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 ANALYSIS 
 
 ORGANIZATION 
 
 OK THE 
 
 PRUSSIAN ARMY 
 
 LIEUTENANT GERALD F. TALBOT, 
 
 2M» PRUSSIAN DRAGOON GUARDS. 
 
 "A NATION IN ARMS; AND 
 DISCIPLINED, IS INVINCIBLE. " 
 
 BERLIN 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. MOESEli 
 34 AND 35 STALLSCHREIBERSTR.
 
 ANALYSIS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORGANIZATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRUSSIAN ARMY 
 
 BY 
 
 LIEUTENANT GERALD F. TALBOT, 
 
 '2"" PRUSSIAN DRAGOON GUARDS. 
 
 "A NATION IN ARMS; AND 
 DISCIPLINED, IS INVINCIBLE." 
 
 BERLIN 
 
 PUBLISHED BY W. MOESER 
 
 3 4 AND 3 5 STALLSCHREIBERSTR.
 
 The right of translation reserved.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Owing to a serious accident which befell me at 
 the commencement of the present war, I was 
 disabled for active service, and therefore unable to 
 take part in the campaign. 
 
 As many of my countrymen are now turning 
 their attention to the formation and discipline of 
 the Prussian army; I thought I could not better 
 employ my leisure moments, than in relating my 
 personal experience in that army. At first, I pro- 
 posed treating of all the preparations necessary 
 to become an officer; entering into a minute de- 
 tail of the service, and closing with a description 
 of the Organization of the army. 
 
 The chief inquiry at present seems to be in 
 regard to the organization; and therefore I have 
 decided to publish no^o, what I had intended for 
 the second part of my work. Later, I shall pro- 
 bably offer the whole to the public; not by any 
 means as a literary effort, but merely to afford
 
 to those who desire it, a clearer insight into the 
 minutiae of the Prussian system. 
 
 In treating of this army, there are two things 
 to be chiefly remarked; 
 
 1st that in Prussia, education is compulsory, 
 2nd military service is obligatory. 
 
 By the former, every child at the age of 
 five years is obliged to attend school; and conse- 
 quently an immense majority of the common sol- 
 diers know how to read and write. 
 
 By the latter, every North German (with only 
 certain exceptions, hereafter given) is obliged to 
 perform military duty. All (unless they come 
 under the exceptions referred to) no matter what 
 their rank in life may be, must enter as privates 
 and perform the same duties as the common 
 soldiers. 
 
 By this method, those who afterward become 
 officers, are made thoroughly acquainted with 
 every part of the service in detail; and can rea- 
 dily detect the least omission or neglect on the 
 part of the men. 
 
 The men, on the other hand, have confi- 
 dence in the orders they receive, knowing that 
 their commanders perfectly understand what they 
 require.
 
 In this way, a feeling of sympathy exists be- 
 tween those occupying different social positions, 
 uniting them one to another. Inasmuch as the 
 higher born knows from experience the hardships 
 of mihtary life borne by his poorer neighbour; 
 — the peasant respects the noble in proportion 
 to his manly endurance; and thus the one incites 
 the other to a more thorough discharge of his 
 duty. 
 
 Gerald F. Talbot.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 1. Origin of the Landwehr 11 
 
 2. Condition of the Army from 1815—1859 12 
 
 3. Reorganization of 1859 and 1860 14 
 
 4- Reinforcement of the Army up to the end of the year 1866 17 
 
 5. Further Development of the Prussian Landwehr, and the for- 
 mation of a Landwehr in the other States of the North German 
 
 Confederation in the year 1867 18 
 
 List of States belonging to the Confederation 20 
 
 6. Reorganization of 1867 21 
 
 Exemptions <S:c. &c 21 
 
 Armed force of Confederation 21 
 
 Fixed periods for service 22 
 
 7. Reengagements 23 
 
 8. Registering and calling out of Recruits 24 
 
 9. Necessary Preliminaries preparatory to Recruiting .... 25 
 
 Method of recording those liable to serve 26 
 
 The Ersatz-Reserve 28 
 
 10. Supplementary Works 30 
 
 11. Volunteers 31 
 
 12. Organization of the Reserves 33 
 
 13- Staff of the Landwehr in time of Peace 37 
 
 14. The Officers of the Reserve 38 
 
 15. The Officers of the Landwehr 41 
 
 16. Method of keeping a supply of clothing &c. for the Reserves 
 and Landwehr 42 
 
 17. Method of supplying the Army with Horses 42 
 
 Remount-Purchasing Districts 43 
 
 Regulation number of Horses in time of War 47
 
 8 
 
 Page 
 
 18. The Troops 48 
 
 Strength of the different branches of the Service in time of peace 48 
 
 The Infantry 48 
 
 The Cavalry 50 
 
 The Artillery 51 
 
 The Engineers 53 
 
 The Military-Train 53 
 
 19. Manner in which the Regiments, Brigades, Divisions, Corps 
 d'Armee and Inspections are numbered 53 
 
 20. Division of the Army into Corps d'Armee, Divisions, Brigades &c. 55 
 
 21. The Mobilization 56 
 
 Preparation in time of peace 56 
 
 Method of calling out the Reserves and of augmenting the 
 
 regular Army in time of war 57 
 
 Filling up the Field-troops to their war strength 57 
 
 Formation of the Depot-troops 59 
 
 Formation of the Garrison-troops and arming of Fortresses . 61 
 
 Formation of the necessary Staffs 61 
 
 The strength of different branches of the Service, with the 
 
 necessary carriages and horses on a war-footing .... 62 
 
 22. The formation of a Corps d'Armee on a war-footing ... 63 
 
 23. Peace-Establishment of the Army for 1870 64 
 
 Division of Troops amongst the states of the Confederation 65 
 
 24. War-Establishment of 1870 65 
 
 a) Field-troops 65 
 
 6) Depot-troops 66 
 
 c) Garrison-troops 66 
 
 25. Recapitulation of the War-Establishment 67 
 
 26. Army Expenditure for 1870 68 
 
 27. Organization and War-Establishment of Bavaria 69 
 
 Exemptions &c. &c 69 
 
 28. Organization of Wiirtemberg 71 
 
 Peace-Establishment 72 
 
 War-Establishment 72 
 
 29. Organization of Baden 73 
 
 Peace- and War-Establishments . 74 
 
 30. Recapitulation of the War-Establishment of the South German 
 
 States 75 
 
 31. The War-Establishment of the North and South German Armies 75 
 
 32. War -Establishment of the Armies of Austria, France, Russia 
 
 and Italy 76
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PRUSSIAN ARMY. 
 
 It is well known that in the reign of Frederick Willliam III, 
 great misfortunes fell upon Prussia; and the undisguised 
 hostility and interference of Napoleon became so insup- 
 portable, that on the 8"' October 1806, the King was 
 obliged formally to declare war against France. 
 
 The army amounted at this time to about 250,000 
 men. About 110,000 were in Actual Service^ whilst 
 the remaining 140,000 were on furlough throughout 
 the entire year, excepting at the time appointed annually 
 for drill and certain necessary exercises. At the double 
 battle of Jena and Auerstadt the Prussians were com- 
 pletely defeated by the French. This victory was followed 
 up by others on the side of the French; and the cam- 
 paign, so disastrous to Prussia and Russia was brought 
 to a close in 1807, by the occupation of Konigsberg and 
 Tilsit by Napoleon. Alexander of Russia concluded a peace 
 with Napoleon; who, on July 9"' 1807, dictated to Prussia 
 the terms of an ignominious treaty, which was signed 
 at Tilsit. In consequence of this, Prussia was reduced 
 from .5725 Q German* miles with a population of 8,953,000 
 — to 2,870 □ miles with a population of only 4,000,000 — 
 
 • One German D mile = 4|- English D miles.
 
 10 
 
 losing in fact more than half of her territory and popu- 
 lation, and was by this treaty bound to diminish the army 
 to the number of 42,000 men. Little did Napoleon 
 think that in forcing this peace upon Prussia, he was 
 in reality laying the foundation of Prussia's greatness 
 and power, and of German Unity! Such, was never- 
 theless the case, for now that the army was diminished 
 to so insufficient a number of men, Prussia was obliged 
 to devise some means of increasing it, in cases of emer- 
 gency, in order to be able at least to defend her rights. 
 The King confided the organization of the army to two of 
 his most competent Generals, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. 
 It was first determined that only natives of the country 
 should form the army. New penal laws were established, 
 flogging done away with, (excepting in the cases of sol- 
 diers who had been degraded to the second class) and 
 by better treatment, a rigid feeling of honor was to be 
 inculcated among the troops. In order to be promoted 
 to the rank of an officer — two examinations, and election 
 by the corps of officers were required — the only ex- 
 ception to these, being in cases of bravery before the 
 enemy. Allowances for birth were abolished, and the 
 cultivation of scientific pursuits by the officers was 
 encouraged. 
 
 As I have before stated ; according to the „Peace 
 of Tilsit" the army was to consist of 42,000 men only; 
 but in order to perfect a larger number of men in all 
 military exercises, to take part in the future struggle for 
 freedom ; the so-called ^jKriimper^-system was established. 
 
 This system was as follows. 
 
 Only a certain portion of the men were obliged 
 to remain the whole of the lawful term of service in
 
 11 
 
 the standing army; — the remaining portion, were after 
 a service of some months permitted to go on furlough. 
 In their place fresh recruits were called out, and they 
 also, after a few months service, were dismissed on fur- 
 lough. 
 
 This system was so successfully operated, that at 
 the commencement of 1813, it was not only possible to 
 fill up the regiments with these half drilled men, but 
 to form besides 51 new battalions. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE LANDWEHE. 
 
 Notwithstanding the additions made to the army, 
 it was not yet considered strong enough to victoriously 
 carry on the prodigious struggles impending. 
 
 In order to be able to muster a still larger force; 
 in February of the year 1813, the establishment of vo- 
 lunteer detachments of rifles, by every regiment containing 
 young men who could afford to equip themselves, was 
 ordered; — and in this way about 10,000 men were 
 soon collected together. 
 
 A law passed on the 9*'^ February 1813 forbade all 
 release from the duty of serving, so long as the war 
 then pending should last: and on the 17''" of the fol- 
 lowing March the establishment of a Laudwehr (militia) 
 was ordered. 
 
 This Landwehr was composed of 120,000 inexpe- 
 rienced men (with but few officers who had served be- 
 fore) badly clad, and insufficiently equipped; — but so 
 filled with enthusiasm for the cause in behalf of which 
 they were fighting, viz: the deliverance of their country
 
 12 
 
 from the oppression of its tyrannical foe, that in action 
 they far exceeded what had been expected of them. Thus, 
 in August 1813, Prussia was enabled to put 250,000 men 
 in rank and file — 170,000 field-troops, 30,000 besieging, 
 and 50,000 as depot and garrison-troops. 
 
 THE CONDITION OF THE ARMY 
 FROM 1815—1859. 
 
 After Prussia had by many exertions and struggles 
 regained her position among the great powers of Europe, 
 she became aware that in order to cope with her neigh- 
 bours, she required a strong army. But as she was 
 smaller than her colleagues; with a population inferior to 
 those of the other states, (about 10,402,000) both men and 
 money were wanting. The Prussians had been taught by 
 their experience that not only a well disciplined standing- 
 army was able to carry on a war; but that portion of 
 the people capable of bearing arms, who had already 
 passed through the ranks; could, when war threatened, 
 be called together and prove a reliable military force. 
 In accordance with this opinion, the standing - army in 
 time of peace was to be used more as a School to pre- 
 pare the men for war — and in time of war to furnish 
 but a small part (|) of the whole army. 
 
 It was expected that should the Landwehr have 
 forgotten any of their military drill and exercises; that, 
 actuated by the same enthusiasm as in 1813 — they 
 would as cheerfully leave their fire - sides and submit to 
 military discipline. 
 
 For these reasons the Landwehr was retained after
 
 13 
 
 the war; and by the law passed Nov. S""^ 1814 upon 
 the obligation for military service; and the order for the 
 Landwehr (Landwehr-Ordnung) of 2P' Nov. 1815, based 
 the war-forces of Prussia upon the Landwehr system. By 
 means of these two laws, every Prussian capable of bea- 
 ring arms, was without exception, declared liable to serve 
 in the standing army from his 20"' till his 23'''^ year, 
 from his 23'''' till his 25"^ in the Reserve, from his 25"' 
 till his 32'"'' in the 1**' ban of the Landwehr, and from 
 his 32''i till 39"' in the 2"" ban of the Landwehr. The 
 Landsturm (general levy of the people) was to comprise 
 all men between the ages of 17 and 49, who were not 
 in the standing army, nor in the Landwehr. The three 
 chief elements which thenceforth composed the army were: 
 I The active army, 
 n P' ban of the Landwehr, 
 III 2"'' ban of the Landwehr. 
 
 The active army was in peace about 140,000 men 
 strong; in time of war by calling in the reserves, about 
 200,000, and upon adding the Landwehr rifles, artillery 
 men, and pioneers about 220,000. 
 
 The P' ban of the Landwehr contained infantry and 
 cavalry; of which in peace small cadres only, existed, 
 comprising in all about 3,000 men, but which in case 
 of a mobilization could be increased to 150,000 men. 
 
 The active army and P' ban of the Landwehr 
 together formed the field army of about 350,000 men 
 strong. 
 
 The second, ban of Landivehr existed only, in time 
 of war. It furnished 110,000 men, whose duty it was 
 to garrison the fortresses. Out of these three principal 
 divisions, were formed, each on a war footing;
 
 u 
 
 1) the field-troops, by the standing army; 
 
 2) the depot-troops, by the first ban of Landwehr ; 
 
 3) the garrison-troops, by the second ban of Land- 
 wehr. 
 
 In this manner Prussia could in time of war (with- 
 out the Landsturm) provide 530,000 men, scarcely | of 
 whom during peace, were by the standing army. The 
 chief advantage of this system was, that in peace it 
 required but a comparatively trifling sacrifice of money 
 and men, and nevertheless supplied in time of war a 
 large army. 
 
 THE REORGANIZATION OF 1859 AND 1860. 
 
 Several deficiencies in the Landwehr system were 
 brought to light, during the wars of 1848 and 1849 and 
 the mobilizations of 1850 and 1859. 
 
 The liability to be called away at any moment from 
 their homes and domestic pursuits, had greatly quenched 
 any enthusiastic feeling in the Landwehr men, who often 
 became insubordinate and gave way to excesses. 
 
 Besides this, the manner in which the men were 
 called out, was injust; viz: for the standing army of 
 140,000 men, 40,000 men only, could be furnished 
 annually; whilst since 1815 an increase in the population 
 from 10 to 18,000,000, no longer provided as at that 
 time only 40,000 men; but since 1859, supplied about 
 63,000 men capable of bearing arms. 
 
 There remained then of those fit for service, over 
 5 perfectly free; in consequence of which, justice prompted 
 that for the future all such as were able to serve should
 
 15 
 
 be made to undergo the hardships of the service, (thereby 
 increasing the strength of the army to about 190,000), 
 and in this way, lighten the work of each one individually. 
 
 The easiest way of effecting this, was by lessening 
 the claim upon the Landwehr. Whilst formerly , the 
 40,000 who were yearly called out, would be obliged 
 in case of war to belong for 12 years to the field troops; 
 now^ about 63,000 would be called out, for the space 
 of 7 years 0)iJy — from the age of 20 to 27. The state 
 revenues, which had increased from 50 to 93,000,000 
 thalers, as well as the enlarged population, permitted 
 an increase in the army and a greater military ex- 
 penditure. 
 
 In consequence of these failures in the Landwehr 
 system. King William ordered daring his regency in the 
 years 1859 and 1860, that a reorganization of the army 
 should take place. 
 
 The P' ban of the Landwehr was as a rule, no 
 longer to be used in the field, but only to garrison the 
 fortresses i. e. to do the duty which had until now been 
 performed by the 2"'' ban. 
 
 The regiments of the standing army, more especially 
 the infantry regiments, were to be increased to nearly 
 as many regiments as there were in the P* ban — conse- 
 quently almost doubled. It was at the same time, neces- 
 sary to prolong the term of service in the reserve, from 
 2 to 4 years. In cases of emergency only, the 2""^ ban 
 was to be called out. It was considered sufficient for 
 the men to serve 9 years instead of 14 in the Land- 
 wehr; in accordance with this, the term of service in 
 the P' ban, was to be reduced from 7 to 4 years; and 
 in the 2""^ ban from 7 to 5 years.
 
 16 
 
 In the session of 1860 — 61, the ^^/an of a new law, 
 referring to the liabiHty to serve, was placed before the 
 chambers which was intended to take the place of the 
 still valid law of 3''<^ Sept. 1814; but owing to the 
 groundless opposition of the Chamber of Deputies, the 
 desired modification never became law. There were 
 indeed, violent contests between Parliament and the King, 
 at this time and subsequently, with regard to calling up 
 the reserves, and modifications relating to periods of 
 service. The government was obliged finally, to resort 
 to some other means of eflPecting its object, and this was 
 accomplished, when the war of 1866 broke out, by only 
 calling out the youngest men of the Landwehr — the 
 eldest were not required. 
 
 In this manner, the sum total of the strength of the 
 field-troops remained the same as before; but their fitness 
 and strength for war had improved immensely. The 
 standing army was increased by 36 infantry regiments; 
 9 battalions of the 9 fusilier regiments; (the fusilier 
 regiments had previously consisted of but 2 battalions 
 each; one new battalion had been added to every regi- 
 ment making in all 9 new ones) 10 cavalry regiments; 
 5 fortress artillery companies, and shortly afterwards 
 4 more, thus giving a 2""^^ fortress company to each of 
 the 9 artillery regiments. The 9 pioneer companies were 
 each one strengthened by 2 companies, and finally, 
 9 military train battalions were formed as a standing 
 body. 
 
 According to this, the 
 
 1 ) Field - army was composed of 342,000 of the 
 standing army, of which in time of peace 217,000 only 
 were active.
 
 17 
 
 2) Depot -troops, consisted of 130,000 men chiefly 
 reserves and recruits. 
 
 3) Garrison -troops, of 195,000 principally reserves 
 and the 1'^ ban of the Landwehr, and in case of need 
 108,000 of the 2"'^ ban of the Landwehr in addition. 
 
 With about 6,000 men forming the forces which 
 remained behind, this made in all 781,000 men without 
 the Landsturm, 1 of which only were in time of peace 
 in the active service. The standing army was coiisequently 
 no longer as formerly, chiefly a preparatory school of 
 the nation for war; but became at this time the chief 
 element of the field-army, which it was only necessary 
 to complete by reserves; and it became also the college 
 of arms for the Landwehr, which was principally designed 
 for garrison troops. 
 
 THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE ARMY UP TO 
 THE END OF THE YEAR 1866. 
 
 The war against Austria and her allies enlarged 
 Prussia from 5068 □ german miles to 6393 □ miles, and 
 its population from about 19,000,000 to 24,000,000. 
 In consequence of this, the army was increased in pro- 
 portion, and its strength in time of peace grew from 
 217,000 to about 240,000 men. 
 
 The army was materially increased by 16 infantry 
 regiments, 3 battalions of rifles, 16 cavalry regiments, 
 3 field artillery regiments, 12 fortress artillery companies, 
 3 battalions of pioneers and 3 battalions of military train. 
 
 Thus 3 new corps d'armee were formed (the IX, 
 X and XI). The kingdom of Saxony was to provide 
 a Separate independent corps, the XH.
 
 18 
 
 In this year also, the newly acquired Prussian pro- 
 vinces were provisionally divided into 22 Landwehr bat- 
 talion districts, and the corresponding 22 permanent staffs. 
 
 At the close of the campaign of '66' the Prussian 
 army ranked high amongst the great armies of the 
 world — and many of the foreign powers, modified their 
 regulations with regard to arming, supplies, improve- 
 ments &c. after the Prussian system. 
 
 THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 
 PRUSSIAN LANDWEHR, AND THE FORMATION 
 
 OF A LANDWEHR IN THE OTHER STATES OF 
 
 THE NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1867. 
 
 With the extension of the Prussian military orga- 
 nization over the whole North German Confederation in 
 1867 as prescribed by the confederate Constitution, it 
 became necessary to establish a Landwehr in the newly 
 acquired states of the confederacy; and to divide these 
 states into Landwehr districts. 
 
 This appeared to be also a fit time, for doing away with 
 several defects, which had become apparent in the division 
 of the old and new provinces into Landwehr districts. 
 
 After the wars for freedom, until the year 1859, 
 each of the 96 battalions of the 32 regiments of the 
 infantry of the line belonged to a Landwehr district; 
 which furnished two battalions of the P' and 2"' ban, 
 having numbers corresponding with those of the regi- 
 ments. Each one of the eight fusilier regiments had 
 also a corresponding Landwehr district; so that the 
 number of these in aU amounted to 104. 
 
 This division was, after the reorganization of the
 
 19 
 
 army in 1859 and 1860 retained, so that each brigade 
 of two regiments had three corresponding Landwehr di- 
 stricts allotted to it ; although on account of the increa- 
 sed number of regiments, the numbers of the new re- 
 giments were not represented by corresponding numbers 
 in the Landwehr. By degrees the following defects in 
 the division of the Landwehr districts became manifest. 
 
 1) The population since the year 1842 (since when 
 the division of the old districts into provinces had not 
 been altered) had increased considerably, but in different 
 proportions in the different districts; furthermore such 
 important migrations of the population had taken place, 
 that the work of the commanders of these districts be- 
 came much heavier. 
 
 2) The total term of service in the Landwehr had 
 been diminished, and consequently the number of Land- 
 wehr men — but for the future no Landwehr battalions 
 of the 2'"^ ban were to be formed, and the number of 
 104 plus 22 Landwehr battalions was no longer suffi- 
 cient for the number of men. 
 
 3) "With regard to the communications (for the punc- 
 tual supplies of the reserves and Landwehr when called 
 out, and the quick transport of the same to their regi- 
 ments i. e. for a precise mobilization) which are of such 
 vital importance — the introduction of railways had 
 effected a complete revolution. 
 
 4) Furthermore as the Landwehr district division 
 
 in the old provinces, did not always correspond closely 
 
 enough with the political division of the country, (very 
 
 often parts of the same district belonged to diflPerent 
 
 Landwehr divisions) business intercourse was rendered 
 
 more difficult. 
 
 2*
 
 20 
 
 5) Finally, it became desirable that every infantry 
 regiment of" the line should have as formerly, its own 
 recruiting district. In order to efl'ect this, it was ne- 
 cessary to alter the division of the districts, as since 
 1859 two regiments of the line had always been de- 
 pendent upon three Landwehr districts. 
 
 The remodelling of the Prussian Landwehr, and 
 the establishment of the same throughout the states be- 
 longing to the North -German Confederacy, (including 
 the grand -duchy of Hesse) had been so well accom- 
 plished at the end of 1867, that the above-mentioned 
 grievances were done away M'ith. 
 
 The following is a correct list of the States belonging to 
 the North-German Confederation, their population and size. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Lanenburg .... 
 Kinjrdom of Saxony . 
 Hesse, north part. 
 Mecklenbnrg-Scliwerin 
 ilecklenburg-Strelitz . 
 Oldenburg .... 
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 
 Brunswick .... 
 
 Anhalt 
 
 Saxe-Altenburg . . 
 Saxe-Meiningeu 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha . 
 Schwarzburg-Sondersbausen 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 
 Schaumburg-Lippe 
 Lippe Detmold . . . 
 Waldeck-Pyrmont . . 
 Keuss, elder line . . 
 Reuss, younger line . 
 Hamburg .... 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Lubeck 
 
 6,290,59 
 
 21.29 
 
 271,83 
 
 59,74 
 
 244,12 
 
 49.4 9 I 
 116,15 j 
 
 66,0 3 1 
 67,02! 
 48,23 ; 
 24,00 I 
 
 44,9 7 I 
 35,73 
 15,63 , 
 17,58 ' 
 8,05 I 
 
 20,fio ' 
 
 20,36 i 
 6,80 I 
 
 15,0 5 
 7,53 
 
 3,5 I 
 5,9S 1 
 
 24,042,961 
 
 50,002 
 
 2,420,795 
 
 257,279 
 
 560,576 
 
 98,698 
 
 316,960 
 
 282,856 
 
 304,039 
 
 196, 58 
 
 141,650 
 
 180,193 
 
 168.290 
 
 67,452 
 
 75,132 
 
 31,168 
 
 112,599 
 
 57,050 
 
 44,172 
 
 87,974 
 
 302,599 j 
 
 108,792 
 
 48,439 
 
 3,823 
 2,348 
 8,905 
 4.006 
 2,296 
 1,994 
 2,729 
 4,284 
 4,537 
 4.077 
 5,902 
 4,007 
 4,710 
 4,315 
 4,274 
 3,872 
 5,466 
 2,802 
 6,496 
 5,841 
 40,186 
 31,083 
 8.100 
 
 North-Ciermun Confederation = 7,460,33 j 29,956,536 4,016
 
 21 
 THE REORGANIZATION OF 1867. 
 
 A law passed Nov. 9'^'^ 1867, upon recruiting and 
 the organization of the reserves, enacts that ecery North 
 German is theoretically liable to serve. (This liability 
 for the Prussians dates as far back as Sept. S'*^ 1814.) 
 Neither substitutes nor exemption by payment being 
 permitted. 
 
 This is practicallij limited however to those between 
 the ages of 17 and 42, including those "who are liable 
 to serve in the general levy. Under ordinary circum- 
 stances only those between the ages of 20 and 32 are 
 liable to serve. 
 
 Members of reigning houses. Spedai 
 
 exemptions. 
 
 Members of mediatized houses. (Belonging formerly 
 to the empire, and houses possessing certain titles of 
 right, or exempted by treaty). 
 
 A. Only sons of widows or the sole support of a General causes 
 
 for exemption. 
 
 father and mother unable to work, or chief sup- 
 port of a family. 
 
 B. Owners of factories affording employment to work- 
 men and unable otherwise to carry on their bu- 
 siness. 
 
 C. Sole assistant of a father in carrying on a business. 
 
 D. Property-holders, whose property would suffer by 
 their removal. 
 
 E. Students of theology. 
 
 F. Mennonites or anabaptists. 
 
 I The Standing Army which comprises : Anucd force 
 
 of tlie 
 
 a. The Active Army, North-Ocrman 
 
 '' Confederation. 
 
 b. The Reserve, 
 
 c. The Landwehr.
 
 22 
 
 II The Navy-comprising: 
 
 a. The Fleet, 
 
 b. The Seewehr. 
 
 III The Landsturm or general levy. 
 
 IV The Fortresses. 
 
 V The Remaining war materials. 
 
 The youth must enter the service of the standing 
 army on the P' of January of the year in which he 
 completes his 20"' year, and remain until the completion 
 of his 27"' year. Each one must serve actively, without 
 intermission during the first three years. 
 
 In the active service, those called up between the 
 2'"' Oct. and the 31^' March, are considered to have served 
 from P' Oct. ; however, so great a number are kept over on 
 account of physical unfitness, that the actual age from 
 which the service of the recruit is generally counted, is 
 about 20^. 
 
 The men are on furlouo;h in the reserve throuo-hout 
 the remaining 4 years ; being bound to take part in two 
 manoeuvres only, neither of which may exceed 8 weeks, 
 during the 4 years. They are recalled to the active ser- 
 vice, whenever a mobilization or augmentation of the 
 army takes place. 
 
 Each recall to active service counts as a manoeu-sTe. 
 After 7 years service in the active army, they are bound 
 to serve for 5 years longer in the Landwehr, during 
 which period they are called in twice for one or two weeks 
 drill in special companies or battalions. During peace 
 the driU of the Landwehr is seldom enforced, and the 
 Cavalry never called out for service. 
 
 The Lanchturni is called out, when an invasion 
 takes place, or is imminent, or in a case of great emergency.
 
 23 
 
 All these rules naturally only hold good in time of 
 peace; — during war, alterations must necessarily be 
 made, and the Army and Navy reinforced by those for- 
 merly exempted, &c. &c., as the deficiencies become 
 evident. 
 
 REENGAGEMENTS. 
 
 Any one may reenter after having served for 3 years, 
 whose conduct has been satisfactory, and who gives 
 prool" of eventually becoming a good non-commissioned 
 officer; by simply obtaining the consent of the Colonel 
 of the regiment. The reengagement is generally for 
 one or two years, and can be continued or not, after 
 the expiration of that time — at the option of the man 
 and his Col. 
 
 During the period of reengagement the individual 
 can only be released: 
 
 I By the desire of both parties and the permission 
 
 of the General Commando. 
 II Against the wish of the individual, if he had 
 been punished with an arrest of not less than 
 6 weeks, or if for the same oflence he had 
 twice undergone arrest. 
 Ill Against his ivish, if the individual had been 
 degraded to the 2'"' class. 
 Reengaged men generally consist of corporals and non- 
 commissioned officers, and they receive an additional pay 
 of about a half- penny a day. Men who reengage and 
 serve 12 years and more, cannot be discharged against 
 their will, except for misconduct; 9 years out of the 12 
 they must have served as non-commissioned officers.
 
 24 
 
 The employments which are open to them on taking 
 their leave finally ; comprise nearly all the subordinate 
 posts in the civil departments, viz: the government 
 railways, post office, police &c. 
 
 A military man has a far better chance of obtain- 
 ing employment in one of the above mentioned depart- 
 ments than a civil applicant; but he must prove that 
 he is qualified for it and if it be necessary, must pass 
 an examination. 
 
 THE REGISTERING AND CALLING OUT 
 OF RECRUITS. 
 
 Recruiting is carried on throughout the different pro- 
 vinces and districts by commissioners (Ersatz-Commissio- 
 nen) appointed by the Ministers of War and of the Interior. 
 These Ministers are the highest authority in all mat- 
 ters connected with recruiting and form the ' Millisterial- 
 Instanz'. In the provinces, districts, divisions &c. the 
 chief directors, are the highest personages of the military 
 and civil government in each individual province &c. 
 For instance 
 
 I In the provinces, the generals commanding 
 corps, and the president of the civil government 
 with the corresponding civil officials, called 
 the 'Ersatz-Behorde dritter Instanz'. 
 II In the district of each brigade of infantry of 
 the line, is an inferior commission, the 'Depar- 
 tements- Ersatz -Commission' composed of the 
 commander of that brigade, and government 
 civil official of corresponding rank. 
 Ill In each circle, (Kreis) the commander of the 
 Landwehr battalion, and the most important
 
 25 
 
 civil official or director of the police forms 
 a commission called the 'Kreis- Ersatz -Com- 
 mission '. 
 Besides the above-mentioned permanent members 
 of the 'Kreis - Ersatz - Commission', there are extra 
 members, viz: an infantry officer of the line, 4 landed 
 proprietors, (as a rule two owners of country, and two 
 of town property) and one staff surgeon who has not 
 however a vote. Clerks and other assistants are supplied 
 from the Landwehr and civil employes. 
 
 The 'Kreis -Ersatz -Commission' is under the 'Depar- 
 tements- Ersatz -Commission' for the which it prepares 
 work. The latter is in turn subordinate to the 'Ersatz- 
 Behorde drifter Instanz'. Should any question arise 
 upon which it is impossible for the members of the 
 'Ersatz-Behorde drifter Instanz' to agree, it must be sub- 
 mitted for decision to the 'Ministerial-Instanz'. 
 
 THE NECESSARY PRELIMINARIES, 
 PREPARATORY TO RECRUITING. 
 
 These preparations are for two purposes. 
 
 I To decide how many recruits are required. 
 
 II To discover how many, and what men are 
 
 suitable for service, from whom the recruits 
 
 may be taken. 
 
 The levy takes place every year. The number 
 
 necessary to complete each regiment must be ascertained 
 
 and reported to the Prussian Minister of War, before 
 
 the 15"' April. This is called the „Ersatz-Bedarfs-Nach- 
 
 weisung " 
 
 The Minister of War then distributes the required
 
 26 
 
 supply of recruits, among the several states of the Con- 
 federacy according to their respective populations, and 
 communicates this „ Haupt- Ersatz- Repartition " to the 
 Prussian Admiralty, to the Minister of the Interior, to 
 the Saxon Minister of War and to the Governments 
 of all the other states. 
 
 Through the medium of the Generals in command 
 of corps, the Presidents, and the „Departements-Ersatz- 
 Commission " it is determined how many recruits are 
 to be supplied by each district and for which regiments. 
 
 If a district be not able to produce the number of 
 recruits required, then the other districts of the same 
 Brigade-District must supply in equal proportions those 
 lacking. 
 
 Generally, there are on hand more serviceable men 
 liable to serve, than the number of recruits required; 
 in which case lots are drawn, and those drawing the 
 highest numbers are put back — to be called up again 
 when an augmentation is necessary. 
 The method of lu the P' mouth of cach year the clergy and autho- 
 
 recording; those _ pi 
 
 liable to serve, rities of the different parishes who have charge of the 
 Registers^ must send in lists of births, including all males 
 who will complete their 17*'' year during the calendar- 
 year then commencing; and also, a list of those who 
 have come into their districts to reside permanently or 
 temporarily, or who are in service. These latter, are 
 with the former, included in the lists called „Stamm- 
 roUen" for which purpose they must report themselves 
 to the local civil authorities before the 1"* of February. 
 The lists are made out for those who have attained 
 their 17*'' year, because they are then Hable for the 
 Landsturm, but they are not called up for ballot until
 
 27 
 
 the age of 20, when they are liable for service in the 
 active army. From these registers alphabetical lists are 
 made out of all persons liable to serve, according to 
 their ages. 
 
 In May or June of each year the Kreis - Ersatz- 
 Commission is assembled together, and visits the difie- 
 rent stations where the Landrath had previously mustered 
 all such as were liable to serve. Each man is measured 
 and medically examined, when the Commission (without 
 being bound by the medical opinion) decides : 
 
 1) Who is to be held over until the following year, 
 being at that moment physically imtit. 
 
 2) Who is to be put before the Departements-Ersatz- 
 Comniission, as fit for service. 
 
 3) As unfit for service. 
 
 4) Who is visibly unfit for service, (cripples, &c. &c.) 
 and consequently to be struck off from the lists. 
 
 5) Who is morally unworthy. 
 
 6) Who is to be exempted — having proved himself 
 to be entitled to come under one of the causes for 
 exemption. 
 
 The Commissioners then remark as to the adaptation 
 of certain individuals for any special branch of the service. 
 
 After this the work of the Departements-Ersatz- 
 Commissioii commences. 
 
 Besides the two permanent members, a field-officer 
 or a captain of the guards, ought to be appointed as extra- 
 ordinary member; a surgeon-major is also appointed, but 
 as in the above-mentioned Commission is not allowed 
 a vote. The assistants are: 
 
 P' The adjutant of the infantry -brigade. 
 2'"' Several military and official clerks.
 
 28 
 
 In addition to these, at every mustering station 
 the commanders of the respective districts, and of the 
 Landwehr must be present. 
 
 Nearly all the men liable to serve, are, upon the 
 circuit of the Departemeuts- Ersatz -Commission through 
 the districts of the brigade, then brought before the 
 Commission and for the 2""^ time medically examined. 
 The decision of the commissioners is then either: — 
 
 1) Permanent disablement (such persons are freed 
 entirely from serving either in time of peace or war, 
 and need not present themselves at any future muster). 
 
 2) Temporary disablement (such persons are gene- 
 rally held over for one or two years, and should their 
 disablement be the same at the end of the third com- 
 petition year, they are then freed from serving in time 
 of peace). The supply of mow -combatants is generally 
 taken from this category. 
 
 3) Exemption from serving in time of peace, on 
 account of family circumstances. 
 
 4) Appointment of the remaining serviceable men 
 to certain branches of the service by the commander of 
 the brigade. 
 
 The officer of the Guards has the power of choosing 
 any one of these men for service in the Guards. 
 
 Ersatz- Reserve. Compriscs all men liable to serve, who have been 
 
 freed from duty in time of peace by the above decision 
 of the Departements- Ersatz -Commission. 
 
 The Ersatz-Reserve is divided into two classes. To 
 the P^ class, every year so many men are assigned, as 
 in case of a mobilization will cover the first supply of 
 recruits for the reserves.
 
 29 
 
 The P* class comprises furthermore: 
 
 1) Such men as have been found fit for service, 
 but who are exempt, owing to their having drawn 
 high numbers in the lottery. 
 
 2) Such as have been enabled to claim exemption, 
 on account of family circumstances. 
 
 3) Men who owing to slight bodily defects, have 
 been exempted in time of peace. 
 
 The men of the Ersatz-Reserve 1-' class, belong to 
 the category of soldiers on furlough. 
 The 2'"' class comprises: 
 
 1) those who have completed five years in the 
 first class, 
 
 2) such as were not designed for the P* class. 
 The men remain in the 2"'' class until they have 
 
 completed their 32'"* year, and are only obliged in time 
 of war to present themselves at the mustering. In time 
 of peace they enjoy the same privileges as such as are 
 entirely freed from service. 
 
 The period of liability in the Ersatz-Reserve cor- 
 responds with the period of liability in the Active Army, 
 Reserve and Landwehr. 
 
 The work of the Departements-Ersatz-Commission 
 ought to be finished in September of each year. 
 
 The men who are now definitely levied are called 
 recruits, and after the paragraphs of the articles of 
 war, which refer to them have been read, and good 
 advice given them, they are generally speaking allowed 
 to go home on leave, until the time comes for them to 
 report themselves at their different regiments. This 
 takes place as a rule on the P* of October. From the 
 moment the above mentioned paragraphs have been read
 
 30 
 
 to them , they can be punished by the military laws 
 for any military offence. 
 
 Should any one of these recruits, owing to his im- 
 pending active service, receive no work and thus be in 
 want, he can at once enter the army; not however, be- 
 fore the men who have finished their term of active 
 service. 
 
 THE SUPPLEMENTARY WORKS. 
 
 By the P' of November each *Landrath, has to in- 
 form the other Landraths of the men who were liable 
 to serve, who had presented themselves at the mustering 
 in his district, but who were born or living in other 
 districts. By the P' of December the lists of those men 
 liable to serve, must be corrected, that isj the names of 
 such men as have been recruited must be erased. 
 Should there remain names of men, who were liable to 
 serve , but who had not presented themselves at the 
 musterings, inquiries are made and such men are even- 
 tually punished. 
 
 Uncertain men, who are liable to serve, that is 
 to say, those who have failed to present themselves at 
 two successive musterings, are put into the army as 
 soon as they are discovered, without undergoing actual 
 punishment, but their term of service is extended until 
 the next levy of recruits. 
 
 * Laiuliath is a Counsellor ol udmiiiib;tration.
 
 31 
 VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 Any young man after the completion of bis 17"' 
 year, in order that scientific and industrial education 
 may not be interfered with to any great degree; may 
 enter the service as a volunteer, provided he be mo- 
 rally and corporeally fitted to serve. 
 
 A young man who enters as a volunteer before 
 the period of liability to serve commences, is permitted 
 to choose the regiment in which he would like to serve 
 his three years; whereas, as a recruit he would be ob- 
 liged to enter whichever regiment the recruiting officers 
 considered him best fitted for. 
 
 Students of medicine are allowed to enter either 
 as surgeons, apothecaries or veterinary surgeons. 
 
 Young men of education, who provide their own 
 clothing, equipment and subsistence, and have given 
 proof of their advance in education, will be discharged 
 on furlough to the reserve, after a service of one year in 
 the standing army, reckoned from the day of their entry. 
 
 Formerly this one year's service was reckoned as 
 three, but now, one year volunteers are obliged to serve 
 for the whole period of 7 years, the last six being pas- 
 sed in the reserve. The justification of the above favor 
 is because the educated youth can perfect himself sooner 
 than the uncultivated. 
 
 In time of peace, the one-year volunteer may put 
 ofi" entering the army until the h^' of Oct. of the year 
 in which he attains the age of 23; but the examination 
 of the one-year volunteer, must be made before the 
 2 St ^pj-il of the year in which the youth completes his 
 20'*' year.
 
 32 
 
 A board of com- Tlic examination takes place before a board of 
 
 missioueis exists , , i • i • i ^ i /• ii • 
 
 iu each district, commissioners, which IS composed oi the loJlownig 
 
 members : 
 
 Two Field Officers, 
 
 The Government Civil Official 
 
 permanent members ( of the so-called Departements- 
 
 Ersatz Commission, and 
 
 one other Civil Official, 
 
 -. , i two or three Masters of Gym- 
 
 extraordmary members / 
 
 ( nasiums. 
 
 This commission meets twice every year for the 
 purpose of examining one-year volunteers. 
 
 One-year volunteers, are allowed to count not only 
 as part of the quota of the district to which they be- 
 long, but also as part of the provincial quota. 
 
 After having served his year, but before leaving 
 the regiment, a one -year volunteer must undergo both 
 a written and viva voce examination, before a field-officer, 
 one Captain, and two or three subalterns. 
 
 Questions on the different guards, outposts, patrol 
 duty, and the leading of a '^'„Beritt" are the questions 
 generally given in the written examination; and on the 
 commands for foot- drill, carbine and sword exercises in 
 the viva voce examination. 
 
 After the result of the examination, is made known, 
 the volunteers receive a testimonial as to their fitness 
 both in a military and social point of view, signed by 
 the officers of the company, squadron, or battery, and 
 by the Colonel of the regiment in which they have ser- 
 ved. It depends entirely upon the result of the exami- 
 
 • A 'Beritl' is a subdivision of a squadron and consists of 
 12 meu and horses.
 
 33 
 
 nation, and the manner in which they have conducted 
 themselves, whetlier they receive a certificate pronounc- 
 ing that they are quahfied to become officers of the 
 reserve or Landwehr, or onhj ?iow-commissioned officers 
 or iirivates. 
 
 ¥o\\Y one-year vohmteers only are allowed in a com- 
 pany, squadron, or battery, at the same time: this rule 
 is not however strictly adhered to. 
 
 Young men who volunteer into Cavalry regiments 
 for four years instead of three, have many advantages 
 offered them. It requires a much longer time to perfect 
 a Cavalry than an Infantry man, and in order that 
 volunteers may enter this branch of the service and 
 remain the extra year, the following inducements are 
 held out 
 
 1. During their term of service, in the reserve, they 
 are not called out for manoeuvres. 
 
 2. After a service of three years (instead of 5) in 
 the Landwehr, they go over to the Landsturm. 
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE RESERVES. 
 
 The Prussian system is based upon the principle, 
 that each corps d'armee and regiment has its particular 
 district, corresponding with the civil divisions of the 
 country. Each regiment receives its recruits, from its 
 own particular district, in which it is quartered, and 
 from which it rarely ever is moved; it has its own 
 Landwehr battalions attached to it, bearing the same 
 number, and provincial designation, and furthermore, it 
 has its own reserve battalion, consisting of men who
 
 34 
 
 have served in its own ranks, and upon which in time 
 of war, it must rely to increase its strength to a war 
 footing. This is carried on to such an extent, that the 
 men of the lleserve, rejoin the very same company, by 
 which they had previously served. 
 
 The whole territory of the North German Confe- 
 deration , is for this purpose divided into the following 
 districts, which coincide with the civil divisions. 
 
 1. Into twelve corps d'armee districts (Armee Corps 
 Bezirke) each of which is composed of the 4 districts, 
 of the 4 infantry brigades, which belong to the corps 
 d'armee. 
 
 2. These districts, are further subdivided into the 
 districts of the Landwehr battalions, which belong to 
 each brigade. Generally speaking, there belong four 
 Landwehr battalion districts to one brigade, but there 
 can be five, or only two or three. 
 
 3. Each Landwehr battalion district, is composed 
 of levying ( Aushebungs-Bezirke) or company, districts. 
 Li the states which are divided into circles (Kreis-Ein- 
 theilung), each company district, is composed of one 
 such circle. 
 
 To each of the Landwehr battalion districts, and 
 company districts, a permanent StaflP is attached whose 
 duty it is to keep everything prepared in peace, for the 
 formation of the Landwehr battalions ; to keep the neces- 
 sary clothing and equipment of the force, and to pro- 
 cure the horses that may be required for the augmen- 
 tation of the army in time of war. 
 
 At the same time this Landwehr district division, 
 forms the foundation for the supply of recruits for the 
 standing army, has the control over all the men on
 
 35 
 
 furlough (the Reserves). It is the medium through which 
 the mobilizatiou is brought about, and finally it has to 
 regulate the invalids who are living in their native 
 country. 
 
 The principles of the present system are as follows: 
 
 1) Each Infentry Regiment of the line of three bat- 
 talions, receives its supplies from the districts of the 
 two battalions of the Landwehr Regiment which bears 
 the same name and number. 
 
 2) Each Fusilier Regiment has a reserve Landwehr 
 battalion, with a corresponding number. These reserve 
 Landwehr battalions, are however not intended to supply 
 the Fusilier Regiments. 
 
 3) Each Fusilier-, Cuirrassier-, Field- and Fortress- 
 Regiment, each battalion of rifles, pioneers, and military 
 train is augmented out of the whole corps d'armee 
 district to which it belongs. 
 
 4) Each light Cavalry Regiment, augments itself out 
 of the brigade district, which is nearest to its garrison. 
 
 5) The Guards are augmented out of all the corps 
 d'armee districts. 
 
 With the exception of the Guards, and including 
 the Hessian Regiments, the North German Infantry 
 consists of 97 Infantry Regiments of the hne, and 12 Fu- 
 silier Regiments. 
 
 According to the above, the strength of the Land- 
 wehr Infantry consists of 
 97 Regiments each with 2 battalions = 194 battalions 
 
 12 reserve battalions :=: 12 
 
 4 Regiments of the Guards with 3 . = 12 „ 
 
 total = 218 battalions 
 
 The strength of each Landwehr battalion district, is
 
 36 
 
 regulated according to the population; so that two of 
 them, which belong to the same Regiment, can supply 
 the augmentation necessary for that Regiment; — besides 
 the augmentation necessary for the other branches of 
 the service. 
 
 Such reserves as do not change their domiciles in 
 the event of a mobilization, will consequently serve again 
 in the corps d'armee, division, brigade, regiment, and 
 even company, squadron, or battery, to which they be- 
 longed during the period of their active service. When 
 the limits of these districts were marked out, allowance 
 was made for the unequal increase of the population, 
 by the twelve Landwehr Reserce battalion districts. 
 
 Should any other district in the same corps d'armee 
 not have sufficient men, for the required augmentation; 
 — by means of the Reserve district, the number could 
 be completed. 
 
 For these districts, such places have been selected 
 as are known to contain a migrating popidation; where 
 in fact that class of people is to be found, which has 
 no fixed habitation in the district fi'om whence it pro- 
 ceeded originally; and in which it fulfilled the obliga- 
 tions of active service. These districts, (generally large 
 towns) naturally possess the readiest means of commu- 
 nication with other parts of the states; which circum- 
 stance permits of a quick transport of the augmentations 
 to any district in the territory. 
 
 The commanders of the Reserve districts have a 
 larger and more complicated amount of work, than the 
 heads of the other battalion districts. In consequence 
 of which, a larger staflF is appointed to assist them. 
 
 In the event of a mobilization, it is specially stated,
 
 37 
 
 that the Reserve districts (if after having augmented the 
 other branches of the service, a sufficient number of 
 men remain) are, like the other districts to supply a 
 formed battalion. 
 
 The limits of the Landwehr battalions, and com- 
 pany districts, always coincide with those of the admi- 
 nistrative districts, so that parts of the same circle, never 
 belong to different battalion districts. 
 
 As a rule three circles belong to one battalion 
 district.'^ 
 
 The twelve Landwehr battalions of the (Inards 
 have no territorial districts, but all the men in about 
 15 Landwehr battalion districts who have fulfilled the 
 ol)ligation of the active service in the Guards , belong 
 to them. 
 
 In time of war, each, COrps d'amiee district, must 
 supply one or two Landwehr Cavalry Regiments, as is 
 required. 
 
 THE STAFF OF THE LANDWEHR IN TIME 
 OF PEACE. 
 
 The staff of a Landwehr battalion during peace 
 
 consists of — 
 
 the Commander of the district and one Adjutant, 
 
 two non-commissioned Officers, 
 
 three Corporals and 
 
 six men as Orderlies. 
 
 * In order to carry out this principle more fully, the normal 
 division of each battalion district, into four company districts has 
 been done away with. At present the number of the company di- 
 stricts, varies between three and seven per each battalion.
 
 38 
 
 For each company: 
 
 One non-commissioned officer, and 
 
 One corporal. 
 (The regimental staflP is not kept up.) 
 In the event of a mobilization the whole staft' of 
 the Landwehr districts remains behind in the district. 
 
 THE OFFICERS OF THE RESERVE. 
 
 The officers of the reserve, or as they are called 
 the officers on furlough are divided into two classes. 
 
 I. Officers of the reserve. 11. Officers of the 
 Landwehr. The term of required service are the same 
 as those of the common soldiers, but they may belong 
 to the Reserve or Landwehr, longer than the legal terms, 
 if permitted by the military authorities. 
 
 The King appoints and discharges them. 
 
 The officers of the reserve are on their appointment, 
 assigned to a regiment of the standing army. The 
 number of second lieutenants who may be appointed is 
 unlimited, except for the Guards, Pioneers, and Rifles, 
 in which the number of appointments is regulated 
 by the presumed requirements in case of a mobilization. 
 
 The following persons can be appointed officers of 
 the reserve. 
 
 1) Officers who leave the active service and are 
 immediately appointed to the reserve. 
 
 2) Officers who leave the active service, but who 
 are not made Reserve officers until they are 
 elected by the corps of Officers of the Landwehr 
 battalion.
 
 39 
 
 3) Officers discharged with a legal reservation, as 
 regards their term of service. 
 
 4) Men, who have distinguished themselves by bra- 
 very before the enemy. 
 
 5) Ensigns resp. cornets, one and three year volun- 
 teers, who leave the active service with a certi- 
 ficate of qualification to become officers. 
 
 6) Non-commissioned officers, and men who after 
 having left the active service, have exceptionally 
 obtained a certificate of qualification to become 
 officers. 
 
 Those mentioned under 5 and 6 must before they 
 can be promoted, do from 6 to 8 Avecks duty with the 
 regiment of the line, to which they are to be proposed 
 as officers of the reserve. If they are approved of, 
 they are, after having done duty for 3 or four weeks, 
 promoted to the rank of vice -sergeant -major, and for 
 the remainder of their term of service, they do duty as 
 officers. Should they then receive a testimonial signed 
 by all the officers of the company, the battalion and the 
 commander of the regiment, saying; that both their mi- 
 litary and social qualifications, were such as to fit them 
 to become officers of the reserve in that regiment; and 
 they had been elected by the corps of officers of the 
 Landwehr battalion of the district in which they live, 
 they are then proposed to the King for an appointment 
 as officers of the reserve. 
 
 Officers of reserve have no direct connection with 
 the regiment of the line to which they may belong 
 except when serving with it. Their relations, with 
 respect to the service, are regulated generally on the 
 same principles, as those of Landwehr officers. Whilst
 
 40 
 
 on furlough, they are members of their local corps of 
 Landwelir officers, but, if called up for duty, either for 
 manoeuvres, on in the event of a mobilization, all direct 
 connection with the commander of their LandAvehr dis- 
 tricts, and their local corps of Landwehr officers is at 
 an end; and they occupy a position towards the com- 
 mander of their regiment, and the regimental corps of 
 officers, similar, in most respects to that of officers of 
 the line. They take part in elections, and in the courts 
 of honor of the corps of officers of the line, whilst serving 
 during a state of mobilization. 
 
 Officers of reserve, having proved themselves worthy, 
 of promotion by some special service, are promoted 
 simultaneously with the officers of the line. 
 
 The officers of the reserve may be called out to 
 do duty. 
 
 1. When it becomes necessary to increase the army, 
 or in case of a mol)ilization. 
 
 2. For drill, only three times ; of fi'om four to eight 
 weeks each; and this irrespective of any time 
 they may spend in the service with a view of 
 qualification for promotion. 
 
 Officers of reserve after having completed their term 
 of service in the line, generally enter the Landwehr. 
 They may apply to have their term of service extended, 
 and permission may be granted, on obtaining the consent 
 of the officers of the regiment of the line concerned. 
 This permission is only withdrawn, and the officer trans- 
 ferred to the Landwehr, if a proposel to that effect is 
 made by the regiment, or by the officer himself to the 
 commander of the Landwehr district. 
 
 No officer of the reserve is allowed to remain Ion-
 
 41 
 
 ger than 12 years in the reserve. Should an officer 
 wish to serve longer, he must enter the Landwehr. 
 Officers of the reserve wear the uniform of the line, 
 and a Landwehr cross on the head dress. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE LANDWEHR. 
 
 Officers of the Landwehr are obtained in two ways: 
 
 1) By the transfer of active officers of the reserve 
 to the Landwehr. 
 
 2) By the promotion of qualified Landwehr men. 
 The men mentioned under 2 (excepting when pro- 
 moted in consequence of distinguished service before the 
 enemy) can only be appointed when they undertake 
 voluntai'ihj to serve five years in the Landwehr; th(^y 
 must furthermore prove their qualification by serving at 
 least 6 weeks in a regiment of the line, during which 
 time they are subject to the same rules when candidates 
 for promotion, as are officers of reserve. The rules re- 
 garding their service, election, and appointment are the 
 same as those for the reserve officers. 
 
 Officers of the Landwehr may be called up for 
 active service in case of a mobilization, or for drill, 
 but only for the drill of the Landwehr. They only 
 serve with a regiment of the line when qualifying for 
 promotion, or when in the event of a mobilization, it is 
 thought necessary to attach them to one. 
 
 Landwehr officers who are called np in case of a 
 mobilization, hold the same position toward their supe- 
 riors and corps of officers of the regiment of the linc^, 
 or Landwehr, with which they serve; as the reserve 
 officers luider similar circumstances.
 
 42 
 
 METHOD OF KEEPING A SUPPLY OF 
 
 CLOTHING &c. FOR THE RESERVES AND 
 
 LANDWEHR. 
 
 Depots and magazines of arms and eqnipments &c. 
 for soldiers of the Landwehr, are established at the head 
 quarters of the Landwehr districts. Those of the re- 
 serves, are at the head quarters of the regiments of the 
 standing army. 
 
 METHOD OF SUPPLYING THE ARMY 
 WITH HORSES. 
 
 1) In time of peace. 
 
 2) In the event of a mobilization. 
 
 Owing to the breeders of horses using their young 
 two ar three year old horses and consequently damag- 
 ing them, and because 5 year olds are too expensive; 
 — Prussia has established 12 remount* depots, in which 
 three year olds (which at the average price of 150 tha- 
 lers, about £ 22, 15 s. have been purchased by the 
 four existing remount purchasing commissions, — n^G~ 
 monte"-„Ankaufs-Commissionen") are kept for one or 
 two years and then , in the autumn of each year are 
 sent to the different regiments. 
 
 The Prussian territory is divided into four districts 
 for the purchasing of horses; each of the aforesaid 
 remount -purchasing -commissions having a district of 
 its own. 
 
 * The horses for the XII Saxon corps d'armee are purchased 
 from horse-dealers.
 
 43 
 
 District for the Districts 
 
 for the 
 
 P*, is East Prussia. 
 
 2"'', the country between the rivers Vistuhi and Oder. 
 3'''', the country between the Oder and the Elbe. 
 4^'', the country between the Elbe and Rhine. 
 
 Horses and mares only are purchased. Stallions 
 may not upon any condition be bought, not even in 
 case of a mobilization; officers may however ride them 
 on duty. 
 
 The Remount Depots in the 
 Province of Prussia, are Jurgaitschen, Sperling, Neuhof- 
 
 Ragnit, Kattenau and Brakuponen. 
 Province of Pomerania; Neuhof-Treptow, Ferdinandshof. 
 Province of Brandenburg: Barendau, Behlefanz, Vw. 
 
 Kl. Ziethen. 
 Posen: Wirsitz. 
 Hanover: Neuhof. 
 
 Each cavalry regiinetit of 672 horses receives 63 re- 
 mounts annually, — rather more than j\. 
 
 Each artillery regiment of 695 horses receives 78 re- 
 mounts yearly, — about \. 
 
 According to the etat of 1868, the North German 
 army required every year 6,216 remounts, and 333 offi- 
 cers chargers. 
 
 In the year 1869 the four remount -purchasing- 
 commissions purchased 6,432 remounts, the average 
 price of 150 thalers being paid for each horse. 
 
 In time of peace the etat of horses for the North 
 German army was 63,718; consequently according to 
 the above, about \ remounts had to be supplied at a cost 
 of nearly 1,000,000 thalers or about € 150,000 a year. 
 
 Rf raoiiiit- 
 
 Purciiasins- 
 
 Coinmissions.
 
 44 
 
 In 1870 the whole army required 0,432 remounts. 
 Prussia: 5,750, at 154thalcrs 11 silbergroschen 
 
 9 pfennigs. 
 Saxony: 519, at 105 thalers. 
 Mecklenburg": 163, at 136 thalers. 
 When the remounts arrive at the regiments they 
 are divided amongst the five squadrons. 
 
 The eldest captain has the first choice, the second 
 eldest the next choice and so on; after all have chosen, 
 the eldest captain is again permitted to choose. As 
 many unserviceable horses may be sold every year, as 
 the regiment receives remounts. 
 
 The Prussian breed of horses is so good, and there 
 are so many breeders, that in case of a mobilization, the 
 number of horses required by the army may easily be 
 obtained in the country. 
 
 (In this respect Prussia has a great advantage over 
 France and Italy.) 
 
 Lieutenants of the Cavalry and Horse Artillery, and 
 officers of other branches of the service when doing 
 duty as adjutants to divisions &c. receive a charger from 
 the government every 5 years. 
 
 At the expiration of the 5"^ year the charger belongs 
 to the officer, and he has a right to receive a second one. 
 It is optional with him however to accept, or 
 refuse the horse; in case of refusal, he receives 
 (at the end of 5 years) the average price for 
 remounts 150 thalers. 
 Should the officer resign before the charger had 
 completed its 5 years service, he is then obhged to 
 return the horse to government; receiving from govern- 
 ment a certain sum of money for every year it had
 
 45 
 
 been in his possession. For each year about 30 thalers, 
 or I of the })rice paid by government for the horse. 
 
 Officers who have a right to receive chargers, may 
 choose out of all the remounts belonging to the regiment; 
 they may furthermore keep a horse on trial for one year. 
 
 Should the animal be damaged on duty without 
 blame to the Officer, he can upon demand receive a 
 second one. 
 
 The Captains and Lieutenants of the foot- artillery 
 and military train, have chargers lent to them by the 
 battery, or company, for use while on duty; l)ut they 
 have no right of possession. 
 
 The regulation number of horses: 
 
 for a Lieutenant in the Cavalry two (and they nuist 
 be such as can be ridden before a troop). 
 
 for a Ca})tain of Cavalry, Colonel of an Infantry 
 regiment, adjutant of a Cavalry regiment tliree. 
 
 Colonel of a Cavalry regiment four. 
 
 Commander of a Brigade live. 
 
 Commander of a Division six. 
 
 Commander of a corps d'armee eig'lit. 
 
 For the regulation number of horses the officers 
 receive forage. 
 
 In the event of a mobilization, a great many horses in time of war. 
 are required immediately/, and they may be obtained as 
 follows — 
 
 P' By calling out all the horses in the different 
 
 districts, and taking the serviceable ones after 
 
 they have been valued and a* ,^bon'^ given to 
 
 the owner. 
 
 * Instead of at, once paying for the animals, the purchaser jrives 
 to the owners a written papers or „hoH" sij^ned by the Landrath, 
 promising payment of the sum agreed upon, at the close of the war.
 
 46 
 
 2"'' They are purchased from horse-dealers. 
 
 With reference to the P' method. — * 
 
 Each corps d'armee receives the required number 
 of horses out of the corps district to which it belongs. 
 (The same district that supplies it with Recruits.) 
 
 But wdien (as is the case with the Guards) a corps 
 d'armee has no such district, or if the supply of horses 
 from its district be too poor; it must receive its aug- 
 mentation from other, richer districts. Accordingly it is 
 so regulated that within the districts of the I, II, IX 
 and X corps d'armee certain parts are marked out for 
 the Guards, VIII and XI corps d'armees, so that at 
 present each one of the 13 corps d'armee has its own 
 separate district for supplying itself with horses, and in 
 which it alone has the right of levying horses and of 
 ordering sales to take place. 
 
 It is usual in case of a mobilizatioil to compel a supply 
 of horses from the whole country. This is done in two ways 
 
 P' The nvnnber of horses required in the event of 
 a mobihzation, is reckoned ill time of peace, and divided 
 amongst the 13 corps d'armee. Each corps d'armee 
 then divides the number it would be obliged to procure, 
 among the circles belonging to its district, so that it is 
 fully known how many horses each circle would be cal- 
 led upon to supply. When a mobilization takes place, 
 the Landrath appoints a day on which all the horses 
 in the circle are to be brought to a certain place ; where 
 they are inspected, and the requisite number selected by 
 a commission composed of — 
 
 a Captain of the Cavalry, 
 one Lieutenant and 
 a Veterinary Surgeon. 
 
 * This method has been adopted for the present war.
 
 47 
 
 The horses chosen, are ufterwards separately led 
 before a second commission composed of 
 
 the Landratli, and 
 
 two landed proprietors, for the pnrpose of being 
 valued. Each member of the commission is sworn, and 
 their valuations written down separately. After the 
 valuations have been read and compared they are added 
 together and the average price taken. The owners must 
 deliver up their horses according to the valuation thus 
 set upon them, receiving (as I said before) a „bon^ instead 
 of payment until the end of the war. 
 
 2'"^ The „FreihaildigerAnkauf""* (free-hand purchase) 
 is specially ordered when necessary; and is when the 
 regiments themselves purchase the horses they require 
 either by contract or at markets. These horses must 
 be accepted by a commission appointed by the com- 
 mander of the different corps. 
 
 Horses for the field-post are purchased by the post- 
 department. 
 
 The reofulation number of horses for officers and 
 officials in time of war is strictly fixed. 
 
 Rank 
 
 Number of horses for each branch of the service 
 
 Lieutenant 
 
 Adj. of battalion . . . 
 Adj. of regiment . . . 
 
 Captain 
 
 Field officer in each regt. 
 Comm. of battalion. . . 
 Commander of a regt . . 
 Assistant surgeon . . . 
 
 StaiT-surgeon 
 
 Surgeon-major . , . . 
 Pay-master 
 
 
 
 Horse 
 
 Infantry 
 
 Cavalry 
 
 Artillery 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 Foot 
 Artillery 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 Pioneers 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Commander of a brigade 8 horses, of a division 12, of a corps d'armee 14. 
 This method was adopted in the war of 1866.
 
 48 
 
 The officers and officials are supplied by Govern- 
 ment with the horses needed to make up the War Regu- 
 lation number; as soon as the war is over, these horses 
 must be returned again to government. If an officer 
 prefer to purchase the extra horse or horses instead of 
 receiving them as a loan from orovernment; the latter 
 allows him 100 thalers with which to buy each animal. 
 Horses procured in this manner remain the property of 
 the officer. 
 
 Should an officer or official in time of war, lose 
 a horse owing to the duty he has been called upon to 
 perform, he is either supplied with another from the 
 horse depot, or he receives a compensation in money 
 from government, which may not exceed 110 thalers. 
 
 THE TROOPS. 
 
 A. THE INFANTRY. 
 
 Tiie stronuth of 1 1 4 total uumbcr of regiments of 3 battalions each 
 
 the (li fie rent 
 
 branches of tbe 4 reorimeuts of 2 battallOllS CaCt 
 
 service in time ~ 
 
 of peace. jg j|j£g ^^, sharpshootcr battalions. 
 
 118 total of regiments 368 total of battalions. 
 
 4 Prussian Foot Regiments of the Guards 
 
 4 - Grenadier Regiments of the Guards 
 
 1 - Fusilier Regiment of the Guards 
 
 15 Grenadier Regiments of the Line 
 
 77 Infantry Regiments of the Line 
 
 13 Fusilier Regiments of the Line 
 
 114 of 3 Battalions each = 342 Battalions
 
 49 
 
 1 J 4 reofiments of 3 battalions each = 342 battalions 
 
 4 Hessian regiments each 2 batallions 
 
 1 Prussian rifle battalion of the guards 
 1 - sharpshooter battalion 
 
 16 rifle battalions of the line 
 
 total 118 regiments of infantry = 350 battalions 
 
 18 rifle or sharpshooter battalions := 18 
 
 368 battalions 
 The five old regiments of the Guards are stronger 
 than all the other regiments. 
 
 1 such Battalion is strong 22 Officers, 678 men. 
 1 such Regiment is strong 69 Officers, 2101 men. 
 6 Surgeons and 48 Musicians; this includes the Staff 
 of the regiments. 
 
 The Staff of every Regiment consists of: 
 1 Field Officer (as Commander), 
 1 Major, 
 
 1 Lieutenant (as Adjutant), 
 1 Non-Commission Officer (as Clerk), 
 10 Musicians (32 privates are taken out of the etat of 
 
 the different companies as assistant Musicians). 
 A Battalion of the four New Guard Regiments is strong : 
 18 Officers, 530 Men and 6 other persons. * 
 (These regiments have 4 more non-commission offi- 
 cers per battalion, than the regiments of the line.) 
 A Battalion of a Line Regiment is strong: 
 
 18 Officers, 526 Men and 6 other persons. 
 A Regiment: 
 
 57 Officers, 1607 Men and 6 Surgeons. 
 A Rifle or Sharpshooter Battalion: 
 
 22 Officers, 526 Men and 6 other persons. 
 Pay - master, guu- smith and hospital -assistants.
 
 50 
 
 The Infantry is armed with needle-guns of the 1841 
 and 1862 models; the rifles and sharpshooters with 
 needle -rifles. 
 
 B. THE CAVALRY. 
 
 76 total number of regiments of 5 squadrons strong each 
 
 880 total of squadrons. 
 The North-German Cavalry is supplied from the states of: 
 
 t: 
 
 a; 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 O 
 
 1 <» 
 
 c 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Prnssia — includinor the Cavalry of the Guard. 
 I the Garde -du- Corps — 1 Cuirassier J 
 <2 Dragons — 1 Hussar, and 3 Lancer.' 
 (Regiments - 
 
 Saxony (has 1 Reiter- Regiment of the Guard) . , 
 
 Mecklenbnrg-Schwerm ! 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Hesse — including 1 Guard Regiment — Garde- I 
 Chevauxlegers 
 
 10 IS 
 
 17 19 
 9 
 
 — 64 
 
 4 G 
 2 
 
 — I 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 2 
 
 10 j 21 ! 18 21 6 76 
 
 A Cavalry Regiment, including the 5"' squadron and 
 the Staff", is strong (excluding the officers chargers) 25 
 officers, 697 men, 672 horses. 
 
 (It has 1 pay-master and from 2 — 5 surgeons ac- 
 cording to the number of its garrisons.) 
 
 In time of war, one of the five squadrons of each 
 regiment remains behind as a reserve. The young re- 
 mounts, and horses unfit for hard work in the field 
 owing to illness, are delivered over to the reserve squa- 
 dron, and replaced by better horses from the same. 
 
 During the war of '66', the Prussian Cavalry expe- 
 rienced, that the augmentation horses, owing to the irre- 
 gular amount of work and times at which they were 
 fed, soon became unserviceable.
 
 51 
 
 By the formation of a *5''' squadron, this grievance 
 was to be abolished, as the four squadrons could be 
 augmented by the 5"', and need not take horses which 
 had not formerly been used for Cavalry. 
 
 C. THE ARTILLERY. 
 
 1 Field Artillery Regiment of the Guard. 
 12 Field Artillery Regiments of the Line. 
 
 1 Hessian Company of Field Artillery. 
 
 1 Fortress Artillery Regiment of the Guards. 
 
 8 Fortress Artillery Regiments of the Line. 
 
 4 Fortress Artillery Companies. 
 
 1 Firework Company. 
 The strength of the different divisions of a Field 
 Artillery Regiment is — 
 
 Officers 
 
 Men 
 
 Horses Cannon 
 
 One Foot Battery . . 
 
 One Mounted Battery 
 
 One Foot Company . 
 
 One Mounted Company 
 
 One Field Artillery Regt, 
 
 
 4 
 
 109 
 
 40 
 
 
 4 
 
 90 
 
 72 
 
 
 20 
 
 442 
 
 IGO 
 
 
 14 
 
 277 
 
 216 
 
 t. 
 
 85 
 
 1655 
 
 696 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 16 
 12 
 60 
 
 Li time of war, to each division of infantry, one foot 
 company of artillery is allotted. 
 
 The remaining foot company of the same regiment, 
 is allotted to the reserve artillery of the corps d'armee 
 to which it belongs. 
 
 The allotment of the mounted companies is always 
 specially ordered. 
 
 A Fortress artillery regiment, is divided into two 
 divisions of four companies each 
 
 The formation of the S^" squadron per regiment, dates from 
 
 the year 1866. 
 
 4*
 
 52 
 
 Each company is strong 4 officers, 99 men, 
 Each regiment is strong 45 officers, 868 men and 2 surgeons. 
 9 Fortress artillery regts., of 8 companies each = 72 comp. 
 4 Fortress artillery divisions of 4 comp. each = 16 comp. 
 Total Fortress Artillery = 88 comp. 
 The Firework Division consists of 2 companies whose 
 united strength = 
 8 officers, 206 men, 1 pay-master and 1 assistant-surgeon. 
 
 to pa '^ CO 
 
 (^ ^ 
 
 (i:l 2 
 
 ■B 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 s « 
 
 The Prussian field artillery regiment, is 
 composed of three foot companies and 
 1 mounted company. Each of the foot- 
 companies is composed of 2 — QH. bat- 
 teries and 2 — iH. batteries. The mounted 
 company consists of 3 — 4 11. batteries. 
 According to this, the regiment has 
 15 batteries; and the whole Prussian 
 field artillery = 
 
 The Saxon field artillery regiment, con- 
 tains 4 foot companies and one mounted 
 company, with 2—4''/ batteries. The 
 four foot companies consist of 8 — 6 W. 
 and 6 — 4//. batteries 
 
 The Hessian field artillery comp. is strong 
 
 The entire North- German field artillery 
 consists of 
 
 In time of war, the batteries consist of 
 G cannon, and the Prussian field artillery 
 is to be increased by 1 mounted battery 
 per regiment In consequence of this, 
 the North-German army would be able 
 to send into the field, 214 batteries and 
 1,284 cannon.
 
 53 
 
 D. THE ENGINEERS. 
 
 13 total uiimber of battalions, 53 total number of companies. 
 1 Prussian Pioneer Battalion of the Guards 
 12 Prussian Pioneer Battalions of the Line 
 
 1 Hessian Pioneer Company 
 Each Battalion consists of 4 Companies : 
 1 Pontoon company 
 
 1 Miner company 
 
 2 Sapper companies; the saxon battalion no. 12 
 has only 3 companies. 
 
 A Pioneer Battalion is strong 
 
 18 officers, 495 men and 6 other persons. 
 
 E. THE MILITARY TRAIN. 
 1 Military Train Battalion of the Guard 
 12 Military Train Battalions of the Line 
 1 Hessian Military Train Company. 
 A Military Train Battalion consists of: 
 
 2 companies and 1 depot. 
 Strength in time of peace : 
 12 officers, 225 men, 4 other persons, 121 horses and 
 24 carriages. 
 
 Among the 137 privates^ 49 have served 3 years 
 and the remaining number (who are called Military Train 
 Recruits) 6 months. 
 
 THE MANNER IN WHICH THE REGIMENTS, 
 
 BRIGADES, DIVISIONS, CORPS D'ARMEE, AND 
 
 INSPECTIONS ARE NUMBERED. 
 
 The Prussian infantry and cavalry regiments of the 
 line are numbered as they are formed; the oldest regi-
 
 64 
 
 ment, formed in 1619 is called the 1^* regiment, the 
 second eldest founded in 1677, the 2"*" regiment and so on. 
 In a similar manner the oldest cuirassier regiment, 
 which was formed in 1674, is called the P' cuirassier 
 regiment; it is the same with regard to the hussar, 
 dragoon, and lancer regiments. The artillery regiments, 
 rifle, pioneer and military train battalions, all of which 
 according to their present combination were formed in 
 this century ; are not numbered with regard to their ages, 
 but in the same manner as the corps d'armee to which 
 they belong. That is, according to the geographical situa- 
 tion of the provinces, out of which these branches of 
 the army and their corps d'armee, complete themselves. 
 The corps d'armee which completes itself out of 
 the Province of Prussia, is called the P' corps d'armee, 
 and each one of the 11 Prussian Provinces supplies 
 a corps d'armee. In accordance with the above, the 
 field and fortress artillery regiment, rifle, pioneer, and 
 military train battalion which completes itself out of the 
 Province of Prussia, is called No. I, and so on up to 
 No. XII. (The Kingdom of Saxony supplies the XII^'' 
 corps d'armee.) 
 
 The numbers of the divisions, and brigades, are regu- 
 lated according to the corps d'armee to which they belong. 
 In the I** corps d'armee are the 
 
 I^* and II"'^ divisions, 
 
 I, II, III and IV brigades of infantry, 
 
 I and II brigades of cavalry, 
 
 jst brigade of artillery &c. &c. 
 The artillery, engineer, pioneer and fortress inspec- 
 tions are, like the corps d'armee, numbered according to 
 their geographical succession from east to west.
 
 55 
 
 The Hessian regiments are numbered separately; but 
 the divisions and brigades are inchided in those of 
 Prussia. 
 
 The whole of the North German Army is divided Tiie division o 
 
 '' the Prussian 
 
 J.,4-j-j army into corpf 
 
 d arraee, divi- 
 
 1 Corps d'Armee of the Guards, sions&bngades 
 
 12 Corps d'Armee of the Line. 
 The corps d'armee of the Guards is stronger than 
 the others ; it is composed of: 
 
 two infantry divisions and one cavalry division. 
 Each infantry division consists of two infantry brigades. 
 Each cavalry division consists of three cavalry brigades. 
 The other corps d'armee with some few exceptions, are 
 composed of; 
 
 Two divisions of infantry. 
 Each division of infantry contains. 
 Two infantry and one cavalry brigade. 
 The infantry brigade contains 2 — 3 regiments. 
 The cavalry brigade contains 2 — 3 — 4 regiments. 
 As a rule therefore, the corps d'armee consists of 9 in- 
 fantry, and 6 cavalry regiments. 
 
 hi time of peace, each corps d'armee, in addition 
 to the above regiments has attached to it 
 1 battalion of rifles, 
 1 battalion of pioneers, 
 1 battalion of military train, 
 1 brigade of artillery, 
 these are not however directly under the commander of 
 the corps, but chiefly under particular inspectors. 
 In time of war the corps d'armee consists of 
 2 divisions of infantry and 1 division of cavalry.
 
 56 
 
 There exist furthermore 
 
 1 inspection of the rifles and sharpshooters, 
 
 1 General-lns,Y)ect\on of the artillery — composed 
 of four artillery inspect ons a 3 and 4 artillery 
 brigades, 
 
 1 General - Inspection of the engineers and for- 
 tresses — composed of 4 engineer inspections 
 a 2 fortress and 1 pioneer inspection. 
 
 1 inspection of military train. 
 
 THE MOBILIZATION. 
 
 Preparation in lu time of peace all is held in readiness, and every 
 
 time of peace. 
 
 precaution taken, in order that the army may be made 
 mobile on the shortest possible notice; i. e. placed on 
 a war-footing and marched into the field. 
 
 The equipments, material for the war etat of the 
 army, everything, down to the smallest detail lies ready 
 in the military train depots, and in the armouries of the 
 regiments. 
 
 The number of men required, are divided amongst 
 the Landwehr battalion districts — the horses amongst 
 the circles; and the officers are nominated to the posi- 
 tions they are to occupy in the war-etat. 
 
 No instructions at the time of a mobilization, are 
 necessary from the authorities ; each sub-authority knowing 
 exactly how much is required of him, and what is to 
 be done. 
 
 When a war is imminent, the King of Prussia, as 
 commander -in -chief oi i\\e North German army, issues 
 the order for a mobilization of the enthe war power, 
 or of a part of the same.
 
 57 
 
 This order is immediately telegraphed throughout 
 the whole territory; those military and civil authorities 
 concerned, whose stations are not touched by the tele- 
 graph wires, receive the order of mobilization by means 
 of mounted messengers. 
 
 Each commander of a corps d'armee augments his Method of calling 
 
 '^ out the reserves 
 
 corps quite separately; he not only has to see that the '',",'|,ti,e''rf".l''r 
 necessary number of men are called out, but also that ^"^'"^ J,"„.'" 
 everything, (the officials, horses, equipments, ammunition 
 trains &c.) the corps would require in the field, be sup- 
 plied. In this manner, it is possible to place the whole 
 army on a war footing in 14 days. 
 
 The process of mobilization may be comprised under 
 the following III divisions. 
 
 1 . Filling up the field troops to their war strength. 
 
 2. The formation of depot troops. 
 
 3. The formation of garrrison troops and the arm- 
 ing of the fortresses. 
 
 (The necessary Stafis must in addition be formed). 
 
 This is done by increasing the strength of the dif- i. Fining up the 
 
 *' ^ ° field troops to 
 
 ferent regiments. *''®''^ "^Jt^ 
 
 & strength. 
 
 A. The infantry regiment is increased to its war 
 strength, by calling in about 500 reserves per battalion; 
 in consequence of this, the greater number of the re- 
 serves are absorbed; the remaining number are given 
 over to the depot troops. The infantry of the Land- 
 wehr supply the garrison troops, the yovmgest men onli/, 
 (those who have just served their term of service in the 
 reserve and gone over to the Landwehr) may be used 
 for the depot troops. 
 
 B. The cavalry regiment is increased by calling 
 out about 40 reserves per regiment; so few, because
 
 58 
 
 the strength of the cavalry in time of peace ^ is only 
 a little less than the war strength. The cavalry with 
 its great surplus of reserves assists the trains. 
 
 C. The field artillery is increased by calling out 
 all their own reserves, and many of the Landwehr men 
 who had formerly served in the field artillery. The last 
 mentioned, can be legally called into active service, be- 
 cause the reserves of the field artillery are not sufficient; 
 and the garrison artillery is amply supplied, by the re- 
 serves and Landwehr men of the fortress artillery com- 
 panies. 
 
 (The artisans of all branches of the service remain 
 with the depot troops). 
 
 The calling out of the reserves and Landwehr takes 
 place in the following manner. The district commander 
 of every provincial Landwehr battalion, sends as soon 
 as possible, either direct, or through the provincial and 
 parochial civil authorities, the order to each man; men- 
 tioning, the day, and hour, at which he is to present him- 
 self at the head quarters of the Landwehr of the district. 
 If possible 24 hours must be allowed for the men to 
 regulate their private affairs. The men are medically 
 inspected, and forwarded to their respective regiments, 
 under the command of an officer, and some non-commis- 
 sioned officers of the regiment which draws its recruits 
 from their district. 
 
 In a mobilization there is always a great demand 
 for officers, particularly in the infiintry. First of all, the 
 officers of the reserve are called into the active army, 
 in the same manner as the reserves. 
 
 Should not these suffice, then the etat of officers 
 is completed by Landwehr officers; furthermore, some of
 
 59 
 
 the vacancies are filled up, by giving commissions to 
 cadets from the cadet college; or by allowing ensigns, 
 cornets or some appropriete non-commissioned officers 
 to do the duty of officers. 
 
 Every officer and official, (according to his rank) 
 receives a sum of money (Mobilmachungs-Geld) with 
 which to procure his equipment. 
 
 The manner in which the horses are supplied has 
 already been described at page 42. 
 
 Each infantry regiment in time of peace has three 2. t 
 battalions; in time of war it has an additioned depot '''' 
 battalion. Each rifle or sharpshooter battalion forms a 
 depot company. Each cavalry regiment leaves a depot 
 squadron behind. Each field artillery regiment, a depot 
 division of three field artiUery batteries, and one horse 
 artillery battery. Each engineer battalion, a depot com- 
 pany, each military train battalion, a depot division of 
 two companies. 
 
 The following table will show the special strength 
 of the depot troops: 
 
 lie lorniatioii 
 
 of llic 
 pot troops. 
 
 18 
 
 1) Each Infantry regt. one depot battalion of 
 
 2) Each Rifle and Sharpshooter battalion a 
 depot company of 
 
 3) Each Cavalry regt. a depot squadron of . 
 
 4) Each Field artillery regiment a depot di- 
 vision of three field artillery batteries, 
 and one horse artillery battery. 
 
 Each foot battery 
 
 „ mounted battery 
 
 The Staff 
 
 5) Each Pioneer battalion a depot company . 
 
 6) Kach Traill battalion a depot division of 
 two companies I 12 
 
 1003 
 
 250 
 202 
 
 207 
 
 139 
 
 2 
 
 207 
 
 502 
 
 With an 
 
 artisan 
 
 company 
 
 of 
 
 offi- I 
 cers '"6" 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 212 
 
 
 41 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 209 
 
 
 51
 
 60 
 
 The depot troops are intended for filling up the 
 vacancies which occur in the ranks of the field army, 
 and for supplying horses, materials &c. &c. 
 
 Experience has proved that in a year of war, the 
 losses of the infantry amount to 40 per cent; those of 
 the cavalry, artillery and pioneers to 20, and military 
 train 12 per cent. In time of peace, the depot troops 
 (with the exception of the cavalry) do not exist. They 
 are formed as follows in the event of a mobilization only. 
 To commence with, all recruits who have not been 
 completely drilled, are not taken into the field, but are 
 assigned to the depot troops. 
 
 Should the recruits have been enrolled in the bat- 
 talions, &c. they are then taken into the field, and the 
 depot troops receive at once fresh recruits from the 
 P' class of the Ersatz Reserve. 
 
 Those who are ill, and for the time being, unable 
 to undergo the privations and fatigues of active service, 
 are left behind with the depot troops. 
 
 Finally, in order to complete the etat of the depot 
 troops, enough reserve and *Landwehr men are called 
 out. These men, thoroughly know their duty having 
 already served in the active army; and they form the 
 main-substance of the depot troops. 
 
 As soon as a regiment has lost yo of its men, it 
 demands the number necessary to fill up the vacancies 
 from its depot, direct. 
 
 The places in the depots, of those who have been 
 sent to the front are filled up by recruiting. 
 
 Shovdd the 4*'^ battalion be required to join the 
 army, a S'*' depot battalion is formed from the Landwehr. 
 
 * The next eldest to tliose who had already been called out for 
 active service.
 
 61 
 
 When troops are sent to the front, all those he- 
 longing to one corps d'armee are collected together, 
 formed into companies, or squadrons placed under the 
 command of officers, and taken to the field. 
 
 The officers of the reserve, are either: such as are 
 detached from the active army for this duty; such as 
 have been previously vrounded and cannot endure ac- 
 tive service; those who have left the service but who 
 report themselves voluntarily, and finally, young officers 
 who are being trained to their duty before joining their 
 regiments. 
 
 The troops required for the garrisons, and for keep- 3. The formatioi' 
 
 ^ of the Gairisoi 
 
 ins: up the lines of communication , are taken from "■""i"- ""!^ 
 among the Landwehr. The officers of the garrison ^'"'•'•■«'^''' 
 troops are chiefly Landwehr officers, and also reserve 
 officers, who have not been needed for the active army 
 and depot troops. 
 
 Some officers of the active army, are always trans- 
 ferred to each infantry and cavalry regiment of the 
 Landwehr. Furthermore, every infantry company of 
 Landwehr receives 2 non-commissioned officers from the 
 infantry regiment of the line, which bears the same 
 number; and each squadron, receives 3 non-commissio- 
 ned officers from the cavalry of the line. 
 
 Li order that command may be had over all the Fovmationoftt 
 
 necessary Staff 
 
 inactive troops, (the depot and garrison) especially to 
 superintend the recruiting, drilling, procuring of clothing, 
 horses &c. &c. ; and the transport of them and of de- 
 tachments to the front — deputy staffs are formed, 
 which are composed chiefly of inactive officers.
 
 62 
 
 in the district of each corps d'armee, these remain 
 Dehind in time of war; 
 
 1 Deputy Commander of the district, 
 4 Deputy Brigade Commanders of the infantry, 
 1 Inspection of all the depot squadrons. 
 The staff of the fortress artillery regiments remains 
 behind in command over all the inactive artillery. 
 
 (Together about 17 officers, 123 men, and 25 horses.) 
 
 The general inspection of the artillery, engineers 
 
 and fortresses; the inspections of the artillery, engineers, 
 
 pioneers, fortresses, rifles and trains, do not become 
 
 active but remain in their garrisons. 
 
 The strength of different branches of the service, with 
 the necessary carriages and horses, on a war-footing. 
 
 
 officers 
 
 men 
 
 horses 
 
 carriages 
 
 cannon 
 
 1 Grenadier or musketeer battalion 
 
 22 
 
 1028 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 Fusilier battalion 
 
 22 
 
 1026 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 Rifle or sharpshooter battalion . . 
 
 22 
 
 1034 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 Infantry regiment (of three battalions) 
 
 69 
 
 3112 
 
 121 
 
 16 
 
 
 1 Fusilier regiment ...... 
 
 69 
 
 3108 
 
 121 
 
 22 
 
 
 1 Hessian regiment of two battalions 
 
 47 
 
 1818 
 
 85 
 
 9 
 
 
 1 Cavalry regiment of 4 squadrons . 
 
 23 
 
 653 
 
 705 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 Foot artillery division ..... 
 
 IS 
 
 610 
 
 516 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 1 Mounted artillery division of four 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 batteries 
 
 18 
 
 618 
 
 844 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 1 Ammunition division 
 
 20 
 
 1583 
 
 1580 
 
 229 
 
 
 1 Field artillery regiment .... 
 
 94 
 
 4041 
 
 3983 
 
 394 
 
 96 
 
 1 Military train battalion .... 
 
 30 
 
 1455 
 
 1257 
 
 195 
 
 
 Pioneers in each corps d'armee . . 
 
 17 
 
 708 
 
 168 
 
 28 
 
 
 Entire strength of the administration 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of one corps d'armee 
 
 12 
 
 1055 
 
 548 
 
 104 
 
 
 Entire strength of the higher staffs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of one corps d'armee (not including 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the orderly officers) 
 
 41 
 
 290 
 
 321 
 
 14 

 
 2 reaiments. 
 
 63 
 
 THE FORMATION OF A CORPS D'ARM^E ON 
 A WAR -FOOTING. 
 
 The five chief divisions are: 
 
 2 Divisions of Infantry, 
 
 1 Division of Cavalry (or Brigade), 
 The Reserve Artillery, 
 The Trains and Administrations. 
 The general principles for the formation of the 
 above are founded upon the following. 
 
 B. 2 divisions of infantry. A. 1 di vision of infantry. 
 4 brigades of inf. 3 brigades of inf. 2 brigades of inf. lj)rigade^inf. 
 
 2 regiments. 2 regiments. 2 regiments^^ ^^^ _ 
 
 3 pioneer companies 1 battalion of rifles 
 1 cavalry regiment 1 cavalry regiment 
 1 foot artillery division 1 foot artillery division. 
 
 G. Cavalry division. 
 
 2 brigades of cavalry. 1 brigade of cavalry. 
 
 2 regiments. 2 regiments. 
 
 Horse artillery division with 2—3 batteries. 
 
 D. Artillery of the reserve. 
 
 1 ammunition column I 1 foot artillery division 
 
 1 pontoon train j 1 — 2 mounted batteries 
 
 E. Trains and administrations. 
 
 Total strength: 25 battalions, 24 squadrons, 16 bat- 
 teries, 9 columns of ammunition , 3 pioneer companies, 
 11 trains and the administrations, — or in round num- 
 bers, (including the pontoon train), 930 officers, 38,400 
 men, 11,900 horses, 96 cannon, 960 carriages 
 
 out of which are allotted: 
 
 to each division of infantry 
 V y^ V » cavalry 
 
 „ the reserve artillery ... 
 „ „ trains and administrations 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 <u 
 
 hC 
 
 O 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 
 w 
 
 e3 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 350 
 
 15,000 
 
 1,900 140 
 
 24 
 
 110 
 
 3,100 
 
 3,400 60 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 2,800 
 
 2,900 
 
 340 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 2,200 
 
 1,600 
 
 260 
 
 —
 
 64 
 
 The above is the average force of a corps d'armee, 
 although they necessarily vary in strength. 
 
 The following is the peace establishment of the 
 North German army for 1870; (including the North 
 Hessian contingent and the special peace formations: 
 the schools, institutes &c.) 
 
 PEACE ESTABLISHMENT FOE 1870. 
 315,526 Men, 73,307 Horses, 808 Fieldguns. 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 s and 
 tes 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 bp 
 3 
 
 • 
 
 IS 
 O 
 
 
 1 
 
 s t 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 3 
 
 ca 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 o 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Q) 
 
 
 la 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 01 
 
 (z; 
 
 6697 18,866 
 
 352| 
 
 1898 
 
 848 
 5,712 
 
 431 1,837 
 1672 5,388 
 
 7273 157,144 608 
 
 208; 7,168 32 
 1206! 43,988 266 
 
 — 1,675' — 
 606 24,692 129 
 
 288 104 909 
 
 234 
 
 156 
 
 55' 
 
 31i 
 
 1398, 
 
 886 
 598 
 284 
 504 
 
 169 
 26 
 10 
 
 5,926 26 
 2,145 13 
 
 854 14 
 3,063 110 
 
 — ,110 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 115 Regiments of Infantry** 
 
 16 Rifle Battalions . . 
 
 75 Cavalry Regiments . 
 
 212 Landwehr District Com 
 
 mands 
 
 13 Field Artillery- and 
 9 Fortress Artillery Regts 
 13 Pioneer Battalions 
 ] 13 Train battalions . . 
 
 ] Invalids 
 
 ] Special formations . . . 
 Officers without regiments 
 
 1 * Paymasters, saddlers, mechanics &c. &c. 
 
 ] ** of the 115 regiments of infantry, 103 including 4 non-commissioned offi- 
 
 I cers schools are Prussian, 9 Saxon, 2 Mecklenburg and 1 Hessian. Of the 75 
 *^ cavalry regiments 66 are Prussian, G Saxon, 2 Mecklenburg, 1 Hessian. Of the 
 r 16 rifle battalions 13 are Prussian, 2 Saxon, 1 Mecklenburg. 
 
 1380 
 64 
 
 — 4980 
 
 —I 224 
 
 456 1731 
 
 182 
 130 
 
 2 
 7 
 
 3,255 
 
 112 
 
 55,810 
 
 10,137 
 
 91 
 1,599 
 
 9 
 2,371
 
 65 
 
 The Troops are divided amongst the states of the North 
 German Confederation as follows: 
 
 States 
 
 
 
 >^'1i 
 
 s 
 
 t 0^ 
 
 ® .2 
 
 
 
 ^ c 
 
 •- CS 
 
 'fl '5b 
 
 
 > s 
 
 Field 
 artillery 
 
 
 
 
 S? 
 
 Fortress 
 
 *.2 
 
 artillery 
 
 o?. 
 
 
 cC ts 
 
 
 .a 
 
 9 regiments 
 
 12 
 
 1 „ 
 
 1 
 
 besides 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 com- 
 
 — 
 
 panies 
 
 — 
 
 
 T 
 
 S H 
 
 Prussia with all the con- 
 federate states which are 
 not mentioned below . . 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Mecklenburg - Strelitz and 
 Schwerin ..'.... 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Anhalt 
 
 The States of Thuringia 
 
 Hesse 
 
 Total 
 
 97 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 118 
 
 18 
 
 64 
 6 
 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 12 regiments 
 I 
 
 4 battalions 
 2 „ 
 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 76 
 
 13 regiments 
 13 battalions 
 
 10 regiments 
 3 companies 
 
 131 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 133 
 
 WAR ESTABLISHMENT OF 1870. 
 
 I. Field troops. 
 
 1 2,7 770fficers, 5 1580fiicials, 534,058 Men, 155,896 Horses, 
 1212 Cannon, 13,195 Carriages. 
 
 m 
 
 rr 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 'hfl 
 
 -2 
 
 IS 
 
 !3 
 
 
 
 IT' 
 
 « 
 
 eo 
 
 CO 
 
 
 Staffs 
 
 Infantry .... 
 
 Rifles 
 
 Cavalry .... 
 
 Artillery with ammu- 
 nition column . 
 
 Pioneers with the 
 „ field railway " 
 and „ field tele- 
 graph" company. 
 
 Trains 
 
 Reserve ammunition- 
 park 
 
 118 
 
 76 
 
 13i 
 
 350) 
 
 is;! 
 
 — 304 
 
 13.1^ 
 
 543 3,754; 4,203 
 
 187 
 
 8588 384,656 14,998 2152 
 
 202 
 
 1212 
 
 1748| 51,476 
 1200 49,802 
 
 — — i 3-23 
 - ' 410 
 
 15 
 
 55,893 
 50,061 
 
 13,554 6,164 
 30,233 1 24,284 
 
 5831 97 
 6 
 
 532 
 5129 
 
 31 4,328 
 
 1116 394,310 
 
 304' 53,528 
 
 277 
 
 51,279 
 
 924 98 13,975 
 4012 3331;) 
 
 I I 34,573 
 259 l!
 
 66 
 
 II. Depot troops. 
 
 3280 Officers, 1054Officials, 182,940 Men, 22,543 Horses, 
 
 234 Cannon. 
 
 
 0> 
 
 n 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Company 
 
 
 o 
 
 'c 
 
 o 
 
 Oj 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 £ 
 
 "3 
 
 c 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 P3 
 
 P. 
 
 E 
 
 o 
 
 02 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
 mechanics 
 
 
 officers men 
 
 1 
 
 Staffs .... 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 202327 
 
 166 
 
 303 
 
 13 
 
 1,079 
 
 Infantry . . . 
 Rifles .... 
 
 1221 
 
 18 
 
 z z 
 
 
 2196 
 
 390 
 
 123,262 
 
 354 
 
 118 
 
 19,860 
 
 Cavalry . . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 76 - 
 
 — 
 
 381 
 
 218 
 
 15,27G 
 
 16,115 
 
 — 
 
 3,116 
 
 Artillery . . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 39 
 
 234 
 
 143 
 
 52 
 
 7,215 
 
 2,925 
 
 13 
 
 2,093 
 
 Pioneers . • . 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 — 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 2,727 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 520 
 
 Trains .... 
 
 — 
 
 m 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 162 
 
 41 
 
 6,804 
 
 2,848 
 
 — 
 
 714 
 
 The depot battalions can be used as Field Troops, 
 and after withdrawing 200 recruits sent into the field 
 800 men strong. 
 
 III. Garrison troops. 
 
 6386 Officers and Officials, 198,678 Men, 15,689 Horses, 
 
 234 Cannon. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 >> 
 
 >. a, 
 
 >-,^ 
 
 >, 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 M^. 
 
 
 ^ <v 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 la 
 
 1 
 
 a. 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 S s 
 
 c 
 §-5b 
 .1 £ 
 t 
 
 
 t: R 
 
 rtress art 
 
 companif 
 
 Reserve 
 
 foot batte 
 
 s s 
 
 u o 
 
 S3 
 
 Total 
 
 
 «2 
 
 
 
 o a 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 ►s 
 
 
 O 
 
 fe ^ 
 
 fa o 
 
 fa 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Infantry . . 
 
 218 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 4,698 officers and officials, 
 
 Rifles . . 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — J 
 
 ^ 
 
 139,226 men. 
 
 Cavalry . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,800 officers and officials, 
 9,728 men, 10,763 horses. 
 
 Artillery. . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 22 j 176 
 
 39 
 
 — 
 
 1,018 officers and officials, 
 42,524 men, 4,953 horses, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 234 cannon. 
 
 Pioneers . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 36 
 
 180 officers, 7,220 men.
 
 67 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 of the War Establishment of the North German 
 
 Confederate Army consisting of the Field, 
 
 Depot and Garrison troops. 
 
 Field 
 troops 
 
 Depot 
 troops 
 
 Garrison 
 troops 
 
 Total 
 
 Horses 
 
 Staffs . . . . 
 Infantry . 
 Cavalry . . . 
 Artillery . . . 
 Pioneers . . . 
 Administrations 
 
 and trains 
 
 4,328 
 394,310 
 53,528 
 51.279 
 13,975 
 34,573 
 
 1,787 
 145,944 
 18,991 
 9,316 
 3,315 
 7,721 
 
 143,924 
 
 10,208 
 
 43,542 
 
 7,380 
 
 6,115 
 
 684,178 
 
 82,727 
 
 104,337 
 
 24,670 
 
 42,294 
 
 4,506 
 15,352 
 82,744 
 57,939 
 
 6,164 
 27,225 
 
 total . • . 551,993 187,274 205,054 944,321 193,930 
 1,212 234 234 cannon. 
 
 28,645 Officers & Officials, 915,676Men, 193,930 Horses, 
 1680 Cannon. (1 : 33 inhabitants, 3 per cent of the po- 
 pulation.) 
 
 In time of peace the Army is about 300,000 men Remark, 
 strong; and in order to bring it up to a war strength 
 640,000 men are required. 
 
 The following number of drilled men and such as 
 are capable of bearing arms exist: 
 
 9 annual sets of men (of 90,000 each) who have passed 
 
 through the ranks = 810,000 men, 
 
 allowing for a diminution of 15 per 
 
 cent in the 9 years = .... 135,000 „ 
 
 there remain 675,000 men. 
 
 In addition to these, the one -year- 
 volunteers, who were not included 
 in the above quota (and deducting 
 the diminution of 15 per cent) = 20,400 men. 
 Total number of men at hand to place 
 
 the army on a war-footing = . . 695,400 men, 
 
 6*
 
 68 
 
 leaving a surplus of = 55,400 men, over and above 
 the number required for the war-establishment. 
 
 ARMY EXPENDITURE FOR 1870. 
 
 According to article 62 of the North- German- 
 Diet — 225 thalers per head of the Peace-Establishment 
 of the North-German army, are annually placed at the 
 disposal of the commander-in-chief. 
 
 According to article 60, the strength of the army 
 on the Peace-Establishment, exclusive of officers, is fixed 
 at one per cent of the population. 
 
 The census of the 3"' December 1867, proved that 
 the population was 29,970,478; one per cent of which 
 would be 299,704 men for which the 225 thalers per 
 head, must be counted. Consequently the military re- 
 ceipts amount to 67,433,400 thalers. 
 
 The ordinary expenditure amounts to Thlr. 65,565,955 
 i. e. 322,623 thalers more than for 1869 
 
 Prussia, to the amount of Thlr. 59,117,909. 
 
 Saxony „ „ „ 4,801,006. 
 
 Mecklenburg „ „ „ 1,172,140. 
 
 Hesse „ „ „ 474,900. 
 
 The extraordinary expenditure was estimated at 
 
 1,133,810 thalers, or 40,848 thalers more than for 1869 
 
 Prussia 1,055,000 thalers. 
 
 Saxony 78,810 „
 
 69 
 
 The following is an account of the Organi- 
 zations and War-Establishments of the South- 
 German States of Bavaria, Wurtemberg and 
 Baden, which remained independenl by the trea- 
 ties made after the campaign of 1866; but 
 which nmo form part of the German Empire. 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 A new military constitution for Bavaria was pub- 
 lished by the King on the P* of February 1868. It 
 resembles in most respects that of Prussia. 
 
 All are liable to serve, and no substitutes are allowed. 
 
 The periods of service are: 3 years in the Active 
 Army, 3 years in the Reserve, and 5 years in the Land- 
 wehr. The liability to service commences on the 1^' of 
 January of the year in which the youth completes his 
 21''* year; consequently about twelve months later, than 
 in Prussia. 
 
 The high nobility and their families. Clergymen, Exemptions. 
 the only son of parents who have already lost one son 
 m the field, and all sons of parents who have lost two 
 sons in the service. 
 
 Schoolmasters, students of theology, a son who is Temporary 
 
 f 1 • p •! m exemptions. 
 
 the only support o f his family. These exemptions c ease 
 in the event of a mobilization.
 
 70 
 
 Those who have been convicted of a crime, of cheatino-, 
 forgery, theft &c. &c. are considered unworthy to serve. 
 These men may however be employed as mihtary la- 
 bourers. 
 
 The system of one and three year volunteers exists 
 as in Prussia, as also the method of recruiting. The 
 men are as far as possible incorporated in regiments 
 serving near their native places. 
 
 The strength of the Bavarian army, as establised by 
 the decree of lO*'^ May 1868 is as follows: - 
 
 The whole army is composed of 2 corps d'armee 
 each 2 divisions strong. 
 
 The peace establishment consists of about 48,000 men. 
 
 The War Establishment. 
 
 Field troops Depot troops Garrison troops Horses 
 
 Higher staffs 
 
 
 206 officers and 
 
 3-56 officers and 
 
 
 
 
 
 officials, 500men 
 
 officials, 19 Imen 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 Infantry and Rifle 
 
 s 
 
 (50 battalions) 
 
 (16 battalions 
 
 (S line, 16 Land- 
 
 
 
 
 50,626 
 
 and 10 compan.) 
 
 wehr battalions) 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,724 
 
 18,352 
 
 844 
 
 Cavalry . . . 
 
 
 (40 squadrons) 
 5,830 
 
 (10 squadrs. and 
 1 depot) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,750 
 
 — 
 
 7,090 
 
 Artillery . . . 
 
 
 (32 batteries) 
 
 (8 batteries and (16 fortress batteries) 
 
 
 
 
 7,076 
 
 4 squadrons) 
 2,1-^4 
 
 3,272 
 
 754 
 
 Engineers and Pioneers 
 
 (6 companies) 
 
 (2 companies) 
 
 (4 fortress cora|)an.) 
 
 
 
 
 1,444 
 
 364 
 
 840 
 
 668 
 
 Administrations 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trains . . . 
 
 
 3,382 
 
 268 
 
 150 
 
 1,926 
 
 Total 
 
 ' 
 
 69,064 
 
 25,757 
 
 22,614 
 
 11,622 
 
 
 
 of which 
 
 of which 
 
 of which 
 
 
 
 
 1,812 officers 
 
 471 officers 
 
 564 officers 
 
 
 
 
 608 officials 
 
 289 officials 
 
 68 officials 
 
 
 
 
 in addition 
 
 in addition 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,832 horses 
 
 2,404 horses 
 
 
 
 
 
 192 cannon 
 
 48 cannon 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,994 carriages 
 
 

 
 71 
 
 The Kingdom of Bavaria has an area of ], 38 1,55 □ 
 German miles with a population of 4,824,421. 
 
 The proportion of the army on Peace Establishment 
 to the population is about 1 per cent; on war establish- 
 ment about 2,5 per cent. 
 
 Each man costs in time of peace about 250 Thaler 
 per year. 
 
 WUKTEMBERG. 
 
 The new Military Organization of Wiirtemberg is 
 established by the law of 12"> March 1868. 
 
 All are liable to military service; no substitutes are 
 allowed. 
 
 The liability to serve commences on the P* of Ja- 
 nuary of that year in which the person liable, completes 
 his 21'*' year, and lasts 12 years: 
 
 3 years in the Active Army, 
 
 4 years in the War Reserve, 
 
 5 years in the Landwehr. 
 
 Of the 3 years in the Active Army, two only are 
 passed with the regiment. One -year and three -year 
 volunteers are admitted as in Prussia. For the length 
 of time a cavalry man volunteers to serve over and above 
 the legal two years, with his regiment, the double 
 amount is deducted from his period of service in the 
 Landwehr. 
 
 The Wiirtemberg army consists of 1 Division of 
 3 Brigades of Infantry, one Brigade of Cava'ry, one 
 Brigade of Artillery.
 
 72 
 
 The Peace Establishment. 
 
 oa 
 
 QD 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 s 
 
 c 
 
 0) 
 
 £ 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 as 
 
 2* 
 
 C3 
 
 
 .5 
 
 IS 
 
 
 O 
 
 CQ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^" 
 
 cc 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Staflfs and authorities 
 
 Infantry: 8 regiments of two bat- 
 talions 
 3 rifle battalions 
 Cavalry: 4 regiments of four squa- 
 drons 
 1 squadron of guides ( 
 (Feldjiiger) ' 
 
 Artillery: 2 regiments and 2 train 
 
 divisions 
 
 Pioneers 
 
 The cadres of four Landwehr bat- 
 talions 
 
 Sanitary troops 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 o 
 s 
 
 19 
 
 
 V6 
 
 g i 
 
 -a ii 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 341 38 
 377 30 
 
 87; 12 
 
 711 
 
 24 — 
 6 3 
 
 441 
 9,081, 
 
 86 
 
 2,llli 1,958 
 
 1,571 1 722 
 
 247, 16 
 
 84 — . 
 
 234 — 
 
 total . . , 607^ 91 13,372, 2,782 
 War EstabHshment. 
 
 
 Field troops 
 
 Depot troops 
 
 Garrison troops 
 
 
 
 
 The staff of the 
 
 Higher staffs 
 
 30 officers 
 22 officials 
 194 men 
 
 9 officers 
 6 officials 
 24 men 
 
 government 
 ofUlm: 13 officers 
 9 officials 
 54 men 
 
 Infantry ... 
 
 (15 battalions) 
 16,062 
 
 5,241 
 
 (4 battalions) 
 4,230 
 
 Cavalry . . . | 
 
 (13 squadrons) 
 2,200 
 
 596 
 
 (1 squadron) 
 167 
 
 Artillery . . . } 
 
 (9 batteries) 
 1,881 
 
 527 
 
 (4 fortress batteries) 
 1,140 
 
 Pioneers . . . 
 
 (2 companies) 
 347 
 
 66 
 
 (1 company) 
 210 " 
 
 Trains .... 
 
 1,340 
 
 71 
 
 226 
 
 total . . . 
 
 22,076 
 
 of which 
 
 449 officers 
 
 140 officials 
 
 in addition 
 
 6262 horses 
 
 6,540 
 of which 
 
 139 officers 
 16 officials 
 in addition 
 
 368 horses 
 
 6,064 
 
 of which 
 
 125 officers 
 
 31 officials 
 
 in addition 
 
 502 horses 
 
 
 54 cannon 
 
 12 cannon 
 
 ? cannon 
 
 
 570 carriages 
 
 92 carriages 
 
 35 carriages
 
 73 
 
 The Kingdom of Wiirtemberg has an area of 
 354,'24 □ German miles, with a population of 1,778,479. 
 
 The proportion of the Army on Peace Estalilishment 
 is between ~ and 1 per cent, and on a War Establishment 
 very nearly 2 per cent. 
 
 In time of peace each man costs 204 Thalers per 
 year. 
 
 BADEN. 
 
 The new Organization of the Army of Baden is 
 established by the law of 12"' February 1868. 
 
 All subjects are liable to military service. Exemp- 
 tions are only granted in favor of members of the Grand 
 Ducal family, and of the highest aristocracy. School- 
 masters need only do duty for 6 weeks. 
 
 The term of service is the same as in Prussia: 
 
 3 years in the Active Army, 
 
 4 years in the War Reserve, 
 
 5 years in the Landwehr. 
 
 One-year and three-year volunteers are admitted as 
 in Prussia. 
 
 Recruits enter during the calendar year in which 
 they complete their twentieth year. 
 
 The army of Baden in its Peace Formation consists 
 of one division.
 
 74 
 
 Peace Establishment of the Division. 
 
 .2 
 "3 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 r« 
 
 » 
 
 S3 
 
 Oi o 
 
 
 
 .2 
 'S 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 P3 
 
 O 
 
 "" 
 
 
 
 Staffs 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 
 62 
 
 Infantry: 
 
 (i regiments . 
 
 18 
 
 72 
 
 346 
 
 54 
 
 9,732 
 
 168 
 
 Cavalrv: 
 
 3 regiments . 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 84 
 
 12 
 
 2,160 
 
 2,265 
 
 Artillery: 
 
 1 brigade . . 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 90 
 
 15 
 
 1,770 
 
 479 
 
 Pioneers 
 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 252 
 
 5 
 
 Train . 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 148 
 136 
 
 84 
 
 Landweht 
 
 : 10 cadres . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 552 
 
 87 
 
 14,189 
 
 3,063 
 
 and 
 
 36 cannon 
 
 War Establishment of the Division. 
 
 
 Field troops 
 
 Depot troops 
 
 Garrison troops 
 
 Higher staffs . . 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 Infantry . , ' . 
 
 (10 battalions) 
 10,642 
 
 (3 depot battailous 
 
 and 3 artisan 
 
 companies) 
 
 3,570 
 
 (8 battalions) 
 8,303 
 
 Cavalry .... 
 
 (12 squadrons) 
 
 2,808 
 
 (3 squadrons) 
 321 
 
 (1 squadron) 
 106 
 
 Artillery . . . 
 
 (9 batteries) 
 1,887 
 
 (1 battery) 
 104 
 
 (3 batteries) 
 1,069 
 
 Pioneers . . . 
 
 339 
 
 — 
 
 162 
 
 Train .... 
 
 806 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ■«16,656 
 of which 
 405 officers 
 148 officials 
 in addition 
 5841 horses 
 54 cannon 
 439 carriages 
 
 3,995 
 
 of which 
 
 76 officiers 
 
 15 officials 
 
 in addition 
 
 340 horses 
 
 4 cannon 
 
 9,640 
 of which 
 203 officers 
 16 officials 
 in addition 
 246 horses 
 6 fieldguns
 
 75 
 
 The Grand Duchy of Baden has an area of 278,06Q 
 German miles with a popnhition of 1,438,872. 
 
 The proportion of the Army on a Peace Estabhshment, 
 to the population is 1,4 per cent, on a War Establishment, 
 about 2 per cent. 
 
 In time of peace each man costs 203 thalers per year. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 of the War Establishment of the South German 
 
 States; consisting of the Field-, Depot-, and 
 
 Garrison Troops; in roimd numbers 
 
 about as follows: 
 
 
 Field 
 troops 
 
 men 
 
 Depot 
 
 troops 
 
 men 
 
 Garrison 
 troops 
 
 men 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Wiirtemberg 
 
 Baden 
 
 Gy,ooo 
 
 22,100 
 26,900 
 
 25,000 
 6,200 
 
 8,800 
 
 35,000 
 
 15,100 
 
 7,900 
 
 total . . 
 
 118,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 58,000 
 
 The War Establishment of the North- and 
 South German Armies together amount to: 
 
 Field troops 
 
 Depot troops 
 
 Garrison troops 
 
 Tot ill 
 
 North German 
 Confederation 
 
 South German 
 States .... 
 
 552,000 
 118,000 
 
 188,000 
 40,000 
 
 205,000 
 
 58,000 
 
 94:),OU0 
 2i(;,()0( 
 
 total . . . 
 
 670,000 
 
 228,000 
 
 263,000 
 
 1,161,00C 
 
 !
 
 76 
 
 The War Establishment of the Armies of the other 
 Great Nations is as follows: 
 
 men 
 
 Austria: Standing Army 800,000 
 
 Frontier troops 53,000 
 
 Landwehr 200,000 
 
 total 1,053,000 
 
 France: Army 800,000 
 
 Garde National Mobile . . 550,000 
 
 total 1,350,000 
 
 Russia: Field army 827,000 
 
 Local troops 410,000 
 
 Irregular troops .... 229,000 
 
 total 1,466,000 
 
 Italy: Army 348,000 
 
 Garde National Mobile . . 132,000 
 
 total 480,000
 
 77 
 
 PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. 
 
 Dienst-Vorschriften der Koniglicli Preussischen Armee, 
 by Major Karl von HelldorflP. 
 
 Heerwesen nnd Infanteriedienst, by Major- General von 
 Witzleben. 
 
 Heeres-Organisationen, by von Knmmer. 
 
 Hiilfsbuch beim theoretischen Unterricht des Kavalleristen, 
 by Major-General von Mirns. 
 
 Organisation und Dienst der Kriegsmacht des Nord- 
 deutschen Bnndes, by Captain von Wolff- Liiding- 
 hausen. 
 
 La Prusse et rAutriche depnis Sadowa, by Eniil de 
 Laveleye. 
 
 Printed by VV. Moesek of Eeilin.
 
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