9/7. 301 
 
 Ar225 
 
 v,l 
 
 archaeological investigations 
 
 for the relocation of valmeyer, 
 
 monroe county, illinois 
 
 Volume 1: project overview and 
 phase ii investigations 
 
 by Paul P. Kreisa, Jacqueline M. McDowell, Kevin P. McGowan, 
 Gregory R. Walz, and Cynthia L. Balek 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 Research Report No.28 
 
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE RELOCATION OF 
 VALMEYER, MONROE COUNTY, ILLINOIS 
 
 VOLUME 1: PROJECT OVERVIEW AND PHASE II INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 For Submission To: 
 
 Federal Emergency Management Agency 
 
 Mitigation Division, Region V 
 
 500 West Monroe Street, 2nd Floor 
 
 Springfield, Illinois 62704 
 
 Under Subcontract No. SC94R-C-014 
 With: 
 
 Woodward-Clyde Federal Services, Inc. 
 
 200 Orchard Ridge Drive, Suite 101 
 
 Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program Research Report No. 28 
 By: 
 
 Paul P. Kreisa 
 
 Jacqueline M. McDowell 
 
 Kevin P. McGowan 
 
 Gregory R. Walz 
 
 Cynthia L. Balek 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 Department of Anthropology 
 
 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 
 
 109 Davenport Hall 
 
 607 South Mathews Avenue 
 
 Urbana, Illinois 61801 
 
 May 1997 
 
UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 
 ATURBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
 
 BOOKSTACKS 
 
917.301 
 
 n ^ TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 V, I 1>agc 
 
 LIST OF PLATES v 
 
 LIST OF FIGURES vii 
 
 LIST OF TABLES ix 
 
 ABSTRACT xi 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii 
 
 1. INTRODUCTION (Kevin P. McGowan) 1 
 
 Research Background 1 
 
 Previous Investigations 4 
 
 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING {Paul P. Kreisa and Cynthia L. Balek) 7 
 
 Geology, Topography, and Soils 7 
 
 Natural Setting 11 
 
 Overview 17 
 
 3. CULTURAL SETTING {Gregory R. Walz and Kevin P. McGowan) 19 
 
 Paleoindian Period 19 
 
 Archaic Period 21 
 
 Woodland Period 26 
 
 Emergent Mississippian Period 29 
 
 Mississippian Period 31 
 
 Oneota Period 32 
 
 Historic Period 33 
 
 Summary 33 
 
 4. FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS {Jacqueline M. McDowell) 35 
 
 Phase II Field Methods 35 
 
 Phase III Field Methods 36 
 
 Laboratory Methods 37 
 
 5. RESULTS OF PHASE II INVESTIGATIONS {Paul P. Kreisa) 47 
 
 Overview of Investigations 49 
 
 Site Overviews 61 
 
 Addition 1 South 61 
 
 Addition 1 North 68 
 
 Addition 2 80 
 
 Addition 3 84 
 
 Addition 4 86 
 
 Addition 5 89 
 
 Off-Site Investigations 92 
 
 6. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS {Paul P. Kreisa) 93 
 
 Discussion 93 
 
 Recommendations 95 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONCLUDED 
 
 Page 
 
 REFERENCES CITED 97 
 
 APPENDIX A. MATERIAL INVENTORIES FOR SITE COLLECTIONS 107 
 
 APPENDIX B. MATERIAL INVENTORIES FOR OFF-SITE COLLECTIONS 225 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 Plate Page 
 
 5- 1 . Vessels from 1 1 M089 1 : a-b, Type 3 Bowl (same vessel); c, Sand Prairie Phase 
 
 Angled Rim Jar; d, Type 3 Bowl or Plate 79 
 
LIST OF FIGURES 
 
 Figure Page 
 
 1 - 1 . Location of the Project Area 2 
 
 1-2. Aerial Photograph of the Valmeyer Relocation Parcel 3 
 
 2-1. Physiographic Provinces of Southwestern Illinois 8 
 
 2-2. Soil Associations Present in Monroe County 12 
 
 2-3. Distribution of Major Plant Communities of Southwestern Illinois 15 
 
 2-4. Distribution of Plant Communities in the Valmeyer Area Based on 1 836 and 1 840 
 
 GLO Survey Maps 16 
 
 3- 1 . Americal Bottom Chronology 20 
 
 4-1. Locations of Known Chert Sources in Southern Illinois 14 
 
 5-1. Original and Revised Site Area of 1 1M0841 48 
 
 5-2. Location of Phase II Collection Grids 50 
 
 5-3. Location of Phase II Machine Trenches and Test Unit 53 
 
 5-4. Profiles of Deep Trenches Excavated on Ridge Side Slopes 59 
 
 5-5. Profiles of Deep Trenches Excavated in Sinkholes 60 
 
 5-6. Wall Profiles of Test Unit 1 61 
 
 5-7. Site Areas Defined During Phase II Investigations 62 
 
 5-8. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 1 South 64 
 
 5-9. Projectile Points and Axe from 1 1M0886 (a-d) and 1 1M0888 (e-j): a, Dalton; 
 b, MacCorkle Stemmed; c, Late Archaic Stemmed Cluster (Karnak Stemmed or 
 McWhinney Heavy Stemmed); d, Triangular; e, Fully Grooved Axe; f, Plainview; 
 
 g, Dalton; h, Hardin Barbed; i, Raddatz; j, Godar 65 
 
 5-10. Plan View and Profile of Feature 8 67 
 
 5-11. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 1 North 69 
 
 5-12. Projectile Points and Axe from the Vicinity of 1 1MO890: a, Fully Grooved Axe; 
 
 b, Reworked Etley; c, Possible Lowe Cluster or Snyders Cluster; d, Lowe Flared Base 72 
 
 5-13. Plan View and Profile of Features 9, 10, and 1 1 73 
 
 5-14. Plan View of Features 13, 14, 15, and 19 75 
 
 5-15. Lithic Tools from 1 1M0891: a, Merom Expanding Stemmed Projectile Point; 
 b, Stanley Stemmed Projectile Point; c, Ground-Stone Axe; d, Saratoga Parallel 
 
 Stemmed Projectile Point; e, Baker's Creek Projectile Point 77 
 
 5-16. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 2 81 
 
 5-17. Plan View of Profile of Features 16, 17, and 18 82 
 
 5-18. Fully Grooved Axe from 1 1M0841 83 
 
 5-19. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 3 85 
 
 5-20. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 4 87 
 
 5-21. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 5 90 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/archaeologicalin01krei 
 
LIST OF TABLES 
 
 Table Page 
 
 5- 1 . Summary of Collection Grid Attributes by Addition 51 
 
 5-2. Specific Collection Grid Attributes 52 
 
 5-3. Summary of Machine Trench Attributes by Addition 54 
 
 5-4. Specific Machine Trench Attributes 55 
 
 5-5. Selected Attributes of Ceramics from 1 1M0891 78 
 
 6-1. Debitage and Chipped-Stone Tool Ratios for Selected Valmeyer Sites 94 
 
 6-2. Summary of NRHP Evaluations of Sites Located Within the Valmeyer Relocation Parcel ... 96 
 
 IX 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
 The Federal Emergency Management Agency 
 through a subcontract agreement with Woodward- 
 Clyde Federal Services of Gaithersburg, Maryland, 
 contracted with the Public Service Archaeology 
 Program of the University of Illinois at Urbana- 
 Champaign to undertake Phase II National Register 
 of Historic Places (NRHP) evaluation of sites 
 located in the proposed area for the relocation of the 
 Village of Valmeyer, Illinois. Fourteen sites were 
 evaluated using a combination of systematic surface 
 collection and excavation techniques from 12 May 
 to 16 June 1994. Diagnostic artifacts from the sites 
 document Paleoindian through Mississippian com- 
 ponents in the project area. Prehistoric features were 
 
 identified at three sites, two of which demonstrated 
 substantial integrity. Ten of the examined sites are 
 recommended as ineligible for listing in the NRHP 
 due to poor subsurface integrity. The portion of one 
 site, 1 1MO880, within the project area is considered 
 ineligible for NRHP listing, but the remaining 
 portion outside the project area is unevaluated and 
 remains potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. 
 Three sites, 11M0841, 11M0885, and 11M0891, 
 have been determined eligible for listing in the 
 NRHP. This volume is one of three that documents 
 cultural resource management investigations under- 
 taken at the Valmeyer relocation parcel. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 The Phase II and Phase III excavations and 
 analyses conducted for the Valmeyer Relocation 
 Project benefited from the talents of many individu- 
 als and the cooperation of a number of institutions. 
 Funding for the project was made possible by the 
 Federal Emergency Management Agency through a 
 subcontract agreement with Woodward-Clyde 
 Federal Services of Gaithersburg, Maryland. Ms. 
 Harriett Weatherford, Associate Vice Chancellor for 
 Research of the University of Illinois at Ur- 
 bana-Champaign, voluntarily provided expedited 
 contract processing and reduced facilities and ad- 
 ministrative cost rates for this project. Two overrid- 
 ing objectives guided the University actions. First, 
 as the flagship educational and research institution 
 in the State of Illinois, one of its primary missions 
 is to provide the citizens of Illinois with public 
 service assistance whenever possible. The Great 
 Flood of 1993 created the need for immediate 
 professional expertise. The administration encour- 
 aged the Department of Anthropology to do what- 
 ever it took to get people into their new homes as 
 quickly as possible. Therefore, most field investiga- 
 tions were completed prior to finalized contracts. 
 The second objective was to provide the highest 
 level of professional expertise at the lowest possible 
 cost. The recovery and relocation efforts were 
 supported by federal, state, and local tax dollars. 
 The University provided a number of services gratis 
 through a reduced overhead rate in order to maxi- 
 mize the effectiveness of each tax dollar. The 
 Valmeyer relocation effort was truly cooperative 
 with federal, state, and local agencies working 
 together to help the people of Valmeyer recover 
 from this disaster. A visit to Valmeyer today serves 
 as a testament to what such cooperation can accom- 
 plish. 
 
 Significant contributors to the oversight of this 
 project were many. Dr. Thomas J. Riley served as 
 the faculty sponsor for this project with the Depart- 
 ment of Anthropology. Dr. Eugene Giles and Dr. 
 Janet Dixon Keller provided leadership as the 
 Department Heads under which the project operated. 
 
 These two individuals, along with the University's 
 Grants and Contracts Office, provided the frame- 
 work for this project to be completed. Mr. Randy W. 
 Strong of the Federal Emergency Management 
 Agency's Region V Disaster Recovery Office 
 helped shepherd the project through numerous 
 regulatory and financial issues. The Illinois Historic 
 Preservation Agency reviewed the project on a 
 weekly basis during the field investigations and 
 provided significant guidance during the entire 
 project. The extensive efforts of Ms. Anne E. 
 Haaker and Dr. Mark Esarey from the Illinois 
 Historic Preservation Agency are greatly appreci- 
 ated. The project also was assisted by the contribu- 
 tions of Ms. Jane Russell, who represented Wood- 
 ward-Clyde's interests during the final field investi- 
 gations. The final stages of the project benefitted 
 significantly from the efforts of Dr. John H. Sprin- 
 kle, Jr., also from Woodward-Clyde Federal Ser- 
 vices. As a team these individuals cooperated to 
 insure the project was completed successfully. 
 
 A special thanks goes to Mayor Dennis 
 Knobloch of Valmeyer and Mr. Jim Smith of Korte 
 Construction who helped coordinate and provide 
 machinery and operators for the excavations. With- 
 out the heavy machinery, it would have been impos- 
 sible to locate and document the extensive remains 
 as quickly as they were. 
 
 The field investigations were aided by a number 
 of individuals. The archaeological field team in- 
 cluded Larry Abbott, Brian Adams, Steven Ahler, 
 Richard Arroyo, Maria Aviles, Cynthia Balek, 
 Sheena Beaverson, Alice Berkson, Susan 
 Brannock-Gaul, Todd Brenningmeyer, Jarrod Burks, 
 Namyi Chung, Pennie Copley, Stacy Craft, Janet 
 Day, Randy Fink, Robin French, Matthew Frey, 
 Tom Gillespie, James Gilmore, Darrell Gundrum, 
 David Hall, Dawn Harn, David Hart, Kristin 
 Hedman, Russell Herman, Eric Hollinger, 
 Leonaitasi Hoponoa, Karl Huebchen, Douglas 
 Jackson, Connie Joyce, Elizabeth Kane, John Kelly, 
 Steve Klein, Paul Kreisa, Erica Libhart, James 
 
Marlen. Ilona Matkovzski, Jacqueline McDowell, 
 Kevin McGowan, Joanna Mickey. Philip Millhouse, 
 Michael Morelock, Tally Moskovits, Rossana de la 
 Noval, Eric Rein, Jason Rein, Erin Riley, Thomas 
 Riley, Betty Jo Stokes, Amy Uzarski, Larry Vogt, 
 Gregory Walz, Janet Weber, Cameron Wesson, 
 James White, Roger Williamson, and William 
 Wood. 
 
 Field investigations were enhanced thanks to Dr. 
 Michael Wiant of the Illinois State Museum who 
 released Ms. Dawn Harn from other duties to sup- 
 port mortuary excavations and Dr. Thomas E. 
 Emerson of the Illinois Transportation Archaeology 
 Research Program of the University of Illinois at 
 Urbana-Champaign who allowed Ms. Sheena 
 Beaverson (geomorphologist) and Ms. Kristin 
 Hedman ;hui lan osteologist) release time to partici- 
 pate on this project. The support of these other 
 programs is greatly appreciated. 
 
 Once fieldwork was completed, a smaller num- 
 ber of individuals conducted the laboratory tasks 
 associated with this project. These include Maria 
 Aviles, Cynthia Balek, Alice Berkson, Todd 
 Brenningmeyer, Michael Chidley, Pennie Copley, 
 Stacy Craft, Alisa DeMarco, Randy Fink, William 
 Hedman, David Hixson, Michelle Johnson, Connie 
 Joyce, Stephen Klein, Chris Mausolf, Ilona 
 Matkovzski, Lisa Mohr, Tally Moskovits, Ned 
 Searles, Betty Jo Stokes, and Carl Wendt. Analytical 
 specialists assisting this project were Larry Abbott 
 (soils), Sheena Beaverson and Dr. Cynthia Balek 
 (geomorphology), Jacqueline McDowell (ceramics), 
 Dr. Brian Adams (lithics), Gregory Walz and Eric 
 
 Hollinger (archaeobotanical remains), Kristin 
 Hedman (human skeletal remains), and Dr. Paul 
 Kreisa (faunal remains). Thanks also must go to a 
 number of regional specialists for their expertise and 
 assistance in identifying various artifacts and in- 
 sightful comments about the archaeology of the 
 region. Dr. Steven Ahler, Dr. Thomas Emerson, Dr. 
 Andrew Fortier, Dr. George Holley, Dr. John Kelly, 
 Brad Koldehoff, and Dale McElrath gave freely of 
 their time and knowledge. A special note of thanks 
 goes to Mr. Ed Horn for sharing his special knowl- 
 edge of the project area. 
 
 Report writing was divided among a number of 
 individuals who are identified in the Table of Con- 
 tents. Authors are responsible for the interpretations 
 in their sections. Finally, report production was 
 aided by a number of individuals. Susan 
 Brannock-Gaul and Carl Wendt produced the 
 ceramic and lithic artifact photographs presented in 
 the text. Susan Brannock-Gaul, David Hixson, and 
 Paula Luesse created the computer and line draw- 
 ings illustrated in the report. Jacqueline McDowell 
 edited the manuscript and put the text into its final 
 version. 
 
 I thank all these individuals for their help with 
 this project. Their efforts have aided in furthering 
 the scientific, cultural, and historical understanding 
 of the Valmeyer area. Without the entire team, 
 especially the writers, this report could never have 
 been completed. 
 
 K.P.M. 
 December 1996 
 
 xiv 
 
CHAPTER 1. 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In January 1994, the Federal Emergency Man- 
 agement Agency — Region V (FEMA) contacted the 
 Public Service Archaeology Program of the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (PSAP) to 
 conduct Phase II archaeological investigations at the 
 proposed Valmeyer relocation site in Monroe 
 County, Illinois (Figure 1-1). This work was sub- 
 contracted to the University of Illinois at Ur- 
 bana-Champaign through Woodward-Clyde Federal 
 Services under subcontract number SC94R-C-014. 
 Field investigations for this project were conducted 
 between 12 May and 16 June 1994. Based on these 
 Phase II investigations, 11M0841, 11M0891, and 
 11M0885 were recommended as eligible for the 
 National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) 
 (McGowan 1994). It was decided, with concurrence 
 from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency 
 (IHPA), FEMA, and the Advisory Council on 
 Historic Preservation, that data mitigation should be 
 undertaken at NRHP eligible sites 11M0841 and 
 11M0891. Investigations were not conducted at 
 11M0885 as it was located outside the area of 
 immediate impact. Under a contract modification, 
 PSAP performed site mitigation between 1 1 July 
 and 16 September 1994. The results of these Phase 
 II and Phase III investigations are presented in three 
 volumes. 
 
 Volume 1 provides the project background infor- 
 mation, details the results of Phase II investigations, 
 and provides site specific evaluations for 14 sites. 
 Volume 2 details the results of the mitigation 
 investigation at 11M0841, the Strong site, and 
 evaluates the findings against current regional 
 interpretations of Middle Archaic prehistoric settle- 
 ment. Volume 3 details the results of the mitigation 
 investigation at 11M0891, the Stemler Bluff site, 
 and evaluates the findings against current regional 
 interpretations of Late Woodland through Mississip- 
 pian prehistoric settlement. 
 
 Research Background 
 
 The need for Phase II investigations on the 
 uplands northeast of Valmeyer was the result of a 
 long sequence of events that began in 1992 far from 
 Monroe County, Illinois. In the fall of 1992, clima- 
 tic conditions consisting of above-normal precipita- 
 tion and saturated soil were present in the upper 
 Midwest (Bhowmik 1994). Heavy spring and sum- 
 mer rains in 1993 from North Dakota to Illinois 
 created flood conditions in the Lower Missouri and 
 the Upper and Central Mississippi River valleys. 
 The 1993 floods were unique because rivers re- 
 mained at flood stage for months, there were multi- 
 ple flood crests at most locations, the floods ex- 
 tended well into the summer, and new flood crest 
 records were set from Moline south to Thebes, 
 Illinois (Chrzastowski et al. 1994). The floodwaters 
 breached levees and caused extensive damage to 
 farmland and communities located in the floodplains 
 of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, among others. 
 One severely affected community was the Village of 
 Valmeyer, Illinois. Federal disaster relief efforts 
 coordinated by FEMA sought to bring long-term 
 solutions to flood-prone areas by purchasing dam- 
 aged property and financially supporting the reloca- 
 tion of citizens to new homes outside the floodplain. 
 The Village of Valmeyer decided to pursue this init- 
 iative and selected a 200-ha upland parcel adjacent 
 to the existing community for relocation (Figure 
 1-2). 
 
 Pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic 
 Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its 
 implementing regulations, 36 CFR 800: Protection 
 of Historic Properties, the selected parcel was sur- 
 veyed by the Contract Archaeology Program of 
 Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville (SIUE) 
 to identify cultural resources that might be eligible 
 for listing in the NRHP. That investigation found 
 potentially eligible sites in the relocation area. Phase 
 II evaluation to determine NRHP eligibility was 
 recommended (Wells and Burns 1993). The IHPA 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Area 
 
 Figure 1 - 1 . Location of the Project Area. 
 
■ i Project Area 
 
 Figure 1-2. Aerial Photograph of the Valmeyer Relocation Parcel (Photo Courtesy David Kreighbaum, 
 USACE). 
 
■ojecl Ch-en-iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 concurred with the recommendation. The Public 
 Service Archaeology Program of the University of 
 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was contracted to 
 conduct the Phase II NRHP evaluations. 
 
 was recommended as ineligible for the NRHP based 
 on the Phase I data. The previously recorded 
 1 1M0479 and 1 1MO480 also were recommended 
 as ineligible for the NRHP based on Phase I data 
 (Wells and Burns 1993). 
 
 Previous Investigations 
 
 The area selected for the relocation of the Vil- 
 lage of Valmeyer is 1.5 km northeast of the original 
 village. The new location is situated on 200 ha of 
 land where the Mississippi River bluff line meets 
 the uplands immediately north of Dennis Hollow. 
 Investigations conducted in the 1970s by Yerkes and 
 Linder (1974) on portions of the area identified two 
 sites within the current project limits. Sites 
 1 1M0479 and 1 1MO480 are both described in the 
 Illinois Archaeology Survey site database as prehis- 
 toric habitation sites. Contract research undertaken 
 by the American Resource Group for the Fountain 
 Water District expansion identified a third site and 
 an isolated find in the Valmeyer relocation project 
 area (McNerney 1989). Site 11M0841 originally 
 was recorded as a prehistoric lithic workshop of 
 unknown temporal affiliation, extending 80 m north 
 to south and 80 m east to west. These previous 
 studies indicated the importance of this upland area 
 for prehistoric Native Americans. The extensive 
 Phase I pedestrian reconnaissance undertaken by 
 SIUE indicated that nearly the entire project area 
 was covered with archaeological remains. Based on 
 their data, they recorded two new sites and recom- 
 mended the expansion of site limits for 11M0841 
 (Wells and Burns 1993). 
 
 The Phase I investigation of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel by SIUE was accomplished by a 
 surface collection of the entire project area at 5-m 
 intervals. Sites 1 1 M0479, 1 1 MO480, and 1 1 M084 1 
 were relocated, and 1 1 M0879 and 1 1MO880 were 
 defined. Site 1 1M0879 is recorded as an Early to 
 Late Archaic component lithic scatter that extends 
 340 m north to south and 520 m east to west. A 
 complete surface collection resulted in the recovery 
 of 30 artifacts from a 176,800-m 2 site area. The site 
 
 Site 1 1MO880 is recorded as an Early to Late 
 Archaic period lithic scatter that extends 410 m 
 north to south and 310 m east to west. A complete 
 surface collection resulted in the recovery of 690 
 artifacts from the 127,100-m 2 site area. This site was 
 recommended for Phase II NRHP evaluation based 
 on the quantity of material recovered from the 
 surface. Similarly, the relocation and evaluation of 
 1 1M0841 resulted in a qualified recommendation 
 for formal NRHP eligibility testing (Wells and 
 Burns 1993) based on two factors. First, the site 
 limits were expanded from 6,400 m 2 to 1,350,000 
 m 2 (a more than 200-fold increase). Second, 22 
 subareas, based on collection areas, were identified 
 and determined to have different NRHP potential. 
 Only 6 of the 22 subareas were recommended for 
 formal NRHP evaluation. The reexamination identi- 
 fied historic and prehistoric components for this site 
 including Early Archaic to Emergent Mississippian 
 and Euroamerican (Wells and Burns 1993). The 
 Phase I investigations by SIUE demonstrated NRHP 
 eligibility potential in the proposed Valmeyer 
 relocation area, making Phase II evaluations a 
 necessity. 
 
 This volume of the Valmeyer Project report 
 details the archaeological investigations undertaken 
 by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 
 for the relocation of Valmeyer. It specifically 
 provides an introduction to the project and details 
 the Phase II NRHP evaluation of the 200-ha 
 Valmeyer project area. The environmental setting of 
 Valmeyer is provided in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 
 presents a general culture history synopsis for the 
 greater American Bottom region. Field and labora- 
 tory methods for both the Phase II and Phase III 
 investigations are detailed in Chapter 4. The archae- 
 ological investigations employed standard surface 
 collection, excavation, data recording, and analysis 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
CI hi filer I. Introduction 
 
 techniques used throughout the Midwest including provide the material inventories for the Phase II 
 
 the mechanical removal of plow-disturbed soils and investigations. All cultural material and records 
 
 the hand excavation of all features defined below associated with this project have been submitted to 
 
 the plow zone. Chapter 5 presents the results from the Illinois State Museum Research and Collections 
 
 the Phase II investigations at Valmeyer. The Phase Center for curation. Parties interested in these 
 
 II work included a systematic surface collection, the materials should contact either the Museum Director 
 
 machine-excavation of trenches, and the hand- of the Illinois State Museum or the Regional Direc- 
 
 excavation of test units. Chapter 5 also presents a tor of the Federal Emergency Management 
 
 discussion of the Phase II results and makes recom- Agency — Region V. 
 mendations for future work. Appendices A and B 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
CHAPTER 2. 
 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 
 
 The Valmeyer relocation project area is located 
 on the bluff crest of an upland ridge overlooking the 
 flood-lain of the Mississippi River at the southern 
 end of the American Bottom in Monroe County, 
 Illinois (Figure 1-1). At present, the adjacent (east- 
 ern) Mississippi River floodplain is 5 km wide. As 
 a whole, the valley is approximately 10 km wide. 
 Within the project area are a number of ridges and 
 karstic sinkholes as well as drainages that flow 
 down the bluff to the floodplain of the Mississippi 
 River. A detailed discussion of the physiography, 
 geomorphology, and the floral and faunal resources 
 present in and adjacent to the American Bottom has 
 been presented by White et al. (1984), and the rea- 
 der is encouraged to consult that publication for a 
 broader overview of the environmental setting for 
 the region. The discussion below centers on the set- 
 ting of the Valmeyer locality. More detailed discus- 
 sions concerning the environmental setting are 
 included within the discussion of specific sites. 
 
 Geology, Topography, and Soils 
 
 While Monroe County is cross-cut by a number 
 of physiographic provinces (Figure 2- 1 ), the Val- 
 meyer project area is located in the Salem Plateau 
 Section of the Ozark Plateaus Province, an area 
 deeply dissected with faulted or warped strata 
 (Schwegman 1984; Willman and Frye 1970). In 
 contrast to much of Illinois, the Ozark Plateaus Pro- 
 vince, including the Valmeyer area, was not directly 
 affected by Pleistocene glaciation. Willman and 
 Frye (1970) note that a small driftless area is present 
 in the uplands near Valmeyer, indicating that the 
 project area may not have been impacted directly by 
 Pleistocene glaciation. To the east, the area was gla- 
 ciated during the Illinoian stage of Pleistocene glaci- 
 ation, which represents the southern limit of glaci- 
 ation in the northern hemisphere (Willman and Frye 
 1970). 
 
 Geology 
 
 The lithologic geology of the Valmeyer area con- 
 sists of an Ordovician system bedrock that is uncon- 
 formably overlain by Mississippian system deposits. 
 In the general vicinity of the project area, the Mis- 
 sissippian system outcrops consist of the Kidd 
 member of Salem Limestone of the Valmeyeran 
 series (Willman and Frye 1970). Many other Missis- 
 sippian system formations outcrop in the general 
 vicinity of Valmeyer. Below this, the Ordovician 
 deposits include the Galena-Platteville groups of the 
 Ottawa limestone megagroup and Maquoketa shale 
 group of the Cincinnatian series (Willman and Frye 
 1 970). Most important for the prehistoric archaeol- 
 ogy of the area is the fact that these outcrops are 
 excellent sources for a wide variety of cherts, many 
 with differing qualities (Koldehoff 1985; White et 
 al. 1984). 
 
 The Valmeyer relocation parcel is situated on up- 
 land knolls near the crest of a high, loess-covered 
 bedrock ridge. Structurally, the ridge is an eastward 
 extension of the Burlington Escarpment that contin- 
 ues into southern Missouri and northern Arkansas 
 (Madole et al. 1991). The Burlington Escarpment is 
 one of several west-facing Ozark Plateau cuestas 
 associated with a Precambrian-cored dome centered 
 in southeast Missouri. Doming, folding, and uplift 
 of the Ozark Plateau region occurred in response to 
 compressional forces that resulted from continental 
 collision at the end of the Paleozoic era (Madole et 
 al. 1991). In Monroe County, the northwest-trending 
 escarpment is an erosional remnant that is the result 
 of bisection by the Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers, 
 which caused its isolation from the rest of the cuesta 
 (Horberg 1950). Where the Mississippi River cuts 
 through the relatively resistant escarpment rocks, 
 the valley narrows in width from 11 to 3.5 miles 
 (17.7 to 5.6 km) (Yarbrough 1974). Locally, the 
 cuesta is flanked on the south by the Valmeyer 
 Anticline and Monroe City Syncline, which trend 
 northwest-southeast, and on the north by the Colum- 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Grand Prairie Division 
 
 a. Grand Prairie Section 
 
 b. Springfield Section 
 
 □ Upper Mississippi River and 
 Illinois River Bottomlands Division 
 
 linois River Section 
 b. Mississippi River Section 
 
 □ Illinois River and Mississippi 
 River Sand Areas Division 
 
 a. Illinois River Section 
 
 b. Mississippi River Section 
 
 n Western Forest-Prairie Division 
 a. Galesburg Section 
 b. Carlinville Section 
 
 Middle Mississippi Border Division 
 
 a. Glaciated Section 
 
 b. Driftless Section 
 
 Southern Till Plain Division 
 
 a. Effingham Plain Section 
 
 b. Mt Vernon Hill Country Section 
 
 Wabash Border Division 
 
 a. Bottomlands Section 
 
 b. Southern Uplands Section 
 
 Ozark Division 
 
 a. Northern Section 
 
 b. Central Section 
 
 c. Southern Section 
 
 Lower Mississippi River 
 Bottomlands Division 
 a. Northern Section 
 b Southern Section 
 
 Shawnee Hills Division 
 
 a. Greater Shawnee Hills Section 
 
 b. Lesser Shawnee Hills Section 
 
 Figure 2-1 . Physiographic Provinces of Southwestern Illinois (after Schwegman 1984). 
 
Chapter 2. Environmental Setting 
 
 bia Syncline and Waterloo-Dupo Anticline, which 
 trend north-south (Nelson 1995). These anticlines 
 and synclines formed during the same event as the 
 Ozark Dome and mark the western edge of the 
 Illinois Basin centered in southeastern Illinois. 
 
 Regionally, bedrock units dip to the east toward 
 the Illinois Basin and progressively decrease in age 
 eastward from the Precambrian-aged rocks of the 
 Ozark dome to the Illinois Basin where Pennsyl- 
 vanian-aged rocks subcrop. Relatively resistant 
 Mississippian-aged limestones of the Ste. Gene- 
 vieve, St. Louis, and Salem formations occur at or 
 near the surface in the western part of Monroe 
 County, and weaker Pennsylvanian-aged shales, 
 sandstones, and limestones are present in the eastern 
 part of the county. The boundary between the 
 Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks generally 
 coincides with the boundary of two physiographic 
 provinces, the glaciated Mount Vernon Hill Country 
 of the Till Plains section of the Central Lowlands 
 province on the east and the Salem Plateau section 
 of the Ozark Plateaus (Leighton et al. 1948) of the 
 Interior Highlands (Madole et al. 1991) on the west. 
 
 At least the eastern part of the county was glaci- 
 ated during the Illinoian; remnants of two Illinoian 
 moraines extend into the eastern part of the county 
 (Leighton et al. 1948). Reinertsen (1981) identified 
 thin Illinoian till exposed along Andy's Run, a creek 
 located about 9 km northeast of the Valmeyer relo- 
 cation parcel. Erdmann and Bauer (1993) interpret 
 diamicton in borings taken from the Valmeyer relo- 
 cation parcel as glacial till, although rock fragments 
 in these deposits consist only of locally derived 
 cherts; the lack of exotic clasts suggests that the 
 deposit is locally derived colluvium and not a till. 
 
 Surficial upland sediments in Monroe County 
 consist of Wisconsinan loess over thin Illinoian till, 
 pre-Wisconsinan colluvium, or Tertiary-Pleistocene 
 residuum. The loess consists of the late Wisconsinan 
 Peoria Loess over middle Wisconsinan Roxana Silt; 
 their combined thickness ranges from more than 100 
 ft (30.5 m) along the bluff to less than 10 ft (3.05 m) 
 
 in the eastern part of the county (Higgins 1987). 
 Upland borings from the Valmeyer relocation parcel 
 show approximately 12-13 ft (3.6-4.0 m) of Peoria 
 Loess and 14-17 ft (4.3-5.2 m) of Roxana Silt on 
 the higher parts of the land surface and thinner loess 
 in the sinkholes, which Erdmann and Bauer (1993) 
 attribute to subsurface erosion into the underlying 
 limestone fractures. The Roxana Silt contains three 
 color zones (r-1, r-2, r-3) in the Valmeyer area 
 (Erdmann and Bauer 1993); the age of the base of 
 the oldest zone, r-1, in southwestern Illinois is 
 estimated to be 45,000-50,000 B.P. and the r-2/r-3 
 boundary has been radiocarbon dated to 40,000 B.P. 
 (McKay 1986). The base of the overlying Peoria 
 Loess dates to 25,000 years ago (McKay 1986) and 
 deposition is estimated to have ceased about 13,000 
 years ago. Locally, there is no reported evidence of 
 a Holocene loess. 
 
 Topography 
 
 The present topography in Monroe County 
 reflects the preglacial topography since only a thin 
 drift cover was deposited due to glaciation (Horberg 
 1950). In the western part of the county, the topog- 
 raphy is strongly influenced by differences in 
 bedrock structure and lithology. The structurally 
 controlled Burlington Escarpment and Waterloo- 
 Dupo Anticline locally form prominent ridges. 
 These topographic highs are separated by a structur- 
 ally controlled topographic low associated with the 
 Columbia Syncline. Thick sequences of the karst- 
 forming Mississippian St. Louis, and, less impor- 
 tantly, Ste. Genevieve limestones occur at or near 
 the surface in the synclinal valley (Titus 1976) 
 whereas the older, nonkarst-forming Salem lime- 
 stone and older formations lie at or near the surface 
 along the adjacent ridge crests (Erdmann and Bauer 
 1993). Consequently, karst (sinkhole) topography is 
 dominant in the Columbia Syncline lowland [or 
 Waterloo Karst Plain (Titus 1976)] and becomes 
 relatively less important on the higher landscapes. 
 According to Titus (1976), the St. Louis limestone 
 in Monroe County contains about 75 sinkholes per 
 square mile, the Ste. Genevieve has about 30 per 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 square mile, and the Salem limestone has less than 
 one sinkhole per square mile. 
 
 Karstic conditions develop where dense, thinly 
 bedded, highly fractured, nonporous limestone 
 occurs at or near the surface in areas with sufficient 
 rainfall and where deeply entrenched valleys pro- 
 mote steep gradient groundwater flow (Jacobs 1971; 
 Odom et al. 1961). Concentrated percolation of 
 organic acid-rich surface waters into the joints 
 accelerates limestone dissolution and creates voids 
 (caves, sinks, caverns, etc.). Steep groundwater 
 gradients ensure maximal solutional activity by 
 promoting constant flow of carbon dioxide-rich 
 waters. Groundwater in western Monroe County has 
 a steep gradient due to the steep Mississippi River 
 tributary gradients of 30^40 ft (9.1-12.2 m) per mile 
 (Yarbrough 1974) and the entrenchment of major 
 streams in the Waterloo Karst Plain (Titus 1976). 
 
 Sinkhole development in Monroe County is 
 common in the St. Louis limestone because it is 
 thin-bedded, has low porosity, and is highly frac- 
 tured, possessing four, relatively closely spaced 
 joint patterns that strongly influence sinkhole 
 patterns (Titus 1976). The joints formed due to 
 stresses associated with warping of the Illinois 
 Basin at the end of the Paleozoic (Nelson 1995), 
 probably during the same event that caused doming 
 in the Ozarks and folding in Monroe County. Titus 
 (1976) hypothesizes that where the St. Louis lime- 
 stone is more than 200 ft (61 m) thick, as in the 
 Waterloo Karst Plain, groundwater flow is not 
 restricted, and subterranean solutional activity 
 occurs along joints and bedding planes. The result is 
 an integrated network of vertically and horizontally 
 oriented subsurface channels and cavities. Accord- 
 ing to Harris et al. (1977), there is a well-developed 
 subterranean drainage system in Monroe County. 
 Where the St. Louis limestone is less than 200 ft 
 thick (61 m), the underlying less permeable Salem 
 limestone is thought to function as an aquitard, 
 restricting subterranean flow along the Salem-St. 
 Louis contact. 
 
 Karstic areas in Monroe County cover 15,000 of 
 the county's 250,240 acres (Higgins 1987) and 
 contain sinkholes, disappearing streams, caves, and 
 springs (Harris et al. 1977). Caves, which occur 
 along the Mississippi bluff northeast of Valmeyer 
 are located about midway up the bluff, between 500 
 and 600 ft (152.4 and 182.9 m) asl. Three types of 
 sinkholes are identified in Monroe County by Titus 
 (1976): normal solutional, alluvial or drift, and 
 collapse. Approximately 75 percent of the sinkholes 
 in the county are classified as normal solutional 
 (Titus 1976). These types form when the ground 
 overlying solutionally enlarged joints and fissures 
 settles into the enlarged voids, creating closed 
 depressions that fill with alluvial and/or colluvial 
 sediments. Morphometrically, the normal solutional 
 dolines range from 10-3000 ft (3.05-914.4 m) in 
 diameter and 3-300 ft (1-91.4 m) in depth; they 
 have been described elsewhere as having gentle soil- 
 covered sides and flattish bottoms (Titus 1976). 
 Alluvial or drift dolines comprise about 20 percent 
 of the sinks in Monroe County (Titus 1976). These 
 form when sediment overlying enlarged joints 
 collapses into the void, creating a crater-like depres- 
 sion. The slopes of the sink, which are formed 
 entirely within the collapsed surficial sediment, 
 constantly change shape when not stabilized by 
 vegetation. Alluvial or drift sinks are much smaller 
 than normal solutional dolines and range from 
 20-30 ft (6-9 m) in diameter and 4-10 ft (1.2-3.1 
 m) in depth. Collapse dolines comprise less than one 
 percent of the county's sinkholes (Titus 1976). They 
 form due to near-surface collapse of cave roofs and 
 are most common near springs. Morphologically, 
 collapse sinks are oval to irregular in plan and 
 possess abrupt, steep-sided walls; they vary in size 
 from small to large and commonly have a high 
 depth to diameter ratio; the base of the sink typically 
 contains limestone blocks (roof fall). 
 
 Many of the sinks in Monroe County occur in the 
 Waterloo Karst Plain and appear to be most numer- 
 ous at elevations between 450 and 650 ft (137.2 and 
 198.1 m) asl. These elevations probably represent 
 the elevations of the St. Louis-Ste. Genevieve for- 
 
 Puhlic Service Archaeology Program 
 
( 'hapter .' Environmental Setting 
 
 mations. Erdmann and Bauer (1993) identified at 
 least 14 sinkholes in the uplands of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel; most of these sinks are oriented in 
 a linear pattern trending N10-15°E reflecting the 
 trend of underlying joints. According to Worthen 
 and Shaw (1873), the sinkholes in the county are 
 commonly 50 ft (15.2 m) or more deep and possess 
 open bottoms wherein water entering the sink drains 
 into underground caverns through fissures in the top 
 of the limestone. Occasionally the fissures become 
 clogged with sediment, and surface waters are then 
 ponded. Most of the sinkhole ponds, however, are 
 short-lived because clogging usually occurs above 
 the water table and removal of the temporary sedi- 
 ment plug results in rapid draining. Harris et al. 
 (1977) note that in Hardin County, Illinois, a 40- 
 acre pond in Big Sink disappeared overnight when 
 its sediment plug gave way. According to Bowman 
 (1907), ponded sinkholes are often drained by 
 farmers if the slopes are not too steep for cultiva- 
 tion. Sinkhole ponds are artificially drained through 
 deep trenches connecting adjacent sinkholes so that 
 the water in one sink drains into the other. Un- 
 drained sinks or dry sinks that are too steep for 
 cultivation are often vegetated on their sides and 
 bottom with trees and bushes. 
 
 Soils 
 
 More specifically, the soils in the project area are 
 classified in the Alford series. The Alford soil is a 
 Typic Hapludalfs, formed under natural forest 
 vegetation. Typically, Alford series soils are present 
 on ridge tops and side slopes and in areas of karst 
 topography. The most common soil type in the 
 project area is Alford silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes 
 while Alford silt loam, karst, and several Alford silt 
 loam subtypes commonly found on side slopes and 
 within sinkholes also are present. Several other 
 minor soil types are identified along the drainages 
 separating the knolls (Higgins 1987). The Alford 
 series soils typically have a 25-cm-thick brown silt 
 loam plow zone (Ap horizon) followed by an 18- 
 cm-thick dark brown silt loam Btl horizon, after 
 which is a 15-cm thick dark brown silty clay loam 
 Bt2 horizon (Higgins 1987). This general sequence 
 was observed throughout the project area, although 
 variations in the thickness of various horizons were 
 encountered. Processes of soil deposition also 
 differed in the sinkholes, due in part to post- 
 Euroamerican farming and subsequent erosion. 
 According to Higgins (1987), almost all of the more 
 gently sloped sinkholes are cultivated; in fact, some 
 sinkholes in the Valmeyer relocation parcel are 
 barely discernable because of increased infilling due 
 to agricultural practices (Erdmann and Bauer 1993). 
 
 Most of the soils in the Ozark Plateaus Province 
 consist of a deep loess with a thinner mantle along 
 the bluffs and in the interior ravines. In the project 
 area, between 150 and 300 inches (3.8 and 7.6 m) of 
 unconsolidated loess overlies bedrock. The soils in 
 the project area have been grouped into the Muren- 
 Alford association (Figure 2-2) (Higgins 1987). 
 Muren-Alford soils occur on ridges and dissected 
 side slopes with the ridges ranging from narrow to 
 wide and the slopes from steep to gently sloping. 
 These soils tend to be well- to moderately well- 
 drained and moderately permeable. Muren-Alford 
 association soils are silty and were formed in loess 
 (Higgins 1987). 
 
 Natural Setting 
 
 The Valmeyer area contains a number of physio- 
 graphic zones, each with different depositional 
 histories and environmental characteristics. The 
 project area is located in the northern section of the 
 Ozarks Division. Adjacent and to the west is the 
 northern section of the Lower Mississippi River 
 Bottomlands Division while to the east is the Mount 
 Vernon Hill Country section of the Southern Till 
 Plain Division (Schwegman 1984) (Figure 2-1). 
 These three zones were created by vastly different 
 physiographic processes. The alluvial floodplain of 
 the Mississippi River was formed by glacial flood 
 waters. In contrast, Willman and Frye (1970) iden- 
 tify a narrow, unglaciated band along the bluff. 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Area 
 
 1 - Muren-Alford Association 
 
 2 - Alford Association 
 
 3 - Seaton-Hickory-Eden Association \\ 
 
 4 - Blair-Marine Association 
 
 5 - Coulterville-Coulterville Variant Association <y. 
 
 6 - Colp-Hurst-Okaw Association '.#> 
 
 7 - Wakeland-Wilbur-Birds Association 
 
 8 - Fults-Ambraw-Riley Association 
 
 9 - Ambraw-Haynie Association 
 
 Figure 2-2. Soil Associations Present in Monroe County (after Higgins 1 987). 
 
 12 
 
Chapter 2 Environmental Setting 
 
 Finally, to the east is a glaciated till plain bounded 
 by the Glasford Formation. The Glasford Formation 
 forms the southern limit of continental glaciation in 
 the northern hemisphere and was created during the 
 Illinoian and Sangamonian stages of Pleistocene 
 glaciation with the deposits near Valmeyer most 
 likely originating from the Erie glacial lobe 
 (Willman and Frye 1970). 
 
 The Valmeyer project area is located in the 
 northern section of the Ozarks Division 
 (Schwegman 1984). The Ozarks Division in Illinois 
 is part of the Salem Plateau of the Ozarks uplift, an 
 area that was mainly forested, although hill prairies 
 also were present. Today, forests are still found 
 along the bluff edge, but much of the area has been 
 cleared for agricultural purposes (Higgins 1987). 
 The original forests were comprised of numerous 
 oak species, sugar maple, basswood, Ohio buckeye, 
 beech, and tulip tree. The distribution of these taxa 
 are highly dependent on soil moisture conditions. 
 The Ozarks Division also contains unique animal 
 and plant species, many of which are more com- 
 monly Ozarkian, southern, or southwestern, and are 
 rare or absent elsewhere in Illinois (Schwegman 
 1984). The topography of the Ozarks Division con- 
 sists of a dissected plateau with steep bluffs along 
 the Mississippi River. The bluffs are interrupted by 
 ravines and stream canyons and a well-developed 
 sinkhole plain topography (Schwegman 1984). 
 
 this section was forested with the remainder covered 
 by prairie. Forests were dominated by a number of 
 
 oak and hickory species. 
 
 Surface Drainage 
 
 Surface drainage in Monroe County consists of 
 a well-developed dendritic pattern in nonkarst 
 regions or in karst regions where streams are super- 
 imposed below karst-forming limestones, and a 
 karst drainage pattern characterized by disappearing 
 streams (e.g., in the Waterloo Karst Plain). The 
 upland ridges of the Valmeyer relocation parcel are 
 drained on the north, west, and south by relatively 
 short, straight, high gradient streams dissecting the 
 Mississippi bluff. North-flowing Bond Creek, 
 located about 2 km to the east of the project area, is 
 a major tributary of Fountain Creek, which is a 
 deeply entrenched meandering stream flowing 
 through the Waterloo Karst Plain. Bond Creek heads 
 into the nonkarst region along the crest of the 
 Burlington Escarpment and flows down the cuesta's 
 back slope. According to Titus (1976), the river is 
 entrenched into the top of the nonkarst-forming 
 Salem limestone, which explains its (and Fountain 
 Creek's) ability to maintain surface flow through a 
 highly karstic landscape. Stream flow is maintained 
 largely by surface runoff during the wetter parts of 
 the year and by groundwater discharge through 
 springs during drier seasons (Titus 1976). 
 
 To the west is the Mississippi River and its asso- 
 ciated floodplain, part of the northern section of the 
 Lower Mississippi River Bottomlands Division 
 (Schwegman 1984). The floodplain originally con- 
 tained wet and mesic prairies, marshes, and forests 
 along with meander scars and oxbow lakes created 
 by the meanderings of the Mississippi River. Flood- 
 plain forests included maple, ash, elm, honey locust, 
 sugar berry, and pecan trees. To the east of the 
 project area is the dissected Illinoian glacial till 
 plain of the Mount Vernon Hill Country section of 
 the Southern Till Plain Division (Schwegman 1984). 
 This section is characterized by hilly to rolling topo- 
 graphy with poor soils. Approximately 60 percent of 
 
 Climate 
 
 The modern climate in the Valmeyer area can be 
 characterized as continental, with cold winters and 
 hot summers. Temperature extremes range from a 
 daily average of 33° F in January to 76° F in July. 
 Precipitation averages just under 37 inches, with 60 
 percent of this total falling between April and 
 September, often in the form of thunderstorms 
 (Higgins 1987). This climatic regime stabilized 
 about 4000 B.P. (Delcourt and Delcourt 1985). Prior 
 to that, climate in the Valmeyer area changed a 
 number of times. Between 23,000 and 16,500 B.P., 
 the area had a boreal climate with abundant mois- 
 
 13 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Chen-iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 hire. During the next 4,000 years, between 16,500 
 and 12.500 B.P.. the climate was cool with in- 
 creased precipitation. From 12,500 to 8500 B.P., 
 encompassing the earliest human occupation of the 
 area, a warm temperate climate prevailed. The last 
 major climatic change to take place in the region 
 prior to the establishment of an essentially modern 
 pattern is known as the Hypsithermal Interval. The 
 Hypsithermal Interval, lasting between 8500 and 
 4000 B.P., is characterized by warmer and drier 
 conditions than those in the modern period. 
 
 Vegetation 
 
 The location of the project area suggests that the 
 prehistoric inhabitants would have been able to 
 exploit plant and animal resources located in the 
 uplands, along the bluff slopes, and in the floodplain 
 of the Mississippi River (Figure 2-3). Braun (1950) 
 includes the project area in the Western Mesophytic 
 Forest Region and more specifically in the Ozark 
 Hills Section. Vegetation in this section consists of 
 mixed mesophytic communities comprised of oak, 
 beech, maple, tulip, hickory, ash, and elm, among 
 others. The Mississippi River floodplain communi- 
 ties represent an extension northward of the South- 
 eastern Evergreen forests (Braun 1950). 
 
 Immediately prior to the establishment of mod- 
 ern floral communities, perhaps as early as 18,000 
 B.P., the project area was covered by a boreal forest 
 (Delcourt and Delcourt 1985). The floral commu- 
 nity most likely present at the time of the prehistoric 
 occupation of the project area is an oak-hickory 
 forest, which became established by approximately 
 1 8,000 B.P., although species composition probably 
 changed through time in response to changes in 
 climatic conditions (Delcourt and Delcourt 1985; 
 White et al. 1984). This forest was found from the 
 bluff edge to a distance of 6-20 km to the east. Up 
 to 90 percent of the trees consisted of either oak or 
 hickory, although smaller, specialized habitats, 
 including hill prairies, sinkholes, and limestone 
 glades, were interspersed. Importantly, this commu- 
 nity could have provided the prehistoric inhabitants 
 
 with an abundance of nuts to harvest. Beyond the 
 oak-hickory forest to the east was the prairie, domi- 
 nated by grasses, shrubs, and forbs. Prairies were 
 established in Illinois between ca. 8500 and 5500 
 B.P., due in part to the warming and drying associ- 
 ated with the Hypsithermal Interval (Holloway and 
 Bryant 1985). Closer to the project area, to the west, 
 were several floodplain and bluff-slope floral com- 
 munities. On the floodplain proper, communities 
 included river edge, bottomland forests, lakes, 
 sloughs, ponds, and prairies. The bluff slopes and 
 stream drainages contained both floodplain and up- 
 land species. More detailed information on these 
 communities can be found in Gregg (1975), Hus 
 (1908), Mohlenbrock and Voigt (1959), Shelford 
 (1963), Telford (1927), Welch (1975), and Zawacki 
 and Hausfater (1969). 
 
 United States Government Land Office (GLO) 
 survey notes dating 1810 and maps dating 1836 and 
 1840 are in general agreement with the modern 
 characterization of the Valmeyer area vegetation 
 and environment. Survey notes describe the sections 
 within which the project is located as hilly with 
 third-rate timber, evidently mostly consisting of 
 oaks and shrubs, although hickory and locust are 
 also mentioned (Illinois Historical Survey [IHS], 
 microfilm copy of Illinois Land Records, Illinois 
 Field Notes Vols. 12, 39, and 58). The maps also 
 depict the presence of floodplain lakes and two 
 floodplain prairies to the southwest of the project 
 area (IHS, microfilm copy of Illinois Land Records, 
 Illinois Township Plats Vol. 32:56-57) (Figure 2-4). 
 The floodplain is characterized as a generally rich 
 bottom. 
 
 Fauna 
 
 Faunal resources also can be grouped by habitat 
 zones (White et al. 1984). To the west of the project 
 area in the Mississippi River floodplain were 
 aquatic-marsh, forest, and prairie habitats while the 
 bluff crest would have been dominated by forests. 
 To the east, prairie habitats were increasingly com- 
 mon. Within this mosaic of animal habitats, edges, 
 
 Public Sen-'ice Archaeology Program 
 
 14 
 
Figure 2-3. Distribution of Major Plant Communities of Southwestern Illinois (after Anderson 1970). 
 
 15 
 
16 
 
C 'hupter 2. l-lm 
 
 mtal Setting 
 
 or transition zones between different habitats, would 
 have been common. The aquatic-marsh habitat 
 would have provided access to many fish species, 
 amphibians, turtles, waterfowl, wading birds, and 
 semiaquatic mammals including beaver, mink, 
 muskrat, and river otter. Forest zones contained a 
 number of mammal species, most importantly 
 white-tailed deer, but also raccoon, wolf, fox, black 
 bear, squirrels, opossum, and smaller rodents. Birds 
 present would have included turkey, passenger 
 pigeon, and a number of species of raptors and 
 smaller birds. Finally, the prairies to the east and 
 along the Mississippi River bottoms were inhabited 
 by such species as badger, coyote, wolf, and smaller 
 rodents along with box turtle and prairie chicken. 
 Detailed modern inventories offish species can be 
 found in Pflieger (1975) and Smith (1979) and of 
 mammals in Hoffmeister (1989). 
 
 Overview 
 
 The environmental setting of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel is predictable in terms of accessi- 
 bility to various natural resources. Its location 
 provides access to a number of different environ- 
 mental zones, each with a somewhat different suite 
 of resources. Perhaps two of the more important 
 zones would have been the Mississippi River flood- 
 plain and the upland forests. The floodplain pro- 
 vided access to fish, migratory waterfowl, and 
 various aquatic plant species. The upland forests 
 were important for their stands of nut-bearing trees 
 and the presence of deer and other smaller mam- 
 mals. Equally important were the drainages that led 
 down to the Mississippi River floodplain, containing 
 exposed outcrops of chert nodules that were used to 
 make a variety of stone tools. Access to each of 
 these resource zones would have been a factor in 
 site location. Finally, one aspect of site location, a 
 lesson learned during 1993, is that the project area 
 provided a safe haven from the periodic flooding of 
 the Mississippi River. 
 
 17 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
CHAPTER 3. 
 CULTURAL SETTING 
 
 Monroe County is located in one of the richest 
 archaeological regions of North America. The 
 wealth of the archaeological record in the American 
 Bottom region has long been recognized in the 
 archaeological community. The Native American 
 communities in this area were described as early as 
 the seventeenth century by European explorers, and 
 archaeological commentary began early in the 
 nineteenth century (Bushnell 1904, 1922; Fowler 
 1989). While much of the archaeological attention 
 was focused on sites in Madison County to the 
 north, significant Monroe County sites such as 
 Lunsford-Pulcher also are noted by the nineteenth 
 century (Fowler 1969). Sites from all major tempo- 
 ral periods defined for the Midwest (Griffin 1952, 
 1967, 1978; Stoltman 1978) have been identified in 
 Monroe County, although most of the known sites 
 date to the later prehistoric and historic periods. For 
 a detailed discussion of the cultural chronology in 
 this region, the reader is directed to several compre- 
 hensive overviews (Bareis and Porter 1984; Fowler 
 1989; Fowler and Hall 1978; Kelly 1990a, 1990b). 
 
 The wealth of data from the American Bottom 
 region, much of which have been generated from 
 projects conducted for compliance with historic 
 preservation legislation, has been used to develop a 
 detailed chronology for the American Bottom, par- 
 ticularly for the later prehistoric period. This chro- 
 nology is presented in Figure 3-1 . 
 
 To date, more than 900 sites in Monroe County 
 have been recorded formally with the Illinois Ar- 
 chaeological Survey, representing continuous hu- 
 man occupation of the area for more than 1 0,000 
 years. A number of major reconnaissance surveys 
 (e.g., Ahler 1984; Conrad 1966; Iseminger and 
 McNerney 1973; Kelly et al. 1979; Kuttruff 1969; 
 Linder et al. 1975) have been conducted as have 
 excavations (e.g., Esarey and Moffat 1980; Finney 
 1985; Fortier, Emerson, and Finney 1984; Fowler 
 1959; Kuttruff 1972). Each of the cultural periods 
 
 recognized in the region is briefly summarized 
 below. 
 
 Paleoindian Period 
 
 The Paleoindian period, defined is southwestern 
 Illinois as pre- 10,500 B.P., is the earliest known 
 occupation in the Midwest. The adaptive patterns 
 identified in this region resemble those of other 
 areas of North America. During the terminal Pleisto- 
 cene, subsistence was based on a mobile pattern of 
 hunting and gathering with apparent concentration 
 on large game animals. Site occupations are be- 
 lieved to have been of limited duration, resulting in 
 an archaeological record consisting of small, shal- 
 low lithic scatters. Few in situ Paleoindian remains 
 have been identified in this part of Illinois, and most 
 research has been limited to surface scatters of 
 lithics. Paleoindian sites in southwest Illinois tend to 
 be surface scatters located in the uplands and on old 
 river terraces, although a few cave and rockshelter 
 sites also are known (Webb et al. 1989). Based on 
 the analysis of numerous Paleoindian projectile 
 point finds, Munson (1985) has proposed a tripartite 
 division of the Paleoindian period. The earliest 
 portion of this period, Clovis, is dated between 
 12,000 and 11,000 B.P. and is followed by 
 Folsom/Cumberland, 1 1,000-10,500 B.P., and final- 
 ly by Piano, 11,000-9000 B.P. In general, Paleo- 
 indian sites in Illinois are found in upland settings 
 and are multicomponent. Ten sites with Paleoindian 
 components are recorded for Monroe County (Wiant 
 1993). Two recently excavated sites in Jersey 
 County, Illinois, and the Kimmswick site in Jeffer- 
 son County, Missouri, provide detailed data on 
 Clovis-age occupations in this portion of the Missis- 
 sippi River valley. The Bostrom site, located on a 
 narrow upland ridge spur in Jersey County, Illinois, 
 represents perhaps the only in situ Clovis site in 
 southwest Illinois. The excavations at Bostrom 
 revealed two shallow basins, likely hearths, a large 
 bathtub-shaped pit, and a concentration of sand- 
 
 19 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Present 
 B.P 100 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 600 
 
 700 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 1100 
 
 1200 
 
 1300 
 
 1400 
 
 1500 
 
 1600 
 
 1700 
 
 1800 
 
 1 900 
 
 2000 
 
 2 1 00 
 
 2200 
 
 2300 
 
 2400 
 
 2500 
 
 2600 
 
 Period 
 
 Phase 
 
 
 Historic 
 
 American 
 
 Colonial 
 
 Oneota 
 
 Vulcan 
 
 Mississippian 
 
 Sand Prairie 
 
 Moorehead 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Lohman 
 
 Lindhorst 
 
 Emergent 
 Mississippian 
 
 Edelhardtx 
 
 Lindeman 
 
 -X 
 
 i- 
 =) 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 Merrell cr 
 
 George Reeves 
 
 Loyd z 
 
 Range 
 
 Collinsville 
 
 Dohack 
 
 Late 
 Woodland 
 
 .Sponemann; 
 Patrick 
 
 Mund 
 
 Rosewood 
 
 Middle 
 Woodland 
 
 Hill Lake 
 
 Holding 
 
 Cement Hollow 
 
 Early 
 Woodland 
 
 Columbia Complex 
 
 * * * « . ^ Florence 
 Carr Creek 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Period 
 
 Phase 
 
 B.P. 2500 
 
 
 
 3000 
 
 
 Prairie Lake 
 
 3500 
 
 Labras Lake 
 
 
 
 Mule Road 
 
 
 
 4000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Titterington 
 
 4500 
 
 
 
 Late 
 
 
 
 Archaic 
 
 Falling Springs 
 
 5500 
 
 
 
 6000 
 
 
 
 6500 
 
 Nochta 
 
 7000 
 
 
 7500 
 
 Middle 
 
 
 8000 
 
 Archaic 
 
 
 
 
 8500 
 
 
 
 9000 
 
 
 
 9500 
 
 Early 
 Archaic 
 
 
 10000 
 
 
 
 10500 
 
 Dalton 
 
 
 
 
 11000 
 
 
 
 11500 
 
 
 
 12000 
 
 Paleoindian 
 
 
 
 
 
 Figure 3-1 . American Bottom Chronology (after Bareis and Porter 1984; Fortier 1996). 
 
 20 
 
Chapter 3. Cultural Setting 
 
 stone. Associated with these features were two 
 Clovis point bases, 39 fluted bifaces, diagnostic 
 Clovis prismatic blades, and end and side scrapers. 
 Significantly, more than 50 percent of the lithic 
 assemblage is composed of nonlocal materials. The 
 Ready/Lincoln Hills site, also located in Jersey 
 County, is a repeatedly occupied Clovis lithic 
 workshop. Situated on a high plateau between two 
 small streams, the site produced 223 fluted bifaces 
 along with a large number of broken preforms and 
 lithic debitage (Tankersley and Morrow 1993). 
 Kimmswick, located approximately 32 km south of 
 St. Louis, is located at the base of a bluff in a small 
 tributary valley within a karstic setting. Clovis 
 projectile points have been recovered from the site 
 in direct association with Pleistocene fauna includ- 
 ing mastodon, peccary, and ground sloth. Additional 
 faunal remains from the site include white-tailed 
 deer, fish, reptiles, and small mammals (Graham et 
 al. 1981). The Bostrom, Ready/Lincoln Hills and 
 Kimmswick sites indicate that at least three site 
 types were utilized in southwest Illinois during the 
 Paleoindian period: kill sites, represented by 
 Kimmswick; habitation sites such as Bostrom; and 
 lithic workshops such as Ready/Lincoln Hills 
 (Tankersley and Morrow 1993). Human populations 
 were highly mobile during the Paleoindian period as 
 reflected in exotic cherts and flints recovered from 
 Paleoindian sites. This high degree of mobility is 
 likely a result of the focus on large, herding mam- 
 mals as the primary subsistence target, although the 
 absence of subsistence remains from Paleoindian 
 sites in Illinois makes this a less than certain as- 
 sumption. 
 
 A transitional Paleoindian/Early Archaic com- 
 plex, Dalton, has been defined in the midcontinent 
 that dates from 10,500 to 9850 B.P. (Goodyear 
 1974; Morse and Morse 1983). The differences 
 between preceding Paleoindian and Dalton occupa- 
 tions are slight, and have been based on the presence 
 of the Dalton projectile point and the Dalton adze as 
 diagnostic of the latter. In general, the lithic assem- 
 blages, excluding projectile points, are nearly 
 identical between Paleoindian and Dalton sites, and 
 
 both periods are characterized by generalized lithic 
 tool assemblages (Goodyear 1982; Morse 1976). 
 Groups during this period are believed to have been 
 the first to adapt to postglacial environmental 
 conditions (Muller 1986). A Dalton phase compo- 
 nent has been identified at the Nochta site, 
 1 IMS 128, located on the American Bottom flood- 
 plain in Madison County, Illinois (Higgins 1990). At 
 Nochta, Dalton projectile points and adzes were 
 recovered along with other diagnostic Dalton lithic 
 artifacts such as large flake knives and steeply 
 retouched end scrapers. Three features, two pits and 
 a large hearth, contained Dalton diagnostics, and 
 nearby features without diagnostic artifacts also may 
 be associated with the undated Dalton component at 
 the site. The Dalton occupation at Nochta is inter- 
 preted as representing a residential base camp on the 
 basis of a range of tool types including Dalton adzes 
 and projectile points, knives, and a variety of flake 
 tools (Higgins 1990:52-57). 
 
 Archaic Period 
 
 The Early (9900-8000 B.P.), Middle (8000-5000 
 B.P.), and Late (5000-2600 B.P.) Archaic periods in 
 the American Bottom region include a span of time 
 noted for substantial climatic, environmental, and 
 cultural changes. Recognized time-transgressive 
 trends during the nearly 7,000-year Archaic period 
 include increased population density in certain 
 environmental settings, evidence of growing seden- 
 tism and intensified subsistence activities, growing 
 horticultural activities involving several native plant 
 taxa, increasing evidence for growing gender and 
 status differentiation, development of long-distance, 
 interregional exchange, and regional divergence of 
 material culture (Brown 1985; Brown and Vierra 
 1983; Jefferies 1995). 
 
 Early Archaic Period 
 
 Sites dating to the Early Archaic are similar in 
 nature to those of the Paleoindian period, reflecting 
 a system of regular movement from one area to 
 
 21 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 another (Muller 1986). These temporary encamp- 
 ments have been termed base camps and hunting 
 camps, which, in Binford's ( 1 980) settlement classi- 
 fication scheme, define a residentially mobile pat- 
 tern where a group has no fixed residence, but shifts 
 camp frequently in pursuit of subsistence and 
 material resources. Ahler (1984) argues that the 
 Early Archaic settlement strategy in the American 
 Bottom region was one based on residential mobil- 
 ity, which Binford (1980) associates with foraging 
 strategies. Early Archaic period sites, as recognized 
 by diagnostic projectile points, are well-represented 
 in surface collections from southwest Illinois, 
 particularly from upland locations. Projectile points 
 characteristic of this period in the midcontinent 
 include Agate Basin, Kirk Cluster, Hardin Barbed 
 Cluster, MacCorkle Stemmed, and Thebes Cluster 
 varieties (Justice 1987; Vickery and Litfin 1994). 
 Other tools associated with these points include 
 blades, chipped-stone adzes, various scrapers, drills, 
 and gravers; no ground or polished tools have been 
 recovered. There is little evidence for specialized 
 hunting of particular game species or concentration 
 on specific habitats. The Early Archaic adaptation 
 has been characterized as generalized in that a wide 
 range of potential subsistence resources was used 
 (Meltzer and Smith 1986). This period probably 
 reflects the initiation of adaptive strategies to post- 
 glacial environments that were beginning to take on 
 a more modern character. 
 
 Two sites in the American Bottom region, 
 Modoc Rock Shelter, 11R5, and the Nochta site, 
 1 IMS 128, contain Early Archaic components that 
 have been the subject of archaeological investiga- 
 tion. At Modoc, which is located at the base of the 
 eastern Mississippi River valley bluffs in Randolph 
 County, Illinois, the earliest evidence of human 
 habitation dates to the Early Archaic period; several 
 radiocarbon age determinations predate 9000 B.P. 
 (Fowler 1959; Styles et al. 1983). Artifacts from 
 these early occupations include lanceolate and 
 stemmed projectile points, chert choppers, scrapers, 
 and perforators. Subsistence remains from the Early 
 Archaic occupations at the site include both floral 
 
 and faunal remains. The floral assemblage suggests 
 a foraging pattern of exploitation that included nuts, 
 primarily black walnut and pecan, and other plants 
 represented by the presence of a few seeds. Faunal 
 remains recovered from Early Archaic strata at 
 Modoc represent the exploitation of numerous small 
 mammal species rather than large mammals such as 
 deer, and both backwater and main channel fish 
 taxa. Overall, the Early Archaic remains are inter- 
 preted as the result of successive, short-term use of 
 the rockshelter (Styles et al. 1983). At Nochta, 
 located in the American Bottom, a large number of 
 diagnostic Early Archaic projectile point types that 
 date between 10,500 and 8,000 B.P. have been 
 recovered These projectile points including Agate 
 Basin, Kirk, St. Albans, Thebes, Hardin Barbed, 
 MacCorkle, and other Early Archaic types, were not 
 associated with distinct cultural features. The lack of 
 good context for these finds and no associated Early 
 Archaic radiocarbon dates at Nochta do not permit 
 a more detailed examination of Early Archaic 
 presence and adaptation in the American Bottom to 
 be formulated at this time. 
 
 Middle Archaic Period 
 
 Environmental conditions during the Middle 
 Archaic period, 8000-5000 B.P., became similar to 
 those of today following the close of the Hypsi- 
 thermal Interval at about 6000 B.P. This period of 
 climatic warming and drying led to the extension of 
 the prairie/forest ecotone eastward into Illinois 
 between 8000 and 6000 B.P., followed by an expan- 
 sion of forest cover after about 4000 B.P. Other 
 effects attributed to the Hypsithermal Interval 
 include increased aggradation of major river valleys, 
 development of extensive colluvial fans at the valley 
 margins resulting from increased rates of upland 
 erosion, development of backwater lake and swamp 
 habitats within the major river valleys, and the 
 possible degradation of interfluvial vegetative cover 
 in upland areas (Asch et al. 1972; Bettis and Hajic 
 1995; Deevey and Flint 1957; Holloway and Bryant 
 1985). The Middle Archaic represents an important 
 period of cultural adaptation and transition between 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
< 'hapter 3. I 'ultural Setting 
 
 the preceding Early Archaic period, characterized 
 by highly mobile hunting and gathering adaptations, 
 and the succeeding Late Archaic period, within 
 which increasingly sedentary lifeways become 
 apparent throughout portions of the Midwest. 
 Middle Archaic sites are generally larger and more 
 intensively occupied than Early Archaic sites, and 
 site locational data suggest a shift to river valleys 
 from upland settings, possibly a response to the 
 drier conditions of the Hypsithermal (Cobb and 
 Jefferies 1982; Emerson et al. 1986). These sites 
 also reveal an increasing focus on a narrower spec- 
 trum of locally available resources and diversifica- 
 tion of tool types including ground and polished 
 stone tools. Diagnostic Middle Archaic projectile 
 point styles include side-notched, stemmed, and 
 corner-notched forms, although the side-notched 
 varieties predominate. Named Middle Archaic side- 
 notched points include types such as Godar, Big 
 Sandy, Brannon, Faulkner, and Matanzas. Interpre- 
 tations of the Middle Archaic period in the Ameri- 
 can Bottom region are based almost exclusively on 
 the investigations conducted at Modoc Rock Shelter 
 and Nochta, each of which has been discussed above 
 in relation to their Early Archaic components. 
 
 The Middle Archaic occupations at Modoc Rock 
 Shelter date between 8000 and 5000 B.P. and 
 include a variety of features including pits, post 
 molds, and hearths. The lithic assemblage contains 
 a broad variety of formal tools and a high frequency 
 of bifacial thinning flakes, suggesting tool mainte- 
 nance and curation were undertaken during the 
 period of site use. The floral assemblage includes a 
 high percentage of hickory nutshell and a low 
 incidence of seeds in contrast to the Early Archaic 
 focus on black walnut and pecan. Faunal remains 
 again indicate a focus on small mammals and a 
 strong emphasis on aquatic species including fish, 
 crayfish, and mussels. During the Middle Archaic 
 period, Modoc is interpreted as a series of base 
 camps that were occupied for longer periods than 
 during the Early Archaic (Ahler 1993; Fowler 1959; 
 Styles et al. 1983). The use of Modoc as a base 
 camp during the Middle Archaic may be an indica- 
 
 tion of the desire to locate base settlements in 
 physiographic settings with ready access to a variety 
 of distinct habitats including aquatic and riparian 
 floodplain zones, valley margin forests, and upland 
 forest/prairie ecotone habitats. 
 
 The Middle Archaic occupation at Nochta 
 represents a repeatedly occupied field camp for a 
 logistically organized group of collectors (Higgins 
 1990). Radiocarbon dates from four features range 
 between 6890 and 6180 B.P. The Middle Archaic 
 component is associated with 220 features, which 
 include single and multiple-zoned basins, flat- 
 bottomed pits, a bell-shaped pit, rock clusters, and 
 a large rectangular basin interpreted as a residential 
 structure. The lithic assemblage is composed pri- 
 marily of small, side-notched points classified as 
 Robinson and lacks other types of bifacial tools. 
 Expedient flake tools, early-stage lithic reduction 
 debris, cobble tools, and wedges {pieces esquillees) 
 are common in the lithic assemblage. The subsis- 
 tence data from the site are limited to botanical 
 remains, which are dominated by hickory nutshell, 
 with some acorn and walnut present in small 
 amounts. The Nochta site is believed to have func- 
 tioned within a logistically organized settlement 
 system as a field camp from which a relatively 
 restricted range of activities was undertaken during 
 the Middle Archaic. The Nochta Middle Archaic 
 component is viewed as an equivalent to the Helton 
 phase as defined in the lower Illinois River valley 
 (Brown and Vierra 1983). 
 
 Late Archaic Period 
 
 Late Archaic sites are more numerous and better 
 documented in the American Bottom region than 
 those of preceding periods. This period, dating 
 between 5000 and 2600 B.P., has the first docu- 
 mented evidence for extensive and intensive occu- 
 pation of the American Bottom floodplain (Emerson 
 et al. 1986). In general, Late Archaic sites in the 
 region show evidence of increased reliance on 
 cultivated crops including both squash and bottle 
 gourd, intensive collection of nut crops and mussels, 
 
 23 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project 0\er\-iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 growing indications of social stratification, and 
 participation in interregional exchange networks. 
 These patterns are similar to those identified else- 
 where in the eastern United States and have been 
 characterized as the apex of the so-called primary 
 forest efficiency model discussed by Caldwell 
 (1958; see also Jefferies 1995; Winters 1974). 
 
 At present, four site types are recognized in the 
 American Bottom region for the Late Archaic 
 period — base locales, base camps, residential 
 extractive camps, and extractive loci — which are 
 defined on the basis of sedentary versus mobile 
 settlement, size of site area, and diversity of the 
 artifact assemblage (Emerson et al. 1986). Base 
 locales are large sites containing a high density of 
 artifacts of diverse function. These sites are believed 
 to have been the result of long-term occupation of 
 the locality by a large population. Base locales may 
 be further subdivided into a number of specialized 
 activity areas that include ritual/ceremonial areas, 
 habitation areas, activity or specialized task areas, 
 and possibly burial areas. This site type represents 
 the most intense Archaic period occupation on the 
 American Bottom. The next largest site in this 
 typology is the base camp, characterized by a 
 diverse assemblage, medium to large site area, and 
 evidence for a variety of domestic activities that are 
 undertaken for a substantial portion of the year. 
 Residential extractive camps are smaller sites with 
 evidence for specialized activities within a larger 
 assemblage. The specialized nature of this site type 
 may be reflected in the preponderance of a particu- 
 lar feature or artifact type. Such sites are interpreted 
 to be the result of short duration occupations fo- 
 cused on nut processing, fishing, or other special- 
 ized tasks. The smallest site type, the extractive loci, 
 are characterized by very limited artifact assem- 
 blages and general lack of structural features such as 
 pits. These sites likely were used by specific por- 
 tions of a larger population for limited periods of 
 time (Emerson et al. 1986:250-25 1 ). 
 
 Five phases have been defined for the Late 
 Archaic period in the American Bottom. The Falling 
 
 Springs phase, 500(M300 B.P., is defined by the 
 presence of slightly side-notched projectile point 
 forms similar to Matanzas points in the lower 
 Illinois River valley. The McLean site, 11S640, 
 located on the bluff crest above the American 
 Bottom in St. Clair County, Illinois, represents the 
 only excavated Falling Springs site in the region. At 
 McLean, a large number of morphologically similar 
 pit features were exposed and excavated along the 
 crest of a north/south-trending ridge. Faunal materi- 
 als were absent from the pits, and the floral assem- 
 blage is composed almost entirely of nut shell and 
 wood charcoal. Lithic tools include expanding- 
 stemmed projectile points and a large number of 
 hafted scrapers manufactured on reworked projectile 
 points. The site has been interpreted as representing 
 a specialized nutting camp (McElrath 1986; 
 McElrath et al. 1984) and would be categorized as 
 a residential extractive camp using the typology of 
 Emerson etal. (1986). 
 
 Following the Falling Springs phase is the 
 Titterington phase, 4200-3700 B.P., which has been 
 recognized in Illinois and Missouri by a complex of 
 distinctive hafted bifaces, including Etley, Wadlow, 
 and Sedalia types, and a similarly distinctive chert 
 gouge (Clear Creek gouge) (Cook 1986; McElrath 
 1993). The Go-Kart North site (11M0552N) in 
 Monroe County is the only major Titterington phase 
 site excavated in the American Bottom (Fortier 
 1984). The Go-Kart North site is situated on the 
 outer cutbank of the Hill Lake meander scar, which 
 was an active channel of the Mississippi River 
 during the period of occupation at the site. The 
 cultural features at Go-Kart North have been divided 
 into four spatially discrete occupational units, each 
 of which is in turn subdivided into identifiable pit 
 clusters. The subdivisions are interpreted as repre- 
 senting socially defined groups, possible extended 
 families, or task-specific work groups. The overall 
 structure of the site, however, suggests that its final 
 form reflects the presence of a number of extended 
 family groups spread out in linear fashion along the 
 river channel rather than a planned community 
 pattern. Subsistence data are poorly represented at 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 24 
 
Chapter 3. I 'ulliiral Setting 
 
 Go-Kart North, but nutshell, primarily hickory and 
 walnut, and at least 10 taxa of seeds are present 
 along with deer, fish, and bird remains. The recov- 
 ery of numerous grinding stones, however, suggests 
 that plant foods were important components of the 
 diet. The Go-Kart North site is interpreted as a base 
 camp for a population of Late Archaic residents on 
 the basis of the diverse tool assemblage and avail- 
 able subsistence data (Fortier 1984; McElrath et al. 
 1984). 
 
 The Labras Lake phase, 3700-3200 B.P., follows 
 the Titterington phase. The Labras Lake phase is 
 characterized by small, side-notched projectile 
 points that resemble those recovered from Riverton 
 culture sites in the Wabash River drainage (Winters 
 1969). The Labras Lake site (1 1S299), located on 
 the American Bottom floodplain along the margin 
 of Labras Lake, revealed the initial evidence for 
 Archaic period structures in the American Bottom. 
 Another characteristic of the Labras Lake phase 
 occupation at the site is the presence of a number of 
 exotic materials such as galena, hematite, and 
 nonlocal cherts. The eight structures identified in 
 the Labras Lake component are located in two 
 distinct occupation areas dating to the Late Archaic. 
 Each of these occupation areas contained one large 
 structure with internal features and dark organic 
 staining and smaller structures. Subsistence data 
 indicate that nuts provided a major portion of the 
 plant foods consumed at the site. Bone preservation 
 was poor, but deer and elk were present in addition 
 to a large amount of unidentified bone fragments. 
 The Labras Lake site is thought to represent a 
 permanent or semipermanent year-round occupation 
 and has been characterized as an example of a base 
 locale within the model proposed by Emerson et al. 
 (1986). The diverse tool assemblage, ready access to 
 rich floodplain habitats, and the lack of large Late 
 Archaic bluff crest site nearby are all offered as 
 support for this interpretation (McElrath 1984). 
 
 The terminal Late Archaic phase defined for the 
 American Bottom is the Prairie Lake phase, 
 3200-2600 B.P. Diagnostic artifacts of this phase 
 
 include straight to moderately expanding-stemmed 
 points with barbs which are classified as Dyroff and 
 Mo-Pac points (McElrath et al. 1984). Excavated 
 Prairie Lake phase components on the American 
 Bottom are present at the Missouri Pacific #2 site 
 (1 1S46) (McElrath and Fortier 1983), the Dyroff- 
 Levin site (1 1S463) (Emerson 1984), and the Range 
 site (1 1S47) (Kelly et al. 1987) . At the Missouri 
 Pacific #2 site located along the Prairie Lake mean- 
 der scar, 845 subsurface features dating to the Late 
 Archaic were excavated including 599 pits, 196 
 cultural stains, two possible structures, a tool cache, 
 and several post molds. The possible structures 
 include an oval pattern of post molds, 1 1 m in 
 length, and a shallow rectangular basin that is 2.5-x- 
 1 .5 m in extent. At Dyroff- Levin, 3 1 8 features were 
 assigned to the Late Archaic period including 250 
 pits. Few artifacts were associated with the Dyroff- 
 Levin pit clusters, making their functions difficult to 
 infer. Machine stripping of the plow zone and 
 subsequent excavation of cultural features at both 
 Missouri Pacific #2 and Dyroff-Levin revealed only 
 a portion of the site area represented at these two 
 sites. The intensity of Late Archaic occupation 
 along the Prairie Lake meander scar with numerous 
 overlapping and superimposed features makes 
 characterization of the settlement type difficult at 
 these sites. It is significant, however, that much of 
 the Prairie Lake meander margins were the focus of 
 Late Archaic period settlement. As with the preced- 
 ing Late Archaic phases, subsistence data are lim- 
 ited to mainly nutshell with deer, fish, and bird 
 elements represented in the poorly preserved faunal 
 assemblage. 
 
 A recently defined Late Archaic phase, the Mule 
 Road phase, has been proposed by McElrath (1993) 
 as dating between 3900 and 3550 B.P. The Mule 
 Road phase has been identified at the George 
 Reeves site, 11S650, on the basis of distinctive 
 large-bladed, contracting-stemmed bifaces that 
 previously had been assigned to the Titterington 
 phase. The Mule Road phase artifact assemblage, 
 especially the contracting-stemmed Mule Road 
 projectile points, is similar to Ledbetter phase 
 
 25 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
yect Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 materials defined in Tennessee and is currently 
 viewed as representing the migration of a population 
 or populations into the American Bottom from the 
 south via the Mississippi River valley from an 
 ultimate source in the lower Tennessee River valley 
 (McElrath 1993:154). At present little else can be 
 said to further define the Mule Road phase in the 
 American Bottom. 
 
 Woodland Period 
 
 The Early (2600-2100 B.P.), Middle 
 (2100-1650 B.P.), and Late (1650-1150 B.P.) 
 Woodland periods mark a significant increase in 
 cultural diversification in the American Bottom 
 region. The appearance of thick, grit-tempered 
 ceramics in the Early Woodland and later appear- 
 ance of specific ceramic attributes are the principal 
 criteria by which these periods are defined. The 
 trends first identified during the Late Ar- 
 chaic — emerging social stratification, population 
 increase, economic complexity, technological inno- 
 vation, development of exchange networks, and 
 agricultural intensification — continued and intensi- 
 fied. However, the initial Early and Middle Wood- 
 land occupations of the American Bottom are 
 generally small, short-term camps with limited 
 artifact assemblages that contrast sharply with the 
 extensive and intensive sites of the preceding Late 
 Archaic period. In addition, the Early and Middle 
 Woodland sites are located along low marsh and 
 lake edges and on sandy floodplain ridges. No 
 longer are the more stable clay meander scar banks 
 or talus slope settings the focus of occupation as 
 they were in the Late Archaic period (Fortier, 
 Emerson, and Finney 1984). 
 
 Early Woodland Period 
 
 The Early Woodland period in the American 
 Bottom is distinguished from the preceding Late 
 Archaic by the addition of thick, grit-tempered 
 ceramics and weak-shouldered Kramer projectile 
 points to the material inventory and, as mentioned 
 
 above, by noticeable shifts in settlement location 
 and organization away from the Late Archaic 
 pattern. Three phases have been recognized in the 
 American Bottom for the Early Woodland. Carr 
 Creek is the initial phase, dating between 2600 and 
 2300 B.P., and it is characterized by Marion Thick 
 pottery and Kramer projectile points. Carr Creek 
 phase sites are well-represented in northern Monroe 
 County including the Jean Rita, Carbon Dioxide 
 (11M0594), and Carbon Monoxide (11M0593) 
 sites (Linder 1974; Finney 1985; Fortier 1985). Carr 
 Creek phase occupations are considered to be an 
 American Bottom representation of the Marion 
 phase as defined in the lower Illinois River valley 
 (Emerson and Fortier 1986). The distribution of 
 Carr Creek phase sites appears to reach its southern 
 limit in the American Bottom region in northern 
 Monroe County (Fortier, Emerson, and Finney 
 1984). At the Jean Rita site, artifacts were recovered 
 from a midden deposit within a habitation area 
 estimated at 10,800 in 2 located along a meander 
 ridge in a former floodplain marsh or lake setting. 
 Lithic debris included the aforementioned Kramer 
 points, crude knives and scrapers, and several 
 lamellar flakes. Marion Thick ceramic vessels, 
 including one nearly complete pot, were recovered 
 as well. Few details regarding the settlement system 
 or site placement are available at present for the 
 Carr Creek phase, but in general, the sites of this 
 period are situated along low marsh or lake margins. 
 Upland sites dating to this period are known from 
 the east of the main valley where they are located in 
 aquatic or riverine habitats (Emerson and Fortier 
 1986). 
 
 This phase is followed by the Florence phase as 
 defined from the Florence Street site, 11S458 
 (Emerson et al. 1983). Although Florence phase 
 sites have not been identified in Monroe County, 
 they have been reported to the north. At the Flor- 
 ence Street site, 89 cultural features were associated 
 with the Early Woodland Florence phase occupation 
 including a large, oval post-and-basin structure with 
 internal hearths. This structure is believed to be a 
 winter dwelling. Numerous pits, rock concentra- 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Progn 
 
c 'hapter 3 ( 'ultural Setting 
 
 tions, and fired areas were recognized and subdi- 
 vided into 1 1 discrete activity areas within the 
 excavated area. Subsistence remains, while of 
 limited quantity, are believed to support the inter- 
 pretation of a winter season of occupation for the 
 Florence Street site. Ceramic vessels are conoidal to 
 subconoidal and occasionally have flattened angular 
 bases. Decorative motifs include cordmarking and 
 zoned decoration, and the general morphological 
 and stylistic attributes of the ceramic vessels indi- 
 cate similarity with Peisker phase ceramics from the 
 lower Illinois River valley and with other Early 
 Woodland ceramic complexes common in the lower 
 Mississippi River valley and mid-South regions. 
 Projectile points associated with the Florence phase 
 in the American Bottom are broad to narrow with 
 contracting stems and are accompanied by large, 
 contracting stem Goose Lake knives and humpback 
 scrapers (Emerson and Fortier 1986). The Florence 
 phase ceramic assemblage consists of primarily 
 grog-tempered jars with straight, constricting, or 
 flared necks. Decoration consists of zones of 
 punctations, smoothed-over cordmarking, or finger- 
 nail gouges in a horizontal band below the rim. 
 Vessel bodies are typically cordmarked. 
 
 The terminal Early Woodland phase, the Colum- 
 bia Complex, dates between 2300 and 2100 B.P. 
 This phase is marked by plain and cordmarked grog- 
 tempered ceramics (Fortier 1985). The end of the 
 Columbia complex does not appear to be ancestral 
 to the succeeding Middle Woodland Cement Hollow 
 phase occupation of the American Bottom, which 
 represents the introduction of Havana tradition traits 
 to this portion of the Mississippi River valley. The 
 Columbia Complex ceramic assemblage is de- 
 scribed as similar to that of the more southerly Crab 
 Orchard tradition, but, importantly, is most closely 
 related to Florence phase materials. The lithic 
 assemblage compares favorably with the Florence 
 material, and the Goose Lake knives and humpback 
 scrapers are common to both assemblages. 
 
 The Early Woodland period in the American 
 Bottom is one in which the region is, in effect, a 
 
 contact zone between cultural and ceramic traditions 
 that have their origins in the mid-South and those 
 such as the Marion culture in regions to the north. 
 The exact temporal range of the Early Woodland 
 phases and components is far from clear, and the 
 potential exists for substantial overlap and coexis- 
 tence between these cultural expressions. The 
 apparent similarity and continuity in adaptations to 
 the American Bottom floodplain, however, may be 
 more significant than the stylistic differences (Em- 
 erson and Fortier 1986). 
 
 Middle Woodland Period 
 
 The Middle Woodland period in southwest 
 Illinois shows the intensification of earlier trends in 
 population, sedentism, and horticulture. Also seen is 
 an increased investment in mortuary facilities such 
 as burial mounds and growing elaboration of ritual 
 and ceremony within populations participating in 
 the Hopewell Interaction Sphere (Struever 1964), a 
 pan-regional exchange and interaction network. This 
 period is not as well-defined in the American Bot- 
 tom as in other areas, however, and mortuary data 
 are entirely lacking. Only a few sites with subsur- 
 face features are known, and there is little evidence 
 for burial mounds (Fortier et al. 1989). Three phases 
 have been defined for the Middle Woodland period 
 in the American Bottom. 
 
 The earliest Middle Woodland phase, Cement 
 Hollow, dates between 2100 and 2050 B.P. and 
 marks the introduction of Havana materials in the 
 region. The Cement Hollow phase sites are located 
 throughout the American Bottom and are distin- 
 guishable ceramically by the presence of decorative 
 motifs involving zoned treatments such as 
 punctation, dentate and ovoid stamping, cordmark- 
 ing, and fabric impression. The Mund site, 1 1S435, 
 represents the only excavated Cement Hollow phase 
 site in the American Bottom (Fortier et al. 1983; 
 Fortier, Emerson, and Finney 1984). At Mund, two 
 discrete area of Cement Hollow phase features were 
 exposed, consisting of basin-shaped, flat-bottomed, 
 and bell-shaped pits. Lithic artifacts associated with 
 
 27 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Q\er\iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 tli is phase include Waubesa and Manker projectile 
 points along with a variety of cobble tools such as 
 hammerstones and sandstone abraders. Subsistence 
 activities are geared toward the exploitation of a 
 variety of floodplain plant and animal resources 
 including nuts, fruits, deer, fish, and birds. 
 
 The succeeding Holding phase, 2050-1850 B.P., 
 represents the initial expression of Middle Wood- 
 land Hopewell in the American Bottom. Hope- 
 wellian Interaction Sphere goods, including copper, 
 obsidian, galena, and mica, are present in the Hold- 
 ing phase. Also present is a blade industry, various 
 Hopewell ceramic types, and nonlocal cherts, all of 
 which further reflect the participation of American 
 Bottom populations in widespread trade and interac- 
 tion at this time. The Holding site, 11MS118, 
 represents the only excavated Holding phase site in 
 the American Bottom (Fortier et al. 1989). The 
 Middle Woodland component at Holding includes 
 the remains of seven post-and-basin structures, 143 
 trash-filled pits, and a number of post molds. The 
 site is viewed as a hamlet composed of several 
 households that was organized around a central, 
 open courtyard. Two other nearby sites, Esterlein 
 (11MS598) and Fournie (11MS590), also have 
 Middle Woodland components and may be func- 
 tionally related to the Holding site occupations. 
 While Hopewell Interaction Sphere materials are 
 present, their limited quantity suggests that Holding 
 was an egalitarian horticultural hamlet. Subsistence 
 remains indicate the cultivation of a number of 
 native starchy-seeded plants along with squash. 
 Significantly, recent accelerator mass spectrometry 
 (AMS) dating has confirmed the presence of maize 
 at the site during the Holding phase. While present 
 in small amounts, the maize may have been used in 
 ritual or ceremonial contexts during the Middle 
 Woodland period as it is not a major subsistence 
 item in the American Bottom until at least A.D. 750 
 (Riley and Walz 1992; Riley et al. 1994). 
 
 The terminal Middle Woodland phase in the 
 American Bottom is the Hill Lake phase, 
 1850-1700 B.P., characterized by ceramics similar 
 
 to Pike-Baehr assemblages known for the Illinois 
 River valley, and an apparent cessation of participa- 
 tion in the Hopewell Interaction Sphere in terms of 
 long-distance exchange in exotic materials. Hill 
 Lake phase adaptations to the local environment are 
 poorly understood, and their relation to those of the 
 preceding Hopewellian occupation of the American 
 Bottom are unknown. 
 
 Late Woodland Period 
 
 The Late Woodland period, while exhibiting 
 marked differences in ceramic and lithic assem- 
 blages from the preceding Middle Woodland period, 
 indicates a considerable degree of continuity in 
 adaptation to the floodplain environments of the 
 American Bottom. The importance of long-distance 
 trade networks decreased as that of more localized 
 social and exchange networks was strengthened 
 (Braun 1977). Technological innovations during the 
 Late Woodland may have included the introduction 
 of the bow and arrow (Fowler and Hall 1978). Four 
 phases have been defined for the Late Woodland 
 period in the American Bottom. The initial phase, 
 Rosewood, dates between 1650 and 1500 B.P. This 
 phase is distinguished by ceramics that lack most 
 characteristics of the preceding Middle Woodland 
 period. Only lip stamping, noding, and punctation 
 continue as decorative treatments from the previous 
 period. Rosewood phase vessels are limited to 
 cordmarked jars with subconoidal bases. Sites in 
 Monroe County with Rosewood components include 
 Carbon Dioxide, Leingang (1 1M0772), and George 
 Reeves (1 1MO650) (Finney 1985; Kelly et al. 1984; 
 McElrath and Finney 1987). Other Rosewood phase 
 components are present at Dohack (1 1S642) (Stahl 
 1985), Mund (Kelly et al. 1984), and Alpha 1 and 
 Alpha7(llS632and 11S638). 
 
 The Rosewood phase is followed by the Mund 
 phase, 1500-1350 B.P., characterized by ceramic 
 assemblages with a relatively low frequency of 
 decorated vessels. Diagnostic projectile points fall 
 within the range of Lowe Flared Base or Steuben 
 points (Justice 1987). Sites with excavated Mund 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 28 
 
Chapter 3. Cultural Setting 
 
 phase components include Mund, George Reeves, 
 and Columbia Quarry (1 1S629) (Fortier et al. 1983; 
 McEIrath and Finney 1987; Bentz et al. 1988). 
 
 The final Late Woodland phase in the American 
 bottom is the Patrick phase, 1350-1150 B.P. The 
 Patrick phase also is recognized principally by 
 ceramics with vessels that are cordmarked to the rim 
 with interior lip impressions (Bareis and Porter 
 1984). It is during the Patrick phase that small, 
 stemmed and subtriangular arrow points entered the 
 lithic assemblage. Patrick phase sites have been 
 identified at Cahokia, Range, Columbia Quarry, 
 Schlemmer, Dohack, Fish Lake, Columbia Farms, 
 Westpark, Hamil, Range, Fenaia, and VFW (Kelly 
 1990a). 
 
 Patrick phase communities have three basic 
 types of structures. The most common structure is 
 keyhole shaped but rectangular post structures, both 
 with and without subterranean basins, are also 
 present (Bentz et al. 1988). The post structures that 
 lack subterranean basins appear to be unusual in 
 their large size and infrequent occurrence and have 
 been interpreted as ceremonial or communal struc- 
 tures rather than domicile structures (Fortier, Emer- 
 son, and Finney 1984; Kelly et al. 1987). Pit fea- 
 tures, including earth ovens, storage pits, and refuse 
 pits, are found at Patrick phase sites at a very high 
 ratio compared to structures; one in even ten pit 
 features is an earth oven (Kelly 1990b). Patrick 
 communities include single family homesteads (1 or 
 2 structures), hamlets (3 to 10 structures), and 
 villages (11 or more structures). Larger Patrick 
 phase sites demonstrate a community pattern of 
 structures surrounding a central feature or complex 
 of features including posts and pits (Fortier, Emer- 
 son, and Finney 1984; Kelly et al. 1987:427). If this 
 interpretation is correct, then there is evidence for 
 the increased nucleation and organization around 
 communal areas, a pattern which is ultimately 
 associated with Mississippian sites. 
 
 In the northern portion of the American Bottom 
 from (A.D. 700-750) the Sponemann phase is 
 
 recognized as the terminal Late Woodland tradition 
 (Fortier et al. 1991). The geographic distinction 
 between the northern and southern portions of the 
 American Bottom at the end of the Late Woodland 
 signals the recognition of two distinct cultural 
 traditions, Late Bluff and Pulcher, respectively, 
 which continue into the subsequent Emergent 
 Mississippian period. 
 
 In general, sites of the Late Woodland phases in 
 the American Bottom region exhibit intensification 
 in subsistence-related activities, principally evident 
 in the growing importance of cultivated native 
 plants, primarily starchy-seeded taxa, along with 
 squash. Both tobacco and maize are present in small 
 amounts during this period, but maize is still not 
 considered to have been an important dietary com- 
 ponent. Concomitant with the growing importance 
 in cultivated plant foods is a decrease in the collec- 
 tion and use of wild foods such as nuts compared to 
 preceding periods (Johannessen 1984, 1993). These 
 changes indicate the successful integration of 
 horticultural economies based on small-seeded 
 annuals into the existing subsistence pattern of 
 foraging and collecting floodplain and upland 
 resources. Maize increases in frequency late in the 
 Patrick phase, possibly as a result of its role in the 
 social rather than strictly subsistence realm. Late 
 Woodland faunal exploitation was geared toward 
 fish, mammals, birds, and aquatic resources such as 
 turtles (Kelly and Cross 1984). Habitation sites are 
 primarily located on the floodplain, with more 
 restricted, specialized sites being located in the 
 upland margins to the east of the American Bottom. 
 
 Emergent Mississippian Period 
 
 Between the Late Woodland and Mississippian 
 periods is the Emergent Mississippian period. This 
 relatively brief period of time, between 1150 and 
 950 B.P., marks a time of rapid cultural change and 
 diversification (Kelly 1987; Johannessen 1984, 
 1993). This period spans a time of rapid change and 
 cultural diversification. Significant characteristics of 
 
 29 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Ch'en-iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 the Emergent Mississippian are the inclusion of 
 maize as an important dietary crop, the use of new 
 tempering agents for ceramics, higher frequency of 
 vessels with incurved necks, higher frequency of Z- 
 twist cordage, a decrease in structure size, a de- 
 crease in earth oven frequency, and an increase in 
 the number of large deep pits (Kelly 1987). In 
 addition, the ceramic assemblages are more diversi- 
 fied with the addition of stumpware. Madison 
 County Shale paste vessels are found in the southern 
 portion of the American Bottom, suggesting 
 intraregional trade was taking place (Bareis and 
 Porter 1984). As noted for the end of the Late 
 Woodland, contemporaneous phases are recognized 
 following a north/south geographic division in the 
 American Bottom. In the northern portion of the 
 American Bottom, the four phases are Collinsville, 
 Loyd, Merrell, and Edelhardt, from oldest to youn- 
 gest. In the southern portion of the American Bot- 
 tom, the four phases are Dohack, Range, George 
 Reeves, and Lindeman. These southern American 
 Bottom Emergent Mississippian phases are summa- 
 rized here as they are the most relevant to the 
 Valmeyer relocation project area. A series of Late 
 Woodland and Emergent Mississippian communi- 
 ties have been excavated at the Range site, a large, 
 densely occupied site located along the western 
 margin of Prairie Lake. The Emergent Mississippian 
 Dohack phase occupations are distinguished from 
 the preceding Late Woodland Patrick phase occupa- 
 tions by the sudden, widespread occurrence of 
 maize in more than 70 percent of the analyzed 
 features. Other distinctions noted for the Dohack 
 phase in the southern American Bottom are the 
 introduction of limestone as a ceramic tempering 
 agent, the increase of bowls in the ceramic assem- 
 blage, and a decrease in the number of pits relative 
 to structures. The characteristic Patrick phase key- 
 hole structures also are replaced by smaller post- 
 and-basin structures, and the density of structures at 
 the Range site increases. Continuity between the 
 Patrick and Dohack phases is seen in the presence of 
 open plazas or courtyards that define the center of 
 each settlement area. During the Range phase, 
 settlements no longer were organized around a 
 
 common open area, but were dispersed along the 
 linear floodplain ridge. They have large structures 
 with internal pits showing evidence of several stages 
 of rebuilding. Such structures have been interpreted 
 as an indication that corporate leaders now exerted 
 a growing degree of influence over American 
 Bottom populations (Kelly 1990a). 
 
 George Reeves is the next phase in the chrono- 
 logical sequence. This phase, dating between 1050 
 and 1000 B.P., is recognized in assemblages recov- 
 ered from the George Reeves, Range, and Westpark 
 sites (Bareis and Porter 1984; Kelly 1990b). 
 Changes in ceramic decoration provide the best 
 indications of this phase. In general, the ceramics 
 are similar to the previous southern American 
 Bottom phases except for a notable increase in the 
 number of jars with undecorated necks. There is a 
 continuation of the community plaza concept with 
 the addition of smaller courtyards around the plaza. 
 A majority of the George Reeves phase settlements 
 are located in floodplain settings. The structures are 
 rectangular and of a single-post-and-basin type. 
 These structures may be associated with both inte- 
 rior and exterior pits. There is a marked decrease in 
 the ratio of pits to structures, and very few earth 
 ovens are present. It is during the George Reeves 
 phase that the highest frequency of deep, straight- 
 wall or expanded-wall pits are known. Houses are 
 slightly larger (5.6 m 2 ) than previous Emergent 
 Mississippian structures, and there are indications of 
 more specialized structures. 
 
 The Lindeman phase, 1000-950 B.P., is the last 
 Emergent Mississippian phase recognized in the 
 southern American Bottom prior to the beginning of 
 the Mississippian period. Lindeman phase compo- 
 nents are known from the Marcus, Range, 
 Schlemmer, George Reeves, Hamil, and Westpark 
 sites (Bareis and Porter 1984; Berres 1984; Emerson 
 and Jackson 1987; Kelly 1990b). The ceramic 
 assemblage serves as the primary distinguishing 
 characteristic of this phase. Ceramics continue to 
 have cordmarking as the primary surface treatment, 
 but there are more vessels with plain surfaces, and 
 
 Public Scrvici 
 
 zhaeology Prog/ 
 
 30 
 
Chapter 3. ( 'ulliirtil Set tiny. 
 
 some bowls and stumpware are entirely plain. 
 Ceramic decoration includes a limited use of punc- 
 tation, exterior lip notching, effigy lugs, and loop 
 handles. New ceramic trends include a proliferation 
 in a variety of red-filmed vessels including bowls, 
 seed jars, and hooded water bottles. Some vessels 
 have everted lips. A variety of nonlocal shell-tem- 
 pered ceramics also occurs during this phase 
 
 In general, the Emergent Mississippian period 
 witnessed the elaboration and consolidation of 
 social power which was further reinforced by the 
 presence of mound centers such as the Lunsford- 
 Pulcher site, located south of Range. Subsistence 
 data reveal that while maize had become wide- 
 spread, it was added to the existing horticultural 
 system rather than replacing it and that once maize 
 was being used, changes in the subsistence base 
 were subtle and reflect localized conditions. 
 Johannessen (1993) views the observed alterations 
 in ceramic assemblages (more bowls and plates) and 
 the nature of food storage (on a household basis 
 during the Mund phase, a communal basis during 
 the George Reeves phase, and returning to a house- 
 hold basis during the Mississippian period) as 
 reflecting changing ideas about the role of foods 
 within an evolving sociopolitical structure. This 
 perspective attempts to add dimensionality to the 
 portrayal of subsistence behaviors and is cognizant 
 of the fact that culture change involving subsistence 
 is more than simply the need to satisfy dietary 
 requirements. 
 
 Mississippian Period 
 
 The Mississippian period, dated between 950 and 
 500 B.P. in southwest Illinois, witnessed a contin- 
 ued increase in cultural complexity and population 
 density. Maize was a staple of the diet, and a hierar- 
 chical settlement system emerged that was divided 
 between large mound-and-temple town sites and 
 dispersed agricultural hamlets. Long-distance 
 exchange networks again became important, espe- 
 cially with regard to the acquisition and production 
 
 of status goods. The largest site during the Missis- 
 sippian period was Cahokia, which by the Stirling 
 phase, 1050-1150 A.D., had reached its peak of 
 influence and political power. Other mound sites 
 such as Lunsford-Pulcher in northern Monroe 
 County and the Mitchell site in the northern Ameri- 
 can Bottom were serving as gateway centers for the 
 Cahokia-centered American Bottom polity. 
 
 In the southern American Bottom the Mississip- 
 pian phases are Lindhorst, Stirling, Moorehead, and 
 Sand Prairie. Beginning with the Stirling phase, a 
 single set of phases is recognized for the southern 
 and northern American Bottom. The initial Missis- 
 sippian phase, Lindhorst, is dated between 950 and 
 900 B.P. Lindhorst phase sites include Carbon 
 Dioxide, George Reeves, Range, and Lunsford- 
 Pulcher (Finney 1985; Freimuth 1974; McElrath and 
 Finney 1987; Kelly et al. 1989). This appears to be 
 the time at which the major mound construction 
 activity began at both Cahokia and Lunsford- 
 Pulcher. With the development of mounds in the 
 floodplain area at Cahokia and Lunsford-Pulcher, it 
 appears that mortuary behavior took on new dimen- 
 sions. While little evidence exists for mortuary 
 behavior in habitation sites during this phase, 
 separate burial areas have been examined. The best 
 known burial area is Mound 72 from the Cahokia 
 site. At Mound 72, evidence was uncovered for 
 charnel houses, burial pits with grave offerings, 
 human sacrifice, litter burials, and apparent status 
 differences between the various burial treatments 
 (Fowler 1974). Additional mound and nonmound 
 burials probably belong to this phase but further 
 analysis is needed to place them in the proper phase. 
 
 The Lindhorst phase is followed by the Stirling 
 phase, 900-800 B.P. Sites with Stirling phase 
 components include BBB Motor, Cahokia, 
 DeMange, Julien, Lab Woofie, Labras Lake, Lily 
 Lake, Lohmann, Mitchell, Range, Sandy Ridge 
 Farm, Robert Schneider, and Turner (Emerson and 
 Jackson 1984; Fortier 1985; Jackson 1990; Milner 
 1983, 1984a; Norris 1978; Porter 1977; Prentice and 
 Mehrer 1981). In general, the Stirling phase is 
 
 31 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Cheniew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 thought to be the time when most of the construc- 
 tion of Monks Mound took place at Cahokia and use 
 of palisades began in the American Bottom. This 
 also appears to be the phase in which Cahokia' s 
 influence first extended outside the region. The 
 distinctive Ramey Incised jar is first known from 
 this phase. 
 
 The number and placement of Stirling phase sites 
 suggest utilization of all environmental zones. The 
 floodplain, in particular, witnessed a major increase 
 in the construction of facilities in mound center 
 sites. Evidence from the large mound centers sug- 
 gests that residential areas were constructed and 
 placed in accordance with an overall plan which 
 included mounds. Possible house compounds are 
 recognizable as spatially discrete groups of features 
 along the slopes and crests of bottomland ridges. 
 Individual structures are generally recognizable as 
 discrete rectangular households with over 90 percent 
 consisting of only a wall-trench construction style. 
 Structures are known that deviate from the typical 
 pattern, but most appear to have special functions 
 
 The Stirling phase is followed by the Moorehead 
 phase, 800-700 B.P., which is recognized at the 
 Julien, Mitchell, Powell Tract, and Turner sites 
 (Milner 1983, 1984a; Porter 1977). This phase is 
 thought to be the climax of Mississippian occupa- 
 tion in the American Bottom (Fowler and Hall 
 1975). Settlement patterns during this phase consist 
 of the first through fourth line communities as 
 described by Fowler (1974, 1978). These sites are 
 concentrated in the floodplain, but the uplands also 
 contribute to the lower-order communities. Commu- 
 nities still appear to be organized in relationship to 
 the major mound centers such as Cahokia and 
 Lunsford-Pulcher. Evidence for mortuary behavior 
 includes the use of a charnel structure and mortuary 
 areas located near the site rather than having the 
 activities restricted to mound areas. 
 
 The Sand Prairie phase marks the last Mississip- 
 pian phase defined in the American Bottom. This 
 phase, dating between 700 and 550 B.P., marks a 
 
 time thought to represent a significant decline in the 
 overall importance of Cahokia (Milner 1986). Sites 
 in the American Bottom recognized as having a 
 Sand Prairie component include East St. Louis 
 Stone Quarry, Florence Street, Julien, and 
 Schlemmer (Emerson et al. 1983; Milner 1983, 
 1984a). Sand Prairie settlement patterns suggest a 
 widely dispersed pattern in which households occur 
 in small clusters on or near the crests of floodplain 
 ridges. The houses themselves tend to be larger and 
 more regularly square than previous Mississippian 
 houses. All houses consist of four wall-trench style 
 walls with one or more large, deep storage pits 
 enclosed in the walls. 
 
 Mortuary activities continue to be less in evi- 
 dence at floodplain mounds during the Sand Prairie 
 phase. Greater evidence exists for activities taking 
 place within the confines of individual communities. 
 The placement of charnel structures and burials 
 occurs more frequently on prominent ridges rather 
 than in mounds. 
 
 The subsistence pattern noted for most Missis- 
 sippian phases continues unchanged into the Sand 
 Prairie phase. This pattern, characterized by an 
 agricultural base consisting of both maize and a 
 suite of native cultigens, hunting of a variety of 
 birds and mammals, and fishing the backwater and 
 main channel habitats, appears to have been readily 
 adopted and then to have remained stable in its 
 composition for much of the Mississippian period. 
 It appears that the major subsistence changes are 
 associated with the Emergent Mississippian period 
 addition of maize to the existing agricultural system 
 rather than the subsequent Mississippian phases. 
 
 Oneota Period 
 
 The final prehistoric cultural period defined for 
 the American Bottom region is the Oneota, ranging 
 between 550 and 350 B.P. Three division, the Bold 
 Counselor phase and the Groves and Vulcan com- 
 plexes, are recognized. The Oneota occupations in 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Progn 
 
 \2 
 
C 'hapter 3, ( 'ultural Setting 
 
 the American Bottom represent the intrusion of 
 more northerly cultural patterns. The Bold Coun- 
 selor phase materials, recovered from the 
 Sponemann site (Jackson et al. 1992), are similar to 
 those recovered from the Crable site in the central 
 Illinois River valley and represent a distinct variant 
 of Oneota. The presence of the Bold Counselor 
 phase occupations in the northern American Bottom 
 at a time when the Cahokia polity was in decline 
 may indicate the movement of Oneota populations 
 into the area when the former Mississippian elites 
 could no longer prevent the expansion of outside 
 groups. The nature of Oneota settlement and adapta- 
 tion in the American Bottom is currently not well- 
 known, and the Groves Complex is based almost 
 entirely on ceramic data. The relationships between 
 the Bold Counselor phase and Groves complex are 
 also not clear at present. Currently, little more of 
 substance may be said regarding the Oneota pres- 
 ence in the American Bottom, due in part to the few 
 excavated sites and their presence at the southern 
 extent of Oneota cultural expression in the Midwest. 
 
 Historic Period 
 
 The Historic period in Illinois, postdating 350 
 B.P., recently has been divided into several phases. 
 The earliest phase is the Colonial and Historic 
 Indian phase. This is followed by the American 
 Frontier, Rural and Urban Development, Urban and 
 Industrial, and Recent phases. The Colonial and 
 Historic Indian phase includes the initial European 
 exploration and settlement in the American Bottom 
 by the French, Spanish, and British. French-settled 
 
 villages are common in the American Bottom. The 
 American Frontier phase is defined as beginning 
 with the arrival of George Rogers Clark to take 
 control of the French settlement of Cahokia, not to 
 be confused with the prehistoric mound center of the 
 same name. 
 
 Summary 
 
 This brief overview of the major cultural chrono- 
 logical developments in the American Bottom 
 region has summarized and encapsulated a large 
 body of archaeological data and interpretation into 
 its basic elements. As such, much of the variation 
 within phases and between sites has not been ex- 
 plored. Similarly, such an overview highlights 
 continuity in the occupations present on the Ameri- 
 can Bottom. While human presence stretches back 
 into the late Paleoindian period, the successive 
 occupations reflect dynamic population expansion 
 and contraction into and out of the American Bot- 
 tom rather than the continued development of a 
 single cultural tradition. In general, however, suc- 
 cessive occupations of the region illustrate growing 
 complexity of social systems, increasing population 
 density, growing sedentism and intensity of adapta- 
 tion to the local environments, and varying degrees 
 of interaction with adjacent regions. That such 
 continued elaboration of prehistoric cultures can be 
 traced through time in this region attests to the 
 intensity and comprehensive treatment that the 
 archaeological sites have received. 
 
 33 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
CHAPTER 4. 
 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 
 
 A number of specialized research techniques 
 were employed to locate and analyze the cultural 
 resources present within the proposed Village of 
 Valmeyer relocation area. Field, laboratory, and 
 library research were all part of the Phase II NRHP 
 evaluation and Phase III mitigation projects. The 
 Phase II investigations included site definition and 
 NRHP evaluation activities, conducted ultimately at 
 14 sites. The Phase III mitigation focused on com- 
 plete data recovery from two sites: 1 1M0841 and 
 1 1M0891 . Detailed descriptions of the methods that 
 were employed during these phases of investigation 
 are provided below. Any deviations from the gen- 
 eral methods are discussed in the appropriate sec- 
 tions. 
 
 with dense clusters of artifacts within the proposed 
 expanded 11M0841 site area. Based on the con- 
 trolled surface collection, artifact clusters were 
 identified. Ultimately, it was decided to register 
 each artifact cluster as a separate site. This was 
 viewed as preferable both from management and 
 archaeological perspectives. From a management 
 perspective, areas devoid of intact archaeological 
 deposits could be identified and construction then 
 could proceed in those areas. Archaeologically, this 
 approach would yield refined site data that are 
 more useful in regional comparative analyses. 
 Second, the artifact clusters would then be targeted 
 for subsurface investigation in an attempt to deter- 
 mine whether intact archaeological deposits were 
 present. 
 
 Phase II Field Methods 
 
 A stratified approach to the Phase II field 
 investigations was used at Valmeyer, consisting of 
 several different forms of data collection. These 
 included pre-fieldwork research, a controlled sur- 
 face collection, site plan mapping, mechanical 
 stripping of the plow zone, and hand excavation of 
 test units. Each of these methods is described here 
 with specific modifications detailed within the 
 individual site discussions. All of the methods 
 implemented in this investigation are relatively 
 standard for Phase Il-level investigations in Illinois. 
 
 As discussed previously, the Phase I survey of 
 the Valmeyer relocation parcel resulted in the 
 identification of two sites and the relocation of 
 three sites, including an expansion of the previously 
 defined 11M0841 site area to almost 179 ha (Wells 
 and Burns 1993). Wells and Burns (1993) con- 
 cluded that Phase II NRHP evaluation of two sites 
 within the Valmeyer relocation parcel should be 
 undertaken. At the initiation of the Phase II project, 
 a controlled surface collection of site areas was 
 proposed to resolve two issues. First, the controlled 
 surface collection was designed to identify areas 
 
 Prior to the initiation of fieldwork, the proposed 
 road system was disced in order to increase surface 
 visibility. A systematic grid was established along 
 this road system which corresponds to many of the 
 higher and broader landforms within the Valmeyer 
 relocation area. In cases where flatter landforms 
 were not crossed by the proposed road system, 
 additional areas were disced to gain surface visibil- 
 ity for the controlled surface collection. Grid units 
 were established as 10-x-10-m or 10-x-5-m units 
 depending on the width of the disced area. All 
 artifacts were collected within each grid unit while 
 potentially diagnostic artifacts were piece-plotted. 
 This approach resulted in 30 collection areas with 
 a total of 1,554 grid units. In all, 143,150 m 2 were 
 systematically surface collected. Based on analysis 
 of the distribution of artifacts, 14 sites were de- 
 fined. Posthole excavations were used in a few, 
 mostly wooded, areas to identify sites or define site 
 boundaries. The second aspect of the Phase II 
 project was to conduct subsurface testing at these 
 14 sites in an attempt to determine whether intact 
 subsurface deposits were present. 
 
 In all, 120 variably sized trenches were machine 
 excavated to evaluate subsurface integrity at the 14 
 
 35 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. J 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 sites defined in the Valmeyer relocation parcel. In 
 addition, three test units were hand excavated. Soils 
 from the hand-excavated units were screened 
 through 6.4-mm (!4-inch) mesh hardware cloth. 
 The mechanical excavations were conducted using 
 a backhoe with a smooth-mouth bucket, a track 
 hoe, and a pan belly scraper. To excavate the 
 machine trenches, the machine operator was in- 
 structed to remove the plow zone while personnel 
 inspected the stripped areas for any unusual soil 
 color changes or artifact concentrations. All 
 machine-excavated units were excavated in this 
 manner. Dark stains and artifact concentrations 
 noted beneath the plow zone during excavations 
 were treated as potential features and portions were 
 hand excavated. Cultural features were located at 
 three sites. 
 
 Each potential feature was shovel skimmed to 
 define its limits in plan view. Plan drawings were 
 made and one-half of each stain was hand exca- 
 vated, either by shovel skimming or with a trowel. 
 The resulting profile was drawn and photographed. 
 In some instances the remaining portion then was 
 excavated and flotation samples were collected. 
 Upon completion of the investigations, each unit 
 was backfilled and the ground surface recontoured 
 to its original shape. All artifacts and flotation 
 samples were returned to laboratory facilities at the 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign for 
 analysis. 
 
 address the research questions posed in the data 
 recovery plan (Kreisa and McDowell 1994). 
 
 Initially, the plow zone was stripped from the 
 previously defined site area of both 1 1M0841 and 
 11M0891 with a pan belly scraper to uncover 
 cultural features. Each feature was mapped with a 
 total station and incorporated into a site plan map. 
 Plan maps of each feature were drawn prior to 
 excavation. First, one-half of each feature was 
 excavated, and all soil was screened through 6.4- 
 mm mesh hardware cloth. After excavation of the 
 first half was completed, a drawing at l:10-cm or 
 1 :20-cm scale was made of the feature profile. Soil 
 colors were described using the Munsell Soil Color 
 Chart (Kollmorgan Corporation 1988). The remain- 
 ing half of the feature then was excavated in natural 
 levels, when present, or as a unit. As per agreement 
 with the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, the 
 fill from the second half of most features at 
 11M0891 was not screened. At least one 5-liter 
 flotation sample was collected from each feature. 
 When possible, additional samples were taken from 
 features with multiple zones. Black-and-white 
 photographs and color slides document each stage of 
 excavation. Charcoal samples were collected for 
 radiocarbon assay when present. Once all features in 
 an area were excavated, additional stripping was 
 conducted to search for more deeply buried features. 
 When encountered, these features were excavated as 
 described above. 
 
 Phase III Field Methods 
 
 The Phase II recommendations resulted in 
 additional fieldwork at two sites, 11M0841 and 
 1 1 M089 1 . Intact features and midden deposits were 
 present at two sites that would be impacted by 
 construction associated with the relocation of 
 Valmeyer (McGowan 1994). The investigative 
 techniques used in the Phase III mitigation excava- 
 tions were designed to recover as much data as 
 possible from the intact deposits with which to 
 
 Investigations of the sinkholes followed different 
 strategies. One block was excavated within each 
 sinkhole with a backhoe to expose a wall profile. 
 The soil stratigraphy then was analyzed by a 
 geomorphologist and archaeologist to determine 
 whether archaeological material was deposited 
 naturally through erosion or culturally by the prehis- 
 toric inhabitants of the site. Profiles and descriptions 
 of the sinkholes were prepared by a geomor- 
 phologist. At 11M0891, a backhoe was used to 
 remove colluvial/alluvial overburden from the sink- 
 hole, and three l-x-2-m test units were excavated in 
 arbitrary 10-cm levels. Each level was screened 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 36 
 
Chapter 4. Field and Laboratory Methods 
 
 through 6.4-mm mesh hardware cloth. Five-liter 
 flotation samples were collected from each level. 
 Profile drawings of two walls of the completed units 
 were drawn, and color slides and black-and-white 
 photographs were taken. 
 
 fragments, the pelvic cavity, and from beneath the 
 burial. These flotation samples can enable the 
 recovery of isolated dental remains, small or frag- 
 mentary skeletal elements, fetal bones, botanical 
 remains, and charcoal for radiometric dating. 
 
 Additional exceptions to this general excavation 
 strategy were implemented at particular house and 
 mortuary features at 1 1M0891. Given their large 
 size, houses often were excavated in quarters rather 
 than halves. Mortuary features were excavated in 
 plan rather than halves in order to expose any 
 skeletal elements fully in order to minimize destruc- 
 tion of the remains. The excavation of burials at 
 1 1M0891 was conducted in accord with the Illinois 
 Human Skeletal Remains Protection Act (20 ILCS 
 3440; 17 I AC 4170). As in the main site areas, 
 heavy machinery was used to remove the topsoil to 
 expose pit outlines. Pit fill was easily distinguish- 
 able from surrounding soil, allowing the recognition 
 of potential burial features without disturbing bone. 
 Each machine pass was examined for pit features, 
 limestone, and bone. These were flagged for excava- 
 tion and the location mapped with the total station. 
 A plan map of each feature was drawn, and plan- 
 view photographs were taken before excavation. All 
 burial excavations were supervised by a qualified 
 skeletal analyst. Trowels and wooden picks were 
 used to define the extent of bone within the feature 
 limits and pedestal remains if possible. Sketch maps 
 were drawn and photographs taken to document the 
 size, position, and condition of burials in the field. 
 Some elements were identified in the field before 
 being removed because of their fragile condition. 
 Upon completion of note taking, mapping, and 
 photography, skeletal elements were gently removed 
 and placed in foil packets labeled with site number, 
 feature number, element, and side identification. 
 Poorly preserved remains were removed in blocks 
 of matrix; it was deemed more expedient and cau- 
 tious to remove fragile elements in this manner and 
 complete the excavation and stabilization of ele- 
 ments, if possible, in the laboratory. No stabilizing 
 agents were used in the field. Flotation samples 
 were taken from soil surrounding the skull or cranial 
 
 Laboratory Methods 
 
 Upon completion of fieldwork, materials were 
 brought to the PSAP laboratory facilities for pro- 
 cessing and analysis. Inventories of recovered arti- 
 facts were made for each surface-collection unit, 
 machine trench, feature, and test unit, and all arti- 
 facts were labeled with the site number, unit pro- 
 venience, and, if applicable, cultural zone or level 
 number. Permanent curation of the materials and 
 documentation has been provided by the Illinois 
 State Museum in Springfield. 
 
 The artifacts were processed according to stan- 
 dard laboratory procedures: washing, labeling, 
 sorting, and analysis. After washing and labeling, 
 artifacts first were sorted for analysis. Prehistoric 
 artifacts recovered consisted of lithics, ceramics, 
 burnt clay/daub, and botanical and faunal remains. 
 The material analyses were undertaken to determine 
 the temporal, cultural, and functional aspects of the 
 site. The analytical methods used for each material 
 class are described below. A few historic artifacts 
 were recovered from both the Phase II and Phase III 
 investigations. Since so few were recovered, they 
 will be described individually in the appropriate 
 chapters. 
 
 Lithic Analysis 
 
 Lithic artifacts were divided into three broad 
 categories: tools, manufacturing debris, and miscel- 
 laneous lithic material. Tools include those made 
 from both chipping techniques (e.g., projectile 
 points and scrapers) and grinding and pecking 
 techniques (e.g., celts and axes). Tools can be of 
 formal manufacture, such as the examples listed 
 above, or of incidental manufacture (e.g., hammer- 
 
 37 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Oveniew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 stones and pitted stones). Manufacturing debris 
 usually is composed of the waste materials (e.g., 
 cores, flakes, and block shatter) generated from the 
 production of chipped-stone tools. Miscellaneous 
 lithic material includes fire-cracked rock, limestone, 
 unmodified and tested chert chunks and nodules, 
 and ocher. Fire-cracked rock is unintentionally 
 produced debris that results from alternating pro- 
 cesses of heating and cooling (Taggert 1981; Zurel 
 1981). Limestone outcrops are found near the 
 project area in the bluffs overlooking the Missis- 
 sippi River valley. Limestone probably served a 
 variety of purposes, such as for construction mate- 
 rial or hearth stones. Unmodified or minimally 
 flaked chunks and nodules of chert represent raw 
 material collected and reserved for tool or flake 
 production. Ocher is an iron oxide that most likely 
 was used as pigment. Less common miscellaneous 
 lithic materials are discussed in the lithic analysis 
 sections. Definitions of the tool and debris catego- 
 ries represented in the artifact assemblage are 
 provided below. 
 
 Debitage (flaking debris) categories comprise the 
 majority of all the chipped-stone remains. These 
 categories include block shatter, broken flakes, and 
 whole flakes. The whole flake classification was 
 used for items characterized by the presence of a 
 bulb of percussion on the ventral surface and a 
 striking platform. The whole flakes were further 
 divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary flake 
 types based on the amount of visible cortex present: 
 ^50 percent, < 50 percent and > percent, and 
 percent, respectively. Secondary characteristics also 
 were assessed. Primary flakes tend to have a pro- 
 nounced bulb of percussion, secondary flakes have 
 a less pronounced bulb, and tertiary flakes are 
 generally smaller than the other two flake types and 
 often have a reduced bulb of percussion. Broken 
 flakes are debris items that lack a platform or bulb 
 of percussion, or are too small to place accurately 
 within the whole flake category. Block shatter has 
 irregular shapes that lack flake and core characteris- 
 tics. Bifacial thinning flakes have a distinct lip on 
 their bulb of percussion, an angled striking platform, 
 
 and distinctive negative flake scars on their dorsal 
 surface (Whittaker 1994). 
 
 A distinctive type of bifacial thinning flake is the 
 hoe flake, a frequently recovered artifact type at 
 Emergent Mississippian and Mississippian sites. 
 These are pieces of debitage that exhibit a highly 
 reflective, very smooth polish on the dorsal surface. 
 This polish forms as the result of repeated and 
 prolonged contact with the soil. When well-devel- 
 oped, this polish dulls the edge of a hoe, at which 
 point the edge must be resharpened. These flakes are 
 the product of hoe-resharpening events. 
 
 The presence of bipolar cores indicate that a 
 bipolar reduction strategy was employed. However, 
 the recognition of bipolar chipping debris can be 
 difficult. Few researchers agree on the definitions of 
 bipolar debris categories (e.g., Hayden 1980; Jeske 
 and Lurie 1993; Kobayashi 1975), or whether, in 
 cases where both core and bipolar techniques were 
 used, debris can consistently be separated into the 
 two categories (Jeske and Lurie 1993). Based on a 
 literature search and bipolar replication experiments 
 in the laboratory, bipolar debitage in this analysis is 
 defined as pieces with some or all or the following 
 features: two bulbs of percussion; rectangular or 
 triangular cross section; negative bulb of percussion; 
 well-developed bulb of percussion with pronounced 
 ripples or rings of percussion; and several small 
 hinge-fracture scars and/or crushing at the distal 
 edge of the flake. 
 
 Related to debitage are cores, the parent material 
 from which flakes are removed. The majority of 
 cores recovered are of three types well-documented 
 in the American Bottom. Multidirectional cores are 
 amorphous types resulting from random, unpat- 
 terned flaking from several striking platforms on a 
 piece of raw material (Emerson 1980). Bipolar cores 
 exhibit opposed striking platforms and flake scars 
 originating from opposite ends of the core (Barham 
 1987; Binford and Quimby 1963). Typically, one 
 end of a bipolar core is rested on a stone anvil 
 during the reduction process, resulting in intensive 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 38 
 
Chapter 4. Field and Laboratory Methods 
 
 crushing and battering of the core (Emerson 1980). 
 If the core is repositioned during this procedure, 
 several edges will exhibit crushed and battered 
 edges. Such damage was the most useful feature for 
 recognizing these core types in the lithic assem- 
 blages. Plano-convex cores are pyramidal in cross 
 section. These cores exhibit a single, flat striking 
 platform from which flakes are struck (Emerson 
 1980). 
 
 Formally flaked stone tools initially were divided 
 into unifacial and bifacial categories. Unifaces show 
 evidence for retouch only on one surface. Bifaces 
 demonstrate retouch on both their dorsal and ventral 
 surfaces. When possible, each tool is assigned to a 
 more detailed morphological-functional use cate- 
 gory. Unifaces are most commonly classified as 
 scrapers, with the particular type determined by the 
 placement of the edge modification. Bifaces can be 
 placed into a number of distinct categories. Among 
 these are such items as projectile points, drills, 
 knives, scrapers, and thick and thin bifaces. The 
 most recognizable of the chipped-stone tools are 
 projectile points. Projectile points are symmetrically 
 thinned bifaces that show evidence of hafting. These 
 items were examined in detail and compared with 
 projectile point types known from the Midwest. 
 They are particularly important for the placement of 
 sites within a cultural and temporal context (Bell 
 1960; Justice 1987; Kelly et al. 1987; Montet- White 
 1968; Munson and Harn 1971; Perino 1971). 
 
 The other tool types are largely descriptive in 
 nature. Perforators are typically small, narrow, often 
 bifacial tools. Knives are larger, thin bifaces with a 
 low edge angle to facilitate cutting while scrapers 
 have a higher edge angle to facilitate scraping. 
 Thick and thin bifaces are not finished tools but 
 stages in tool manufacture. A thick biface is one that 
 has been modified, is not a finished implement, and 
 is in need of further modification. Typically, the 
 thick biface can be modified into a number of 
 different tool types (Bradley 1975). Thin bifaces are 
 the result of further modification of thick bifaces. 
 They also are not finished implements, but their 
 
 morphology indicates that they can be further 
 modified into only a single tool category (Bradley 
 1975). These items are also called blanks and 
 preforms, with rough and thick bifaces designated 
 blanks and thin bifaces as preforms. 
 
 In order to differentiate thick and thin bifaces 
 objectively, a sample of 366 hafted and unhafted 
 biface thickness values was derived from the reports 
 from five sites in the American Bottom spanning the 
 Late Archaic through Emergent Mississippian 
 periods (Emerson 1980; Fortier, Finney, and 
 Lacampagne 1984; McElrath 1986; McElrath and 
 Finney 1987; McElrath and Fortier 1983). It is 
 assumed, in part, that thin bifaces functioned as 
 blanks for hafted tools. Hafted bifaces (n=257) have 
 a median thickness value of .8 cm while the median 
 value for unhafted bifaces (n=109) is 1.4 cm. Based 
 on these values, 1 .0 cm was chosen as the boundary 
 to separate thin and thick biface categories. In these 
 analyses, a thin biface is <1.0 cm thick, and thick 
 bifaces are ^ 1 .0 cm thick. Additionally, rough bi- 
 faces retain some cortex and are also > 1 .0 cm thick. 
 
 In analyzing the chipped-stone tools and lithic 
 debris, both core-reduction and bipolar models were 
 followed (Collins 1975; see also Bradley 1975; 
 Hayden 1980). Collins (1975) defines five stages of 
 chipped-stone manufacture and use for the core- 
 reduction model. These stages consist of acquisition 
 of raw materials, core preparation-initial reduction, 
 primary trimming, secondary trimming, and use- 
 maintenance-modification. Each of these categories, 
 called activity sets (except for raw material acquisi- 
 tion), is associated with waste by-products and 
 objects that are further used or modified. Core 
 preparation-initial reduction is a stage in which the 
 core is shaped and flakes are detached. Suitable 
 flakes may be retained and further used, with the 
 core being discarded, or both can be retained for 
 additional modification. End products of this stage 
 are primary flakes, block shatter, discarded cores, 
 and thick bifaces. The next stage, primary trimming, 
 is used to shape the object. Flakes can be retouched 
 into usable tools, or thick bifaces can be flaked into 
 
 39 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. J 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 a thin biface. These activities result in the produc- 
 tion of secondary flakes, retouched flakes, thin 
 bifaces, and items broken during manufacture. 
 Following primary trimming is the secondary 
 trimming of thin bifaces. This stage produces ter- 
 tiary flakes, finished tools, and items broken during 
 processing. Finally, the tools are used, maintained, 
 and perhaps modified. Bifacial thinning flakes are 
 the most important waste by-product of tool mainte- 
 nance activities, although they also could be pro- 
 duced while thinning thick bifaces. 
 
 Following this model, the following consider- 
 ations have been made in the analysis of lithic 
 materials from the sites reported here. Cores, pri- 
 mary flakes, and block shatter are classified as 
 evidence of initial-stage reduction activities. Sec- 
 ondary flakes, tertiary flakes, and thick and thin 
 bifaces evidence later-stage reduction activities. 
 Bifacial thinning flakes are indicative of tool-main- 
 tenance activities. Since broken flakes can be 
 produced by a number of prehistoric and modern 
 processes, they were not considered when character- 
 izing the lithic tool production activities at sites. 
 
 Small chert cobbles are generally not well-suited 
 for use in the direct hammer or core reduction 
 technique described above, although a bipolar 
 technique can be used to manipulate these items. 
 When using a bipolar technique, the cobble is 
 placed on an anvil and struck. This action yields 
 bipolar debris and, eventually, a spent core. The 
 flakes either can be discarded, used expediently, or 
 further modified into tools. The bipolar technique 
 also produces pitting in anvil stones due to the 
 striking force used (Barham 1987; Binford and 
 Quimby 1963; Hayden 1980). 
 
 Edge-wear analysis was undertaken on a selected 
 sample of tools from 1 1M0891. A full discussion of 
 the methods employed is presented in Chapter 5 in 
 Volume 3 of this report. 
 
 The other class of lithic artifacts, ground-stone 
 tools, consists of pecked and ground items generally 
 
 made from metamorphic or igneous rock. Included 
 in this category are items that are intentionally 
 formed, such as celts and axes, and unintentionally 
 formed, such as hammerstones, grinding stones, and 
 pitted stones. Intentionally formed artifacts consist 
 of items that were modified for a specific use. 
 Unintentionally formed items have areas of pitting, 
 battering, or smoothing caused by use. Definitions 
 of the individual artifact categories are based on 
 those used by other researchers in the American 
 Bottom and adjacent regions (e.g., Brose 1970; 
 McElrath 1986; McGimsey and Conner 1985, 
 among others). 
 
 A variety of lithic raw materials were utilized at 
 sites in the Valmeyer project area consisting of chert 
 and other materials. Chert is a cryptocrystalline (or 
 "microcrystalline") rock composed of mineral 
 crystals too small to be viewed with the naked eye 
 (Luedtke 1992). The other lithic materials include 
 limestone, sandstone, ocher, and cobbles and water- 
 worn pebbles of various igneous-metamorphic 
 quartzites. Additional, but less common, miscella- 
 neous lithic materials are discussed in Chapter 5 of 
 this volume. 
 
 Important Chert Raw Materials in Southern Illinois. A 
 number of chert types are present in Southern 
 Illinois (Figure 4-1), and the Valmeyer Anticline is 
 exposed in Dennis Hollow, which abuts the south 
 edge of the project area. Here, the entire middle 
 Mississippian Valmeyeran Series of geological 
 deposits is visible (Odom et al. 1961). Chert is also 
 present along the bluff face wherever bedrock is 
 exposed. The Valmeyeran Series consists of alter- 
 nating beds of siltstone, shale, and limestone. Chert 
 is found as beds and nodules in the limestone depos- 
 its exposed in the anticline. Chert-bearing limestone 
 formations at Valmeyer (from top of the sequence to 
 bottom) include the St. Louis, Salem, Keokuk, 
 Burlington, and Fern Glen limestones. Cherts found 
 in these formations have been described elsewhere 
 (e.g., Emerson 1980; Koldehoff 1985) and are 
 summarized below. Other chert types found in the 
 Valmeyer assemblages are St. Genevieve, Elco, 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 40 
 
Chapter 5: Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 1 h Ch 
 
 \ 1b« f J 
 
 
 
 
 <^T y^^ 
 
 
 
 
 Bu / ^VCN / 
 
 
 io^K^ W 
 
 
 Project (j^ Mfc \ 7 
 Area 1=» isS ^-*j 
 
 
 
 
 
 l ^\ Y 
 
 ( ( f) **§£ ^^ \ 
 
 
 l: >>|j> 
 
 hy \ 
 
 
 
 
 §1 J 
 
 J^rS /y \ j ^s 
 
 
 KEY 
 
 
 Bu- Burlington 
 
 Cd- Cobden/Dongola 
 
 Sp" 
 
 
 Ch J 
 
 Ch- Chouteau 
 
 T$\ 
 
 
 
 E- Elco 
 
 24 
 
 J Mvy Cd Y a^^x 
 
 
 K- Kaolin 
 
 
 M e)m— X-^* <%V 
 
 
 M- Mill Creek 
 
 
 6Scaehe R - (J 1 
 
 \ 1 
 
 KK- Kinkaid 
 
 
 L/^^^s. 
 
 > 1 
 
 § St. Genevieve 
 
 
 
 J 1 
 
 H Fern Glen 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 m 40 
 
 
 
 
 Figure 4-1. Locations of Known Chert Sources in Southern Illinois (after Koldehoff 1985). 
 
 Mill Creek, Kincaid, Kaolin, Cobden/Dongola, and 
 Grover/Lafayette Gravel. 
 
 St. Louis chert, which occurs primarily as nod- 
 ules, has a thick cortex (2-6 cm), is light to medium 
 gray in color and is often streaked or mottled. 
 Texturally, this chert ranges from grainy to smooth, 
 and small white fossil inclusions and iron streaks 
 are common. At Valmeyer, this chert would have 
 
 been available at the bedrock source and as stream 
 residuum. 
 
 Salem chert occurs as both thick lenses and large 
 nodules (>20 cm diameter), and it ranges in color 
 from shades of brown to gray. Mottling and banding 
 commonly occur in this type. It is a grainy chert 
 which contains small fossil fragments. Salem chert 
 was available in the bedrock exposure in Dennis 
 
 41 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. I 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 Hollow and as large blocks and nodules in the 
 hollow. 
 
 The Burlington and overlying Keokuk Limestone 
 are geologically similar and can be distinguished 
 only on the basis of associated fossils (Willman et 
 al. 1975). As a result, the two are usually referred to 
 simply as the Burlington-Keokuk Limestone. Bur- 
 lington/Keokuk chert occurs as both nodules and 
 chunks with white to gray, often thick, cortex. This 
 chert usually occurs in various shades of white, 
 gray, and brown, although there is also a type which 
 is pink, red, and blue. The texture varies from grainy 
 to smooth, and fossils are common and may consti- 
 tute entire beds. The Crescent Hills quarries, located 
 in Jefferson and St. Louis counties, Missouri, 
 approximately 20 km northwest of the project area, 
 represent an extensive source of residual Burlington 
 chert which was utilized throughout prehistory (Ives 
 1984). Chert from this source is highly variable in 
 color and texture. Highly fossiliferous types of 
 Burlington chert are abundant in the 1 lM0841and 
 1 1M0891 assemblages. It occurs both in the ex- 
 posed bedrock and as residuum in Dennis Hollow 
 and other erosional features. 
 
 The Fern Glen Formation, exposed in Dennis 
 Hollow, is primarily limestone with some shale and 
 with lenses and continuous chert bands in the upper 
 parts (Odom et al. 1961). The formation is unique in 
 its deep red color that becomes more greenish near 
 the top. While the lower part of the formation tends 
 to be noncherty, the upper part contains small 
 nodules of greenish gray chert (Willman et al. 
 1975:137). Fern Glen chert is greenish to greenish- 
 red in color, with a medium-grained texture and 
 frequent to occasional small crystalline and fossil 
 inclusions (Emerson 1980). 
 
 In Illinois, St. Genevieve chert occurs in the St. 
 Genevieve Limestone Formation, which outcrops in 
 southern St. Clair, western Monroe, and northern 
 Randolph counties. The closest outcrops are approx- 
 imately 10 km east of the project area. St. Gene- 
 vieve chert occurs as small nodules (<15 cm in 
 
 diameter) and as bedded lenses with thin (1 cm and 
 less) light gray or light brown cortex. Colors range 
 from various shades of red, brown, gray, and blue. 
 The red and brown nodular types ("Root Beer" 
 chert) are often banded. Nodules of St. Genevieve 
 chert have a smooth texture while the bedded type 
 ranges from fossiliferous and grainy to smooth. The 
 smooth-textured red and brown nodular form occurs 
 in the Valmeyer assemblages. 
 
 Elco chert, which occurs as blocky chunks of 
 residuum, is derived from the Fort Payne Formation 
 of the Valmeyeran Series and is confined in distri- 
 bution to southern Illinois. Alexander County, 
 between approximately 140 and 1 70 km southeast of 
 Valmeyer, is a primary source of this chert. Elco 
 chert is a grainy, medium and dark gray to black 
 type with light gray or brown/orange cortex. It is 
 nearly identical to Dover chert, which is found in 
 Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 Mill Creek chert outcrops in southern Illinois, 
 approximately 120 km southeast of Valmeyer in 
 Union and Alexander counties where it occurs as 
 long flat nodules in the bedrock and as residuum. 
 This brown to gray chert has a grainy texture and a 
 thin, coarse, brown to gray cortex. Small light and 
 dark mottles give Mill Creek chert a "peppered" 
 appearance. Although it was used throughout prehis- 
 tory, exploitation was most intense during the 
 Mississippian period when this material was ac- 
 tively quarried and used to produce large hoes 
 (Cobb 1988). 
 
 Kincaid chert is a highly fossiliferous chert with 
 smooth texture, ranging from grayish-blue to 
 grayish-brown in color. It has a thin, gray to brown 
 cortex. Kincaid chert occurs as thick bedded lenses 
 and outcrops in the western and eastern Shawnee 
 Hills in Randolph, Jackson, Union, and Hardin 
 counties in southern Illinois, approximately 100 to 
 140 km southeast of Valmeyer. Residual deposits of 
 Kincaid chert are reported in stream beds near 
 Rockwood in Randolph County, near the western 
 border of Shawnee National Forest (Emerson 1980). 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 42 
 
( 'hapter 4. Field and Laboratory Methods 
 
 Kaolin chert is found in Union County in south- 
 ern Illinois, approximately 140 km southeast of the 
 project area where it occurs only as residuum. 
 Texture varies from grainy to smooth, and color 
 ranges from translucent/semitranslucent to shades of 
 white, gray, brown, yellow, red, blue, and purple. 
 The cortex is thin, brown, and often rough and 
 pitted. Prehistoric quarries and workshops of Kaolin 
 chert have been found at Iron Mountain in the 
 northwest corner of Union County (Koldehoff 
 1985). 
 
 Cobden/Dongola chert is a high quality nodular 
 chert found approximately 140 km southeast of 
 Valmeyer in Union County, Illinois. It is especially 
 abundant along Clear Creek in northwest Union 
 County. This chert has a smooth texture and is gray 
 to gray-blue in color, often in bands of concentric 
 rings. The cortex is light gray to dark brown in color 
 and may be thin or thick. 
 
 Grover/Lafayette Gravel, also referred to as 
 Mounds Gravel, consists of widespread deposits of 
 Pliocene chert gravels in southern and western 
 Illinois (Willman et al. 1975:209). Cherts from these 
 deposits are of variable color and texture, but all 
 typically exhibit a thin, highly polished brown cor- 
 tex. According to Koldehoff (1985:39), examples 
 from southern Illinois are usually grainy and brown 
 or gray in color. It occurs as ovoid cobbles with 
 maximum dimensions of 10 to 15 cm. 
 
 Other Lithic Materials. This category includes lime- 
 stone, sandstone, and ocher. Given the proximity of 
 the Valmeyer Anticline and the bedrock bluffs 
 exposed in the Mississippi River floodplain, lime- 
 stone was readily available in the project area. It 
 served a variety of purposes (e.g. construction 
 material, hearth stones, temper, etc.). Since several 
 sandstone units occur in the vicinity of the project 
 area (Willman et al. 1975), this raw material was 
 easily accessible to prehistoric inhabitants as well. 
 It was used primarily for abrading and grinding 
 tools. Ocher, or hematite, is an iron oxide which 
 exists as both a primary component and a secondary 
 
 by-product of igneous, sedimentary, and metamor- 
 phic rocks (Bates and Jackson 1984). In the Ameri- 
 can Bottom region, ocher is present in upland 
 streams and is believed to be derived from the 
 geochemical alteration of local limestone deposits 
 (Williams 1990:188) and is known, for example, 
 from the Joppa Member of the St. Genevieve Lime- 
 stone (Willman et al. 1975:143). Ocher most likely 
 was used as a pigment. 
 
 Summary. The Valmeyer relocation parcel is located 
 in an area that is rich in various types of lithic raw 
 materials. Several types of chert are exposed in the 
 Valmeyer anticline in the immediate vicinity of the 
 project area, and these represent the most inten- 
 sively utilized types. In addition, other chert types 
 from more distant sources in southern Illinois are 
 represented at the sites. These indicate that chert 
 was derived from sources up to approximately 140 
 km southeast of the project area. Other lithic materi- 
 als, such as limestone, sandstone, and ocher would 
 have been available in the adjacent bluffs and in 
 colluvial and fluvial deposits derived from these 
 bluffs. 
 
 Ceramic Analysis 
 
 The ceramic analyses were based, as much as 
 possible, on previous studies from Emergent Missis- 
 sippian and Mississippian sites in the American 
 Bottom (e.g., Fortier et al. 1991; Kelly et al. 1990; 
 McElrath and Finney 1987; Stahl 1985). Ceramics 
 were analyzed for temper, surface treatment, and 
 vessel form. All analyses were made macroscopi- 
 cally. Determinations of cord twist were made, 
 when possible, from the rim sherds for which vessel 
 form was identified. 
 
 The unit of analysis used in the ceramic analysis 
 was the individual feature. Reconstructions of rims 
 (and bodies to rims) were made when feasible to 
 establish counts of vessels, which were derived from 
 rim counts. Time constraints precluded extensive 
 attempts to identify cross mends between features. 
 Rim sherds were analyzed minimally for temper and 
 
 43 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Oveniew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 surface treatment. Rim sherds also were used, when 
 possible, to determine vessel form. Those whose 
 form could be determined had additional attributes 
 recorded. In contrast, body sherds were analyzed 
 only for temper and surface-treatment attributes and 
 counted and weighed. They were not used for fur- 
 ther analyses unless they were distinct from the 
 representative assemblage in temper and surface 
 treatment. Comparisons of ceramic types and vessel 
 forms were then made across features to determine 
 chronological and functional differences. 
 
 Botanical Analysis 
 
 While a tremendous amount of archaeobotanical 
 research has been conducted on floodplain sites in 
 the American Bottom (Bareis and Porter 1984), 
 comparatively little work has been done at sites 
 located on the upland margins. Thus, the archaeo- 
 botanical remains from sites in the Valmeyer reloca- 
 tion parcel can aid in understanding the changing 
 nature of subsistence strategies through time and in 
 assessing differences between sites of similar age 
 that are located in different ecological communities 
 within the American Bottom region. 
 
 Feature fill samples were collected systemati- 
 cally during the Phase III excavations at 1 1M0841 
 and 1 1 M0891 . These samples were processed with 
 the aid of a Dausman Flote-Tech flotation system, 
 Model A No. 6, using a standardized set of proce- 
 dures in both the collection and processing of 
 samples. The methods employed in the collection, 
 processing, and analysis are designed to produce 
 rcplicable, comparable results within and between 
 archaeobotanical assemblages. In general, the sam- 
 pling, processing, and analytical procedures used 
 follow those set forth by Asch et al. (1972), Miller 
 ( 1 988), Pearsall ( 1 989), and Wagner ( 1 988). 
 
 Flotation samples were collected from identifi- 
 able zones in designated cultural features. Sample 
 volume was recorded in the field and later remea- 
 sured prior to flotation. Volumetric control of pro- 
 cessed samples is critical to establish comparability 
 
 for discrete categories of remains between divergent 
 sample sizes, both within and between assemblages. 
 
 In addition to flotation samples, carbonized 
 materials were hand collected during excavations 
 for potential radiocarbon samples or if they repre- 
 sented unique types of remains (e.g., structural ele- 
 ments). All radiocarbon samples were identified 
 prior to submission, and the remaining hand-col- 
 lected samples were scanned for preserved seeds or 
 other material of interest. Although not of standard 
 size, these samples can yield taxa not recovered 
 from systematically collected flotation samples. 
 
 When dry, the light and heavy fraction flotation 
 samples were sieved and prepared for analysis. 
 Light fraction flotation remains consist of those 
 particles with lower density than the water used in 
 flotation sample processing. Typically, light fraction 
 materials include charred plant remains such as 
 wood charcoal, small seeds, and some nutshell. Also 
 included within the light fraction are uncarbonized 
 rootlets, twigs, and other modern plant parts. The 
 heavy fraction consists of all materials that have a 
 higher density than the water. This includes some 
 larger fragments of charred nutshell, bone, ceramic 
 and lithic artifacts, and gravel. For the 1 1M0841 
 samples, all remainders were screened through both 
 2-mm and 1-mm geological sieves. This process 
 results in three size categories for each sample: ^2 
 mm, < 2 mm and ^ 1 mm, and < 1 mm. For 
 11M0891 samples, all remainders also were 
 screened through a .5-mm geological sieve, result- 
 ing in four size categories for each sample: >2 mm, 
 >. 1 mm and <2 mm, ^.5 mm and < 1 mm, and < .5 
 mm. The sorting procedure separated carbonized 
 remains from the mass of uncarbonized rootlets, 
 small twigs, and inorganic debris that comprised the 
 bulk of each sample. Also separated was a small 
 amount of faunal material that consisted of micro- 
 faunal elements and fragmentary pieces of bone and 
 shell. Material less than 1 mm in size from 
 11M0841 and less than .5 mm in size from 
 1 1M0891 (the bottom pan) was visually scanned 
 with a stereoscopic dissecting microscope for iden- 
 
 Puhlic Service Archaeology Program 
 
 44 
 
Chapter 4. Field and Laboratory Methods 
 
 tillable seeds. Identified materials were kept for 
 analysis while the remaining bottom-pan material 
 was not further analyzed. The same steps were taken 
 with the material in the .5 mm and 1-2 mm catego- 
 ries and with identifiable nutshell fragments. In 
 general, wood recovered from this fraction is too 
 fragmentary for accurate taxonomic identification 
 other than the broad categories of ring-porous or 
 diffuse-porous. Aggregate counts and weights of 
 wood in the 1-2 mm fraction from 11M0841 and 
 the .5-1 mm and 1-2 mm fractions from 1 1M0891 
 were recorded. The >2 mm fraction was similarly 
 divided into subcategories such as nutshell, wood, 
 seeds, and other types of material. All categories 
 then were counted and weighed. 
 
 Identification of material followed sorting and 
 initial classification. A stereoscopic dissecting mi- 
 croscope (10.5-63 power magnification), standard 
 references manuals (Core et al. 1979; Jones 1963; 
 Martin and Barkley 1961; Montgomery 1977; Unit- 
 ed States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 
 [USDA, FS] 1974), and a comparative collection of 
 carbonized and fresh botanical materials in the De- 
 partment of Anthropology at the University of Illi- 
 nois were used to identify material. Identification of 
 ^2-mm nonwood material was made to at least the 
 genera level when possible. Species-level identifica- 
 tion was made only when material could be ascribed 
 exclusively to a single commonly occurring species 
 within a genus. Seeds, wood, and nutshell from the 
 1-2 mm fraction and seeds from the bottom-pan 
 fractions also were identified this way. Within each 
 sample, wood charcoal identification was made for 
 all pieces present in the >2 mm assemblage and for 
 20 randomly selected pieces from larger samples. 
 
 The results of this sorting and analytical proce- 
 dure allow for the discussion of the archaeobotan- 
 ical assemblage in terms of ratios, expressed either 
 as taxa/taxa or taxa/unit volume of flotation sedi- 
 ments. The expression of the results as ratios rather 
 than raw counts and weights permits comparisons to 
 be made on both intersite and intrasite levels, 
 regardless of the relative size of the assemblages 
 
 under consideration. In this analysis, the ratios of 
 interest are: charcoal density, expressed as the total 
 weight of charred botanical materials per standard- 
 ized 10 liters of sediment; the nutshell-to-wood 
 ratio, expressed as the total count of nutshell versus 
 total wood fragments; and the seed-to-nutshell ratio, 
 which is similarly calculated. 
 
 Faunal Analysis 
 
 Recovered faunal remains were identified using 
 comparative collections of the Zooarchaeology La- 
 boratory of the University of Illinois at Urbana- 
 Champaign and the Illinois State Museum. All ma- 
 terial was identified to the most exclusive taxo- 
 nomic level possible. The unit of analysis was the 
 individual feature or, if present, cultural stratum. 
 Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) and Mini- 
 mum Number of Individuals (MNI) are presented 
 for each taxon below the level of family. The deri- 
 vation of MNI is based on the single most fre- 
 quently paired element occurring in the sample 
 (Grayson 1984). The MNI for each taxon was 
 calculated separately for each unit of analysis. Other 
 data collected include presence of carnivore and ro- 
 dent gnawing, age of individual, evidence of modifi- 
 cation such as butchering marks or tool use, and 
 presence of burning. All bone from feature excava- 
 tion and £ 1 mm flotation samples was analyzed. 
 
 Human Skeletal Analysis 
 
 Human remains were documented according to 
 standards for data collection from human remains 
 presented by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994). Stan- 
 dard osteological observations include element 
 inventories, age-at-death estimates, sex determina- 
 tions, assessments of skeletal and dental patholo- 
 gies, and metric and nonmetric characteristics (skel- 
 etal and dental) for each individual and isolated 
 find. These observations have been used to assess 
 the health status and biological affinity of the 
 occupants of 1 1M0891. A detailed discussion of the 
 methods of analysis is included in Chapter 8 of 
 Volume 3 of this report. 
 
 45 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. J 
 
CHAPTER 5. 
 RESULTS OF PHASE II INVESTIGATIONS 
 
 Based on the recommendation by Wells and 
 Burns (1993) that Phase II NRHP evaluations be 
 conducted at sites 1 1M0841 and 1 1MO880 located 
 in the Valmeyer relocation parcel, the Public Ser- 
 vice Archaeology Program of the University of 
 Illinois was contacted by FEMA and Woodward- 
 Clyde Federal Services, Inc. to undertake this 
 fieldwork. Phase II investigations were conducted 
 during May and June 1994. The field and research 
 orientation of the Phase II investigations included 
 background and archival research to familiarize 
 project personnel with past investigations conducted 
 within the Valmeyer relocation parcel, a controlled 
 surface collection and excavation of posthole tests 
 to define site limits, and the excavation of machine 
 trenches and test units to determine whether intact 
 subsurface deposits were present at the sites. 
 
 As proposed by Wells and Burns (1993), 
 11M0841 covered almost 179 ha in the southeast 
 corner, center, and northeast corner of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel (Figure 5-1). The area consists of 
 two rather broad upland ridges and numerous nar- 
 row ridges and spurs extending away from the larger 
 upland ridges. Archival research indicated that this 
 definition of site area for 11M0841 was rather 
 atypical for Monroe County (McGowan 1994). Its 
 large size also posed management, methodological, 
 and archaeological interpretive problems. Based on 
 this archival research, it was decided to identify 
 discrete artifact clusters within 1 1M0841. A con- 
 trolled surface collection strategy was adopted to 
 identify discrete artifact clusters. Time and budget- 
 ary constraints dictated that the entire project area 
 could not undergo a controlled surface collection. It 
 was decided to use the already disced road system, 
 with supplemental tracts, for the controlled surface 
 collection grids. The disced road system generally 
 followed a regular pattern on the broader upland 
 ridges and the higher points along the narrower 
 ridges or ridge spurs. The latter were thought to be 
 the most likely areas to contain archaeological 
 
 materials. In areas where the road system was not 
 present, supplemental strips were disced. The disced 
 areas generally were divided into 10-x-10-m or 10- 
 x-5-m units and a controlled surface collection was 
 made. Finally, posthole tests and machine trenches 
 were excavated on smaller ridge spurs or near the 
 ridge edge to locate archaeological materials. Based 
 on the controlled surface collection, posthole tests, 
 and machine trenches, as well as the results of the 
 Phase I survey, 17 sites were identified in the 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel. Based on the earlier 
 recommendation of Wells and Burns (1993) and the 
 initial Phase II fieldwork, 14 of these sites were 
 investigated to determine whether they were eligible 
 for listing in the NRHP. Wells and Burns (1993) 
 previously had recommended that no further work 
 be undertaken at 11M0479, 11MO480, and 
 1 1M0879, all located in the southwestern corner of 
 the project area, because archaeological deposits at 
 these sites lacked depositional integrity. 
 
 The results of the Phase II investigations are 
 presented below. First, an overview of the major 
 investigative techniques and the results of those 
 techniques is presented. Attributes of the controlled 
 surface collection and machine trenches are in- 
 cluded, and information on three supplementary 
 approaches — deep trenching, hand-excavated units, 
 and posthole testing — is presented. Following this, 
 data on the 14 sites investigated as part of the Phase 
 II project are organized by the five addition tracts 
 defined for the Valmeyer relocation parcel. These 
 data include site attribute data, investigations under- 
 taken, results of the investigations, and artifacts 
 recovered at the site. Based on this suite of data, the 
 NRHP recommendation is presented. A summary of 
 investigations at areas defined as off-site locales 
 also is included. Complete artifact inventories by 
 provenience within sites and off-site collection grids 
 and machine trenches are presented in the appendi- 
 ces of this volume. 
 
 47 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
VALMEYER QUADRANGLE 
 
 ILLINOIS-MISSOURI 
 
 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) 
 
 KEY 
 © Original Site Limits (after McNerney 1989) 
 • Proposed Site Limits (after Wells and Burns 1993) 
 
 QUADRANGLE LOCATION 
 
 Figure 5-1. Original and Revised Site Area of 1 1M0841 . 
 
 4X 
 
Chapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigatit 
 
 Overview of Investigations 
 
 Posthole Tests 
 
 As discussed above and in Chapter 4 of this 
 volume, the Phase II field investigations at the 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel centered mainly on con- 
 ducting a controlled surface collection and exca- 
 vating machine trenches. In addition, limited use 
 was made of the excavation of posthole tests to 
 locate sites and hand-excavated test units to deter- 
 mine subsurface integrity. Trenches were excavated 
 at a number of locations to investigate whether 
 deeply buried deposits were associated with certain 
 physiographic conditions. This suite of investiga- 
 tions resulted in the recovery of thousands of arti- 
 facts, mainly prehistoric, the definition of 14 sites, 
 and the identification of intact subsurface features at 
 three sites: 11M0841, 11M0888, and 11M0891. 
 
 Controlled Surface Collections 
 
 A controlled surface collection was conducted in 
 all five of the planned additions of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel (Figure 5-2). Thirty distinct grids 
 were established across this area, with each grid 
 being of variable length (maximally 1,970 m and 
 minimally 80 m long) and typically one to two units 
 wide (maximally 15 m and minimally 10 m wide). 
 Total area collected within parcels was dependent 
 not only on parcel size, but on amount of relatively 
 flat uplands present in the addition and the amount 
 of construction planned for that particular area. The 
 controlled surface collection resulted in the investi- 
 gation of 143,150 m 2 , or about 14.3 ha (Table 5-1). 
 This represents somewhat less than 10 percent of the 
 overall Valmeyer relocation parcel, but a much 
 higher overall percentage of the flat uplands present 
 within the parcel. Collection grid totals ranged from 
 a high of 9.09 ha in Addition 1 to less than 1 ha in 
 Additions 3 and 4 (Table 5-1). The latter two addi- 
 tions were constrained by small size and limited flat 
 upland area. The specific attributes of the of each 
 grid unit are presented in Table 5-2. Twelve site 
 areas were defined based on the controlled surface 
 collection data. 
 
 Another field investigative technique employed 
 during the Phase II investigations to identify sites or 
 artifact concentrations was the posthole testing of 
 selected areas. Posthole testing was used in areas 
 with either poor surface visibility or where trees 
 prevented the use of heavy machinery. Three areas 
 were tested in this manner. One area was the extant 
 farmhouse yard along the southern edge of 
 11M0891. Thirty tests were excavated, and both 
 prehistoric and historic artifacts were recovered. 
 These tests suggested that much of the farmyard 
 area had been disturbed historically. A second area 
 was on a small ridge spur in Addition 2. Artifacts 
 were recovered in the posthole tests, and the area 
 was defined as 1 1M0885. This site is discussed in 
 greater detail below. The third area was on the ridge 
 spur north of 11M0841. There, artifacts were 
 recovered from a potentially intact E horizon de- 
 posit at 40 cm below surface. Subsequently, a hand- 
 excavated test unit was dug on the ridge spur. This 
 is discussed in greater detail below in the section on 
 test units. 
 
 Machine Trench Excavations 
 
 Machine trenches then were excavated at the 12 
 sites defined during the controlled surface collec- 
 tion, at two sites defined by other methods, and in 
 off-site areas. Excavation of machine trenches at the 
 14 sites was designed to identify whether intact 
 archaeological deposits, either features or midden 
 deposits, were present. Machine trenches outside of 
 defined site areas were excavated for two purposes. 
 First, machine trenches were excavated where 
 controlled surface collections could not be con- 
 ducted. In this instance, the machine trenches were 
 both a site identification and an NRHP eligibility 
 assessment technique. One site was located using 
 this technique. Second, topographically prominent 
 areas such as ridges, where few or no artifacts were 
 found during the controlled surface collection, were 
 further investigated using machine-excavated 
 trenches. These trenches were excavated as a cross- 
 
 49 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Grid Units 
 
 Project Bou 
 
 Figure 5-2. Location of Phase II Collection Grids. 
 
 so 
 
Table 5-1. Summary of Collection Grid Attributes by Addition. 
 
 Addition 
 
 Number of Units Collected 
 
 Total Area Collected (m 2 ) 
 
 1 820 1 0-x- 1 0-m and 1 78 5-x- 1 0-m units 
 
 2 232 1 0-x- 1 0-m units 
 
 3 64 1 0-x- 1 0-m and 40 5-x- 1 0-m units 
 
 4 911 0-x- 1 0-m and 1 4 5-x- 1 0-m units 
 
 5 1 02 1 0-x- 1 0-m and 1 3 5-x- 1 0-m units 
 Total 1,309 1 0-x- 1 0-m and 245 5-x- 1 0-m units 
 
 90,900 
 
 23,200 
 
 8,400 
 
 9,800 
 
 10,850 
 
 143,150 
 
 check on the results of the controlled surface collec- 
 tion in areas that were intuitively thought to have a 
 somewhat higher likelihood of containing archaeo- 
 logical sites and intact deposits. No additional sites 
 were located by this cross-checking measure. 
 
 Overall, 120 machine trenches, totaling slightly 
 over 8,000 m 2 in area, were excavated using various 
 types of heavy machinery (Figure 5-3; Table 5-3). 
 Most of this area was excavated within defined site 
 limits, although over 2,300 m 2 were excavated 
 outside of defined site limits as a cross-check on the 
 controlled surface collection results or as an addi- 
 tional site discovery method. Both the number of 
 machine trenches and the total area excavated are 
 roughly correlated with total site area and the 
 presence of features. As stated above, features were 
 identified at 11M0841, 11M0888, and 11M0891 
 during the excavation of machine trenches. Three pit 
 features dating to the Archaic period were identified 
 at 1 1M0841, one undated prehistoric pit feature was 
 found at 1 1M0888, and eight pit and house features 
 dating to the Emergent Mississippian or Mississip- 
 pian periods were defined at 1 1M0891 . In addition, 
 a row of historic post molds, denoting the former 
 position of a fence line, was identified near an 
 extant farm structure at 11M0891. Attributes of 
 each of the 120 machine-excavated trenches, includ- 
 ing location, site association, total area, and soil 
 stratigraphy, are presented in Table 5-4. 
 
 Deep Trench Excavations 
 
 Eight trenches were excavated to substantially 
 below the plow zone, often as deep as 1 .3 m below 
 surface. Five of these trenches were excavated at 
 slope areas to determine if colluvial/alluvial deposi- 
 tion had resulted in site burial. Machine Trenches 
 26, 27, and 28 are located at the southern edge of 
 11M0891 on a gentle south-facing slope and just 
 north of the extant farmstead structure (Figure 5-3). 
 All three were excavated to 1 .3 m below surface and 
 exhibited similar soil profiles consisting of an Ap- 
 E/BE-Bt sequence (Figure 5-4). Prehistoric and 
 historic artifacts were found in the E and BE hori- 
 zons of Machine Trenches 27 and 28. Material in 
 these trenches generally was confined to the initial 
 30 cm below surface, or the Ap and E/BE horizons. 
 No buried features were located. In addition, 50-x- 
 50-cm hand-excavated units were dug along the 
 profile walls of Machine Trenches 27 and 28. 
 Machine Trench 5 1 was excavated on the slope of a 
 south-trending upland ridge south of 11M0841 
 (Figure 5-3). It was excavated to 60 cm below 
 surface and had an Ap-BE-Bt soil profile (Figure 5- 
 4). No material or features were found beneath the 
 plow zone in this trench. Machine Trench 8 was 
 excavated on an east-facing slope north of 
 1 1M0887 (Figure 5-3). This trench was excavated 
 to 1.3 m below surface. Documented in this trench 
 was an active plow zone, a remnant of an earlier 
 plow zone, and a Bt horizon (Figure 5-4). Material 
 
 51 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Table 5-2. Specific Collection Grid Attributes. 
 
 Grid Unit Location 
 
 Comments 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 South Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 South Part of Addition 1 
 
 South Part of Addition 1 
 
 South Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 North Part of Addition 1 
 
 South Part of Addition 1 
 
 South Part of Addition 1 
 
 Central Axis of Addition 2 
 
 North Part of Addition 2 
 
 North Part of Addition 2 
 
 South Part of Addition 2 
 
 Central Axis of Addition 3 
 
 South and East Part of Addition 3 
 
 South and Central Part of Addition 3 
 
 South and West Part of Addition 3 
 
 South Part of Addition 4 
 
 West Part of Addition 4 
 
 Central North-South Axis of Addition 4 
 
 East Part of Addition 4 
 
 East Part of Addition 4 
 
 Central North-South Axis of Addition 5 
 
 East Part of Addition 5 
 
 197 10-x-10-m units 
 
 18 10-x-10-m units 
 
 18 10-x-10-m units 
 
 24 10-x-10-m units and 24 5-x-10-m units 
 
 83 10-x-10-m units 
 
 30 10-x-10-m units and 29 5-x-10-m units 
 
 8 10-x-10-m units 
 
 17 10-x-10-m units 
 
 40 10-x-10-m units and 14 5-x-10-m units 
 
 104 10-x-10-m units 
 
 55 10-x-10-m units and 55 5-x-10-m units 
 
 110 10-x-10-m units 
 
 55 10-x-10-m units and 51 5-x-10-m units 
 
 36 10-x-10-m units and 5 5-x-10-m units 
 
 42 10-x-10-m units 
 
 65 10-x-10-m units 
 10 10-x-10-m units 
 49 10-x-lO-m units 
 
 66 10-x-10-m units 
 
 44 10-x-10-m units and 40 5-x-10-m units 
 8 10-x-10-m units 
 
 7 10-x-10-m units 
 5 10-x-10-m units 
 26 10-x-10-m units 
 
 14 10-x-10-m units and 14 5-x-10-m units 
 30 10-x-10-m units 
 13 10-x-10-m units 
 
 8 10-x-10-m units 
 
 80 10-x-10-m units and 13 5-x-10-m units 
 22 10-x-10-m units 
 
 52 
 
Machine Trenches 
 
 Project B o u n d a^r y 
 
 Figure 5-3. Location of Phase II Machine Trenches and Test Unit. 
 
 53 
 
Table 5-3. Summary of Machine Trench 
 Attributes bx Addition. 
 
 
 Area Exca- 
 
 Number of 
 
 Provenience 
 
 vated (m 2 ) 
 
 Trenches 
 
 Off Site 
 
 
 
 Addition 1 South 
 
 367 
 
 5 
 
 Addition 1 North 
 
 1,060 
 
 14 
 
 Addition 2 
 
 114 
 
 4 
 
 Addition 3 
 
 86 
 
 2 
 
 Addition 4 
 
 472 
 
 13 
 
 Addition 5 
 
 244 
 
 11 
 
 On Site 
 
 
 
 11M0841 
 
 1,176 
 
 13 
 
 11MO880 
 
 494 
 
 11 
 
 11M0885 
 
 124 
 
 6 
 
 11M0886 
 
 330 
 
 1 
 
 11M0887 
 
 321 
 
 2 
 
 11M0888 
 
 1,919 
 
 13 
 
 11M0889 
 
 78 
 
 2 
 
 11MO890 
 
 137 
 
 3 
 
 11M0891 
 
 797 
 
 10 
 
 11M0892 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 11M0893 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 11M0894 
 
 136 
 
 4 
 
 11M0895 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 MM0896 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 Total 
 
 8,083 
 
 120 
 
 was found in the modern and remnant plow zone. 
 The results of these trench excavations suggested 
 that there was little potential for complete burial of 
 sites along upland ridge side slopes due to colluv- 
 iation/alluviation in the Valmeyer relocation parcel. 
 
 Three deep trenches were excavated in sinkholes 
 adjacent to sites. Machine Trench 40 was located in 
 
 a small sinkhole northwest of 1 1M0889 (Figure 5- 
 3). It was excavated to 1.3 m below surface, and a 
 culturally redeposited soil profile was defined 
 (Figure 5-5). No artifacts or buried features were 
 located in this trench. Machine Trench 47 was 
 excavated in a sinkhole located in the southwestern 
 quadrant of 11M0891 (Figure 5-3). It was exca- 
 vated in a roughly cruciform shape to examine all 
 portions of the sinkhole. The trench was excavated 
 to approximately 1.7 m below surface, and three soil 
 zones were defined (Figure 5-5). The first is a 90- 
 cm thick Ap horizon, both modern and colluv- 
 ially/alluvially deposited. Next was a dark brown 
 zone, 10-20 cm thick, that contained charcoal, 
 prehistoric pottery sherds, and lithics. This zone was 
 interpreted as a potential midden layer. Below this 
 was a lighter soil with fewer artifacts. The potential 
 midden layer was defined as Feature 12, and is 
 discussed in greater detail in the 1 1M0891 Phase II 
 site discussion below. Machine Trench 62 was 
 excavated in a sinkhole at the northeast corner of 
 1 1M0841 (Figure 5-3). It was excavated to ca. 2 m 
 below surface, and it, too, exhibited a midden zone. 
 The zone, encountered at approximately 1 m below 
 surface, extended variously an additional 30 cm to 
 80 cm below surface. Chert flakes and a biface 
 (recovered at 1 .3 m below surface) were found in 
 this trench. 
 
 Hand-Excavated Units 
 
 Aside from two small units associated with 
 Machine Trenches 27 and 28 discussed above, one 
 formal test unit was hand excavated along the 
 northern edge of 1 1M0841 . This unit was placed on 
 a tree-covered spur overlooking a deep ravine 
 (Figure 5-3). Earlier, eight posthole tests had been 
 excavated on this spur. The tests identified a poten- 
 tially intact E horizon at 30-60 cm below surface; 
 flakes were recovered to a depth of 40 cm below 
 surface. Based on these results, a test unit was 
 excavated on the ridge to determine the potential for 
 the presence of intact prehistoric feature or midden 
 deposits at that locale. The unit measured l-x-2 m 
 and was excavated to approximately 60 cm below 
 
 tlogy Program 
 
 54 
 
Table 5-4. Specific Machine Trench Attributes. 
 
 Machine Trench Addition 
 
 Site 
 
 Total Area (m 2 ) Comments 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0886 
 
 330 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0887 
 
 267 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0887 
 
 54 
 
 1 South 
 
 Off site 
 
 144 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 100 
 
 1 South 
 
 Off site 
 
 40 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 350 
 
 1 South 
 
 Off site 
 
 70 
 
 1 South 
 
 Off site 
 
 50 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 50 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 40 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 90 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 248 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 108 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 72 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 78 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 220 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 20 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 35 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 90 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 20 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 52 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 9 
 
 1 South 
 
 Off site 
 
 63 
 
 1 South 
 
 11M0888 
 
 625 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 6 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 6 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 6 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 93 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 286 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0889 
 
 22 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0889 
 
 56 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 30 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 53 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 110 
 
 1 North 
 
 11MO890 
 
 31 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Feature 8 identified in this trench 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Ap-E-Bt stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Ap-E/BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 Ap-E-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 Ap-E-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 Ap-E-BE stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 55 
 
Table 5-4. Continued. 
 
 Machine Trench Addition 
 
 Site 
 
 Total Area (m 2 ) Comments 
 
 37 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 124 
 
 38 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 89 
 
 39 
 
 1 North 
 
 11MO890 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 1 North 
 
 11MO890 
 
 90 
 
 42 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 50 
 
 43 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 63 
 
 44 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 115 
 
 45 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 67 
 
 46 
 
 1 North 
 
 Off site 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 115 
 
 48 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 219 
 
 49 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 78 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 Off site 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 45 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 Off site 
 
 17 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 Off site 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 2 
 
 Off site 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 27 
 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 162 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 25 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 95 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 36 
 
 62 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 176 
 
 64 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 300 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 11M0841 
 
 84 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 30 
 
 69 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 32 
 
 70 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 50 
 
 71 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 74 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Historic fence post mold pattern present 
 
 Ap-E-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-E-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Features 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15 present 
 
 Feature 1 1 present 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Feature 12/sinkhole 
 
 Ap-E-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-E-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Feature 1 6 present 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-E-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Possible midden deposit/sinkhole 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Features 17 and 18 present 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 56 
 
Table 5-4. Continued. 
 
 Machine Trench Addition 
 
 Site 
 
 Total Area (in 2 ) Comments 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 36 
 
 73 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 45 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 40 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 Off site 
 
 40 
 
 76 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 54 
 
 78 
 
 3 
 
 11MO880 
 
 36 
 
 79 
 
 3 
 
 Off site 
 
 46 
 
 80 
 
 1 North 
 
 11M0891 
 
 39 
 
 81 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 50 
 
 82 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 18 
 
 83 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 36 
 
 84 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 4 
 
 85 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 27 
 
 86 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 108 
 
 87 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 16 
 
 88 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 26 
 
 89 
 
 4 
 
 11M0893 
 
 30 
 
 90 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 60 
 
 91 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 60 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 14 
 
 93 
 
 4 
 
 11M0892 
 
 32 
 
 94 
 
 4 
 
 11M0892 
 
 32 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 Off site 
 
 21 
 
 96 
 
 4 
 
 11M0892 
 
 44 
 
 97 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 36 
 
 98 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 36 
 
 99 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 18 
 
 100 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 23 
 
 101 
 
 5 - 
 
 Off site 
 
 20 
 
 102 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 20 
 
 103 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 16 
 
 104 
 
 5 
 
 11M0894 
 
 25 
 
 105 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 12 
 
 106 
 
 5 
 
 11M0895 
 
 23 
 
 107 
 
 5 
 
 11M0894 
 
 48 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Feature 1 9 present 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 57 
 
Table 5-4. Concluded. 
 
 Machine Trench 
 
 Addition 
 
 Site 
 
 Total Area (m 2 ) 
 
 Comments 
 
 108 
 
 5 
 
 11M0894 
 
 34 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 109 
 
 5 
 
 11M0894 
 
 29 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 110 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 18 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 111 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 27 
 
 Plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 112 
 
 5 
 
 11M0896 
 
 18 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 113 
 
 5 
 
 11M0896 
 
 36 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 114 
 
 5 
 
 Off site 
 
 18 
 
 Ap-BE-Bt stratigraphy 
 
 2A-1 
 
 2 
 
 11M0885 
 
 30 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 2A-2 
 
 2 
 
 11M0885 
 
 18 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 2A-3 
 
 2 
 
 11M0885 
 
 18 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 2A-4 
 
 2 
 
 11M0885 
 
 20 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 2A-5 
 
 2 
 
 11M0885 
 
 20 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 2A-6 
 
 2 
 
 11M0885 
 
 18 
 
 A-E-B stratigraphy 
 
 surface. Two soil horizons were identified (Figure 
 5-6). The initial horizon, 10-20 cm thick, is a dark 
 yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam with evidence 
 of historic disturbance. The second horizon is a 
 30-40 cm thick yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silt 
 loam that may represent an intact E horizon. The 
 majority of artifacts were found between and 40 
 cm below surface, although a few flakes were 
 recovered below this level. 
 
 Summary 
 
 The suite of investigative techniques proposed 
 for the Phase II NRHP evaluation of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel succeeded in fulfilling the major 
 goals set forth prior to the initiation of fieldwork. 
 The controlled surface collection allowed the sepa- 
 ration of the 1 1 M0841 site area, suggested by Wells 
 and Burns ( 1 993) as 1 79 ha, into 1 2 sites (Figure 5- 
 7). The size and location of 1 1MO880, previously 
 defined by Wells and Burns (1993), also was con- 
 firmed. Posthole testing of a small tree-covered 
 ridge spur in Addition 2 resulted in the identifica- 
 tion of an additional site, 1 1M0885, and machine 
 
 trenching along the bluff edge in Addition 5 led to 
 the discovery of 1 1M0896 (Figure 5-7). 
 
 Upon completion of these initial tasks, subsur- 
 face testing was conducted at these 14 sites and at 
 prominent topographic features between sites. 
 Features were not located at 1 1 of these sites, most 
 likely due to the effects of plowing and erosion. 
 Features were located at three sites, 11M0841, 
 11M0888, and 11M0891. The features at 
 1 1M0841 consisted of a number of Archaic period 
 pits while a single prehistoric pit feature was located 
 at 11M0888. Houses, pits, and a possible burial 
 dating to the Emergent Mississippian and Mississip- 
 pian periods were found at 1 1M0891. In addition, 
 deep trenches were excavated along ridge slopes and 
 in sinkholes in an attempt to determine whether 
 intact deposits were present, or were likely to be 
 present, in those topographic features. Midden-like 
 deposits were found in two sinkholes, one adjacent 
 to 1 1M0841 and the other adjacent to 1 1M0891. 
 Based on the results of these investigations, sites 
 11M0841 and 11M0891 were recommended as 
 eligible for listing in the NRHP. 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
Machine Trench 26 
 
 Section of South Profile 
 
 Machine Trench 27 
 
 Section of South Profile 
 
 Machine Trench 28 
 
 Section of South Profile 
 
 An! 
 
 E/BE 
 
 Machine Trench 51 
 
 Section of South Profile 
 
 Ap 
 
 BE 
 
 /+BE 
 
 Bt 
 
 V 
 
 Rodent Bttftow 
 
 Ap 
 
 BE 
 
 B, 
 
 Machine Trench 8 
 
 Section of North Profile 
 
 Ap 
 
 Former Ap 
 
 Bt 
 
 rn^M 
 
 cm 50 
 
 Figure 5-4. Profiles of Deep Trenches Excavated on Ridge Side Slopes. 
 
 59 
 
Machine Trench 40 - Section of North Profile 
 
 Redeposited 
 Ap/E/B 
 
 Bt 
 
 Machine Trench 47 - Section of North Profile 
 
 Ap 
 
 Redeposited Ap 
 
 cm 50 
 
 Figure 5-5. Profiles of Deep Trenches Excavated in Sinkholes. 
 
 60 
 
Chapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 Test Unit 1 - East Profile 
 
 Test Unit 1 - West Profile 
 Ad 
 
 Rodenl Burrow 
 
 50 
 
 Figure 5-6. Wall Profiles of Test Unit 1. 
 
 Site Overviews 
 
 Based on the controlled surface collections, 
 posthole excavations, and, in one case, machine 
 trenching, 14 site areas were defined for NRHP 
 evaluation. Machine trenching, deep trenching, and 
 limited numbers of hand-excavated units were used 
 to determine whether intact features or midden 
 deposits were present at each of these sites. Below 
 is a site-by-site overview of the results of investiga- 
 tions undertaken during the Phase II evaluation of 
 the 14 sites. The overview is organized by addition 
 tracts. Site location, discovery technique, and 
 evaluation techniques are described. A brief over- 
 view of the archaeological materials collected at 
 each site also is presented. Based on the results of 
 
 both the field and laboratory investigations, an 
 NRHP evaluation is presented for each site. In 
 addition, the results of off-site investigations are 
 summarized. 
 
 Addition 1 South 
 
 Addition 1 South is located in the southeast 
 corner of the Valmeyer relocation parcel. It consists 
 of approximately 60 acres of a broad, gently rolling 
 upland ridge. The head of Dennis Hollow lies along 
 the southern edge of this addition. The previous 
 Phase I survey had subsumed much of the area 
 within 1 1M0841 (Wells and Burns 1993) (Figure 5- 
 1). At the time of investigations, the area was an 
 
 61 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
VALMEYER QUADRANGLE 
 
 ILLINOIS-MISSOURI 
 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) 
 
 
 fwHr 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 QUADRANGLE LOCATION 1 
 
 KEY 
 
 Site Location 
 Addition Boundary 
 
 o 
 
 Addition 
 Key: 
 
 Figure 5-7. Site Areas Defined During Phase II Investigations. 
 
 62 
 
C 'hapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 agricultural field planted in wheat. Six controlled 
 surface collection grids were established across this 
 tract (Figure 5-8; Table 5-2). Three of these, 1, 5, 
 and 6, were oriented east- west. Two, 14 and 15 lo- 
 ated in the southwest corner of the addition, were 
 oriented north-south. Grid 7 was oriented northwest- 
 southeast. Aside from Grid 1, all were 10-15 m 
 wide and from 70 to 440 m long. Grid 1 was 70 m 
 wide and 530 m long. The controlled surface collec- 
 tion resulted in the identification of three distinct 
 artifact scatters designated 11M0886, 11M0887, 
 and 1 1M0888 within this addition (Figure 5-8). 
 
 11M0886 
 
 Site 11M0886, previously defined as part of 
 11M0841 by Wells and Burns (1993), is a fairly 
 dense prehistoric lithic scatter (1.35 artifacts per 10 
 square meters) along the eastern boundary of Addi- 
 tion 1 South. Artifacts were located on a slight north 
 to south trending rise within the flat upland ridge. At 
 the time of investigation the surrounding area was a 
 planted wheat field. Prior to fieldwork, an area 
 corresponding to a proposed road had been disced 
 and was designated as Collection Grid 1 (Figure 5- 
 8). The site was identified within the eastern edge of 
 Grids 1 and 5. Based on the controlled surface col- 
 lection, maximal site dimensions of 120 m north- 
 south by 40 m east- west (ca. 4,800 m 2 ) were de- 
 fined. Recovered during the controlled surface 
 collection were over 500 pieces of debitage and 
 many bifaces and ground-stone tools. Machine 
 Trench 1 was excavated within the site area (Table 
 5-4). This irregular machine trench, oriented north- 
 south, covered 330 m 2 . Artifacts were found in the 
 plow zone to 30 cm below surface, but no intact 
 sub-plow zone features or midden deposits were 
 identified. Based on a lack of intact features or sub- 
 plow zone deposits, the site was recommended not 
 eligible for listing in the NRHP. No further work 
 was conducted at 1 1M0886. 
 
 In all, 650 artifacts were recovered from the 
 controlled surface collection (n=518, 80 percent) 
 and machine-trench excavations (n=132, 20 percent) 
 
 at 1 1M0886. This yielded a recovery rate of 1.35 
 artifacts per 10 m 2 . Most of the material (n=590, 91 
 percent) consists of debitage, including cores (n=8), 
 primary flakes (n=34), secondary flakes (n=63), 
 tertiary flakes (n=129), bipolar flakes (n=3), bifacial 
 thinning flakes (n=15), broken flakes (n=143), and 
 shatter (n=195). Thirteen of the flakes show signs of 
 utilization. Relatively few formal chipped-stone 
 tools are present in the assemblage (n=18, 3 per- 
 cent). These include thick bifaces (n=3), thin bifaces 
 or fragments (n=9), projectile points/knives (n=3) 
 (Figure 5-9), and single examples of an unclassified 
 biface, retouched flake, and unclassified uniface. 
 Ground-stone artifacts (n=10, 1 .5 percent) consist of 
 eight hammerstones and two pitted cobbles. Other 
 material collected includes 13 pieces of fire-cracked 
 rock and 19 unmodified chert cobbles. 
 
 The diagnostic projectile points and thin biface 
 fragments suggest that 11M0886 was occupied 
 from the Dalton horizon through the Late Woodland 
 or Mississippian period. The temporally earliest 
 artifact, a Dalton projectile point base made of 
 Salem chert, was found on the surface (Figure 5-9, 
 a). Another early projectile point from the surface is 
 identified as a MacCorkle Stemmed point, dating to 
 the Early Archaic period (Figure 5-9, b). A biface 
 with missing tip from Machine Trench 1 is attrib- 
 uted to the Late Archaic Stemmed Cluster (Justice 
 1987) (Figure 5-9, c). This biface may be either a 
 Karnak Stemmed or McWhinney Heavy Stemmed 
 point. The final diagnostic biface is a triangular 
 projectile point traditionally associated with the 
 Late Woodland or Mississippian periods (Figure 5- 
 9, d). This biface, also from Machine Trench 1, is 
 slightly larger with a broader base than is typical for 
 Madison Triangular points (Justice 1987). It may be 
 the tip of a hafted biface that was resharpened and 
 ground into the triangular shape. These temporally 
 diagnostic projectile points suggest a site occupation 
 mainly during the Archaic period. If the triangular 
 projectile point does date to the Late Woodland or 
 Mississippian periods, such an occupation was 
 probably short-term, given the absence of similarly 
 dated ceramics and features at the site. 
 
 63 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Addition 1 South 
 
 m 100 
 
 KEY 
 
 Addition Boundary 
 
 MT Machine Trench 
 
 Grid Surface Collection Grid 
 
 Figure 5-8. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 1 South. 
 
 64 
 
Figure 5-9. Projectile Points and Axe from 1 IMO886 (a-d) and 1 1M0888 (e-j): a, Dalton; 
 
 b, MacCorkle Stemmed; c, Late Archaic Stemmed Cluster (Karnak Stemmed or McWhinney 
 
 Heavy Stemmed); d, Triangular; e, Fully Grooved Axe; f, Plainview; g, Dalton: h, Hardin Barbed; 
 
 i, Raddatz; j, Godar. 
 
 65 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 11M0887 
 
 Site 1 1M0887, previously included as part of 
 1 1M0841 by Wells and Burns (1993), is a prehis- 
 toric lithic debris scatter with a density of .74 arti- 
 facts per 10 m 2 . The scatter is located on a slight 
 knoll on the broad, flat upland ridge of the east- 
 central portion of the Valmeyer relocation parcel 
 (Figure 5-8). The area is within an active agricul- 
 tural field planted in wheat. The site was identified 
 during the controlled surface collection conducted 
 in Grid 1. More than 450 artifacts, consisting of 
 debitage and biface fragments, were recovered 
 during the controlled surface collection. Based on 
 the distribution of material, an oval site area with 
 maximal dimensions of 120 m northwest-southeast 
 by 60 m northeast-southwest (ca. 7,200 m 2 ) was 
 defined. Two machine trenches, Machine Trenches 
 2 and 3, then were excavated to determine whether 
 intact deposits were present (Figure 5-8; Table 5-4). 
 The trenches were oriented both north-south and 
 east-west and were of irregular shape. Combined, 
 the excavated area of the two trenches totaled 321 
 m 2 . All artifacts from the machine trenches were 
 recovered from plow zone contexts, and no subsur- 
 face features or midden were identified. Based on 
 the lack of intact features and artifacts from sub- 
 plow zone contexts, it was recommended that this 
 site is not eligible for listing in the National Register 
 of Historic Places. No further work was conducted 
 at 11M0887. 
 
 A total of 535 lithic artifacts was collected at 
 1 1M0887. Of this, 483 artifacts (90 percent) were 
 obtained during the controlled surface collection 
 while the remaining 52 artifacts (10 percent) were 
 recovered during the excavation of Machine Trench 
 
 2. No artifacts were recovered from Machine Trench 
 
 3. The overall site assemblage is dominated by lithic 
 debitage and cores (n=502, 94 percent). These in- 
 clude cores (n=13), primary flakes (n=22), second- 
 ary flakes (n=83), tertiary flakes (n=l 17), broken 
 flakes (n= 136), shatter (n= 130), and a single bifacial 
 thinning flake. Nine of the flakes are utilized. Few 
 chippcd-stone tools were recovered (n=9, 1.5 per- 
 
 cent), none of which is temporally diagnostic. 
 Chipped-stone tools include one rough, three thick, 
 and four unclassified biface fragments as well as a 
 single unclassified uniface. Ground-stone tools con- 
 sist of three hammerstones and two pitted cobbles. 
 Fifteen pieces of fire-cracked rock and four unmodi- 
 fied chert cobbles also were collected. As no tempo- 
 rally diagnostic artifacts were recovered, a period of 
 occupation could not be determined for 1 1M0887. 
 
 11M0888 
 
 Site 11M0888, also included by Wells and 
 Bums (1993) as part of 1 1M0841, is a dense prehis- 
 toric artifact scatter (2.02 artifacts per ten square 
 meters). Artifacts were located at the crest of the 
 large upland ridge (Figure 5-8). To the north of the 
 scatter is a ravine that drains westward into the 
 Mississippi River floodplain. The surrounding area 
 was planted in wheat. This large, oval site was 
 identified within Grid 1 and to its south. Maximal 
 site dimensions of 170 m northeast-southwest by 80 
 m northwest-southeast (13,600 m 2 ) were defined. 
 The surface collection includes more than 3,000 
 pieces of debitage, bifaces, ground-stone tools, 
 hammerstones, a drill, and an adze. Thirteen ma- 
 chine trenches were excavated within the site, 
 totaling 1,919 m 2 (Figure 5-8; Table 5-4). Artifacts 
 were recovered from both the plow zone and a 
 single feature. Since no additional features were 
 located and all other artifacts were from the plow 
 zone, it was concluded that this site for the most part 
 lacked subsurface integrity and is recommended as 
 not eligible for listing in the National Register of 
 Historic Places. No further work was conducted at 
 11M0888. 
 
 The single feature at this site, Feature 8, was 
 identified in Machine Trench 22 at the southwestern 
 edge of the site area. The feature was defined at 48 
 cm below ground surface and is roughly oval in 
 shape (Figure 5-10). Maximal dimensions in plan 
 view are 112 cm north-south by 82 cm east-west. 
 The feature was bisected along a north-south line 
 and the west half excavated. The southwest quarter 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 66 
 
Feature 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plan 
 
 
 
 
 North Edge of MT 22 
 
 
 or." 
 
 
 
 (/ Removed for / 
 
 
 ^Flotation Sample 
 
 r •'•■. 
 
 '5'. ' 
 
 
 
 East Profile 
 
 
 
 
 Modern Surface 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 i 
 i 
 i 
 i 
 i 
 i 
 
 
 Machine-Scraped Surface 
 
 i l ••. •-. :•• 
 
 
 Limits' of Excavalion 
 
 -^~T^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cm 25 
 
 Figure 5-10. Plan View and Profile of Feature 8. 
 
 67 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 was removed as a flotation sample. A single zone of 
 fill, maximally 17 cm deep, was identified in pro- 
 file. The fill consisted of a dark yellowish brown 
 (10YR4/4) heavy silty clay loam. Carbonized nut- 
 shell and 27 pieces of lithic debitage were recovered 
 from feature fill. The debitage includes secondary 
 flakes (n=4), tertiary flakes (n=2), bifacial thinning 
 flakes (n=l), broken flakes (n=12), and shatter 
 (n=7). In addition, a single minimally retouched 
 flake was found in the west half of this feature. 
 
 A total of 2,755 lithic artifacts was recovered 
 during the controlled surface collection, machine 
 trenching, and excavation of Feature 8 at 1 1M0888. 
 Most of the material was recovered during the con- 
 trolled surface collection (n= 1,841, 67 percent), 
 although a fairly large amount was found during the 
 excavation of machine trenches (n=887, 32 percent). 
 Lithic debris is by far the most common artifact 
 class present, accounting for almost 90 percent of 
 the entire assemblage (n=2,466). The debitage 
 consists of cores (n=33), primary flakes (n=140), 
 secondary flakes (n=456), tertiary flakes (n=245), 
 bifacial thinning flakes (n=282), broken flakes 
 (n=690), shatter (n=618), and blades (n=2). Of this 
 total, 156 flakes evidence some form of use-wear. 
 Chipped-stone tools constitute 5 percent of the 
 assemblage (n=135). These include rough (n=4), 
 thick (n=12), and thin bifaces (n=12); projectile 
 points (n=3) (Figure 5-9); end scrapers (n=7); 
 gravers (n=7); perforators (n=6); and wedges (n=5). 
 In addition, 78 formally retouched flakes and one 
 formally retouched blade are present in the assem- 
 blage. Ground-stone tools include hammerstones 
 (n=17), pitted cobbles (n=5), abraders (n=2), and 
 single examples of a grinding-stone fragment and a 
 fully grooved axe (Figure 5-9, e). Other artifacts 
 include fire-cracked rock (n=105) and unmodified 
 rock (n=23). 
 
 The three projectile point fragments found at 
 1 1 MO888 all indicate a Late Paleoindian to Early 
 Archaic period occupation of the site. Earliest dating 
 is a basal fragment and partial midsection of a 
 
 possible Plainview point found on the surface 
 (Figure 5-9, f)- Justice (1987) dates Plainview 
 projectile points to the Late Paleoindian period. A 
 reworked Dalton point was recovered during the 
 excavation of Machine Trench 22 (Figure 5-9, g). 
 Dalton points date to the Dalton horizon, variously 
 interpreted as Late Paleoindian or Early Archaic 
 (Justice 1987). The final projectile point is a small 
 fragment of a Hardin Barbed point found on the 
 surface (Figure 5-9, h). Hardin Barbed points date to 
 the Early Archaic period (Justice 1987). Two other 
 points were recovered from the surface just north of 
 the area defined as 11M0888. Both date to the 
 Middle Archaic period (Figure 5-9, i-j). One is the 
 base of a possible Raddatz point while the other is 
 the base of a Godar point (Justice 1987). These 
 projectile points indicate that an additional Middle 
 Archaic period component also may be present at 
 11M0888. 
 
 Addition 1 North 
 
 Located north of Addition 1 South, Addition 1 
 North occupies the central portion of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel (Figure 5-7). The addition is 
 approximately 75 acres in size and is situated on a 
 large upland ridge. A wide, steep ravine along the 
 southern boundary separates Addition 1 North from 
 Addition 1 South. This ravine drains westward and 
 eventually northward to the bluff edge and the 
 Mississippi River floodplain. At the time of investi- 
 gations the area was planted in wheat with trees 
 covering the side slopes and ravine. Nine collection 
 grids were established in this addition. Grids 2, 3, 4, 
 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 were oriented east-west while 
 Grid 8 was oriented north-south (Figure 5-11). Grid 
 width varied between 10 m and 15 m while lengths 
 ranged from 180 to 540 m. The Phase I survey had 
 subsumed almost the entire addition within 
 11M0841 (Figure 5-1). The controlled surface 
 collection identified three distinct artifact clusters 
 within the addition which were designated as 
 1 1 M0889, 1 1 MO890, and 1 1 M089 1 (Figure 5-11). 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 68 
 
69 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 11M0889 
 
 This site previously had been incorporated as 
 part of HM0841 (Wells and Burns 1993). It is 
 located on the broad upland ridge along the eastern 
 boundary' of the Valmeyer relocation parcel (Figure 
 5-1 1). The site itself was located within a wheat 
 field at the easternmost extent of a prominent knoll, 
 with a number of sinkholes present to its north. 
 Materials attributed to this site were found at the 
 eastern ends of Grids 9, 10, and 11. Based on the 
 controlled surface collection, site dimensions of 120 
 m north-south by 50 m east- west were defined, 
 yielding an estimated site area of 6,000 m 2 . Surface- 
 collected artifacts from the site include a number of 
 biface fragments and more than 300 pieces of lithic 
 debitage. Artifact density was moderate, at .55 per 
 ten square meters. Two machine trenches (31 and 
 32) were placed at the south and north ends of the 
 site areas, respectively, from which seven artifacts 
 were recovered (Figure 5-11). The two trenches 
 exposed 78 m 2 within the site. No features were 
 identified in either trench, and all artifacts from the 
 machine trenches were recovered from plow zone 
 contexts. Based on the lack of intact features and 
 artifacts from sub-plow zone contexts, it was recom- 
 mended that this site is not eligible for listing in the 
 National Register of Historic Places. No further 
 work was conducted at 1 1M0889. 
 
 In all, 329 artifacts were recovered from the 
 controlled surface collection and machine trench 
 excavations. Of this total most (n=303, 92 percent) 
 are various categories of lithic debitage. Lithic debi- 
 tage from this site includes cores (n=l 1), primary 
 flakes (n=14), secondary flakes (n=64), tertiary 
 flakes (n=56), broken flakes (n=86), and shatter 
 (n=72). Forty-four of the flakes had been utilized. 
 Few chipped-stone tools were found (n=13, 4 
 percent). Most common are thick bifaces (n=8), 
 with single examples of rough and thin bifaces also 
 present, as are three formally retouched flakes. 
 None of the bifaces is temporally diagnostic. 
 Ground-stone tools from the site include two 
 hammerstones, an abrader, and a pitted cobble. 
 
 Other artifacts include six pieces of fire-cracked 
 rock and three unmodified chert cobbles. As no 
 temporally diagnostic artifacts were recovered, a 
 period of occupation could not be determined for 
 11M0889. 
 
 11MO890 
 
 Site 1 1MO890 is located on a gentle northwest to 
 southeast-trending slope of the broad upland ridge 
 that is present along the eastern border of the 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel (Figure 5-7). The site is 
 located in a wheat field in the approximate center of 
 the addition (Figure 5-11). Previously, this site had 
 been included as part of 11M0841 (Wells and 
 Burns 1993). Artifacts associated with this site were 
 found in four surface collection grids (4, 8, 9, and 
 10) (Figure 5-11). Based on the controlled surface 
 collection, site dimensions of 120 m northwest- 
 southeast by 50 m northeast-southwest were de- 
 fined, yielding a site area of approximately 6,000 
 m 2 . The site contains a dense concentration of 
 artifacts (2.17 per 10 m 2 ), of which twenty bifaces 
 and more than 1,000 pieces of lithic debitage were 
 collected. Three machine trenches were excavated 
 in the site area: Machine Trench 29 at its southeast 
 end, and Machine Trenches 36 and 41 at the north- 
 west end (Figure 5-11). A total of 136 m 2 was 
 excavated in the three trenches. No features were 
 located within the three trenches, and all artifacts 
 found during excavation were recovered from plow 
 zone contexts. Based on the lack of intact features 
 and artifacts from sub-plow zone contexts, it was 
 recommended that this site is not eligible for listing 
 in the National Register of Historic Places. No 
 further work was conducted at 1 1MO890. 
 
 The controlled surface collection yielded an 
 assemblage of 1,355 prehistoric lithic artifacts. No 
 artifacts were recovered from the machine trenches 
 excavated in the site area. The majority of the lithics 
 are classified as various debitage categories 
 (n=l,261, 97 percent). The lithic debris includes 
 cores (n=25), primary flakes (n=66), secondary 
 flakes (n=252), tertiary flakes (n=249), bifacial 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Progn 
 
 70 
 
Chapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 thinning flakes (n=12), broken flakes (n=379), 
 blades (n=2), and shatter (n=276). A total of 208 
 flakes were utilized. Chipped-stone tools account 
 for four percent of the assemblage (n=48). These 
 include rough (n=5), thick (n=16) and thin (n=2) 
 bifaces, wedges (n=2), and single examples of a 
 chopper, an axe (Figure 5-12, a), a perforating tool, 
 an end scraper, and a side scraper. The axe is ap- 
 proximately 120 cm long, 61 cm wide, and 31 cm 
 thick. Eighteen retouched flakes also were identi- 
 fied. Hammerstones include 12 ground-stone forms 
 and three chert hammers. Other ground-stone tools 
 include a pitted cobble and a grinding slab/metate. 
 Miscellaneous artifact types include fire-cracked 
 rock (n=14), unmodified chert cobbles (n=14), and 
 a single piece of hematite. 
 
 While no temporally diagnostic artifacts were 
 found on site, three projectile points were recovered 
 adjacent to the defined 1 1MO890 site area (Figure 
 5-12). One is the basal portion of an Etley point that 
 was recycled into a hafted end scraper (Figure 5-12, 
 b). Etley points date to the Late Archaic period 
 (Justice 1987). The other is a fragment of the base 
 and corner notch of a projectile point (Figure 5-12, 
 c). Due to its fragmented condition, no type could 
 be positively identified, although it is possible that 
 this fragment represents a portion of a Lowe Cluster 
 or Snyders Cluster point (Justice 1987). This would 
 indicate an early Middle Woodland through early 
 Late Woodland time range. Both point fragments 
 are made of Burlington chert. A third projectile 
 point was found off-site, 20 m east of the 1 1MO890 
 site boundary (Figure 5-12, d). This projectile point 
 was assigned to the Lowe Flared Base type, dating 
 to the Middle Woodland period (Justice 1987). 
 
 11M0891 
 
 Site 1 1M0891 was located on a gently rolling 
 upland ridge in the approximate center of the Val- 
 meyer relocation parcel (Figure 5-7). The site was 
 within a wheat field. A farm complex was located 
 along the southern border of the site area. A steep 
 tree-covered drainage is south of the site area while 
 
 a sinkhole is present along the southwest border. 
 Previously, this area had been included as part of 
 1 1M0841 (Wells and Burns 1993). 
 
 Four techniques were used to investigate 
 1 1M0891 . A controlled surface collection was con- 
 ducted across much of the site area, and postholes 
 were excavated within the farm complex. The re- 
 sults of the posthole excavations at this site have 
 been discussed in a previous section of this chapter. 
 These two methods were used to define site limits 
 and select areas for machine-trench excavations. 
 Subsurface integrity was investigated through ma- 
 chine-trench and deep trenching excavations. The 
 results of the deep trenching along the southern site 
 boundary in Machine Trenches 26, 27, and 28 have 
 been discussed in a previous section of this chapter. 
 Finally, several identified features were documented 
 and two were partially excavated. Based on the 
 controlled surface collections and posthole tests, site 
 dimensions of 300 m east-west by 180 m north 
 south, or 5.4 ha, were defined (Figure 5-11). Ten 
 machine trenches were excavated, totaling 797 m 2 . 
 Artifact density within this area was .50 per ten 
 square meters. During the machine trench excava- 
 tions eight features (Features 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 
 and 19) and a potential midden deposit (Feature 12) 
 were identified. Based on the presence of intact 
 subsurface features, this site was recommended as 
 eligible for listing in the NRHP, and Phase III 
 mitigation of the site area was recommended. The 
 results of the Phase III mitigation of 11M0891 
 comprise Volume 3 of this report. 
 
 Feature 9 was identified during the excavation of 
 Machine Trench 44 (Figure 5-11). Upon identifica- 
 tion, this feature was mapped, a sketch map was 
 drawn, and an artifact sample recovered. The feature 
 consists of a dark rectangular stain interpreted as a 
 house with possible internal features including pits 
 and wall trenches also visible (Figure 5-13). Feature 
 9 measured 255 cm north-south by 480 cm east- 
 west. Upon completion of mapping and collection of 
 an artifact sample, plastic was placed over the fea- 
 ture and it was covered with soil. This feature was 
 
 71 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Figure 5- 1 2. Projectile Points and Axe from the Vicinity of 1 1MO890: a, Chert Axe; b, Reworked 
 Etley; c, Possible Lowe Cluster or Snyders Cluster; d, Lowe Flared Base. 
 
 72 
 
Feature 9 
 
 N 147.00 
 E 446.50 ' 
 
 120 
 
 Feature 10 
 
 cm 
 
 Feature 11 
 
 S. Wall of MT 45 
 
 Flakes 
 
 10 
 
 Figure 5-13. Plan View of Features 9, 10, and 11. 
 
 73 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 excavated during the Phase III mitigation of 
 1 1M0891 as Feature 9/158 (see Volume 3 of this 
 report). Also identified in Machine Trench 44 was 
 Feature 10 (Figure 5-11). Like Feature 9, it was 
 mapped using a total station, a sketch map was 
 made, and an artifact sample recovered. Feature 10 
 is a dark almost square stain also interpreted as a 
 house (Figure 5-13). It measured 230 cm northwest- 
 southeast by 220 cm northeast-southwest. Upon 
 completion of mapping and the collection of an 
 artifact sample, plastic was placed over the feature, 
 and it was then covered with soil. This feature was 
 excavated during the Phase III mitigation of 
 11M0891 as Feature 10/157 (see Volume 3). 
 Feature 1 1 was identified in Machine Trench 45, 
 located roughly within the center of the site area 
 (Figure 5-11). This feature is a circular pit measur- 
 ing 30 cm in diameter with a total depth of approxi- 
 mately 20 cm (Figure 5-13). The north half was 
 excavated first and a vertical profile was drawn. The 
 pit contained a single fill zone of brown (7.5YR4/4) 
 silty loam that was fire-reddened near the base of 
 the feature. The second half of the feature was then 
 excavated. Features 13, 14, and 15, uncovered in 
 Machine Trench 44, were not excavated during the 
 Phase II investigations (Figure 5-11). The location 
 of each feature was mapped using a total station, a 
 sketch map was made, and plastic was placed over 
 the features which were then covered with soil. 
 Features 13 and 14 were pit features while Feature 
 15 was an unidentified dark stain (Figure 5-14). 
 These features were assigned new numbers during 
 the Phase III mitigation excavation (see Volume 3). 
 
 A possible burial feature identified at 1 1M0891, 
 Feature 1 9, was located in Machine Trench 80 along 
 a ridge in the northwest portion of the site area 
 (Figure 5-11). The feature was identified as a 170 
 cm east-west by 60 cm north-south stain (Figure 5- 
 14). Feature fill, a light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) 
 silt loam, was only slightly darker than the sur- 
 rounding soil. Poorly preserved bone, prehistoric 
 ceramics, and chert flakes were found on the sur- 
 face. The location of this feature was mapped using 
 
 a total station, a sketch map was made, and an 
 artifact and bone sample recovered. The feature was 
 then covered with soil. Kristin Hedman (University 
 of Illinois, Illinois Transportation Archaeological 
 Research Program) interpreted the badly decom- 
 posed bone as human, possibly metacarpal frag- 
 ments, indicating that this feature was probably a 
 human burial. This feature was later excavated 
 during the Phase III mitigation of 11M0891 (see 
 Volume 3 of this report). 
 
 The final feature defined at 1 1M0891, Feature 
 12, has been discussed previously in the section of 
 this chapter detailing the results of deep trenching in 
 sinkholes. Feature 12 is what appeared, at the time 
 of the Phase II investigations, to be an intact midden 
 deposit located within the sinkhole along the south- 
 west portion of the site area. Machine Trench 47 
 was excavated in the sinkhole (Figure 5-11), and the 
 midden- like deposit was identified beneath 90 cm of 
 post-settlement alluvium (Figure 5-5). Beneath the 
 post-settlement alluvium is a 5-20-cm thick, irregu- 
 lar, layer of dark brown (10YR3/3) silt loam that 
 contained charcoal, lithic debris, and prehistoric 
 ceramic sherds. Following this is a 60-cm thick zone 
 of dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4) silt loam that 
 contained few artifacts. 
 
 A total of 2,722 prehistoric and historic artifacts 
 was recovered from controlled surface collections 
 and machine-trench, feature, posthole, and test-unit 
 excavations at 11M0891. Most of this material 
 (n=2,134, 78.5 percent) was found during the con- 
 trolled surface collection. Artifacts from the ma- 
 chine trenches comprise 9 percent of the assemblage 
 (n=244), feature excavations, 6 percent (n=163); test 
 unit excavations, 4 percent (n=l 18); and posthole 
 excavations, 2 percent (n=61) of the assemblage. 
 Prehistoric lithics account for 97 percent of the total 
 (n=2,642), prehistoric ceramics and daub are 2 
 percent of the total (n=53), and historic artifacts 
 account for 1 percent of the total (n=26). One piece 
 of non-human bone also was found. 
 
 Public Se 
 
 Archaeology Program 
 
 74 
 
Features 13, 14, 15 
 
 MT 44 W. Extension 
 
 K 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 [ J Feature 14 
 ( Feature 15~~"\ 
 
 
 •—-N. Feature 13 
 
 
 
 MT44 
 
 Feature 19 
 
 Bone 
 
 cm 20 
 
 Figure 5-14. Plan View of Features 13, 14, 15, and 19. 
 
 75 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 Lithic debitage comprises 92 percent (n=2,429) 
 of the overall lithic assemblage. The debitage 
 includes cores (n=39), primary flakes (n=39), 
 secondary flakes (n=131), tertiary flakes (n=281), 
 bifacial thinning flakes (n=22), broken flakes 
 (n=635) 3 bipolar flakes (n=4), shatter (n= 1,268), and 
 blades (n=10). Of these, 55 flakes evidenced use- 
 wear. Chipped-stone tools account for 3 percent of 
 the prehistoric lithic assemblage, and include rough 
 (n=l 1). thick (n=10), and thin (n=8) bifaces, projec- 
 tile points (n=5), end scrapers (n=4), perforators 
 (n=2), an unidentified uniface fragment, and a 
 wedge. In addition, 31 retouched flakes were identi- 
 fied. Ground-stone artifacts comprise 1 percent of 
 the prehistoric lithics. Most numerous are hammer- 
 stones (n=19). Also identified in this subassemblage 
 are pitted cobbles (n=3), tested cobbles (n=3), and 
 single examples of a nutting stone, an unmodified 
 nonchert cobble, an abrader, and an axe (Figure 5- 
 15, a). The axe is 90 cm long, 61 cm wide, and 40 
 cm thick. It is ungrooved and made of a green 
 metamorphic rock. Other lithic material potentially 
 associated with the prehistoric occupation of the site 
 includes fire-cracked rock (n=46), unmodified 
 limestone fragments (n=l 1), unmodified chert cob- 
 bles (n=51), and hematite (n=2). 
 
 Ceramics were recovered from both surface and 
 excavated contexts at 1 1M0891. In all, 44 sherds 
 were found (Table 5-5). In addition, eight pieces of 
 daub/burned clay weighing 9.3 g and five sherd- 
 lettes weighting 2.2 g also were found. Sherdlettes 
 are those ceramics that passed through a 7/16-inch 
 geological sieve and were counted and weighed but 
 not further analyzed. 
 
 Five sherds and one sherdlette were recovered 
 from the surface. The sherds consist of one unidenti- 
 fied plain rim tempered with shell and grog, one 
 cordmarked grog-tempered body, one eroded lime- 
 stone-tempered body, one eroded grog-tempered 
 body, and one incised grog-tempered body. The 
 incised sherd is too small to identify to a named 
 type. Twenty-two sherds and three pieces of 
 
 daub/burnt clay were recovered from six features. 
 Feature 9, a possible house, contained two cord- 
 marked shell-tempered bodies, one plain body 
 tempered with shell and grog, one smoothed cord- 
 marked limestone-tempered body, and one cord- 
 marked grog body. Recovered from Feature 10, also 
 a possible house, were six limestone-tempered 
 sherds (one red-slipped body, two eroded bodies, 
 one cordmarked body, and two cordmarked rims). 
 One rim is from a Type 3 bowl with an orifice 
 diameter of 44 cm (Plate 5-1, a-b). Type 3 bowls, as 
 defined in Kelly et al. (1990), are characterized by 
 outslanted, outcurved rims. The second rim is 
 probably from the same vessel. Six sherds were 
 recovered from Feature 1 1, a circular pit, including 
 one cordmarked limestone-tempered body, three 
 plain shell-tempered bodies, one cordmarked shell- 
 tempered body, and one plain shell-tempered rim. 
 The rim is from a Sand Prairie phase angled-rim jar 
 (Plate 5-1, c). Feature 12, a possible midden deposit 
 in the sinkhole, contained three sherds: two eroded 
 limestone-tempered bodies and one cordmarked rim 
 with shell and grog temper. This rim is from a Type 
 3 bowl or plate (Plate 5-1, d). Continuous rounded- 
 stick decoration is present on the superior surface of 
 the lip. Finally, Feature 19, the burial feature, 
 contained one smoothed cordmarked limestone- 
 tempered body sherd. In addition, five machine- 
 excavated trenches contained 1 7 sherds, three sherd- 
 lettes, and one piece of daub/burnt clay. Recovered 
 from Machine Trench 44 were three limestone- 
 tempered body sherds, one of which is red slipped 
 and the others, eroded. Machine Trench 47 con- 
 tained two eroded grog-tempered bodies, one eroded 
 grit-tempered body, one cordmarked limestone- 
 tempered body, one cordmarked body with lime- 
 stone and shell temper, one cordmarked shell- 
 tempered body, and two eroded shell-tempered 
 bodies. Three cordmarked body sherds tempered 
 with limestone and shell were found in Machine 
 Trench 49. Machine Trench 80 contained three 
 limestone-tempered body sherds, one of which is 
 plain and the others, eroded. 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Progn 
 
 76 
 
Figure 5-15. Projectile Points and Axe from 1 1M0891: a, Ground-Stone Axe; b, Stanley Stemmed; 
 c, Merom Expanding Stemmed; d, Saratoga Parallel Stemmed; e, Baker's Creek; f, Triangular; 
 g, Kirk Corner Notched; h, Raddatz Side Notched; i, Sequoyah. 
 
 77 
 
Table 5-5. Selected Attributes of Ceramics from 1 1M0891. 
 
 Surface 
 
 Treatment 
 
 Limestone 
 No. Wt. (g) 
 
 No. 
 
 Grog 
 
 Wt. (g) 
 
 No. 
 
 Grit 
 
 Wt. (g) 
 
 Lime/ Shell 
 No. Wt. (g) 
 
 No. 
 
 Shell 
 Wt. (g) 
 
 Shell/Grog 
 No. Wt. (g) 
 
 Plain 
 
 1 
 
 282.4 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 4 
 
 160.9 
 
 2 
 
 15.1 
 
 CM 
 
 5 
 
 143.5 
 
 2 
 
 8.9 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 4 
 
 16.4 
 
 4 
 
 29.2 
 
 1 
 
 47.6 
 
 SMCM 
 
 2 
 
 133.6 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 RS 
 
 2 
 
 10.7 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 Incised 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 1 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 Eroded 
 
 9 
 
 24.7 
 
 3 
 
 7.6 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 3 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 Totals 
 
 19 
 
 594.9 
 
 6 
 
 18.5 
 
 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 4 
 
 16.4 
 
 11 
 
 196.4 
 
 3 
 
 62.7 
 
 Note: CM is cordmarked; SMCM is smoothed cordmarked; and RS is red slipped. 
 
 Both the prehistoric projectile points, the axe, 
 and the prehistoric ceramics are to some extent tem- 
 porally diagnostic. Four of five diagnostic projectile 
 points were found on the surface during either the 
 controlled surface collection or machine-trench 
 excavations (Figure 5-15, b-f). As a group, these 
 points indicate that 1 1M0891 was occupied from 
 the Middle Archaic period through the Mississip- 
 pian period. A single Middle Archaic period projec- 
 tile point was recovered during the controlled 
 surface collection (Figure 5-15, b). This point has 
 been identified as a Stanley Stemmed point (Justice 
 1987). Two potentially Late Archaic period projec- 
 tile points also were identified (Figure 5-15, c-d). A 
 Merom Expanding Stemmed point was found during 
 the excavation of a machine trench while a Saratoga 
 Parallel Stemmed point was found on the surface 
 (Justice 1987). The latter point type dates as late as 
 the Early Woodland period (Justice 1987). One 
 projectile point dating to the Middle Woodland and 
 Late Woodland periods, a Baker's Creek point 
 (Justice 1987), was recovered during the controlled 
 surface collection (Figure 5-15, e). The final projec- 
 tile point is an elongated triangular point that dates 
 to the Late Woodland or Mississippian periods 
 (Figure 5-15, f) (Justice 1 987). It was found during 
 the excavation of the north-half of Feature 1 1. Only 
 one rim from the Phase II assemblage at 1 1M0891 
 can be attributed to a single phase. This is the 
 
 angled-rim jar from Feature 1 1 that is characteristic 
 of the Sand Prairie phase. Attributes of several other 
 sherds such as shell temper and red slip would 
 suggest that the assemblage does not predate ca. 
 A.D. 900, or the George Reeves phase. Only the 
 rim-decorated shallow bowl or plate from Feature 
 12 is typically associated with earlier Emergent 
 Mississippian (i.e., Dohack or Range) ceramics. 
 
 A number of other projectile points were found 
 just east of 1 1M0891 (Figure 5-15, g-i). A single 
 projectile point from the controlled surface collec- 
 tion tentatively has been identified as a Kirk Corner 
 Notched point (Figure 5-15, g). Kirk Corner 
 Notched points date to the Early Archaic period 
 (Justice 1987). Another projectile is a basal frag- 
 ment of a Raddatz Side Notched point (Figure 5-15, 
 h). Raddatz projectile points date to the Middle 
 Archaic period (Justice 1987). The final projectile 
 point, found northeast of the site area, is a Sequoyah 
 point (Figure 5-15, i). Sequoyah points generally 
 date to the Mississippian period (Justice 1987). 
 
 The historic artifacts from 1 1 MO890 include 
 coal cinders/slag (n=19), concrete fragments (n=2), 
 flat glass (n=2), brick fragments (n=2), a tar ball, 
 and a wire-cut tack. Little of this material is tempo- 
 rally diagnostic, and it is no doubt associated with 
 the historic farmstead located south of the site area. 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Progn 
 
 7X 
 
Plate 5-1 . Vessel Types from 1 1M0891 : a-b, Type 3 Bowl (same vessel); c, Sand Prairie Angled Rim 
 Jar; d, Type 3 Bowl or Plate. 
 
 79 
 
Project Ch-er\'iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 Addition 2 
 
 Addition 2 is located at the extreme southwest 
 portion of the Valmeyer relocation parcel (Figure 5- 
 7). The addition consists of 140 acres covering one 
 large east-west trending upland ridge and three 
 smaller, constricted upland ridges. To the south of 
 the addition is Dennis Hollow while the upland 
 ridges are bordered on all sides by steep drainages 
 that either trend toward the bluff line and the Mis- 
 sissippi River floodplain or empty into Dennis 
 Hollow. The smaller ridges are connected to each 
 other or the larger upland ridge by narrow ridge 
 saddles. At the time of investigation the area was 
 planted in wheat, and the surrounding drainages and 
 slopes were tree covered. The Phase I investigations 
 had identified four sites within this parcel: 
 1 1M0479 and 1 1MO480 located along the extreme 
 western and southern boundaries of the addition; 
 1 1M0879 along the northern boundary of the 
 addition; and 1 1M0841 on the large upland ridge 
 along the eastern boundary of the addition (Figure 
 5-1). As well, one previously unrecorded site, 
 1 1 M0885, was identified during the Phase II inves- 
 tigations on a ridge spur to the south of 1 1M0841 
 (Figure 5-7). Four gridded collection areas, 16 
 through 19, were established within the addition, all 
 of which were placed across the large upland ridge 
 (Figure 5-2). The smaller ridges to the west, on 
 which sites 11M0479, 11MO480, and 11M0879 
 are located, were not investigated during the Phase 
 II fieldwork since these sites previously had been 
 recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHP 
 (Wells and Burns 1993). 
 
 11M0841 
 
 Site 1 1M0841 originally had been defined as a 
 circular prehistoric lithic scatter measuring 80 m in 
 diameter by McNerney (1989). The site was inter- 
 preted at that time as representing a prehistoric lithic 
 workshop. As discussed above, Wells and Burns 
 (1993) suggested an expansion of area associated 
 with this site number to almost 179 ha (Figure 5-1). 
 The controlled surface collection strategy employed 
 
 during the Phase II testing project refined the site 
 dimensions to a triangular wedge-shaped area asso- 
 ciated with the original site area. The new site area 
 encompassed maximal dimensions of 300 m south- 
 west-northeast by 1 25 m northwest-southeast, or a 
 site area of approximately 3.75 ha. Artifacts were 
 found within Grids 16, 17, 18, and 19 (Figure 5-16). 
 Site 1 1M0841 has a moderate artifact density at .60 
 per 10 m 2 . The site, as defined here, is located at the 
 crest and along a gentle south-facing slope of an 
 upland ridge. This ridge was planted in wheat at the 
 time of the Phase II investigations. To both the 
 south and north are deeply dissected tree-covered 
 ravines. To the northeast of the site area is a sink- 
 hole. Thirteen machine trenches were excavated 
 across the site area, totaling 1,176 m 2 (Figure 5-16). 
 One of these, Machine Trench 62, was excavated in 
 the sinkhole adjacent to the site area and has been 
 discussed previously. The machine trench excava- 
 tions resulted in the identification of intact prehis- 
 toric subsurface pit features within the site area. 
 Three features were partially excavated. The trench 
 excavated in the sinkhole yielded artifacts to 2 m 
 below surface. Based on the presence of intact 
 subsurface features, this site was recommended as 
 eligible for listing in the NRHP, and Phase III 
 mitigation of the site area was recommended. 
 
 Feature 1 6 was identified within Machine Trench 
 52 in the southern portion of the site. The feature 
 was bisected to obtain a vertical profile. This feature 
 is a circular pit measuring 80 cm in diameter and 50 
 cm in depth (Figure 5-17). Feature fill consists of a 
 single zone of yellowish brown (10YR5/4) silty clay 
 with charcoal flecks. Artifacts (n=68) consist mainly 
 of chert debitage. These include secondary flakes 
 (n=l), tertiary flakes (n=14), broken flakes (n=14), 
 shatter (n=33), fire-cracked rock (n=2), unmodified 
 limestone (n=2), a piece of burnt clay, and a 
 grooved axe (Figure 5-18). The axe is fully grooved 
 and made of a greenstone. It measures 1 16 mm long, 
 84 mm wide, and 26 mm thick. Feature 17 is a 
 somewhat circular shallow pit feature measuring 50 
 cm in diameter and 7 cm deep (Figure 5-17). This 
 feature, found in Machine Trench 64 in the northern 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 80 
 
Addition 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 11M0885 
 
 Project Boundary 
 
 m 100 
 
 KEY 
 
 Addition Boundary 
 
 MT Machine Trench 
 
 Grid Surface Collection Grid 
 
 Figure 5-16. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 2. 
 
 81 
 
Feature 17 
 
 Plan 
 
 cm 20 
 
 cm 20 
 
 Feature 18 
 
 Plan 
 
 West Profile 
 
 cm 20 
 
 Figure 5-17. Plan View and Profile of Features 16, 17, and 18. 
 
 82 
 
Chapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 Figure 5-18. Fully Grooved Axe from 1 1M0841. 
 
 portion of the site, was bisected and both halves 
 were excavated. Feature fill, similar to that of 
 Feature 16, consists of a single zone of yellowish 
 brown (10YR5/4) silty clay with charcoal flecks. 
 Twelve artifacts were recovered: eight pieces of 
 shatter, two tertiary flakes, a broken flake, and a 
 hammerstone. Feature 18 also was found in Ma- 
 chine Trench 64 (Figure 5-16). The feature was 
 bisected to obtain a profile. It is circular with a di- 
 ameter of about 90 cm and depth of 22 cm (Figure 
 5-17). Feature fill is similar to that of the other two 
 features, consisting of a single zone of yellowish 
 brown (10YR5/4) silty clay with charcoal flecks. 
 Seventeen artifacts were recovered from this fea- 
 ture. These include shatter (n=13), secondary flakes 
 (n=2), a tertiary flake, and a piece of burnt clay. 
 
 A total of 2,254 artifacts was recovered from the 
 controlled surface collection and machine trench 
 excavations (excluding material found in features). 
 Of these, 2,166 (96 percent) are prehistoric artifacts 
 while 88 (4 percent) are historic artifacts. Most of 
 the artifacts were recovered during the controlled 
 surface collection (n=l,730, 77 percent) while the 
 rest (n=524, 23 percent) were found during the 
 excavation of a number of machine trenches. Within 
 the overall assemblage chert flaking debris is most 
 common (n= 1,960, 86 percent). The debris includes 
 cores (n=46), primary flakes (n=67), secondary 
 flakes (n=145), tertiary flakes (n=241), bifacial 
 thinning flakes (n=14), broken flakes (n=305), 
 bipolar flakes (n=2), shatter (n=l,136), and blades 
 (n=4). Of these, 42 flakes had traces of utilization. 
 
 83 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Project Oven-iew and Phase II Investigations 
 
 Thirty-eight chipped-stone tools were recovered. 
 These include rough (n=5), thick (n=8), and thin 
 (n=9) bifaces, nondiagnostic projectile point frag- 
 ments (n=7), two perforators, and single examples 
 of an end scraper, a wedge, and an unclassified 
 uniface. In addition, four retouched flakes were 
 recovered. Ground-stone artifacts include hammer- 
 stones (n=14), cobbles (n=l 1), and a single pitted 
 cobble. Other prehistoric artifacts found include 
 fire-cracked rock (n=14), unmodified chert cobbles 
 (n=126), and two pieces of burnt clay. 
 
 The machine trenches exposed 122 m 2 of site area. 
 Artifacts were found in what is interpreted as an 
 unplowed E horizon. While no features were identi- 
 fied during the machine trench excavations, features 
 are likely present given that an E soil horizon is still 
 intact within the site area. Since this site is outside 
 of the immediate construction area, additional work 
 was not undertaken. But, if this area is to be im- 
 pacted in the future, Phase II investigations of the 
 site area are recommended to assess its NRHP 
 eligibility. 
 
 A few historic and possibly historic artifacts also 
 were found at 1 1M0841 . These include 65 pieces of 
 limestone, most probably road gravel, 11 rusted 
 unidentified metal fragments, seven pieces of coal 
 cinders/slag, three pieces of concrete, one canning 
 jar lid fragment, and one piece of Bristol-slipped 
 stoneware. 
 
 11M0885 
 
 Site 1 1M0885 was not located originally during 
 the Phase I archaeological survey conducted at the 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel. The site area is on a 
 small upland ridge spur surrounded on three sides 
 by steep ravines and connected to a somewhat larger 
 ridge spur located to the northeast by a saddle 
 (Figure 5-7). The spur was forested with no surface 
 visibility. Given that, a controlled surface collection 
 was not feasible. Subsurface testing using screened 
 posthole tests was used in an attempt to locate 
 artifacts as discussed in an earlier section of this 
 chapter. A single prehistoric lithic artifact was 
 found in one posthole test. A backhoe was used to 
 excavate a number of machine trenches to better 
 understand the context of material across this ridge 
 spur. Six machine trenches were excavated on the 
 ridge spur, of which three yielded artifacts (Figure 
 5-16). A total of 20 prehistoric artifacts was found 
 in both the posthole tests and the machine-excavated 
 units. Based on the location of the positive machine 
 trenches and posthole tests, site dimensions of 120 
 m southwest-northeast by 40 m southeast-northwest, 
 or an area of approximately 4,800 m 2 , was defined. 
 
 The artifact assemblage from this site consists of 
 20 prehistoric lithic artifacts. A single artifact was 
 found in a posthole test while the remaining 19 were 
 recovered during machine trench excavations. Fire- 
 cracked rock (n=12, 60 percent) is the single-most 
 common artifact type. Lithic debitage comprises 35 
 percent of the assemblage (n=7) and consists of 
 cores (n=2), secondary flakes (n=3), and shatter 
 (n=2). The only formal chipped-stone tool from the 
 assemblage is an unclassified uniface. As no tempo- 
 rally diagnostic artifacts were recovered, a period of 
 occupation could not be determined for 1 1M0885. 
 
 Addition 3 
 
 Addition 3 is located along the west-central 
 border of the Valmeyer relocation parcel (Figure 5- 
 7). The addition is approximately 40 acres in area, 
 consisting of a constricted upland ridge bordered on 
 the south, west, and northeast by steep drainages 
 that trend toward the bluff edge and eventually the 
 Mississippi River floodplain. During the Phase I 
 investigations, a single site, 1 1MO880, was identi- 
 fied on the upland ridge (Wells and Burns 1993) 
 (Figure 5-1). At that time 1 1MO880 was identified 
 as extending north along the upland ridge outside of 
 the project area. Four collection grids were estab- 
 lished in Addition 3 (Figure 5-19). Grid 20 extended 
 from the northeast corner to the northwest corner of 
 the addition and curved to follow the crest of the 
 upland ridge. Three other grids, Grids 21, 22, and 
 23, extended from Grid 20 to the south to investi- 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 84 
 
Addition 3 
 
 MT75 
 
 Site Continu 
 
 KEY 
 
 Addition Boundary 
 
 MT Machine Trench 
 
 Grid Surface Collection Grid 
 
 Figure 5-19. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 3. 
 
 85 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 gate other flat areas of the upland ridge. The con- 
 trolled surface collection resulted in the relocation 
 of previously identified site 11MO880. This site 
 extends to the north outside of the project area. 
 
 11MO880 
 
 Site 1 1MO880 originally was defined during the 
 Phase I archaeological survey of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel (Wells and Burns 1993). Early 
 Archaic to Late Archaic projectile points as well as 
 lithic debitage were located at that time. The site is 
 situated on a C-shaped upland ridge in the northwest 
 corner of the relocation parcel (Figure 5-7). Steep 
 forested ravines are present to the south, west, and 
 east while a narrow ridge saddle connects the 
 constricted upland ridge on which 11MO880 is 
 located to a larger upland ridge to the east. Phase I 
 survey of the area indicated that the site extends to 
 the north, outside of Addition 3. That portion of the 
 site was not investigated during this project. Four 
 collection grids were established in this part of the 
 site area (20, 21, 22, and 23) (Figure 5-19). The 
 southern portion of this site has a low artifact 
 density at .08 per 10 m 2 . Based on the controlled 
 surface collection and the results of the Phase I 
 survey, 1 1MO880 has maximal site dimensions of 
 410 m north-south by 3 10 m east- west and an area 
 of approximately 12.7 ha. Of this, approximately 7.7 
 ha are within the project area limits (250 m north- 
 south by 310 m east- west). Artifacts from the 
 controlled surface collection total more than 400 
 and consist mainly of lithic debris. A total of 1 1 
 machine trenches was excavated within the southern 
 portion of 1 1MO880, exposing almost 494 m 2 of 
 site area (Figure 5-19). No features were identified 
 in the machine trenches, and all artifacts found were 
 recovered from the plow zone. Based on the lack of 
 intact features and artifacts from sub-plow zone 
 contexts, it was recommended that the southern 
 portion of this site was not eligible for listing in the 
 National Register of Historic Places. Given that the 
 Phase I archaeological survey recovered prehistoric 
 ceramics from the northern portion of the site 
 outside of the current project area (Wells and Burns 
 
 1993), it is recommended that the northern portion 
 of the site be investigated to determine whether 
 preservational conditions differ. No further work 
 was undertaken at the southern portion of the site. 
 
 Artifacts from the controlled surface collection 
 (n=423) and machine trenches (n=180) total 603 
 pieces. Of this total most are chert debitage (n=5 14, 
 85 percent). Chert debitage from the site includes 
 cores (n=13), primary flakes (n=22), secondary 
 flakes (n=80), tertiary flakes (n=l 16), bifacial thin- 
 ning flakes (n=2), broken flakes (n=l 15), and shat- 
 ter (n=166). A total of 16 utilized flakes was identi- 
 fied in the chert debitage assemblage. Formal 
 chipped-stone tools (n=10, 1.5 percent) include 
 rough (n=3), thick (n=2), thin (n=l), and unclassi- 
 fied (n=2) bifaces, an unclassified uniface, and a 
 retouched flake. None of the chipped-stone tools is 
 temporally diagnostic. Ground-stone tools include 
 two pitted cobbles and one hammerstone. In addi- 
 tion, 43 pieces of unmodified chert cobbles, 25 fire- 
 cracked rock fragments, and eight pieces of lime- 
 stone were found at 1 1MO880. As no temporally 
 diagnostic artifacts were recovered, a period of 
 occupation could not be determined for 1 1MO880. 
 
 Addition 4 
 
 This addition comprises the northwest corner of 
 the Valmeyer relocation parcel (Figure 5-7). It 
 covers approximately 80 acres and consists of a 
 fairly broad upland ridge at its southern boundary 
 with a narrow ridge extending northward, bisecting 
 the addition. To the east and west of this narrow 
 ridge are steep ravines that drain northward toward 
 the bluff edge and the Mississippi River valley. At 
 the time of investigation, the ridges were planted in 
 wheat while the side slopes and ravines were tree 
 covered. Previous investigations assigned all of the 
 upland ridge areas within this addition to 1 1M0841 
 (Figure 5-1) (Wells and Burns 1993). Five con- 
 trolled surface collection grids were established, 
 four on the southern upland ridge and one along the 
 narrow northward extending ridge (Figure 5-20). 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
Addition 4 
 
 100 
 
 KEY 
 
 Addition Boundary 
 MT Machine Trench 
 Grid Surface Collection Grid 
 
 Figure 5-20. Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 4. 
 
 87 
 
Project Q\er\-ie\v and Phase II Investigations 
 
 The five grids were 10-15 m wide and 75-290 m 
 long. In addition, five machine trenches were exca- 
 vated along portions of the northward extending 
 ridge in areas where a grid collection could not be 
 made. Two discrete artifact scatters, 1 1M0892 and 
 1 1 M0893, were identified as a result of the Phase II 
 investigations. 
 
 11M0892 
 
 Site HM0892 was defined on a northeast- 
 southwest trending ridge slope of a fairly broad 
 upland ridge along the west-central boundary of the 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel. The site area was 
 originally included in HM0841 after the Phase I 
 investigations (Wells and Burns 1993). At the time 
 of the Phase II investigations, the area was planted 
 in wheat. Based on the results of the controlled 
 surface collection, site dimensions of 90 m north- 
 east-southwest by 40 m southeast-northwest were 
 defined, yielding an approximate site area of 3,600 
 m 2 . The surface collection resulted in the recovery 
 of 75 prehistoric artifacts (an artifact density of .22 
 per 10 m 2 ). Three machine trenches were excavated 
 within the site area with a total of 108 m 2 investi- 
 gated. No subsurface features were identified during 
 the machine excavation of the trenches, and all 
 artifacts recovered were from plow zone contexts. 
 Based on the lack of intact features or artifacts from 
 sub-plow zone contexts, it was recommended that 
 this site was not eligible for listing in the National 
 Register of Historic Places. No further work was 
 conducted at HM0892. 
 
 cores (n=2), primary flakes (n=4), secondary flakes 
 (n=l 1), tertiary flakes (n=17), broken flakes (n=28), 
 and shatter (n=51). Four flakes evidence use wear. 
 Only a single formal chipped-stone tool, a thin 
 biface, was recovered. This biface is not temporally 
 diagnostic. Ground-stone tools also consist of a sin- 
 gle item, a pitted cobble. Other material includes 
 five pieces of fire-cracked rock, one piece of sand- 
 stone, and nine pieces of limestone. As no tempo- 
 rally diagnostic artifacts were recovered, a period of 
 occupation could not be determined for 1 1M0892. 
 
 11M0893 
 
 Site 1 1M0893 is located near the edge of a 
 north-oriented constricted upland ridge in an area 
 planted in wheat at the time of the Phase II investi- 
 gations (Figure 5-7). This area had been included as 
 part of 1 1M0841 by Wells and Burns (1993) (Fig- 
 ure 5-1). Sixteen artifacts were found during the 
 controlled surface collection (an artifact density of 
 .1 per 10 m 2 ). Maximal scatter dimensions are 40 m 
 north-south by 40 m east-west, for a site area of 
 1,600 m 2 (Figure 5-20). The one machine trench 
 excavated in the site area exposed a total of 30 m 2 
 (Figure 5-20). No artifacts were located during the 
 machine excavations. As well, no subsurface fea- 
 tures were identified during the machine trench 
 excavations. Based on the lack of intact features or 
 artifacts from sub-plow zone contexts, it was recom- 
 mended that this site was not eligible for listing in 
 the National Register of Historic Places. No further 
 work was conducted at 1 1M0893. 
 
 The artifact assemblage from 1 1M0892 consists 
 of 130 prehistoric lithic artifacts, 75 (58 percent of 
 assemblage) of which were found during the con- 
 trolled surface collection and 55 (42 percent of 
 assemblage) in the machine trench excavations. 
 Most of the artifacts are various categories of chert 
 debitage (n=l 13, 87 percent). The debitage includes 
 
 Only 16 artifacts were recovered at 11M0893, 
 all prehistoric lithic debitage from the controlled 
 surface collection. The debitage includes secondary 
 flakes (n=5), tertiary flakes (n=3), broken flakes 
 (n=4), and shatter (n=4). As no temporally diagnos- 
 tic artifacts were recovered, a period of occupation 
 could not be determined for 1 1M0893. 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
Chapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 Addition 5 
 
 Addition 5 is an inverted L-shaped area in the 
 northeast corner of the Valmeyer relocation parcel 
 (Figure 5-7). The addition is 95 acres in area, 
 consisting of a broad upland ridge that is oriented 
 north-south. North-trending ravines that drain 
 toward the bluff edge and the Mississippi River 
 valley are present on either side of this ridge. At the 
 time of investigation the upland ridge was covered 
 by wheat while the ravine and side slopes were tree 
 covered. Phase I survey included all of the upland 
 ridge within 11M0841 (Figure 5-1) (Wells and 
 Burns 1993). Two controlled surface collection 
 grids, Grids 29 and 30, were established in this 
 addition during the Phase II investigations (Figure 
 5-21). Both were 10 m wide. Grid 29 began near the 
 southern boundary of Addition 5 and curved north- 
 ward following the upland ridge to near the northern 
 boundary of the addition. Grid 30 was oriented east- 
 ward to investigate a spur of the upland ridge. In 
 addition seven machine trenches were excavated on 
 ridge spurs or along the edge of the ridge in an 
 attempt to identify additional artifact clusters in 
 areas not surface collected (Figure 5-21). The 
 investigations resulted in the identification of three 
 artifact clusters, designated 1 1M0894, 1 1M0895, 
 and 11M0896 (Figure 5-7). 
 
 11M0894 
 
 This site is located on a narrow north to south- 
 trending ridge in the northeast corner of the Val- 
 meyer relocation parcel. To the east and west of the 
 site area are steep, forested ravines while the ridge 
 itself was an active agricultural field planted in 
 wheat. Karstic sinkhole features are present to the 
 south of the site area. Wells and Burns (1993) orig- 
 inally included this area as part of 1 1M0841 (Figure 
 5-1). Surface collected materials were found in 
 Grids 29 and 30 and included one biface fragment 
 and 39 pieces of lithic debris. Based on the surface 
 distribution of this material, maximal site dimen- 
 sions of 1 20 m northeast-southwest by 60 m south- 
 east-northwest were defined, yielding an area of 
 
 approximately 7,200 m 2 (Figure 5-21). Site 
 1 1 M0894 had an artifact density of .08 per 1 m 2 . 
 Four machine trenches, located along a north-south 
 transect at regular intervals, then were excavated at 
 1 1M0894 (Figure 5-21). The total area excavated in 
 the four trenches is 136 m 2 . Twenty prehistoric lithic 
 artifacts were recovered from these trenches. No 
 features were located during the excavation of these 
 trenches, nor were any sub-plow zone artifacts 
 recovered. Based on the lack of intact features and 
 artifacts from sub-plow zone contexts, it was recom- 
 mended that this site was not eligible for listing in 
 the National Register of Historic Places. No further 
 work was conducted at 1 1M0894. 
 
 The controlled surface collection and machine 
 trench excavations yielded 60 prehistoric lithic 
 artifacts. Most of this material is chert debitage 
 (n=52, 87 percent). The chert debitage consists of 
 cores (n=l), primary flakes (n=3), secondary flakes 
 (n=5), tertiary flakes (n=8), broken flakes (n=14), 
 and shatter (n=21). One chipped-stone tool was 
 found, a thick biface that is not temporally diagnos- 
 tic. The ground-stone tool assemblage consists of a 
 single hammerstone. Other artifacts include five 
 pieces of fire-cracked rock and a single piece of 
 limestone. Since no temporally diagnostic artifacts 
 were recovered, a period of occupation could not be 
 determined for 11 M0892. 
 
 11M0895 ' 
 
 This site originally was included with 1 1M0841 
 by Wells and Burns (1993) (Figure 5-1). It is located 
 on a small eastward-projecting ridge spur that is 
 connected to a larger, but narrow, north-south 
 trending upland ridge in the northeast corner of the 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel. Steep forested ravines 
 are present north, south, and east of the ridge spur. 
 At the time of investigation the area was planted in 
 wheat. The site was located during a controlled 
 surface collection of Grid 30 (Figure 5-21). The 
 assemblage consists of two historic artifacts and 
 three pieces of lithic debitage. Review of historic 
 plat maps indicates that a farmstead was located in 
 
 89 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. J 
 

 Addition 5 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 MT 103 
 
 
 \ MT105 \^^~ ^ ' _) 
 
 
 
 Sy?m\vy^ j 
 
 
 
 /^^MT104 ( \ 1 
 
 
 11M0894 
 
 //y^Sj^MT 107 / 
 
 
 ) /MT101 / 
 
 / \^^ MT106 ^) j 
 
 
 / Grid 29 
 
 MT100 
 
 
 
 
 / | 
 
 MT111* 
 
 
 
 
 MT99 
 
 
 
 
 
 MT110 
 
 
 
 ' If Ml 98 
 
 /f) 
 
 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 ff MT97 
 
 
 
 
 11M0896 / » jy/j!^ 
 
 
 m 100 
 
 i ! 
 
 KEY 
 
 
 
 MT114 
 
 
 
 Addition Boundary 
 
 MT Machine Trench 
 
 Grid Surface Collection Grid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Figure 5-2 1 . Collection Grids, Machine Trenches, and Site Areas in Addition 5. 
 
 90 
 
Chapter 5. Results of Phase II Investigations 
 
 this area during the late nineteenth century (W. R. 
 Brink and Company 1875; Centennial Atlas Com- 
 pany 1916; George A. Ogle and Company 1901). 
 Material was found in an area measuring 20 m 
 north-south by 40 m east-west, yielding an approxi- 
 mate 800 m 2 site area (Figure 5-21). Artifact density 
 at this site was .13 per 10 m 2 . Machine Trench 106, 
 covering a 23-m 2 area, was excavated in an attempt 
 to locate features or sub-plow zone materials, 
 neither of which were found (Figure 5-21). Based on 
 the lack of intact features or artifacts from sub-plow 
 zone contexts, it was recommended that this site 
 was not eligible for listing in the National Register 
 of Historic Places. No further work was conducted 
 atllM0895. 
 
 Land entry dates for this part of the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel range between 1810 and 1850. A 
 review of historic plat maps indicates that a struc- 
 ture was located in this area as early as 1875, be- 
 longing to F. Dappe (W. R. Brink and Company 
 1875). The structure remained in existence through 
 1901 when it is noted as belonging to Michael 
 Bunschur (George A. Ogle and Company 1901). By 
 1916, this parcel once again had been sold, this time 
 to William and Anne Nobbe, who owned adjacent 
 tracts to the southwest (Centennial Atlas Company 
 1916). No structure is depicted within the parcel at 
 this time, indicating the removal of this house 
 during a 15-year period between ca. 1901 and 1916. 
 The archaeological material collected, while sparse, 
 does not contradict these dates of occupation. 
 
 A total of 1 1 prehistoric and historic artifacts 
 was collected from the 11M0895 site area, all of 
 which were recovered during the controlled surface 
 collection. No artifacts were found in the machine- 
 trench excavations. Three of these are prehistoric 
 artifacts consisting of two pieces of shatter and one 
 broken flake. Six unmodified rocks collected could 
 represent noncultural items or date to either the 
 prehistoric or historic periods. Finally, two historic 
 artifacts were recovered. These consist of single 
 pieces of clear bottle glass and undecorated 
 whiteware. The prehistoric artifacts are not tempo- 
 
 rally diagnostic, and the historic artifacts are consis- 
 tent with a late nineteenth- to twentieth-century 
 occupation. 
 
 11M0896 
 
 Additional machine-trench excavations were 
 placed along the eastern edge of the north-south 
 trending upland ridge within Addition 5 as a con- 
 trolled surface collection could not be conducted in 
 that area due to poor surface visibility. Artifacts 
 were recovered in two machine-trench excavations 
 on a narrow ridge to the east of a sinkhole and west 
 of the ridge edge. These two trenches, 1 12 and 113, 
 define the 11M0896 site area (Figure 5-21). Site 
 1 1M0896 was located within an agricultural field 
 while the ravine slope to the east is tree-covered. 
 Based on placement of these trenches, site dimen- 
 sions of 100 m north-south by 30 m east- west were 
 defined, yielding an area of approximately 3,000 m 2 
 (Figure 5-21). Excavations totaled 54 m 2 in the two 
 machine trenches. A total of 19 prehistoric artifacts 
 was recovered from the plow zone (an artifact 
 density of .06 per 10 m 2 ). No artifacts were found 
 below the plow zone, nor were any subsurface 
 features located. Based on the lack of intact features 
 and artifacts from sub-plow zone contexts, it was 
 recommended that this site was not eligible for 
 listing in the National Register of Historic Places. 
 No further work was conducted at 1 1M0896. 
 
 Nineteen prehistoric lithic artifacts were recov- 
 ered during the excavation of machine trenches at 
 1 1M0896. Of this total, ten (53 percent) are pieces 
 of debitage consisting of cores (n=3), tertiary flakes 
 (n=2), shatter (n=4), and a broken flake. One 
 chipped-stone tool, a unifacial side scraper, also was 
 recovered. As well, a single ground-stone tool, a 
 hammerstone, was collected. Other material from 
 the trench excavations include four pieces of fire- 
 cracked rock, two pieces of limestone, and a piece 
 of hematite. As no temporally diagnostic artifacts 
 were recovered, a period of occupation could not be 
 determined for 1 1M0896. 
 
 91 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. J 
 
Project Overview and Phase II Investigations 
 
 Off-Site Investigations 
 
 As discussed in the introduction to this chapter, 
 the results of the Phase I investigations led Wells 
 and Burns (1993) to define a 179-ha area for 
 1 1M0841 given the almost continuous, although not 
 uniform, distribution of artifacts in the area. Rather 
 than conduct the Phase II excavations across the 
 entire 179-ha site area, a controlled surface collec- 
 tion was conducted in an attempt to define dense 
 clusters of artifacts where, it was reasoned, there 
 would be a greater likelihood for the existence of 
 intact features or midden deposits. As a result, 
 1 1M0841 was divided into 13 separate sites. Eleven 
 of these sites were defined on the basis of concen- 
 trations of artifacts identified during the controlled 
 surface collection while two were identified by 
 subsurface testing methods. 
 
 The 14 sites investigated during the Phase II 
 fieldwork represent concentrations of artifacts 
 denser than the surrounding area. While artifact 
 density decreased outside of these sites, artifacts 
 were present and collected. Artifacts from the areas 
 outside of the defined sites have been referred to as 
 off-site collections. The off-site collections, docu- 
 mented in Appendix A by provenience, include 
 material from both controlled surface collection grid 
 units and machine trenches. Projectile points found 
 off-site have been discussed above with regard to 
 those sites in closest proximity to their location. As 
 discussed previously in this chapter, machine 
 trenches were excavated in off-site areas. These off- 
 site machine trenches often were placed in locations 
 such as ridge knolls where, based on previous 
 results of fieldwork in southwestern Illinois, archae- 
 ological sites may be expected. In addition, these 
 locations often had sparse scatters of artifacts, 
 although not enough in comparison to the defined 
 sites to be accorded site status. In effect, Phase II 
 excavations were conducted at off-site areas in an 
 effort to ensure that no intact subsurface deposits 
 
 were overlooked. Slightly less than 3,000 m 2 were 
 excavated in off-site areas, and no intact deposits 
 were identified (Table 5-4). 
 
 The distribution of artifacts within the Valmeyer 
 relocation parcel has no doubt been caused by a 
 number of factors, both prehistoric and historic in 
 nature. Perhaps easiest to envision and also best 
 documented are the effects of plowing on the hori- 
 zontal dispersal of artifacts (e.g., O'Brien and 
 Lewarch 1981; Odell and Cowan 1987). The 
 Valmeyer relocation parcel has been plowed for 
 more than 100 years, and this has, no doubt, led to 
 a dispersal of artifacts across the landscape and a 
 consequent blurring of site boundaries, if such a 
 methodological concept can be attributed to prehis- 
 toric human behavior. As important, though, is a key 
 attribute of the Valmeyer relocation parcel; easily 
 accessible chert. As discussed in Chapter 3 of this 
 volume, chert was easily accessible within the 
 numerous draws and hollows along the edges of the 
 project area. As Adams argues with regard to the 
 lithic assemblage from 1 1M0841 in Volume 2 of 
 this report, this ease of access led to an expedient, or 
 nonconservative, use of chert resources. In effect, 
 chert was worked, modified, and used wherever 
 encountered, including both formal loci recognized 
 today by archaeologists as sites and across much of 
 the remainder of the project area. Both processes, 
 one modern and the other prehistoric, have led to the 
 almost continuous, but not uniform, scatter of chert 
 debris across the Valmeyer relocation parcel. 
 
 One specimen, an eroded distal end of a human 
 fibula, was found in Addition 1 North, surface 
 collection Grid 3, Row 2, Unit 0. The element is 4.5 
 mm long and has both a size and density consistent 
 with human fibulae. The surface collection and 
 machine trench excavations conducted in the area 
 failed to locate additional material or mortuary 
 features. 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 92 
 
CHAPTER 6. 
 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 This section draws together two somewhat 
 disparate, although interconnected, issues: a discus- 
 sion of the archaeological nature of the sites investi- 
 gated during the Phase II project and the NRHP 
 recommendations for the sites based on the results 
 of the suite of investigative techniques, both field 
 and laboratory, employed. The first part of this 
 chapter focuses on assessing the data generated by 
 this project in terms of site function and a systemic 
 analysis of the Valmeyer relocation parcel sites. The 
 second part provides a rationale for the NRHP 
 recommendations presented in the previous chapter 
 and summarizes those recommendations. 
 
 Discussion 
 
 This discussion focuses on a subset of the sites 
 located within the Valmeyer relocation parcel. It 
 attempts to characterize the activities conducted at 
 the sites as well as their role in local settlement 
 systems. The three sites recommended as not eligi- 
 ble for listing in the NRHP by Wells and Burns 
 (1993), 11M0479, 11M0879, and 11MO880, are 
 not considered since no data were obtained from 
 these sites during the Phase II investigations. Like- 
 wise, sites 1 1M0885 and 1 1M0896 are not consid- 
 ered since the investigative technique used at both, 
 consisting solely of subsurface testing, yields sub- 
 stantially different assemblage profiles due to dif- 
 ferent recovery biases. Sites 11M0893, 11M0894, 
 and 11M0895 also are not considered since each 
 has a lithic assemblage with fewer than 100 arti- 
 facts. Finally, 1 1M0891 is not considered as it rep- 
 resents the only site at which prehistoric ceramics 
 were recovered. The presence of prehistoric ceram- 
 ics at 1 1M0891 indicates this site represents a dif- 
 ferent period of occupation and perhaps a substan- 
 tially different site type. With the exclusion of these 
 nine sites, eight sites remain for further analysis. 
 
 To aid in the comparison and understanding of 
 settlement function and location of the eight sites 
 
 selected for analysis, a general biface-production 
 model employed by Morrow (1982) is used. Four 
 ratios have been calculated for the eight sites. The 
 first ratio compares unfinished to finished tools and 
 is a measure of on-site tool use and tool production. 
 Likewise, a comparison of formal tools to expedient 
 tools provides a similar measure. The ratio of shatter 
 to flakes is indicative of the stage of lithic produc- 
 tion at a site, with high ratios of shatter to flakes 
 suggesting that early-stage production was more 
 common. Finally, the ratio of bifacial thinning 
 flakes to percussion flakes was calculated. A high 
 ratio of bifacial thinning flakes to percussion flakes 
 indicates that later-stage production was common on 
 site. For convenience, these ratios have been con- 
 verted into single figures by dividing the numerator 
 by the denominator. Figures greater than 1 .0 indi- 
 cate that the numerator is dominant while figures 
 less than 1.0 indicate that the denominator is domi- 
 nant (Table 5-6). 
 
 For all but two sites, 1 1M0888 and 1 1M0841, 
 high ratios of unfinished to finished tools were ob- 
 tained, although at all sites unfinished tools were as 
 common or more so than finished tools (Table 5-6). 
 Similarly, in all but one case, fewer formal tools are 
 present at the Valmeyer sites than expedient tools 
 (Table 5-6). Site 1 1M0886 is the single exception, 
 having a high ratio of formal to expedient tools. For 
 the shattenflake ratio, two sites, 11M0841 and 
 1 1M0892, have high ratios (Table 5-6). Two others, 
 1 1MO880 and 1 1M0886, have ratios in the middle 
 of the range, and the other four Valmeyer sites have 
 generally low ratios. In contrast, only one site, 
 11M0888, has a relatively high ratio of bifacial 
 thinning flakes to percussion flakes (Table 5-6). All 
 other Valmeyer sites have lower ratios. 
 
 These ratios suggest that not all of the lithic scat- 
 ters at Valmeyer are similar in regards to site func- 
 tion. Four points can be raised in this regard. First, 
 with reference to tool manufacture, at most sites the 
 
 93 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Table 6-1 . Debitage and Chipped-Stone Tool Ratios for Selected Valmeyer Sites. 
 
 
 Unfinished/ 
 
 Shatter/ 
 
 Cores/ 
 
 Bif Th 
 
 in. Flakes/ 
 
 Formal/ 
 
 Site 
 
 Finished Tools 
 
 Flakes 
 
 Flakes 
 
 Percuss 
 
 ;ion Flakes 
 
 Expedient Tools 
 
 11M0886 
 
 3.0 
 
 .50 
 
 .02 
 
 
 .15 
 
 1.21 
 
 11M0887 
 
 8.0 
 
 .36 
 
 .04 
 
 
 .01 
 
 .90 
 
 11M0888 
 
 1.0 
 
 .34 
 
 .02 
 
 
 .47 
 
 .24 
 
 11M0889 
 
 10.0 
 
 .33 
 
 .00 
 
 
 .00 
 
 .21 
 
 11MO890 
 
 3.3 
 
 .29 
 
 .03 
 
 
 .04 
 
 .15 
 
 11M0841 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.46 
 
 .06 
 
 
 .07 
 
 .74 
 
 11MO880 
 
 6.0 
 
 .50 
 
 .04 
 
 
 .02 
 
 .53 
 
 11M0892 
 
 10.0 
 
 .85 
 
 .03 
 
 
 .00 
 
 .25 
 
 emphasis was placed on making blanks and pre- 
 forms rather than finished tools. This strategy takes 
 advantage of the plentiful chert resources at this 
 locale and may indicate that unfinished tools were 
 traded to other groups or used at different locations. 
 Two sites deviate from this trend, 11M0888 and 
 11M0841. There, finished tools were almost as 
 common as blanks or preforms. Second, the high 
 ratio of bifacial thinning flakes to percussion flakes 
 at 1 1M0888 further indicates that, at this site, many 
 of the blanks and preforms were worked into fin- 
 ished tools. That this is not the case at 1 1M0841 
 suggests that a different suite of activities was tak- 
 ing place at these two sites. Third, the high propor- 
 tion of shatter at 1 1M0841 and somewhat lower 
 proportion at 1 1M0892 indicate emphasis on early- 
 stage reduction activities and, perhaps more impor- 
 tantly, bipolar reduction techniques. Fourth, all of 
 the sites but one, 1 1 M0886, have fewer formal than 
 expedient tools. Given the predominance of unfin- 
 ished over finished tools at 1 1M0886, activities at 
 this site may have been more restricted than at the 
 others, perhaps with a greater emphasis on tool 
 blank and preform production. 
 
 These four points indicate that, at most sites, two 
 sets of activities were taking place. Some form of 
 Iithic manufacturing was taking place, with plentiful 
 chert supplies being an attraction to prehistoric 
 groups. At most sites, blanks and preforms were 
 
 made while at 1 1M0888 these items were further 
 modified into finished tools. At most sites, perhaps 
 aside from 1 1M0886, a second trajectory of Iithic 
 manufacturing also was taking place. This manufac- 
 turing trajectory was aimed at producing flakes that 
 could be used as expedient tools — unmodified or 
 minimally retouched tools that then could be used 
 for any number of tasks. This second set of activities 
 is largely unidentified at the Valmeyer sites. But, 
 with the variety of expedient tools and formal tools 
 such as projectile points, scrapers, and wedges 
 found at the sites, no doubt a number of different 
 tasks were undertaken at sites within this locale. 
 
 Most of these sites, when compared with the 
 model of Archaic period settlement in southwestern 
 Illinois proposed by Emerson et al. (1986), appear to 
 be examples of residential extractive camps. Resi- 
 dential extractive camps are characterized as being 
 of medium size (ca. .5-2.5 ha) with an overall 
 generalized tool assemblage indicative of a short- 
 term residential occupation but also evidencing a 
 particular specialized emphasis. Residential extrac- 
 tive camps are often associated with pit features. 
 The best example of this site type within those sites 
 analyzed for the Valmeyer locale is 11M0841 
 where pit features and a fairly generalized assem- 
 blage were identified. The specialized activity at 
 these sites was chert gathering and subsequent tool 
 manufacture, common at all sites. 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 94 
 
( Chapter 6. Discussion and Recommendations 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 The ultimate goal of the Phase II investigations 
 at the Valmeyer relocation parcel sites was to 
 provide a set of management recommendations for 
 both FEMA and the IHPA. The recommendations 
 were to be based on the determination of NRHP 
 eligibility for each site identified. A second concern 
 was whether human remains were present in the 
 project area. This goal was met by the completion of 
 an IHPA Archaeological Survey Short Report 
 (ASSR) in July 1994 (McGowan 1994) and the 
 subsequent acceptance of the recommendations by 
 the IHPA. Factors taken into account for NRHP 
 eligibility determination included time period 
 represented (especially in regards to the NRHP 50- 
 year rule), presence of intact features or other 
 deposits, the quantity and depositional character of 
 those deposits or features (and hence the likelihood 
 of locating additional intact deposits), and the type 
 of artifacts and other archaeological remains (such 
 as floral or faunal remains) associated with the 
 intact deposits. When these considerations were 
 applied to the sites in the Valmeyer relocation 
 parcel, two were recommended as eligible for listing 
 in the National Register of Historic Places. 
 
 As discussed in this chapter, a total of 17 sites 
 has been defined within the Valmeyer relocation 
 parcel (Table 5-7). After the completion of the 
 Phase I investigations, two sites, 11M0479 and 
 11M0879, were recommended as not eligible for 
 listing in the NRHP (Wells and Burns 1993). Of the 
 remaining 1 5 sites, 1 1 were recommended as not 
 eligible for listing in the NRHP based on the results 
 of the Phase II investigations (McGowan 1994) 
 (Table 5-7). Aside from one site, none of the sites 
 recommended as not eligible contained evidence of 
 intact features. The one exception to this, 1 1M0888, 
 contained a single shallow pit feature. Extensive 
 excavation of machine trenches at this site failed to 
 yield additional intact deposits. Hence, it was 
 concluded that few if any additional features were 
 likely to be present at 11M0888. One additional 
 caveat should be mentioned. Site 11MO880 was 
 
 only partially located within the Valmeyer reloca- 
 tion parcel, and investigations were restricted to the 
 southern site area. This portion of the site lacked 
 intact deposits. The northern portion, though, had 
 yielded prehistoric ceramics during the Phase I 
 investigations in contrast to the southern portion of 
 this site. It is recommended, therefore, that Phase II 
 investigations be undertaken at the northern portion 
 of this site if construction or other impacts are 
 planned. Finally, while no intact features were found 
 at 11M0885, an intact E horizon containing rela- 
 tively large quantities of artifacts was identified. 
 Given the presence of this intact soil horizon, it was 
 thought likely that features are present at this site. 
 Additional investigations are recommended at this 
 site to determine whether intact features are present. 
 
 Finally, two sites were recommended as eligible 
 for listing in the National Register of Historic 
 Places: 11M0841 and 11M0891 (Figure 5-7). 
 Three intact prehistoric pit features, dating to the 
 Middle Archaic or Late Archaic period, were found 
 at 11M0841. These features yielded substantial 
 artifact assemblages and paleobotanical remains. 
 Seven intact features, including houses, pits, and a 
 probable burial, were identified at 1 1M0891. These 
 features date to the Emergent Mississippian and 
 Mississippian periods. These recommendations are 
 summarized in Table 5-7. 
 
 Upon concurrence by the IHPA with these 
 recommendations, FEMA and Woodward-Clyde 
 Federal Services, Inc. requested that the Public 
 Service Archaeology Program prepare a Phase III 
 mitigation data recovery plan and implement that 
 plan at sites 1 1M0841 and 1 1M0891 . The results of 
 those investigations are presented as Volumes 2 and 
 3 of this report, respectively. In consultation with 
 the Village of Valmeyer, it was determined that 
 11M0885 was not scheduled to be impacted by 
 relocation construction activities and, hence, site 
 preservation instead of mitigation was deemed the 
 most appropriate management strategy. 
 
 95 
 
 Research Report No. 28, Vol. 1 
 
Table 6-2. Summary of NRHP Evaluations of Sites Located Within the Valmeyer Relocation Parcel. 
 
 Site 
 
 NRHP Status 
 
 Comments 
 
 11M0841 
 
 Eligible 
 
 11M0479 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0879 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11MO880- 
 
 
 South 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11MO880- 
 
 
 North 
 
 Potentially Eligible 
 
 11M0885 
 
 Potentially Eligible 
 
 11M0886 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0887 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0888 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0889 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11MO890 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0891 
 
 Eligible 
 
 11M0892 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0893 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0894 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0895 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 11M0896 
 
 Not Eligible 
 
 Three Archaic period features located 
 Recommendation by Wells and Burns (1993) 
 Recommendation by Wells and Burns (1993) 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Recommendation by Wells and Burns (1993) 
 
 Intact E horizon present, feature preservation likely 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Only single feature located despite excavation of 1,919 m 2 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Seven Emergent Mississippian to Mississippian features 
 located 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 No intact deposits present, plow zone to subsoil stratigraphy 
 
 Public Service Archaeology Program 
 
 96 
 
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 106 
 
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