LIBRARY. f ion a «-*/ JUN 1 2 1997 !L (jcul. ourWEY f&S: EGN 124 QoJ> 2«AAX-W GEOLOGICAL-GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES FOR SITING THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER IN ILLINOIS: RESULTS OF DRILLING LARGE- DIAMETER TEST HOLES IN 1986 / \ S 3 z^r / / y f s > ', ', ', / ; / ^ / / / ^/^ ^ * / ; ; / ; * ^ / / ^ ; / / / ^ ^^ 5 /7777 / ',',',',', ' ',',',',',, zrzzzrzzzzz zrzzzzzzzzz. / / / / ^7 / / / / s^r / / / / /^7 / / / / / y ' '. /. /. 7 — - '.', / / s / s z ^ ^ > v v y y R. C. Vaiden M. J. Hasek C. R. Gendron B. B. Curry A. M. Graese R. A. Bauer 1988 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 124 Department of Energy and Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY -Mum iiUN 1 3 ''l. STATE GEOiOfiMKiip LIBRARY. Vaiden, Ft. C. Geological-geotechnical studies for siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois: results of drilling large-diameter test holes in 1986/ by R. C. Vaiden ... et al. — Champaign, IL: Illinois State Geological Survey, 1988. 57 p.; 28 cm. — (Environmental Geology Notes; 124) Bibliography: p. 42-44. 1. Geology — Illinois — Kane County. 2. Geology — Illinois — DuPage County. 3. Hydrogeology — Illinois — Kane County. 4. Hydrogeol- ogy — Illinois — DuPage County. 5. Geophysical exploration — Illinois, Northeastern. 6. SSC. I. Title. II. Series. Printed by authority of the State of Illinois 1 1988 1 1500 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00005 5016 GEOLOGICAL-GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES FOR SITING THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER IN ILLINOIS: RESULTS OF DRILLING LARGE- DIAMETER TEST HOLES IN 1986 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W. Leighton, Chief Natural Resources Building 61 5 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 R. C. Vaiden M. J. Hasek C. R. Gendron B. B. Curry A. M. Graese R. A. Bauer 1988 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 124 JUN13i U. STATE GEOLOSMI W' Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/geologicalgeotec124vaid CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v INTRODUCTION 1 GEOLOGIC SETTING 1 BEDROCK STRATIGRAPHY 4 Silurian System 4 Ordovician System 4 Cambrian System 5 GLACIAL DRIFT STRATIGRAPHY 5 DRILLING PROGRAM 6 GENERAL PROCEDURES 8 Sampling Procedures 9 Geophysical Logging 10 Videocamera Imaging 12 Groundwater Data 13 RESULTS 15 Geology 15 Hydrogeology 18 Spectral Gamma Ray Logs 22 Caliper Logs 22 Geotechnical Characteristics 25 TEST HOLES SSC-1 31 SSC-2 34 SSC-3 39 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX A: Logs of Test Holes 45 APPENDIX B: Borehole Description from Closed Circuit Television 51 APPENDIX C: Geophysical Logging 55 TABLES 1 Location and approximate elevation for each test hole 7 2 Thickness of units penetrated in test hole 8 3 Characteristics of piezometers installed in each test hole 12 4 SSC observation well data (depth to water in feet below ground surface), monitored from April to December 1987 19 5 Water temperatures recorded after drilling 21 6 Laboratory logging of Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and fracture frequency of SSC-2 compared with values from adjacent Test Holes ISGS F-1, S-28, S-29 25 7 Discontinuity characterization for 4-inch core from Test Hole SSC-2 26 8 Strength and associated properties of 4-inch-diameter core from Test Hole SSC-2 27 9 Comparison of unconfined compressive strength of 4-inch and 1.8-inch cores 28 10 Average values for rock mass characteristics calculated from in situ sonic velocities 28 11 Comparison of field and laboratory compressive sonic velocities 29 FIGURES 1 Geologic map of the bedrock surface. 2 2 Stratigraphic column of bedrock and drift units in the study area north of the Sandwich Fault Zone in northeastern Illinois. 3 3 Location of all SSC drilling sites. 6 4 Comparison of selected geophysical logs from Test Hole SSC-1. 11 5 Generalized diagram of triple piezometer installation. 14 6 Concentrations of uranium (ppm) measured in geologic materials in SSC-1. 16 7 Comparison of piezometer levels with regional water levels. 20 8 Concentrations of total potassium (%) measured in geologic materials in SSC-1. 23 9 Concentrations of thorium (ppm) measured in geologic materials in SSC-1. 23 10 Stratigraphic correlations of spectral gamma ray records showing concentrations of total potassium (%), equivalent thorium (ppm), and equivalent uranium (ppm) for in situ measurements in three test holes. 24 11 Dip of fractures and joints in the Wise Lake Formation (Galena Group), Dunleith Formation (Galena Group), and Platteville Group. 29 12 Stratigraphic column of SSC-1. 32 13 Selected geophysical logs from SSC-1. 33 14 Stratigraphic column from SSC-2. 36 15 Selected geophysical logs from SSC-2. 37 16 Stratigraphic column from SSC-3. 40 17 Selected geophysical logs from SSC-3. 41 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) has completed an extensive four-year study of the area near Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) at Batavia, 30 miles west of Chicago. This comprehensive investigation was conducted to locate the most suitable site for construction and operation of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) — a 20-trillion electron volt (TeV) subatomic particle accelerator. Illinois proposes to place the SSC below ground surface in a 10-foot-diameter tunnel about 53 miles in circumference. Underlying the proposed site in northeastern Illinois, between 250 and 600 feet deep, are the Galena and Platteville dolomites — strong, stable, nearly impermeable bedrock. To confirm that these bedrock units are suitable for construction of the SSC, ISGS geologists designed a four-year study including test drilling, rock sampling and analysis, geophysical logging, hydrogeologic studies, and seismic exploration. Initially, the study covered parts of six counties. Subsequent research focused on successively smaller areas until the final stage of test drilling in spring 1986 concentrated on a likely corridor for the SSC tunnel. From 1984 to 1986, thirty 3-inch-diameter test holes were drilled and more than 2 miles of bedrock core was recovered for stratigraphic description and geotechnical analysis. To supplement the information gained from the small-diameter holes, geologists drilled three 8-inch-diameter holes. The larger diameter of these holes allowed researchers to • use geophysical tools that are standard in the oil industry to (1) record sonic velocity data needed to generate synthetic seismic profiles, (2) acquire supporting data on rock properties, and (3) generate logs to compare with data recorded using ISGS equipment; • install piezometers at different elevations in each test hole; • extract representative 4-inch-diameter core samples for comparative rock strength tests; • conduct a pump test with standard equipment; • sample water during drilling; • record downhole features, structures, and possible water inflow with a videocamera. The primary purpose of drilling the 8-inch test holes was to collect geophysical data for use in interpreting seismic reflection profiles. Sonic logs and other downhole geophysical information allow reflecting layers in seismic profiles to be correlated with specific rock units in the stratigraphic sequence. The seismic study now in progress is crucial to confirming the absence of major faults in the region, and to firmly establishing the continuity of the lithology and the thickness of the targeted bedrock units, the Galena and Platteville Groups. The uniform composition and continuity of the dolomite units is obvious from seismic data already acquired. When the final data are compiled and processed, the results will be published. Geophysical data were also acquired on rock lithology, thickness, radioactive constituents, and porosity. Logs show that the Galena and Platteville Groups form a thick, homogenous unit that is low in porosity. Shale and clay are present only as thin partings. Spectral gamma ray logs show that levels of radioactive minerals in the bedrock are very low; they do not exceed 5 parts per million (ppm) for uranium, 6 ppm for thorium, and 6 percent concentration for potassium. Caliper logs indicated little change in the hole diameter of the Galena-Platteville interval, further confirming the generally stable and massive characteristics of the dolomites. Videocamera imaging also showed the units to be generally massive, with some shale partings and a few fractures. Some intervals were vuggy; others were featureless. Geotechnical studies included the acquisition, description, and testing of 4-inch-diameter rock cores recovered from the Maquoketa, Galena, and Platteville Groups. Cores were examined for joints and other discontinuities, then tested to determine basic rock properties, such as specific gravity, unconfined compressive strength, point load indices, and Shore hardness. This information was supplemented by the data from geophysical logs to provide a complete description of the rock characteristics. Analyses indicate that the dolomite of the Galena-Platteville forms an excellent tunneling medium, but is not excessively hard rock (Shore hardness of 72 to 85) that would resist boring. Most fractures are healed (96 percent) and sound (96 percent). The dolomite cores had a Rock Quality Designation of 93.0 to 98.2 percent. Unconfined compressive strength ranged from 4,400 to 14,900 pounds per square inch (psi), and indirect tensile strength and point load indices were also high. A pump test conducted in the upper Ancell Group (below the units where the SSC tunnel would be constructed) gave a transmissivity of 21,000 gallons per day per foot (gpd/ft), hydraulic conductivity of 2.8 x 10" 3 centimeters per second (cm/sec), and a storage coefficient of 0.0002. Test results also showed little downward movement of water from the Platteville Group, implying a low vertical hydraulic conductivity of that unit. Piezometers installed at different elevations at each test hole often showed different water levels, further confirming the limited vertical movement of water in the Galena-Plattteville dolomites. These data, when viewed in conjunction with horizontal hydraulic conductivity data from previous drilling programs, demonstrate the very low overall permeability of the dolomite. Water samples collected during and after drilling were low in iron, sodium, and chloride content; levels of radioactive nuclides were also low, with uranium ranging from 0.146 to 2.86 ppb. The results of the large-diameter drillhole program have added to the great quantity and diversity of data already available for the region, and support conclusions that the geologic conditions in northeastern Illinois are suitable for construction and operation of the SSC. INTRODUCTION As part of the geological exploration of the proposed SSC site in Kane, Kendall and Du Page Counties (fig. 1), the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) conducted extensive drilling (thirty 3-inch diameter test holes) and reflection and refraction seismic surveys. In addition, three large-diameter (8 inch) boreholes were drilled primarily to support the reflection seismic surveys and to provide the opportunity to collect other essential data. Geophysical logs acquired from these test holes were used to correlate data from seismic surveys to actual rock units. The results from these are summarized in this report. Earlier reports, such as "Siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois" (DENR, 1985) presented the background for these studies. Also in 1985, the ISGS published the results of the first phase of its geological and geotechnical investigations. Site suitability required both an environmental and a geological- geotechnical evaluation. The siting study consisted of four phases: 1. preliminary feasibility study (Kempton et al . , 1985; Hines, 1986); 2. investigation of a selected region *to locate the most suitable corridor for the SSC ring; 3. verification of predicted surface and subsurface conditions within the corridor and surrounding area by drilling test holes (Kempton et al., 1987a and b; Curry et al., 1988) and presenta- tion of the results in geological feasibility reports (Graese et al., 1988); 4. consultation services during the site selection process. In this report we briefly summarize results of drilling large-diameter test holes, describe the procedures used to collect data, and interpret the samples and other data collected from the test holes. Descriptions for these test holes are on open file at the Illinois State Geological Survey. All laboratory test data will be on open file when analyses have been completed. Data from the previous test holes are presented in Kempton et al. (1987a and b) and Curry et al. (1988). GEOLOGIC SETTING Every siting study begins with an investigation of the geologic setting of a proposed area. Surface and subsurface materials may restrict con- struction procedures and placement of surface and subsurface structures. Therefore, determining whether a project is geologically feasible or not depends on determining the site's stratigraphy--that is, the thickness, distribution, structure, lithology (composition), and other properties of all materials underlying a site. This is particularly important where structures are located underground. In the proposed SSC study area in northeastern Illinois, unconsolidated, glacially deposited (Quaternary) materials overlie Paleozoic bedrock (fig. 1) that includes carbonates, shales, siltstones, and sandstones. The generalized stratigraphy of the region is shown on figure 2. Elevation R 5 E R 6 E R 8 E R 9 E R 4 E R 5 E R 6 E R 7 E R 8 E R 9 E ZZ2 SILURIAN (undiff.; dolomite) ORDOVICIAN |o ; s 1 Maquoketa (dolomite & shale) [ ; 1 Platteville - Galena (dolomite) W»A Ancell (sandstone) WM Prairie du Chien (sandstone and dolomite) |. '. 'I CAMBRIAN (undiff.; sandstone and dolomite) . o miles |_ M o "TT^ kilometers Figure 1 Geologic map of the bedrock surface. of the land surface 600 feet in the sou west. The glacial In Kane County, the glacial materials, is one of the facto deepest bedrock val The tunnel containi (400-foot elevation and low groundwater above mean sea level (m.s.l.) varies from less than theast to more than 900 feet m.s.l. in the north- drift ranges from zero to more than 300 feet thick. bedrock surface is dissected by valleys filled with The elevation of the floors of these bedrock valleys rs controlling the elevation of the SSC tunnel. The ley floor has an elevation of 450 feet above m.s.l. ng the SSC must be constructed at least 50 feet below ) the deepest valley to ensure tunnel roof stability inflow. DC < Z cc LU < o < cc _J to < > o Q OC o z < DC 03 s < HOLO- CENE FORMATION thickness (in feet) Grayslake Peal (0-15) Richland Loess (0-5) Henry (0-70) Wedron (0-250) Peddicord (0-35) Robein Silt (0-28) lu rr -ID < Q **<£;}.* Kankakee (0-50) Elwood (0-30) Wilhelmi (0-20) (0-210) Wise Lake (120-150) Dunleith-Guttenberg (35-55) Quimbys Mill-Nachusa (50) Grand Detour-Mitflin (43) Pecatonica (38) Glenwood St. Peter Ss (60-520) Shakopee New Richmond Oneota (0-400) Eminence (20-150) Potosi (90-225) Franconia (75-150) Ironton-Galesville (155-220) Eau Claire (350-450) Mt. Simon (1400-2600) GRAPHIC LOG •44- -4-1- -k|_ ++• ^?S^.'>Sv> ^ ■ ^ ■■ tV » B ± J2. -'--'-r --/-,—/- ^^7- III ji'.J i VW' i ' ' »■ . ' . ■> | . i y ^<. ' 7T7X DESCRIPTION Peat and muck Silt loam, massive Sand; silt and clay, laminated Sand and gravel, stratified Till, sand and gravel, laminated sand, silt and clay Sand, silt and clay, laminated Organic-rich silty clay Till, sand and gravel, laminated sand, silt and clay Dolomite, fine grained Dolomite, fine grained, cherty Dolomite, fine grained, argillaceous; shale, dolomitic Shale, dolomitic; dolomite; fine to coarse grained, argillaceous Dolomite, some limestone, fine to medium grained Dolomite, fine to medium grained, cherty Dolomite, fine to medium grained with red brown shaly laminae Dolomite, fine to medium grained, slighty cherty Dolomite, fine to medium grained, argillaceous Dolomite, fine to medium grained, cherty, sandy at base Sandstone, poorly sorted; silty dolomite and green shale Sandstone, white, fine to medium grained, well sorted Dolomite, fine grained Sandstone, fine to medium grained Dolomite, fine to coarse grained, cherty Dolomite, fine to medium grained, sandy, oolitic chert Dolomite, fine grained, trace sand and glauconite Sandstone, fine grained, glauconitic; green and red shale Sandstone, fine to medium grained, dolomitic Sandstone, fine grained, glauconitic; siltstone, shale, and dolomite Sandstone, white, coarse grained, poorly sorted PRECAMBRIAN Granite, red ■!-/'■< Figure 2 Stratigraphic column of bedrock and drift units in the study area north of the Sandwich Fault Zone in northeastern Illinois (modified from Kempton et al., 1985; not to scale). Bedrock units dip approximately 0.2 degrees to the southeast. Silurian dolomites, which occur at the bedrock surface in the east, are underlain by the Maquoketa, Galena, and Platteville Groups. The Galena is the surficial bedrock in areas near the western edge and the Maquoketa forms the surficial bedrock in the rest of the study area. Not present at the bedrock surface in the study area north of the Sandwich Fault, but encountered in the test holes, are the early Ordovician (Ancell and Prairie du Chien Groups) and late Cambrian (Eminence Formation) strata that underlie the Platteville Dolomite Group. Due to pre-Ancell erosion, the rocks of the Prairie du Chien Group and the Eminence Formation are absent from the northern and western parts of the study area. The geologic setting of the study area is thoroughly discussed in the SSC Preliminary Geological Feasibility Study (Kempton et al., 1985) and the Handbook of Illinois Stratigraphy (Willman et al., 1975). BEDROCK STRATIGRAPHY Because the injector tunnels and access shafts will penetrate the Silurian System, and the Maquoketa, Galena, and Platteville Groups (Ordovician System) (fig. 2) and because the tunnel would be located in the Galena-Platteville, these rocks are of primary interest for siting the SSC. The Ancell and Prairie du Chien sequences that directly under- lie these strata also were penetrated by the large-diameter test holes. Silurian System The Silurian formations in the study area consist primarily of light gray, fine-grained, thin- to medium-bedded dolomite with thin, green shaly partings. The Silurian has been completely eroded in some places and its thickness ranges from zero to more than 100 feet. Ordovician System The Ordovician System includes (from youngest to oldest) the Maquoketa, Galena, Platteville, Ancell, and Prairie du Chien Groups. Maquoketa Group consists of green, brown, and red shale with beds of fossil iferous carbonate rocks. It ranges from 130 to 210 feet thick where overlain by Silurian formations within the study area. Within the study area, the Maquoketa is 1 ithologically heterogeneous. The Galena and Platteville Groups are primarily gray to brown, fine- to medium-grained dolomite. The Galena Group is typically fine to medium grained, medium to thick bedded, and vuggy and vesicular. The underlying Platteville Group is fine grained, thinner bedded, and less vuggy and porous than the Galena Group. The Galena Group in the area is approximately 200 feet thick; the Platteville Group is 140 to 150 feet thick. The Galena Group is divided into three formations in the study area. The uppermost Wise Lake Dolomite is composed of relatively pure carbon- ates; the underlying Dunleith Dolomite is cherty and more vuggy. At the base of the Galena lies the Guttenberg Dolomite, characterized by red- dish brown shale partings. The Platteville Group, a blue-gray or brown, fine-grained dolomite, is divided into several formations that cannot be easily distinguished in subsurface samples; they will not be discussed here. The Ancell Group, primarily a white, fine- to medium-grained sandstone, is composed of two formations. The Glenwood Formation is not present everywhere and was not clearly differentiated in the samples, although it could be easily distinguished in some geophysical logs. Locally, the formation is a predominantly white, fine- to medium-grained sandstone that lacks the shaly facies prevalent in the formation elsewhere in northern Illinois. The St. Peter Sandstone is a white, fine- to medium- grained, well-sorted, well-rounded, friable to weakly cemented, pure, quartz sand. The only St. Peter Sandstone member differentiated in samples was the Kress Member. It is predominantly chert and oolitic chert, with thin beds of red and green shale; the Kress is apparently a residuum (Willman et al., 1975), and has a very irregular distribu- tion. Thickness of the Ancell Group in the study area varies from less than 200 feet to more than 400 feet (Buschbach, 1964). The Prairie du Chien Group is composed of a mixture of dolomite, sand- stone, and shale as much as 100 feet thick in southern Kane County; it is absent in the northern half of the area, where the St. Peter Sandstone rests directly on the Eminence Formation. The Shakopee Formation is a light gray to light brown, argillaceous to pure, yery fine-grained dolomite. The New Richmond Formation is composed of white, fine-to medium-grained, subrounded to rounded, friable, moderately sorted quartz sand. The Oneota Formation is composed of fine- to coarse-grained, light gray to brownish gray, cherty dolomite, and minor amounts of sand, shale, and oolitic chert; it is characterized by coarse grains. Cambrian System Only the Eminence Formation was encountered during drilling of these three test holes. The Eminence Formation is a light gray to brown or pink, fine- to medium-grained sandy dolomite with poorly sorted sandstone at the base. Willman et al. (1975) provides a more detailed description of these older units. GLACIAL DRIFT STRATIGRAPHY Drift samples collected from the three large-diameter holes were not studied. The glacial stratigraphy of the area is described extensively in Kempton et al. (1985, 1987a and b), Curry et al. (1988), Curry and " Kempton (1985), Kemmis (1978), Landon and Kempton (1971), Johnson et al (1985), Wickham, Johnson, and Glass (1988), and Berg et al. (1985). R 4 E R 5 E R 6 E R 7 E R 8 E R 9 E DE KALB | KANE I | COOK T 42 N 90 I J 4 CL QJ -o CD- CD O CO .c Q- (O • C_ r— «3- cn ro •i- > QJ +J t- r— ro CD .O 1- -l-> ID ■»-> c en CM o o o o o CM en CM en CM en CM CTi CM cn CM o o CO CO > cu CM CO cn CM CM >1 CD CO LO CM O CO cn VD CO CO LO o **- co CD >> • • • • t_ co CM CD Q LO CM LO LO CO CD CD O o CO CO CO CO CM CO LO cn CM cn CM CO CO CO 1 — I <3- o LO o CO ^1- 00 f— t ^1- LO «3- cn CM LO CO o o o CD co ro CD CO LO f— l CM cn cn CD r-. i — i LO -=)- «a- C0 CD t— l 00 o LO CD ^f cn i— i • !-» CO ro t—i LO CO "3" «d- o O O CD O o o cn CD O CO CD O LO CD o o o o co LO CD O CD CD CD O O CO CO CD O o o o o CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 CD CO CO O O CD CD CO CO CD _* ro ro O c c 3 QJ CO cr I— r— 19 depth feet 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600 -" SSC-1 1 2 3 V UBA 1,2,3 V V V V ANCELL SSC-2 1 2 3 1X i V UBA V ANCELL SSC-3 1 2 3 1V V UBA V V V ANCELL V water level in piezometer __^_, regional level-upper UBA bedrock aquifer _V_ regional level-midwest ANCELL sanc ^ stone aquifer Figure 7 Comparison of piezometer levels with regional water levels. responding to seasonal variations. SSC-2-2 may have been slow to stabilize; the initial high water level reading was probably not due to equipment problems. Water levels at SSC-1 are pump test conducted at SSC relatively impermeable Pla between piezometers might tapes) might have allowed in the three piezometers a pump test implied little v water levels in the Galena elevation (200 feet depth) appear to reflect the Ance Platteville. identical in all three piezometers. Since the -1 registered little interaction between the tteville Group and the Ancell Group, the seals have failed, or fractures (visible in video- passage of water between units. Water levels ssumed nearly equal elevation, although the ertical interconnection of joints. Locally, -Platteville are approximately at 650 feet . The water levels in all SSC-1 piezometers 11 potentiometric surface, not the Galena- Water levels in SSC-2 differed greatly, reflecting the expected distri- bution of levels in the Maquoketa and the Galena-Platteville, since lower stratigraphic intervals generally exhibit lower water levels. The wide variance in water levels in different stratigraphic horizons of the Galena-Platteville is further evidence of the low vertical hydraulic 20 conductivity of the dolomite, since a high vertical hydraulic conductiv- ity would allow water levels to equalize quickly. This is best seen in SSC-2, where in response to regional lowering of the piezometric surface of the deep sandstones (Ancell, Ironton-Galesville, Visocky et al., 1985), water levels in the Galena-Plattevil le have also dropped. Because of the dolomite's low vertical hydraulic conductivity, however, water levels in the Maquoketa and the Galena-Platteville have responded much more slowly than have water levels in the sandstones. Water levels in the upper Galena also are higher than those in the lower Galena, and levels measured in the Maquoketa stand more than 300 feet above these. At first, piezometers SSC-3-2 and -3 exhibited nearly identical levels, while the level in SSC 3-1 was 10 to 12 feet higher. This difference in water levels has now increased to more than 30 feet, and probably reflects the effect of seasonal changes on the shallower piezometer. In figure 7, approximate water levels in regional aquifers are compared with water levels measured in the nine piezometers. The upper bedrock aquifer is heavily utilized for domestic, industrial, and muncipal supplies, mainly east of the Fox River. The midwest sandstone aquifers primarily supply industries and communities throughout the proposed site. To the east (SSC-2), the difference between piezometer levels and the water level in the midwest sandstone aquifers is evident: the potentiometric surface of the aquifer has been lowered by overpumping, and water levels in the Galena-Platteville have been slow to adjust due to low permeability. To the northwest (SSC-1), water levels in the midwest sandstone aquifers have fallen only slightly; levels in the piezometers and both regional aquifers are similar. All of the water levels are within the range expected for the Galena-Platteville in the area. Some vertical interconnection is implied by the similarity of measurements in SSC-3-2 and SSC-3-3. Water Temperature. Water temperatures were recorded by Geological Survey staff following completion of drilling, although schedules precluded waiting for temperature equilibrium to be established. Temperatures ranged from 50.0 to 54.0° F (table 5). Table 5. Water temperatures recorded after drilling Interval Temperature Temperature measured range gradient Comments (ft) (°F) (°F/100 ft) SSC-1 296.0-989.9 51.5-50.0 0.22°/100 run immediately after drilling SSC-2 69-903 50.5-51.5 0.12°/100 8 days after drilling SSC-3 169.0-909.4 51.0-54.0 .41°/100 run immediately after drilling Note: SSC-l--anomaly at 814-819 feet--a 0.5° F temperature change. 21 Groundwater Quality. The Water Survey analyzed water samples recovered from the Ancell in SSC-1. Results indicated that the Ancell is a bicarbonate water of overall good quality. It has a total dissolved mineral concentration of 311, and low iron, sodium, and chloride contents (Visocky and Schulmeister, 1988). Radioactive Nuclides from Groundwater. Analysis of the four water samples taken from SSC-1 showed an increase in levels of radioactive nuclides with greater depths. Uranium-238 measurements were 0.146 to 0.859 parts per billion (ppb) in the Galena-Plattevil le; the single Ancell measurement was 2.86 ppb. Percentage of radon was not measured due to the sampling technique used. Further information on the presence of radioactive nuclides in the upper bedrock groundwater may be found in Gilkeson et al. (1988). Spectral Gamma Ray Logs The spectral gamma ray log measures separately the concentration of radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium. In the study area, levels of these elements are very low, not exceeding 5 ppm for uranium, 6 ppm for thorium, and 6 percent concentration for total potassium (figs. 6, 8, and 9). Correlations of these three elements between Test Holes SSC-1, -2 and -3 are shown in figure 10. The highest levels of potassium and thorium are found in all three holes at the base of the Maquoketa (particularly just above the Maquoketa-Galena contact). Uranium is present in higher than average levels in the same interval at SSC-2 and -3. Higher than average concentrations of all these elements are found at the base of the Glenwood and near the base of the St. Peter. For a detailed description of results of the spectral gamma ray logs, see Gilkeson et al. (1988). Caliper Logs Irregularities in borehole diameter often indicate relative differences in rock strength, breakouts, and fractures, although they may result from changes in the drill bit or other variations in drilling technique. Caliper logging detected few irregularities, other than thin shale partings, within the Galena-Plattevil le. Only in Test Hole SSC-2 did a significant interval in the Galena show a minor increase of 0.1 inch in hole diameter. This interval, between 552 and 585 feet deep, is well below the tunnel depth of 433 at that point. Large changes in diameter occurred only in shale breakouts in the Kress Member. 22 500 Depth in feet Figure 8 Concentrations of total potassium (%) measured in geologic materials in SSC-1. The plot compares instrumental neutron activation analyses performed in the laboratory with downhole measurements made with a spectral gamma ray sonde. (From Gilkeson et al., 1988.) 100 300 500 Depth in feet 700 900 Figure 9 Concentrations of thorium (ppm) measured in geologic materials in SSC-1. The plot compares instrumental neutron activation analyses performed on rock chips in the laboratory with downhole measurements made with a spectral gamma ray sonde. (From Gilkeson et al., 1988.) 23 SSC-2 SSC-1 30 K .1 Total Gamma Radiation (API) jo IE" |3 iS" I'D 13 Potassium!(%) Uranium(ppm) Figure 10 Stratigraphic correlations of spectral gamma ray records showing concentrations of total potassium (%), equivalent thorium (ppm), and equivalent uranium (ppm) for in situ measurements in three test holes in the SSC study area. Location of the test holes is shown in figure 3. (From Gilkeson et al., 1988.) 24 Table 6. Laboratory logging of Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and fracture frequency of SSC-2 compared with values from adjacent Test Holes ISGS F-l, S-28, S-29 SSC-2 F-l S-28 S-29 Avera ige RQD (X) per formation Maquoketa 100.0 97.3 99.2 98.8 Wise Lake 96.7 99.6 100.0 98.3 Dunleith 93.0 99.0 100.0 95.0 Platteville 98.2 --- 99.9 100.0 Average fracture frequency (frac/ft) per formation Maquoketa 0.00 0.24 0.06 0.11 Wise Lake 0.50 0.21 0.03 0.59 Dunleith 0.82 0.05 0.88 Platteville 0.1 - — 0.38 0.09 Geotechnical Characteristics Rock Strength. Core samples were taken only from Test Hole SSC-2; approximately 20 feet of core each was taken from the Maquoketa shale (310 to 331.8 feet), and the Wise Lake (410 to 427.7 feet), Dunleith (480 to 499.6 feet), and Platteville (580 to 599.4 feet) dolomites. Laboratory logging yielded data to compare with RQD and fracture frequency data for adjacent boreholes from previous drilling programs (table 6). All cored sections of SSC-2 yielded 100 percent recovery. Fractures were found only in the dolomite units; they are characterized as fol- lows: 26 percent with some degree of filling, 26 percent of the filled joints were mineralized, and 96 percent were healed. Ninety-six percent of all the joints were sound, 15 percent planar, 82 percent wavy, and 3 percent uneven. Asperities (irregularities on joint faces) are characterized as 11 percent rough and 89 percent smooth, and one fracture displayed slickensides (table 7). Ninety-three percent of all fractures dip from 70 to 90 degrees. Number and dip orientations of joints for three 20-foot core samples from SSC-2 are shown in figure 11. There was considerable range in degree of vugginess (porosity) and number of discontinuities in samples selected for unconfined compressive strength (Qu) tests. These differences in the condition of the samples produced the range of values for Qu presented in table 8. Typically, rock strengths measured on 4-inch cores yield values 21 to 25 percent lower than the values for 1.88-inch cores of the same material (Johns, 1966; Pratt et al., 1972). The strength reduction found for the Wise Lake Dolomite and Platteville Group are on the order of 15 to 20 percent. The other tested samples show stronger values for the larger core. The large-diameter cores form a small sample set in comparison to the testing performed on the 1.88 inch-diameter cores (table 9). 25 Table 7. Discontinuity characterization for 4-inch core from Test Hole SSC-2 Maquoketa Wise Lake Dunleith Platteville Fi 1 1 ing none partial complete 5 4 14 2 1 1 Type mineral ized healed 4 9 2 15 1 2 Condition sound altered 9 15 1 2 Roughness planar wavy uneven 1 8 3 13 1 1 Asperities rough smooth slickensided 9 1 2 14 1 1 Total joints filled condition roughness asperities 9 4 9 9 9 16 2 16 16 16 2 1 2 2 2 Sonic Velocities. Sonic velocities were determined for each stratigraphic interval from the long space sonic (LSS) probe that was lowered into each hole. Average rock mass values for compressive wave velocity, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and bulk density were determined from the log and are displayed in table 10. A low water level in Test Hole SSC-1 precluded measuring properties of the Maquoketa in that hole. (LSS probes must be immersed in fluid.) Velocity values in the Galena Group (Wise Lake and Dunleith) and the Ancell Group in SSC-1 are 10 percent less than values obtained from the same strata in SSC-2 and SSC-3. This may be due to the location of joints in proximity to SSC-1. In general, the data support results from previous test holes (F-l to F-17, S-18 to S-30) and confirm the strong, homogeneous nature of the bedrock in the site area. In situ sonic velocities measured by the LSS probe were used to calculate values for wave velocity, Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, and bulk density. Values from each test hole for each formation or group are listed in table 10. A comparison of the average compressive wave velocities from the field to the values derived from bedrock core in the laboratory (table 11) shows a s/ery high ratio, which is another indication that the rock mass quality of the site is good to excellent. 26 X o >> E c -a qj t- •r- O O C Q. Q CL.— -i- ^—" o •r- >, M- +-> CJ > a> fa CL t- CO Ol ai t_ 4-> rj c ■i-> ai-— - co +j &« c: « — o o QJ +-> CD E <0 -o CD Q. O <0 CT3 (U i- •i— -i— (O TT CO X O O C CL CC CL.— •r---' +-> .c cj ai +j . — . -t-> CO CO co O 3 r- 1 i— X 3 "O -i- O CO s: a. CO jQ CJ Q. O >, or +-> QJ ci_ a. E -c CO CL ai co ,-h r-» CO CM I— I cm en CO l~~ CM CD col CD co co CD ld «d- en o «d- CM r-» Oi CO CM CM CM CO CO ro «3- 1—1 ro CO CO en ^j- CO CD CD CO Ln cm o cd en co r-- oo O r-H r-t NCOIV i-H O CO o cm en CO CM r-- r-^ 01 CM r- co co co en «*■ CO en CO CO CO en i^ CO CM CM CM CM CM CM CD CM CM O CO <— l CD i-H CM cm ai o co «3- i — i CO co CO co 1 — CD r^- 00 CO en CO ai o ai i-H ai co oo ai i^ co co co i~» co co i — co co co co oo o >=i- CD QJ CO 03 CO CO I I c i— i— (O o o t CO CO CO CO .— < en cor-irv co oo co CD QJ QJ +-> 4-> +-> O O O C i—i—i— (O o o o cu q o a s: co co en i—l CM CM **■ >=J- «3- ai o O CO CM 00 i— i O r~~ ai «* r- CO en r-~ CO 1 — I o CO i— i ai co ai «* i-H co en co en QJ QJ E E o o o oo ai CO 1— I CO «3" co f- i—i— re O O QJ ai ai E E o o c i— ,— o o g « CT3 o> c 684 O CO 994 TD ■940 Kress Mbr ■985 Eminence Fm Elevation 841 ft Clay, poor samples Gravel, coarse (1??-140 ft) Dolomite, argillaceous, gray blue; shale, dolomitic (140-180 ft) Shale, dark olive gray (180-279 ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, fine to medium grained (279-510 ft) Dolomite, light brown, fine grained (510-611 ft), bluish (510-530 ft), grayer (535-611 ft) Sandstone, fine to medium grained (611-684 ft) Sandstone, fine to medium grained, rounded; chert (684-940 ft); cemented sand; shale partings (684 ft, 888-896 ft) Chert, white; sandstone, white, cemented; dolomite, pink; shale, gray; (940-955 ft) Chert, oolitic, gray; siltstone, brown, red; shale, tan, brown, grey green (955-985 ft) Dolomite, light pinkish tan, sandy (985-994 ft) Figure 12 Stratigraphic column of SSC-1. 32 Depth (ft) 0' Gamma Spontaneous potential Resistivity (deep induction) Neutron porosity (compensated neutron) Figure 13 Selected geophysical logs from SSC-1. feet. Thin horizontal breakouts at 359, 372, and 381 feet probably represented thin clay or shale beds. Other vuggy intervals were encountered from 582 to 600 feet, but fewer vugs appeared between 600 and 616 feet. Several fractures were noted in the Galena-Platteville; long, semi-continuous fracture extending through most of the St. Peter Sandstone possibly represented stress release following drilling. The borehole was obstructed below a large breakout in shale at 984 feet. / detailed videocamera log is provided in Appendix B. 33 TEST HOLE SSC-2 Location: SW1/4, NW1/4, SW1/4, NW1/4, Section 32, T39N, R8E Du Page County Property: Fermi lab Surface Elevation: 753 feet Total Depth: 1080 feet Stratigraphy The stratigraphic column in figure 14 shows the lithologies and thick- nesses of the rock units encountered in Test Hole SSC-2. The hole pene- trated the Shakopee Dolomite, the New Richmond Sandstone, and terminated in the Oneota Dolomite. Encountered were 81 feet of glacial drift; 129 feet of gray-brown, fine-grained dolomite (Silurian); 155 feet of light to medium gray, blue-gray, fine-grained dolomite, dark olive-brown gray dolomite, and dark olive-brown shale (Maquoketa); 205 feet of pale yellow-brown, fine- to medium-grained dolomite (Galena Group); 116 feet of pale yellow-brown, fine-grained dolomite (Platteville Group); 254 feet of white, rounded, fine-grained sandstone (Ancell Group-- Gl enwood Formation and St. Peter Sandstone, including 23 feet of basal blue-green shale and dolomite of the Kress Member); 80 feet of light brown, fine-grained dolomite (Shakopee Dolomite); 35 feet of fine- grained, rounded white sand (New Richmond Sandstone); and 45 feet of light brown, cherty dolomite (Oneota Dolomite). Geophysical Logging Geophysical logs run by the ISGS in Test Hole SSC-2 included caliper, spontaneous potential, single point resistivity, natural gamma, neutron, and density. Dual induction, gamma ray, lithodensity, compensated neutron, long space sonic, and natural gamma ray spectroscopy were logged by Schlumberger. Figure 15 shows the gamma ray, dual induction (deep induction), spontan- eous potential, and neutron porosity logs recorded at SSC-2 by Schlumberger. Shale marking the Silurian/Maquoketa boundary is apparent in the gamma ray, induction, and neutron logs, and all four curves clearly delineate the change in porosity and density at the Maquoketa- Galena boundary. The deep induction log shows particularly well the relative lithologic homogeneity of the Galena Group, and the lesser degree of homogeneity of the Platteville Group. Although the boundary between the two groups is not clearly delineated, it is at an approxi- mate depth of 570 feet. The change of porosity and lithology at the Platteville-Ancell boundary is clearly shown by the induction and density logs. Inspection of all four geophysical logs suggests the complete absence of the Gl enwood at SSC-2, and its presence is not supported by samples. 34 The logs show the relative homogeneity of the St. Peter Sandstone, except for occasional shale or cemented zones. One such zone at 855 feet appears in all three test holes as evidenced by the gamma and induction logs. Collapse of the hole and total loss of circulation prevented logging past the Ancell Group boundary. A similar breakout and obstruction of the borehole occurred at the same stratigraphic interval in SSC-1. Videocamera Imaging the videocamera revealed large vugs in intervals from 147 to 183 feet, 209 to 213 feet, 480 to 494 feet, 506 to 521 feet, and showed the large breakout at 890 to 893 feet that presumably blocked the borehole. Several fractures were noted from 202 to 207 feet in the lower Silurian and from 230 to 233 feet in the upper Maquoketa. A detailed videocamera log is presented in Appendix B. Results of Core Sampling A total of 80 feet (four 20-foot cores) of core was recovered from SSC-2; rock was collected from depth intervals from 310 to 331.8 feet (Maquoketa), 410 to 427.75 feet, 480 to 499.6 feet (Galena), and 580 to 599.4 feet (Platteville). The core was carefully labeled and packed in boxes for transport. The lithology, fractures, bed spacing, Rock Quality Designation, and any unusual features of the core were described in the laboratory. The recovered core was then subjected to strength testing, including unconfined compression, indirect tensile, axial and diametral point-load, moisture content, specific gravity, compressive wave velocity, and Shore hardness. Table 11 shows representative average strength and associated property values for each core. The complete test results are on open file at the ISGS. 35 Depth (ft) 100- 200' 300- t~t~i 400' 500- 600- 700 800- 900- 1000 . 0> . o / ^° N - °°o o o O ~rrr z±z 7T7 ^ Z-ZZ pp T—J-— TZZ zS 2 s z z Zz z^ 2 Z3Z Z== 5z Z Z / s 23 a 7~z: ^S 6 c§ o <0 O ■81 Si CO 210 365 ■ 570 Q. O u CO JO Q. -686 cu c o „ GO O. 0) c Q- < -897 Kress Mbr - 920 to o 1000 / / CO New Richmond Sandstone -1035 c o °8 Elevation 753 ft Clay, gray, coarse, sandy silty, with sand seams (0-46 ft, 52-68 ft) Sand, coarse gravel (46-52 ft) Clay, brown, sandy silty, with sand and gravel (68-81 ft) Dolomite (81-210 ft), light gray brown, fine grained, speckled black (90-115 ft) glauconitic (170-180 ft); clay present (gray and blue green), browner near base (160-210 ft), particularly (190-210 ft) Dolomite, light medium gray to blue gray, fine grained, argillaceous (210-250 ft) Dolomite, dark olive brown gray, very argillaceous; shale, similar color, dolomitic (250-295 ft) Shale, dark olive gray, dolomitic (295-365 ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, fine grained; shale partings, blue green common, black-brown partings less common (365-570 ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, some shale partings, blue green; chert, white (570-686 ft) Sand, fine to medium grained; rounded dolomite, some rare (686-897 ft) Dolomite, light brown, fine grained; shale, blue green (897-920 ft) Dolomite, light brown, fine grained; chert, white; pyrite rare (920-1000 ft) Sand, fine to medium grained, rounded, floating grains, some cemented with calcite (1000-1035 ft) Dolomite, light brown ; chert, white (rare to common) ; sand present in some horizons (1035-1080 ft) 1080 TD Figure 14 Stratigraphic column from SSC-2. 36 Depth (ft) Gamma Spontaneous potential 1000 1080 T.D. k Resistivity (deep induction) :•'•*• •A • . • A • # - r: /-•tt;. Ja ; •31a-1--1 /A / • 133 eg *: Q. o 3 ZJ O £5 219 -435 « o ro (5 Q. 544 O O C T3 .92 S o<8 C/) 903 TD ■630 ^ -851 2 2 o £ c o Oo Q Elevation 688 ft Clay, brown gray, sandy, silty (0-42 ft) Sand, gravel, fine to coarse (42-128 ft) Clay, brown gray, sandy (128-133 ft) Dolomite, very argillaceous; shale, dolomitic, gray brown (133-170 ft) Shale, dolomitic, brown to olive brown (170-219 ft) Dolomite, pale yellow brown, fine to medium grained (219-435 ft) ; blue green, gray shale partings, calcareous (275-400 ft) Dolomite, light brown (435-544 ft), occasionally bluish, dark brown (435-460 ft, 475-510 ft) fine grained Sandstone, fine to medium grained, rounded (544-630 ft) Sandstone, fine to medium grained, rounded; chert (630-851 ft) Shale partings, light gray (765-815 ft), green blue (830-851 ft) Dolomite, deep pink brown, fine grained, thin horizons (835-851 ft) Dolomite, light pink-gray-brown, fine to medium grained; chert, white, rare (851-903 ft); glauconite (895-903 ft) Figure 16 Stratigraphic column from SSC-3. 40 J" Depth (ft) 100 200- - 300 400- 500- 600 700- 800- -J>_ 903 T.D. Gamma Spontaneous potential Resistivity (deep induction) Neutron porosity (compensated neutron) Figure 17 Selected geophysical logs from SSC-3. 41 REFERENCES Bateman, R. M., 1985a, Cased-Hole Log Analysis and Reservoir Performance Monitoring: International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 319 p. Bateman, R. M., 1985b, Open-Hole Log Analysis and Formation Evaluation: International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 647 p. Berg, R. C, J. P. Kempton, L. R. Follmer, and D. P. McKenna, 1985, Illinoian and Wisconsinan stratigraphy and environments in northern Illinois: The Altonian Revised, Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene, 32nd Field Conference: Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 19, 177 p. Brock, J., 1984a, Analyzing Your Logs, Volume I (Advanced Open Hole Log Interpretation): Petro-Media, Inc., Tyler, TX, 236 p. Brock, J., 1984b, Analyzing Your Logs, Volume II (Advanced Open Hole Log Interpretation): Petro-Media, Inc., Tyler, TX, 188 p. Buschbach, T. C, 1964, Cambrian and Ordovician strata of northeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Report of Investigations 218, 90 p. Curry, B. B., and J. P. Kempton, 1985, Reinterpretation of the Robein and Piano Silts, northeastern Illinois: The Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 7, p. 557. .■ Curry, B. B., A. M. Graese, M. J. Hasek, R. C. Vaiden, R. A. Bauer, D. A. Schumacher, K. A. Norton, and W. G. Dixon, Jr., 1988, Geological- geotechnical studies for siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois: Results of the 1986 test drilling program: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes 122. Curtis, R. M., 1966, Flow analysis with the gradiometer and flowmeter: Schlumberger Well Service, 36 p. Dixon, W. G. , Jr., B. B. Curry, A. M. Graese, and R. C. 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Ramamurthi, 1988, Natural background radiation in the proposed Illinois SSC siting area: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Note 127. Graese, A. M., R. A. Bauer, B. B. Curry, R. C. Vaiden, W. G. Dixon, Jr., and J. P. Kempton, 1988, Geological -geotechnical studies for siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois: Regional summary: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes 123. 42 Graese, A. M., and D. R. Kolata, 1985, Lithofacies distribution within the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician) in northeastern Illinois: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 5, p. 291 Hallenburg, J. K., 1984, Geophysical Logging for Mineral and Engineering Applications: PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, OK, 254 p. Helander, D. P., 1983, Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation: Oil and Gas Consultants International, Inc., Tulsa, OK, 332 p. 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Brace, 1972, The effects of specimen size on the mechanical properties of unjointed diorite: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, v. 9, no. 4, pp. 513-530. Rider, M. H., 1986, The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs: Blackie and Son Limited, London, England, 175 p. Schlumberger, 1984, Schlumberger Production Services Catalog: Schlumberger Well Services, 60 p. Schlumberger, 1985, Schlumberger Openhole Services Catalog: Schlumberger Well Services, 76 p. Visocky, A. P., M. G. Sherrill, and K. Cartwright, 1985, Geology, hydrology and water quality of the Cambrian and Ordovician systems in northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey, Cooperative Groundwater Report 10, 136 p. Visocky, A. P., and M. Schulmeister, 1988, Groundwater investigations for siting the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in northeastern Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Circular 170. Wickham, S. S., W. H. Johnson, and H. D. Glass, 1988, Regional geology of the Tiskilwa Till Member, Wedron formation, northeastern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 543. Willman, H. B., and others, 1975, Handbook of Illinois Stratigraphy: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95, 261 p. Willman, H. B., and D. R. Kolata, 1978, The Platteville and Galena Groups in northern Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 502, 75 p. 44 75 350 5 355 85 440 APPENDIX A: Logs of Test Holes* Test Hole SSC-1 Surface Elevation: 841 feet Thickness Depth (ft) (ft) 140 140 -glacial drift (120 to 140 ft), sand and gravel 150 -casing depth 160 -start of bedrock sampling Maquoketa Group 15 175 -dolomite, argillaceous, bluish gray; shale, similar, soft 10 185 -shale, dark brownish gray, dolomitic 5 190 -dolomite, argillaceous, gray brown 55 245 -shale, very dark gray brown, dolomitic, soft; some dolomite, very dark gray brown 30 275 -shale, very dark gray, less dolomitic Galena Group -dolomite, fine grained, buff; rare shale, gray -dolomite, as above; gray clay bed -dolomite, fine to medium grained, buff; rare dolomite, fine grained, blue gray, brown; rare shale, dark gray 68 508 -as above, slightly calcareous; rare chert, white, more common at base Platteville Group -dolomite, very fine grained, bluish buff -dolomite, fine grained, buff; chert, white -dolomite, very fine grained, bluish buff; dolomite, fine grained, buff; abundant pyrite -dolomite, fine grained, buff -dolomite, fine grained, medium to dark bluish brown; rare pyrite; chert, rare white to gray -dolomite, fine grained, buff, calcareous -dolomite, fine grained, buff, very sandy; some cemented sandstone, white, fine to medium grained Ancell Group, Glenwood Formation -sandstone, white, round to subround, cemented, calcareous -sand, white, round to subround; rare chert, white; very rare shale, gray -sandstone, as above, cemented -sandstone, as above, cemented; shale, bluish green, very calcareous; dolomite, bluish gray 680 -sandstone, as above, cemented, floating grains 7 5 17 515 520 537 3 60 540 600 5 5 605 610 1 611 54 665 10 3 675 678 *Based on sample descriptions; adjusted to geophysical logs and videocamera imaging. 45 Test Hole SSC-1 (continued) Thickness Depth (ft) (ft) 685 -dolomite, bluish gray, very calcareous; shale, bluish green 690 -sandstone, white, cemented, black, red, green, pyrite? and unidentified materials St. Peter Sandstone 5 700 65 765 5 770 45 815 20 835 3 838 42 880 5 885 5 890 1 962 2 964 3 967 695 -sand, white, round to subround, fine grained, as above; shale, gray, soft, common -sand, as above; no shale; rare pyrite -sand, as above, some iron stained; pyrite, white; chert; gray shale generally present, not common -sand, as above, coarse grained -sand, as above, finer grained; shale, pyrite, and chert, present -sand, as above, coarse grained, less well sorted -sand, as above, cemented; calcite -sand, as above; white chert common -sand, as above, cemented; calcite -sand, pink, cemented; dolomite, pink; pyrite; gray shale 45 935 -sand, white, fine to coarse grained, iron stained; white chert; pyrite Kress Member, St. Peter Sandstone 5 940 -sandstone, cemented (non-calcareous), pink 1 941 -dolomite, pink to brown; some pyrite; shale, gray, light gray 1 942 -shale, gray to white; weak, little carbonate 1 943 -sandstone, cemented, angular grains, with white chert 2 945 -chert, white, amorphous; some crystalline chert, tan 5 950 -chert, white to gray; some pyrite 5 955 -shale, brown to red to orange, laminated 5 960 -chert, oolitic, white to gray; little sandstone; siltstone 1 961 -siltstone, laminated, brown to red, sand (fine); some pyrite -shale, red; dolomite, white -chert (?), white to gray -chert, oolitic; grayish to brown to white oolites, sand grain core 8 975 -sand, white; very fine to fine grained, slightly silty 3 978 -sandstone, cemented; tan to brown 5 983 -shale, gray to green Eminence Formation 11 994 -dolomite, sandy, light pink-to-tan, tan-to-gray T.D. 994 46 Test Hole SSC-2 Surface Elevation: 753 feet Thickness Depth (ft) (ft) 80 0-80 -glacial drift Silurian Dolomites > 25 105 -dolomite, gray to light gray, fine to very fine, some coarser grained, some iron staining, some "salt and pepper" dolomite 15 120 -dolomite, as above, calcareous 15 135 -dolomite, as above; rare pyrite 5 140 -dolomite, light brown, fine grained, bluish green clay 5 145 -dolomite, olive brown 25 170 -dolomite, medium gray to brown, fine grained; rare pyrite 10 180 -dolomite, as above, glauconitic, calcareous 30 210 -dolomite, as above Maquoketa Group 25 235 -dolomite, gray, some bluish, fine grained 15 250 -shale, dark gray blue, soft; some dolomite, as above 50 300 -predominantly shale, dark olive brown to olive gray, dolomitic; common dolomite, similar color, fine- grained; some pyrite; rare buff dolomite, blue shale 65 365 -shale, dark olive gray to brown; rare white chert Galena Group 10 375 -limestone, light buff, fine to medium grained; shale, gray; pyrite -dolomite, as above; shale, bluish green -dolomite, as above; shale, brownish black -dolomite, as above; shale, bluish green, some brown; pyrite; white chert, rare Platteville Group 20 600 -dolomite, bluish buff, fine grained? (poor samples), white chert, bluish green shale; pyrite, rare 95 695 -dolomite as above, brown Ancell Group, St. Peter Sandstone 50 745 -sand, white, rounded, fine grained, slightly calcareous; rare white chert -sand, as above, coarser -sand, as above, fine -sand, as above, abundant light gray shale -sand, as above, fine -sand, as above, iron stained 25 400 15 415 165 580 20 765 95 860 5 865 25 890 5 895 47 Test Hole SSC-2 (continued) Thickness Depth (ft) (ft) S hakopee Formation 40 935 -dolomite, light yellow brown, gray at base, fine grained; calcite crystals; bluish green shale; pyrite rare 935 -prominent bluish green shale bed 65 1000 -dolomite, light pink to brown, fine grained; pyrite rare New Richmond Formation -sand, fine, white -dolomite, white to light brown, abundant sand -sand, white, fine, rounded? -sandstone, cemented, calcareous, floating sand grains, poorly sorted, iron staining; dolomite, white, rare Oneota Formation 10 1040 -dolomite, white to pink, calcareous, sand abundant 41 1081 -dolomite, light pink to brown, fine grained; white YD io81 chert, common 5 1005 5 1010 10 1020 10 1030 48 Test Hole SSC-3 Surface Elevation: 688 feet Thickness Depth (ft) (ft) 133 133 -glacial drift Maquoketa Group 8 140 -dolomite, very argillaceous, gray to brown gray; pyrite rare 25 165 -shale, dolomitic, brownish gray, similar to above; pyrite rare 5 170 -dolomite, argillaceous, light brown to tan, fine grained, bryazoan 5 175 -shale, slightly dolomitic, brownish gray, hard 5 180 -shale, dolomitic, gray 25 205 -shale, dolomitic, dark olive brown, hard 15 220 -shale, gray Galena Group 45 275 -dolomite, light yellow brown, fine to medium grained; pyrite rare to common; blue-green shale partings rare 160 435 -dolomite, calcareous, light pinkish brown, fine to medium grained; white chert Platteville Group -dolomite, medium to dark bluish buff, dark blue mottling, very fine grained, pyrite rare -dolomite, coarser than above, lighter, more brown in color; calcite crystals -dolomite, \/ery fine grained, bluish, bluish to brown; some horizons much darker than others; blue mottling present 20 540 -dolomite, fine to medium grained, pinkish brown; rare white chert; white calcite Ancell Group, Glenwood Formation 5 545 -sandstone, white, cemented (dolomite), grains round to subround 55 600 -sand, white, frosted, rounded, well sorted, medium grained 40 630 -sand, as above, finer grained 30 465 10 475 45 520 49 Test Hole SSC-3 (continued) Thickness Depth (ft) (ft) 20 650 25 675 30 705 10 715 15 730 20 750 15 765 60 825 St. Peter Sandstone -sand, as above; white chert, common; pyrite, rare -sand, as above, coarser grained; common; pyrite, rare -sand, as above, finer grained -sand, as above, coarser grained -sand, as above, finer grained -sand, as above, with fine-grained, cemented aggregates; rare dolomite, brown, fine grained -sand, as above; pyrite, rare -sand, white, frosted, rounded, some grains cemented; abundant to rare shale, gray; white chert, common; pyrite, rare 25 850 -sand, as above, iron stained; shale, green to gray, bluish green, common to rare; chert, white, red, common; dolomite, pinkish brown, fine grained, rare Prairie du Chien Group, Oneota Formation 5 855 -dolomite, light pinkish gray, some reddish purple, medium to coarse grained; pyrite, shale, rare 15 870 -dolomite, light pinkish brown, fine grained; rare white chert 25 895 -dolomite, light pinkish brown, fine grained; with light gray, coarsely crystalline dolomite aggregate 5 900 -dolomite, as above; glauconite, rare T.D. 903 50 APPENDIX B: Borehole Descriptions from Closed Circuit Television Test Hole SSC-1 Logged by R. Bauer (11-12-86) Depth (ft) - 151 Casing 151 - 279 Maquoketa: interbedded dolomite and shale. 279 Galena: top of Galena. 295 Top of water in borehole. 340 Galena becomes vuggy. Remains vuggy to about 470. 359 Horizontal fracture or breakout all around well wall. 372 Horizontal breakout of bentonite layer? 381 Horizontal breakout of bentonite layer? 424 - 432 Area of large vugs 2 to 4 inches across. 470 Becomes less vuggy but vugs continue to 555. 488 - 489 Fracture—small , vertical in one sidewall only. 492 Fracture--small, vertical in one sidewall only. 512 - 518 Color and texture change—darker and rougher from increase in horizontal shale partings. 522 - 555 Fracture — nearly vertical, open with pyrite crystals lining walls of fracture as shown at 522, 536, 538 and 555. Fracture starts in one side of borehole and exits borehole at 538 but parallels borehole to 542 as shown by small flat breakouts and disturbances in that side of borehole. At 542 fracture enters hole again and moves across borehole and exits on other side of borehole at 555 for a dip of about 87 degrees between 542 and 555. 555 Loose vugs. 559 - 562 Color and texture change—darker and rougher from increase in horizontal shale partings. 560 Fracture— horizontal opening. 566 - 572 Fracture— small , tight, mostly vertical --zig-zags around on one side wall only. 568 - 581 Color and texture— change— darker and rougher from increase in horizontal shale partings. 582 - 600 Vuggy section. 600 - 616 Vugs— less vugs than above; vugs at 616. 665 - 684 Fracture— vertical , thin, tight. 680 - 696 Color and texture change— darker and rougher from increase in horizontal shale partings. 708 - 954 Fracture— vertical, thin, tight, mostly seen in one sidewall. From 711 to 716 a parallel fracture is found 45 degrees away. From 717 to 760 there is a parallel thin fracture about 90 degrees away. At 766 to 776 joined by another parallel fracture across the entire borehole— wider at 864 to 867 wider and on both sides of borehole. 890 - 895 Texture and color change in sidewalls, fracture is continuous through it. Similar to shaly section; not horizontal fractures— only breakout of shale. fcltfRAh 51 JUN1 3 i ILL STATE BEOLOGIHAl W Test Hole SSC-1 (continued) Depth (ft) 896 - 899 Fracture—parallels continuous fracture and is found about 30 degrees away. 944 _ 947 Texture and color change in sidewalls, same as 890 to 895 shaly section with breakout of some shale. 954 Lost fracture that started at 708. 958 - 960 Color and texture change—darker and rougher from increase in horizontal shale partings. 970 Start of another texture and color change at 890 and 944. Rougher irregular sidewalls with darker color. Probably shaly section with breakouts of shale. 982 Enlargement and elongation of borehole and then opens up to much bigger enlarged breakout; blockage of hole by debris at 984. 52 Test Hole SSC-2 Logged by R. Bauer (7-87) Depth (ft) Footage markers start 4 feet above ground surface. 67 Static water level. 88 Bottom of casing. General description--! ight color dolomite or limestone as shown by vugs, smooth borehole walls, and some crystalline appearance. 92 Horizontal breakout—possible shale layer. 107 - 110 Increasing amounts of shale partings. 123 - 136 Increasing amounts of shale partings. 147 - 183 Zone of large vugs up to 4 to 6 inches across. 194 - 195 Fracture sloping 45 degrees across hole. 202 - 204 Several vertical fractures. 206 - 207 Several fine vertical fractures that begin and end at shale partings. 209 - 211 Large vugs. 212 - 213 Large vugs all around hole, some up to diameter of hole. 221 Start of light and dark bands— Maquoketa Shale Group. 230 - 233 Fractured zone with multiple fractures with various dips and directions. 240 - 311 Increasing amount of dark material (shale) from 50 percent at 240, to 80-90 percent at 311. 364 Top of Galena--light color, small vugs, 1/2 inch in diameter and less. 376 - 378 Shale partings--about one per foot. 386 - 413 Shale partings--many per foot. 413 - 442 Few shale partings, more crystalline, shiny crystal faces on wall, massive. 442 - 466 Partings--several per foot, then many per foot at 448. 488 - 494 Vugs--increasing in size and numbers. 494 Back to massive, small vugs. 506 - 521 Large scattered vugs. 531 - 538 Vuggy. 541 - 547 Shale partings—several per foot. 553 - 556 Fracture starts and ends on same side of sidewall. 580 - 582 Shale partings. 586 - 588 Many shale partings per foot. 593 - 607 Many shale partings per foot. 607 - 626 Back to massive. 626 - 632 Shale partings about one per foot. 632 - 653 Many shale partings per foot. 653 Back to massive with small vugs. 858 Borehole breakout—all around hole. 885 - 890 Cracks in mud buildup on walls of hole. 890 - 893 Large breakout— three to four times diameter of borehole. 896 - 899 Three to four large voids— vugs? on one side of borehole, some fractures associated with voids. 899 Bottom of hole in large void full of rock debris. 53 Test Hole SSC-3 Logged by R. Bauer (7-87) Depth (ft) Footage markers start 2.5 feet above ground surface. 145 Bottom of casing— water coming in around casing, is flowing down walls of borehole. Bands of dolomite and shale layers — 50 percent to 50 percent, Maquoketa Shale Group. 146 Several jets of water shooting across borehole. 147 Five jets shooting across borehole. 154 Static water level. Shale amount increases downward to 70--80 percent at 190. 223 Top of Galena— small breakout all around borehole at contact. Dolomite is massive and vuggy with 1-inch vugs. 259-277 Shale partings about one to two per foot, numbers increasing downward to five per foot at 270. Back to massive, but more vuggy than massive section More vuggy. 1-inch thick breakout all around hole--Dygerts? shale layer? vertical fractures from near shale layer down to 301. Less vuggy with one to two shale layers per foot. Vuggy zone. Vertical crack. Massive, very few shale partings and vugs. Vuggy. Vuggy, large vugs up to 1 to 1.5 inches in diameter. Several fractures in one sidewall. Vuggy. Many shale partings—overall , rock darker in color. Back to massive, lighter color, vuggy. Light in color, one to three partings per foot. Darker again with many partings per foot. Vuggy. Large vugs, more massive and light in color. Massive, light color. Massive, no vugs, light color top of sandstone? Darker in color, dark partings. Back to light color. Darker— partings? Rougher sidewalls. Contact: Ancell/Oneota, borehole breakout around entire hole. Very vuggy. Large 4- to 5-inch void, one side of hole. Bottom of hole— full of rubble. 277 above ■ 286 296 301 337 - 342 338 - 344 342 - 369 369 - 375 379 - 392 409 415 - 439 441 - 447 447 - 462 462 - 479 492 - 502 502 - 524 513 - 524 524 - 533 549 634 - 650 650 781 - 783 783 - 853 853 853 - 891 896 904 54 APPENDIX C: Geophysical Logging Different types of geophysical tools were used in this study. Several other texts describe these tools and applications in much greater detail (Bateman, 1985; Brock, 1984; Brock, 1986; Curtis, 1966; Dobrin, 1976; Dresser Atlas, 1981; Gearhart, 1983; Hallenburg, 1984; Helander, 1983; Kovacs and Assoc, 1981; Leroy et al., 1983; Pebbler, no date; Rider, 1986; Schlumberger, 1984; Schlumberger, 1985). Gamma Ray Log (GRL) As its name suggests, the GRL tool is designed to detect naturally occuring gamma rays. Gamma rays are random, high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted during the decay of unstable radioisotopes. The radioiso- topes normally found in rocks are potassium-40 and the products of the uranium and thorium decay series. The GRL tool discussed here cannot differentiate the contribution of each individual radioisotope to the total intensity of gamma radiation. The detector of the tool normally consists of a sodium iodide (Nal) crystal optically coupled to a photomultipl ier tube. Atoms of the Nal crystal absorb gamma ray collision energy that raises their electrons to a higher energy state. When the excited electrons lose this acquired energy and fall back into their rest state, they give off light that is converted to a voltage pulse through the photomultiplier tube. These pulses are transmitted uphole and converted, on the appropriate scale, to a measure of the gamma ray intensity. Due to the high natural concentration of potassium-40 in clay minerals, shales generally exhibit higher gamma ray intensities than sandstones and carbonates, which commonly have relatively low concentrations of clays and other radioactive constituents. In a simplified sense, this difference in gamma ray intensity allows identification of various lithologies (thus allowing correlation of lithologic units) and the determination of a rock unit's shale volume. Sonic Log (SL) The sonic log is an acoustic device whose response is a function of the factors that affect the passage of acoustic waves. The measurements taken from the SL tool are the direct result of the propagation of the acoustic (elastic) waves through the borehole environment. The two waves of importance to the SL tool are the compressional (longitudinal) and the shear (transverse) waves. The initial energy to produce the acoustic waves is provided by the transmitter (T) portion of the tool. As a compressional wave trans- verses the borehole fluid and strikes the borehole interface, a shear wave is produced. Therefore, as the compressional wave traverses from the transmitter (T) to the receiver (R) on the tool, the compressional wave itself generates a shear wave that can, in this manner, be detected by the receiver circuitry. 55 Various .transmitter-receiver (T-R) configurations are available. The T- R array is chosen to account for abnormalities in the borehole envi ronment--that is, washouts and tool tilting. The standard T-R configuration is incorporated into the borehole compensated sonic logging (BCSL) tool. The long spaced sonic logging (LSSL) tool incorporates a longer T-R spacing than the BCSL tool. The LSSL tool is affected by a zone farther away and less distorted by drilling operations than the zone at the borehole interface. This instrument has been used for shear wave analysis, which when combined with compressional wave data results in an evaluation of some of the formation's strength characteristics, such as the pressure required to fracture the formation and the formation's elastic properties. If tfi is the time taken to travel through the pore space (fluid travel time) and t ma is the time taken to travel through the matrix, the total travel time" will be t (the travel time recorded by the tool), and the porosity (Ogre) can be represented by the Wyllie time-average equation: °BCS = (* " t ma)/( t fl " W The compressional wave (p-wave) takes the path of least resistance. Areas of isolated (not interconnected) pockets of porosity, as would normally be found in the case of secondary porosity, will not have a pronounced effect on the travel time of the p-wave. By comparing the sonic log data with data from a tool that is influenced by the total porosity (both primary and secondary), the amount of secondary porosity present can be estimated. The following equation applies to this situation, °tot = °sec + ^prirn Density Log (DL) The Density Log (DL) utilizes a focused gamma ray source, normally cesium-137, which emits gamma rays into the formation from a pad assembly forced against the borehole wall via a back-up arm. The gamma rays interact with the electrons in the material opposite the focused source mainly through Compton scattering. This results in the gamma ray losing energy at each collision. The intensity of the back-scattered gamma ray is then measured by the gamma ray detectors (usually two). The measured gamma ray intensity is a function of the electron density of the formation. As the electron density of the formation increases, the probability of collision increases resulting in reduced gamma ray intensity measured by the gamma ray detectors. The electron density, p e , has been related to the bulk density, p^, by the following equation, p e = p b (2Z/A) where, Z = the atomic number or the number of electrons per atom, and A = the atomic weight. 56 In most cases, the ratio, 2Z/A, is approximately equal to 1.0. There- fore, p e = Pl, and the apparent bulk density response of the tool is a response to the bulk density, p b , of the formation material opposite the tool. A two-detector density log, or compensated density log (CDL), is the one of concern here. The two-detector configuration allows for the compen- sation of the mudcake's effect on CDL tool response. In this way, an accurate total porosity measurement is obtained. This can be compared to BCSL porosity to obtain an estimate of secondary porosity or cross- plotted with the BCSL or CNL porosities to produce lithologic and total porosity determinations. Spectral Gamma Ray Log (SGRL) Whereas the GRL tool just measures the number of emissions from natural occurring radioisotopes, the SGRL tool measures both the number and the energy level of the emissions. The natural gamma radioactivity of geologic formations is basically attributed to the presence of three radioisotopes, or their derivatives. These isotopes are potassium-4, uranium-238, and thorium-232, which each encompass a specific energy level range. By measuring the number of emissions that fall into the range, a determination of isotopic percent- ages can be made. The spectral windows are centered at the following energy levels for each isotope: potassium-40, 1.46 MeV; uranium-238 (Bi-214), 1.76 MeV; thorium-232 (TI-208), 2.62 Mev. Potassium-40 activities are measured directly, and the concentration of total potassium is calculated from the isotopic abundance of potassium-40. However, uranium-238 and thorium-232 do not have clear peaks with their disintegrations. Therefore, activities of these iso- topes are determined by measurements of the activities of the derivative isotopes, Bi-214 and TI-208. Concentrations of the original isotopes are calculated from an assumption of radioactive equilibrium between parent and daughter nuclides. The terms equivalent uranium and equiva- lent thorium are used in reference to the concentrations that are not measured directly. Some applications of the SGRL include determining radioisotopic ratios to help interpret complex lithologies, correlating strata, and evalu- ating the potential radioactive material resource potential. 57 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was conducted by the SSC Geological Task Force assisted by other staff of the Illinois State Geological Survey. Principal funding was provided by a special appropriation from the Illinois General Assembly to the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (IDENR) and administered through the University of Illinois. All aspects of the SSC work have had the enthusiastic support of the Governor of Illinois, James R. Thompson, and the Director of IDENR, Don Etchison. Many individuals and groups have contributed to the success of the test drilling portion of the SSC study. The project contractors, Layne Western Company of Aurora, Illinois, and Rock and Soil Drilling Corporation of Bartlett, Illinois, have provided excellent service. Kaneland Vocational Center, Big Rock Township, and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory granted access to their property for test drilling, hydrogeologic tests, and water level measurements. Staff of the Illinois State Water Survey in Batavia conducted the pump test at SSC-1, then continued to monitor water levels in the piezometers every month. Within the Geological Survey many of the staff have contributed advice, expertise, and services. Dr. John P. Kempton, head of the Geological Task Force, provided valuable insight and guidance. Jacquelyn L. Hannah, also of the Geological Task Force, compiled data and maps and prepared illustrations. Three members of the Groundwater Section assisted with the fieldwork: Philip C. Reed conducted geophysical logging on all test holes; Robert H. Gilkeson and Stephen H. Padovani collected water samples from SSC-1. Joanne Klitzing and Gloria Merrick typed various drafts of the manuscript and final copy for the publication. Stephen S. McFadden, from the Groundwater Section, and Paul C. Heigold and Michael L. Sargent, both from the Basin Analysis Task Force, critically reviewed the manuscript. The ISGS Environmental Geology report was prepared by the Publications, Graphics, and Photography Unit. 58 HECKMAN |±l BINDERY INC. |§| JUN97 Bound. To -iW N.MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962