit imb 9?epräfentanten fei, ju bereit SBer* tretung im Sengrelfe ber ®taat bered)n'gt jebod) fett fein ©enator ober 9?epräfeutaut, ober eine ^er? fon, bie ein unter ben SSereinigten (Staaten flel)en* be^, befolbete^^ ober @()renamt beflcibet, jum Söa[)lmann beftellt ti^erben. §. 3. Sie ^äl)[er fotten jTcf) in it)ren refpectiöen Staaten Derfammeln, unb burd) ©frutiniuni für gmei ^Vrfonen (timmen, n)ot)on @i'ne toenigflenö fem 5D?iteintt)ol)ner i()re^ (Btaatc^ ijl. ®ie foßen eine ?ifte alfer berer, für bie geftimmt Horben, unb ber 3^f)t ber Stimmen für einen jeben verfertigen, mld)c kifte f[e untergeicf)nen, begfaubigen unb t)er^ (Tegeft nad) bem ©il^e ber Siegierung ber bereinigten Q>taaten, unter ber 3Iuffd)rift an ben ^räiTbenten be^ Senate, überfenben foKen« Der ^VäjTbent beö ©enatt^ folt bann in ©egenmart hc^ Senate unb be^ ^aufe^ ber ^e^ßxäfentantm alte S3erid)te eröjf^ neu, unb I)ierauf fotten bie (Stimmen gejä[)It )t)erben. Diejenige ^Vrfon, mld)c bie größte ^al)i von ®tim^ men beflißt, foil, menu foId)e Sal)l bie5[)iajorität ber ganjen bejlellter Süäbter ijt, ^räfibent tt)er^ ben» äöenn aber me^ir al^ einer ba ber eine fold)e9}tcl)rl)eit unb eine gleid)e ©timmenjal)! \)abcn feilte, fo folt ba^ S)an^ ber Dieprdfentanten unmit^* telbar barauf einen baDon burd]'j^ (Sfrutinium jum ^Präfibenten n)äl}len» £^at jebod) feiner eine ^lajof rität, fo folt gebad)te S^an^ an^ ber 3^1)' ber fünf Srjlen im SSerjeidjnijfe auf gleid)e 5trt ben 1 121 \ *; presentatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress: but no senator or representative, or I person holding an office of trust or profit under the ; United States, shall be appointed an elector. I § 3. The electors shaH meet^ in their respective I states, and vote by ballot^ for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same , state with themselves. And they shall make a hst , of all the persons voted for, and of the number of <; votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify,* and transmit,^ sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Sen- ,! ate; who shall, in the presence of the Senate and House I of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the .j Tiotes shall then be counted.^ The person having the { greatest number of votes shall be the President, if j such number be a majority^ of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one , who have such majority, and have an equal number I of votes, then the house of representatives shall im- \\ mediately^ choose by ballot one of them for Presi- dent; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list the^aid house shall in like manner choose the President. But, in choosing the I 1 fic^ öcrfammctn» — 2 ta? (S!rutintunt, ber SBa^ls ' icttcL — 3 bcgtauOtöcn. — 4 übcrfcnbcn. — 5 ^ä^Utu — 6 t)lc ^d)t\)dU — • 7 unmittelbar. i 122 ^räffbentett n)äl)leiu Sa aber bei ber ^räjibentem tt)al)t bic ©timmen nod) ben (Staaten genommen )t)erben, n)obei bie $)?epväfentatton eine^ jeben ©taa<* te^ nnr Sine ©timme bat, fo foU bie für biefen 3wecf t)oK}länbige Slujal)!- anö einem ober mel)reren ÜRitgliebern i)on jtt>ei Srittl)eilen ber SKitglieber ber Staaten bepel)en nnb eine Sliajorität aller Staaten jur aöal)l nötl)tg fein. — giir jeben gall foil bie ^erfon, mld)e nad) ber aSal)t be^ ^räfibenten bie größte ®timmenme()r^eit ber aövibler bef^i^t, SSice:j^>rä)lbent \t>erben. ©oU^ ten aber jwei ober me()rere bat)on gleidje ©timmen l)aben, fo foil ber ©enat anö il)nen bnrd) ©frntininm ben 2Sice^i>räffbenten n>äl)len* 4. Ser Kongreß fann bie 3eit jnr 2Ba!)l ber 2öal)lmänner nnb ben S!ag, an vt)eld)em fie i^re ©timmen abjngeben I)aben, beftimmen; biefer S^ag foil ein imb berfelbe für bie gangen SSereinigten Qtaa^ ten fein. §. 5. ?tnr ein nrfprünglid) eingeborner 23ürger, ober Siner, ber S3ürger ber SSereinigten ©taaten jnr ^cit ber 2lnnal)me biefer ßonjlitntion n)ar, foU gnm ^räfibenten n)a^tfä[)ig fein, Dtiemanb jcbcd), ber nid)t ba^ fünfnnbbreißigt^e 3al)r erreid)t l)at, unb nid)t feit 5:)iersel)n 3al)ren feinen aßo^njTg in^ nerl)alb ber bereinigten ©taaten hatte. §♦ 6. 3«t S^K^ i^^^ ^ntfegnng beö ^Väffbenten Don feinem Slmte, feineö Slbflerben^, 25erjid)tleiffenö ober feiner Unfä^igfeit, bie (SJewalten unb ^pflid)ten 123 President, the votes shall be taken by states, the re- presentation from each state having one vote; a quo- \ rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majori- ■ / ty of all tlie states shall be necessary to a choice. In • CA^ery case, after the choice of the President, the per- i son having tl)e greatest number of votes of the elec- ■ tors sliall be the Vice-President. But, if there should I remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate i ■ shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President. I § 4. The congress may determine^ the time of ) choosing the electors, and the day on which they I shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same ] throughout the United States. § 5. No person except a natural born' citizen, or a I citizen of the United States at the time of the adop- T tion^ of this Constitution, shall be eligible^ to the of- fice of President; neither shall any person be eligible I to that office, who shall not have attained to the age i of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resi- i dent^ within the United States. § 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,^ resignation, or inability^ to dis- : charge^ the powers and duties of the said office, the 1 bcflimmcn. — 2 ctn.qcücrcn. — 3 bic Vfnnaf;mc. — ^ 4 tt?af)tfa()ig. — 5 t)cr $8civcf)ncr. — 6 bcr Zct>, t)a$ i Ub^aUn. — 7 tie llnfd'^igfcit, — 8 ausüben» 124 befagten Slmte^ an^juuben, foil bafl'efbe bcm SSicc^* ^rajtbenten übertragen merbeit, and) taim ber iioiu greß burd)'^ ®efe^ far ben gall ber (Sntfe^uitg t)om 5lmte n^egeu be^ J^obe^, ber 2Serjid)tleijlung ober Unfäl)igfeit beiber, be^ ^räftbenten me be^ SSices? ^>rä(Tbenten, 3}erfitgung treffen, mld)cv Seamte aföbann bie ^räjTbentfd)aft nberne{)men [oil, nnb biefer S3eamte foil in ©emäg^eit beffen bie ©telle befleiben, bi^ bie Unfal)igfeit befeitigt ober ein ^vä^ fibent gen)äl)lt fein n)irb. §♦ 7- 2)er ^räjlbent foil jn fejlgefe^ten Reiten für feine 2)ienfle einen ©e()alt er[)alten, ber rvixij^ renb ber Daner ber ^eit, für bie et gewählt tt)orben, Weber erl)öt)t nod^ verringert mvben barf, nnb er foil innerljalb biefer ^eit mbev t)on ben SSereinigten ^taaten^ nod) von einem einzelnen berfelben irgenb ein anbere^ @molnment ertjalten* 8. SSor bem Eintritte feiner 2lmtöt)errid)tnng foil er folgenben @ib ober feierlid)e^ ©elöbniß leijlen : §» 9, „3d) fd)möre (ober gelobe) t)iermit feiere „lid)jl,baß id) getrenlid) ba^Stmtbe^ ^räffbenten ber „bereinigten (Staaten t)ermalten, nnb nad) meinen „betten Äräften biea^erfaffnngberaSereinigten ®taa* „ten beyiDabren, befd)ül^en nnb Dertt^eibigen n)ill/' 3n)cltcc 2(0fcl)nitt. 1. Der ^räffbent foil ber Dberbefel)I^i)aber ber Slrmee nnb ber glotte ber bereinigten nnb ber SDZilij ber tjerfc^iebenen (Staaten fein, wenn biefe jnnt 125 • same shall devolve^ on the Vice-President, and the congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then' ict as President, and such officer shall act accord- ngly, until the disability be removed, or a Presi- dent shall be elected. § 7. The Presidentshall, at stated^ times, receive for his services, a compensation,^ which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive within^ that period any other emolument from the I United States or any of them. § 8. Before he enter on the execution^ of his office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : I § 9. "I do solemnly^ swear, (or affirm,) that I I "will faithfully execute the office of President of the "United States, and will, to the best of my ability, j " preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section Second. § 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the ac- 1 zufallen, übertragen n)cvt)cn. — 2 alc^baniu — 3 fcrts 9c[cf5t. — 4 Mc ^i>ci'9ütiina,, l)cr ©c[)alu — 5 inacrfjalO* — 6 t)ic ?(ii6a6iin9, t>cr ?{ntritt (cinc^ 7{mtej.) — 7 fcicr(id). 126 acHtJeitl^ienlteber 5;erciingten Staaten berufen tt)or^ ben ; er fann fcbriftlid) bie 5(nficl)t nnb SReinung ber oberften SSeaniten in jebem ber DoU3iel)enben D?ec;ie^ rnng^fad]er über irgenb einen ©egenftanb, n>eld)er jn ben Serpfluttnngen ihre^ refpecticen Stinted c;e^ t)ört, nadifnrfjen nnb betjiehen, nnb foU bie 9JJaef)t l)aben, 2(nffcf)nb ber (Strafe nnb ®nabe fnr aUe ^ev^ gebnngen gegen bie bereinigten Staaten jn ertl)eilen, auif^genonnnen bei 3lnfIagefaUen öor bem (Senate, §. 2- @r felt bie \ytad)t baben, bnrd) nnb mit SSeijiebnng nnb Suftimmnng be^ (Senate Verträge jn niacben, Dcranc^gefei^t, bag gmei Srittbeile ber (Senatoren gegenmrtig fcien, nnb il)m beijiinimen, unb nut 93eiratl} nnb B^ftimmnng beö Senat(^ foU er ©efanbre, anbere öjfentlidK ^JJiinifter nnb Son^ fntn, 9tiditer bei? eberjlen ®eridit^l)cf^ nnb aUe anbere Beamten ber isereinigten (Staaten ernennen unb einfetten tonnen, über beren SJnftettnng l)ierin uid)t anf anbere aöeife gürforge getroffen i|l, nnb bie bnrd) ein ©efel^angeorbnet it)erben. S)er (5on^ greg fann jebod) gefei^Iid^ bie SlnfteUnng aüer fot^ d]er llnterbeamten, ttjie er e^ für bienlid) erad]tet, entn^eber bem ^räfibenten allein, ober ben ®erid]tö^ t)öfen, ober ben (5l)ef^ ber Diegiernng6fäd)er über^ tragen. §. 3. Der ^räfibent foU bie ©emalt l)aben, äffe ertebigte Stetten, bie ivabrenb ber 2Uiö[clj.nng ber (Silpungen be(^ Senat^J etn^a fid) geigen bürften, burd) (5*rtl)eilnngen Don proDiforifd)en ^eftaUnngen, 127 • tuaP service of the United States; he may require the opinion," in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject I'elating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves^ and pardons for of- fences** against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. \ § 2. He shall have power, by and with tlie advice and consent of tlie Senate, to make treaties,'* provided two-thirds of the senators present concur;^ and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate, shall appoint^ ambassadors, other I public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme ; court, and all other officers of the United States, "whose appointments are not herein otherwise pi ovid- ||: ed for, and which shall be estabhshed by law : but I the congress may by law vest^ the appointment of j such inferior officers as they think proper,^ in the I President alone, in the courts of law,^° or in the heads^^ of departments. § 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the 1 ix)tv!(id), actti\ — 2 .l)lc mnnung. — 3 \>ct 2(uf^ fd)uO^ t)ic grift. — 4 l>ic ^Scrgchunc^, t)a^ 9Scr9cl)cn. — - 5 bet ertrag. — 6 Oeijlimmen. — 7 ernennen. — 8 übertragen. — 9 geeignet, blenücl). — 10 ber ®ericl)t^of)of. — 11 t>aC> .paupt, ber ©[)ef. ♦ 128 bie am ©cf)(iifie ber imdjften ©iliung beö (SenaW erlöfct)en feilen, n^ieber ju befcgen. ©nttct 2Cbfcl)nitt §♦1. @r foil bem ßongveß Don 3^it ju 3^it JJacf)^ ricf)t über ben 3«Ranb ber Union geben nnb beflen @rtt)ägnng foldie 5!}Jagregetn empfel)len, n)ie er f[e fnr nothig nnb jn^ecfbienlid) t)ätt; er barf, bei aiif gerorbentlict)er ©elegenbeit, beibe .^änfer ober einö baüon jnfammenrnfen, nnb im gälte, bag f[e über i[)re aSertagnngöjeit md)t einig mit einanber n)erben fönnen, fann er ihre ©il^nng bii^ jn bem it)m geeig^? net fdieinenben 3eitpnnfte vertagen» §. 2. dv foil bie ©efanbten nnb anbere öffentlts» d)e 3lbgeorbnete empfangen ; er foil ©orge fnr bie getrenlid)e i^^anbbabnng ber ®efe(3e tragen nnb bie aSeflallnngen aller Dfjtciere ber bereinigten 'Staaten anöfertigen* SSicrtcr 7C0fcl)nitt* §. L Der ^räfibent, Sice^^räffbent nnb alle (iU m(beamte ber bereinigten Staaten feilen il)rer ©teilen entfe^t tverben, anf Slnflage nnb lleberfiilii^ rnng t)er bem Senate n)egen ^^edi^erratl)^, aSefle^ d)nng, ober anberer bol)enSSerbred)en nnb aSergeben* 5lrtifcl ISff. — (Srilcr ?Cb|cl)nitt. §. 1. 2)ie rid)terlid)e ©emalt ber SSereinigten Staaten fett Den einem oberilen ®erid)rii[)ofe nnb 120 senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire*' at the end of their next session. Section Third, § 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the con- f gress information^ of the State of the Union, and re- commend to their consideration^ such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;'* he may, on ex- traordinary occasions, convene^ both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement^ between tliem with respect to the time of adjournment, he may ad- journ them to such time as he sliall think proper. § 2. He shall receive ambassadors and otlier pub- 1 lie ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- ■ fully^ executed, and shall commission^ all the officers of the United States. Section Fourth, § 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,^ bribery,^^ or other high crimes^^ and misdemeanors.^* ARTICLE III. Section First. § 1. The judicial"' power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such 1 cr(cfcl)cn, ait^taufcn. — 2 bic ^.acbvicbt. — 3 bic (Sr? ttja'9iunc\. — 4 ^worfMcnUcb. — 5 ^ufammcnrufciu — 6 bie lie!). — 8 l>crraUcn, bic ^ejlaUung au6forti(\cn. — 9 bet 9Scrrat(). — 10 Mc 5Bcftcd)uua. — 11 t)ai> ^^Scfbrcd)t'ru — 12 t)a5 ^I>er9cl)ciu — 13 vid)tcv(id). 130 foIcl)eit Untergencf)töl)öfen beffeibet n)erteit, tt)ie ffe bcr Kongreß Don ^eit ixi^cit ijerovbnen uub einriii)^ ten mag. liie 9iirf)ter bc^^ oberjlen S)of^ rvic bcr unteren @ericl)t^l)öfe foKen, fo lange SBctraucn. — 2 titc 2)aucr, Jcrtbaucr. — 3 jic^ ciuf>t)cf)ncn, fid) crftrccfcn. — 4 tic SBitUö^cit. — 5 trcffcnt). — 6 t>ic ©ct:icl)tö()arfcit. 7 t>ic (StrcitigCcit. — 8 frcmt, — 9 t)cr Untcrtf)an. 132 §♦ 2. 3« ciUcn ptten, mld)e ©efanbte iinb an^ bere öffentlicf)e S3eöottmäct)tigte itnb ßonfuln be^ treffen, iinb in fo(cf)en, m ein ®taat eine ^artl)ei t|t, foil ber obcrjle ^of nrfpriinglict)e ®mdyt^baxhit bejTl^en* 3^ alien anberen t)orl)er ermät)nten gälten foil ber oberRe®erid)töI)ofbie2lppettation^^^®erid)t^:? barfeit l)aben, fon)o()t in @acf]en n?a^ D?ecl}ten^, alö n)a^ bie $i:()at betrifft, mit folcf)en 2ln^nal)men nnb nntcr folcf)en Slnorbnnngen, n)ie jTe ber Kongreß ttiadjen rnvb. §♦ 8. ^ie ©ericf)tööer[)anblnnj3 über alleSSerbre^ cl)en, mit 3ln^nal)me ber 3]nflage t)or bem ©e^ ttate, foil bnrcl)'^ ®efcl)n)ornengeric{)t gefcl)e(}en nnb ein folcl)eö 3SerfaI)ren in benjenigen (Staaten gebat ten tt^erben, mxin baö SSerbrerf)en begangen n)nrbe; wenn eö aber nirf)t inner()alb eine^ ber 'Staaten begangen morben, fo foil bie ®ericf)t^Der[)anblnng an ben Orten gef)alten tDerben, bie ber Kongreß bajnbnrd)'^ ®efe(3 bejlimmt f)aben mxb. ^rittet: 2(6fc()nitt. §♦ 1. §ocl)t)erratl) gegen bie ^Bereinigten Staaten foil nnr in einer Srregnng eine^ Äriege^ gegen bie^ felben, ober im einem Slnbang an beren geinbe, in^^ bem biefen ^iilfe nnb Llnterftiignng geleiflet n)irb, be|lel)en* 9^iemanb foil be^ ^ocl)t)erratl)^ nberi^ n)iefen n)erben, al^ anf S^'^^Ö"^^ ^meier ^^n^en Mn enter nnb berfelben offen begangenen S;i)at, ober auf ©eftänbniß im offenen @ericl)t^l}ofe* 133 § 2. In ail cases aflfecting ambassadors, other puV liö ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have origi- nal' jurisdiction. In all the other cases before men- tioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris- diction, both as to law and fact,^ with such excep- tions, and under such regulations as the Congress ^ shall make. ^ § S, The trial of all crimes, except incases of im- { peachment, shall be by jury f and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;"* but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as \ the Congress may by law have directed. (Section Third, § 1. Treason against the United States shall con- ; sist only in levying^ war against them, or in adhering^ j to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless^ on the testimony^ of two witnesses^ to the same overt^^ act, or on confession in open court. 1 urfprunölicl). — 2 t>ic S^at. — 3 ba*o (^cfd)it>orncns gmc^t* — 4 begeben. — 5 erregen, anfangen« — 6 an^an« gem — 7 außer» — 8 t)aö Seugnig. — 9 bec äcuge. — 10 offcu/ offenbar» 134 §. 2. Scr ßciigreg fett fcic ©malt !)abcn, bie ©j:rafe fceö Jood)i:?ermti)$^ ju beftünmcn, aber feine öjfent[id)e llebern^eifung be^ §cd)^errätl)er^ foU cij» neu (Sd)aitbflecf auf feine gamilie mxfen, ober SSer^^ mögen^^Sonfiöfation, anger n)äl)renb ber Sebenö*' bauer beö UebertDiefenen, ben){rfen» §Crtif cl IV. — G-vj!cr 2C0|cl)nitt. §. 1. SSoller ©faube iinb grebit foK tu jebem ©taate ben öf entlirf)en 2lFten, Urfnnben nnb rief)? terlirf)en Serfa[)ren eine^? jeben anberen QtaaM gegeben werben, nnb ber ßongreg fann, bnrcf) aKge? meine ©efei^e, bie Slrt nnb SBeife Dorfcf)reiben, anf bie fo[cf)e 5lften, Urfnnben unb rict)terlid)e 3Serfa[)rett erprobt werben nnb irelcfje^ i[}re SBirfnng fein fott* Streiter 2C6fc!)nitt. §. !♦ Sie Bürger eineö jeben (BtaaM folfen allen 3Sorred)ten nnb greit)eiten ber SSurger in ben i)erfd)iebenen Staaten bered)tigt fein* §. 2. ©ne^Vrfon, bie in irgeiib einem Staate beö SBerratl}^, ber Felonie ober eineö anberen SSerbred)enö angefragt, t)or ber 3itflij fliel)t nnb in einem anberen (Staate befnnben t^irb, fott auf S3egel)ren ber auö^ übenben ©en^alt be^jenigen Staate, anö bem ffe entflol)en, ausgeliefert unb in ben Staat juriicfge^* : brad)t njerben, ber bie @erid)tSbarfeit über baö 5Berbred)en l^at. 185 § 2. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder^ of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture,^ except I during the life of the person attainted. ^ Article iv. Section First. § 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each \ state to the public acts, records,^ and judicial proceed- ings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, prescribe'* the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect^ thereof. Section Second, § 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled*^ to , all privileges and immunities'' of citizens in the seve- j ral states. § 2. A person charged^ in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee^ from justice,^^ and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up,^^ to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 1 bic 9crtcf)ttid)c lletjcrfü^vung, llct)ern?cifung» — 2 SScr? iiiogeti^cenpEaticn. — 3 tic Ur6unl)c. — 4 t>crfd)rci6cn, — 5 t)ic SSBirEung. — 6 ()crcd)ti9t. — 7 Vic grcif)cit. 8 anHagcn. — 9 flicljcn. — 10 tic (3md)tiQUit, Sujlia.— -11 ou^Ucfcrn, I 136 §.3» Sfjiemanb, berm entern (Btaate Sieitft ober SIrbeit nacf) ben ®efe§en get)alten ifl, uitb in einen anbeten entflieljt, foil in gofge irgenb eine^ ©efege^ ober ®nrict)tnng l)ierin, l)on fo(ct)em Sienjl ober SIrbeit entlaflet merben ; fonbern foK anf gor^ bernng berjenigen ^artl)ei, ber er Sienfl ober 5tr^ belt fcf)nlbtg \% an^geliefert werben» . fritter 7C0fcI)tütt. L 5tene Staaten fönnen bnrcf) oen Songreg in bie Union anfgenommen n)erben,aber fein nener (Btaat barf innerl)alb ber ®erirf)ti^barfeit irgenb eine^ anberen ©taate^^ gebilbet ober errid)tet mx^ ben ; and) barf fein ©taat bnrcf) SSereinignng i)ott ^mi ober mehreren Staaten ober ^beilen Don ©taaten gebilbet werben, oI)ne 3u|limmnng ber ge^ feggebenben S3el)örbe ber betbeili'gten Staaten fo^ Jitjobl, al^ be^ ßongreffe^, §♦ 2» 2)er ßongreg foil bie ©ewalt baben, über baö ©ebiet ober anbereö ben SSereinigten 'Staaten gel)örigeö @igent[)nm jn tjerfitgen, nnb riicffiditlicf) bejfen alle notl)tt)enbige SSerorbmtngen nnb (iinrid)^ tnngen jn madt)en : nnb feil nirf)t^ in biefer ßon^ (litntion @ntl)altene fo aufgelegt n^erben, baß bar^« anö ben ?lnfpriicl)en ber bereinigten (Btaatcn ober irgenb eineö @injelftaatö ein 9^acl)rl)eit ern>arf)fett fönne* 137 § 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping^ into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation there- in, be discharged^ from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim^ of the party to whom 1 such service or labor may be due,'* Section Third, § 1. New states may be admitted^ by the congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction^ of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the j congress. § 2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needfuF rules and regulations respect- ing the territory^ or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed^ as to prejudice^^ any claims of the United States, or of any particular^^ state. 1 entfliegen» — 2 cnttaffcn. — 3 bic ^orberung. — 4 fi^utblg. — 5 3u (affcn, aufnehmen. 6 bic QScrctnigung. — 7 nct()menbl9. — 8 bci^ ©cbiet. — 9 auntrl)eite beiber i^infer fiirnötl)ig erad)ten n>erben, SSerbejfernngen nnb S^^f^lK jn biefer (Sonftitntion Dorfct)iagen, ober er foil anf®efnd) ber©efeljigebung Don jn)ei Srittbeilen ber einzelnen Staaten einen SonDent jnma[5orfd)lag DonSSerbejferungen bernfen, tt)eld)e in beiben gällen nadril)rem gangen 2nl)alte unb 3^^^^ ^l)eile biefer ßonflitntion gelten foUen, fobalb alö jTe bnrd) bie gefeggebenbe 53e[)örbe Don brei 3Siertl)eilen ber einzelnen Staaten, ober t)on ßon^enten in brei SSiertI)eiten bevfelben genehmigt ttjorben ffnb, ba bie eine ober bie anbere 3lrt ber ®Cf ttel)mignngt)om ßongreffeuorgefd^lagen iverben mag, unter ber Sebingnng, bag feine Dor bem 3^^bve 1808 gemad)t merbenbe aSerbejfernng anf irgenb eine Sßeife bie erj^e nnb bie Dierte ßlanfel in bem nenn^ ten 5lbfd)nitt be^ erflen 21rtifel^ »erteilt, nnb baß fein (Staat, ol)ne feine öfinwillignng, feiner gleidien ©timmred)te im ©enate beranbt tDürbe» 139 Section FmrtK § 1. The United States shall guarantee^ to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ;^ and on application^ of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic"* violence.* Article v. § 1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem^ it necessary, shall propose amend; ments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid^ to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified' by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- posed by the congress : Provided, that no amend- ment, which may be made prior^ to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any man- ner, effect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived^^ of its equal suffrage ia the senate. 1 aarantircn, ®cn?a'f)r (ciftcn. — 2 tcr (5infaU dcu 2(ußcn. — 3 ba^ (55cfucJ), ba^ 2(nfucl)cn — 4 f)a'u^>ttcl), tnncrticl).— 5 tic dicwaUtbatlgf cit. — 6 Ocurtfjcilcn, cracf)tcn. — 7 q\\U tig. — 8 c^cncbmi.acn. — 9 ^\)^, Ococr* — 10 Ocru^rcn, legen* — il berauben 140 Stritfd VI. L Sitte öor ber 2Jnnal)me biefer ßonflitution fontra!)irten ©d)iilben nub eingegangenen SSerbinb^? Ii(l)feiten fotten eben fo giUtig gegen bie SSereinigten Staaten nnter biefer SSerfajfnng fein, al^ nnter ber ßonföberation. §. 2. XJiefe Sonflitntion nnb bie ®efe($e ber SSer^ einigten (Btaatcn, bie in gofge berfelben gemac{)t mxbcn, fo n)ie atte nnter ber Shitorität ber Serei^ fligten Staaten bereite gemad)ten ober nod) jn ma^^ d^enben SSerträge fotten ba6 l)öd}|l:e Sanbeögefcii nnb fiir- bie D^id)ter eine^ jeben Staate^ binbenb fein, mnn and) (itwa^ in ber Sonjlitntian ober in beit ©efel^en irgenb eine^ Staate^ bagegen märe. §♦ 3. Sie 5:)orermäl)nten Senatoren nnb d^e)ßvä^ fentanten, bie \Utitglieber ber t)erfd)iebenen 'Btaat^^f legi^Iatnren nnb atte Beamte ber Doüftrecfenben unb rid)terlid)en ©emaften, ber SSereinigten fo wie ber einzelnen Staaten, fotten bnrd) ©bfd)n)nr ober feierlid)ei^ ®e(5bnig jnr 2(nfrcd)t()a[tnng biefer Son^ flitntion t)erpflid)tet mv'ocn ; bod) fott fein religiöfer ^>riifnng^eib jur Sefabignng, irgenb ein Don ben ^bereinigten Staaten an(^gel)enbe^ 2(mt ober eine 6|fentlid)e Dbliegenl)eit jn bef{eiben,jema[(^ geforbert it^erben. mtum VII. 1* Sie ©eneljmignng ber Uebereinfnnft Don 141 Article vi. § 1. All debts contracted^ and engagements' en- \ tered into, before the adoption^ of this Constitution^ ; shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the confederation. § 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance'* thereof; ^ and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under , the authority of the United States, shall be the su- preme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound tliereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding/ § 3. The senators and representatives before men- tioned,^ and the members of the several state legisla- tures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States, and of the several states, shall be bound, by oath^ or affirmation,^ to support this Con- stitution ; but no religious test'-* shall ever be required^** as a qualification^^ to any office or public trust under the United States. Article Vii. § 1. The ratification^^ of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of 1 macl)cn, contcaf)ircu (t>cn cn). — 2 bic ißcrbtnbs Uc^^cit. — 3 tic 2Cnnal)mc. — 4 tic 'S^io.c. — 5 un9cad)tct, — 6 crrüd'f)ncn. — 7 t)cr S*it)fcl)ivur. — 8 bai> Qks tü(>t>c —9 t)ct rctigicfc ^rüfuncvocib.— 10 ocr(ancicn, fees iDeciu — 11 bicSScfa^igung. — 12 bic ©cncfjinigunc. 142 iteuen (Staaten foil l)tnreic£)enb jur @rricf)tiing iic^ fer SonfHtution sn)ifcl)en ben biefelbe ratiftgirenben (Staaten fem. • ?8etheiUtiin^cn nnb ^nfal^c bet ^vtiftittitivn^ Slrtifel I. Ser gongre^ foil fein ®efeg erlaflen biirfen, icf jiiglid) auf @infiU)rnng einer 9?eIigion C^taat^f religion) ober \va^ beren freie Slu^nbnng l)inbert, hod) ©efel^e, iDobnrd) bie ^veiljeit ber ^IJrefl'e, ober baö 5)iecf)t be^ SSolf^, pel) frieblid) jn »erfammeln unb bei ber SKegiernng nm 3lbl)ülfe t)on 25efd)n)erbett bitten, Derfiirjt n^erben. Slrtifel IL . 2)a einen)ol)leingerid)tete2öel)rfd)aft (SJZilij) jur ©id)ert)eit eine^ freien (Staate^ not[)n)enbig ijl, fo fott baö 3?ed)t beö SSolf^, 3Bafen ju t)alten nnb ju tragen, nid)t eingefdjränft n)erben. Slrtifet III. Äetn ©olbat foil in grieben^jeiten m trgenb ein S)ax\^ ol)ne Semiltignng bejfen @igentl)iimer^ ein^? qnartirt mxien biirfen ; nnb in .trieg^3eiten nnr in ber bnrd) baö ©efeg i)orgefd)riebenen 2lrt nnb SBeife. 143 this Constitution between the states so ratifynig the ^ same. [ AMENDMENTS^ TO THE CONSTITUTION. I Article i. Congress shall make no law respecting an estab- iishment of religion, or prohibiting^ the free exercise thereof; or abridging^ the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably'* to assemble, and to petition the government for a re- il dress^ of grievances.^ Article ii. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security^ of a free state, the right of the people to keep® and bear^ arms shall not be infringed.^^ Article hi. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be qnartered^^ in any house, without^^ the consent of the owner ; nor , in time of war/^ but in a manner to be prescribed ' by law.^'* I 1 SScrücffctungcn unb Sufd'gc — 2 f)int)crn. -— 3 »crfürr ^cn, fc()mc((cnu —4 fricbUd). — 5 bic 2C0^ulft\ — 6 t)ic $Bcr * fc{)n)crt)C. — 7 tk @id)cv[)cit. — 8 \)alUn. — 9 tragen. 10 , I cinfd)ranfcn, I)int)crn. — 11 ctnquartivcn. — 12 cf)ne, — 13 t)cr ©igcnt^ümcr. — 14 t)cr Jtrieg, 144 Slrtifel IV. X>a^ D?ecf)t be^ SSoIf ^, f[d)er in feiner ^Vrfoit, fef# neu ^^äufent, papieren imb @ffeften i3or unbilligen Jtattfudntngen nnb S3efd)tagnal)me jn fein, foU nicl)t Derlegt nnb feine ricl)terlid)en S)aft^f nnb 93e^ fd)lagnat)möbefe[)lefollen, ol)ne ben)ei^licl)e, anf ®b ober feierticl)e^ ®elöbni§ gejtiißte Urfact)e, nnb ol)ne ba^ ber jn nnterfnd)enbe Drt nnb bie jn öerbaften^ ben ^Vrfonen ober ©egenftänbe anöfüt}rlicl)|l be* fc^rieben n^orben, erlaflfen njerben. 3lrtifel V. gfjiemanb foil n)egen eine^^ (äcDßitaU ober anberen ütfamirenben S5erbreel)en^ anberö jn 5)ieb' nnb 2lnt^ mxt gel)alten fein, al^ anf eine Slnftage ber ®ranb^ 2nrt), mit 3lndnal)me in ben, bei ber Sanb;^ nnb ©eemadhf, ober in ber aKitij, mnn biefelbe in ^cU ten bejj Mviec\§ ober öjfenttid^er ©efabr fid) im afti? mx l^ienft bejtnbet, t)orfommenben gällen* 9(nd) foil ^yfiemanb voegen eine^ nnb beweiben Sergeben^ jn)cimal in ®efal)r nm ?eib nnb ?eben gefeljt, and) nid)t in irgenb einem Sriminalfalle genötl)i(]t iDerben, 3engnip gegen fid) felbft abzulegen ; nod) anber^, aU anf gehörigen gefelj(id)en SJorgang, be^ Sebent, ber y^reibeit ober be^ (Sfgentl)um^ beranbt, nnb fein ^riüateigentl)nm jn i>ffentlid)em ®cbrand)e nnb 5Kn§en, ol)ne gered)te 93ergiitnng, genommen njer^ 145 Article iv, I - The right of the people to be secure' in their per- »«ons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable* searches^ and seizures,^ shall not be violated ; and no warrants" shall issue,^ but upon probable cause sup- ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly des- cribing the place to be searched, and the persons or ithings to be seized. Article v. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous^ crime, unless on a presentment or indictment* of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ; jlior shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice^ put in jeopardy^° of life or limb nor ishall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due^^ process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without i just^^ compensation. 1 fict)cr* —2 unücrnünfttg, unbillig. — 3 bic 9^ac!)fucr)Utt9, — 4 tie 93cfct)(a9na!}mc. — 5 bcr .^^afboOcfcf)!. — 6 crtaffcn. — 7 cntc^tcnl). — 8 Mc offcnttubc linUa^c Dor bet Sun),— 9 ^weimaU — 10 tic ©cfa^r, —11 l>aö (3iut>, t>ct Cei^,— 146 Slrtifel VI. S5ei aßen pemlid)en ®enct)t^t)er!)anblitiigcit foB ber Slngeffagte baö 3]cc(}t cineö xa^d)cn imb öffeut^^ lid)cn aSerfat)veu^ biird) cine unpartl)eiifd)e Sun; M ©taate^ nub Sejirf^ genießen, n^orin baö SSerbm ä)c\x begangen wnrbe, and) mnß ber 23ejirf t)orl)cr bnvct)'(^ ®efeg fejl anögemad[)t nnb ber 2Jngef(agtc iiber bie ytatnv nnb Urfacl)e ber 3(nffage nnternc{)tet fein- (Sr foil ferner baö 9?ed)t l)aben, mit ben 3^«^ gen gegen il)n tonfrontirt jn werben, Swang^Der? fal)ren anjnwenben nm B^nm^ sn feinen ©nnflen jn erl)alten nnb fott ben S3eijlanb eineö Slnwalteö jn feiner aSertbeibignng l)aben* Slrtifel YII. S8ei atten gemeinbnrgerlid)en 9?ed)töfac{)en, tt)o ber, in Streitfrage ftel)enbe SBertf) jwanjig ScKarö iiberileigt, foil ia^ SHed)t beö aSerfaf)renö Dor bem ©efd)Wornengerirf)te gen)dl)rt tDerben, nnb feine t)on bemfelben einmal Derl)anbelte 2;i)atfad)e foil anfanbere Slrt, alö ben a5orfd)riften beö gemein^ bnrgerlid)en ©efel^eö gemd^, Don einem anberen ®erid)t^^ofe ber bereinigten Qtaatm n>ieberl)olt iinterfnd)t ober geprüft tverben. Slrtifel VIII. SBeber übermäßige a5ürgfd)aften fotten geforbcrf^ jtorf) übermäßige ©elbbußeu anferlegt, nod) grau^^ 147 Article vi. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy* and public trial,^ by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously^ ascertained* by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted^ with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor f and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article vii. In suits^ at common law, where the value' m con- troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of j; trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court lof the United States, than according to the rules of I the common law, ^ Article viir. I I Excessive^ baiP^ shall not be required, nor exces- il 1 tafcl)» — 2 t)a<> cffcnt(icl)c ©crid)t^ycrfaf}rcn. — 3 »cr()cr. — 4 au^mnd)cn, gcivij} mad)cu. — 5 rcr G5cricf)t gcgciuiOcvftcIlcn. — 6 t>\c ®un)l. — 7 tic $Rcd)t6)nd)C, bcr ifmccl)t6)!vcit. — 8 bcr SScrtf). 9 übermäßig, — 10 t)ic 148 fame unb tingebräucl)licl)e Äörperftrafett t)erl)drtgt »erben* Slrtifel IX. 25ie 2(iifjä[)Iung befiimmter 9tedE)te tn ber 6oit(lu tution foil itid)t bie Seutung v^evanlajyeit, anbere^ bem SSoIfe jnriirf&e()a[tene dUd)tc ju öeweigcrn ober ju beeinträcl)tigen* Slrtifel X. Sie ©Malten^ mldjc ben aSereinigten ©taateit burd) bie Sonflitution it>eber übertragen, nod) bnrd) festere ben ©taaten nnterfagt mnrben, jTnb ben refpectiiJen Qtaatm ober bem aSoIfe tjorbehalten» Slrtifel XI. 2)ie rid)terlid)e ©ewalt ber aSereinigten ©taaten foil fid) nnter feiner ISentnng über irgenb einen 9{ed)töi)anbel in ©efel^eö^ ober 35illigfeit^fad)en anöbel)nen, n)eld)er bnrd) SSürger eine^ anberen ©taateö ober bnvd) SSürger ober Untertljanen irgenb eineö fremben ^taaM gegen Sinen ber bereinigten (Staaten begonnen ober betrieben ivnrbe* 3lrtifel XII. §♦ 1. 2)ie 38äf)ter folten ffd) tn tf)ren refpectiöen ©taaten t)erfammefn nnb bnrd) ©frntininm für einen ^räjibenten nnb SSice^^räffbenten abffimnien, »Ott benen einer wenigflenö fein SKiteinn)oI)ner ein 149 • fenre fines* imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- ments inflicted.'* Article ix. The enumeration,' in the Constitution, of certain jghts, shall not be construed to deny* or disparage* others retained by the people. Article x. The powers not delegated^ to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Article xi. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted'' against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Article xii. § 1. The electors* shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice- President, one of whom, at least,^ shall not be an 1 (55dM>u6c, ©cttftrafc. — 2r>cr()änc^cn. — 3 t>ic ?Cuf* gaMunc. — 4 (>i\nntra'cl)tic\i'n. — 5 vcrwcipcvn. — 6 ixbcts trac\cn. — 7 ^^cvfctgcn, betreiben. — 8 ber 5[ßa'l}ler. — 9 wciiiöfteni^. 150 tinb beflfefben (BtaaM mit iljmn fciu barf, ©ie fotten auf il)ren ©timmjetteln bie ^'pcrfoncn, n>e(rf)e jle 311 ^rafibcnten, nub auf bai)ou i)erfd)iebeuea Setrein biejeuigen itauil)aft mad)en, )Dc(cl)e fee ju SSicc^j^räHbeuten be)T:immcn. ®ie foKeu bauu g?^ treuure IMffeu ^ou bcu ju ^räfibeuten uub dcu ben ill aSice::^H\ijTbcuten belTimmtcu, fomie i>i>u bcr 5ln^ jal)[ berSSota für jebeu verfertigen. ®ebad)te Stiften foden ffeunrer3eict)net, beglaubigt uub i)erfiegelt nad) bent ©ilje ber Dtegieruug ber ^bereinigten Qtaatcn^ abbrejjirt an ben ^räf'ibeuten be^ Senate, iiberfen^j ben. 2er ^rafibent be^ Senate foil nun in (^e^ gentDart be(^ Senate nub beo D{epräfentanren[)aufeä alle Certificate eri>ffnen, nub l}ierauf foUen bie (Stimmen ge3äl)(t iDerben. Sie ^>erfon, mid)c bie l)i>d)fte ©tinimenmebrheit jnm ^rafibenten bat, foil ^prafibent fein, fattti eine fo(d)e ^a\)i eine SRajorität ber ganjen Slnjabl fefl^* gefegter 3Säl)Ier ifl, tinb u>enn Jiiemanb biefe 9J?ajo^ rität bejTgt, fo foil ba^ S^aw^ ber $>{epräfentanteit Don benen ^])erfonen, tt)e(d)e auf ber ^räjibentenlifte bie «teilten Stimmen f)aben, jebod) an^ nid)t mehr alö breien, unmittelbar hierauf burd) ©frntinium ben ^rafibenten mä[)(en. 2)a aber bei ber ^räff^ bentenwabl bie Stimmen nad) (Btaatcn genommen njerben, wobei bie ^^epräfentation eine^ jebeu Staa^ M nur Sine Stimme l)at,fo foil bie ju biefen (§nb^ gtDecfvii nötl)ige ^l^äblerjabl au^ einem ober mehren ten yWitgliebern mx jwei 2)rittl)ei(en aller Staate« 151 , inhabitant of the same state with themselves : they, shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct^ ballots the person voted ; for as Vice-President ; and they sliall make distinct j lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-Prej^ident, and of the num- ber of votes for each, which lists they shnll sign^ and certify,^ and transmit/ sealed, to the seat of the Go- vernment of the United States, directed to the Presi- dent of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Represen- tatives,'^ open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted:^ the person having the greatest 8 number of votes for President, shall be the President, .j if such number be a majority^ of the whole number !j of electois appointed f and if no person have such I inajorit}^ then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding'-* three, on the list of those |i voted for as President, the House of Representatives ' shall choose^° immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each statQ having one vote; a .quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds'^ of 1 iH'rfc()ict)cn, a(>9cfcnt)crt. — 2 untcrscicbncn. — 3 bcglau? OiQcn. — 4 üOcrfcnbcn. —5 tct ^Kcprüfcntant, t)cr ?(t\9ccrl)s nctc. -— 6 5ä()(cn. — ■ 7 t>ic 9}2c()r[)cit tcr Stimmen. — 8 fcjls ' fcgct^. — 9 üt>cr|cl)rcitcn. — 10 iväblc«. — 11 ^tvci ;DrittcU ♦ 152 t)t{lvl,vit itnt eine (Stimmenmel)r^eit t)on ben Slbge^ orbiteten aUcv Staaten fott jnr SSaljl t)cn 9iotI)en fein» ©oUte aber ba^ S^an^ ber DJepräfentanteu jn jeber 3^it, tvenn eö im SejTge beö lßal)lred)tö t(l, ben ^räfibenten nicf)t Dor bem iJierten Siage be^ nacl)jlfoIgenben ÜRonatö 9Wdrj n)äf)(en, fo fott al^f bann ber SSice^^Väjibent, gfeid) mie bei einem ^tobeö^ fatte be^ ^räffbenten ober einer anbern conflitntio^ netten 3Serl)inbernng bejfelben, alö ^räffbent fnft* giren» §. 2. 25ie ^erfon, mld)c bie gri>gte (Stimmen^ ittel)rl)eit jnm SSice^^räjtbenten bat, foH Sice^^rä* ffbent n^erben, fobalb eine foId)e 3al)I eine ^J!}?el)r[)eit ber ganjen Slnjabl bejlettter Söäf)fer ijt, nnb menn Siiemanb eine 5[)te[)rjal)[ l)at, fo fott ber ©enat anö ben jwei I)öcl)flen Rahlen auf ber ?i(te ben asice^^ ^räjTbenten ern)äbfen ; bie jn bem Snbjmecfe nötl)ige 5ßäblerja[)I fott an^ jn^ei Srittbeifen fämmtlicf}er Senatoren befleben nnb eine ^DJajori^ tat ber ganjen 2lnjabl fott jnr 3Babl nötbig fein. §♦ 3. 9iiemanb aber, ber t)erfaffungömä0ig nn^ mäblbar jnm ^rajibentenamte ifl, fott wabffäbig jnm Slmte beö SSice^^räfibenten ber bereinigten Staaten fein» J !the states, and a majority of all the states shall be 1 necessary^ to a choice.^ And if the House of Re- presentatives shall not choose a President whenever' ithe right of choice shall devolve'* upon them, before (the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death*^ or other constitutional disability^ of the President. § 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, ;i when/ from the two highest^ numbers on the list, the 1 Senate shall choose the Vice-President : a quorum for the purpose shall consist^ of two-thirds of the i whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole I number shall be necessary to a choice, i § 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible^^ to ithe office of President, shall be eligible^^ to that of Vice-President of the United States. 1 nctf)mcnblg. — 2 bic ^Bci\)U — 3 n?cnn, wenn immer« — 4 anf)e'imfallen, swf«^^^'«« — 5 bcv Sol). — G Vxc Wnfäh'iQi felt. — 7 at^bann. ■— 8 ber l)b'cl)fte. — 9 Oeftef)cn. — 10 un< 154 ©eorg 28a6l)in9toit — icv erfle im Äriege, ber erflc tm gvteben, ber crile in ben 5perjen feiner f anb^Iente, — wax mel)r al^ ber ^Jtennb, cr mar ber SSater feineö Sßaterlanbeö. @d ijl \d)mv jn fagen, cb feine öjfentfid^en SBer^^ bienfle, ober feine ^riüattngenben größer gemefen feien, ob feine Zljatcn im Äriege, ober fein S3ei:^ fpiel im ^rieben met)r nnfere Sett>nnbernng t)er^ bienen, 2lber ol)ne 3^^if^J hin aSolf jemafö einen reineren nnb i)erbien(li)oUeren Patrioten, ei^ nen bejferen SSiirger, einen anfrirfjtigeren nnb mif terblicfenben ©taatömann, einen menfd)Iicf)eren nnb erfo(greicl)eren ge(bt)errn, fnrj, ein iDiirbigereö WiliU glieb ber biirgerlirf)en ®efel(fct)afr, fott)ol)[ im öjfent^ Iid)en al6 l)änölict)en ^eben. SSieUeidjt beffeibete nie ein "öJlamx einen öjfentlirf)en Sienft, mld)ex bnrd) fein S3eifpiel nnb bnrd) feine erl)abene -Sngen^ ben einen fo beilfamen Sinflng anf ba^ menfd)Iid)e ®efd)[ed)t ani?iibte, aU äöa^^hington» @r n^nrbe geboren am 22. gebrnar 1732 in Sirginien, in ber Söeftmorefmib ßonnti), nal)e am ^Vtomafftrome» @r verlor feinen SSater, ber ein ^pflanjer n?ar, in friU)er Sngt'Hb. ?tad)^ bem er nnter ber ?eitnng feiner frommen 9}?ntter eine gnte (5riiel)nng genojfen I)atte, n)ibmete er 155 GEORGE WASHINGTON. George Washington, — first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen,— was more than the friend, he was the father of his country. It is difficult to say, whether^ his public merits, or his private virtues were the greater, whether his deeds in war, or his example in peace merit more our admi- ration. But doubtless no nation has ever possessed a purer and more meritorious^ patriot, a better citizen, a more upright and farseeing^ statesman, a more hu- mane and successful general ; in fine, a more worthy member of society, both in public and private life. No man, perhaps, entered the public service, who, by his own example and sterling* virtues, exercised so beneficiaP an influence^ upon the race as Washington. He was born February 22, 1732, on the banks of the Potomac, Westmoreland county, Virginia. He lost his father, who was a planter, at an early^ age. Having enjoyed a good education® under the gui- dance^ of his pious mother, he entered in his 11th ttcfpid). — 5 n?of)(tl)äti9. — 6 bcr (Sinfluf. — 7 fvii^c^ 156 ffcf) in feinem 17. 3rtf)re mit regent %lei^e bet Sfuditbung feinet Scrufeö, ber gcfbmeflerfund- 5liif feinen ®efrf)äfr^reifen, bie fid) bi^ an bie Sll(ec)t)ant)berge er|lrecften, n^nrbe er mit bem Sanbe unb feinen ©emo[)nern befannt, nnb gew5l)nte fid) ()ierbnrd) an bie (Srtragnng ber a5efd))verltd)feiren unb @ntbel)rnngen beö gefbfagerd, (f^ mnrben il)m, fo jnng er nod) n)ar, Don bem ®ont)ernenr £!intt)ibbie me{)rere n?irf)tige Sluftrcige anDertrant,tDe(d)e er mit5DJntl), ®efd)i(flid)feir nnb g[ücflid)em Erfolge t)olljog. aSorjiy(id) jeid)nete er fid) an^ im "^aljvc 1755, im franjü|7fd)en Äritije, aid älbjntant beö nngfürffid)en ®enera[ S3rabbocF, bej)en (Sd)icf fal — am 8. 3uii 1755 — ein bcjfereö gemefen fein anirbe, hätte er ben it?eifen 9?at[)fd)(a^ gen ffiat^bington'^^ gefeillet* ^^^teranf (ebte er eine $)iei[)e Don 3a[)ren in bem (iiKen ®fiicfe beö ^nDatfeben^ anf feiner 55efil3nng, eifrig befd)äftigt mit ber @rfrtl(nng feiner bäuöli^ &icn unb ö|fent(id)cn ^^flid)ten, — er roar näin(id) ^Mitgfieb ber^roDinjiaf^Sefegqebnng Don Strginien geiDorben, — bi^ jum^ahre 1775, m in ?OJajyad)n^ fett^ bie erflen geinbfetigfeiten mit ber Ärone @ng^ tanb an^brad)en, 911^ ber ®enera[^^ (^on^reg in ^l)i(abclpl)ia ben Sefd)(n^ fagte, jener ^'ProDinj bei.- jnfteben nnb einen offenen Äampf mit bem nnge^ red)ten 5)Jntter(anbe jn beginnen, fo mxx'oe, auf beu Slntrag 5ö()n 2tbam^^^iöa^[)ington einftimmig jnm Dberbefel)Iöbaber atter ©treitfräfte ber SSereinigten 157 year with assiduity* upon the practice of his profes* ßion, the surveyor's art;^ and making excursions' a.s far as the Alleghany mountains, he became acquainted with the country and its inhabitants, and thereby trained himself to endure^ the toils and privations'^ of the camp.^ Several important public commissions were en- trusted to him, young as he was, by the Governoi Dinwiddie, which he executed with courage, ability and success. He distinguished himself particularly in ll55y in the French war, as adjutant of the un- happy general Braddock, whose fate^ would have been better — on July 8, l7o5 — had he followed the wise admonitions given to him by Washington. After this event he lived in the tranquil enjoyment of domestic life on his plantation, zealously engaged in performing his duties, both private and public, — having become a member of the Provincial Legis- lature of Virginia — until 1775, when hostilities^ broke out in Massachusetts with the crown of England. The General Congress in Philadelphia, having adopt- ed^ resolutions to assist that province and to begin an open war with the unjust^'' Motherland, on the motion^^ of John Adams, Washington was unani- mously^^ chosen commander-in-chief, so great was 1 bcr eifcr. — H blc Jolbmcffcrfunfl. •— 3 bcr ?Cu^f(ii9.-— 4 ertragen.— Stic (Snt()cf)runa, — 6 ba»o 2agcr, JdMa^cr. — 7 t)a^S(^cl)idffa(. — 8 btc ^clnbfcUgfclt. — 9 anncf)mcn. — 10 ungcrcc^t. — 1 1 tcr ?Cntrag. — 12 cinftimmtg» 158 Staaten ema()ft, fo grog wav bereite ba^ SSer^ txancn^ m((i)c^ feine S^ugeuben uub feine gd^ig^^ feiten einflößten* @r na()m, einjig nnb allein an^ Siebe jn feinem SSaterlanbe nnb mit aSerjicfttnng anf jeben @el)alt, tiefen gefäl)rlicl)en nnb t)erantn)ortlicl)en ^oflen an, nnb befleibete il)n anf baö rnl)mt)ollile n)äl)renb be^ ^ampfeö für bie Unabt)ängigfeit biefeö Sanbeö, Sie üßei^beit nnb Jlbatfraft, mid)c er n)al)renb beö ganjen Äriege^ entmirfelte, Derbient nnfere l)öc^^ fle S3en)nnbernng» 25nrcf) gefd)icfte S3ennoii Sl m e r i f a» SSon nicf)t geringerer S5ebentnng n^aren feine * (Sin römifd)ci: Sctt)f)crr,bcT; mcgcn feiner 23c^utfamfclt Un 93cinamcn "Cuuctator" (ber Sauberer) erhielt. 159 the confidi^ice already inspired* by his virtues and abilities. He accepted this trying' and responsible' position, renouncing any remuneration for his services, merely from love to his country, and discharged the trust most gloriously through the struggle for independence. The wisdom and energy displayed^ by him during the whole war, deserves our highest admiration. By skilfully'^ disposing of the resources which he found, i and by creating new ones; by establishing^ discipline," j as far as it was necessary, he awakened a new degree fof confidence. Where it was of use, in attack as i bold^ and daring^ as Csesar, and in defense as cau- ' tious^° as Fabius ;^ as mild as he was strong ; as impartiaP^ in rewarding as in punishing ; happy in ; the choice of his officers ; firm and steady^^ in all his ^ undertakings : — thus he used the power bestowed^' upon him by the people, thus he founded the free- ' dom and independance of the United States of A America. \ Of no less importance were his services, after the ^ * A Roman General, from his caution surnamed "Cunc- tator." I 1 cinflo'f'cm — 2 gcfä^rüd). — 3 öcranttvcrtlicb. — 4 entfalten, cntnjicfcln. — 5 öcfcl)ic!t. — 6 n)^c^cr^)cr}lc^lcn. — 7 l)ic 9}^ann^5uc!)t. — 8 füf)n. — 9 vcnvcgcn* — 10 ! wrficl)tt9. — 11 unpart^ciifd). — 12 ftant)l;aft. — 13 fcr« Ut^en/ übertragen* 160 aDteitfle, iiacl)bem bie Unabf^dttgigfeit feineö 3iatw ©eine treue «nb meife SSernjaltimg alö ber erfle ^räjTbeut gab ber jungen 9?epub(if Äraft unb ®e^ beiben ; feine bemunbernöwürbige Äfugl)eit unb 5iJ?ägigung im 9?atbe fid)erte i()r bie grücf)te ber 9?et>cfution» er iTd), nad) Slblaiif feiner ju)eiten Sienjljeit al^ '^JräjTbent, in baö ^rii)atleben jurürf^' jog, ()interfieg er nod) ein anbere^ g(orreid)e^ Senf^ mal feiner 2Beiöl)eit nnb SSaterlanb^Iiebe in feiner 3ibfd) ieb =^ 2t bb reffe, tvcld)e Don je^ bem aSiirger gefefen nnb bel)erjigt ju werben d e r b i e n 3n einem anberen (Sd)xci^ ben an bie ®ouDernenre ber t)erfd)iebenen Staaten fagt er : „3d) flel)e ^u @ott in meinem ernilen ®e^ bete, baß @r end) nnb ben Staat, an bejfen ©pil^e il)r ftel)t, in ©einen l)eiligen ®d)uli nef)men tt)oUe; baß @r bie .^erjen ber SSiirger regiere, bamit ber ©eijl ber 3 ri) t i^nb be^ ® e 1) o r f a m ö gegen bie Dbrigfeit unter il)nen W)aUc nnb brü^ berlid)e (Sin trad) t nnb ?iebe fie Der^* binbe;— nnb baß @r enbfid) in ©naben nnö SlClen bie Äraft fd)enfen tDotle, @ered)tigfeit ju ü b e n, S3 a r m b e r j t g f ei t gn lieben nnb jenen l i e b r e i d) e n , b e m ü 1 1) i g e n , f r i e b^ l i d) e n ® i n n im ?eben ju beweifen, mit n)e(d)em ber götttid)e ©tifter n ufere r I) ei li^ ß e n Dl e ( i g i 0 n und voranging, o l) n e beffeu bemiitl)ige 5)i a d) a l) m u n g in 161 independence of his country was established. His faithful and wise administration^ as the first President gave vigor^ to the young Republic. His admirable prudence and moderation in counsel secured to it the fruits of the Revolution. When he retired to private life after his second Presidential term had expired, he left still another glorious monument of his wisdom and patriotism in his FarewelP Address, worthy to be read and remembered by every citizen. In another address to the governors of the different states he says : " I now make it ray earnest prayer, that God would have you and the state over which you preside, in His holy protection and that He would incline^ the hearts of tlie citizens to cultivate*^ a spirit of siibor^ dination^ and obedience to government, and to enter- tain a brotherly love and affection for one anothei-; — and finally, that He would be most graciously pleased to dispose us all to do justice^ to love mercy nr\d to demean^ ourselves with that charity,^ humility and pacißc^^ temjjer of mind, Avliich were the characte- ristics of the divine Author of our blessed religion, without an humble imitation^^ of whose example in these things we can never hope to be a happy nation,''^ 1 tic SScrwaUung. ■— 2 tic ilrafr* — 3 tor ?(bfcl)ict, — 4 (cnfcn. — 5 biltcn, flu?(>i(bcn. — 6 tic Sucht, Uns tcnvcrfuncj. — 7 tic 53armbcrst9fcit. — 8 fid) 6ctrop,cn. —9 tic \))icnfc()cntlc(H\ — 10 tic £>cmutf)» — 11 frictdcl). — 12 tic 9'iöc()af}mun9. 162 ©inn unb Sßanbet mir nie I) offen bitr^^ f e 11 , ein g ( ii cf I i cf) e ö SS o I f j u id c r b c n/' , @r itaxb am 14. 2)ccember 1799 in feiner ^üüf)^? Itnng in 9)?onnt SSernon in 3[5irf]inien,n)o feine ^Jlfcl)e rnl)t. 2)ie ganje üöeft betranert^ feinen !i;ob. 3n bem Senbfd)reiben, vveldjed ber (Senat bei ®e^ legenbeit feinet Stebe^ an ben ^'prafibenren Slbaind ric()tete, l)eißr es^ nnter 3lnberem: „(§rlanben Sie nnßf mein ^;^eiT, nnfere ^brauen mit ben 3lH*ii]en jn yermifclKn. S3ei biefer ®e(e()enl)eit i\t e^ männ^ lief), jn iDeinen. Ser attmäd^tige genfer menfd)^ lid^r ©efd)irfe bat nnferen gröCnen3Sob(rl)äter nnb nnfere größte ^icvt^c Den nni^ genommen. giemt nni^, mit (Sl)rfnrd)t nn*J Der 2)em jn bengen, „ber bie i)iad)t jn feinem ^dte mad)t/'" 2^er ^>räfibent fagte in feiner Jlntivert anf biefe S5etfd)aft: „©ein 33eifpiel ifi: nnnmel)r DoUenbet, unb tDirb ein ?el)rer ber Ußeii^beit nnb Jtngenb fein für 3Wagiftrat^perfenen, SSiirger nnb jeber^ mann, nnb nid)t allein für bie @egenn)art, fenberu für bie fpäte(le ^nhinft^ fe lange alö nnfere ©e^ fd)id)te tt)irb gelefen werben/' WoQcn feine d)rijllid)en S^ngenben in aller ^lu fnnft über biefem ?anbe lend)ten, gleid) ben Strab^ len ber ©enne, nnb alle Bürger gnr ?iad)abmnn(j reiben ! 163 He died at his residence, Mount Vernon, Virginia, December 14, 1799, where his ashes now repose. The whole world mourned^ his death. When the Senate sent the address^ to the President, Adjims, on the occasion of his death, it was said among others : ■ ''Permit^ us, Sir, to mingle'* our tears with yours. ! On this occasion it is manly to weep.^ Our land ; mourns a father. The Almighty disposer^ of human ; events has taken from us our greatest benefactor^ and ti ornament.^ It becomes^ us to submit with reverence^* to Him who maketh darkness His pavilion. ^ The President said in his answer to the messa2:e: I "His example is now complete,^^ and it Avill teach ] wisdom and virtue to magistrates, citizens and men; >\ and not only in the present age, but in future getie- i rations,'^ as long as our history shall be read.'* '] May his Christian virtues, for ages yet to come, shine over this country, like^^ the bcams^^ of the sun, t and induce'^ all citizens to imitate him ! 1 betrauern. — 2 ba^ (ScntfcbvciOcn. — 3 cr(auOcn.~4 »crmifd)cn. — 5 weinen. — 6 ber Senfer. — 7 t)er SScfjU tl)äux\ — 8 tie 3iert)e. — 9 sicmen. — 10 tie Gl)rfurd)t. — 11 ta^ 3e(t. — 1:2 roUftantig. — 13 1)qö 65efd)led)t. — li 0(eic^. — 15 ter 8tca[}(. — 16 antreiOen, reiien. I 164 2Ber fenitt unb liebt ind)t biefen ebmürbigen ÜKann, \r>eld)cv unter ben ©rnnbern ber ^^reibeit unb Unabhängigfeit biefe^^ ?anbe^ nur äöa^l)ington nact)fiel)t, unb welrf)er nicf)t allein unter feinen trtDten eine ber erflen ©tellnngen einnimmt, fcn^ bern and) unter ben ©raat^männern, ®ete[)rten unb ^M)i(efopt)en ber ganzen 3Selt einen b«^l)f« 9Jang befleibet* Ußer mi^ nid)t, baß bie ^Siflen*^ fd)afren burd) ben (Sd)arf)Tnn unb bie tiefen gor^ fd)jfngen granflin'^ mit einer ber >t)id)(igflen (Sr^ ftnbnngen aller S^itcn^ ber beö SSliljableiter^, berei* d)ert ivnrben ? Urn fo l)6ber fteigt unfere 3ld)tnng \)ov biefem SKanne, n^enn ix)ir betenfen, baß er burd) fein eige# neö regec^ unb bcbarrlid)e^ Streben ba^ n^nrbe, n?a^ er tt)ar, ndm(id) einer ber größten 30Bol)ltbäter ber '!J)?eiifd)beit; baß er i)on 3«genb an mit matif d)erlei 2lnfed)tnngen unb ®d)n)ierigfeiten jn fäm^ pfen l)atte, a^etd)e er übernjanb, nid)t burd) irgenb einen glii(f(id)en 3»f^ll/ fonbern burd) bie eiferne Energie feinet 5Sillen^ ; baß er mit feiner 5;>änbe Jtrbeit fein S3rob verbicnte nnb bnrd) feinen 5vWß/ feine ^JlKäßigfcit nnb 5){eblid)feir fid) jn einer fo bc^ i)en (Stellung emporfd)n)ang; unb enblid), baß er feinem SSatcrlanbe ^on frii()er Si^^^ub an biö ju 165 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. i Who does not know and love this venerable man, \ who is second to none but Washington among the i founders^ of the freedom and independence of this country, and who stands not only in the first line of, its patriots, but also ranks high among the statesmen,, scholars" and philosophers of the earth. Who does not know, that science has been enriched^ by the sagacious* spirit and profound study of Franklin with one of the most important discoveries of ail ages, that of the lightning-rod?^ iOur esteem for this man still increases, v/hen we consider, that he, by his own zeal and perseverance, became what he was, viz. one of the greatest bene- factors of humanity; that he encountered^ from his ! youth many trials and difficulties, which he overcame ' not by any happy casualty,^ but by the iron^ energy of his will ; that he earned his bread with his own hands, and by means of industry, temperance and honesty, I attained such a high station ; and that he served his I : : 1 Ut GJrünbct. — 2 bet ®c(c^rtc. — 3 bcrcicftcrn. — 4 fcftatf finnig. — 5 tcr 93(ifeaHcitcr. — 6 fampfc«, antreffen» — 7 terSufall. — Seifern. I 166 fernem ^obe mit eben fo i)iel ®efcl)icf[icf)feit, aW SSflntl}^ Zxenc imb Uneigennügigfcit biente. SSenjamin granfliit mixbe am 6. 3amiar 1706 ju S3o|l:oii in 5!)?aiTacf)iifertö geboren. @r war baö jüngile Dou 13 Äiubent. 2)a feine @(tern in mä^i^ gen ©liicf^nmftänben lebten nnb nicf)t im ©tanbe tt)aren, bie Stoßen feiner tt)ijTenfd)aftlic{)en Sln^bil^ bnng jn beftreiten, fo wnrbe er in feinem 10*3<^l)re ber Sd)nle entnommen, nm feinem SBater in feinem ®efc()äfte, nämlicl) bem einec^ ?icf}terjiel)er^ nnb ©eifenfieber^, jn l)elfen. 3« biefer frühen Sebenö^ periobe jcirf)nete ffrf) ber jnnge granffin bereit* bnrd) feine ?iebe jnm ©efb|innterricf)t an^, nnb fo legte er ben ®rnnb jn feinem fpäteren fegenöreicf)en SBirfen nnb jn feiner ©röße in ber UBelt. 3lf^ er 12 ^al)xe alt n)ar, trat er in baö ®efd)äft f?ineö SSrnberö ein, ber ein S5nct)brncfer nnb eben Don ©ngtanb jnriicfgefel)rt war. S>iex brncfte er jnn)ei^ len Slnffäl^e, bie ijon il)m felbjl l)erriif)rten, obne baß jemanb n^ngte, n^er ber aSerfajfer fei, nnb ber aScifaU, mit n)e{d)em fie gemöbniid) anfgenommen n>nrben, ermntl)igte il)n fel)r in feinen 53eflrebnngen. 2n feinem 17. 3äl}f 167 country, from his youtli till his death, with equaL ability, courage, fidelity and disinterestedness. M Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachu^ setts, January 6, 1*706. He was the youngest of thirteen children. His parents living in moderate circumstances, and being unable to support the ex- penses of a college education, he was, in his 10th year, taken from school to help his father in his business, which was that of a tallow-chandler^ and soap boiler.^ In this early stage of life young Franklin distinguished himself by his love of self- instruction," and thus he laid the foundation cf his later usefulness and greatness in the world. When he was twelve years old he went into the office of his brother, Avho was a printer, and had just returned from England. Here he sometimes printed essays* of his own, without any body suspecting the author- ship, and was much encouraged by the favor with which they were generally received. In his 17th year he left Boston, in order to improve his know- ledge in his business, and repaired^ to Philadelphia, his residence during the later part of his life. After- wards, in 1*724, he went to England, and having spent 18 months there in hard labor, and study during his leisure hours,^ he returned to Philadelphia and 1 t)cr ßid)tcryic^cr. — 2 bcr ^cifcnftcbcr. — 3 let ©clOftuntcrrid)t. — 4 l)cc 2(uffag. — 5 fic^ Ocgcbcn^ — Ö 168 mtb feiner 9Wiiße(titnben, f ehrte er nacf) ^MfabeU pt)ia jurücf «nb gnutbete ein ®efcf)äft in aSerbin^ bung mit einem 2lnberen, ber baö nötl)ige@elb baju Iiergab. Sie brucften eine 3^i^^«"9/ bie mit Xiiclem ®e\d)i(f gefiil)rt tt)nrbe unb granflin grcfen iKuf t)erfc{)affte» (Sein g(eig, feine einfact)e unb mäßige ?eben^>weifc, feine (ginjTcf)t, feine ^Mäne jnr SSerbefie^» rung ber ?age ber ^rot^inj, jnr @infii[)rnng eineS belferen ©i)(iemö in ber (Srjiel)ung, feine 25ienfle, bie er ber ©tabt leiflete, lenften bie ginfmerffamfeit beö gefammten ^Miblifnmö auf il)n. (gr begann mit bem X)rn(fe feineö „2{rmen 9?icf)arb'ö 2IIma^ tiacf)/' einer S^^tfcfjrift t^olt SBil^eö unb gefnnben ?Kenfc{)eni)er(tanbeö, ml(t)e einen großen ßinflug anf bie 9(nff(ärnng beö Söffet an^übte nnb Diet bajn beitrng, bie ©ennit[)er fiir bie ^veH^ext t)orjtt=» bereiten* Um jn jeigen, wUi)ev ®eifl praftifcl)er ?eben^tt)ei^t)eit baß @anje bnrd)bringe, möge \}iex ein fnrjer Sln^jng baranö ^lai} ftnben : il^üte bid) i)or f feinen SUi^gaben; ein ffeineö f od) bringt ein großeö ®d)iff jum 'Sinfen. ©anre 2Borte mad)en feine grennbe; mit einem Söfel t)ott 5?onig fängt man mel)r fliegen, alö mit einer ®al(one ßfffg» 3ßer ffd) in fid) felbfl ijerfiebt, tt)irb feine Sieben* busier f^aben^ 169 formed an establishment in connection with a person who supplied' the necessary capital. They printed a newspaper, which was managed^ with ability, by which Franklin acquired great reputation.^ His in- dustry, frugality, intelligence ; his plans for improving the condition of the province, for introducing better systems of education ; his municipal services, made bim an object of attention to the whole community. He began to print his **Poor Richardis Almanack','* I periodicaP full of wit and good sense, which had a Treat influence in enlightening^ the people and pre« oaring their minds for liberty. To show the spirit ^f practical wisdom with which the whole abounds. Some extracts of it may find here a place. Beware of little expenses ; a small leak^ will sin^ i(i great ship. I Hard^ words make no friends ; a spoonfuP of honey n\l catch more flies than a gallon of vinegar. He who falls in love with himself will find no ivals. 1 r)Ct9c6cn, cinfcl>icl5cnt— 2 leiten, OanbfiatH'n. — 3 bet :1uf,l)ie S3eruf)mtl)cit. — 4 sur ©emeinbc Qef^b'rig, fta'bti)"^. i - 5t>ie Seitfcbrift. — 6 cr(eud)ten, aufklären. — 7 ba« ^ccf, See!). — 8 [auer. — 9 ein 26ffe(i?ctt. I 170 5Bor Äranfl)eit i(it bie befle aCel)r uitb ©icf)cr^fit 2)ie Stitgcnl) bcr @utl)altfamfeit. feine ?iDree jtnb ?umpeu, feiue Äoft unb ?ol)U jinb ^Qiutgev nub ®cf)vinbe. Zxcibt bein ©efd[)äft, ober eö tvirb bidf) treiben» ©in 2Becf)feI beö ©lürfi^ fcf)abet einem n^eifen Spanne nict)t mel)r, alö ein aBed)feI beö 5Ulonbö» (ginige fommen nm i[)ren aSerftanb bnrcf) ju t)iei^ (eö ©tnbiren ; 2lbev mx roixi bnrd) ®nteö tl)nn if)n jemals tjerfieren? (Sin falfcf)er. ^rennb nnb ein ©cf)atten bleiben nnr, fo lange bie (Sonne fd)eint. Äönnte Semanb bie ^älfte feiner 5Biiufd)e errei* cl)en, fo njiirbe er feine ©orgen t)erboppeln» Sllte Änaben l)aben it)re ©pielfacl)en fo gnt tt)ie junge ; ber Unterfrf)ieb ifl nnr im greife» ?ieber ot)ne 9tacf)te(Ten ixi SSette gegangen, aU mit ©cl)ulben anfgeflanben ! SQSem md)t gu ratben iil,bem i|l nicl)t ju Reifem 171 Against diseases here, the strongest fence, Is the defensive virtue, abstinence. The idle man is the devil's hireling,^ whose livery is rags,^ whose diet and w^ages are famine^ and dis- grace/ \ Drive thy business, or it will drive thee. ^ \ A change of fortune hurts a wise man no moro than a change of the moon. i Some grow mad^ by studying, much to know, ] But who grows mad by studying, good to grow? A false friend and a shadow attend only while tho |«un shines. If a man could have half his wishes, he would double his troubles. Old boys have their play-things^ as ^vell as young lones ; the difiference is only in the price. Kather go to bed supperless'' than rise in debt. They that will not be counselled/ cannot be helped. 1 t)cr 5}JictMinc\, Saqdobncr. — 2 lumpen. — 3 tic .g)un< gcrr^nct(). —4 tic (Sd)ant)c. — 5 tell, n)af)nfinni9. -— 6 tie ^picliad)cn. — 7 c^nc 9^ad)tcffcn. — 8 ratten. 172 Sm 27* ?ebeit^alter fing ^Jranffin an franjojTfdv italicnifd) nnb fpanifd) gu lernen, nnb nadjbem er (id) in biefen ©prad)en einige Äenntniffe erworben l)atte, mad)te er jTd) an ba^^ ?atemifd)e. dv n)ar ber ©ritnber ber Uniöerfltät ijon '^Jenn^ f^banien nnb ber amer{fanifd)en pl)i(ofopbifd)en @cf fellfd)aft nnb einer ber erjten SSeforberer be(^ penn? fplt)anifd)en J^^o^pital^^ 3m "^ai^jxe 1741 begann er ben Srncf be^ ®enera(^5i)?agajin^ nnb ber Ijifto^ rifd)en (5l)ronif* 3nt 3^1)^*^ 1742 erfanb er ben granffin^SDfen, eine fe[)r ^Tnnreid)e nnb wohlfeile 3Sorrid)tnng, nnb ba(b baranf t)erevt)igte er feinen Seamen bnrd) bie Srftnbnng beö S(i(sab[eiter^. ^iöir niüd)ten mit biefer d)ronoIogifd)en Slnf^at)^ Inng [einer ®ienfle fortfal)ren nnb fie n)iirbe nnr bie an^^erorbentIid)e SSielfeirigfeit feineö ®eified benrfnnben; aber ber 5)ianm erlanbt eö iin^ nid)t. & geniige bie SSemerfnng, baß granflin jmifd)eit ben 3a()ren 1757 nnb 1775 jtDcimaf t)on feinen 5DJitbiirgern nad) @ng(anb gefanbt t^nrbe, jnr SSer^ tl)eibignng i()rer 5){ed)te ; nnb fo l)od). (iieg fein 2ln^ fet)en, baß ß[)atl)am, einer ber an(?gejeid)netflen 5Diänner nnb ©taatc?manner, mld)c gnglanb je befaß, il)n öfentlid) alö „einen foId)en, n)e(cl^en ganj @nropa n>egen feiner jjenntniffe nnb ?[Bei^!ieir in l)ol)en (Sbren l)alte nnb mld)ev eine 3icrbe fei nid^t allein be^ eng(ifd)en ^olU, fonbern ber ganjen 9Kenfd)l)eit/' bejeid)nete* Unmittelbar nad) feiner JKucffel)r, nad) bem S(nöbrnd)e ber ^{eDcfntion, 178 At the age of 27 Franklin undertook to learn French, Italian and Spanish, and after having made some progress in those languages, he applied himself to the Latin. He was the founder of the University of Penn« ylvania, and of the American Philosophical Society, and one of the chief promoters^ of tlie Pennsylvania Hospital. In 1741 he began to print the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle. In 1742 he invented the Franklin stove,^ an ingenious^ and very economical contrivance,* and soon after he immorta- lized his name by the discovery of the lightning-rod. We might continue this chronological notice of his services and it would show the remarkable versatility® of his mind, but our space forbids us. Be it enough to mention, that Franklin was sent tvvice^ to England by his fellow-citizens, (between 1757-1775,) to vin- dicate'' their rights; and so high became his reputation, that Chatham, one of the most eminent^ men and statesmen England ever had, characterised him "one whom all Europe held in high estimation for his knowledge and wisdom, who was an honor not to tho English nation only, but to human nature." When he returned, after the Revolution had broken out, 1 bet 93cfcrbcrcr. — 2 bcr £fciu — 3 nnnrcid). — 4 tic ©vfiinbunc!; ^^Bcrricbtun.a. — 5 tic 'i>ic(t^aitic^Eoit. — • 6 icicl)nct. 174 n>urbe er jam ?[)?it(]Iiebe beö ©encrar^ßüngrcfife^ luib bec) fiirbie aii^märtiije (^orrc^ponbeng uiitcvjog er (Td) bell befc()ix)erlicl))T:eu Slrbeircn iinb Dcnvcubcte feinen ganjcn Sinflnjj jn (^junften bcr Unabbäncjig^ feiti^^v^rftdrung, er initnntcrjeid)ncte. 3al)ve 1777 tx^nrbc er a(ö beücl(mäd)tüiter 3(genrnad) granfreid) gefanbt, nm von bem borrigen Sy^c \hu tenlütMingen ant^jmpirfen, nnD harre b»uUy(ncE, am 6. gebrnar 1778 fiu* biefe jnnge Dicpublif ben erfteii SBcrrrag mit einer fremden i)^id)t ab5nfd)!iefjen. ©ein ebrunirbiged 5({ter, fein e[nfad)eo '^^enchmen, fein tr>i(Tenfd)afr(id)er 9Jnf, bie cyemanbrbeit nnb gn((e feiner Unrerbaltnng, niadjten ibn jnm f ieb^ linge be^ So(fi^ ; Jebermann fnblre ml) geebvr^ einem fe(ri)en iWanne CSl)re gn erjeigen nnb b'Üieniberr, ber ^präfibent ber fi'anji)ind)en 3lfabeniie, führte ihn al^ 5!3iirglieD jener beriibnuen ii)itTen)d)afilid)eu ©efellfdiaft mit ben 'iöorten ein : „(Sr entriß bem fi^immel ben ■iilii}, ben ;Ii)ranneu ben ©CeptCr." (EnpuiL iulmen coelo, sci'pii uiuque tyrannis.) 5iad) feiner Dtiirffebr in fein l^arerfanb (1785) befleibete er, ehe er fid) in'^^ ''Privatleben gnrncf-* jiel)en bnrfte, baö 3lmr eined '^präfiDenren von penn^ fptvanien, biente 1787 ad^ 3lb;ieorbnerer in t^er go^ bera(^v§onvention nnb genehmigte bie bafelbfi- ent^ tt)orfene (Sonftitntion, 3lnd) ivnrbe er prd]7i?ent t)0\\ jn)ei menfd)enfrennblid)en ®efe[(fd)aften,UHMd)e 175 he was immediately elected member of the General Congress. As a member of the Committee of Safety, and of that of foreign correspondence he performed the most fatiguing^ services, and exerted all his in- fluence in f'dvov of the Declaration of Independence^ among the signers^ of which he was. In 1776 he was sent to France as commissioner plenipotentiary, to obtain supplies^ from that court ; and had the happi- ness of concluding the first treaty'* of the new States with a foreign power, February 6, 1778. His vene- rable age, his simplicity of manners, his scientific^ repu- tation, the ease,^ and riches of his conversation, made him the favorite of the whole people, every one felt himself honored in honoring such a man, and d'Alem- bert, the President of the Academy of France, in- troduced him as a member of that illustrious scientific^ society with the words : " He took the lightning from heaven, and the sceptre from tyrants." (Eripuifc fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis.) On his return to his native country, (1785,) before he was permitted to retire to private life, he filled the office of President of Pennsylvanian, and served as a delegate in the federal Convention in 1787, and approved the Constitution then formed. He became also President of two humane societies, which were 1 crmül)cnt>, anftrcngcnt). — 2 tcr Unterzeichner. —3 tic ^I>crjl:avtuuo., .S>ü(fc. 4t)cr SScrtrag, ta^S SBunbnip — b iviffcnfct)cift(icl). — 6 tic Ccic^tigfcft, @civant)t{*cit. — 7 ölcrrcicl), berühmt. 176 tm 3af)re 1787 in ^f)ilat)elp[)ia mid)M witrben ; bie eine bk^ : „T)ie ^l)ilat)eIpMer @efeafc()aft jur €rleicf)terung beö ©fenbö ber ü|fentlicf)en ©efdng^? niflfe," nnb bie anbere: „Die ^ennfi)Iöanifd)e fellfd)aft jnr SSeforbernng ber 5lbfcf)af nng bet ©Ha^ ^erei, gnr Unterflii^nng freier tt?iberrecl)tlicfj in Änecf)tfcl)aft ge()altener Sieger unb jur SSerbeflernng ber ?age ber afrifanifct)en 9?ace/' Dr. granflin enbigte am 17. Slpril 1790 feine lange nnb nü&Iic{)e ianfbaf^n 'oon 84 Sabren nnb 3 gjtonaten. gUig, gKdgigfeit nnb 5« e b r i f e i r pnb bie großen ?el)ren, bie fein ?eben prebigt. @r fcl)rieb ffd) felbfl, mehrere 3at)re Dor feinem 2;obe, folgenbe ®rabfcl)rift : ^ier liegt ber Seib ^cnyamin ^tanttin, M ©pcifc für Qßürmcc Cwic tcr ©inbanb clncö alte» S3ucl)c^, ivcrau^ baö SQBccE gcriflfcn, ?(iiffcl)rift lint) iJScrgctbung racggcncmmcn finb.) ?(6cr ba§ 2ßcr! fclOft ivlrb nid)t ocrlovcn gclicn, benn ivirb — wie er gtauOtc — ivicl)crcrfitcinen in einer neuen «nb fcboneren 2(uflö9« burc^gefc^cn unb \3crbcffert t»cn bcm SSerfaffer. in established, in llSl, in Philadelphia, one called "The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating' the Miseries of public prisons," and the other ''the Pennsylvania So- ciety for Promoting the Abolition^ of Slavery, the relief^ of free negroes unlawfully held in bondage, and the improvement of the condition of the African race.'* Dr. Franklin died on the 1 7th of April, lYOO, clos- ing a long and useful career of eighty-four years and three months. i Industry, Frugality, Integrity, such are the lead- ing lessons of his life. The following epitaph^ on himself, was written by '■ him many years previous to his death : THE BODY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, PRINTER, (LIKR THE COVERS OF AN OLD BOOK, ITS CONTENTS TORN OUT, AND STRIFE' OF ITS LETTER NG AND GILDING,) LIES HERE, FOOD FOR WORMS, YET THE WORK ITSELF SHALL NOT BE LOST, FOR IT WILL — AS HE BELIEVED— APPEAR ONCE MORE IN A NEW AND MORE BEAUTIFUL EDITION, CORRECTED AND AMENDED^ BY THE AUTHOR. 1 cr(clcl)tcrn. —2 t)lc 7(bfcl)affimc^. — 3 t)U llntcrrtufjuna. — 4 tic dJrabfcbrift. - 5 Dct Dccfct. — 6 berauben, nehmen. — 7 öcrb/ifcrn. ) I beiitfite s?tntt>anberer in ten SSereiuicsfeit 'Btaaten i)on 3lmenfa ; ^ II a I c t d) iJcfcbu* far ^^Infduacr in t>cr eit^UfAeu [E GERMAN IN AMERICA, oil. ADVICK ANl) INSTRUCTION I GERMAN EMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. READER FOR BEGINNERS IN THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES. BY F, W. BOGEN, PASTOR IN BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. BOSTON' B. TL GiiEENE, 124 Washington-street. EvV-YOitK : P T- i. ", ^ifA\^-. 108 NaBsan -street, corner of Ann. 185-2.