t^'cU.~977 ^ UNDER.. THIeE FLAGS ,\J E^MlOTl^ PubbyWickmaiis Photo e Gif tStopM^^na^ Isle..]y\ich. G>£>TigKi' 1923, 1928. Points of Interest on Mackinac Island Alexander Henry Triil Arch Rock Afch Rock Trail Astor House Baby Manilou Bancroft Rest Battle Field Beaumont Monument Big Molar (Linden Tree) British Landing British Landing Road Cannon Ball (at British Landing) Cass Cliff Charlevoix Heights Courcurs de Bois Shelter Crack in the Island Ciookcd Tree Drive Cupids Pathway Devils Kitchtn Dwightwood Spring Early Farm Fairy Arch Fort Holmes Fort Mackinac Friendship's Altar Giant's Stairway Gitchie Manitou Golf Links iWawashkamo Club) Hiawatha Spring Indian Village Juniper Trail Lake Shore Boulevard LaSalle Spring Leslie Avenue Life Saving Station Lover's Leap Marquette Park and Statue Medicine Man's Trail Mission Church Mission House Nicolet Watch Tower Officer's Quarters Ottawa Trail Perry Cannon Point Lookout Pontiac's Lookout Robinson's Folly Scott's Cave South Sally Pore Sugar Loaf Rock Sunset Forest Trail of the Lonesome Pine West Block House Wishing Spring Woolson Rampart For description and location of Points of Interest see part Two !!:iOiS H'fTOfi'CA" S'S^V'Ty Mackinac Under Three Flags IN FOUR PARTS OUTLINE MAP OF MACKINAC ISLAND Tart One— Historical Michilimackinac - 2 Tcirt 'S'ti'o — The Island's Principal Points of Interest 18 Tart '^hrec — The Ideal Summer Resort 26 Tan '^?our — M a c k i n a c as Viewed by the Cameraman ------ 32 Historical Michilimackinac From writers of early Ameruan history wo learn that the name Michilimackinac not only stood for the present-day Mackinac Island, but for all the country round about us. It appears that the French were the first white men to explore this country, which was in the early part of the 17th century, and we have the year of 16 34, as the time when Jean Nicolet passed through the Straits, convoyed to Green Bay. In 1627, Louis, the thirteenth King of France, chartered the One Hundred Associates Company, granting them forever, Quebec, the fort, all New France. ( which included Michili- mackinac. » and Florida. Champlain was one of that company. The King gave the company two ships and invested them with almost sovereign power. The Roman Catholic Church was to be established and no other. During the year 1629 the British captured Quebec and all New France. But the whole coun- try was returned by treaty in 163 2. and in 1633 Champlain was again in command of the fort and town of Quebec and New France, which he had previously been obliged to surrender to the British. As soon as the French were known to be in com- mand once more one hundred and fifty Huron canoes arrived at Fort St. Croix to trade with their friends. With them came Jean Nicolet. the inter- preter, who was directed by Champlain to go with the returning convoys to Green Bay. Wis- consin ( this being as far south as the New France grant extended) to make a treaty with them. In compliance with these instructions Jean Nicolet. who had returned with the Hurons. journeyed by the Ottawa route. Lake Nippissing and Georgian Bay. towards the land of the Winncbagoes. He was convoyed by seven friendly Indians in birch bark canoes. Passing the mouth of the French river westward, he made the "Nations of Beavers." they being descendants from the "Great Beaver." their principal divinity: their original home were the Beaver Islands in Lake Michigan, and after- wards the Manitoulin Islands in Lake Huron. The French named them Nez Perces. owing to their habit of wearing ornaments and feathers thrust through their noses. The Beaver tribe were on the mainland when sieur Nicolet found them. The canoes pressed onward and entered the St. Mary's river of DeTour and paddled up the stream to the falls. The Indians found at the Sauk there were also Algonquins and Ojibwas or Chippevvas. After a short stay at Sault Ste. Marie he returned down the river in his canoes propelled by the paddles of his seven Hurons. On reaching the mouth of the river they made the turn ( De Tour) and going along the shore of the northern peninsula they passed Lcs Cheneaux (the channels.) St. Martins Islands, St. Ignace and the Island of Michilimackinac, Gros Cap and Seul Choix in succession, until they turned from Lake Michigan into Bay de Noquet. Here he vis- ited a tribe called Roqui and Noquets, or bear family, Algonquins classed with Chippewas. Farther up the river he came to the Menominees on a river of the same name. They were Algon- quins of a lighter color, and their language was not easy to understand. After a short stay he re- sumed his voyage to the Winnebagos, to whom he had sent one of the Hurons in advance. The Indian was well received, foretold of his coming and his message of peace. The Winnebagoes sent several of their young men to meet him. Arriving he advanced, clothed in a robe of "Chinese damask sprinkled with flowers of different colors," and a pistol in each hand, both of which he discharged in the air to the right and left. The women and children fled in dismay, for he was a "Manitou," who carried thunder in his hands. The Winne- bagoes were found to be numerous. Their lang- uage was different from any Algonquins or Hur- ons, they were of Dakota stock. At that time the Sacs and Foxes had not arrived, they came at a later period. Hearing of his coming, four or five thousand natives of the different tribes assembled to meet him in council. Nicolet made an alliance with them and urged them to keep the peace with each other and the tribes eastward of Lake Huron and with the Hurons and Nez Perces. After the treaty he visited the Mascoutins. six days' journey up the Fox river. From this tribe Nicolet got confused stories of the Mississip- pi. They were so mixed with the Wisconsin that he could not get a definite idea of what he and others supposed was the "sea," distant only three days' journey. From here he went southward and visited the Illinois tribe on the prairies and re- turned to the Winnebagoes. On his return trip he tarried with the Pottawatomics, who lived on the island at the mouth of Green Bay. In the spring of 1635 after the ice had broken up, the course was by way of the Straits of Michilimackinac and the island of the same name ro the south shore of the Great Manitoulin Island, where a band of Ottawas hved. The same seven Hurons were with him as his convoy. From that island they crossed Georgian Bay to the Huron villages. That season he accompanied the In- dians on their annual trading trip to this post on the St. Lawrence River. They probably reached Three Rivers about the middle of July, in 163^. Champlain died in the fort at Quebec. December 25. 1635. Father Isaac Joques and Raymbault planted the cross at Sault Stc. Marie. Michigan in 1643. Jean Nicolet was drowned by the upsetting of a boat on the river, above Quebec, near the last of October, 1642. On July 14, 1648. the mission at St. Mary's on the river Richelieu was surprised by the Iro- quois, early in the morning when the braves were absent on war or hunting parties and all the wom- en and children, old men and the attending priest were massacred. The Hurons were terrified and village after village was abandoned. At daybreak, on March 16. 1649, one thou- sand Iroquois assaulted the town of St. Ignatius on the Richelieu, and all were butchered and scalped except three who escaped to St. Louis, near by. The Hurons fled in all directions and fifteen towns were abandoned. December 7, 1649. the village of Etharita. near the head of Georgian Bav. of the Tinnontatc Hurons (who cultivated tobacco.) was attacked and the men. women and children and Father Garner, tomahawked and massacred. After this general Algonquin defeat, the Hurons and Ottawas settled for some years on Michili- mackinac Island, and again, fled to the islands at the entrance of Green Bay, thence to the shores. At that time the Huron mission was de- stroyed, thirty villages abandoned and the fright- ened Hurons fled across the waters to the islands and mainland of Lakes Huron. Superior and Michigan. In the massacre of March 16. 1649, Father John de Brebeuf and on March 17. Father Lallemant. were cruelly tortured to death. Father Allouez afterward found some of the Hurons at Chegaouamigong Bay and the Apostle Islands. Lake Superior, in 1665. In 1654 two French traders. Pierre Espcrit Radisson and Mcdard Chouart des Groccllicrs. passed by way of Michilimackinac Island and Point Iroquois (St. Ignace. I through the Straits to Green Bay. They returned in 1656 with sixty canoes, loaded with furs, and a large party of Hurons and Ottawas. bound for the market at Three Rivers on the St. Lawrence. Nicolas Perot was the next known and re- corded adventurer who made a canoe trip through the Straits of MichiHmackinac to Green Bay. From 15 34 (up to this date) when Carter ex- plored the St. Lawrence and planted a colony far up in the interior of New France that subsequently carried the fur trade to the banks of the Saskatche- wan, there were Frenchmen in the province. Many of these were illiterate, and, of course left no rec- ord. They were simply trappers and voyageurs. They mingled with the Indians, intermarried, and adapted themselves to the native code of life. The Indians built forts surrounded by palisades of cedar, implanted in the ground, from twelve to twenty-five feet high, for protection against as- saults of other tribes. The French did the same, and taught the savages how to improve and better protect them. The voyageurs were the pioneers, the advance pickets of the coming hosts of Euro- pean usurpers. The French continued to advance, as well as the English, Spanish. Dutch and Portugese into other parts of the continent, until, in 1668, they were found in the region of MichiHmackinac con- trolling large and valuable missions under the Jesuits. With them the arts of more civilized people prevailed to some extent, and the natives were brought to worship the God of the white man. About this time, 1668, New France was divided into the following provinces: Hudson Bay. All territory north of lati- tude 49° and west indefinitely. Quebec. With Canada east, southward to the head of Lake Champlain, and westward to the headwaters of the Ohio. MiCHlLIMACKlNAC. The country west- ward of Quebec, southward to and along the Ohio to the western boundary of what is now Minne- sota, north to 49° and all the country drained into Lakes Superior and Huron. British America was then a strip of land between the Appalachian mountains and the Atlantic ocean. The Province of Detroit was set off from MichiHmackinac in 1700; it included all of Can- ada west above the Cataract of Niagara and north to Lake Huron, that part of Michigan south of Saginaw Bay, and most of Ohio and Indiana. Detroit was settled in 1701 and in a few years be- came more important than MichiHmackinac. Before and after these last dates the capitol and metropolis of the Province of MichiHmacki- nac was on the island of the same name, in the Straits of MichiHmackinac. It was not only the seat of justice and base of supplies, but the center of trade of a vast territory. It was the headquar- ters of French traders and trappers, their white and Indian employees. The little island was well known and gave its name to the extensive Province of Michilimackinac. The name of the Province of Michilimacki- nac is the one given by the savages as rendered by the French to the island in the Straits now called Mackinac. Michili-Mackinac, terminal c silent, a broad, pronounced in English — Mackinaw. There is now in the French alphabet. In Mackinack the terminal c and k are both silent, and the k is superfluous. It is the French rendering from the Chippewa and Ottawa dialect of Algonquin. The early French who got the name from the Indians spelled it in various ways, and so did the English, but always so as to get the present pronunciation. Mackinaw, Macquina. Macina, Macinac. The French being the first dominants, their spelling prevails, but the pronunciation is the same in French and English — Mackinac, final c silent. Michilimackinac Island was occupied and abandoned, for reasons of safety, by different bands of Indians from time to time, long before this period. It had often been passed and visited by French traders and was well known. It was there the mission of St. Ignace was founded before it was established at point St. Ignace. Father Jaques Marquette founded the first mission on the Straits of Mackinac, at Michili- mackinac (St. Ignace) in 1671. He came to Mackinac Island in the spring of that year from the mission at La Pointe on Lake Superior, where he had succeeded Father Alloucz in 1665. The mission there was broken up when the Hurons and Ottawas abandoned the place in face of a threatening invasion of the Sioux. The Hurons went to Mackinac Island, and Marquette followed them, afterwards finding that Father Dablon had been there during the preceeding winter. But NLirquette soon changed to Point St. Ignace. The Mission of St. Ignatius was established on the Point for the Hurons and Ottawas. Father Mar- quette doubtless many times visited Mackinac Island during his stay on the Straits of .Mackinac. In 1672 he wrote a long account of his work in that neighborhood. On May 17, 167'i. he and Louis Joliet. whom he had met in 1671. at the great ceremony of St. Lusson's at the Sault. left Nlichilimackinac on their great voyage of discovcrv. reaching the "Father of Waters" at the mouth of the Wisconsin River on the Seventeenth i.\.\v oi June. Thev later paddled their birch-bark canoes as far south as a point near the mouth of the Arkansas river. Satis- fied that the Mississippi emptied not into the South Sea. but in the Gulf of Mexico. Joliet re- turned to Quebec, but Marquette made another voyage down the Mississippi in the following year. Of both these voyages Marquette gives an account in his journals. On the second voyage, worn out with fatigue of his labors, he was stricken by the hand of death May 18. 1675. at the age of 38. He was buried on the banks of a stream, thought by some to have been the St. Joseph's River, and by others the Sable River near the present city of Luciington. In 1677. the Kiskakon Indians, whom he had instructed at La Point, bore his remains to the Mission chapel on the Straits, where they were buried by Fathers Pierson and Nouvel. The convoy consisted of thirty canoes. As they ap- proached the church the priest chanted the De Pro- fundis in presence of all the people, and the body remained in state at the little church all that day Whit Monday. June 8, 1677. The next day it was buried with honors under the church. Father Marquette was called "The Guardian Angel of the Ottawa Mission. " His remains were dis- covered by Very Rev. Edward Jacker. V. G., in 1877. who was then pastor at St. Ignacc. About a fourth ot these relics are still preserved in the Church at St. Ignace; the remainder in Marquette College at Milwaukee. On September 1, 1909, the Marquette Statue in Marquette Park on the Island was dedicated to his memory with appropriate ceremonies, including among other features, an address by Justice William R. Day of the Supreme Court of the United States. Marquette was born in the little hill town of Laon. in the Department of Aisne, France, June 1, 1637. The fame of the discoveries of Marquette and Joliet fired the mind of LaSalle, in command at Fort Frontcnac (Kingston.) He obtained a concession from Count Frontenac. another from the French King, which allowed him. in the terri- tory which he discovered, the exclusive trade of buffalo and all other articles excepting the fur trade of the Lakes. Sailing from Fort Frontenac in the Griffon, a sailing vessel of sixty tons, built by his orders a little above Niagara Falls, late in November, 1674, and after many wild storms turning the foot of Bois Blanc, he beheld the high- land ahead, the rock-girt fairy isle of Michili- mackinac. M. LaSallc and his men were received with great civilities by the chiefs of the Ottawas on landing at Michilinuckinac. In 1681 he again visited the Straits of Mack- inac, on his second voyage to the Mississippi. He reached the mouth of the "Father of Waters" the following year on the ninth of April, naming the country Louisiana for the King. Louis XIV of France. In 1688. survivors of his fata! expedi- tion from France, in which he aimed to reach the mouth of the great river direct by water, arrived at Michilimackinac with a tale of disaster. LaSalle was a man of indomitable will, who made warm friends, such as the devoted Tonti, and bitter enemies, whose machinations finally compassed his ruin. He came of a wealthy fam- ily and was well educated. His discoveries on the Mississippi opened to him visions of vice-regal control of a new empire, in the lure of which he met death at the hands of some of his followers, somewhere, in the present State of Texas, March 19. 1687. while trying to reach the Mississippi over land. He was born at Rouen. France in 1643. In 1688 Baron I.aHontan. an officer of rare accomplishments, because of his knowledge of the Indian language and his skill in forest diplomacy, was sent as a commander of troops to the Great Lakes region, in company with Du Lhut. and built Fort St. Joseph at the foot of Lake Huron, near the present site of Port Huron. Here La Durantaye commandant at Michilimackinac sweeping down in 1687 with birch-bark canoe loads of Mackinac Indians, took possession of the whole country for France. It was from this post that La Hontan went to Mackinac in 1688 "to buy up corn for the Hurons and Ottawas." as he writes. His New X^oyage was published in French at the Hague in 1703. In 1695. M. de Cadillac, who founded Detroit, commanded at this post. He thus de- scribes the place: "It is very important that you should know, in case you are not already in- formed, that this village is one of the largest in all Canada. There is a fine fort of pickets, and sixty houses that form a street in a straight line. There is a garrison of well-disciplined, chosen soldiers, consisting of about two-hundred men. the best formed and most athletic to be found in this New World: besides many other persons who are resi- dents here during two or three months of the year. * * *Thc houses are arranged along the snore of this great Lake Huron, and fish and smoked meat con- stitute the principal food of the inhabitants. The villages of the savages, in which there are six or seven thousand souls, are about a pistol-shot dis- tance from ours. All the lands are cleared for about three leagues around the village, and perfect- ly well cultivated. They produce a sufficient quanity of Indian corn for the use of both the French and savage inhabitants." In 1669. Cadillac, perceiving the importance of a fort on the de Troit, repaired to France to present the subject to the consideration of Count Pontchartrain. the Colonial Minister. He was favorably received, and authorized to establish the proposed fort at the earliest date possible. This he accomplished in 1701. With the exception of here and there a Jesuit missionary and a few half-savage coureurs de bois. the region around Michilimackinac was now forsaken by the French. A dispute soon arose between Cadillac and the Jesuits, the former insisting upon a concentra- tion of French interests in the west, at Detroit, the latter urging the French Government to re-estab- lish Michilimackinac. The Jesuits did all in their power to prevent the Indians removing to Detroit, while Cadillac held out every inducement to pre- vail upon them to desert their village and settle in the vicinity of the new fort, and so far succeed- ed that, in 1705. the Jesuits became discouraged, burned their church, and returned to Quebec. But alarmed at this step, the Governor soon prevailed upon Father James Marest to return: and shortly after, the Ottawas. who were becoming dissatisfied at Detroit, began to move back to Michilimack- inac. Father Marest now did all in his power to prevail upon the French Government to send M. Louvigay. a former commander, with a few soldiers, to re-establish the fort at St. Ignace, but did not succeed until 1714, when the long wished for garrison and commander arrived, giving new life to the settlement. In 1721 Father Charlevoix was at Michili- mackinac and wrote as follows: "I arrived the twenty-eighth (June) at this post, which is much declined since M. de Cadillac drew to Detroit the greater part of the savages who were settled here, and especially the Hurons. Several Ottawas have followed them: others have dispersed themselves in the Beaver Islands. There is only here a mid- dling village, where there is still a great trade for peltry, because it is the passage for. or the rendez- vous of many of the savage nations. The fort is preserved and the house of the missionaries, who are not much employed at present, having never found much docility among the Ottawas. but the court tliinks their presence necessary, in a place where one must often treat with our allies, to exercise their ministry among the French, who come hither in great numbers. I have been assured that since the settlement of Detroit and the dis- persion of the savages occasioned thereby, many nations of the North, who used to bring their pel- tries hither, have taken the route of Hudson's Bay. The situation at Michilimackinac is very advan- tageous for trade. The post is between three great lakes. Lake Michigan, which is three hundred leagues in compass, without mentioning the great bay that comes into it: Lake Huron, which is three hundred and fifty leagues in circumference, and which is triangular: and the Upper Lake. which is five hundred leagues." Charlevoi.x. at the time of this visit, 1721, apparently describes the post and settlement of North Michilimackinac. (St. Ignacc.) as he says: "The fort is preserved, and the house of the mis- sionaries." but does not allude to the church, as that burned in 1703. The movement of South Michilimackinac must have been gradual up to 1760. when the Province of Michilimackinac was transferred to the British. From the early part until about the middle of the eighteenth century there is little history recorded of the province of Michilimackinac. and of the region about the straits of the same name. The establishment of the Province of Detroit, and the withdrawal of the troops to the town o( Detroit, on that strait, where many Indians fol- lowed, caused a diversion of trade and consequent decline of supremacy. With the victory of the English on the Plains of Abraham, before Quebec. September 1 2th and nth. 1759. the successful General Wolf fell, and the defeated General Montcalm was also killed. The subsequent surrender of Montreal and Cana- da, with all its dependencies, on the 8th of Sep- tember. 1760. by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. to the British Crown, was the opening wedge to a change in history. The Province of Michilimack- inac was transferred to Britain, and the French habitants remained and the effects of their civil institutions and religion are evident to this day. The change from French to English rule was not agreeable to the Indians of the Lakes. They liked better the French dominion and their per- sonal relations with the French people than they did the English sway and English associations, and they did not take kindly to the transfer. One reason for this preference is said to have been that the French people were accustomed to pay respects to all the Indians' religious or superstitious ob- servances, whereas an Englishman or an American was apt, cither to take no pains to conceal his con- tempt for their superstitions or to speak out blunt- ly against them. To this can be added the well known fact of the greater readiness of the French to intermarry and domesticate with the Indians. This feeling of discontent under the change of empire, on the part of the Indians, was fanned and skillfully directed by that great leader and diplomat. Pontiac: and "The Conspiracy of Pon- tiac" is the well-known title of one of Parman's series of North American history. This conspir- acy was no less than a deep and comprehensive scheme, matured by this most crafty savage chief, for a general Indian uprising, in which all English forts, from the south to the upper lakes, were to be attacked simultaneously, and the English rule forever destroyed. The Indians would vauntingly say, "You have conquered the French, but you have not conquered us." Out of tweh'c forts, nine were taken, but not long held. While this scheme was, of course a failure in its larger features, the plot against the old post of Michilimackinac across the water succeeded only too well. The strategy and horror of that cap- ture reads like a talc of fiction. In 1763 a band of thirty-five English soldiers and their officers formed its garrison. Encamped in the woods not far off was a large number of Indians. One morning in the month of June, with great show of friendliness, the Indians in- vited the soldiers to witness their match game of ball, just outside the stockade. The Chippewas were to play the Sacs, Then, as now ball playing had great fascination. And as this was the birthday of the King of England, and the men were in a celebrating mood, some indulgence was shown, discipline for a time relaxed, gates were left ajar and the soldiers and officers carelessly saun- tered out and looked on, enjoying the sport. In the course of the play, and as a part of the pre- arranged stratagem, the ball was so struck that it fell within the stockade line of the fort. As if pursuing it, the players came rushing to the gate. The soldiers, intent in watching the play, suspect- ed nothing. The Indians now had an open way within, and instantly turned from ball-players in- to warriors, and a terrifying "whoop" was given. The squaws, as sharing in the plot, were standing near with tomahawks concealed under their blank- ets. These were seized, and then followed a most shocking massacre. The surprise of the fort and the success of the red men was complete. The details of this dreadful event are vividly told by the English trader. Alexander Henry, so- journing at the time, with his goods within the stockade, and unfortunately a sharer in the dread- ful scenes and experiences. Excepting the very meagre report of the humiliating capture made by Captain Ethcrington, the officer in command, there seems to be nothing but the narrative of this English trader. When the fort was captured by the savages, he himself was hidden for the first night out of their murderous reach, but was dis- covered the next day. Then followed a series of experiences and hair-breadth escapes and turns of fortune very remarkable, while all the time the most barbarous fate seemed impending. It was not enough that his goods were confiscated and his very clothes stripped off his body, but the savage captors thirsted for his blood. They said of him and their other prisoners, that they were being reserved to "make English broth." After four days of such horror there came a turn which Henry says gave "a new color to my lot." During his residence at the post before the massacre, a certain Chippewa Indian named Wawatam. who used to come frequently to his house, had become very friendly and told him that the Great Spirit point- ed him out as one to adopt as a brother, and to regard as one of his own family. Suddenly, on the fourth day of his captivity, Wawatam ap- peared on the scene. Before a council of chiefs he asked the release of his brother, the trader, at the same time laying down presents to buy off whatever claims any may have thought they had on the prisoner. Wawatam's request, or demand was granted, and taking Mr. Henry by the hand he led him to his own lodge, where he received the utmost kindness. A day or two afterwards, fearing an attack of retaliation by the English, the whole body of Indians moved from the fort over to the Island as a place of safety. They landed three hundred and fifty fighting men. Wawatam was among them, with Henry in safe keeping. Several days passed, when two large canoes from Montreal, with English goods aboard, were seized by the Indians, The invoice of goods contained among other things, a large quantity of liquor, and soon mad drunkenness prevailed The watchful and faithful Wawatam lold Henry he feared he could not protect him when the Indians were in liquor, and besides, as he frankly confessed, "he could not himself resist the temptation of joining his com- rades in the debauch." He therefore took him up the hill and back in the woods, and hid him in a cave, where he was to remain hidden "until the liquor should be drank." After an uncomfort- able night, Henry discovered next morning to his horror, that he had been lying on a heap of human bones and skulls. This charnel-house retreat of Henry's was what is known to-day as "Skull Cave." In relation between guest and prisoner, moving with the band from place to place, follow- ing the occupation of a hunter, and taking up with Indian life, he at length finds himself at the Sault, where soon an opportunity opened for his deliver- ance and return home. Later on he made another trip to the country of the upper lakes and remained for a longer time. Of his good friend Wawatam, it is a sad tradition that he afterwards became blind and was accidently burned in his lodge on the island at "Iroquois" point. For the next thirteen years the history of the post appears to have been military routine with the annual gathering and departure of the fur- traders until the garrison was removed to Michili- mackinac Island in 1780-81. On the 4th of October, 1779, Major Patrick Sinclair, Lieutenant-Governor, arrived and as- sumed command of (South) Michilimackinac, re- lieving Major DePeyster, who left for Detroit on October 15 th. Major Sinclair sent to the Island, November 6, 1779, the sloop of war, Welcome, with work- men and the timbers of a house to be erected for them to live in. The government house was erected below the present fort. February and March 1780, when the ice was firm, the Catholic Church, on the south shore, was taken down, the logs hauled over, and the church rebuilt on the old cemetery lot. A government wharf was built of log cribs, filled with stone, in the bay in front of the present south sally port. On the 4th of November, that same year, Lieutenant-Governor Sinclair moved over to the Island and established his headquarters. During the winter a block- house was completed east of the government house, on the present school lot. During the fall of 1780 the sash, doors and casings and other wood-work of many buildings were sent over in vessels to the Island; and in the following winter the logs and timbers taken down were hauled over on the ice. When spring came, the traders pulled down their buildings and rafted them to the Island, where the logs were again put up. Their provisions and goods were sent in boats. The entire movement of the troops were not com- plctcd until btc in the summer of 1781. The British continued to improve the fort and strengthen the position until 1796. when their troops were withdrawn to St. Joseph's Island. At the close of 1775-83 the independence of the United States of America was acknowledged by Great Britain and by the terms of the treaty of Paris. September 3. 1783, the post of Michili- mackinac Island with others on the lakes, became a part of the Republic. On various pretexts the British retained possession of this and other forts until after the treaty promulgated on the 29th of February. 1796. in which it was stipulated that all British troops should be withdrawn from posts within the boundaries by June 1, 1796. The first United States troops to occupy Fort Mackinac Island were in command of Major Henry Burdeck. who. with one company of Artillerists and Engineers, and a company of the 1st Infantry and three officers arrived in October, 1796. and took possession. The British retired to the island of St. Joseph, on the Canada side, a little above Detour, and established a fort there. Following the change of flag nothing very stirring happened in the island history during the years immediately succeeding. It soon became however, a great commercial seat in the wilderness. The chief commodity was furs. From an early day this had been a business carried on by individ- ual traders who went among the Indians. In course of time these operations assumed a larger and more systematic form under the hands of strong chartered companies. The fur trade, to- gether with other lines of traffic made the island for many years a great commercial scat. While at this time the Island was United States territory, and the fort with its ever floating flag was a visi- ble token of its Americanism, the village as a whole with its Indian and French population per- haps did not appear so characteristically American. The year 1812 brought our second war with Great Britain, and it might be said that the very first scene of the war was enacted on the little is- land of Mackinac. The two governments had been under strained relations for some time before, and on the 19th of June, of that year, the state of war declared by President Madison. Lieuten- ant Hanks commanded Fort Mackinac and the position in which he found himself on the morn- ing of the surrender made him a victim of circum- stances beyond his control. The British at both Detroit and St. Joseph's Island only a short dis- tance from Mackinac had news of the declaration of war. Capt. Roberts at St. Joseph acted im- mediately. All the available fur-traders and In- dians were quickly added to his troops at St. Joseph, numbering together a thousand men. The first intimation of trouble the Americans had was the movement of the Indians. Michael Dousman, who set out to see what it was all about, was made a prisoner, and was informed that any resistance on the part of the Americans would result in the massacre of ail. regardless of age or sex. He was allowed to mass the citizens at the Old Distillery. under a British guard. Small wonder they should urge him and other influential citizens to counsel Hanks surrender unconditionally. Reinforcing this appeal to humanity was that of the menacing guns on the heights above Fort Mackinac, which the British had placed there in the night. (Just one month later, lacking a day, Lieutenant Hanks was killed by a cannon shot at the bombardment of Detroit, from near Windsor.) After the sur- render the citizens were assembled at the govern- ment house to take the oath of allegiance to the British Crown, which most of them willingly did. The British troops held the fort and island until the summer of 1815, after the close of the war. Although the British had captured the Is- land without bloodshed, they were in constant fear of attack from the land and naval forces of the United States. After the memorable naval battle near the head of Lake Erie between Perry and Barclay, September 10, 1813, when the entire British fleet of six vessels was captured or de- stroyed, the tide had turned and the chances of in- vasion were imminent. In April, 1814, an expedition was proposed to capture Mackinac Island. Orders were issued June 2, and a fleet of vessels fitted out, with Com- modore Sinclair on board together with a land force of seven hundred and fifty officers and men, Lieutenant-Colonel Croghan commanding. They sailed July 3, but bad weather and uncharted routes without a pilot, delayed them so that they did not reach the vicinity of the Island until the latter part of the month, and after hovering about for a week it was concluded there was no other way than to imitate the plan of the successful enemy, two years before. So they sailed around to "British Landing" and disembarked August 4th. and marched as far as the Early farm. But the conditions were entirely difl^erent from those of two years before, and the movement v/as a mel- ancholy failure. Their plans were not so much to attempt the storming of the works as to feel the enemy's strength and to establish a lodgment from which by slow and gradual approaches they might hope for success. All such expectations were soon dissipated. Facing the open field on the Early farm were the thick woods, which were a perfect screen to the Indian skirmishers, who, concealed in their vantage points, hotly attacked our soldiers: to say nothing of an English battery of four pieces, firing shot and shells. There could be neither advancing nor entrenching. The only wise thing was to retreat to the vessels. This was done and the expedition left the Island, hav- ing lost fifteen killed and about fifty wounded. Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, next in command to Colonel Croghan, was one of the slain in this most unfortunate action. He fell while leading his battalion in a ilank movement on the right. A Spaniard and a Winnebago chief called Yellow Dog. both claimed that they killed the Major. The body of Major Holmes was recovered after the battle and taken to Detroit for interment. The fort being found impregnable by assault, no furth- er attempts at capture were made, and the expedi- tion returned down the lake to Detroit. However the ambition to regain the island was not yet abandoned. It was thought to starve out the garrison and thus force a surrender. Two vessels, the "Tigress" and the "Scorpion," were detached from the fleet and left to maintain a strict blockade. This was proving very effective, and provisions ran so low in Mackinac, that a loaf of bread would sell for one dollar on the streets, and the men of the garrison were killing horses for meat. But relief, and that by their own sagacity and daring, was at hand for the beleagured garri- son. Lieutenant Worsley. with seventeen sailors of the Royal Navy, had managed to escape when our fleet destroyed the "Nancy" and block house at Nottawasaga, and effect a passage in an open boat to the fort at Mackinac. Forced by the ne- cessity of the situation, a bold and desperate pro- ject was undertaken, and that the capture of the two blockading vessels. Batteaux were manned under Lieutenant Worsley with his seamen and volunteers from the garrison, making in all about seventy men. On a dark night, rowing rapidly and in silence, they approached first the "Tigress." and taking it entirely by surprise, leaped aboard and after a hand to hand struggle soon had possession. On the second day after, the "Scorpion" was seen beating up towards her companion ship, unaware of its change of fortune. Night coming on she anchored some two miles off. About daylight the Tigress set sail, swept down on the Scorpion, opened fire, boarded and captured her. That was the final stroke to the ill-fated expedition and Michilimackinac was secure for another winter. The affair of August 4, 1814, and the sub- sequent connected events, was a serious and disas- trous defeat to the United States. Had it not been for the terms of the treaty of peace, ratified the following year, the continued occupation of the fort and straits, by the British, would have been of far-reaching effect on the commercial and industrial interest of this nation. Peace was con- cluded between the two contending nations during the winter of 1814-15, as the result of the Treaty of Gent, December 24, 1815. The American spirit and regime were soon fully restored after its re-possession by our troops in 1815. From that time on there was a long succession of regular army soldiers and officers inhabiting the old quarters and barracks. Many of the officers who afterwards acquired high rank and distinction during our civil war, 1861-1865, either in the Union Army or Southern, had been in service on the Island as young Captains or Lieutenants. General Pemberton was once a mem- ber of the garrison, and in a private letter written by one of the citizens in 1840, when the little island was ice-bound and there was a dearth of news, it is incidentally mentioned that "Lieuten- ant Pemberton in the fort is engaged in getting up a private theatre, in an endeavor to ward off win- ter and solitude," — the young officer little dream- ing of that more serious drama in which he was to act, twenty-three years later, as commander of Vicksburg. with Grant's besieging armies around him. During the civil war, all troops being needed at the front, the soldiers were withdrawn from the fort. This was but temporary, however, and did not mean its abandonment. Its flag and a solitary sergeant were left to show that it was still a mili- tary post of the United States. This faithful soldier remained at the fort for many years after the war, and was known to visitors as the "Old Sergeant." For a period during the war it was made the place of confinement of some of the Con- federate prisoners, principally notable officers who had been captured, at which time Michigan volun- teer troops held it. At the close of the war the fort resumed its old time service as a garrison post, generally about fifty or sixty men of the regular army, with its officers, composing the force. A detachment would serve a few years, then be transferred and another would take its place, to enjoy in its turn the re- cuperative climate of the summer, and to endure the rigors and isolation of the winters. So the old fort continued in use. with its morning and eve- ning gun. its stirring bugle notes, its daily "guard mount." its pacing sentry, its drill, its "inspection days." until 1895. Then the United States government, by formal act of Congress, abandoned the fort, and gave it over, together with the National Park of eleven hundred acres, to the State of Michigan. We do not question the fact, that as a fort, constructed in primitive times, it was unsuitcd to the days of modern warfare, but for sentimental reasons alone, even if there had been no other, the old fort should have been re- tained as a United States post. A military sear which has more than two hundred years of history behind it. is not often to be found in the western world. It is doubtful if there be another on this continent which could boast of so long a period of continuous occupation as old Fort Michilimack- inac. which was established first at St. Ignace in the 17th century, then removed to old Mackinaw, and located on the Island since 1780. Island's Principal Points of Interest Alexander Hinrv Tr.mi. — Trail from parade ground to Skull Cave, paralleling Harrison Road. Named after Alexander Henry, the Eng- lish explorer and fur-trader, who narrowly es- caped death in the massacre at Old Mackinac, in June. 1763. Arch Rock — According to Indian tradi- tion, this magnificent arch, which from some view points seems suspended in the air. was formed by the Giant Fairies, who once inhabited the Island, and who may still be seen about this chasm of wild grandeur on moonlight nights by those who have the eye to percieve them. Geologically, it is a calcareous formation, which was among the first points on the Island to project above the water in ancient geological times. It was formed by the action of the receding waters, wearing and loosening great masses from its sides. The sum- mit of the arch is a hundred and forty-nine feet above the lake level, with a span of over fitty feet. Arch Rock Tr.ml — An old Indian trail from the northeast corner of Marquette Park, up che bluff to Cass Cliff, crossing Huron Road, Patawatomi Court, and Arch Rock Road, leading direct to Forest King, a lone pine tree, at which it makes a square turn to the right and ends at Arch Rock. Baby ManITOU — A detached boulder just a little distance to the north of Gitchic Manitou, both being on the East Shore Boulevard, and below Arch Rock. Bancroft Rest — Resting place on east bluff. Named for George Bancroft, the American historian. President Polk appointed him Secretary of the Navy, and during his term of office Bancroft established the Naval Academy at Annapolis. Battle Field — Site of the Battle of Mack- inac Island. August 4, 1814. when the Americans attacked the British forces on the Island. It was in this engagement that Major Holmes was killed. Beaumont Monument — Granite mem- orial erected by the medical profession to the mem- ory of Dr. William Beaumont, U. S. A. Dr. Beaumont's experiments in the case of Alexis St. Martin brought to the world the first direct in- formation concerning the action of the gastric juice. Big Molar — One of the curiosities of the Island. A large linden tree with tooth-like roots, at St. Joseph Place, landing on Arch Rock Trail. British Landing — Spot on the northwest shore where the British forces landed at the time of the capture of the Island in 1812. Cannon Ball — An inviting stopping place, at British Landing, where the pedestrian may ob- tain some good things to eat. Cass Cliff — Place where Arch Rock Trail reaches the summit of cast bluff. Here is a tri- angular park with picturesque clumps of cedars. From this point can be seen perhaps at their best. Round Island, the Light House, the Harbor, Life Saving Station, the wharf, and business section of the city. The name of General Cass is prom- inently connected with the early history of Mack- inac Island and the State of Michigan. On the 28th of August, 1915, a magnificent bronze Memorial Tablet, eight feet high and nearly four feet wide, was erected at Mackinac Island. A striking life-like bust adorns the Tablet. Charlevoix Heights — Projection of the bluff in front of Fort Holmes, giving a splendid bird's-eye view of the Straits of Mackinac and the north shore of the southern peninsula. Named for Pierre Francois de Charlevoix, noted historian. COUREURS DE BOIS SHELTER — Natural spot of refuge: a knoll on the bluff edge on path to Robertson's Folly. Named for the coureurs de bois. literally "rangers of the woods." who con- stituted a class of men which grew out of the fur-trade. Crack in the Island — A deep fissure in the earth several feet wide, extending several rods. This natural curiosity is well worth seeing. It is not known what brought it about. Tradition tells that it is the remnant of an extinct volcano. It strongly resembles fissure caused by earth quakes. Crooked Tree Drive — A road from the vicinity of Sugar Loaf, through attractive growth of gnarled trees, to Four Corners. Cupid's Pathway — A road from the rear of the Fort to Indian village. Devil's Kitchen — Limestone cave. One of the delights of the Island. A favorite place for tourists to build camp fires and roast marsh- mallows. Early Farm — ( Wawashkamo Golf Links. ) No plot of ground in America has more romantic. picturesque or historic associations. Over its fields the Indians. French. English and Americans have trod. Here the British crossed in 1812, when they captured Fort Mackinac. Here the memorable battle of Mackinac Island took place, and the life blood of brave soldiers was spilled. Fairy Arch — Limestone arch standing out from the cliff wall near Robertson's Folly, on the way to Dwightwood Spring and Arch Rock. Fort Hol.MES — Built by the British soon after the capture of Mackinac in 1812. The British named it Fort George, after the reigning English King, George III. When the Americans took possession of the Island after the war. they named it Fort Holmes, after Major Andrew Hun- ter Holmes, who was killed in the Battle of Mack- inac Island. Aug. 4. 1814, in the attempt to take the fort from the British. Fort Mackinac — Located on the heights above the village. It is one of the dominant fea- tures of the Island landscapes. It is situated on an elevation 133 feet above the water, and com- mands the town and harbor and the Straits. The parapets and old-time block houses have an air delightfully antiquated and picturesque. Thou- sands of visitors ascend the steep slope every year to make explorations of its quaint construction and arrangement. The cedar stockade with its loopholes for musketry fell into decay long ago: parapet and block house have been dismantled of their guns, and no sentry challenges approach. With open gate and unbarred port, interposing not even a no-tresspass warning, Fort Mackinac welcomes all comers to ramble through its bounds and ascend the parapets. Friendship's Altar — Sometimes called Pul- pit Rock. An interesting natural formation north- east of and near British Landing. Giant's Stairway — Natural limestone steps of giant size in the clifF leading to Fairy Arch. GiTCHIE Manitou — A massive rock lying between East Shore Boulevard and Lake Huron, below Arch Rock and beyond Dwightwood Spring. This probably once formed a part of Arch Rock. According to Indian tradition, here was the landing place of the Great Manitou of the Lakes. Golf Links — Links of Wawashkamo Club, formerly Early Farm. The "Grand" Golf Links are located between the village and Grand Hotel. Hiawatha Spring — A rushing spring of water, located midway up the cliff, by Dwight- wood Spring. The waters from both Hiawatha and Dwightwood Springs is attested by thousands of tourists and summer visitors, to be especially healthful and strengthening. Indian Village — Also known as Harris- onville. Indian settlement in private claim named Harrisonville. after President William Henry Harrison. The descendants of some of the most noted Indian warriors still reside there. Juniper Trail — Trail from Sugar Loaf Rock to Crooked Tree Drive. This locality abounds in a luxuriant growth of Juniper shrubs. Lake Shore Boulevard — Driveway ex- tending along the shore, completely encircling the Island, it is a drive which cannot be excelled for novelty, variety and scenic effect. LaSalle Spring — Fine flow of water originally used to supply the Garrison of Fort Mackinac. This spring is named for Rene Robert Cavelier de LaSalle, the great explorer. He first came to Mackinac in 1679, on board the Griffon, a sailing vessel built by his orders a little above Niagara Falls, in which he was one of the first ex- plorers to traverse the Great Lakes in a boat larger than the birchbark canoe. Leslie Avenue — Named for Colonel Les- lie, who projected an extensive plan for road development for Mackinac Island. Runs in a northwesterly direction from Arch Rock. Life Saving Station — The United States government in 1915 built this, one of the most modern stations in the entire service. Its first season in active use began in 1916. The credit for bringing about the establishing of the station belongs Col. Wm. P. Preston, for many years Mayor of Mackinac Island. Lover's Leap — Limestone pillar detached from cliff. This lone pinnacle rises to a height of 145 feet above the waters of Lake Michigan, about a mile west of the main part of the city. The legend which gives it its name is that in the long ago an Indian maiden of the Ojibway tribe watched from this height the departure of her lover with a war expedition across the water; and to the rock she came day after day to await his coming. At last the party returning without him. brought word of his death, and the distracted maiden not caring for life any longer leaped from this cliff; the lifeless body was found by her father at the foot of the precipice the evening after. Marquette Park and Statue — At the foot of Fort Mackinac; statue of Father Marquette is in the center of Marquette Park. Father Jaques .Marquette founded the first mission on the Straits of Mackinac, in 1671. He came to Mackinac in the spring of that year from the mission at La Pointc on Lake Superior, where he had succeeded Father Allouez in 1665. On September 1. 1909. the Marquette Statue in Marquette Park was ded- icated to his memory with appropriate ceremonies. Medicine Man's Trail — Trail from In- dian Village to Annex Road, said to have been the haunt of the Indian medicine men. Mission Church — Built by the Presby- terian mission under Rev. William .M. Ferry in 1830. This is said to be the oldest Protestant church building in the Old Northwest that is still standing. The style of its interior and of its furnishings has been preserved as it was when the church was first built. NicoLET Watch Tower — Fine view point above Arch Rock. This point is named in honor of Jean Nicolet. the first white man known to have viewed the Straits of Mackinac. In 1915 a bronze tablet in his honor was unveiled at Arch Rock under the auspices of the Michigan Histori- cal Commission, the Mackinac Island State Park Commission and the City of Mackinac Island. OfeicER'S Quarters — Stone dwelling oc- cupied by officers of Fort Mackinac. Built in 1781. Three prominent Confederate prisoners of war were confined here during the War of the Rebellion. Ottawa Trail — An old Indian trail along the edge of the bluff. The name Ottawa means, according to the government's derivation, "to trade." "to buy and sell." The Ottawas were noted among their neighbors as intertribal traders, chiefly in corn-meal. firs, tobacco and herbs. Champlain was the first white man to meet them, in 1615. near the mouth of French river in Georgian Bay. The Ottawa River in Canada bears their name, where many made their home when first known to whites. Perry Cannon — Old iron cannon in front of Fort Mackinac on the Lake front, said to have been used on a boat of Perrv's fleet in the battle of lake Erie in 1813. Point Lookout — Located a short distance north of Fort Holmes: gives a fine view of Straits and Lake Huron, over forest. PoNTiAC's Lookout — A cliff on the south shore, beyond the Grand Hotel and the West End. Commands one of the finest views on the Island. The name is a fitting recognition of Pontiac's place in the history of the region: although it is possible that he himself never looked out from tlie rock. Robertson's Folly — The lofty, broad and blunt precipitous cliff at the East end of the Island, one hundred and twenty-seven feet above the earth. The origin of the name is uncertain, save that it is associated in some way with the English Captain Robertson, who belonged to the fort gar- rison for seven years, and was its commandant from 1782 to 1787. There are a number of traditionary stories, or legends, in explanation of the name. These stories vary from the prosaic and trifling, to the very romantic and tragical. Scott's Cave — Located at northwestern end of Island, near shore drive. Named after Thomas Scott of the 53rd Regiment at Fort Mackinac in 1787. The cave is sometimes called Flinn's Cave. The low entrance is deceptive as to the giant cavity concealed within. Skull Cave — So called from the numerous human bones found there in early times. It was here that Alexander Henrv fhe English fur-trader, sought refuge in his flight from the Indians after the Massacre at Old Mackinac in 1763. South Sally Port — One of the original gateways, being an opening in the walls of the Fort provided for making charges or sallies by the h. MACKINAC ISl Silualtd in the Siritli of Maclinic. which diridn Lake Michigan ind Lalic Huron. It ii righl miUt in ci D. MiLHiGAN Upper and Lower Penii garrison against the enemy, a military maneuver of the early times. Sugar Loaf — Named on account of its conical shape. The rock is a huge cone rising 90 feet amid the forest growth: it stands 285 feet above the lake. An admirable and imposing-land- scape with Sugar Loaf as a central figure is had from point Lookout. In Indian mythology, this was the wigwam of the Great Spirit Manabozho, who recreated the world after the ancient deluge and here made his home, hence the cave in its side. Trail of the Loneso.me Pine — An old Indian trail which runs past Forest King from Arch Rock Trail to the Old Quarry and Charle- voix Heights. West Block House — Built by the British in 1780. In the spring of 1812 Fort Mackinac was within the intersecting lines of three block houses. There were no buildings within the lines. The only approach was through the south and north sally ports, each provided with portcullis that could be instantly dropped. The block houses were armed with iron cannonades that pro- tected the picket walls of the fort, and iron guns well planted at convenient places so as to rake the hillsides and other approaches. Wishing Spring — Located near Devil's Kitchen. Natural outflow of water: clear as crys- tal, flows from above, dripping, cool and refresh- ing. If you drink and wish, and keep the secret for three days, tradition says you will get whatever you wish. WooLsoN Rampart — It is named for Constance Fenimore Woolson. author of the well- known Mackinac novel. "Anne." and many other stories and sketches of Mackinac and the surround- ing region. Mackinac Island never had a more devoted admirer than Miss Woolson. She was a grandniece of James Fenimore Cooper. Her nephews erected in 1916 at Mackinac Island, a beautiful Bronze Memorial Tablet. The Ideal Summer Resort Mackinac Island, the best known and most picturesque summer resort on the Great Lakes, is situated in the Straits of Mackinac, which divides the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and connects Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, with Lake Superior just a short distance to the North. The Island is eight miles in circumference, with an area of three and one-half miles. The surface is elevated, the main plateau being 150 feet above the surface of the lake, the upper plateau 294 feet, and the highest point near the southern end 3 1 8 feet. Rising so high from the lake, and fanned continuously by the cool breezes of three large lakes, Mackinac has a delightful climate that at- tracts thousands of people every season. The surface is densely wooded with maple, oak. birch and beech; also a profusion of evergreens, juniper, tamarack, balsam and pine. The Island is justly famed for its scenery. The heights command views of sea and shore ever changing with the varying lights and shades of the hours and the movements of the passing ships. In our estimation Pontiac's Lookout, a cliff on the south shore, commands one of the finest views of the Island. The view takes in a wide sweep. On the right we may look through the Straits to Lake Michigan and the City of St. Ignace. on the upper peninsula: opposite is Mack- inaw City, on the lower peninsula: then the South Channel, with the smoke rising above Cheboygan in the far distance: Bois Blanc, and Round Islands, and on the left, seen through the Straits, stretches Lake Huron, while beneath us decline the wooded island slopes to the curving shore: and beyond the Grand Hotel and the town. It is a noble pros- pect, and one to stir the imagination, to re-people Mackinac with its ancient denizens, to restore the wigwams to the shore, the upturned canoes, the smoke rising from the campfires, and the dusky groups of men and women with children at play. We may see in fancy the bark canoes of Marquette and Joliet setting out on their ever-memorable ex- pedition to the Mississippi, and we may watch the long procession of Chippewas and Hurons convoy- ing the reclaimed relics of their beloved priest to his resting place at St. Ignace. Or from the look- out we may see, rounding Bois Blanc, LaSalle's Griffon, first vessel on the Great Lakes, and proto- type of the mighty fleet of to-day: or the sails may be those of the Niagara and the Lawrence flying the Stars and Stripes, and fresh from their victory on Lake Erie. There is abundant material in the past of Mackinac to dream over; and the Island and its surroundings are doubly attractive because thus invested with human interest. It is impossible to put into language a word picture which will bring to your understanding the many beauties and attractions which combine to make Mackinac Island the "Queen of Northern Summer Resorts." Convenient of access from all directions, dclighcfully situated, environed with great natural beauty, rich in legendary lore and historical facts. Mackinac Island claims first place among the summer resorts of the Great Lakes. No place offers such inducements for complete change, rest and quick up-building of both mind and body as this far-famed spot, and as the body is invigorated by the health-giving qualities of the atmosphere, in like manner the eye is delighted by an ever-shifting panorama of lake and sky that rouses in the heart a love for the beautiful, and brings us again in touch with Nature in her happier mood. There are but few places anywhere in our country that are older as tourist resorts. Seventy and eighty years ago visitors were coming here, despite the difficulty and tedium in that time, of reaching so remote a point. Persons of high dis- tinction in public life and in walks of literature, and travelers from foreign countries, were often among the visitors: and the Island has figured in many descriptive books of travel. These early writers all having spoken very highly of the Island in their time, we believe it will be of interest to introduce a few of them to our readers. In 1843, the Countess Ossoli. better known as our American Margaret Fuller, of Boston, spent nine days in Mackinac, as part of a protracted journey she made in the northwest, and which she detailed in her book. "Summer on the Lakes." She arrived at a time when several thousand In- dians were encamped on the beach to receive their annual payments from the government. As the vessel came into the harbor "the Captain had some rockets let off which greatly excited the Indians, and their wild cries resounded along the shores." The Island was "a scene of loveliness, and these wild forms adorned it as looking so at home in it." She represents it as a "pleasing sight, after the raw. crude, staring assemblage of houses every- where sure to be met in this country, to see the old French town, mellow in its coloring, and with the harmonious effect of a slow growth which assimilates naturally with objects around it." Concerning Arch Rock, she says: "The arch is perfect, whether you look up through it from the lake, or down through it to the transparent waters." She both ascended and descended "the steep and crumbling path, and rested at the sum- mit beneath the trees, and at the foot upon the cool mossy stones beside the lapsing wave." The woods she described as "very full in foliage, and in August showed the tender green and pliant life of June elsewhere." She gives as a view from the bluff on the harbor side: "I never wished to sec a more fascinating picture. It was an hour of the deepest serenity: bright blue and gold with rich shadows. Every moment the sunlight fell more mellow. The Indians were grouped and scattered among the lodges: the women preparing food over the many small fires: the children, half naked, wild as little goblins, were playing both in and out of the water: bark canoes upturned upon the beach, and others coming, their square sails set and with almost arrowy speed." And a familiar picture is this: "Those evenings we were happy, looking over the old-fashioned garden, over the beach, and the pretty island opposite, beneath the growing moon." Captain Marryatt, first an officer of celebrity in the English navy, but more known in this country as a novelist largely given to sea talcs, was here in the summer of 1837. In his "Diary of America" he writes of Mackinac: "It has the appearance of a fairy island floating on the water, which is so pure and transparent that you may see down to almost any depth, and the air above is as pure as the water, that you feel invigorated as you breath it. The first reminiscence brought to mind after I had landed was the description by Walter Scott of the island and residence of Mag- nus Troil and his daughters Minna and Brenda, in the novel, "The Pirate." The appearance of the village streets, largely given to sails, cordage, nets, fish barrels and the like, still further suggested the resemblance to his mind, and he says he might have imagined himself "transferred to the Shet- land Isle, had it not been for the lodges of the Indians on the beach, and the Indians themselves, either running about or lying on the porches before the whisky stores." Among the early visitors here from England there was also Miss Martineau, a lady of high rank and distinction in English literature. Miss Martineau spent two years in this country, travel- ing extensively through the States and writing her impressions. It was in July, 1836, that she vis- ited Mackinac. She came by way of Lake Michi- gan, from Chicago, traveling in a slow-going sail- vessel, and approaching the Island in the evening towards sun-setting time. And here is the way she expresses herself on first viewing it from the vessel: "We saw a white speck before us: it was the barracks of Mackinaw, stretching along the side of the green hills, and clearly visible before the town came in view. The Island looked en- chanting as we approached, as I think it always must, though we had the advantage of seeing it first steeped in the most golden sunshine that ever hallowed lake or shore." The day of her arrival was the 4th of July, and, "The colors were up on all the little vessels in the harbor. The national flag streamed from the garrison. The soldiers thronged the walls of the barracks: half -breed boys were paddling about in their canoes, in the transparent waters: the half French. half-Indian population of the place were all abroad in their best. An Indian lodge was on the shore, and a picturesque dark group stood be- side it. The cows were coming down the steep green slope to the milking. Nothing could be more bright and joyous." She did not leave the vessel that evening, but some of the party having met the commandant of the fort, an engagement was made for an early walk in the morning. So they were up and ashore at five o'clock, and under the escort of the officer they took in the beauties of the hill and the woods. And thus she tells of it: "No words can give an idea of the charms of this morning walk. We wound about in a vast shrubbery, with ripe strawberries under foot, wild flowers all around, and scattered knolls and opening vistas tempting curiosity in every direction." But especially charming and impressive, she thought, was the prospect from Fort Holmes. As she looked out on the glassy lake and the green tufted islands, she compares it to what Noah might have seen the first bright morning after the deluge. "Such a cluster of little paradises rising out of such a congregation of waters. Blue waters in every di- rection, wholly unlike any aspect of the sea, cloud shadows and specks of white vessels. Bowery islands rise out of it, bowery promontories stretch down into it: while at one's feet lies the melting beauty which one almost fears will vanish in its softness before one's eyes: the beauty of the shad- owy dells and sunny mounds, with browsing cat- tle and springing fruit and flowers. Thus, would I fain think, did the world emerge from the flood." After the early walk. Miss Martineau and her party took breakfast with the curtcous com- mandant at one of the old stone quarters of the fort, and sat awhile on the piazza overlooking the village and the harbor. In response to her in- quiries about the healthfulncss and the climate, the officer humorously replied that it was so healthy people had to get ofi" the Island to die: and as to the climate, they had nine months winter and three months cool weather. The sailing vessel on which the party were passengers was bound for Detroit, and the Captain had already overstayed his time. So they had to leave that same day. In reference to her departure she writes: "We were in great delight at having seen Mackinac, at having the possession of its singular imagery for life. But this delight was dashed with the sorrow of leaving it. I could not have believed how deeply it is possible to re- gret a place, after so brief an acquaintance with it." And here is Miss Martineau's final tribute of ad- miration: "From place to place in my previous traveling. I have been told of the charms of the lakes, and especially of the Island of Mackinac. This Island is chiefly known as a principal station of the Northwestern Fur Company. Others know it as the seat of an Indian Mission. Others, again, as a frontier garrison. It is known to me as the wildest and tenderest piece of beauty that I have yet seen on God's earth." Thus spoke our visitors of long ago. And we believe that you. dear reader, whether you only remained long enough to take a "Carriage drive around the Island" or made a more prolonged stay, will join us in saying that "Mackinac is really worth seeing." ' MARQLliTTI PARK i.a.,.,.,,.. .■■ ..M. poini from Old MicWioiC in 1780. , ntct vt l/bu-6I. I'hc fori wit abjndonrd br ihc govrrnmr Dperinicndcni ippoinifd by the Michigan State Park Board. Built by the British in 1780. protected the picket walls of the fort, the hillsides and other approaches. OLD BLOCK HOUSE These block houses were armed with iro on guns planted at convenient pla^ ARCH ROCK Thf mo.I fjmoui of njlurjl carioiilitl of Maclinjc. locji.d on lh( tasurn lidf c-f ibr Island. Th< lop of ihc jrcfa it 149 ftct ibovc lh< lurfacc of ihc water of Lake Huron: the height from ihr base of bullrcsi to the top of Ibe rock is 49 feet. Mi_>LK Hi'USl; AND VILLAGE ASTOR STREET, SHOWING OLD BIDDLE HOME IN THE lOREGROUND Edward Biddtc wjs one of the most prominrni and influential citizens in his day. Mr. was connected with the John Jacob Attor Fur Company: his daughter. Mrs. Sara Durfei January 17. 1923. while in her 90th year. ROAD TO BRITISH LANP pomt jll force ot United Utiles soldiers. OLD BLOCK HOUSE. FORT HOLMES Ertctsd by ihe British during th« war of 1812. Fori Holmes is the highest point on the Island, being 318 feet above the lake a.-.d US feet above Fort Mackinac. DWIGHTWOOD SPKI gushing out of ihr solid ; . jnopy MARQUKTTF. PARK AND MONLl.MtNT ..:ai^ i) ISLAND l.l> Mt.ii. i.i Mj.kinu Sinn ii.n.tjl dirtclion ii fjM .in i »cm i ...- >i,,,yt •■. '.'..... licct norlhwol: ban bijnc iibnd norlhcjtl: MacLinjw Lily, loulh on ihc norlhctn thuic ul the Lower Pcninsutj and St. Ignjcc. wcm. on the southern point oi the L'ppct Penmtub. ^ •>■■ '>^^Z99hw^S 4 Mi^m it ^^^^^^BtfB^^^^^Bflks^^ "^^^•%A/'" ' r r >^^*Af^- . k Mackinac Chronological Table 1626 Frenchmen on Mackinjc Island before 1626. 1802 1634 John Nicolet. first white man passed through the Straits of Mackinac; convoyed to Green Bay. 1812 1669 Father Allouez. S. J , in the Straits. St. Ignacc, and Michilimackinac Island, bound for Green Bay. 1813 1669 Father Jaques Marquette. S. J., at Michilimackinac. 1671 Mission at St. Ignace de Michilimackinac founded by 1814 Marquette under direction of Dablon. 1673 MichUimackinac selected by the French for a fortifi- 1815 cation. 1681 M de la Durantaye commanded Michilimackinac. 1815 1694 M. de la Mothe Cadillac commanded Michilimackinac and dependencies. 1815 1701 Cadillac left Michilimackinac to found Detroit and Fort Pontch-irtrain. taking many Indians with him. 1817 1701 The Jesuits burned their church at St. Ignace and 1819 moved, with most of the French to Quebec. 1714 Fort at Michilimackinac (Fort de Buade) regarri- 1822 soned : M. de Louvigny in command. 1763 Massacre at Michilimackinac (now Mackinaw City) 1830 June 4th. 1 842 1763 Alexander Hcnrv escapes death in massacre owing to 1873 friendship of Ojibwav Chief. Wawatam. 1780 July 15. Major Sinclair transferred part of his troops 1882 to Michilimackinac (Mackinac) Island. 1895 1783 Independence of United Stales of America acknowl- edged by Great Britain and Post of Mackinac Island 1899 became a part of the Republic. 1909 1796 First United States troops occupy Fort Mackinac under command of Major Henry Burbeck. 1915 Reverend David Bacon. Presbyterian, first Protestant clergyman sent to the Island. July 17, Lieutenant Hanks surrenders Fort Mackinac to General Hull of Great Britain. Perry Cannon, said to have been used in Battle of Lake Erie. August 4ih, Major Holmes killed in battle near British Landing. British Troops held the fort and Island until after the close of the 1812-15 war. Colonel Butler, U. S. A., took formal possession 12;M. July 18. of the fort and dependencies. Mackinac and Southwest Fur Companies merged into the American Fur Company by John Jacob Astor. Incorporated as a village. Walk-in-thc-Water, first steamboat at Mackinac Island. Dr. \Vm. Beaumont makes great discovery in treating gun-shot wound in stomach of Alexis St. Martin. Old Mission Church buili by Presbyterian Mission. Southern families began making the Island a resort. House of "Anne" Old Indian Agency Building de- stroyed by fire during winter of 1873-74. County Seat transferred to St. Ignace. Ft. Mackinac abandoned as a United States post by formal act of Congress. Incorporated as a city of the fourth class. Bronze Statue erected in Marquette Park, Sept. 1, of Pere Jaques Marquette. Life Saving Station erected.