Beautiful Teeth, the Crown of Beauty! FRAGRANT if It imparts a delightfully refreshing taste and feeling to the mouth, removing all Tartar and Scurf from the teeth, completely arresting the progress of decay, and whitening such parts as have already become black by de- cay. IMPURE BREATH, caused by Bad Teeth, Tobacco, Spirits or Catarrh is neutralized by Sozodont. ’Tis a healthful beautifler, and a great lux- ury as a dentrifice. Repul- sive Breath is, by its use, rendered as fragrant as a rose, and coldness by friends or lovers will tie no longer noticed. It is as harmless as water, and recommended by eminent Dentists, Physi- cians, Ministers, Literary Men, Bankers, Merchants, etc , throughout the world. (snynnnNT contains none of the acrid properties of Tooth Pastes and Bsr- For Sale by all Druggists anil llcaler* in Perfumery. ONE BOTTLE WILL LAST SIX MONTHS. Cleansing and Preserving the AND HARDENING THE GUMS. The following eminent Clergymen and their families have used SOZODONT! And bear testimony to Its excellent quali- ties. Such names as these speak loudly for Sozodont : Rev. JAMES W. ALEXANDER, D.D.. r Pastor Presbyterian Church, 5th Av., N.Y. Rkv. B. M. ADAMS, r Pastor of M. E. Church, Duaue St., N. v . Rkv. HEMAN BANGS, Pastor Centenary M.E. Church, Brooklyn. Rkv. SAMUEL COOKE, D.D., Rector of St. Bartholomew’s Church, La- fayette Place, New York. Rev. E. H. CHAPIN, D.D., Pastor Fourth Universalist Church, N. Y. Rf.v. THOMAS DEWITT, D.D., Pastor Collegiate Reformed DutchChurch, Lafayette Place, N.Y. Rev. WILLIAM F. MORGAN. D.D., Rector of St. Thomas Church, N. Y. Rev. J. B. WAKELEY, M. E. City Missionary, 29 Grove St., N. 5 . Rev. N. J. MARSKLUS, Pastor R. D. Church, Bleeker, corner Amos Street, New York. Rev. W. S. MICKELS, Pastor Baptist Church, 16th St., N. 5 . Rev. J. P. NEWMAN, I Pastor Bedford St., M. E. Church, N. Y. ! Rev. SAMUEL OSGOOD. D.D., I Pastor Church of Messiah, Broadway, N. 5 . Rev. D. 8. PARMELEE, Pastor Uuiou Baptist Church, 22d St., N . 5 . Rev. GEORGE POTTS, D,D., Pastor Presb. Church, University PI., N5 . Rev. E. E. RANKIN, ] Pastor Presbyterian Church, 42d St., N. 5 . Rev. PETER STRYKER. Pastor li. D. Church, Broome St., N. 5 . ! Rkv. A. VERREN, D.D., Rector Church du St. Esprit, New 5 ork. 1 Rev. T. E. VERMILYE D.D., Pastor of Collegiate D. R. Church, N. > • ALL WOMEN ARE Not Beautiful! ALL WOMEN ARE Not Beautiful! Ladies who are not beautiful naturally desire to ‘S' preparatn^whu* l^beenTn'usefor near^Twraty yeans -bloom OF YOUTH.” bas given entire satlsfao^te^n’ef and * - - need have no fear in using this invaiuab.e toilet prepai d ” waS.f l entirely free^any material injurious to beaitb. This most delightful and harmless Toilet preparation is sold by all Druggists & Fancy Goods Dealers. DEPOT, 5 GOLD STREET, NEW YORK. ^ 2 TTtJxS IS 7 Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. cheerful greeting with which we come to our hun- dred thousand patrons. They are not merely empt) r words — they come from the warmth of the heart, and the inspiration of fraternal feeling. The year 187B, we sincerely hope and ferv- ently believe, will be a prosper- ous and happy one. There is room for just such a year, about this time in t h e world’s history, and it is bound to come. And with the New Year comes another volume of the Time s Illustrated Hand-Book. It has always been a most welcome visitor to our patrons, and here it is f o r 1876, with all its attractive fea- tures. Its beauty has been in- creased by the use of the popu- lar tinted paper, that is so grate- ful to the eye, and gives such richness to the engravings. This present to subscribers f o r t he Week l y Time s costs us In this year there wil I. A Partial Eclipse generally, except to A II. An Annular Eel Northern Pacific Oceai III A Partial Eclip IV. A Total Eclipse Pacific Ocean. GEMINI, THE ARMS L161 CAPRICORNUS, THE KNEES. THE FEET. PISCES, X NAMES AND CHARACTERS OF THE PLANETS. The Sun. The Earth. Mercury. Venus. cf Mars. <5 Conjunction. % Jupiter. 8 Opposition. 12 Saturn. Ascending Node. I$[ Herschel. £1 Descending Node. ]) First Quarter. © Full Moon, d Last Quarter. A New Moon. THE FOUR SEASONS. Vernal Equinox— Spring begins— March 20, 0 b. 10 m. Morning. Summer Solstice— Summer begins— June 20, 8 h. 31 m. Evening. Autumnal Equinox— Fall begins— September 22, 10 h. 41 m. Morning. Winter Solstice— Winter begins— December 21 , 4 h. 54 m. Morning. nps alone Dver eight and dol- Yet, as it led by all lers as an l)le com- n to the ve clieer- tr the ex- If the id Hand- >st them lore than p papers, satisfied >y get a al more money, thstand- increase ige, w e ir send ld-Book r ee of is we do Times, e p the the pa- same, rgregate H41 1 1 be a k: upon y us, but we hope it will be made up by a largely increased circu- lation. The year 1876 brings with it another Presi- dential election, with all its usual- ly exciting dis- cussions and his- torical incidents greatly increased by the unprece- dented condition of the country. Every man, and woman, too, who can read, will want to take The Sun's Rising and Setting is given in Mean or Clock Time. many thousands some newspaper, of dollars each and we hope our year; and this season, the postage having been I friends will see that a very large portion of them doubled by the last Congress, our expense for post- 1 take the Cincinnati Weekly Times. A Gin TO THE PATRONS OF THE CINCINNATI WEEKLY TIMES, Beautiful Teeth, the Crown of Beauty! FRAGRANT IT Cleansing and Preserving the HARDENING THE GUMS. It imparU a delightfully refreshing taste and feeling to the mouth, removing all Tartar and Scurf from the teeth, completely arresting the progress of decay, and whitening such parts as have already become black by de- cay. IMfUHE BREATH, caused by Bad Teeth, Tobacco, Spirits or Catarrh is neutralized by Sozodont. ’Tis a healthful beautifier, and a great lux- ury as a dentrifice. Repul- sive Breath is, by its use, rendered as fragrant as a rose, and coldness by friends or lovers will tie no longer noticed. It is as harmless as water, and recommended by eminent Dentists, Physi- cians, Ministers, Literary Men, Bankers, Merchants, etc , throughout the world. S070T>0NT contains none of the acrid properties of Tooth Pastes Jtnd tm- For Sale by all Druggists ami Dealers In Perfumery.*^ ONE BOTTLE WILL LAST SIX MONTHS. The following eminent Clergymen and their families have used SOZODONT! And bear testimony to Its excellent quali- ties. Such names as these speak loudly for Sozodont : Rrv. JAMES W. ALEXANDER, D.D.. Pastor Presbyterian Church, 5th Av., N.Y. Rev. R. M. ADAMS, Pastor of M. E. Church, Duane St., N. ^ . Rev. HEM AN BANGS, Pastor Centenary M.E. Church, Brooklyn. Rev. SAMUEL COOKE, D.D., Rector of St. Bartholomew’s Church, La- fayette Place, New York. Rev. E. H. CHAPIN, D.D., Pastor Fourth Universallst Church, N. Y. Rev. THOMAS DEWITT, D.D., Pastor Collegiate' Reformed DutchChurch, Lafayette Place, N. Y. Rev. WILLIAM F. MORGAN. D.D., Rector of St. Thomas Church, N. Y. Rev. J. B. WAKELEY, o v M. E. City Missionary, 29 Grove St., N. \ . , Rev. N. J. MARSELUS, Pastor R. D. Church, Bleeker, corner Amos Street, New York. Rev. W. S. MICKELS, Pastor Baptist Church, 16th St., N. 5 . I Rev. J. P. NEWMAN, Pastor Bedford St., M. E. Church, N. Y. ! Rev. SA MUEL OSGOOD. D.D., | Pastor Church of Messiah, Broadway, N . > . Rev. D. S. PARMELEE, _ . Pastor Union Baptist Church, 22d St., N . 5 . Rev. GEORGE POTTS, D.D., Pastor Presb. Church, University PI., N .5 . Rev. E. E. RANKIN, I Pastor Presbyterian Church, 42d St., N. 5 . Rev. PETER STRYKER. Pastor R. D. Church, Broome St., N. 5 . j Rev. A. VERREN. D.D., I Rector Church du St. Esprit, New \ ork. ' Rev. T. E. VERMILYE D.D Pastor of Collegiate D. R. Church, N. 5 . ALL WOMEN ARE Not Beautiful! ALL WOMEN ARE Not Beautiful! Ladies who are not beautiful naturally desire to Mtffi Sk '“ aUd " lDg “ C ° mP ' e This invaluable preparation is known as ^ ^ XTT1X ** LAIRD’S “BLOOM OF bn ' Bl Cl '" ... Mv. .1- MM IV V" V-M- — «— ~ -|~ ^ -J-J J 1^ ^ It is warranted entirely free from any material injurious to health. need have no fear in using this invaluable toilet preparation. TfFWARE O F COUNTERFEITS. This most delightful and harmless Toilet preparation is sold by all Druggists <6 Fancy Goods Dealers. DEPOT, 5 GOLD STREET, NEW YORK. sOl Lett THE FOR 1 ®?©. ANNUAL “A happy New Year! ” is the cheerful greeting with which we come to our hun- dred thousand patrons. They are not merely empt) r words — they come from the warmth of the heart, and the inspiration of fraternal feeling. The year 1876, we sincerely hope and ferv- ently believe, will be a prosper- ous and happy one. There is room for just such a year, about this time in t h e world’s history, and it is bound to come. And with the New Year comes another volume of the Times Illustrated Hand-Book. It has always been a most welcome visitor to our patrons, and here it is f o r 1876, with all its attractive fea- tures. Its beauty has been in- creased by the use of the popu- lar tinted paper, that is so grate- ful to the eye, and gives such richness to the engravings. This present to subscribers f o r t h e Wee k l y Time s costs us I ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS, 1876. jj ECLIPSES. 2 In this year there will be four Eclipses— two of the Sun and two of the Moon. I. A Partial Eclipse of the Moon, night of March 9—10. Visible to the world generally, except to Asia and Australia. IT. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun, March 25. Visible to North America and rl Northern Pacific Ocean. | [ III A Partial Eclipse of the Moon, Sept. 3. Invisible in North America. IV. A Total Eclipse of the Sun, Sept. 18. Visible to Australia and Southern Pacific Ocean. THE SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. ARIES HEAD AND FACE. GEMINI, THE ARMS. tt LEO, THE HEART. TAURUS, THE NECK. S3 LIBRA, THE REINS. LQJ SAGITTARIUS, THE THIGHS AQUARIUS, THE I.EGS. CAPRICORNUS, THE KNEES. >2 PISCES, THE FEET. NAMES AND CHARACTERS OF THE PLANETS. The Sun. The Earth. Mercury. Venus. cf Mars. <5 Conjunction. If. Jupiter. 8 Opposition. >2 Saturn. jj? Ascending Node. Herschel. £1 Descending Node. First Quarter. Full Moon. Last Quarter. New Moon. THE FOUR SEASONS. Vernal Equinox— Spring begins— March 20, 0 h. 10 m. Morning. Summer Solstice— Summer begins— June 20, 8 h. 31 m. Evening. Autumnal Equinox— Fall begins— September 22, 10 h. 41 m. Morning. Winter Solstice— Winter begins— December 21, 4 h. 54 m. Morning. ADDRESS. age stamps alone will be over eight thousand dol- dars! Yet, as it is regarded by all our readers as an invaluable com- panion to the Times, we cheer- fully bear the ex- pense. I f t h e Times and Hand- Book cost them a trifle more than the cheap papers, they are satisfied that they get a great deal more for their money. Notwithstand- ing the increase o f postage, w e this year send the Hand-Book to all, free of postage, as we do also the Times, and keep the price of the pa- per the same. In the aggregate this will b e a heavy tax upon us, but we hope it will be made up by a largely increased circu- lation. The year 1876 brings with it another Presi- dential election, with all its usual- ly exciting dis- cussions and his- torical incidents greatly increased by the unprece- dented condition of the country. Hvery man, and woman, too, who can read, will want to take The Sun's Rising and Setting is given in Mean or Clock Time. many thousands some newspaper, of dollars each and we hope our year; and this season, the postage having been I friends will see that a very large portion of them doubled by the last Congress, our expense for post- 1 take the Cincinnati Weekly Times. A GIFT TO THE PATRONS OF THE CINCINNATI WEEKLY TIMES. THE OLD AND NEW YEAR. Cji^ES, the year is growing old, M And his eye is pale and bleared ! •^Death, with frosty hand and cold, Plucks the old man by the beard, Sorely ! sorely ! Through woods and mountain passes, The winds, like anthems, roll ; They are chanting solemn masses, Singing : “ Tray for his poor soul, Pray ! pray ! ’* And thehooded clouds, like friars, Tell their beads in drops of rain, And patter their doleful prayers— Bat their prayers are all in vain, All in vain ! There he stands in the foul weather, Jlie foolish, lond Old Year, Crowned with wild flowers and heather, Like weak, despised Lear, A King ! a King ! Then comes the summer like day, Bids the old man rt joice ! His joy ! his last ! O, the old man gray, Loveth that ever soft voice, Gentle and low. Then, too, the Old Year dieth, And the forests utter a moan, Like the voice of one who crieth In the wilderness alone, “ Vex not his ghost ! ” A G R A . January, 1876. Moon’s Phases, -f Firsi Quarter- ^ i>. 9 H. ’ (. Full Moon 11 d. Oh. 34 M. Morn. 33 m. Morn. Last Quarter.... 18 D. New Moon 2(3 r>. 2 h. 59 M. Morn. 7 h. 52 m. Morn. Bays. Bcw lovk. Cincinnati. Chicago. Bashville. Zodiacal $igns. | © © j High # ® 1 ® © # €> 1 # jEquat’n >1 Sets. H.M. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 01 7 00 6 59 6 5Sj5 6 57 5 6 56 5 6 55 5 6 54 5 6 53 5 6 51 5 6 50 5 6 4815 6 47 5 6 46|5 6 4415 6 43|5 6 41 5 6 40|5 6 39 5 5 5 6 37 6 36 6 34 3 21 4 13 4 58 5 36 6 08 sets. 6 25 7 31 8 38 9 48 6 33 5 52111 01 Chicago. Bashville. © © ! © # © Rises Sets. Sets. Rises Sets. Sets. H.M. H.M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. 7 14 5 14 morn. 7 0115 26 11 51 7 13 5 15 0 02 i 7 01 5 28 morn. 7 12 5 17 1 18 i 7 00 5 29 1 02 7 11 5 18 2 36 I | 6 59 5 30 2 15 7 10 5 19 3 51 1 i 6 58 5 31 3 27 7 09 5 20l 5 01 I 6 57 5 32 4 36 7 07 5 22 6 00 j 6 57j5 32 5 37 7 06 5 23 6 47 I 6 5615 33 6 27 7 05 5 24 rises: 6 55]5 34 rises. 7 04 5 25 6 45 | 6 5415 35 6 52 7 02 5 27 7 56 6 53] 5 36 7 59 7 01 5 28 9 06 6 51 5 37 9 04 6 59 5 30 10 14 6 50! 5 38 10 07 6 58 5 31 11 20 6 49 5 39 11 09 6 57 5 32 morn. 6 48 5 40 morn. 6 55 5 33 0 27 6 47 5 41 0 11 6 54 5 35 1 33 6 46 5 43 1 13 6 52 5 36 2 35 6 45 5 44 2 12 6 51 5 37 3 34 1 6 44,5 45 3 10 6 50 5 38 4 26 j 6 43 5 46 4 02 6 48 5 39 5 10 6 41 5 47 4 47 6 47 5 41 5 47 ! 6 40 5 48 5 27 6 45 5 42 6 17 6 38 ! 5 49 6 01 6 44 5 43 sets. 6 37 |5 50 sets. 6 42 5 44 6 22 6 36 5 51 6 27 6 41 5 46 7 31 6 35 ;5 52 7 31 6 39 5 4/ 8 41 6 33 5 52 8 36 6 37 5 48 9 53 6 32:5 53 9 44 6 36 5 50 >11 09 6 3115 54 10 55 j Zodiacal $ign$. Qf) j Equat’ul (g) South. oi time. Signs 1 I 4 53 5 43 6 38 7 38 8 42 9 48 10 51 11 50 morn 0 44 H. M. I+M. S. 13 50 13 58 14 05 14 11 14 16 14 20 14 24 14 26 14 28 14 29 14 30 14 29 14 28 14 26 14 23 14 20 14 16 14 11 14 05 13 59 13 53 13 45 13 37 13 29 13 19 13 09 12 59 12 48 12 37 34 20 04 48 32 17 6 04 6 54 7 45 8 37 9 28 10 18 11 06 11 52 eve. 1 21 2 05 2 51 3 41 -3XX8 isi^agog^wwow-s-Bx SOLOMON’S POOL. March, 1876. Moon’s Phases, { First Quarter. Full Moon 3 D. 10 D. 58 m. Morn. 22 m. Morn. Last Quarter.. 17 D. New Moon 25 d. / H. 2 H. 34 m. 22 m. Eve. Eve. Bays. (Cincinnati. (Chicago. T^ashvillc. Zodiacal $ign$. | Month. Week # Rises €> Sets. © Sets. High Water. # Rises © Sets. © Sets. 0 Rises # Sets. © Sets. # Rises © Sets. © Sets. © South. Equat’n of time. © Signs H .M. H .M. H. M. H. M. H M. H .M. H. M. H .M. H .M. H. , M. H .M. H .M. H, , M. H, . M. + M. S. 1 W 6 34 5 52 morn. morn. 6 32 5 53 morn. 6 34 5 51 morn. 6 30 5 55 morn. 4 34 12 25 T 2 T 6 32 I 53 0 19 0 26 6 30 5 54 0 16 6 32 5 52 0 26 6 28 5 56 0 06 5 31 12 12 V 3 F 6 31 ■) 54 1 34 1 27 6 29 5 55 1 29 6 31 5 53 1 41 6 27 5 57 1 18 6 33 11 59 V 4 S 6 29 5 55 2 43 2 39 6 27 5 56 ! 2 38 6 29 5 55 2 51 6 25 5 58 2 26 7 36 11 46 n 5 s 6 28 5 56 3 45 3 54 6 26 5 57 3 39 6 28 5 56 3 52 6 24 5 59 3 28 8 39 11 32 n 6 M 6 26 5 57 4 35 5 07 6 24 5 58 ; 4 30 6 26 5 57 4 42 6 23 6 00 4 20 9 38 11 17 7 T 6 24 5 59 5 13 6 12 6 23 5 59 ! 5 10 6 24 5 58 5 19 6 21 6 01 5 02 10 33 11 02 8 W 6 23 6 00 5 43 7 07 6 21 6 01 5 42 6 23 5 59 5 48 6 20 6 02 5 36 11 23 10 47 0 9 T 6 21 6 01 rises. 7 50 6 20 6 02 rises. 6 21 6 00 rises. 6 18 6 03 rises. morn. 10 32 ft 10 F 6 19 6 02 6 44 8 29 6 18 6 03 6 46 6 20 6 01 6 46 6 17 6 04 6 46 0 10 10 16 11 S 6 18 6 03 7 51 9 10 6 16 6 04 7 51 6 18 6 02 7 54 6 16 6 05 7 49 0 55 10 00 12 s 6 16 6 04 8 47 9 48 6 15 6 05 8 56 6 16 6 03 9 01 6 14 6 06 8 52 1 39 9 43 13 M 6 15 6 05 10 05 10 25 6 13 6 06 10 03 6 14 6 04 10 10 6 13 6 06 9 56 2 23 9 26 Lfll 14 T 6 13 6 06 11 12 11 03 6 12 6 07 11 08 6 13 6 06 11 18 6 11 6 07 11 00 3 09 9 09 LOJ 15 W 6 11 6 07 mom. 11 48 6 10 6 08 morn. 6 11 6 07 morn. 6 10 6 08 morn. 3 56 8 52 "l 16 T 6 10 6 08 0 16 eve. 6 08 6 09 0 11 6 09 6 08 0 23 6 09 6 09 0 01 4 45 8 35 "l 17 F 6 08 6 09 1 15 1 32 6 07 6 10 1 09 6 07 6 09 1 22 6 07 6 10 0 58 5 36 8 17 "l 18 S 6 06 6 11 2 09 2 33 6 05 6 10 2 04 6 05 6 10 2 17 6 06 6 10 1 52 6 28 7 59 X 19 s 6 05 6 12 2 58 3 34 6 04 6 11 2 52 6 046 12 i 3 05 6 04' 6 11 2 41 7 19 7 41 7^ 20 M 6 03 6 13 3 39 4 34 6 02 l6 12 3 34 6 021 6 13 3 46 6 03; 6 12 3 24 8 09 7 23 >2 21 T 6 01 6 14 4 12 5 30 6 00 16 13 i 4 08 6 00! 6 14 4 18 6 01 6 13 4 00 8 58 7 05 >Q 22 W 6 00 6 15 4 39 6 19 5 59 16 14 1 4 37 5 58 !6 15 4 44 6 00 6 14 4 30 9 45 6 47 X? 23 T 5 58 6 16 5 03 7 04 5 57 |6 15 | 5 03 5 57 |6 16 5 07 5 58 6 15 4 58 10 30 6 29 24 F 5 56 6 17 5 25 7 42 5 56 6 16 i 5 25 5 55 6 17 5 28 5 57 6 16 5 23 11 14 6 10 ttK 25 S 5 55 6 18 sets. 8 19 5 54 i 6 17 I sets. 5 54 6 18 sets. 5 55 6 17 sets. 11 59 5 52 X 26 s 5 53 6 19 7 34 9 03 5 53 !6 18 1 7 33 5 52 6 19 7 37 5 54 6 18 7 30 eve. 5 33 X 27 M 5 51 6 20 8 49 9 45 5 51 !6 19 i 8 48 5 50 6 20 8 54 5 52 6 19 8 41 1 35 5 15 V 28 T 5 50 6 21 10 06 10 28 5 506 20 ;io 02 5 49 6 21 10 12 5 51 6 19 9 54 2 28 4 57 T 29 W 5 48 6 22 11 24 11 18 5 48 (6 21 in 19 5 47 |6 22 111 31 5 49 6 20 11 08 3 25 4 38 30 T 5 46 6 23 morn. morn. 5 47 6 22 i morn. 5 46 6 24 1 morn. 5 48 6 211 morn. 4 27 4 20 31 F 5 45 6 241 0 37 0 19 5 4516 23 ! 0 31 5 4416 25 ! 0 44 5 47 !6 22 1 0 20 5 30 4 02 Bays. l^euj Yotjh. Rises H.M. 5 43 5 41 5 40 5 38 5 36 5 35 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 ,4 oo o 326 306 28 6 21 5 19 5 18, 5 ^ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 15 13 12 10 09 08 06 05 03 5 02 5 01 4 59 H. M. 1 41 2 34 3 15 3 47 4 12 4 36 4 57 rises. 7 46 8 54 36,10 00 37 11 02 3811 59 39 morn. 0 51 1 34 2 10 2 38 3 04 3 27 3 49 4 11 4 33 sets. 9 05 10 22 11 31 morn 0 30 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 , 6 55: 1 15 High Water. H. M. 1 26 2 39 3 49 4 53 5 49 6 39 7 21 7 57 8 35 9 16 9 55 10 36 11 20 eve. 1 04 2 00 2 58 3 54 4 46 5 37 6 25 7 09 7 51 8.35 9 26 10 18 11 13 morn 0 17 1 22 Cincinnati. Rises €D ! ® Sets. Se's. 24 1 35 25; 2 29 H.M. j H.M. | H. M. 5 44 6 5 42 1 6 5 41 16 26| 3 11 5 39 j6 5 37|6 5 36|6 5 34|6 5 33 i 6 32 5.316 5 30 6 5 28:6 5 27 !6 5 25 6 5 24 6 236 21 6 2016 18 6 17|6 16|6 1416 1316 11 i(> 10i6 09 16 07 6 5 06 i 6 5 04|6 5 03 i 6 5 02|6 27 3 45 28 j 4 12 29 4 36 30 4 59 31 rises. 7 45 33 1 8 51 34 9 56 35; 10 57 3641 54 37 1 morn. 38 j 0 45 39 ! 1 29 39 1 2 06 40| 2 36 41 i 3 02 42 j 3 27 43 j 3 51 44! 4 14 45! 4 38 46 1 sets. 47i 9 01 48 10 17 49 11 26 50 morn 0 25 1 11 Chicago. Rises m Sets. Sets. H .M. H .M. H. M. 5 42 6 26 1 48 5 40 6 27 2 41 5 39 6 28 3 21 5 37 6 29 Q O 52 5 35 6 30 4 16 5 33 6 31 4 39 5 32 6 32 4 59 5 30 6 34 rises. 5 291 6 35 7 51 5 27! 6 36 9 00 5 25! 6 37 10 07 5 24 6 38 11 09 5 22 6 39 morn. 5 21 6 40 0 07 5 19 6 41 0 59 5 17 6 42 1 42 5 16 6 43 2 17 5 14 6 45 2 44 5 13 6 46 3 08 5 11 6 47 O 31 5 09! 6 48 3 52 5 08 6 49 4 12 5 06 6 50 4 34 5 05 6 51 sets. 5 03 6 52 9 12 5 02 6 53 10 29 5 01 6 54 11 39 . 4 59 6 55 morn. 4 58 6 56 0 37 4 57 16 57 1 22 j l^ashville. KiRes H.M. 5 45 5 44 42 41 40 38 00 34 33 31 30 6 o 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 13 5 12 5 11 i 5 10 5 09 5 08 23 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 29: 30 ; 1 24 2 18 3 02 3 38 4 07 4 34 4 59 rises. 7 39 8 43 31! 9 46 31 10 46 32 11 42 33 morn 34 j 0 34 35 1 19 1 57 2 28 2 57 3 24 3 50 4 15 4 41 sets. 8 51 43| 10 05 44,11 14 45] morn, 46 0 14 47 1 02 Zodiacal $ign$. (J) jEquat’n @ South. <>f time. Signs H.M. +M.S. 3 44 3 26 3 08 6 33 7 32 8 27 9 17 10 04 10 49 11 32 morn. 0 16 1 01 1 48 2 36 3 27 4 19 5 10 6 01 6 49 7 36 8 21 9 05 9 50 10 35 11 24 eve. 1 13 2 15 3 20 4 25 5 27 6 23 • 2 15 50 33 15 1 58 1 41 1 24 1 08 0 52 0 36 0 20 0 05 - 09 0 24 0 38 0 51 1 05 17 30 41 53 04 14 24 2 33 2 42 2 51 2 59 XT 1 & W W lqj LQJ LfU "l "l 7^ # X ?6 April, 1876. Moon’s Phases { First Quarter- Full Moon Last Quarter - 1 r>. 8 D. 16 D. 10 H. 1 h. 2 h. 22 M. Morn. 49 M. Eve. 47 M. Eve. New Moon — First Quarter. 24 d. 30 d. 13 m. Morn. 37 m. Eve. SCERTARI. Moon’s Phases, May, 1876. / Full Moon 8 d. 4 h. 3 m. Morn. I New Moon 23 d. 0 h. \ Last Quarter.... 16 n. 7 h. 37 M. Morn. | First Quarter.. 29 d. 11 h. 35 M. Morn. 59 m. Eve. Bays. 1 Bew ¥ot|k. Cincinnati. Chicago. Bashville. Zodiacal $ig ns. <=s # ( 0 High # 1 D 0 fD ( §> 0 m § 0 0 Eq out ’ll j 0 P fT Rises Sets. Sets. Wiin-r. Rises 1 Sets. Sets. Rises Sets. Sets. Rises Sets. I Sets. South. of time. 'Signs H.M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M. ! M. S. 1 M T 4 58 6 56 1 50 2 27 5 01 6 53 1 48 4 56 1 6 58 1 56 5 07 !6 48 1 41 7 15 02 3 06 2 4 57 6 57 2 18 3 29 4 59 6 54 2 17 4 54 1 6 59 2 22 5 05 6 48 2 12 8 3 13 o w 4 56 6 58 2 41 4 25 4 58 6 55 2 42 4 53 7 01 2 45 5 04 6 49 2 39 8 47 3 19 Q 4 T 4 54 6 59 3 03 5 16 4 57 6 56 3 04 4 51 7 02 3 05 5 03 6 50 3 04 9 30 3 25 5 F 4 53 7 00 3 24 6 04 4 56 6 57 3 27 4 50 7 03 3 25 5 02 6 51 3 29 10 13 3 30 6 S 4 52 7 02 3 44 6 48 4 55 6 58 3 49 4 49 7 04 3 45 5 01 6 52 3 52 10 57 3 35 W 7 s 4 51 7 03 4 08 7 29 4 54 6 58 4 13 4 48 7 05 4 07 5 00 6 52 4 19 11 42 3 39 LQJ 8 M 4 50 7 04 rises. 8 06 4 53 6 59 rises. 4 46 7 06 rises. 4 59 6 53 rises. morn. 3 43 LQJ 9 T .4 49 7 05 8 52 8 48 4 52 7 00 8 47 4 45 7 07 8 59 4 58 6 54 8 36 0 30 3 46 "l 10 W 4 47 7 06 9 51 9 31 4 51 7 01 9 45 4 44 7 08 9 58 4 57 r 55 9 34 1 20 3 48 "l 11 T 4 46 7 07 10 45 10 15 4 50 7 02 10 39 4 43 7. 09 10 52 4 56 6 56 10 28 2 11 3 50 tu. 12 F 4 45 7 08 11 31 10 58 4 49 7 03 11 26 4 42 7 10 11 38 4 56 6 56 11 15 3 03 3 51 7^ 13 S 4 44 7 09 morn. 11 46 4 48! 7 04 morn. 4 41 7 11 morn. 4 55 6 57 11 55 3 54 3 52 7 14 8 4 43 7 09 0 09 e> ?e. 4 47 7 05 0 05 4 40 7 12 0 16 4 54 6 58 morn. 4 43 3 52 >Q 15 M 4 42 7 10 0 39 1 26 4 46 7 06 0 36 4 39 7 13 0 45 4 53 6 59 0 28 5 30 3 52 >Q 16 T 4 42 7 11 1 05 2 17 4 45 7 07 1 03 4 38 7 14 1 10 4 53 7 00 0 57 6 15 3 50 >Q 17 W 4 41 7 12 1 28 3 09 4 45 7 07 1 28 4 37 7 15 1 32 4:52 7 00 1 24 6 58 3 49 tsz 18 T 4 40 7 13 1 50 4 00 4 44 7 08 1 51 4 3/ 7 16 1 53 4 52 7 01 1 49 7 41 3 46 tfa 19 F 4 39 7 14 2 10 4 51 4 43 7 09 2 12 4 36 7 17 2 12 4 51 7 02 2 13 8 25 3 44 X 20 S S 4 38 7 15 2 33 5 43 4 42 7 10 2 36 4 35 7 18 2 33 4 50 7 03 2 39 9 11 3 40 X 21 4 37 7 16 2 58 6 36 4 42 7 11 3 03 4 34 7 19 2 58 4 49 7 04 3 08 10 01 3 36 T 22 M 4 36 7 17 3 28 7 28 4 41 7 11 3 35 4 oo Ot) 7 20 3 27 4 49 7 04 3 42 10 56 3 32 T 23 T 4 36 7 18 sets. 8 18 4 41 7 12 sets. 4 33 7 20 sets. 4 48 7 Of sets. 11 57 3 27 24 W 4 35 7 18 9 14 9 17 4 40 7 13 9 08 4 32 7 21 9 21 4 47 7 0(. § 57 eve. 3 21 25 T 4 34 7 19 10 19 10 14 4 39 7 14 10 13 4 31 7 22 10 26 4 47 7 o; SO 02 2 10 3 15 Jt 26 F 4 34 7 20 11 10 11 09 4 39 7 15 11 06 4 30 7 2311 17 4 46' 7 o; 10 55 3 15 3 09 K 27 S 4 33 7 21 11 49 morn. 4 38 7 15 11 46 4 30 7 24111 55 4 46 7 08 11 38 4 16 3 02 28 s 4 33 7 22 morn. 0 08 4 38 7 16 morn. 4 29 7 25 morn. 4 45 7 08 morn. 5 11 2 55 29 M 4 32 7 23 23 0 21 1 05 4 37 7 17 0 19 4 29 7 26 0 25 4 45 7 09 0 1$. 6 00 2 4/ 8 30 T 4 32 7 0 46 1 59 4 37 -7 18 0 46 4 28 7 27 0 50 4 45 7 10 0 42 6 46 2 38 31 w 4 31 7 24 1 08 2 54 4 36 17 19 1 10 4 28 7 28 1 11 4 45 7 10 1 08 7 29 2 30 June, 1876. „ ■) Full Moon Moon's Phases, j- Last Qllarter .. 6 D. 14 D. 6 h. 47 M. Eve. 9 h. 24 m. Eve. New Moon 21 D. 4 H. 27 M. Eve. First Quarter.. 28 d. 9 h. 24 m. Morn. i&ays. ’Rew Week. # Rises • Sets. © Sets. High Water. H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M. 1 T 4 31 7 25 1 30 3 46 2 F 4 30 7 26 1 50 4 37 3 S 4 307 26 2 12 5 26 4 S 4 29 7 27 2 37 6 14 5 M 4 29 7 28 3 07 7 00 6 T 4 29 7 28 rises. 7 43 7 W 4 29 7 29 8 40 8 25 8 T 4 28 7 29 9 27 9 12 9 F 4 28 7 30 10 07 9 56 10 S 4 28 7 30 10 40 10 37 11 s 4 28 7 31 11 08 11 19 12 M 4 28 7 31 11 32 eve. 13 T 4 28 7 32 11 53 0 47 14 W 4 28 7 32 morn. 1 32 15 T 4 28 7 33 0 14 2 21 16 F 4 28 7 33 0 33 3 13 17 S 4 28 7 33 0 55 4 09 18 s 4 28 7 34 1 23 5 08 19 M 4 28 7 34 1 56 6 11 20 T 4 28 7 34 2 39 7 14 21 W 4 29 7 34 sets. 8 10 22 T 4 29 7 35 8 57 9 10 23 F 4 29 7 35 9 44 10 06 24 S 4 29 7 35 10 19 10 54 25 s 4 30 7 35 10 47 11 45 26 M 4 30 7 35 11 12 morn. 27 T 4 31 7 35 11 33 0 33 28 W 4 31 7 35 11 55 1 22 29 T 4 31 7 35 morn. 2 11 30 F 4 32 \7 35 0 16 3 04 (Jmcinnati. # Rises H.M, # Sets. H.M. 4 36 7 19 1 4 35 7 20 4 35 7 21 35 7 22 35 7 22 H. M. 23 24 24 25 7.25 7 7 32 54 18 44 14 1 1 2 2 3 rises. 8 34 9 21 10 02 10 36 11 06 26 11 31 26 11 54 26 27 7 27 34 7 28 7 28: 34 34 1 7 28 3417 28 35 7 29 morn. 0 15 0 36 1 00 1 29 j 2 03 j 2 48 j sets. 35 7 29 8 53 35 7 29 9 40 35 7 29 10 17 36:7 29 10 47 36 7 29 11 13 37! 7 2911 35 37 7 29,11 58 37 j 7 29 1 morn 38 7 29! 0 21 Chicago. H.M. 27 27 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 7 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 Sets. H.M. 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 © Sets. H. M. 1 31 1 50 2 12 2 36 3 04 8 47 9 34 33 10 14 34 10 56 34|11 13 35ill 36 : Xoi 0 16 0 34 0 56 1 22 1 54 sets. 9 05 9 50 38! 10 24 38J10 51 3811 15 3811 35 38 11 55 38 morn.S 38 0 16 Nashville. j © i Rises © Sets. © Sets. H .M. H ,M. H. M. ! 4 44 7 11 1 33 i 4 44 7 11 1 57 ! 4 44 7 12 2 23 4 44 ;7 13 2 51 1 4 44 7 13 3 23 I 4 43 7 14 rises. 4 43 7 14 8 23 4 43 7 15 9 10 4 43 < „ / 15 9 52 4 43 7 16 10 28 4 42 7 16 10 59 4 42 '7 17 11 26 1 4 42 i 7 17 11 51 j 4 427 17 morn. ! 4 42 .7 18 0 15 ! 4 43 7 18 0 38 i 4 43 7 19 1 04 1 4 43 7 19 1 35 1 4 43 7 19 2 12 i 4 43 7 19 2 58 i 4 44 7 20 sets. ! 4 44 7 20 8 42 i 4 44 7 20 9 31 i 4 44 7 20 10 10 ! 4 457 20 10 43 ; 4 45 7 21 11 11 ! 4 467 21 11 36 ! 4 46 7 21 morn. •i 4 46 7 21 0 01 4 47 .7 21 0 25 Zodiacal $igns. © South. H. M. 8 12 8 55 9 40 10 26 11 15 morn 0 06 0 58 1 49 2 39 3 26 4 11 4 54 5 36 6 18 7 02 7 48 8 40 9 37 10 40 11 47 eve. 2 00 2 59 3 53 4 41 5 27 6 10 6 54 7 38 Equat’u of time. — M. S. 2 21 2 11 2 02 51 41 30 19 08 0 56 0 45 0 33 0 20 0 08 -}- 05 0 17 0 30 0 43 0 56 n n yij LOJ "l "l X2 SALAMANCA. July, 1876. _ (Full Moon 6 i). 9 h. 48 M. Morn. I New Moon 20 D. 11 H. 3 m. Eve. Moon s Phases, \ Last Quarter.... 14 d. 8 h. 6 m. Morn. | First Quarter.. 27 n. 9 h. 29 m. Eve. Bays. T^cuj Tor^. Cincinnati. Chicago. s cs 33 g 0 d 3 a Itlgh 0 d 3 © 0 ( 3 C s> P“ r* Rises Sets. Sets Water. Rises Sets. Sets. Rises Sets. Sets. H H .M. H. M. n. M. H .M. H .M. H. M. H .M. H .M. H. M. 1 S 4 32 7 35 0 39 3 57 4 88 7 29 0 45 4 29 7 38 0 38 2 S 4 33 7 34 1 07 4 50 4 39 7 291 | 1 15 4 29 7 38 1 05 3 M 4 33 7 34 1 41 5 44 4 39 7 29; i 1 50 4 30 7 38 1 38 4 T 4 34 7 34 2 22 6 37 4 40 7 29 j 2 32 4 30 7 38 2 19 5 W 4 35 7 34 3 09 7 25 4 40 7 29 3 19 4 31 7 38 O O 06 6 T 4 35 7 33 rises. 8 08 4 41 7 28 1 rises. 4 32 7 37 rises. 7 F 4 36 7 33 8 42 8 52 4 41 7 28 1 8 39 4 32 7 37 8 49 8 S 4 37 7 33 9 11 9 34 4 42 7 28 9 09 4 33 7 36 9 17 9 H 4 38 7 32 9 36 10 13 4 43 7 28 9 34 4 34 7 36 9 40 10 M 4 38 7 32 9 57 j 10 50 4 43 7 27 9 57 4 35 7 35 10 01 11 T 4 39 7 32 10 17 11 26 4 44 |7 27 10 18 4 36 7 35 IK) 20 12 W 4 39 7 31 10 38 eve. 4 44 7 26 10 40 4 36 7 34 !io 39 13 T 4 40 7 31 10 58 0 51 4 45 7 26 11 02 4 37 7 34 10 58 14 F 4 41 7 30 11 22 1 39 4 46 7 25 11 27 4 38 7 33 11 22 15 S 4 41 7 30 11 52 2 35 4 47 [7 25 11 58 4 39 7 32 11 50 16 s 4 42 7 29 morn. 3 37 4 47 |7 24 1 morn. 4 40 7 32 morn. 17 M 4 43 7 28 0 29 4 46 4 48 \7 24 1 0 37 4 40 7 31 0 26 18 T 4 44 7 28 1 16 5 59 4 49 7 23' 1 25 4 41 7 31 1 13 19 W 4 45 7 27 2 17 7 06 4 50 7 22; 2 27 4 42 7 30 2 14 20 T 4 45 7 26 sets. 8 03 4 51 7 21 sets. 4 43 7 29 sets. 21 F 4 46 7 25 8 14 8 59 4 51 17 211 8 11 4 44 7 28 8 19 22 S 4 47 7 25 8 45 9 48 4 52 I 7 20 8 43 4 44 7 28 8 49 23 4 48 7 24 9 11 10 31 4 53 7 19 9 11 4 45 7 27 9 15 24 M 4 49 7 23 9 36 11 12 4 54 7 18 9 37 4 46 7 26 9 38 25 T 4 50 7 22 9 57 11 57 4 55 7 17 10 00 4 47 7 25 9 58 26 W 4 51 7 21 10 18 morn. 4 55 7 17 10 23 4 48 7 24 10 19 27 T 4 52 7 20 10 43 0 42 4 56 7 16 10 48 4 49 7 23 10 42 28 F 4 53 7 19 11 10 1 30 4 57 7 15 11 17 4 50 7 22 11 08 29 a 4 54 7 18 11 41 2 23 4 58 7 14 11 49 4 51 7 21 11 38 30 s 4 55 7 17 morn. 3 21 4 59 17 13 morn. 4 52 7 20 morn. 31 M 4 56 7 16 0 19 4 21 5 00 [7 12 0 28 4 53 7 19 0 16 Nashville. Zodiacal $ign$. 0 ( 3 © © Eqnat’n © Rises Sets. Seta. South. 'of time. Signs H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M. -j-M. S. 4 47 7 20 0 52 8 24 3 40 LOJ 4 48 7 20 1 23 9 12 3 51 Lnj 4 48 7 20 2 00 10 02 4 02 4 49 7 20 2 43 10 53 4 12 "l 4 49 7 20 3 30 11 45 4 23 4 50 7 19 rises. morn. 4 32 4 50 7 19 8 29 0 35 4 42 7^ 4 51 7 19 9 02 1 23 4 51 4 52 7 19 9 29 2 09 5 00 K? 4 52 7 18 9 54 2 53 5 08 4 53 7 18 10 17 3 34 5 16 isz 4 53 7 17 10 41 4 16 5 23 4 54 7 17 11 05 4 58 5 30 X 4 55 7 17 11 33 5 42 5 37 X 4 55 7 16 morn. 6 30 5 43 T 4 56 7 16 0 06 7 22 5 49 r 4 56 7 15 0 47 8 21 5 54 V 4 57 7 15 1 36 9 25 5 58 4 58 7 14 2 38 10 32 6 02 n 4 58 7 14 sets. 11 39 6 06 X 4 59 7 13 8 04 eve. 6 09 4 59 7 13 8 38 1 39 6 11 ® 5 00 7 12 9 09 2 31 6 13 Q 5 01 7 11 9 37 3 19 6 14 a 5 02 7 10 10 02 4 05 6 15 ** 5 02 7 10; 10 27 4 49 6 15 5 03 7 09 10 55 5 34 6 14 LOJ 5 04 7 0811 25 6 20 6 13 mj 5 05 7 0711 59 . 7 08 6 11 tm 5 06 7 06 morn. 7 58 6 08 "l 5 06 7 06, , 0 39 8 49 6 05 "l LIVERPOOL. August, 1876. r> ( Full Moon 5 i>. 0 h. 48 m. Morn. Moon’s Phases, { Last Quarter ..„ 12 ,, 4 h. 9 m. Eve. New Moon 19 n. 6 h. 36 M. Morn. First Quarter.. 26 i>. 0 h. 28 m. Eve. Bays. Beui ¥otjh. Cincinnati. Chicago. Bashcille. j Month. Week. # Rises # Sets. © Sets. High Water. # Rises m Sets. j © Sets. # Rises • ! Sets. © | Sets. # Rises # Sets. © Sets. H .M. n .M. H. . M. H, . M. H .M. H • M. H, . M. H .M. H :.m. H . M. H .M. H M. H. M. 1 T 4 57 7 15 1 04 5 20 5 01 7 11 1 14 4 54 7 ,18 1 01 5 07 7 05 1 25 2 IV 4 58 7 14 1 58 6 14 5 02 7 10 2 08 4 55 7 17 1 55 5 08 7 04 ; 2 19 3 T 4 58 7 13 2 58 7 05 5 03 7 09 3 07 4 56 7 16 ! 2 55 5 09 7 03 ; 3 18 4 F 4 59 7 12 rises. 7 47 5 04 7 08 rises. 4 57 7 15 ! rises. 5 10 7 02 rises. 5 S 5 00 7 10 7 41 8 26 5 04 7 07 1 7 40 4 58 7 14 7 46 5 10 < 01 1 7 34 6 s 5 01 7 09 8 04 9 07 5 05 7 06 8 03 4 59 7 12 1 8 07 5 11 |7 00 7 59 7 M 5 02 7 08 8 24 9 44 5 06 7 05 8 25 5 00 7 11 8 27 5 12 6 59 1 8 23 8 T 5 03 7 07 8 43 10 19 5 07 7 04 8 45 5 01 7 10 ! 8 45 5 13 6 58 8 46 9 W 5 04 7 05 9 03 10 54 5 08 7 03 9 07 5 02 7 09 1 9 04 5 14 6 57 j 9 09 10 T 5 05 7 04 9 27 11 32 5 09 7 01 9 32 5 03 7 07 i 9 27 5 14 6 55 | 9 36 11 F 5 06 7 03 9 53 eve. 5 10 7 00 9 59 5 04 7 06 9 52 5 15 r 54 10 06 12 S 5 07 7 01 10 25 1 09 5 11 6 59 10 33 5 05 7 04 !10 23 5 16 6 53 10 42 13 s 5 08 7 00 11 07 2 11 5 12 6 58 11 15 5 06 7 03 111 03 5 17 9 52 11 26 14 M 5 09 6 59 11 59 3 23 5 13 6 56 morn. 5 07 7 01 ill 56 5 18 « 51 morn. 15 T 5 10 6 58 morn. 4 40 5 13 6 55 0 09 5 08 7 00 ! morn. 5 18 6 49 j 0 20 16 W 5 11 6 56 1 06 5 53 5 14 6 53 1 16 5 09 6 58 1 03 . 5 19 6 48 | 1 27 17 T 5 12 6 54 2 24 6 57 5 15 6 52 2 33 5 10 6 57 2 21 5 20 j 6 47 I 2 43 18 F 5 13 6 53 3 47 7 49 5 16 6 51 g 54 5 11 6 55 3 45 5 21 6 46 4 02 19 S 5 14 6 52 sets. 8 36 5 17 6 49 sets. 5 12 6 54 sets. 5 221 6 45 sets. 20 s 5 15 6 50 7 35 9 22 5 18 6 48 7 36 5 13 6 52 7 38 5 22 6 43! 7 34 21 M 5 16 6 49 7 57 10 02 5 19 6 46 8 00 5 15 6 51 7 59 5 23 6 42 8 01 22 T 5 17 6 47 8 21 10 36 5 20 6 45 8 25 5 16 6 49 8 21 5 24 6 41 8 28 23 W 5 18 6 46 8 44 11 20 5 21 6 44 8 50 5 17 6 48 8 44 5 25 6 40 8 55 24 T 5 19 6 44 •9 10 morn. 5 22 6 42 9 16 5 18 6 46 0 08 5 26 6 38 9 23 25 F 5 20 6 43 9. 40 0 05 5 23 6 41 9 48 5 19 6 45 9 37 5 26 6 37 9 57 26 S 5 21 6 41 10 16 0 54 5 •24 6 39 10 25 5 20 6 43 10 12 5 27 6 35 10 35 27 s 5 22 6 40 10 59 1 48 5 25! 6 38 11 09 5 21 ! 6 42 10 56 5 28 6 34 11 20 28 M 5 23 6 38 11 50 2 49 5 26 j 6 36 morn. 5 22! 6 40 11 47 5 291 6 33 morn. 29 T 5 24 6 37 mofn. 3 52 5 27 6 35 0 00 5 23 j 6 38 morn. 5 306 31 1 0 11 30 W 5 25 6 35 0 48 4 51 5 271 6 33 0 57 5 24 6 37 0 45 5 30! 6 30 J 1 08 31 1 T 5 26 6 33 1 50 5 47 1 5 28! 6 32 1 58 5 25 1 6 35 1 47 5 31 ! 6 281 2 08 Zodiacal $igns. @ Equal’ll @ South, of tiine.Jsigns H. M. 9 40 10 31 11 20 morn. 0 07 0 51 1 34 2 16 2 57 3 40 4 26 5 15 6 10 7 10 8 14 9 19 10 23 11 22 eve. 1 07 1 55 2 41 3 27 4 13 5 01 5 51 6 42 7 34 8 25 9 15 10 03 + M. S.j 6 01 5 57 i 5 52 | 5 47 I 5 40 5 34 I 5 26 I 18 I 10 j Ol ! 41 I 30 19 08 o 5 5 4 4 4 4, 4 3 55 3 43 3 29 3 16 >Q >Q X X T T W H U @ 66 3 02 I Q, 2 47 U 2 32 2 16 n 2 00 LQJ 1 44 LOJ 1 27 "L 1 10 0 52 0 34 * 0 16 ** — 3 Moon’s Phases, September, 1876. j Full Moon 3 n. 3 h. 23 m. Eve. I New Moon 17 n. \ Last Quarter.... 10 d. 10 H. 31 m. Eve. | First Quarter.. 25 o. 4 H. 0 H. 4 m. Eve. 13 m. Morn. Bays. (fciwjmaau. (fHucayc. Bashvillc. Zodiacal $iyn$. o ^ | # Rises # Sets. Sets High Water. # Rises # Sets. © Sets. Rises © Sets. © i Sets. m Rises €D Sets. Sets. ® | South. Equat’n of time. Signs H. ,M. H, ,M. H. M. H. M. H .M. H .M. H. M. H .M. H .M. H. 1 M. ! 1 H .M. H .M. H. M. H. M. — M. S. 1 F 5 27 6 32 2 54 6 38 5 29 6 30 3 01 5 26 6 34 2 52 ! 5 32 6 27 3 09 10 48 0 22 >P 9 s 5 28 1 6 30 4 00 7 20 5 301 6 28 4 05 5 27 6 32 3 59 j 5 33 6 26 4 11 11 32 0 41 >Q 3 s 5 29 6 28 rises. 7 57 5 31 ! 6 27 rises. 5 28 6 30 rises. ! 5 34 6 24 rises. morn. 1 00 ~~ 4 M T 5 30 6 27 6 50 8 33 5 32! 6 25 6 51 5 29 6 28 6 52 1 5 34 6 23 6 51 U 14 1 20 X 5 5 31 32 6 25 7 10 9 11 5 33 j 6 24 7 13 5 30 6 27 7 11 5 35 6 21 7 15 0 56 1 40 6 W 5 6 24 7 31 9 48 5 34 6 22 7 36 5 31 6 25 7 32 ' 5 36 6 20 7 40 1 39 9 00 X 7 T 5 33 6 22 7 56 10 26 5 35 J 6 21 8 02 5 32 6 23 7 55 5 37 6 19 8 08 2 24 9 20 T 8 F 5 34| 35 6 20 8 26 11 07 5 36 1 6 19 8 33 5 33 6 21 8 24 5 38 6 17 8 42 3 13 9 *11- T 9 S 5 6 18 9 04 53 11 57 5 36 i 6 18 9 13 5 34 6 20 9 01 5 38 6 16 9 23 4 05 3 02 T 10 s 5 36 6 17 9 eve. 5 37 1 6 16 10 03 5 35 6 18 9 50 5 39 6 14 10 14 5 03 3 22 XX 11 M 5 37 6 15 10 54 2 04 5 38 j 6 15 11 03 5 36 6 17 10 50 5 40 6 13 11 15 6 04 3 43 XX 12 T 5 38 6 14 morn. 3 19 5 39 6 13 morn. 5 37 6 15 morn. 5 41 6 12 morn. 7 07 4 04 JX 13 W 5 39 6 12 0 05 4 35 5 40 i 6 12 0 14 5 38 6 13 0 02 5 41 6 10 0 25 8 10 4 25 XX 14 T 5 40 6 10 1 23 5 41 5 40! 6 10 1 30 5 39 6 11 1 20 5 42 6 09 1 39 9 09 4 46 15 F 5 41 6 09 2 43 6 39 5 41 1 6 09 2 49 5 41 6 10 2 42 5 42 6 07 2 56 10 04 5 08 16 S 5 42 6 07 4 01 7 27 5 42i 6 07 4 05 5 42 6 08 4 01 5 43 6 06 4 09 10 55 5 29 £2 22 17 s 5 43 6 05 sets. 8 07 5 43 6 05 sets. 5 43 6 06 sets. 5 44 6 04 sets. 11 44 5 50 18 M 5 44 6 04 6 22 8 48 5 44 6 03 6 25 5 44 6 04 6 23 5 45 6 03 6 2/ eve. 6 11 w 19 T 5 45 6 02 6 45 9 30 5 45 6 02 6 49 5 45 6 02 6 45 5 45 6 01 6 53 1 1 1 6 32 T1 K 20 W 5 46 6 00 7 09 10 10 5 46 6 00 7 15 5 45 6 01 7 08 5 46 6 00 7 21 2 04 6 o3 LQJ i n i 21 T 5 47 5 59 7 38 10 49 5 47 j5 58 7 46 5 46 5 59 7 36 5 47 5 58 7 54 2 52 7 14 LA AJ LQJ 22 F 5 48 5 57 8 13 11 34 5 48 5 56 8 22 5 47 5 57 8 10 5 48 5 57 8 32 3 42 7 35 23 S 5 49 5 55 8 54 morn. 5 49 !5 55 9 04 5 48 5 55 8 51 5 49 5 55 9 15 4 33 7 55 "l 24 s 5 50 5 54 9 42 0 25 5 50 5 53 9 51 5 49 5 53 9 38 5 49 5 54 10 03 5 26 8 16 25 M 5 51 5 52 10 36 1 21 5 51 5 52 10 46 5 51 5 52 10 33 5 50 5 52 10 57 6 17 8 36 7 V ' 26 T 5 52 5 50 11 36 2 19 5 52 i5 50 111 45 5 52 5 50 11 33 5 51 5 51 11 55 7 08 8 57 27 W 5 53 5 48 morn. 3 21 5 53 |5 48 morn. 5 53 5 48 morn. 5 52 5 49 morn. 7 56 9 17 28 T 5 54 5 47 0 40 4 18 * 5 54 5 47 0 48 5 54 5 46 0 38 5 53 5 48 0 06 8 42 9 37 >Q 29 F 5 55 5 45 1 45 5 10 5 54 5 45 1 51 5 55 5 45 1 44 5 53 5 46 1 58 9 26 9 56 >Q 30 S 5 56 5 43 2 50 i 6 00 5 55 5 44 2 55 5 57 5 43 2 50 5 54 5 45 1 2 59 10 09 10 15 ~~ October, 1876. Moon’s Phases, f Full Moon .... \ Last Quarter. 3 D. 10 D. 5 h. 4 H. 6 M. Morn. 30 M. Morn. New Moon 17 D. First Quarter.. 25 J>. 7 M. Morn. 4 m. Morn. Bays. I^cuj Totjh. Cincinnati. o E3 =53 8 # # © High € ) < D © pr r* Rises Sets. Sets Water. Rises Sets. Sets. H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M. H.M. H.M. H. M. 1 S 5 57 5 42 3 55 6 44 5 56 5 42 3 58 2 M 5 58 5 40 4 59 7 24 5 575 41 5 01 3 T 5 59 5 38 rises. 8 00 5 58;5 39 rises. 4 W 6 00 5 37 5 59 8 39 5 5915 38 6 05 5 T 6 01 5 35 6 29 9 22 6 00:5 36 6 35 6 F 6 02 5 33 7 05 10 06 6 01 5 35 7 13 7 S 6 03 5 32 7 51 10 54 6 02|5 33 8 00 8 S 6 04 5 30 8 48 11 50 6 03 5 32 8 57 9 M 6 05 5 29 9 55 eve. 6 04 5 30 10 04 10 T 6 06 5 27 11 10 2 03 6 05 5 29 11 18 11 W 6 07 5 26 morn. 3 13 6 06|5 27 morn. 12 T 6 08 5 24 0 27 4 19 6 07 15 26 0 33 13 F 6 19 5 22 1 43 5 19 6 085 24 1 48 14 S 6 10 5 21 2 57 6 10 6 09|5 23 3 00 15 s 6 11 5 19 4 08 6 56 6 105 21 4 10 16 M 6 13 5 18 5 18 7 37 6 1115 20 5 18 17 T 6 14 5 16 sets. 8 15 6 12;5 19 sets. 18 W 6 15 5 15 5 38 8 59 6 135 17 5 44 19 T 6 16 5 13 6 09 9 42 6 15 5 16 6 17 20 F 1 6 17 5 12 6 47 10 25 6 16j5 14 6 56 21 S 6 18 5 11 7 32 11 10 6 1715 13 7 42 22 s 6 19 5 09 8 25 morn. 6 18 5 12 8 35 23 M 6 20 5 08 9 25 0 00 6 19 5 10 9 34 24 T 6 21 5 06 10 27 0 52 6 20 5 09 10 35 25 W 6 23 5.05 11 30 1 46 6 21 5 07 11 36 26 T 6 24 5 04 morn. 2 41 6 225 06 morn. 27 F 6 25 5 02 0 33 3 35 6 23 5 05 0 39 28 . S 6 26 5 01 1 37 4 25 6 24 ! 5 04 I 41 29 s 6 27 5 00 2 42 5 13 6 25 5 02 2 45 30 M 6 28 ; 4 59 ' 3 47 6 01 6 26 5 01 3 49 31 T 6 30 '4 57 4 56 6 46 6 27i5 00 4 56 Chicago. Rises H.M. 5 58 5 59 6 00 6 01 6 02 6 03 6 04 6 05 6 00 6 08 6 09 6 10 6 11 6 12 6 14 6 15 6 10 6 17 6 18 6 19 6 20 6 21 6 22 6 24 6 25 6 27 6 28 6 29 6 30 6 32 6 H.M. 42 40 38 36 35 33 31 29 28 26 25 23 21 20 18 17 15 14 12 11 09 08 o 06 5 05 03 02 00 59 58 56 33 4 55 Sets. H. M. 3 55 5 01 rises. 5 59 6 27 7 02 7 48 8 44 9 52 11 07 morn, 0 25 1 43 2 57 4 10 5 21 sets. 5 36 6 06 6 44 7 29 8 22 9 21 10 24 11 28 morn, 0 33 1 37 ; 2 43 3 50 5 00 Nashville. Zodiacal Signs. % © ( £> ! Equat’n! ® Rises Sets. Sets. South. of time.; Signs H .M. H •M. H. M. H. M.I — M. S. 5 55 5 43 4 00 10 52 10 35 JSS 5 56 5 42 5 02 11 35 :10 53 X 5 57 5 40 rises. morn. 'll 12 X 5 58 5 39 6 10 0 20 111 30 X 5 59 5 37 6 43 1 08 'll 48 T 6 00 5 36 7 23 2 00 112 05 T 6 01 5 35 8 11 2 57 12 22 V 6 02 5 33 9 09 3 58 12 39 6 02 5 3210 16 5 01 !l2 55 6 03 5 3011 28 6 03 ! 13 10 6 04 5 29 morn. 7 02 13 25 0 6 05 5 28 0 41 7 57 13 40 0 6 06 5 26 1 53 8 48 13 54 a 6 07 5 25 3 03 9 36 14 07 & 6 08 5 23 4 11 10 22 14 20 6 09 5 22 5 16 11 08 14 33 6 10 5 21 sets. 11 54 14 44 "X 6 11 5 20 5 52 eve. 14 55 Lnj 6. 11 5 18 6 26 1 32 15 06 LnJ 6 12 5 17 7 07 2 23 15 16 6 13 5 16 7 53 3 16 15 25 "l 6 14 5 15 8 46 4 08 15 33 * 6 15 5 14 9 44 4 59 15 41 7 ^ 6 16 5 12 10 44 5 49 15 48 6 17 5 11 11 44 6 35 15 55 6 18 5 10 morn. 7 20 16 01 X? 6 19 5 09 0 44 8 02 16 06 6 20 5 08 1 45 8 44 16 10 SS2 6 21 5 07 2 46 9 27 16 13 sss 6 22 & J06 3 48 10 11 16 16 X 6 2315 05 4 53 10 59 16 18 X CAPE ST. VINCENT. CAPE COAST CASTLE. November, 1876. Moon’s Phases, 1 Full Moon. 5 h. 41 M. Eve. 11 h. 27 m. Morn. New Moon 15 d. 6 h. 58 m. Eve. First Quarter.. 23 d. 10 h. 36 m. Eve. t^ew fotih. o s 3 ,©> # © High far Sr Rises Sets. Sets. Water. H, M. H, ,M. H. M. H. M. 1 w 6 31 4 56 6 08 7 30 2 T 6 32 4 55 rises. 8 12 3 F 6 33 4 54 5 45 9 04 4 S 6 34 4 53 6 38 9 55 5 s 6 36 4 52 7 46 10 49 6 M 6 37 4 50 9 01 11 48 7 T 6 38 4 49 10 18 eve. 8 W 6 39 4 48 11 34 1 52 9 T 6 41 4 47 morn. 2 53 10 F 6 42 4 46 0 46 3 51 11 S 6 43 4 45 1 57 4 44 12 s 6 44 4 44 3 05 5 36 13 M 6 45 4 44 4 14 6 24 14 T 6 46 4 43 5 22 7 09 15 W 6 47 |1 42 6 30 7 50 16 T 6 49! 4 41 sets. 8 33 17 F 6 50 4 40 5 26 9 21 18 S 6 51 4 40 6 16 10 05 19 s 6 52 4 39 7 13 10 48 20 M 6 54 4 38 8 14 11 33 21 T 6 55 4 38 9 18 morn. 22 W 6 56 4 37 10 21 0 21 23 T 6 57 4 37 11 24 1 07 24 F 6 58 4 36 morn. 1 54 25 S 6 59 4 36 0 25 2 43 26 s 7 00 'I 4 36 1 29 Q O 34 27 M 7 01 4 35 2 35 4 24 28 T 7 02 4 35 3 43 5 15 29 W 7 03 4 34 4 57 6 09 30 T 7 04 :I4 34 6 14 7 04 Cincinnati. © Rises © Sets. ! © Sets. H .M. H .M.| H. M. 6 28 4 59 6 06 6 29 4 58 rises. 6 31 4 56 5 53 6 32 4 55 6 48 6 33 4 54 7 56 6 34 4 53 9 10 6 35 4 52 10 25 6 37 4 51 11 39 6 38 4 50 morn. 6 39 4 49 0 50 6 40 4 48 1 59 6 41 1 4 47 3 06 6 43 4 47 4 14 6 44 4 46 5 21 6 45! 4 45 6 27 6 46 4 44 sets. 6 47 ! I 4 44 5 36 6 48 4 43 6 26 6 49 4 43 7 22 6 50 4 42 8 22 . 6 51 4 41 9 25 6 52 4 41 10 27 6 53 |4 40 111 28 6 54 Si 40 morn. 6 55 4 39 i 0 29 6 56 4 39 1 31 6 57 i 4 39 2 35 6 59 ! 4 38 3 42 7 00 k 38 4 55 7 01 14 38 1 6 11 Chicago. Rises H.M. 6 34 6 35 6 36 6 38 6 39 6 40 6 41 6 42 6 44 6 45 6 46 6 47 6 48 6 50 6 51 6 52 6 53 6 54 6 56 6 57 6 58 6 59 00 OS 03 04 05 06 08 09 Sets. Sets. H.M. H. M. 6 12 rises. 5 41 6 35 7 43 8 58 10 16 11 33 morn 0 46 1 58 3 08 4 17 5 27 6 36 sets. 5 23 6 13 7 10 8 11 9 16 10 20 11 24 morn 0 26 1 31 2 38 3 47 5 02 6 21 Nashville. Zodiacal $igns. © © © © Equat’n © Rises Sets. | Sets. South. of time. Signs H.M. H.M. H. M. H. M. — M. S. 6 24 5 04 6 00 11 50 16 19 r 6 25 5 03 rises. morn. 16 20 T 6 26 5 02 6 04 0 47 16 19 V 6 27 5 01 6 59 1 48 16 18 V 6 28 5 00 8 07 2 52 16 16 H 6 29 4 59 9 20 3 56 16 13 K 6 30 4 58 1 10 33 4 57 16 09 g 6 31 4 57111 45 5 54 16 05 g 6 32 4 56 morn. 6 45 15 59 Q> 6 33 4 55 0 53 7 33 15 53 ft 6 34 4 54 2 00 8 19 15 45 Q> 6 35 4 54 3 05 9 04 15 37 w 6 36 4 53 4 10 9 49 15 28 n 6 37 4 53 5 15 10 35 15 19 LOI 6 38 4 52 6 19 11 23 15 08 LQJ 6 39 4 51 sets. eve. 14 56 6 40 4 51 5 47 1 06 14 44 "l 6 41 4 50 6 37 1 59 14 31 "1 6 42 4 50 7 33 2 51 14 17 7f< 6 43 4 49 8 32 3 41 14 02 7 $ 6 44 4 49 9 33 4 29 13 46 Y? 6 45 4 48 |10 33 5 13 13 30 6 46 4 48 11 32 5 56 13 13 6 47 4 47 morn. 6 37 12 55 ss 6 48 4 47 0 31 7 19 12 36 X 6 49 4 47 1 31 8 01 12 17 6 50 4 46 2 33 8 46 11 57 K 6 51 4 46 3 38 9 35 11 36 T 6 52 4 45 4 48 10 30 11 14 T 6 53 4 45 6 02 11 30 10 52 T December, 1876. Moon’s Phases, ) Full Muon 1 D. 5 li. 14 M. Morn. First Quarter. \ L ist Quarter.. 7 D. 8 H. 33 m. Eve. Full Moon.... J New Moon 15 D. 0 H. 21 M. Eve. 51 m. Eve. 9 m. Eve. Bays. | Bew Vi o*[h. j (£incimi iati. 1 Chicago. Bashui lie. o . € D © i <3 b 1 Hi igh m ! t SD © €> 1 <1 a ; $ !» 1 1 HD | FT Rises t Sets. Rises. | Wh nr. Rises j Sets. Rises. Rises I Sets. Rises. Rises Si ets.i Rises. H. M. H. M.; H. M. H. M. H .M. H. ,M. H. M. H .M. H. ,M. I H. M. H .M. H .M. H. M. 1 F 7 05 4 34 4 25 7 55 7 02 4 38 4 34 7 10 4 29 4 22 6 54 4 45 4 46 2 s 7 00 4 33 5 28 8 52 7 03 4 38: 5 38 7 11 4 29 5 25 6 55 j 4 45 5 49 2 s 7 07 4 33 0 43 9 50 7 03 4 Oi 6 52 7 121 4 29 0 40 6 55 4 45 7 8 03 4 M 7 08 4 o0 8 03 10 44 7, 04 4 37 8 11 7 13; 4 281 8 01 6 56! 4 45 20 5 T 7 09 4 33 9 22 11 38 7 05 4 37 9 28 7 14; 4 281 9 21 0 57| 4 45 9 34 | w 7 10 4 o . » 10 37 e\ ;e. 7 00|4 37 10 42 7 15 4 281 10 38 0 58 4 45 10 40 7 T 7 11 4 33 11 49 1 27 7 074 37 11 52 7 Hi 4 28! 11 50 6 59 4 45 11 54 8 F 7 12 4 33 morn. 2 21 7 08 4 37 morn. 7 17 4 28 morn. 6 59 4 45 morn. 9| S 7 13 4 33 0 58 O O 15 7 09 4 37 0 59 7 17 4 28 1 00 7 00 4 45 0 58 10! s 7 14 4 33 2 05 4 07 7 104 37 2 05 7 18 4 28 2 09 7 01 4 45 2 02 11 M 7 15 4 33 3 13 4 59 7 114 37 3 12 7 19 4 28 O O 17 7 02 4 45 3 06 12' T 7 15 4 33 4 20 5 53 7 11 4 37 4 18 7 20 4 28 4 20 7 03 4 45 4 11 13! W 7 10 4 33 5 27 6 43 7 124 38 5 24 7 21 4 28 5 34 7 03 4 46 5 14 14 T 7 17 4 34 6 32 7 31 7 12 4 ■38 0 28 7 21 4 29 0 40 7 04 ■f 46 6 17 15 F 7 18 4 34 sets. 8 14 7 13 1 38 sets. 7 22 4 29 sets. 7 05 |4 46 sets. 16 S 7 18 4 34 5 04 9 02 7 144 38 5 14 7 23 29 1 5 01 7 06 46 5 zo 17 s 7 19 4 35 6 05 9 45 7 14 4 39 6 14 7 24 4 29 0 02 7 06 4 47 6 24 18 M 7 20 4 35 7 08 10 20 7 15 4 39 7 16 7 24 4 30 7 00 7 07 4 47 7 25 19 T 7 20 4 35 8 11 11 03 7 15 4 40 8 17 7 25 4 30 8 10 7 07 4 48 8 24 20 W 7 21 4 30 9 13 11 44 7 10 4 40 9 18 7 25 4 31 9 13 7 08 4 48 9 23 21 T 7 21 4 30 10 14 morn. 7 17 4 41 10 18 7 26 4 31 10 14 7 08 4 49 10 20 22 F 7 21 4 37 11 15 0 25 7 17 4 41 111 18 7 26 4 32111 17 7 09 4 49 11 19 23 S 22 4 38 morn. 1 08 7 184 42 morn. 7 27 4 32 morn. 7 09 4 50 morn. 24 s 7 22 4 38 0 17 1 52 7 184 42 0 18 7 27 4 33 0 20 7 10 4 50 0 1 1 25 1 M 7 23 4 39 1 23 2 43 7 19 4 43 1 23 7 28 4 33 1 26 7 10 4 51 1 19 20 T 7 23 4 39 2 32 3 37 7 194 44 2 31 7 28 4 34 2 37 7 10 4 52 2 25 27 W 7 23 4 40 3 46 4 39 7 1914 44 3 43 7 28 4 35 3 52 7 11 4 53 3 3o 28 T 7 24 4 41 5 03 5 41 7 20,4 45 4 58 7 28 4 36 5 10 7 11 4 53 4 48 29 F 7 24 4 42 6 20 0 46 7 20 4 45 6 14 7 29 4 36 6 27 7 12 4 54 6 03 30 S 7 24 4 42 rises. 7 45 7 20 4 46 rises. 7 29)4 37 rises. 7 12 k 55 rises. 31 $ 7 24 4 43 5 35 1 8 43 ■ 7 20 4 47 5 43 1 7 29 4 38 5 32 7 12 i4 55 i 5 GO Zodiacal $igns. ^ | Equal'll' @ South, of time, signs H. M. morn. 0 35 1 41 2 40 3 40 4 41 5 31 0 18 7 03 7 47 8 32 9 19 10 08 11 00 11 52 eve. 1 35 2 24 3 09 3 52 4 33 5 14 5 54 0 37 7 22 8 13 9 09 10 11 11 17 morn. 0 25 — M. S. 10 30 10 06 9 42 9 18 8 53 8 27 8 01 7 34 7 07 6 39 6 11 5 43 5 14 4 45 j 4 16 8 46 3 17 2 47 2 17 1 47 1 17 0 47 0 17 + 13 0 42 1 13 1 42 2 12 2 41 3 10 3 38 Wmo(-3-3XXO ? TIS THE MIND THAT MAKES THE BODY RICH. 15 1 MENTAL POWERS OF NUMB CREATURES. If They have Minds, why may They not have Souls ? AND Beast,” is the title of a volume by the liev. J. G. Wood, written to imSm S * 10W that the l°wer animals possess < those mental and moral characteristics, which, in human beings, are supposed to belong to the immortal spirit, and not to the perishable body. As animals share with man the attributes of reason, language, memory, a sense of moral responsibility, unselfishness and love, all of which pertain to the spirit and not to the body, so the author thinks there is every reason to presume that they may, like man, retain these qualities in another state of existence. Mr. Wood devotes his first chapter to a labored but not very conclusive argument to prove that the testimony of the Holy Scriptures, as to the future existence of animals, is entirely misconceived by the common mind ; that popular belief and popular tradition are wrong in supposing that Holy Writ teaches us that, man alone possesses a spirit, and survives in spirit after the death of his material body. In fact, we do not see the necessity, for so much Scriptural proof of a theory with which the Scriptural writers were evidently not concerned. Their mission was to man alone in his relations to his Almighty Maker. Mr. Wood quotes Bishop Butler in his preface as saying in his “Analogy of Religion:” “As to the latent powers and capacities of lower animals, I see no reason why they should not be developed in a future life.” That was suf- ficient authority. In order to prove that animals possess those qual- ities which pertain to man’s immortal spirit, Mr. Wood cites more than three hundred anecdotes, all well authenticated, he asserts, showing the close resemblance that exists between the spirits of man and beast. Beginning with instinct and reason, the author finds it easy to prove that much that is attributed to instinct in animals, is as clearly the deduction of a conclusion from logical premises, as the actions which in man are admitted to be the result of reason. To quote his words : “ This power is possessed by animals in common with ourselves, although not to the same extent, and it is by the superiority of our reason over that of animals that we maintain our supremacy. Very often their deduction is insufficient, or their pre- mises false; but the process is still one of pure reason, and has no connection with instinct.” With them, as well as with ourselves, reason often conquers instinct, especially in the case of those an- imals which are domesticated, and so develop their reasoning powers by contact with reason of a higher quality than their own. The following anecdote shows the power of reason over instinct in this manner : The Considerate Cat. A cat of ours once showed great self-denial. She was a terrible eater of small birds, chickens, etc., and therefore, when on one occasion, she was found to have passed the night in our aviary of doves, great was the alarm. However, on inspection, not one dove was missing; and though she was asleep in an inner cage, close to a nest of young doves, she had not touched a feather. What made her con- duct the more remarkable was that when released she ate ravenously. It is just the same with ourselves. A child that has been well brought up can be left with perfect safety alone with any kind of dainties, the parents having taught its reason to conquer its instincts ; I whereas a spirited or illbred child, which has been suffered to allow its instincts to be paramount, will be sure to fall upon the coveted dainties as soon as I it is left alone with them. The conduct of the animal and child is identical. A Sensible Horse. The following anecdote of a horse was sent to Mr. Wood by a clergyman : “A neighbor of mine possessed a young foal which, with its mother, used to pass our house daily early in the morning, during our breakfast time, and had a habit of straying upon a piece of waste ground in front of our house. My daughter, who is very' partial to horses, used to run out and offer the little animal a piece of bread. “This went on regularly, until at last, when he was between two and three years old, he would not wait for the bread, but used to go to the door, plant his forefeet on the steps so as to gain sufficient ele- • vation, and then lift the knocker with his nose, afterward waiting for the expected morsel.” Here the two faculties of memory and reason were displayed most unmistakably. If a dumb man had acted as that colt did, we would have wondered at his ingenuity in communicating his ideas without the aid of speech. In this case the memory of the animal enabled him to expect his daily dole of bread, and his reason, not his instinct, taught him that when the knocker was sounded some one came to the door. It is evident that the horse had seen the knocker used, had noted the result, and had followed the example, using his nose in lieu of a hand. Fidelity of a Duck ami Drake. A mandarin drake was stolen one night from Mr. Beale’s aviary, along with some other birds. The mate of the drake, the duck, was left behind. The morning following the loss of her husband, the female was seen in a most disconsolate condition, brooding in secret sorrow; she remained in a retired part of the aviary, pondering over the severe loss she had just sustained. While she was thus delivering her soul to grief, a gay, prim drake, who had not long before lost his dear duck, which had been accidentally killed, trim- med his beautiful feathers, and, pitying the forlorn condition of the bereaved, waddled toward her, and, after devoting much of his time and all of his atten- tion to the unfortunate female, he offered her his protection. She however refused all his offers, hav- ing made, in audible quacks, a solemn vow to live and die a widow if her mate did not return. From the day of her loss she forsook her accus- tomed pleasures, refused most of her food, and no consolation that could be offered her by any of her tribe seemed to have the least effect. Every endeavor was made to recover the lost bird, as it was not expected the beautiful creature would be killed. Some time after the loss, a person accident- ly passing a hut overheard some Chinese of the lower class conversing, and understood enough of their language to hear one of them say: “It would be a pity to kill so handsome a bird.” “ How then,” said another, “can we dispose of it?” The hut was noted, as it was immediately suspected that the lost mandarin drake was the subject of conver- sation. A servant was sent, and, after some trouble, recovered the lost drake by paying $4 for him. He was then brought back to the aviary in one of the usual cane cages. As soon as the bird recognized the aviary, he ex- pressed his joy by quacking vehemently and flapping his wings. The interval of three weeks had elapsed since he had been taken away ; but when the for- lorn duck heard the note of her lost husband, she 16 STRONG WISHES GENERATE STRANGE FANCIES. quacked, even to screaming with ecstacy, and flow as far as she could in the aviary to greet him on the restoration. Being let out of the cage, the drake immediately entered the aviary, and the unfortunate couple were again united. They quacked, crossed necks, bathed together, and are then supposed to have related all their mutual hopes and fears during their long separation. As for the unfortunate wid- ower, who kindly offered consolation to the duck when overwhelmed with grief, she, in a most ungrate- ful manner, informed her drake of the impudent and gallant proposals he had made to her during his absence. It is merely supposition that she did so ; but at all events the result was that on the day following his return the recovered drake attacked the other, pecked his eyes out, and inflicted on him so many other injuries as to occasion his death in a few days. Thus did this unfortunate drake meet with a premature and violent death for his kindness and attention to an unfortunate lady, becoming a victim to conjugal fidelity. These birds acted very much as human beings would have done under similar circumstances. Here was conjugal love affected by sudden and violent separation ; sorrow for the lost one ; joy in reunion ; jealousy at an attempt to steal the affec- tions of a wife; and revenge taken on the offen- der. There was also the power of language, as without a very definite language of her own the duck could not have communicated to her hus- band which particular drake had attempted to take his place in his absence. Many anecdotes of insects and birds, absolutely startling in their resemblance to the habits of civil- ized men, are also related by Mr. Wood. Omitting these and numerous incidents showing the know- ledge and use of language of some kind, not only between animals of the same genera and species, but also between those of diverse natures, we come to an incident related to the author by the late Rev. Cfesar Otway, who produced vouchers for the exact truth of the story. It affords a remarkable proof of the capability possessed by the lower animals of understanding the language of man : A Discerning Dog. “A gentleman of property had a mastiff of great size, very watchful, and altogether a fine, intelligent animal. Though often let out to range about, he was in general chained up during the day. “ On a certain day when he was let out, he was observed to attach himself particularly to his mas- ter. When the servant came, as usual, to fasten him up, he clung so determinedly to his master’s feet, showed such anger when they attempted to force him away, and altogether was so peculiar in his manner, that the gentleman desired him to be left as he was. “With him the dog continued the whole day, and when night came on, still he stayed ; and on going to his bedroom the dog resolutely, and, for the first time in his life, went up with him, and rushing into the room, took refuge under the bed, whence neither blows nor caresses could draw him. “ In the midst of the night a man burst into the room with a dagger in his hand, with which he at- tempted to murder the sleeper. But the dog dashed at the robber’s neck, fastened his fangs in him, and so kept him down that his master had time to call for assistance and secure the ruffian, who turned out to be the coachman. He afterwards confessed that, seeing his master receive a large sum of money, he and the groom conspired together to rob and murder him, and that they had plotted the whole scheme together, leaning over the dog’s ken- nel.” The dog may not have understood human lan- guage as perfectly as the men themselves did, but it would seem that he did gather from their conversa- tion that they intended some injury to his master. Wisdom of the Wasp. To illustrate the language of animals, which Mr. Wood very properly divides into that of language of gesture, of the eye, and of sound, he begins with the insect world : “ Looking at the nervous system of insects, in whom there is no definite brain, but merely a suc- cession of ganglia united by a double nervous cord, many physiologists have thought that reason could not be one of the attributes of the insect race. Yet nothing is more certain than that they are able to converse with each other and communicate ideas; this fact showing that they must possess reason. As far as we know, the hymenopterous insects — namely: the bees, wasps, and ants— are the best linguists of the insect race, their language being chiefly conducted by means of their antennae. A good example of this was witnessed by me in the summer of 1872. “At breakfast time some pieces of the white of an egg were left on a plate. A wasp came in at a win- , dow, and, after flying about for a while, alighted on the plate, went to a piece of the egg and tried to | carry it off. Wishing to see what the insect would do, I would not allow it to be disturbed. After un- availing attempts to lift the piece of egg, the wasp left it and flew out of the window. Presently two wasps came in, flew directly to the plate, picked up tlie piece of egg, and in some way or other con- trived to get it out of the window. These were evidently the first wasp and a companion whom it had brought to help it. “ I had a suspicion that when the wasps reached their home they would tell their companions of their good fortune, and so I put some more egg on the plate and waited. In a very short time wasp after wasp came in, went to the plate without hesi- tation, and carried off each a piece of egg. The I stream of wasps was so regular that I was able to I trace them to their nests, which was in a lane I about half a mile from my house. “ The insect had evidently reasoned with itself, that, although the piece of egg was too heavy for one wasp, it might be carried by two ; so it went off to find a companion, told it the state of things, and induced it to help in carrying off the coveted morsel. The two had told the other inhabitants of the nest that there was a supply of new and dainty food within reach, and had acted as guides to the locality. Here is a positive proof that these insects possess a very definite language of their own, for it is impossible tliat human beings could have acted in a more rational manner.” Observing Dogs. I know several instances where domestic animals have discovered that there was something wrong in the arrangements of the house, and have called at- tention to it. There is a little dog belonging to one of my friends, who one night became very impor- tunate, pulling the skirt of his mistress’ dress, and insisting on her returning down stairs. She was rather alarmed ; but the dog drew her to the green- house door, which he evidently meant to be opened. On unlocking the door, she found she had forgotten to turn off the gas. The little dog had been accus- tomed to see the gas turned off before the family went to bed, and was too conservative to allow any change. . . . , In the following anecdotes the action of the dog can only be attributed to reason, and that of no mean character. PRACTICE THE TRUTH YOU ALREADY KNOW, AND MORE WILL BE GIVEN YOU. 17 The first anecdote was sent to me by one of the principals in a well-known engineering firm. “ I once lost a sovereign in a bet which I made that a wonderful little dog would not take a penny off a red-hot bar of iron. The dog belonged to an ironmonger at Knighton, Radnorshire. The dog was in the habit of searching for pence purposely hidden in the shop, and, when found, taking them to a baker’s shop and getting buns in exchange. He quite knew the right-sized bun, and used to keep his paw on the penny until he got it. “ A bar was heated red-hot, and no sooner was the penny laid on it than the dog, without the least hesitation, dashed at it. By some means which I could not see, because it was done so quickly, the dog knocked the penny off the bar, and then sat down quietly by it until the coin was cool. His look of perfect self-satisfaction was most absurd.” Some years ago there was a dog at Margate which also knew the use of money. He used to beg for pence, and take them to a baker to be exchanged for biscuits, at a shop in the narrow, hilly lane which is pleased to assume the title of High Street. One day the baker, wishing to see how the dog would behave if he played the animal a practical joke, took his penny and gave him a burned biscuit. The next time the dog had a penny he took it to the baker as usual, showed it to him, and then went off to another baker who lived nearly opposite. This he afterwards did invariably, showing the penny to the baker who had offended him, and then trans- ferring his custom to the rival on the opposite side of the narrow street. The whole of these proceedings were dictated by pure reason, and instinct had nothing to do with them. It was, in Jact, doing on a small scale pre- cisely what the dog’s master would have done on a large scale if a tradesman had taken his money and given him a bad article for it. He would have with- drawn his custom from the offender, and given it to another man who he thought would serve him more honestly. A Talking Parrot. “ A parrot, belonging to one of our servants, very soon knew us by name, and could distinguish the tread of its favorites, showing its joy by ruffling its feathers and making an odd noise in the throat. ‘ Polly ’ was very tame, and was sometimes allowed to walk about the house, always announc- ing its arrival in a room by ‘ Polly going a- walking.’ In hot weather she enjoyed having water poured over her, and when satisfied would say, ‘That’s enough.’ “ She used to tease our large dog by whistling loudly, and calling him ‘Bran! Bran! r on which he ran in and looked around, and on the cook com- ing in, Polly would say reprovingly, ‘ Go back, Bran, go back;’ out went Bran, and by and by, when the cook’s back was turned, the same scene was acted over again, until Bran grew wiser and neglected the call. “Polly was a very accomplished bird, and, when quite alone, couldbe heardgoing through her acquire- ments. She sang ‘ Chee'r boys, cheer,’ very plainly, and could dance. If any stranger went into the kitchen, and no one was there, Polly called out, ‘ Somebody’s wanted and she has more than once startled people by saying, ‘ What’s your business?’ “We used to go in and see Polly before we went to bed, and she always said ‘ Good-night ’ several times, each time in a different tone of voice. She called mamma ‘ my dear ’ until told it was not res- pectful, after which she always said ‘ ma’am.’ The remarks this bird made were so apposite that it really seemed at times as if she understood what was going on.” 2 Ingenuity of a I>og and Cat. The next anecdote shows that animals belonging to different species, such as the dog and cat, can communicate ideas to each other, and act in concert. “ A relation of mine in Dumfriesshire had a dog and cat which were attached to each other in an ex- traordinary manner, and both were great favorites in the household. The dog, however, was not intended to sleep in the house, and was carefully put out every night ; but, strange to say, he was always found in the morning lying before the fire, with the cat by his side. “ One evening the master of the dog heard a sort of rap at a back-door leading to the kitchen, and saw the sagacious cat spring up and strike the latch, while the dog pushed open the door and entered in triumph. This system must have been long carried on, and when it was discovered I need not say how in- terested were the members of the household in these intelligent and really wonderful creatures.” Birds Acting in Concert after Deliberation. One of my friends, then living near Manchester, in the garden had a very fine mountain-ash tree, which always produced a plentiful supply of berries. Shortly before the fruit ripened a great number of thrushes got together at the end of the garden, and were very noisy, chattering and evidently discussing some subject on which they were not agreed. This went on for some time, and the assemblage and chattering continued daily. All this time the ber- ries were ripening ; and one morning an order ap- peared to be issued ; the birds flew to the tree, and in a couple of hours there was not a berry left upon it. This occurred regularly during the three years in which my friend occupied the house. Last year a somewhat similar event took place in the garden of one of my neighbors, who is a great horticulturist, and very successful with fruit as well as with flowers. There was a cherry tree bearing in that year a re- markably heavy crop of fruit, which was carefully watched until it ripened. One evening the owner of the garden, seeing that the cherries had just reached the proper stage for picking, ordered the gardener to gather them on the following morning. But the birds seemed to know as much about fruit as he did, for when the gardener came with his bas- ket the crop of cherries had vanished, and nothing was left except the stalks, each with the stone attached to it. The Morality of a Bog:. A poor woman, who lived in an unprotected part of Scotland, became unexpectedly possessed of a large sum of money, with which she was as much troubled as “Captain Jack ” with the money he dared not spend, was afraid to show, and could not carry about him for lack of pockets. She would have taken it to the bank, but could not leave the house. At last she asked the advice of a butcher of her acquaintance, telling him that she was afraid to live alone in the house with such a sum of money. “ Never fear,” said the butcher ; “ I will leave my dog with you, and I’ll warrant you that no one will dare to enter your house.” So toward evening the dog was brought, and chained up close to the place where the money w r as kept. In the middle of the night a robber made his way into the house, and was proceeding to carry off the money, when he was seized by the dog, who held him a prisoner until assistance came. The thief was the butcher himself, who thought that he had made sure of the money. He had not considered that his dog was a better moralist than himself and, in- stead of betraying a defenseless woman, would even take her part against his own master. 18 WE MAKE LAWS, BUT WE FOLLOW CUSTOMS. Cre- were skillful it ARCHERY. HE origin of archery, or the use of the bow, has been traced to the porcupine. Some remote progenitor of Colt or AV hit- worth, it is suggested, observed that ani- mal, when more than usually fretful, shoot its quills, and never rested until he had contrived some method of doing something equivalent, so he in- vented the bow. The principal objection to this theory is, that the porcupine only casts its quills when nobody is looking ; at least, no credible wit- ness has ever yet seen the performance. There can be no doubt, however, that bows and arrows have been in use from the very earliest pre-historic times. We have the testimony of the caves to the fact that, unimaginable ages ago, mankind liked mar- row-bones, and used arrows to procure them ; and some of these pieces of chipped flint, euphoniously termed works of art, found in the drift, are declared by the learned to be arrow-heads. Ishmael was an archer; so was Esau, and a successful one too. Paris m u s t have been an unerr- ing marksman, to hit Achilles in the heel ; or if you suspect that chance guided h i s shaft to the one vul- nerable spot on his enemy’s body, you c a n n o t depreciate the skill of Aster, who made the famous king of Mac- edon his butt, for that Greek archer named his shot be- forehand, writing on the arrow, “To Phil- ip’s right eye,” and he pierced it. The Persians were famous for their horsemanship and archery. The tans bowmen, making a rule that their chil- dren should com- mence practice a t seven years old. The Parthians were famous for their ac- curate shooting while riding at speed — an art which modern cavalry have never been able to acquire, carbine practice rarely being effective in action. The Romans never cultivated archery to any great extent as a military exercise, though individuals acquired great skill in it. The Emperor Commodus was fond o f displaying his wonderful shooting in the amphitheatre. Lions, panthers, stags, and every other species of game, he slaughtered in heca- tombs, the first Avound (we are told) proving fatal. “A panther would be set upon a criminal in the circus ; but no sooner was the animal crouching for his fatal spring, than the imperial bowman dis- charged an arrow, which saA r ed the culprit, and laid the beast lifeless upon the sand.” Julius Africanus avers that he has often seen one Syrmus, a Scythian, let people shoot at him without wearing armor, depending for his defense on his own bow and broad-headed arrows, with which he met those coming toward him midway. The Welsh were great archers. Giraldus Cam- brensis says that their arrows ha\ T e pierced oaken panels four fingers in breadth; and on the authority of William de Breusa, a Norman knight engaged with Fitzhammond in the conquest of South Wales, he relates that a mailed horseman had his hip nailed to the saddle by a Welsh arrow, and, wheel- ing round, had the other similarly fixed. In the A PURSE MAY PROVIDE PLEASURE, CUT CAN NOT SECURE HAPPINESS. 10 I same battle another soldier was shot through ar- i mor, hip and saddle, the arrow killing the horse. It is not certain that hows and arrows were much ! used in England before the Heptarchy ; but the j Saxons killed one another with them, and the Danes, their successors, were very decided archers. And yet th'e English were utterly overwhelmed by the Norman long-bow, which shot arrows with a force and to a distance of which they had no pre- vious idea. Having once discovered its powers, however, how kindly they took to it we all know. The love of archery became the ruling passion of all classes. Every peasant had his bow hanging over the chimney ; while to the country gentleman it was what the double-barrel is now. National prejudice apart, we may fairly assume that our forefathers were the most formidable bow- men the world has seen. It is true that the tribes of Arabia established the empire of the Caliphs with the bow ; but what did they beat ? It was against the flower of French chivalry that the Eng- lish archers prevailed. They overran France in the reign of Edward III., they conquered it under Henry V., they made one of the French kings (John) prisoner at the battle of Poictiers, and forced another (Louis XI.) to pay tribute to their own monarch, Edward IV. We are very sorry for the necessity, but really we can not write about archery without mentioning Robin Flood. He does not* appear to have had any property of his own, which, at this distance of time, appears to some admirers a sufficient reason why he should take that of other people. It is very likely that he was badly and unjustly treated ; many families about that time were ; at any rate he took to the woods, as robber and poacher, and gathered together a band of two hundred picked men — first- rate archers, every one of them — and ranged the forests in the north of England. In the rising headed by Simon de Montfort, in Henry III.’s reign, to enforce the recognition of Magna Charta, Robin Ilood certainly fought on the popular side ; and if it is true, as has been suggested, that his out- lawry was owing to that fact, we ought not, per- haps, to grudge him the popularity which has lasted for so many centuries. But that excuse for his rob- beries which is so commonly urged — that he took from the rich to give to the -poor — savors so* much of sentimental cant, that we confess to being rather prejudiced against the object of such injudicious praise. The battle of Cressy was fought on the 26th of August, 1346, and the detail of troops engaged shows how completely England trusted to the bow at that time. The king, Edward III., drew up his army in three lines. The first line consisted of 800 men-at-arms, 4,000 English archers, and 600 Welsh foot, and was commanded by the Black Prince. The second line was of 800 men-at-arms, 4,000 hal- berdiers, and 2,400 archers, under the Earls of Ar- undel and Northampton. The reserve was com- posed of 700 men-at-arms, 5,300 billmen, and 6,000 archers. The French army has been reckoned at 100,000 men all of arms. They attacked with a large body of Genoese cross-bowmen, who were im- mediately overwhelmed by the superior power of the long-bow. Alencon then advanced with his di- vision, trampling down or driving before him the routed Genoese ; but the shooting was so good that his men could not live under it, and Philip had to bring up the French reserves, which were pierced through and through, and in spite of the most heroic efforts the whole army was utterly over- thrown. The King of Bohemia, eleven other princes, eighty bannerets, twelve hundred knights, fifteen hundred of the noblesse, four thousand men- at-arms, and thirty thousand privates of the French army, were left on the field of battle ; whereas, ! three knights, one esquire, and a very few soldiers, j constituted the entire loss on the part of the Brit- ish army. Sir John Smith, describing the battle, says: The ! wonderful effect of our archery was such, that the arrows, flying in the air as thick as snow, with a terrible noise, much like a tempestuous wind pro- ceeding a tempest, they did leave no disarmed | place of horse or man unstricken.” In a battle with the Scots at Halidowne Hill, in j 1402, the Earl of Douglas, exasperated by the mur- ! derous effect of the arrows upon his troops, charged j the English archers at the head of a body of j knights and nobles, armed cap-a-pie. He deemed j himself invulnerable, being clad in a suit of ar- | mor, which had taken three years in making ; but it was not thick enough to keep out the English ar- rows; he was pierced in five places, and all who rode at has back were killed or taken. If these narratives of the prowess of English archers all came from English witnesses we might well suspect partiality, but they do not. At Agincourt, where the supply of arrows fell short towards the close of the fight, the English only lost about a hundred men, while that number of earls and barons alone fell on the French side, besides dukes, archbishops, fifteen hundred knights, and thousands of the rank and file. It sounds in- credible, but it is well authenticated. There is nothing in the annals of rifle-shooting to beat these instances of the power of the long-bow in the hands of old English archers; and though arrows have been superseded by conical bullets as instruments of destruction, and archery is now cul- tivated only as the most healthy, elegant, and in- teresting summer sport in England, in which ladies and men can take an equal share, it adds much to that interest to consider that the weapons they wield so peacefully Won for our mother country the position that she holds. TEE END OF *THE UNIVERSE. A writer in the Fortnightly Review makes an effort to show that, although we can in no way time the beginning of the universe, we have much evi- dence to show the world began to solidify between one and two hundred of millions of years ago, and that, though we can say nothing as to the end of the universe, the end of this earth, and with it of consciousness upon the earth, is as probable as science can make anything. “ All we know is that the sun is going out. If we fall into the sun then we shall be fried ; if we go away from the sun, or the sun goes out, then we shall be frozen. So that, so far as the earth is concerned, we have no mear.s of determining what will be the character of the end, but we know that one of these two things must take place in time. But in regard to the whole universe, if we were to travel forward as we have traveled backward in time, consider things as falling together, we should come finally to a great central mass, all in one piece, which would send out waves I of heat through a perfectly empty ether, and grad- ually cool itself down. As this mass got cool it would be deprived of all life or motion ; it would be I just a mere enormous frozen block in the middle of | the ether. But that conclusion, which is like the | one that we discussed about the beginning of the ! world, is one which we have no right whatever to rest upon. It depends upon the same assumption that the laws of geometry and mechanics are ex- ! actly and absolutely true, and that they have contin- 1 ued exactly and absolutely true for ever and ever.” 20 MEASURE NOT THYSELF BY THY MORNING SHADOW. THE OUTCAST: A PORTRAIT. O | PAIR of earnest piercing eyes, Jji A grandly-outlined face, » And noble brow, whereon there lies Stern thought’s deep-furrowed trace. Yet more — for ever and anon, A restless look of care Flits o’er to tell that hope has gone, And left but grim despair. With not a single earthly friend To offer kindly love. Scant faith in life that has its end In happiness above. He shudders as his locks grow grey, Scarce knowing what he fears, And thus, without one cheering ray He stumbles through the years. WHEN KNAVES FALL OUT, TRUE MEN COME BY THEIR GOODS. 21 SAFETY OF RAILROAD TRAVELING. occasional wholesale and horrible ««i slaughter of passengers on railroads, shocks us with the idea that it is very dangerous to travel by rail. But when we come to take a calm and calculating view of the facts, we find that it is not so. In a late lecture, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., speaking from reliable statistics, says : “ During the first eleven years of railroad ex- perience almost no disastrous accidents occurred. The first terrible one was on the Versailles road in France, in May, 1842, when an engine broke down while running at full speed, and its cars piled up on top of it. The doors of the cars were locked, they took fire, and fifty-three persons were crushed or burned to death, and many injured. The lec- turer gave other instances of like character, and showed how recent improvements in car construc- tion obviated the danger of such accidents. “In New England there have been three terrible railroad accidents— that at the Norwalk draw-bridge in May, 1853; that at Valley Falls, R. I., on Au- gust 12, 1853, and that at Revere station in August, 1871. Each of these was taken up, described and analyzed, and illustrated by the experience of many other accidents of like character elsewhere. All of them were preventable, and there could be no ex- cuse for their recurrence. The various appliances which had been adopted in consequence of these accidents were referred to, and the opinion was ex- pressed that the Revere disaster had reduced the dangers incident to railroad traveling in Massachu- setts by one-half. It had brought the train-brake and the ‘ Miller ’ platform into general use ; it had caused the increased adoption of running-signals and greatly improved discipline. “ Since the Revere accident, 120,000,000 of passen- gers had been carried by railroads within the limits of Massachusetts. How many of these had been killed by faults of the railroad companies and by accidents over which the passenger himself had no control? Just one. This statement applied only to passengers exercising due care ; in all ways con- nected with the operation of railroads about 300 people a year were killed or injured in the State. “Another question : What is the length in Mass- achusetts of average railroad journey, resulting in death ? The answer sounds absurd ; it is 324,000,- 000 of miles. That is, on an average, 22,000,000 persons travel fifteen miles each before any one of them is killed by a railroad accident. So the aver- age journey resulting in injury is 20,000,000 miles. If a person traveled as passenger on Massachusetts railroads 800 miles a day, every day of his life, he would, by a doctrine of chances, be seventy years old before he would receive an injury in a railroad accident. “ French statistics showed that stage-coach travel- ing was at least fifty times as dangerous as traveling by rail. The danger of being murdered in Mass- achusetts was greater by far than that of being kill- ed in a railroad accident. In 1873, the railroads carried 42,000,000 passengers without killing one; in the same year in Boston alone five persons were killed by tumbling down stairs, and seven by fall- ing out of windows. “ With 70,000 miles of track, full of curves, cul- verts, and bridges, with safety depending on every- thing, from the state of the atmosphere to the strength of the rail — with trains moving in every direction, at all times — accidents must happen, since the managers of railroads are human. That they should happen so rarely is the true cause for wonder. There is no more wonderful human achievement than the combination of speed and safety with which the movement of modern civiliza- tion is maintained through the unceasing exei cise of human care, human skill, and human foresi ;ht. A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE. A language which could be understood all over the globe, says a cotemporary, would be exceeding- ly useful in science, commerce, and social intercourse. Enthusiastic philosophers have more than once tried to invent a universal language, but have not succeeded ; and the students or traders who desire to communicate have still to learn a number of lan- guages, or to betake themselves to translation. To overcome these difficulties, a learned German, Dr. Bachmaier, has invented a method of correspond- ence in which numerals stand for words and ideas. Assuming (in round numbers) that four thousand words are sufficient for all purposes, he prepares a dictionary with columns of numbers from one to four thousand, each number having a word against it which he represents in every language. For ex- ample, if the word “fire” is number fifty-two, the same number will stand against “ feu ” in the French, and against “ feuer ” in the German diction- ary, and the same in any other that may be complied. From this it will be understood that an English- man entirely unacquainted with French or German might easily make a communication in either of those languages. He would look at his alphabetical list of words, and set down the corresponding num- bers. The Frenchman or German would look at his list of numbers, and would set down the corres- ponding words, and thus have before him his cor- respondent’s statement, and would have equal facility in answering. To make known masculine and feminine, nouns and adjectives, tenses and inflections, and other grammatical requirements, Dr. Bachmaier affixes certain simple marks to the num- erals. He has already published three dictionaries — English, French, and German— and is at work on other languages. At the meeting of the Oriental Congress last autumn, copies of the dictionaries were exhibited, and by the most competent judges were warmly approved. ANCIENT WONDERS. Nineveh w r as fourteen miles long, eight miles wide, and forty-six miles around, with a wall one hundred feet high, and thick enough for three char- iots abreast. Babylon was fifty miles within the walls, which were seventv-five feet thick and one hundred feet high, with one hundred brazen gates. The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, Avas four hun- dred and twenty feet to. the support of the roof— it was one hundred years in building. The largest of "the pyramids was four hundred and eighty-one feet in height, and eight hundred and fifth-three feet on the sides. The base covered eleven acres. The stones are about sixty feet in length, and the lavers are two hundred and eight. It employed 350,000 men in building. The labyrinth of Egypt contains three hundred chambers and twelve halls. Thebes, in Egypt, presents ruins twenty-seven miles around, and contained 350,000 citizens and 400,000 slaves. The Temple of Delphos was so rich in donations that it was plundered of $50,000,000, and the Em- peror Nero carried away from it two hundred statues. The walls were thirteen miles around. 22 WHEN THE DEMAND IS A JEST, THE FITTEST ANSWER IS A SCOFF. A MAMMOTH FARM. ■' big farm of Michael Sullivan, in Ford W IIP and Livingston Counties, Illinois, has fre- f quently been described in the papers, but • 'w&r jjjg en terprise and success are worth re- cording in a more enduring shape. The farm is all in one body, nearly eight miles square, and contains forty thousand acres! The working force of this farm, probably the largest corn farm in the world, consists of one general super- intendent (Mr. Miner, a live man, intelligent farmer and thorough gentleman), one book-keeper and assistant, one cashier, eight foremen, and from 400 to 500 farm laborers, with from 000 to 700 horses and mules. The farm is divided into eight general di- visions or “ numbers,” as they call them, each un- der a foreman, who has under him quite a number of gang bosses. His work, so far as he is concerned, is entirely free from all the rest except the general superintendent, to whom he has to make a daily report of all work done— the number of men em- ployed, number sick, number not working from any other cause, and why not, number of mules at work, and oh what section the work was done. This report is made on printed blanks furnished for that purpose, and is as systematic as a morning report in military service. A strict account is kept with every division, of all expenses and all proceeds ; also with every section of the land. The book-keeper can tell just what it costs to raise an acre of corn or hay, and after the crop is sent to market just what every bushel costs and what it yields in money. They cultivated last year 19,000 acres of corn, which averaged twenty-five bushels per acre. The corn sold for about fifty cents per bushel in the crib and cost less than fifteen cents to put it there— all expenses included, excepting rent of land. Mowed last year 7,000 acres of grass, average one ton per acre," sold for $13.50, cost about $5.50. This gives some idea of the proprietor’s profits. The farm is valued at $1,000,000, and he claims to be able to pay all expenses, taxes included, and make ten per cent, on the capital invested. The improvements on the farm consist of about 300 miles of hedge fence, 150 dwelling houses, 100 barns, 300 corn-cribs with a capacity of over one million bushels, and would make a solid string more than five miles long. There is an elevator ca- pable of shelling and shipping 1,000 bushels of corn per hour, and two large steam shelters. The corn is shipped mainly to Toledo, Ohio. The foremen are now running three presses, baling and ship- ping hay ; the hay goes to Baltimore, St. Louis and I Chicago. They have on the farm their own shops — carpenter, blacksmith, wagon, and harness- also, post office, telegraph office, and store, keeping an assortment of general merchandise for the accom- modation of employes and their families. All goods, including farm tools and implements, are bought at wholesale, of manufacturers, and in Chicago. The general headquarters, including proprietor’s house, post office, telegraph office, and some twenty dwellings, are at Burr Oaks, a small grove, from which the'depot and post office take their names, and is the only timber to be found on the farm. The houses at Burr Oaks are built around a large open square, are good substantial dwellings of uni- form style, with no attempt at display, the propri- etor’s house itself not being equal in point of style- to scores of houses in Iowa belonging to farms of 100 or 200 acres. The men employed are mostly Swedes. Their pay is $20 per month and board for the actual working time. This place was bought twenty years ago at $1.2o per acre, making the cost $50,000. It could be sold now for from $25 to $35 per acre, and would bring at tlie lowest price one million dollars — so that the increase in value alone has made an immense for- tune for Mr. Sullivan. He is getting well along in years, being nearly eighty. He has always been a large farmer, and was at one time the largest in Ohio ; went from tliere to Champaign county, Illinois, and partially im- proved the noted “ Broadlands ” farm, which he sold to Mr. Alexander, the great cattle king of the West, and began the improvement at Burr Oaks. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following is a list of the Presidents of the United States, from Washington down, with the date of their death : 1. George Washington, of Virginia, born Febru- ary 22, 1735; elected commander-in-chief of the Continental army in 1775; first inaugurated, as President, in the city of New York, April 30 j second inauguration, in 1793; died December 14, 1799, aged 08 years. 2. John Adams, Massachusetts, born in 1735 ; inaugurated March 4, 1797 ; died July 4, 1826, aged 90 years. 3. Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, born in 1743; first inaugurated in Washington, in 1801; second inauguration in 1805; died July 4, 1820, aged 82 years. 4. James Madison, of Virginia, born in 1751; first inaugurated in 1809 ; second inauguration in 1813 ; died in 1837, aged 85 years. 5. James Monroe, of Virginia, born in 1759; first inaugurated in 1817; second inauguration in 1821 ; died in 1831, aged 72 years. 6. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, born in 17G7 ; inaugurated in 1825 ; died in 1848, aged 80 years. 7. Andrew’ Jackson, of Tennessee, born in 1707 ; first inaugurated in 1829; second inauguration in 1833 ; died in 1845, aged 78 years. 8. Martin Van Buren, of New York, born in 1782 ; inaugurated in 1837 ; died in 1862, aged 80 years. 9. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, born in 1 773 ; inaugurated in 1841 ; died in office, April, 1841, aged 68 vears. * 10. John Tyler, of Virginia, bom in 1790 ; elected Vice-President, and inaugurated as President in April, 1841 ; died in 1802, aged 72 years. 11. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, born in 1795; inaugurated in 1845 ; died in 1849, aged 54 years. 12. Zacharv Tavlor, of Louisiana, born in 1784; inaugurated in 1849 ; died in office in 1850, aged 00 ^ Ts? Millard Fillmore, of New York, bom in 1800 ; elected Vice-President in 1848, and inaugurated as President on the death of General Taylor, in 1850 ; died March 8, 1874, aged 74. 14. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, born m 1804; inaugurated in 1853; died in 1869, aged 05 years. 15. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, bom in 1791; inaugurated in 1857; died in 1864, aged 7/ ^ T? Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, born in 1809; first inaugurated in 1801 ; second inauguration in 1865 ; assassinated April 14, 1805, aged 56 years. 17. Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, bom in ISOS ; elected Vice-President, and inaugurated as Presi- dent in April, 1865 ; died July 31, 1875, aged 67 years. 18. Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, born m 1822; first inauguration in 1869 ; second inauguration m 1873; term expires 4th of March, 1877. CHILDREN HAVE WIDE EARS AND LONG TONGUES. THE JEWEL ROOM. British Sovereign. It was formerly situated in the ' south side of London Tower, but after the great | fire in 1841 the jewels were removed to a more commodious room, erected for the purpose. Here you see the types of power and sovereignty. The collection is surmounted by the imperial State Crown of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. This crown, says Professor Tennant, “ was made by Messrs. Rundell and Bridge, in the year 1838, with jewels taken from old crowns, and others furnished by command of Her Majesty. It consists of diamonds, pearls, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, set in silver and gold ; it has a crimson velvet cap with ermine border, and is lined with white silk. Its gross weight is 39 oz. 5 pwt. troy. The lower part of the band, above the ermine border, consists of a row of 129 pearls, between which, in front of the crown, is a large sapphire (partly drilled), purchased fcr the crown of His Majesty George IV. At the back is a sapphire of smaller size, and six other sapphires (three on each side), between which are eight em- eralds. Above and below the seven sapphires are four- ! A. D. 1415. It is pierced through, after the Eastern ! custom, the upper part of the piercing being filled J up by a small ruby. Around this ruby, to form the cross, are seventy-five brilliant diamonds. Three other Maltese crosses, forming two sides and back of the crown, have emerald centres, and contain respectively 132, 124, and 130 brilliant diamonds. Between the four Maltese crosses are four orna- ments in the form of the French fleur-de-lis, with four rubies in the centres, and surrounded by rose diamonds, containing respectively 85, 86 and 87 rose diamonds. “ From the Maltese crosses issue four imperial arches composed of oak leaves and acorns ; the leaves containing 728 rose, table, and brilliant dia- monds ; 32 pearls forming the acorns, set in cups containing 54 rose diamonds and 1 table diamond. The total number of diamonds in the arches and acorns is 108 brilliant, 116 table, and 559 rose dia- monds. From the upper part of the arches are suspended four large pendant pear-shaped pearls, with rose dia- mond cups, containing 12 rose diamonds, and stems QUEEN" VICTORIA’S JEWEL ROOM. VERY monarch or sovereign who wears a crown, has some safe receptacle in which to keep his, or her, costly emblem of pow- er. Most of the old monarchies and des- potisms of Europe, Asia, and even Africa, have wonderful and very valuable collections of such royal jewels, the relics of many ages, descended from reigning ancestors of former times. The cut below represents the Jewel Room of the teen diamonds, and around the eight emeralds 128 diamonds. Above the band are eight sapphires, surmounted by eight diamonds, between which are eight festoons, consisting of 148 diamonds. In front of the crown, and in the centre of a diamond Maltese cross, is the famous ruby, said to have been given to Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Edward III., called the Black Prince, by Don Pedro, King of Castile, after the battle of Najera, near Vittoria, a. d. 1367. This ruby was worn in the helmet of Henry V. at the battle of Agincourt, 24 THERE IS NO CHEAT BANQUET BUT SOME FARE ILL. containing 24 very small rose diamonds. Above the arch stands the mound, containing in the lower hemisphere 304 brilliants, and in the upper 244 brilliants; the zone and arc being composed of 33 rose diamonds. The cross on the summit has a rose-cut sapphire in the centre, surrounded by 4 large brilliants and 108 smaller brilliants. Beside this Imperial Crown, are the following: St. Edward's, supposed to have been worn by King Edward the Confessor, and with which the kings of England have ever since been crowned; The Prince of Wales Crown, which on occasions of .State is placed before the seat in the House of Lords which is occupied by the heir apparent; The Ancient Queen's Crown, worn at coronations by the queen consort ; the Queen's Diadem, worn by Queen Mary at her coronation, which cost £111,000 ; the Orb, which rests in the sovereign’s right hand at his cor- onation ; St Edward's Staff, or scepter, carried before the sovereign at his coronation ; the King's Scepter lloyal, which is placed in the right hand ot the sov- ereign during the coronation ; the Ampulla, or Eagle of Cold, that contains the holy oil used at the coro- nation ; the Sword of Mercy, the King's Bracelets, his Royal Spurs, and various other minor articles. The summary of jewels comprised in the crown is as follows: 1 large ruby, irregularly polished; 1 large broad- spread sapphire ; 16 sapphires; 11 em- eralds; 4 rubies; 1,303 brilliant diamonds; 1,273 rose diamonds ; 147 table diamonds ; 4 drop-shaped pearls ; and 273 pearls. A curious fact in connection with the regalia is related by Haydon the painter. The crown, he says, at George IV. ’s coronation, “ was not bought, but borrowed. Rundell’s price was £70,000 ; and Lord Liverpool told the king he could not sanction such an expenditure. Rundell charged £7,000 for the loan, and as some time elapsed before it was decid- ed whether the crown should be bought or not Itun- dell charged £3,000 or £4,000 more for the interval.” The history of the regalia would be incomplete without some short mention of Blood’s desperate and impudent attempt to steal the crown, globe, and sceptre, in the reign of Charles II. This villain, Blood, had been a lieutenant in Cromwell’s army, and had turned Government spy. In the attempt on the regalia Blood had four accomplices. Blood, disguised as a country parson, in band and gown, began the campaign by going to see the crown with a woman who passed for his wife. This wo- man, while seeing the jewels, pretended to be ta- ken ill, and was shown into the private rooms of Talbot Edwards, the old Deputy Keeper of the Crown Jewels, a man eighty years of age. Blood then observed the loneliness of the Tower, and the scanty means of defense. He called four days la- ter with a present of gloves for Mrs. Edwards, and repeated his visits, till he at last proposed that his nephew, a young man, as he said, with £200 or £300 a year, should marry the old man’s daughter. He finally fixed the day when the young bride-groom should present himself for approval. On the ap- pointed day he arrived at the outside of the Iron Gate with four companions, all being on horseback. The plan for action was fully matured. Hunt, Blood’s son-in-law, was to hold the horses, and keep them ready at St. Catherine’s Gate. Parrott, an old Roundhead trooper and now a Government spy, was to steal the globe while Blood carried off the crown, and a third accomplice was to file the scepter into pieces and slip them into a bag. A fourth rogue represented the lover. The five men were each armed with sword-canes, sharp poinards, and a brace of pistols. While pretending to wait* for the arrival of his wife, Blood asked Edwards to show his friends the je els. The moment the door was locked inside, according to Tower custom, the ruffians muflled and gagged the old man, and then felled him to the ground and beat him till he was nearly dead. Unluckily for the rascals, young Ed- wards at that moment returned from Flanders, and ran up stairs to see where his mother and sis- ter were. Blood and Parrott made off at once with globe and crown. The scepter they could not break. The old man freeing himself from the gag, screamed and roused the family. Blood wounded a sentinel and fired at another, but was eventually overpowered. The crown fell in the dirt, a pearl was picked up by a sweeper, a diamond by an ap- prentice, and several stones were lost. Parrott was captured and the globe found in his pocket; one fine ruby had broken loose. Hunt was thrown from his horse and taken. But none of these cul- prits were punished. Blood betrayed pretended plots or in some way obtained power over the king. He was received at court, and £500 a year was giv- en him. CURIOUS FACTS. Fishes swallow food whole. They have no den- tal machinery furnished them. Frogs, toads and serpents never take any food but that which they are satisfied is alive. When a bee, wasp or hornet stings, it is nearly always at the expense of its life. Serpents are so tenacious of life that they will live for six months and longer without food. Turtles dig holes in the seashore and bury their eggs, covering them up to be hatched by the sun. Lobsters are very pugnacious, and fight very severe battles. If they lose a claw another grows out. Naturalists say that a single swallow will devour 6,000 flies in a day. The tarantula of Brazil is nothing more than an enormous spider. A single codfish produces more than a million of eggs in a season. A whale suckles its young, and is therefore not a fish ! The mother’s affection is remarkable. Toads become torpid in winter, and hide them- selves, taking no food for five or six months. Serpents of all species, shed their skins annually like sea-crabs and lobsters. Turtles and tortoises have their skeletons partly outside, in place of within their bodies. It is believed that crocodiles live to be hundreds of years old. The Egyptians embalm them. In South America there is a prolific honey-bee which has not been furnished with a sting. In the darkest night fishes pursue their usual movements the same as by daylight. Serpents never feed upon anything but animal food which they themselves put to death. Seals are as intelligent as dogs, and can be trained to perform many tricks like them. The head of the rattlesnake has been known to inflict a fatal wound after being severed from the body. If the eye of a newt is put out, another perfect one is soon supplied by rapid growth. Fishes have no eyelids, and necessarily sleep with their eyes open. Alligators fall into a lethargic sleep during the winter season like the toad. The power of serpents to charm birds and small quadrupeds is a well authenticated fact. There are agricultural ants in Texas that actually plant grain, and reap and store the harvest. A WISE LAWYER NEVER APPEALS TO THE LAW FOR HIMSELF. 25 AMERICAN NICKNAMES. RKANSAS is called the Bear State, and its natives or inhabitants are Tooth-picks or Gophers. Alabama people are called Lizards, from the great prevalance of this reptile. California is, on account of its mineral wealth, the Golden State, and its citizens nothing more or less than Gold Hunters. Colorado people, from their migratory habits as miners, are called Rovers. Connecticut, as every reader of Sam Slick must well know, is the Nutmeg State. It is also Free- stone State and the Land of Steady Habits. The natives are designated Wooden Nutmegs. Delaware is the Blue Hen or Diamond State ; but for some reason, inexplicable to us, the natives are Muskrats. Florida is the Peninsular State, and the people who live in it are Fly-up-the-Creeks ; both terms sufficiently explain themselves. Georgians are nicknamed Buzzards, for what reason we know not. Illinois rejoices in three names which are sev- erally poetical, ridiculous, and practical: Garden of the West, Sucker State, and Prairie State. Suck- ers, whatever they may be, dwell therein. Indiana is the Hoosier State, inhabited by IIoo- siers, whatever they may be. Iowa, being Hawkeye State, affords a local habit- ation for Hawkeyes. Kansas is another Garden of the West, but un- like its namesake, Illinois, is occupied by Jay- hawkers. Kentucky, in words suggestive of strife in bygone days, is the Dark and Bloody Ground; but the ir- repressible fondness for fun having afterward cropped up, it has latterly become known as the Corn Cracker State. Louisiana, as a cotton growing State, is called the Creole State, and is inhabited by Creoles, who are facetiously called Cree-owls. Maine is a Lumber or Pine Tree State, and they who live there are termed Foxes. Massachusetts is the Bay State. Michigan is the Lake State, or Wolverine State. Mississippi is the Bayou State, and its residents are recognized as Tadpoles. Marylanders are called Craw-thumpers. Minnesota residents are designated Gophers. Missourians have been stigmatised as Pukes, but they seldom apply the term to themselves. Nebraska settlers are termed Bug-eaters, for a very suggestive reason. Nevada, on account of its wild sage bushes, and the wilder hens that cluster in them, won for its oc- cupants the name of Sage Hens. New Jersey people are called Blues, or Clam Catchers. New Hampshire is the Granite State ; the natives thereof are Granite Boys. New York is proudly called the Empire State, and the Excelsior State. In honor of its historian, how- ever, the natives prefer to be known as Knicker- bockers. North Carolina is the Old North State, or Turpen- tine State, to those who prefer it ; and, for the same reason, its natives are either Tuckoes or Tar-boilers. Ohio is the Buckeye State, and its natives are termed Buckeyes. Oregon, though it now has a respectable and en- terprising population, was settled by “ hard cases,” whose descendants are called Web-feet. Pennsylvania is honorably designated the Key- stone State. After its founder, those who live in "it are Penamites ; or, after modern manners, Leather- heads. Rhode Island is lovingly called Little Rhody ; al- though the compliment is somewhat marred, when the term Gun-flints is applied to the sons of the said Island. South Carolina is the Palmetto State, and the natives are Weasels. Tennessee is the Big Bend State, and is the home of Whelps or Cotton-manies. Texas is poetically termed the Lone Star State. It is tenanted by Beetheads. Vermont, as its name implies, is the Green Mountain State, and Green Mountain Boys are to be found there. Virginia is, as a matter of course, the Old Domin- ion, the Mother of States, and also the Mother of Presidents. Notwithstanding all these proud desig- nations, no one but Beadles or Beagles live in it. Wisconsin is the Badger State, and is the home of Badgers. But, in addition to the peoples, States, and cities in. America, other important events, places and things are honored by having nicknames conferred upon them. The entire Continent itself is Old Stars and Stripes, Uncle Sam, the New World, or Columbia. The Amazon is the King of Rivers, although we think, with all due respect, that Queen would have been a more appropriate designation. Confederate soldiers were Johnny Rebs; and the revolting States in the civil war were classed to- gether as Secessia. Faneuil Hall, Boston, is the Cradle of Liberty. The Southern States, taken collectively, are Dixie. Negroes generally, are Cuffees, Quashes, or Sam- bos. And the grand insignia of all that is good and noble in the gospel of the world, according to Uncle Sam — that is, the Stars and Stripes itself — is affec- tionately and familiarly nicknamed Old Glory. A native American can not receive a higher com- pliment than to be styled Brother Jonathan ; and as the origin of this name is not generally known, we quote the following from Bartlett’s Dictionary of Americanisms: “In the course of the struggle for independence, General Washington fell short of ammunition. He took counsel with his staff, but failed to obtain any practical suggestion for relief. * We must consult Brother Jonathan,’ said he — meaning Jonathan Trumbull, the senior Gov- ernor of Connecticut. This was done and the diffi- culty was remedied. To ‘consult Brother Jona- than’ immediately became a set phrase, and the term has since grown until it has become, in the eyes of Americans, an equivalent to the John Bull of Old England.” Would you keep your rosy complexion, wear thick-soled shoes. Would you have others respect your opinions, hold and never disown them yourself. Would you have good health, go out in the sun- shine. Sickness is worse than freckles. Would you respect yourself, keep your heart and body clean. Would you retain the love of a friend, do not be selfishly exacting. Would you gain the confidence of business men, do not try to support the style of your employer. Would you never be told a lie, do not ask per- sonal questions. Would you sleep well and have a good appetite, attend to your own business. Would you have the respect of men, never permit yourself to indulge in vulgar conversation. 26 DO WHAT YOU OUGHT, LET WHAT WILL COME OI- IT. BETTER THAU BOLD. ETTER than gold is a thinking mind, That in the realm of books can find A treasure surpassing Australian ore, And live with the great and good of yore, The sage’s lore and the poet’s lay, The glories of empires passed away ; The world’s great drama will thus unfold, And yield a pleasure better than gold. Better than gold is a peaceful home, Where all the fireside charities come ; The shrine of love, and the heaven of life, Hallowed by mother, or sister, or wife. However humble this home may be, Or tried by sorrow with heaven’s decree, The blessings that never were bought or sold, And centre there, are better than gold. I GIVE ADVICE TO ALL, BUT BE SECURITY FOR NONE. 27 THE CHINESE AT HOME. j HE domestic and social life of the Chinese has, perhaps, more features in common with Western nations than that of other ' Oriental peoples. Although polygamy ex- ists among the wealthier classes, and their women generally live in seclusion, family life is much es- teemed and cultivated among them. The first wife has the full control of the household, while the con- cubines are little more than servants and house- maids. The Chinese illustrate the relation by com- paring the wife to the moon and the concubines to the stars, both of which, in their appropriate spheres, revolve around the sun. The utmost respect and obedience to the behests of their parents are en- joined upon the children. The betrothment of the children is entirely in the hands of the parents, and the obligation of the former to fulfil the contract made by the latter is enforced by law, even to the annulling of an agreement made by a son himself in ignorance of the arrangements of his parents. Cleanliness is not among the virtues of the Chinese, either in regard to their habitations or their per- sons. The poorest people do not change their garments until they are worn out. Their dress is neither so uniform nor so unchanging as is generally supposed. Fashions alter there as well as else- where, but not so rapidly as among European nations. If it were not for the shaven crown and braided tail of the men, and the crippled feet of the women, little fault could be found with their costume, combining as it does warmth and ease. The garments of the sexes differ more by their colors than by their shape and cut. The diet of the Chinese is sufficient in variety, wholesome, and well cooked, though many of their dishes would appear insipid to the taste of Europeans and Americans. The proportion of animal food is prob- ably smaller among them than among any other race in the same latitudes. Cooking is almost es- j teemed as a science in China, 'fhe Chinaman con- siders the Englishman’s mode of feeding the nearest | approach to that of the savages of Formosa; “ for,” j says he, “the Englishman does the chief work of the slaughter house upon his dinner table, and the principal work of the kitchen in his stomach.” THE COST OF ROYALTY. jfi#*HILE we grumble at the increase of our Presic ^ ent ’ s salary to $50,000 a year, it ma 3 r be some comfort to consider how < much lighter a burden it is to us than if we had a royal family saddled upon our backs. The regular annual allowance of Queen Victoria is $1,925,000, destined “for the support of Her Majesty’s household and of the honor and dignity of the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” A further perquisite of Her Majesty is the revenue of the Duchy of Lancaster, amounting to $210,000. And this is not all : the Prince of Wales receives an annuity of $200,000 in his own right, besides $50,000 in the name of the Princess, his wife, and the revenue of the Duchy of Cornwall, exceeding $300,000. Yet the precious scion of modern imper- ialism, after the manner of that prodigy of genius and. villiany, George the Fourth, has actually run in debt, and even threatened to appeal to Parlia- ment, to the dismay of the British mind. The annu- ities awarded to the children of the royal family are : Prince Alfred, (Duke of Edinburgh, second son)... $125, 000 Prince Arthur, (Duke of Connaught, third son) 75,000 Prince Leopold, fourth son 75,000 Princess Royal 40,000 Princess Alice, of Hesse 30,000 Princess Helena .*.. 30,000 Princess Louise 30,000 Princess Mary, (Teck) 25,000 Princess Augusta, (Queen’s cousin) 15,000 Duchess of Cambridge, (aunt of Her Majesty) 30,000 Duke George of Cambridge, (cousin of the Queen).. 60,000 The whole forms an aggregate of over half a mil- lion dollars. Then comes an endless retinue of chamberlains, stewards, grooms in waiting, gentle- men ushers, daily- waiters, sergeants-at-arms, ladies of the bed chamber, “bed chamber women,” an ex- aminer of plays, a poet laureate ( Con rhpetto par- lando), more maids and pages of honor, equerries and what not? a long list of royal appendages whose salaries amount in the aggregate to about $200,000. Last comes the “Person Servant, John Brown,” whose salary, like his duties, is undefined. THREE MILLION IDLERS. A Good Precept Well Told. — The following in- genious arrangement of a sentence is taken from the Carolina Sentinel , April 4, 1818. It may be read in over two thousand ways, without altering the original words, by beginning at the letter R, which will be found in the center of the diamond : e eve e v i v e e v i 1 i v e evi 1 & 1 i v e evi 1 & t & 1 ive ev i 1 & t n t & 1 ive evi l&tnent&live ev i l&tnepent&l ive ev i l&tnepepent&l ive evi l&tnepeRepent&l ive evi l&tnepepent&l ive e v i l&tnepent&l ive ev i l&tnen t & live e v i 1 & t n t & 1 ive evil&t&l ive e v i 1 & 1 i v e evi 1 ive e v i v e eve e Col. Yalliere, the head of the Swiss School of Ar- tillery, has published an exceedingly interesting es- say on the armies of Continental Europe. From this essay we learn that the entire armies, with re- serves, amount to 0,500,000 men, and of this num- ber he gives Germany 1,700,000; France, 1,500,000 ; Russia, 1,500,000 ; Austria, 900,000 ; and Italy, 750,- 000. About half of the soldiers here enumerated : are at all times under arms. The cost per man, j according to Col. Yalliere, is about $200 per year, or 1 say for the maintenance of 3,000,000 men, a* total of $000,000,000. Here are three millions of men taken from the industries, taught little but the use of arms, and supported by the working people of the country. What a fearful waste ! Is it any wonder that the people of Europe are poor, when five na- tions pay yearly $000,000,000 for the support of men in idleness; men who are not of the slightest use to those who support them ? How long will it be before the nations of Europe discover that they are paying altogether too dearly for the luxury of kings and courts, and of national glory ? When they do make the discovery there will soon be an end to grand armies, to gaudy generals, and corrupt or ambitious monarchs, and police will take the place of soldiers. Happy is the United States, with no rival nations on her borders compelling her to main- ; tain in idleness an army of 400,000 or 500,000 men. ; OLD HUNGERFORD BRIDGE. LONDON— ITS BRIDGES, FIRES, ETC. HERE are many bridges across the river Thames, on both sides of which the city of London is built, the above cut represent- ing one of them. The most frequented is London bridge, over 900 feet long, with a daily travel of 25,000 vehicles, and countless multitudes of people. To relieve it of the almost impassable crowds, tunnels have been constructed under the river, which are lighted with gas, and much used. This bridge was first begun in 1170, and finished in 1209. It had twenty massive arches, and was not a graceful structure, the present one was completed in 1831, which is 928 feet in length, and consists of five elliptical arches, the span of the central arch be- ing 152 feet. The bridge has been rebuilt several tunes, and the present one cost ten millions of dollars in gold ; so you may imagine how substantial it is. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth there were stores on each side, with arbors and gardens, and at the south end there was a queer wooden house, brought from Holland, which was covered with carving and gild- ing. In the middle ages it was the scene of affrays of all kinds, and it was burned down several times, three thousand persons perishing in one fire alone. The heads of rebels were stuck on the gate-houses, among others those of Jack Cade, and of Garnet, who was concerned in the gunpowder plot to blow up the houses of Parliament. The heads of good Sir Thomas More, brave 'Wallace of Scotland, and the pious Bishop of Rochester were also placed there, and until a comparatively recent date such ghastly trophies glanced down on the passers-by. They were fastened on iron spikes, and in a gale of wind they sometimes rolled to the ground or into the water. Three hundred and fifteen years ago the Lord Mayor of London was Sir William Hewet. Hewet lived in a house on the bridge, and had an infant daughter named Anne. The current of the Thames was then very strong, as there was a fall of several feet underneath the arches. One day a nurse was playing with baby Anne at a window overlooking the" river, and in a careless moment she let her little charge fall. A young apprentice named Osborne plunged into the boiling stream after her, and with great difficulty saved her, thus earning the life-long gratitude of his master, the Lord Mayor. Anne grew to be a beautiful woman, and as her father was very wealthy, many noblemen, including earls and baronets, sought her hand. But she loved Osborne the best, and to all other suitors her father said: “No; Osborne won her, and Osborne shall have her.” So he did, and he after- ward became the first Duke of Leeds. Hogarth and other celebrated painters once lived on London Bridge. Alexander Pope, the poet, and Jonathan Swift, who wrote “ Gulliver’s Travels, were often to be found at the store of a witty book- seller in the Northern Gate. Striking Features of the City. London covers, within a radius of fifteen miles of | Charing Cross, nearly 700 square miles, and num- bers within these boundaries 4,000,000 inhabitants. It contains more Jews than the whole of Palestine ; more Roman Catholics than Rome itself; more Irish than Dublin; more Scotchmen than Edm- ACCORDING TO YOUR PURSE, GOVERN YOUR MOUTH. 29 burgh. The port of London has every day on its waters 1,000 ships and 9,000 sailors. Upwards of 120 persons are added to the population daily, or 40.000 yearly, a birth taking place every five minutes, and a death every eight minutes. On an average, twenty-eight miles of streets are opened, and 9,000 new houses built every year. In its postal district there is a yearly delivery of 238,000,000 letters. On the police register there are the names of 120,000 habitual criminals, increasing by many thousands every year. More than one-third of all the crime of the country is committed in London, or at least brought to light there. There are as many beer shops and gin palaces as would, if their fronts were placed side by side, reach from Charing Cross to Portsmouth, a distance of seventy-three miles, and 38.000 drunkards are annually brought before its magistrates. The shops open on Sundays would form streets sixty miles long. It is estimated that there are above a million of the people who are practically heathen, wholly neglecting the ordinances of religion. At least 900 additional churches and chapels would be required for worship of its people. Increase of Fires. In 1833 the actual number of fires in London was 458. The population then was 1,710,059. This gives one fire to every 3,734 persons. In 1874 the fires were 1,573, in a population of 3,400,701, or at the rate of one fire to every 2,162 persons. The population of London in 1874 was not quite double that of 1833 ; but the fires in 1874 were more than three times as numerous as at the earlier date. Had the fires simply increased in the same ratio as the population, the number in 1874 would have been 911 instead of 1,573. The actual excess, there- fore, is fully 72 per cent. A further investigation of data shows that this disproportionate growth of the London fires is a persistent phenomenon during a considerable series of years. Apart from the success achieved in extinguishing them, there is a remark- able fact pervading the statistics— namely, that fires have a tendency to outstrip the population. The frequency of fires in London far exceeds any thing known in ordinary country towns. More- over, we have the statistics of London itself, show- ing that, when it had half its present population, it had less than one-third its present number of fires. The conclusion which appears warranted is this— that a population distributed over a number of sep- arate towns is less liable to outbreaks of fire than the same population brought together within the compass of one town. In order to explain this so- cial phenomenon, we may allude to the greater den- sity of population in large towns as compared with small ones ; though, on the other hand, this very density would seem to afford means of protection by rendering it less likely for a fire to pass beyond the incipient stage without being detected. On the whole we are warranted in concluding that there are circumstances connected with the furnishing of houses, the storage of goods in ware- houses and elsewhere, and the general hurry and pressure of metropolitan life, which involve con- tingencies more favorable to the occurrence of fires than are likely to be found in many country towns. The fact that fires increase more rapidly than the population creates a danger in large and growing communities, lest the arrangements for extinguish- ing fire should not keep pace with the real necessity. There is also the circumstance that large cities have large buildings, so that fires in such localities are likely to be not only numerous but extensive. Ex- amples of this kind are not wanting in London, and the peril is increased by the enormous height to which buildings are carried where ground is costly. “THE BLUE AND THE BRAY" By the flow of the inland river, Whence the fleets of iron have fled, Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver, Asleep are the ranks of the dead ; Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Under the one the Blue; Under the other the Gray. These in the robings of glory, Those in the gloom of defeat. All with the battle-blood gory, In the dusk of eternity meet ; Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Under the laurel the Blue ; Under the willow the Gray. From the silence of sorrowful hours The desolate mourners go, Lovingly laden with flowers Alike for the friend and the foe ; Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Under the roses the Blue ; Under the lilies the Gray. So with an equal splendor The morning sun-rays fall, With a touch, impartially tender, On the blossoms, blooming for all ; Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Broidered with gold the Blue ; Mellowed with gold the Gray. So when the summer calleth On forest and field of grain, With an equal murmur falleth The cooling drop of the rain ; Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Wet with the rain the Blue ; Wet with the rain the Gray. Sadly, but not with upbraiding, The generous deed was done ; In the storm of the years that are fading, No braver battle was won ; Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Under the blossoms the Blue ; Under the garland the Gray. No more shall the war-cry sever, Or the winding rivers be red ; They banish our anger forever When they laurel the graves of our dead : Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day ; Love and tears for the Blue ; Tears and love for the Gray. A True Gentleman. — Show us a man who can quit the society of the young, and take pleasure in listening to the kindly voice of the old ; show us a man who is always ready to pity and help the de- formed ; show us a man that covers the faults of others with a mantle of charity; show us a man that bows as politely and gives the street as freely to the poor sewing girl as to the millionaire ; show I us a man who abhors the libertine, who scorns the j slanderer of his mother’s sex and the exposure of j womanly reputation ; show us the man who never forgets the delicacy and respect due a woman in any ' condition — and you show us a true gentleman. GRANDPA UNDER THE MISTLETOE. THE MISTLETOE BOUOH. oP |®U&HE mistletoe is a parasitical plant, belong- ing to a genus embracing seventy-six spe- cies. It is an evergreen, and obtains its ' 1 growth from seeds implanted in the bark of various trees, generally the elm in this country. It bears a white berry, that secretes a slimy juice, from which bird-lime is made ; and from these ber- ries, when eaten hy birds, its seeds are carried and deposited by accident, where they take root and penetrate through the moist inner bark of trees, and thus derive their nourishment. In England the mistletoe is familiarly known on account of the various social customs, traditions and superstitions connected with it. Our picture repre- sents the custom, now more generally observed in the old country than any other, of kissing under a branch of this evergreen during the Christmas fes- tivities It is based on the legend that this was the forbidden tree in the Garden of Eden. In the feudal ages it was gathered with great solemnity on Chistmas eve, and hung up in the great halls with shouts and rejoicings. As a medicine, the plant was once considered valuable in the treatment of epilepsy, and the Ro- mans prized it as an antidote to poisons. An old English legend has been immortalized in a ballad by Thomas Haynes Bayley, that will appro- priately close this brief article : LEARNING MAKES A MAN FIT COMPANY FOR HIMSELF. 31 i. The mistletoe hung in the castle hall, The holly-branch shone on the old oak wall ; The baron’s retainers were blithe and gay, And keeping their Christmas holiday. The baron beheld, with a father’s pride, His beautiful child, young Lovell’s bride ; While she, with her bright eyes, seemed to be The star of the goodly company. II. “ I’m weary of dancing, now,” she cried ; “ Here tarry a moment— I’ll hide, I’ll hide ! And, Lovell, be sure tliou’rt first to trace The clue to my secret lurking place.” Away she ran— and her friends began Each tower to search, and each nook to scan ; And young Lovell cried, “ O where dost thou hide? I’m lonesome without thee, my own dear bride ! ” III. They sought her that night, and they sought her next day : And they sought her in vain when a week passed away ! In the highest, the lowest, loneliest spot, Young Lovell sought wildly, but found her not. And years flew by, and their grief at last Was told as a sorrowful tale long past ; And when Lovell appeared the children cried : “ See ! the old man weeps for his fairy bride !” At length an oak chest, that had long lain hid, Was found in the castle. They raised the lid, And a skeleton form lay mouldering there In the bridal wreath of that lady fair ! O, sad was her fate !— in sportive jest She hid from her lord in the old oak chest. It closed with a spring; and, dreadful doom ! The bride lay clasped in her living tomb. HOW RICH MEN BEGIN LIFE. Cornelius Vanderbilt began his life with an old pirouge, running between Staten Island and New York City, carrying garden stuff to market. With j $2,000 or $3,000 raised from this source, he entered I upon steadily increasing enterprises, until he had | amassed the enormous sum of $50,000,000. A. T. Stewart first bought a few laces at auction, and opened his way to success in a dingy little shop in Broadway, near the site of his wholesale estab- lishment. Years of rigid honesty, shrewd manage- ment, and wisdom in things both great and small, have made him the monumental merchant of the nineteenth century. Daniel Drew, in his early life, was a cattle driver at the munificent sum of 75 cents a day, and he has now driven himself into an estate valued at from $25,000,000 to $30,000,000. George Law, at 45 years of age, was a common day laborer on the docks, and at present counts his for- tune at something like $10,000,000. Robert L. and Alexander Stuart, the sugar refin- ers, in their boyhood sold molasses candy, which their widowed mother had made, at a cent a stick, and to-day they are worth probably $5,000,000 to $6,- 000,000 apiece. Marshall O. Roberts is the possessor of $4,000,000 or $5,000,000; and yet until he was twenty-five he did not have $100 he 'could call his own. H. B. Claflin, the eminent dry goods merchant, worth, it is estimated, from $10,000,000 to $15,000,- 000, commenced the world with nothing but energy, determination and hope. NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENTS. 'jmggto those who have a desire to spread their MIR thoughts before the public in the columns ot a newspaper, it might be profitable to ma k e a f ew suggestions, which, probably, may be of some benefit to them : Let your communication be short. Don’t commence a sentence by telling that you are about to say something ; say it at once and be done with it, without preliminaries. Never divide by saying firstly, secondly, and so on, like a long-winded sermon. Let the reader divide. Go on with the thought, without formalities. Don’t try to be witty or humorous, lest you say something flat or silly. This requires a natural facultv, and about one writer in a thousand succeeds. Look well to your spelling, your grammar and punctuation. It saves the printer labor. Know liow, before writing. Writing and talking are different, and you must know in what it consists. To repeat when you write, as you talk, is tiresome. Use no foreign phrase, unless you fully under- stand that language. When you use a quotation, be sure it is applicable. Quote very little Scripture, and when you do, be sure not to take a whole chapter, lest no one can see the point without too much study. Don’t try to be original on abstract subjects; you’ll fail. Some facts are original, and the manner of telling them, but not a saying or expression. Don’t fill up with stale jokes, as if no one had ever heard them. Don’t be personal in a general communication. You’ll lose time : the editor may refuse the whole. Don’t be profane or vulgar. It reflects on yourself. Don’t give a neighborhood story that will not amuse strangers. They may not “see it” like you. Never attempt to be sublime, without a certainty, for there is only one step from that to the ridicu- lous, if you fail. Say nothing about the tender feeling between a “ certain young man and woman” of your neighbor- hood, lest it appear “soft” in you. Never attempt to use sarcasm or ridicule, unless you are certain to win. They are dangerous weap- ons, and may go back on you. Never steal from other writers. The style will ex- pose you if nothing else. Be" careful in quoting poetry. Let it come in natural and be to the point, that you may not be considered pedantic. Some with ideas write and fail — some without write and succeed. Study yourself and go for success. INTELLIGENCE OF NATIONS. The total population of the United States in 1870 was about thirty-eight millions, of which 5,650,074, or about one-seventh, are illiterate. Total popula- tion of France, 36,000,000, of which over thirty per cent, are unable to read or write, and nearly 11 per cent, can read only, leaving 58 29-100 of the people whom we may call educated. In Spain, in 1860, the total population was 16,301,851, of which num- ber 705,760 could read but not write, and 11,800,000 could neither read nor write, which leaves only about twenty-five per cent, of the population who may be called educated. In Italy, with a popula- tion of 26,000,000, there is a general average of 64 29-100 adults in every hundred who had not the simplest rudiments of an education. The Austrian and Hungarian empire has a population of 35,000,- 000, of which 50 per cent, is the estimate of illiteracy. WHAT SOBERNESS CONCEALS DRUNKENNESS REVEALS. INDEPENDENT JOURNALISM. HOW ARE YOU? IS getting to be quite a common thing for lewspapers to declare themselves indepen- lent of any and all political ties, and seem- ngly elevate themselves above everyone else, and wield an imaginary scepter to the excoria- tion of both friends and foes. “ Independent jour- nalism” has a ring to it which smacks of mystery, awe, and vague superiority, theoretically applied, but the practical test of the matter proves it to be a fraud. There has never existed, since the world has become an established fact, a man who has no preference for one of two things; and as men usu- ally edit newspapers, it is safe to presume that, were they following the dictates of their conscience, the papers would proclaim the preference of their edi- tors for some political organization. Under the ex- isting circumstances, it seems to us very strange that a well-balanced newspaper can see nothing in the principles of the two political parties of this country worthy of its undivided efforts to maintain. If a journal has Democratic proclivities, it certainly should not be ashamed to say so ; and work for the success of them. If a journal sees more to admire in the principles laid down by the Republican party, it most certainly should declare itself an ad- vocate for the supremacy of those tenets. The two organizations are radically opposed to each other, and are engaged in active measures for the sover- eignty of the respective platforms laid down by each. Being so clearly committed against each other, there is, in our estimation, no chance for a half-way doctrine. If a journal hangs around the edges of the battle-ground, giving first one a lift and then the other, interspersing an occasional blow, it is declared and recognized as a guerilla, and as this class of newspapers are generally too cowardly to achieve a victory or defeat, the strongest party which corners them first will receive the help until another chance is offered to “ go it alone.” There is no room for spectators, or luke-warm soldiers in the battle which is being fought between the two political armies. The main excuse for assuming this inde- pendent garb, as given by the ones who thus slough off, is (that both parties are too corrupt for honest support. For argument’s sake, let us admit this as true. And what follows ? Only this, that the jour- nal thus seceding is too cowardly to fight the wrong face to face, and seeks refuge behind the breast- works of “ independence.” Does it not require far more courage to find and correct the errors of a friend than those of a foe ? Most assuredly it does. Hence we say that the journal which conscientiously and faithfully works for what it deems to be right, through the medium of its party, assailing wrong Avherever found, and upholding right, is one of far more independence than that one which will first notice the evil, and then declare itself unable to combat it, by reason of the regard it has for its friends, and ignominiously leave its friends to their fate, and go around the dilemma in search of a less responsible position. 'NVhat if there is corruption in your own party. Have the independence to grapple with it where it stands ; don’t get off a little ways and whine about it. What do you gain by this dignified withdrawal into the “ independent ” fold ? It don’t remedy the evil, and you don’t join any other party. This class of journals fill a very unimportant place in the world, as they are politi- cal, and sometimes social, outlaws. Recognizing efficiency in an opposite party is better sometimes than loyalty to inefficiency ; and such useless me- diums of society that have an eye to neither efficiency nor loyalty, are not worthy of the support of any party. TIONAL forms of salutation are true in- lices of national character. The whole li story of a race may be found in the anguage of its greetings. Words and phrases are the offspring of previously existing ef- fects, thoughts and circumstances, and their pater- nity is readily traced. Thus, among all savage and warlike people, a common salutation conveys a wish or a prayer that the person saluted may enjoy peace — the greatest good of individuals and of nations, and the boon most frequently withheld in that phase of life. Throughout the Bible this is the most invariable blessing — Shalum ! And the wandering Bedouins of the desert have to this day the same form of salu- tation. Another phrase of theirs— “ If God wills, thou art well ’’—betrays the fatalism of Islam. “ Peace be upon thee,” says the fluent and facile Persian ; “ I make prayers for thy greatness ; ” “ May thy shadow never be less.” This last form smacks of the sunlands and summer. Such a salu- tation would make us Northmen shiver ; it shows too great a respect for fat— for a dignified, alderman- ic rotundity. The Greeks, a joyful people, full of a life of ac- j tion, expressed their salutation in a single word— | “ rejoice.” The commercial and enterprising Genoese of the ! Middle Ages used to say, “ Saneta e guedagna” — ] “ Health and gain ’’—than which no phrase could | be more characteristic. In a similar spirit the swag-bellied Hollander ac- j costs you with “ Hoe varls-ge ”— “ How are you ? ” The easy, phlegmatic German says, “ Lieben sie l wold ? ” — “ Live thou well ? ” ' The Frenchman’s “ Comment vous portez vous ? ” — “ How do you carry yourself ? ’’—reveals the whole j soul of the French character. How is the formula, and not what; and then the portez rom — how well it expresses the eager restlessness and vivacious man- ners of the nation. John Bull and Uncle Sam, in a hearty but busi- ness-like tone, greet you with “How are you?,” “ How do you do ? ” What more could be asked of the great, potential, Anglo-Saxon, us? To do, of course ; that is the whole of our life — to do — this embraces health, wealth, happiness, all— and here it all is in three words — “ How are you ? ” VIRTUE IN WHISTLING. An old farmer once said to us that he would not have a hired man on his farm who did not habitu- ally whistle. He always hired whistlers. Said he never knew a whistling laborer to find fault with his food, his bed, or complain of any little extra work he was asked to perform. Such a man was generally kind to children and to animals in his care. He would whistle a chilled lamb into warmth and life, and would bring in a hatful of eggs from the barn without breaking one of them. He found such a man more careful about closing gates, putting up bars, and seeing that the nuts on his plow were all properly tightened before he took it into the field. He never knew a whistling hired man to kick or beat a cow, nor drive her on a run-in, as to the battle. He had noticed that sheep he fed in the yard and shed gathered around him as he whis- tled without fear. He never had employed a whist- ler who was not thoughtful and economical. It affords a means of one so entertaining himself that he need never be without company when he can whistle. GOLDEN DREAMS MAKE MEN AWAKE HUNGRY. 33 THE FIRST OF APRIL. Romans gave this month the name *of rilis, from aperire , to open, because it s the season when the buds began to m ; by the Anglo-Saxons it was called Coster, or Easter month ; and by the Dutch, Grass 1 month. The custom of sending one on a bootless errand j on the first day of this month, is perhaps a I travestie of the sending hither and thither of the Saviour, from Annas to Caiaphas, and from Pilate to Plerod, because, during the Middle Ages, this scene in Christ’s life was made the subject of a miracle-play at Easter, which occurs in the month of April. It is possible, however, that it may be a relic of some old heathen festival. The custom, whatever be its origin, of playing off little tricks on this day, by which ridicule may be fixed upon unguarded individuals, appears to be universal throughout Europe, as well as in America. In France, one thus imposed upon is called un poisson d’avril (an April-fish). In England, such a person is called an April fool ; in Scotland, a gowk. Gowk is the Scotch for cuckoo, and also signifies a foolish person. The favorite jest in Britain is to send one upon an errand for something grossly nonsensical — as for pigeon’s milk, or the history of Adam’s grandfather ; or to make appointments which are not to be kept ; or to call a passer-by that his shoe- strings are loose, or that there is a spot of mud upon his face. When he falls into the snare, the term April fool or gowk is applied with a shout of laughter. It is curious that the Hindus practice precisely similar tricks on the 31st of March, when they hold what is called the Huli Festival. JOSH BILLINGS WANTS TO KNOW . Why a turkey’s egg is speckled and a duck’s egg blue. Whether a log floats faster in the river than the current runs, or not. Why a goose stands first on one foot and then on t’other. Why rabbits have a short tale and cats have a long one. Why most all the birds bmld their nests out of different material. Why lightning was never known to strike a beech tree. Why the males among the feathered race do all the singing. Why the blak snaik iz the only snaik in this coun- try that kan climb a tree. Why a muskrat’s tale has no fur on it and a mink’s has. Why a quail’s egg is round, and a hen’s egg is pointed. Why a bear always climbs down a tree backwards. Why a mule’s bones are all solid, and their ears twise az long az a horse’s. Why a dog alwuss turns round three times before he sets down. Why a horse always gets oph from the ground on his forward feet last. Why, when a man gets lost in the woods or on the plains, he alwuss walks in a sirkle. Why a pig gathers straws in his mouth and runs about with them just before a rainstorm. Where the flys all go when the cold weather sets in, and where they’ll all cum from so suddenly next summer. Why a hen alwuss knows her little ones from another’s, and why she will hatch twelve duck eggs and think they are her own chickens. 3 YEARS OF COLD IN EUROPE. In 379 a. d., the Euxine was frozen over. In 508 the rivers of England were frozen for two months. In 558 the Black Sea was covered with ice for twenty days, and in 763 the ice was eight or nine feet thick. In 821 the Elbe, the Danube and the Seine were frozen during four weeks. In 1323 the Mediterranean was entirely frozen. In 1305 Tamerlane made an incursion into China, and lost his men, horses and camels by the exces- sive cold. In 1420 Paris experienced so great cold that the city was depopulated, and animals fed on corpses in the streets. In 1 843, at Paris, snow fell during forty days and forty nights incessantly. In 1469, in France and Germany, wine was frozen so hard that it was cut in blocks and sold by weight. In 1570 the intense cold lasted three months, and all the fruit trees of Provence and Languedoc were destroyed. In 1607 provisions and fuel became so scarce on account of cold in Paris, that a small bunch of kind- ling brush cost forty cents. The cattle froze in their stalls, and the Seine could be crossed by heavy carts. The year of 1709 was one of intense cold all over Europe, and mass could not be said for many weeks in certain provinces, because the wine could not be kept in a fluid state. In 1735, in Chinese Tartary, the thermometer fell 97° below zero — Fahrenheit. 1740 was a winter of such rigor in Russia that an ice palace was constructed at St. Petersburg fifty-one feet long and seventeen feet wide. Six ice cannons were mounted on the walls, and two mortars for bombs. The cannon held balls of six pounds weight, were charged with powder, and discharged, so that the ball pierced a board two inches thick at a dis- tance of sixty feet. The cannon did not burst, though its walls were less than ten inches in thick- ness. 1765 was a year of intense cold, also 1788. Since that year the intense cold has never been so great in Paris until the year 1871, when, for the first time in a century, Jack Frost came again to the tune of 21° below zero centigrade. INDIANA LIQUOR LAW. The new license law of Indiana requires each saloon keeper to gh r e bonds of $2,000 to keep an orderly house, and pay all damages arising under the act. No liquor can be sold on Sunday, nor on election dav, nor on a holiday. No liquor can be sold to a person who is in the habit of becoming in- toxicated, or after notice served by his friends for- bidding the sale to him. Public drunkenness is made a misdemeanor ; selling without a license is punishable by fine and imprisonment ; selling to a minor is made a penal offense, and the minor who misrepresents his age is also to be punished ; the adulteration of liquor or selling such liquor is pro- hibited ; if a saloon is kept in a disorderly manner, it shall be deemed a common nuisance and be closed ; saloon keepers are made “ personally liable, and also liable on their bond, to any person who may sustain any injury or damage to their person or property or means of support, on account of the use of such intoxicating liquor sold to them by said saloon keeper.” 34 EXPERIENCE IS TIIE GREAT BAFFLER OK SPECULATION. SPORTS OF THE HAW ASIANS. HE visit of the King of the Hawaiians (Kalakaua) to the United States during «§> the past year excited in Americans con- 1 siderable interest in the history and pres- ent condition of these until recently savage people. From the re- presentati’n of their sports in our picture, it is evident they are hardly yet civiliz’d. Their nakedness i s accounted for by the warm and even tem- perature of their climate, w’ich requires little if any clothing. In 1779, when the unfor tunate navigat’r, Capt Cook, spent some time with them, and n amed their region the Sandwich Islands, they were estimat’d at 400,000; but owing to the diseases and habits intro- duced by the civilized na- tions, their numbers have been reduced to 56,899. While they are rapidly de- creasing, for- eigners are slowly increas- ing, tempted there by the genial climate and the oppor- tunity to earn a living easily. The use of clothing, it is thought, has contributed to their great mortality. The natives were original- 1 y cannibals, cooking and eating their enemies that they slew in battle or took prisoners. For a hundred years past, however, the influence of Christian civ- ilization has been greatly changing their brutish habits. They now cultivate the soil with considerable skill, manu- facture sugar, molasses and salt, and work in iron and other metals. Their commerce with California amounts to about $20,000,000, and their importations from the United States exceed $1,000,000, chiefly in manufactured goods. EVERY THING HAS ITS TIME, AND THAT TIME MUST BE WATCHED. 35 SECRECY OF INVENTIONS. CENTURY ago what a man discovered in the arts he concealed. W orkmen were put upon oath never to reveal the process used by their employers. Doors were kept closed, visitors rigorously excluded from ad- mission, and false operations blinded workmen themselves. The mysteries of every craft were hedged in by thick set fences of empirical preten- tions and judicial affirmation. The royal manufac- i tories of porcelain, for example, were carried on in Europe with a spirit of zealous exclusiveness. His Majesty of Saxony was especially circumspect. Not content with the oath of secrecy imposed upon his people, he would not abate his kingly suspicion in favor of a brother monarch. Neither king nor king’s delegate might enter the tabooed walls of Meissen. What is erroneously called the Dresden porcelain — that exquisite pottery of which the world has never seen the like — was manufactured for 200 years by a process so secret that neither the bribery of princes nor the garrulity of the operatives ever revealed it. Other discoveries have been less suc- cessfully guarded, fortunately for the world. The manufacture of tinware in Europe originated in a stolen secret. Few readers need to be informed that tinware is simply thin iron, plated with tin by being dipped into the molten metal. In theory, it is an easy matter to clean the surface of iron ;• dip it into a bath of the boiling tin, and remove it envel- oped with the silvery metal to a place for cooling. In practice, however, the process is one of the most difficult in the arts. It was discovered in Holland, and guarded from publicity with the utmost vigil- ance for nearly half a century. England tried in vain to discover the secret, until James Sherman, a Cornish miner, crossed the channel, insinuated himself master of the secret, and brought it home. The secret of manufacturing cast steel was also stealthily obtained, and is now within the reach of all manufacturers whose business requires it. POINTS OF PALMISTRY. BUSINESS LAW. The following brief compilation of business law is worth a careful preservation, as it contains the es- sence of a large amount of legal verbiage, which, probably, might obviate other measures : It is not necessary to say on a note, “ for value received.” Contracts made on Sunday can not be enforced. A note made by a minor is void. A contract made with a minor is also void. A contract made with a lunatic is void. A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxication, can not be collected. If a note is lost or stolen, it does not release the maker; he must pay it, if the consideration for which it was given and the amount can be proven. An endorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served with a notice of dishonor within twenty- four hours of its non-payment. Notes bear interest only when it is so stated. Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. Each individual in partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to conceal fraud. The law compels no one to do impossibilities. An agreement without a consideration is void. Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. A receipt for money is not always conclusive. The acts of one partner bind all the rest. V his volume on the Mysteries of the Hand , M. Desbarrolles divides hands into three sorts — the first sort having fingers with pointed tops; the second, fingers with square tops ; the third, fingers with spade-shaped tops — by “ spade-shape ” is meant fingers that are thick at the end, having a little pad of flesh at each side of the nail. The first type of fingers belongs to char- acters possessed of rapid insight into things: to extra-sensitive people ; to pious people, whose piety is of the contemplative kind; to the impulsive; and to all poets and artists in whom ideality is a prominent trait. The second type belongs to scien- tific people; to sensible, self-contained characters; to most of our professional men, who steer between the wholly practical course that they of the spade- shaped fingers take and the too visionary bent of the people with pointed fingers. The third type pertains to those whose instincts are material ; to the people who have a genius for commerce, and a high appreciation of everything that tends to bodily ease and comfort ; also to people of great activity. Each finger, no matter what the kind of hand, has one joint representing each of these. Thus, the division of the finger which is nearest the palm stands for the body (and corresponds with the spade- shaped type), the middle division represents mind (the square-topped), the top, ‘soul (the pointed). If the top joint of the finger be long, it denotes a character with much imagination or ideality, ahd a leaning towards the theoretical rather than the practical. The middle part of the finger, if large, promises a logical, calculating mind — a common- sense person. The remaining joint, if long and thick, denotes a nature that clings more to the lux- uries than to the refinements of life. DON’T DO IT. Don’t shudder at the idea of cremation. It makes but little difference where one is buried. Don’t grumble about your lot. Many a man has not even a leasehold: Don’t boast of your virtues. You might tempt the devil to invoice your vices. Don’t try to comb your hair over your ears. You can’t blanket a mule with a corn tassel. Don’t flatter yourself that you are bound for Heaven. “ Heaven is not reached by a single bound.” Don’t marry in haste and “ repent at leisure.” It may require more leisure than you have at your disposal. Don’t grieve over what “might have been.” You might have been a Councilman. Don’t strive for the unattainable. Better get a job in the brickyard. Don’t “ rest on your laurels.” Try something more substantial ; a corn-husk mattress, for instance. Don’t talk flippantly about the Bridge of Sighs. Some one might ask you about the size of the bridge. Don’t throw stones at your neighbor. The world might very naturally inquire if you are without sin. The ability to procure luxuries often whets the ap- petite for them, until persons who are brought up in the most extreme simplicity and frugality become perfect Sybarites in their devotion to pleasures. Amongst all classes of society we see extravagance keeping pace with prosperity, and indeed outstrip- ping it; realizing Archbishop Wh'ately’s paradox that “ the larger the income the harder it is to live within it.” 36 GENTILITY WITHOUT ABILITY IS WORSE THAN PLAIN BEGGARY. MEMORIAL HALL. CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION. HE Illustrated Hand - Book for 1870 would be incomplete without a pretty full account of the national demonstration that is to take place on the hundredth anni- versary of the Declaration of Independence. We, therefore, give the following sketch and accompany- ing illustrations : As early as March 3, 1871, a bill was passed by the United States Congress, providing for the ap- pointment of a Centennial Commission of one mem- ber from each State and Territory, whose duty it should be to prepare, and superintend the execu- tion of, a plan for holding an International Ex- hibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the city of Philadelphia, in com- memoration of the hundredth anniversary of our existence as a nation. The Commissioners were to be, and have been, nominated by the Governors of the several States and Territories, and their ap- pointments confirmed by the President of the United States. The Commissioners serve without compensation, and the Government of the United States is not liable for any expenses incurred. The various States of the Union have voted large amounts —in the aggregate over $5,000,000— to assist in pre- paring the grounds and buildings for the Exhibition. Having at their disposal the magnificent Fair- mount Park, with its 3,000 acres — 450 of which were set apart by the City of Philadelphia for the purposes of the Exhi- bition — the Commis- sioners are enabled to provide for a more comprehensive and varied exhibition than has ever yet been col- lected. They have classified the articles to be exhibited in sev- en departments, which will be located in ap- appropriate buildings, whose several areas are as follows : Main Building, com- prising the depart- ments of Mining and Metallurgy, M a n u factures, Education and Science, covers 21.47 acres; Art Gallery, 1.5 acres ; Machine- ry Building, 14 acres ; Agricul- tural Building, 10 acres; Horti- cultural Build- ing, 1.5 acres; making a total of 48.47 acres. These build- ings are grouped within con- venient dis- tances, in the southe rnmost portion of the “ West Park ” — the section of Fairmo’nt Park, that is, which borders the western bank of the Schuylkill river. Most imposing and ornate of the structures is the Memorial Hall, built, at a cost of $1,500,000, by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia. This is placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission, to be used during the Exhibition as the Art Gallery, after which it is designed to make it the receptacle of an industrial and art collection similar to the famous South Kensington Museum at London. The building — which would seem large elsewhere, but is dwarfed here by the mammoth , structures on every side— is 365 feet in length by ' 210 in width, and is massively constructed, with granite, iron, brick and glass, as its only materials, j The Main Building, or Industrial Hall, necessari- ly covers more ground than any other. It is 1,876 feet long and 464 wide, and is supported bv 672 iron columns, resting upon stone piers. A better idea of the size of this building than % is given by a statement of length and breadth or acreage of floor- space can, perhaps, be derived from the statements that it contains 2£ miles of water pipe and as many of drains, with 10 miles of principal passage ways; that, against its completion, 3,928 tons of iron will have been rolled and fitted ; 237,646 square feet of glass made and set; and 1,075,000 square feet of tin roof-sheeting welded and spread. The Machinery Hall, which, from some points of view, seems a continuation of the Main Building, is second only to it in size, being 1,402 by 360 feet, with an annex on the south side for a tank and main exhibition building. A POOR MAN WANTS SOME THINGS, A COVETOUS MAN ALL THINGS. 37 hydraulic machine- ry of 208 by 210 feet — aggregating, in all, 14 acres of floor- space. This, like the Main Building, is traversed length- wise by railroad tracks along the main aisles, so that all cumbrous articles may be lifted at once, without hand- ling, from the car that brings them to the spot which they are to occupy. Eight lines of shafting will transmit the power from an enormous engine of 1,400 horse-power. The Horticultural Building— 383 feet by 193— is built by appropriations by the city of Philadelphia, and, like the Memorial Hall, will remain as a per- manent ornament of the Park. It is designed in the Moorish architecture of the twelfth century, and is very richly decorated and colored. The Agricultural Building is another monster structure, covering 10 acres. Its construction is peculiar, showing a lofty nave, formed of Howe trusses, meeting in a Gothic arch, and this crossed by three transcepts of similar proportions. Its in- terior appearance will resemble that of a great cathedral, and the vistas seen in looking from tran- scept to transcept will be extremely imposing. A portion of this building will be supplied with steam power for the use of agricultural machinery. Having thus noted the five principal buildings of the Exhibition proper, it will be convenient to re- turn to the main entrance to the grounds, and take up in order such of the minor buildings as can now be definitely described. This main entrance is in the interval between the Main and Machinery Buildings, and is approached by a covered bridge, crossing Elm avenue from the terminus of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, where visitors from every part of the Union will be landed, only a street’s breadth from the Exhibition. On either side of the en- trance are buildings containing some twenty-five MACHINERY HALL. rooms each, which are devoted to the ' use of the executive officers, those of the custom house, post office, police, telegraph operators, etc. ; and these buildings are to be connected by a spacious veran- dah, so that, in passing between the neighboring buildings and the depot, one need not at any time go from under cover. Next in the rear of this will be the building, an acre in size, which is to accommodate the Women’s Exhibition, the funds for the erection of which are being rapidly contributed by the women of the country — more than half of the requisite $30,000 having been subscribed within a fortnight of the announcement that the building was determined upon. AVest of this, and on the lower slqpe of George’s Hill, will be another structure, rivaling some of the Exhibition buildings in size and in- terest. This is to contain the collection, provided for by an executive order of the President, of “ such articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective Exhibition, illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the Government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the nature of our in- stitutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people.” The last Congress provided for the ex- penses of this Exhibition by an appropriation of $505,000, and its preparation has been entrusted to officers .representing the AA'ar, Treasury, Navy, Interior, Post Office, and Agricultural Departments, and Smith- sonian Insti- tute. Among the many decora- t i v e objects which will beautify the Park are par- terres of flow- ers, orna- mental bridges, the lakes, cas- cades, fount- ains and stat- uary. To- ward the lat- t e r , several national and other associa- tions make superb con- t r i b u t i ons. The Catholic Total Absti- nence Associ- ation g i v e a fountain, rep- HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 38 A TOO QUICK RETURN OF AN OBLIGATION IS A SORT OF INGRATITUDE. AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. resenting Moses smiting the rock ; the Jews, a statue of Religious Freedom ; the Presbyterians, one of Dr. Witherspoon, the only clergyman who signed Jthc Declaration of Independence ; the Italians, one of Christopher Columbus ; the Germans, Alexander Von Humboldt; and the architect of the new Phil- adelphia Public Building, the colossal figure of William Penn, which is ultimately to crown its dome. Extensive as the buildings are, it yet seems as if they would be crowded to their utmost capacity. The Exhibition will result in great benefit to the whole country. It will conquer prejudices; it will diffuse useful information ; it will stimulate invent- ion and enterprise ; it will enlarge the ideas and improve the manners of the people ; and the “ fine, sweet spirit of our American nationality,” it will make finer and sweeter and more lovely, both in our own eyes and in the eyes of the world. same time; therefore, the top of the mon- ument moves faster than the base, and conse- quently has a greater tenden- cy to throw a a body forward than has the base. Now, as we find the peb- ble always fall- ing east of the point fro m which it fell, we can account for it only by sup- posing that the earth turns on its axis from the which it certainly does. Again, from a high latitude to the that it is too slow; but if WONDERS OF OUR OLOBE. jHAT such a huge body as our globe should completely turn around on its axis every twenty-four hours, causing our heads to point in the direction of our feet, turning all the wells and rivers and seas and oceans bottom side up, and placing the foundations of all the buildings where their roofs ought to be — that all this should take place every few hours was once deemed so absurd that those teaching it were re- garded as beside themselves, and as guilty of sub- verting the divine oracles of God. Galileo, the astronomer, was most cruelly persecuted by the Pope of Rome for doing this, and was compelled, upon the pain of death, to deny his own teachings. But all this is now clearly proven. And yet many are wholly unacquainted with the proofs. We notice but briefly the more common proofs of the apparent revolutions of the sun, moon and stars, around the earth, simply remarking that it is pre- posterous to suppose that these millions of .im- mense bodies, at such immense and various dis- tances, should all have their periods of revolution so exactly timed as to simultaneously revolve around our comparatively insignificant globe. If we ascend to the top of a lofty place, as that of Bunker Hill, and drop from its summit a pebble, it will not fall to a point exactly beneath our hand, but a little to the east of it. How is this explained? Only by the revolution of the earth on its axis. The top of the monument being farther from the center of the earth than the base, it describes a larger circle than the base, but it describes it in the west to the east if we take a clock equator, we shall find returned to the high latitude, it will again keep good time. This can be explained only by attributing it to the same cause of increased rapidity of motion. The clock at the equator is farther from the earth’s axis than when nearer the pole, and there describes a much larger circle than it did in its northern home. But it describes it in the same time , and hence must travel faster than before. Now, this more rapid motion will tend to throw it from the surface with more force ; and hence the attractive power of the earth is somewhat overcome, and the weight of the pendulum is decreased , and thus moves slower — a clock from London losing one hundred and thirty- five vibrations in twenty-four hours. So we find all bodies weigh less at the equator than in the higher latitudes, always losing one pound for every two hundred and ninety pounds — and this because, at the equator, they describe a circle of twenty-five thousand miles circumference in twenty-four hours, while in higher latitudes the circles vary according to their distance from the equator, and at the poles describe none at all, being perfectly stationary. Did our globe revolve on its axis in eighty-four minutes, bodies at the equator would have no weight, and if it revolved in less time, then they would be hurled out into space, just as water is thrown from the tire of a carriage wheel when re- volving rapidly. How happens it that we have such an exact adjustment of these opposing forces that bodies are retained upon the earth’s surface, and safety guar- anteed to us all. Is this the result of chance ? And so that most remarkable fact that the at- tractive power of the earth is so exactly adapted to animal’s strength. Thus the earth’s attraction of the elephant is far greater than its attraction of a rabbit, and its strength is proportionately in- creased. We commonly say the strength of the animal is greater because his weight is greater. But weight is wholly the result of the earth’s attraction. Now, it happens that this attractive power of the earth is invariably in proportion to an animal’s strength? Suppose a rabbit, or even a man, be attracted with the same force as an elephant. Then the rabbit and man would be chained down in utter helplessness to the sur- face of the earth, wholly unable to move even a finger or limb. But we find a universal law oper- ating, namely, that all bodies are attracted in pro- portion to their quantities of matter, and so are able to carry their bodies without inconvenience. 'I MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW. ilHE Romish Church celebrate the anni- versary of St. Bartholomew, one of the twelve apostles, on the 24th of August. It was on this day, in the year 1572, that the Huguenot Protestants of France, by order of the Catholic king, Charles IX., were massacred indis- criminately and without opportunity of defense. It is estimated that from 20,000 to 100,000 persons were put to death, in their own houses and in the streets of the principal cities of that unhappy country. The instigating cause of the slaughter, the fairest historians say, was a combination of religious hostility and political jealousy on the part of the Catholic king and his mother, Catharine de Medici, against the next heir to the throne, Henry of Navarre, a Protestant. 40 ENJOY YOU It LITTLE WHILE THE FOOL SEEKS FOR MORE. WIT AND WISDOM. FLASHES OF FUN. Anything Midas touched turned to gold. In these days, touch a man with gold and he’ll turn into anything. Alluding to chignons, Mrs. Clever said: “A girl seems ah head.” “ Yes, till you talk to her,” re- plied Mr. Clever. ’ Idiot ! exclaimed a lady coining out of the theater one evening, as a gentleman accidentally stepped on her trailing skirt. “Which of us?’’ blandly asked the man. “ Which is the worst, my son, to hurt your own linger or another’s feelings ? ” “ AVliy, the feelin’s oi course. “Ami why, my son?” “’Cause you I can t wrap a rag ’round ’em. ’ I “ My dear,” said a rural wife to her husband on his return to London, “ what was the sweetest thin" you saw in bonnets in the town?” “The ladies’ laces, my love.” Nevada man, who had seven homely dau^h- imt a newspaper to insert a hint that he had A ter: Folly and pride walk side by side. We all do more harm than we intend, and less good. Nothing is really troublesome that we do wil- lingly. I riendship, like iron, is fragile if hammered too tlun. AVhere hard work kills ten, idleness kills a hun- dred men. By preparing for the worst, you may often com- pass the best. Death is the only master who takes his servant without a character. The truth is said to be always beautiful, but some people are afraid of it. No man has a right to do as he please, except when he pleases to do right. It is easy to look down on others ; to look down , on Ourselves is difficult. When pride and poverty marry together, their ! seven kegs filled with gold in his cellar ' and* every children are want and crime. I girl was married in five months. ’ J The pursuit of knowledge ought to nullify ego- 1 A lunatic in Bedlam was asked how lie came tism instead of increasing it. there. Ho answered, “By a dispute.” “What It is a glorious thing to resist temptations, but it di ?l )U te ? ” The Bedlamite replied : “The world is a safe thing to avoid them. said I was mad ; I said the world was mad, and It is conferring a kindness to deny at once a favor ! th ® y ouUvitted me -” which you intend to refuse. [ kmythe was telling some friends about a wonder- A man who can be flattered is not necessarily a I <1 l> a ^ot. “ AVhy” said he, “that parrot cries fool, but you can always make one of him ‘ , T t0 i P thlef \ 80 naturally that every time I hear it Only God could create day and night j but the dauSabou^ ’^° W ’ 8 Wh * "* >' 0U aU commonest idler can turn day into night and night A old lady> on hearing of tW execntion of ama „ tt _ .I i . . ^ ho had once lived in the neighborhood PYdaSmpi) • to morrow 8 °P S r near -n n to : da , y may faI1 into “ Well, I know’ll he'd come to the Allows ll' thTbrinkof innocence " dway * ™tore to j for the knot in his handkerchief was always slip! : urmK 01 n inocen oe. ping round under his left ear.” 1 this fife" that no man ^"^“w^^heln 1 « of a fiddle can not be beaten : another without helping himsel f J 1 , “ [ t was the shape of a turkey, and the size of a rru ! goose, only it had but one leg. He turned it nvor There are situations that are unwholesome to the on its belly and rubbed its back with a stick and most robust constitutions, and there are professions och, by St. Patrick, how it did saueul * ” ’ ana pursuits that are dangerous even to honest * “ , , H t0 nonest A couple of Yankee neighbors became so inimical that they would not speak to each other ; but one A profusion of civility is almost as objectionable “ Mamma, where as a scant measure of it. The one belongs to the ! asked* AVillie, looking up^fronTthe foamffi^ pan ? of “L rS ° f a dancin o' i naster, the other to those of milk, which he- had been intently Tiffing a clown. Jf we scrutinize the lives of men of genius, we shall find that activity and persistence are their leading peculiarities ; obstacles can not intimidate nor labor weary, nor drudgery disgust them. Think.— Thought engenders thought. Place one idea upon paper, another will follow it, and still another, until you have written a page. You can not fathom your mind. There is a well of thought there which has no bottom. The more you draw trom it, the more clear and fruitful it will be. If you neglect to think for yourself, and use other peo- ple s thoughts, giving them utterance onlv, you will never know what you are capable of. At first your ideas may come out in lumps, homely and shape- less : but no matter, time and perseverance will AA here do you get your tears ? ” was "the answer. After a thoughtful silence he again broke out : “ Do the cows have to be spanked ? ” It is seldom easy to see the hidden benefaction in that which is an apparent affliction. A boy who was “ confounding” the mosquito was told by his pastor that “ doubtless the insects are made with a good end in view,” when the young scamp replied : “ I can’t see it, whether it is in view or not. At anv rate, I don’t like the end I feel.” A young lady in Chicago put a piece of wedding cake under her pillow, and went to bed with the belief that she would dream of seeing her future husband. That evening, however, she had eaten two plates of lobster salad, about a pint of straw- berries, several sweet cakes, and two large pickles nvwl clio nnn- unirij dm ±1 • • ’ HAVE. BUT FEW FRIENDS, THOUGH MUCH ACQUAINTANCE. 41 Social and Domestic. WHEN TO MARRY. HE British Government, some time ago, issued a series of rather novel instructions to its representatives on the Continent of Europe. Although unusual in character, it was exceedingly simple, being nothing more than an order to collect information as to the earliest age at which marriages can be celebrated according to law in the various States. The work was done, and the several reports have just been published in the form of a parliamentary paper. It would seem that the laws upon this subject are not all laws which have grown up from a common origin in remote times, but rather that they have been made inde- pendently in the several nations, and have been modeled, or at any rate often influenced, by ecclesi- astical rulers. In making this remark we do not lose sight of what may be said about the customs in Roman, Byzantine and Greek days, but judge mere- ly from facts as they are now. In Hungary, males may marry at fourteen, and females at twelve, provided they belong to either the Greek or Roman Church ; but if they have been brought up in the heresies of Protestantism, they must wait till they are respectively eighteen and fifteen. In Austria, persons are minors until they attain the age of twenty -four, and they must not marry be- fore that time without the formal consent of both their parents. There is no restriction on the ground of religion, however, although children of both sexes under fourteen are forbidden to contract mar- riage. In Denmark, a man may not marry under twenty, nor a girl under sixteen ; but in the other parts of Scandinavia a man must be twenty-one. In Belgium and France, eighteen and fifteen are the respective limits. In Bavaria there are no less than four laws in operation, each having reference to a particular dis- trict. The ages fixed by these range from twelve to fifteen for girls, and fourteen to eighteen for boys — for so in truth we must call them. About two or three and twenty years ago a law was passed in Hesse-Darmstadt prohibiting males from marrying before they had attained the age of twenty-five, but this has since been amended, and twenty-one is now the limit, to the satisfaction of all, of course, who at that time were connubially inclined. In Switzerland there is no uniformity at all, each canton apparently having gone its own way in this business. The ages appointed there range from twelve to seventeen for girls, and fourteen to twenty for the other sex — the lower ages being always found to obtain in those districts where the old canon laws, are still respected. In two cantons, people may marry at any age “ after their first com- munion.” In Greece, the ages are eighteen and fifteen ; so they are in Roumania, but in Russia they are eight- een and sixteen. In Turkey there are no laws upon the subiect at all ; but it is worthy of note, remembering the social affinities of the Lapps, that in Lapland boys may marry at seventeen and girls at fourteen, provided they have “ attained the requisite knowledge of the Christian religion.” It does not appear that climate has had anything to do with the framing of marriage laws. But the Church has. It was the object of the early Church to promote early marriages, partly, no doubt, on the ground of morality, but partly, also, for other rea- sons, which we need not attempt to enumerate. This influence still prevails in certain localities. Since the growth of the civil authority, there has been an evident tendency to extend the restricted period when marriage can not be legally solemnized, and this is due partly and in some places to sanitarj^ considerations, and in others to the supposed re- quirements of the military service. We do not find that any attention has been paid to this in the par- liamentary paper we have referred to, but it is a matter of history in some countries, and it has prob- ably exercised more influence than has been attrib- uted to it. We imagine that these returns are only prelimi- nary to others of a much more complex nature which are to follow. They bear, of course, directly upon the long-vexed question of the advantages or otherwise of early marriages. These, again, are mainly of a two-fold character — the healthiness of the offspring and the frequency of divorces. But they are highly important. Statistics regarding the consequences of intermarriage between blood rela- tions are copious enough, but we know nothing certainly of the effects of age. It is a question wor- thy of consideration whether there is not in this country a large fund of information upon the sub- ject, which, with very little trouble, could be made available. We believe there is, and if the conjec- ture be correct, there seems to be no reason why that information should not be collected. HAPPY HUSBANDS. Some one has well and truthfully said that it is a man’s own fault if he is unhappy with his wife, in nine cases out of ten. It is a very exceptional woman who will not be all she can to an attentive husband, and a more exceptional one who will not be very disagreeable if she finds herself willfully neglected. It would be very easy to hate a man who, having bound a woman to him, made no effort to make her happy ; hard not to love one who was constant and tender ; and when a woman loves, she always strives to please. The great men of this world have often been wretched in their domestic relations, while mean and common men have been exceedingly happy. The reason is very plain. Absorbed in themselves, those desiring the world’s applause were careless of the little world at home ; while those who had none of this egotism strove to keep the hearts that were their own, and were happy in their tenderness and love. No woman will love a man the better for being renowned or prominent. Though he be first among men she will only be prouder, not fonder ; and if she loses him through this renown, as is often the case, she will not even be proud. But give her love, appreciation, kindness, and there is no sacri- fice she would not make for his comfort. The man who loves her well is her hero and her king.. No less a hero to her, though he is not one to any other ; no less a king, though his only kingdom is her heart and home. Domestication is one of the constituents of true love. 42 HAVE A CARE OF A SILENT DOG AND A STILL WATER. MOTHERS HEED CULTURE. ERHAPS some day the community may come to perceive that woman requires for her vocation wluit the teacher, the preacher, the lawyer, the physician re- quire for theirs — namely, special preparation and general culture. The first, because every vocation demands special preparation ; and the second, be- cause, to satisfy the requirements of young minds, she will need to draw from almost every kind of knowledge. And we must remember here, that the advantages derived from culture are not wholly an intellectual gain. We get from books and other sources of culture, not merely what informs the mind, but that which warms the heart, quickens the sympathies, strengthens the understanding ; get clearness and breadth of vision, get refining and ennobling influences, get wisdom in its truest and most comprehensive sense ;• and all of these, the last more than all, a mother needs for her high call- ing. That it is a high calling, we have high authority to show. I)r. Channing says, “ No office can compare in importance with that of training the child.” Yet the office is assumed without preparation. Well may Herbert Spencer ask, “ What is to be expected when one of the most intricate of prob- lems is undertaken by those who have given scarcely a thought as to the principles on which its solution depends ? Is the unfolding of a human be- ing so simple a process that any one may superin- tend and regulate it with no preparation whatever ? Is it not madness to make no provision for such a task? Horace Mann speaks out plainly, and straight to the point: “If she is to prepare a refection of cake, she fails not to examine some cookery book, or some manuscript recipe, lest she should convert her rich ingredients into unpalatable compounds ; but without ever having read one book upon the subject of education, without ever having sought one conversation with an intelligent person upon it, she undertakes so to mingle the earthly and celestial elements of instruction for that child’s soul that he shall be fitted to discharge all duties below, and to enjoy all blessings above.” And again: “Influ- ences, imperceptible in childhood, work out more and more broadly into beauty or deformity in after life. No unskillful hand should play upon a harp where the tones are left forever in the strings.” Home education is, after all, the great fact ; and it is domestic influence by which the character of children are formed. Where men are exhausted by business, and women are exhausted by society (or other means), we may be pretty sure that but little can be done to shape and conduct the home with a reference to the higher mental needs of the children who live in it. Now, who, more than any one, “ shapes and con- ducts the home ?’ ’ Who creates these ‘ ‘ domestic in- fluences,” this “ medium in which the child is habitually immersed ?” Woman. In the name of common sense, then, throw open to woman every avenue of knowledge. Surround her with all that will elevate and refine. Give her the highest, broadest, truest culture. Give her chances to draw inspiration from the beautiful in nature and in art ; and, above all, insure her some respite from labor, some tranquility. Unless these conditions be ob- served, “ but little can be done to shape and con- duct the home with reference to the higher mental needs of the children who live in it.” “ Grace Greenwood ” said that a friend of hers, a teacher “ out West,” had in her school four or five children from one family. The parents were poor, ignorant, and of the kind commonly called low, coarse set of people. The children, with one ex- ception, were stupid, rough-mannered and depraved. The one exception, a little girl, showed such refine- ment, appreciation, and quickness of apprehension, that the teacher at last asked the mother if she could account for the difference between this child and its brothers and sisters. The mother could not. The children had been brought up together there in that lonely place, had been treated alike, and never been separated. She knew the little girl was very different from her brothers and sisters, but knew not the reason why. The teacher then asked : “ Was there any thing in your mode of life for the months preceding her birth that there, was not in the corresponding time before the births of the others?” The mother at first answered decidedly that there was nothing, but after thinking a few moments said, “ Well, there was one, a very small thing, but that couldn’t have had any thing to do with the matter : One day a peddler came along, and among his books was a pretty, red-covered poetry book, and I wanted it bad. But my husband said he couldn’t afford it, and the peddler went off. I couldn’t get that book out of my mind, and in the night I took some of my own money, and traveled on foot to the next town, found the peddler, bought the book, and got back before morning, and was never missed from the house. That book was the greatest comfort to me that ever was. I read it over and over, up to the day my child was born.” Friends, to say nothing of higher motives, would it not be good policy to educate wisely every girl in the country? Are not mothers, as child-raisers, in absolute need of true culture? In cases where families depend on the labor of their girls, it would seem that such a thing was impossible; but it would be cheaper, even in a pecuniary sense, to give your children the means of asserting their own independence, in the form of an education. THE CTRL WHO WIHS. The time has passed when woman must be pale and delicate to be called interesting— when she must be totally ignorant of all practical knowledge to be called refined and high bred— when she must know nothing of the current political news of the dav, or be called masculine or strong-minded. It is not a sign of high birth or refinement to 'be sickly and ignorant. Those who affect anything of the kind are behind the times, and must shake up and air themselves mentally and physically, or drop under the firm strides ^ of common ideas, and be crushed into utter insignificance. In these days, an active, rosy-faced girl, with brain quick and clear, warm, light heart, a temper quickly heated at intended insults or injury, and just as quick to forgive ; whose feet can run as fast as her tongue and not put her out of breath ; who is not afraid of freckles, or to breathe the pure air of heaven, unrestrained by the drawn curtains of a close carriage; and above all, who can speak her mind and give her opinion on important topics which interest intelligent people, is the true girl who will make a good woman. This is the girl who wins in these days. Even fops and dandies, who strongly oppose woman’s rights, like a woman who can talk well, even if she is not handsome. They weary of the most beautiful creature if she is a fool They sav, “Aw, ya-as, she is a beauty, and no mis- take ; but she won’t do for me— lacks brains,” for which commodity it would seem she could have little use in her association with him. However, to please even an empty-headed fop, a woman must know something. \ LAZINESS TRAVELS SO SLOWLY THAT POVERTY SOON OVERTAKES IT. 43 HAVING COMPANY lq^®LMOST the first thought that occurs to Iff*! one in connection with having company ‘cllPSf is > “What shall we have to eat?” as 1 ‘NSslM 5 though the chief part of the entertain- ment were the gratification of the palate. When the momentous question of the bill of fare is set- tled, next in order is that of getting the house in readiness ; after this the dress to be worn on the festive occasion is the subject of consideration ; last, perhaps not thought of at all, is the intellectual treat to be enjoyed. Now, there is not a word to be said against good eating or charming apartments or tasteful dress, for they are every one of them to be desired, and, if possible, to be enjoyed ; yet is “ the life more than meat, and the body than raiment,” These are simply the framework on which the rest are built up, and, however desirable they may be, they are of minor importance. If one has a grand house, and plenty of money to buy all the luxuries of the table, it is very well for him to feast his friends ; but there are hundreds and thousands of people that do not live in palaces, nor wear purple and fine linen, nor fare sumptuously every day, who yet enjoy to the full having their friends about them, anti delight in administering hospitality. For this class is this little essay designed, and hope they may act on its meritorious points. There are some things that are not essential to the exercise of a generous and genuine hospitality. Among these non-essentials are spacious rooms, elegant carpets, fine china, solid silver, costly viands. Neither is a crowd necessary for social happiness. Congeniality between the two, three, four or more that compose a little party, counts vastly more than numbers. One “ outsider,” like a single bad egg in a cake, will be enough to spoil the flavor of the whole. Having selected the persons of which the com- pany is to be composed, the next thing to look after is the physical aliment and comfort of the guests. A clean, well ventilated, pleasantly warmed and lighted apartment, with plainest furniture, is enough for happiness, other things being equal. As for the food, let it be in quality unsurpassed, in quantity ample, in variety limited. People in ordinary cir- cumstances could afford to entertain a great deal more than they do if they would only bring com- mon sense to the rescue in this matter of having company. A simple omelette, or some oysters, with perfect bread, excellent butter, and good cheese, a cup of coffee or tea, and fruit, will satisfy any rea- sonable appetite, and leave the wits of the company at their brightest. Providing such a repast will not exhaust the energies of the housekeeper, or fret and worry her in presiding over it, neither will it draw heavily upon her pin money, or make her scrimp on the children’s clothes. It will leave her free to enjoy the society she has gathered about her, and devote herself chiefly to making each member ap- pear at his best. The custom at receptions at the National Capital is in many respects admirable. Visitors are treated to a sandwich, a bit of cake, a cup of coffee or choco- late, all in a very informal way. There is no grand display of culinary skill demanded, and everybody is the happier for it. Thackeray tells of a woman begging alms from him, who, when she saw him put his hand in his pocket, cried : “ May the blessings of God follow ou all your life!” But when he only pulled out is snuffbox, she immediately added: “And never overtake ye ! ” CONDUCT BECOMING GENTLEMEN. 1. Say “Yes” and “No, madame,” instead of “ Ma’am.” 2. Form the habit of saying “Good morning” and “Good night” to the members of your own family. Among the best bred people it is customary to shake hands upon parting with their friends for the night. 3. Upon entering a room in which there are peo- ple — strangers or otherwise — in the parlor of a pri- vate house or hotel, recognize their presence by a bow and a “ Good morning.” 4. Upon taking and leaving your seat at table, bow to the person or persons seated opposite or near you. 5. Do not ask strangers to pass you dishes at table if there be waiters to do it. 6. Never monopolize the best seat in a room if there be others better entitled to it by reason of years or infirmities. 7. In conducting a person in or out of a room fol- low, and do not precede unless the way be a dark one. 8. Never omit to do a kindness, no matter who the person in need of it may be. You have only to imagine yourself in his place to know whether it will be acceptable. 9. Be very punctillious about acknowledging favors. If the doing of them have involved trouble or sacrifice, express your thanks with suitable em- phasis. 10. If desiring to make a change in the tempera- ture or light of a room where there are others, first learn if it will be agreeable to them. 11. Do not hesitate to proffer assistance to any one seeming in need of it. 12. When making an inquiry of a stranger, pre- face your request with, “ I beg your pardon, sir, but can you be so kind as to tell me,” etc., etc., and thanking him heartily for his kindness. 13. If obliged to have a remark repeated, say, “ I beg pardon, madame, but I did not understand,” etc. 14. Do not speak “ across ” a person to one sitting on the other side, without ample apology, for it is a breach of etiquette. 15. Be careful not to give pain to another by look, word or manner. 16. Respect all honest opinions, no matter how they may differ from yours. 17. When an aged or distinguished person enters your presence, rise out of respect to him or her. With respect to the courtesies due from men to women, there are some special rules well-bred men never depart from. 1. Rise when a lady enters a room, and remain so until you see that she is seated or has no desire to be. 2. Lift your hat from your head and bow when meeting and parting with a lady ; also upon passing a lady in halls or stairs, in streets and promenades not much frequented. 3. Give to a lady precedence upon entering and leaving a room. *4. Do not stand talking with ladies with your hat on. Remove your hat when making purchases of a lady, or in visiting picture galleries or other places where ladies are. 5. Never countenance in any way a gross or im- pure remark concerning a lady, made in a public place. 6. Treat all women with marked deference, as if they were your superiors, for in that way you illus- trate your own superiority, and add to your self respect. 1 44 HAPPY IS THE MAN WHO SEES HIS FOLLY IN HIS YOUTH. THE KINDERGARTEN. M 0 N G the serious problems that interest pni eii ts is that of the best means of train- children between the ages of four and seven years. It is one of the most important periods of life when the child is brought in contact with the circumstances, extraneous from home influences, which give inclination to the growing character. Parents have long experienced the want of a system of training or education, by means of which these years of the child’s life might be made profitable as well as pleasant, and turned to advantage in forwarding proper mental and physical development. In this country very little has been accomplished toward supplying this want, and con- sequently children of this age become a most per- plexing care to their parents, or are temporarily abandoned by them to their own devices. In Germany this subject has received a great deal of attention, and the Kindergarten system, invented by Frank Froebel, has been generally introduced. The published reports, and the testimony of persons who have witnessed the practical operations of the system, show that the most gratifying results have Been attained. Some experiments upon a modified plan have been tried in London and elsewhere with good results. Briefly stated, the Kindergarten system consists in making the child’s play the instrument of its largest culture. While it has always been a matter of common observation that the earliest years of human life are devoted to play, educators have en- tirely ignored this circumstance while seeking a proper system for the development of the child’s powers. Fondness of play has been regarded as an obstructing element in the way of all efficient in- struction, an inclination to be held in rigid check. Froeble taught that the true system of education was in following nature: that “what nature is striving to do in the plays of childhood it is the business of the teachers art to take up and foster.” The idea is to have the play organized and reduced to some sort of an intelligent system, arranged with reference to certain inherent capabilities of human nature, which are manifesting themselves constantly in the varied amusements of children. Thus it is observed that the instinct for cultivating the soil is common to nearly all children — every body is a natural-born gardener. This instinct is turned to account in the Kindergarten, where each child learns to take care of its own little garden patch, to dig, to rake, and to water, and then to watch and study the processes of nature in the opening of the buds and blooming of flowers. The same plan is pursued for developing the plastic and artistic in- stincts of the children. Great stress is laid upon the education of the hands in early years, when the flexibility and softness of the limbs fit them to be easily trained to facile movements — a matter of equal importance whether the hand in training is in the future to glide over the keys of a piano or wield a pen or plane. The Kindergarten is on all sides designed to meet the formative instincts of the child. Building and shaping are going on in all sorts of material. Min- iature houses and utensils are formed of wooden blocks and sticks, while working in paper — folding, cutting, &c. — furnishes an opportunity to practice endless artifices of the hand. In this way the hand and the senses are trained to dexterity and technical skill, which are useful in all departments of life. Children receive only the material, not ready-made objects, which they are allowed to fashion accord- ing to their own personal choice under the guidance of the teacher. FRENCH AND AMERICAN WOMEN. face of the American woman is more ifSIlP beautiful than that in any other country. H has delicacy in coloring and feature, < an( j fi nesse an( j intellectuality in express- ion ; but the body supporting the head, regarded from an artistic and hygienic point of view, is in- ferior. For breathing and digesting, the upper part is lacking in depth. In a word, the American is more fragile ; she is hardly a Diana, and the French is something more, although not the Hebe of Rubens. The French woman’s face is as handsome as that of any other in Europe, and fades more slowly. At forty, she glides into an embonpoint with an un- wrinkled face and a good complexion — at the age when English women get heavy and frowsy, and the American pale and wrinkled. The climate has something to do with this, but doubtless her nour- ishing food, generous wine, and out-of-door air, much more. Her mode of living contributes there- to — the exercise and development of each function in a more natural and sensuous manner than with us. There are ascetic ideas in America which have a tendency to retard the physical development of the woman; for mind molds matter. The extremes of American life are unfavorable to a healthy growth, in its fastness as well as its asceticism, where the flesh is corrupted by dissipation, or mortified by certain religious teachings. Aside from these causes is a prevalent notion that it is beneath the dignity of man and woman to occupy them- selves with what they shall eat and drink. The American woman has more intellect than her French sister, but the latter has softness where she has pertness. There is nervous excitability and cleverness in one, and mellovrness and equality of character in the other. The forced brilliant vitality of women in America is subject to fits of reaction, for nature has its -limit. In the French woman the mind is more even and cheerful, and, in the ab- sence of exhaustive and irregular demands made upon it, the uniform health is better. In qualities of a purely mental character, the equal of the American woman can not, perhaps, be found in the world ; but, with all her knowledge and intellectual activity, she lacks that which made the Greeks wliat they have been, and the French what they are — organic cultivation. Entwined in these words are taste and art. A riper civilization, though not a purer, shall invest her with a knowl- edge of these things, and a harmony of character not now possessed; and with it will come that decadence in morals which is always noticed. THE BOY WHO LOVES HIS MOTHER. Of all the love affairs in the world, none can sur- pass the true love of a big boy for his mother. It is a love pure and noble, honorable in the highest de- gree to both. I do not mean merely a dutiful affec- tion. I mean a love which makes a boy gallant to his mother, saying plainly to everybody that he is fairly in love with her. Next to the love of her husband, nothing so crowns a woman’s life with honor as this second love, this devotion of the son to her. And I never yet knew a boy to “ turn out ” badly who began by falling in love w’ith his mother. Any man may fall in love with a fresh-faced girl, and the man who is gallant to the girl may cruelly neglect the worn and weary wife. But the big boy who is a lover of his mother at middle age is a true knight, who will love his wife as much in the sere- leaf autumn as he did in the daisied spring. There is nothing so beautifully chivalrous as the love of a big boy for his mother. FORTUNE WEARIES WITH CARRYING ONE AND THE SAME MAN ALWAYS. 45 FRIENDS. RIENDSHIP. — With a clear sky, a bright sun, and a gentle breeze, you will have friends in plenty ; but let Fortune frown, and the firmament be overcast, and then your friends will prove like the strings of the lute, of which you will tighten ten before you find one that will bear the stretch and keep the pitch. — Gotthold. If we would build on a sure foundation in friend- ship, we must love our friends for their sakes rather than for our own. — Charlotte Bronte. That friendship will not continue to the end that is begun for an end. — Quarles. Women bestow on friendship only what they borrow from love. — Clmmfort. Friendship hath the skill and observation of the best physician, the diligence and vigilance of the best nurse, and the tenderness and patience of the best mother. — Clarendon. He who can not feel friendship is alike incapable of love. Let a woman beware of the man who owns that he loves no one but herself. — Talleyrand. F riendship improves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of our joy and the dividing of our grief. — Cicero. Friendship! mysterious cement of the soul! sweetener of life ! and solder of society ! —Blair. The ideal of friendship is to feel as one while re- maining two. — Madame Sivetchine. 46 AN OLD DOG CAN NOT ALTER II IS WAV OF BARKING. SURE sms OF MARRIAGE. CHANCES OF MARRIAGE. 1 ERE is too much truth in the following, and we give it place here not to be ap- ff proved and copied, but that young mar- 1 ried people may see the wrong course and seek in time to avoid it. A cynical bachelor is responsible for these direct- ions how to tell the married : If you see a lady and gentleman disagree upon trifling occasions, or correcting each other in com- pany, you may be assured that they have tied the matrimonial, noose. If you see a silent pair in a car or stage lolling carelessly, one at each window, without seeming to know they have a companion, the sign is infallible. If you see a lady drop a glove, and a gentleman by the side of her kindly telling her to pick it up, you need not hesitate in forming your opinion •; or — If you meet a couple in the fields, the gentleman twenty yards in advance of the lady, who, perhaps, is getting over a stile with difficulty, or picking her way through a muddy patch ; or — If you see a lady whose beauty and accomplish- ments attract the attention of every gentleman in the room but one, you can have no difficulty in de- termining their relationship to each other — the one is her husband. If you see a gentleman particularly courteous, obliging and good natured, relaxing into smiles, saying sharp things, and toying with every pretty woman in the room excepting one, to whom he ap- pears particularly cold and formal, and is unreason- ably cross — who that “ one ” is nobody can be at a loss to discover. If you see an old couple jarring, checking, and thwarting each other, differing in opinion before the opinion is expressed, eternally anticipating and breaking the thread of each other’s discourse, yet using kind words, like honey bubbles floating on vinegar, which are soon overwhelmed by a prepon- derance of the fluid, they are, to all intents, man and wife ; it is impossible to be mistaken. THE ROAD TO DIVORCE— KEEP OUT OF IT. Are you about to marry a man whom you do not love, for his money, or his position, or for the sake of a home ? Beware : you are entering the road which leads to divorce. Are you going to marry, a man whom you do not love, because you are urged to it by your parents and your friends ? Beware : you are entering the road which leads to divorce. Are you going to marry one man while you fondly love another ? Beware : you are on the road to divorce. Are you going to marry for spite, just because you have quarreled with your former beau, and to “come up with him” are willing to unite yourself to another ? Beware: yon are entering the road which leads to divorce. Are you going to marry a man with whom you have no sentiments in common, and whose tastes and wishes you intend to disregard after marriage ? Beware : you are entering the road which leads to divorce. In short, when marriage is anything but the mingling of two hearts in one, it had better not take place. If this principle were universally recog- nized, we should hear no more of divorce, because people would keep out of the road that leads to it. following curious statement, by Dr. Granville, is drawn up from the registered ca * e * 876 married women in France. eyer con8 tructed to exhibit to ladies their chances of marriage at various ages. Of the 876 tabulated, there were married — Yra. of age. Yrs. of age. Yrs. of age. 3 at 13. 59 at 23. 7 at 33. 11 at 14. 53 at 24. 5 at 34. 16 at 15. 36 at 25. 3 at 35. 43 at 16. 24 at 26. Oat 36. 45 at 17. 28 at 27. 2 at 37. 77 at 18. 22 at 28. 0 at 38. 115 at 19. 17 at 29. 1 at 39. 118 at 20. 9 at 30. 0 at 40. 86 at 21. 7 at 31. 85 at 22. 5 at 32. In considering this record, it should be remem- bered that women, and men, too, mature somewhat earlier in France than in England, or in the North- ern and Middle States of America. Our girls are no older at twenty than French girls are at eighteen. In the south, toward the tropics, girls mature as in France and Italy, and the rate of development is correspondingly the same with men. We think it would be better for the health and vigor of our people, now and in time to come, did our girls not marry till after twenty, andoui'men, say till after twenty-two or even twenty-four. The marriages of green girls and green boys are produc- tive of unhappy results, and should not be permitted. PEACE IN THE FAMILY. The following excellent rules for preserving peace in the family have been given : 1. Remember that our will is likely to be crossed every day, so' prepare for it. 2. Everybody in the house has an evil nature as well as oursel ves, and therefore we are not to expect too much. 3. Learn the different temper and disposition of each individual. 4. Look on each member of the family as one for whom we should have a care for. 5. When any good happens to any one to rejoice at it. 6. When inclined to give an angry answer, to “ overcome evil with good.” 7 . If from sickness, pain or infirmity we feel irri- table, to keep a very strict watch over ourselves. 8. To observe when others are so suffering, to drop a word of kindness and sympathy with them. 9. To watch for little opportunities of pleasing, and to put little annoyances out of the way. 10 . To take a cheerful view of the weather and of everything, and to encourage hope. 11. To speak kindly to the servants; to praise them for little things when you can. 12. In all little pleasures which may occur, to put self last. 13. To try for “the soft answer which turneth away wrath.” 14. When we have been pained by an unkind word or deed, to ask ourselves: “ Have I not often done the same and been forgiven ? ” 15. In conversation not to exalt ourselves, but to bring others forward. 16 . To be very gentle with the young ones, and treat them with respect. 17 . Never to judge one another harshly, but to attribute a good motive when we can. DRUNKENNESS IS AN EGG FROM WHICH ALL VICES ARE HATCHED. 47 PARLOR FERN CASES. WINTER POT PLANTS. dirt F all parlor ornaments, of a lively and liv- ing character, the fern case is the neatest and the least trouble. Flowers and plants in pots are attended with more or less the aquarium, with its gold fish, and the bird cage, require frequent attention ; but the fern case, when well constructed, may be left alone for days at a time and not suffer. Any young lady, with or without the aid of a brother, but having a little ingenuity and perseverance, can construct a case for her- self, if she can not obtain one any other way. Get a board, say 12 inches square ; or, for a “Gipsy Fern Case,” of triangular shape, 12 inches each way ; get a sheet of zinc 2 inches wider each way ; notch the corners, and turn up the extra inch all around; get three strips of zinc 2 feet long each, and one inch wide ; bend them in the middle lengthwise, so as to make corner strips to hold the glass sides ; get 3 panes of glass 2 feet. long, and with a diamond cut into long triangles, as in the ac- companying picture ; close the corners of the zinc bottom with solder or putty. Of course, one side of the glass will have to be adjusted so that it may be removed to put in the ferns, the hanging basket, and to water them. With a lit- tle time and trouble, a very pretty parlor orna- ment can be made, and at a very little cost. Flowers are things that all can appre- ciate ; and those that incur the least ex- pense, pecuniarily are generally the ones that attract the most atten- tion ; and it is such little col- lections as these that add very material 1 y to the pie a s a n t appear- ance of a home, and the means of present- i n g them in the most attractive manner should be carefully studied. Those who have access to, and can afford to buy of, regular flower gardeners, will find a great variety of ferns and other water plants from which to select; others -can draw on nature’s great storehouse, along the creeks and in the marshes, where all originally came from. Here many little shrubs and flowers are found that appear very insignificant in their uncultivated state, which when carefully and taste- fully arranged in a flower pot, present quite a neat appearance, especially those that have an occasional flower. C1SSUS GIPSY FERN CASE. HE plants suitable for winter flowering in the house are numerous, but none afford so much pleasure, we think, as a good col- lection of bulbs, such as hyacinths, nar- the early tulips, and other bulbs. In the garden, there are usually a few plants that may be taken up and potted. The ivy, Madeira vine and coboe scandens, are grace- ful climbers, and will bear almost any amount of bad treatment. Tube roses, that have not bloomed in the garden, and are showing flower stems, may be taken up and potted, and will flower in early winter. A root of the dicentra will give satisfaction. The ten week’s stock is also a fine winter bloomer, and can be treated in the same manner. A pot of mignonette costs but a few cents, and not many expensive plants will afford as much pleasure. Sow the seeds in Sep- tember or October. It is well to prepare two or three pots. The sweet alyssum, treated as advised for mignonette, will also please, and nothing will make up bet- ter in button - hole bouquets than these sweet little flowers. A few larger plants are desir- able, and the calla, dracena and begonia, are very patient under almost any kind of treatment. A few lilies like longiflorum, auratum and lancifolium, though not often seen in the house, will afford a pleasant surprise, and flower in the order named. Where good earth is used for potting, plants seldom need any special manure. The best soil for plants is found in old meadows, the corners of fences, etc., where sod has grown a long time. A pile of sod laid up to rot will make e x- c e 1 1 e n t potting earth, and if taken from a soil compos e d of sand, nothing can be better. Many persons think if they can get a little black muck from a swamp, they have the perfection of potting soil, while it is the poorest soil that can be procured. About a tablespoonful of guano in a pail of water makes a good fertilizing material, but must be used cautiously, and is not often needed. Keep the earth moderately moist, about as it is in the garden in a growing time. Most plants are injured by too much heat. For a general collection of house plants, it is not best to allow the thermometer to be above seventy, and if they could be kept in a room where the thermome- ter would not range much above sixty-five, it would 48 ARROGANCE IS THE OBSTRUCTION OF WISDOM. bo the better. In the night-time, fifty is high enough. Give a little fresh air every fine day, and all the sunlight attainable. An effort should be made to give moisture to the atmosphere, for our own good as well as the health of the plants. This can be done in various ways by evaporating water. Cleanliness is as necessary to the health of plants as i to animals; and it is, therefore, necessary to secure j theih from dust as much as possible, and also to ; cleanse the plants frequently by syringing or wash- j ing. Even here a little caution is necessary ; for while the smooth leaved plants are benefited — not only by showering, but even by washing the | leaves with a cloth or sponge — the rough leaved • plants, like the begonia rex, do not like to have the j surface of their leaves frequently moistened. It j would, therefore, be well to remove such plants j before syringing. Take every precaution, however, to prevent the accumulation of dust upon the plants — it being more or less injurious. WHAT WOMEN SHALL BE. MAKING- HOME BEAUTIFUL. gffew are strong in their own strength alo HH We all need assistance and encoura iwSm ® men f to keep in the right path. A HE matter of female education has of late been discussed with heated vigor, especial- M ly since female schools produce so many able specimens of their own. We are told that girls must be so educated that they may be able to work their way through life independently, not only as teachers, but as physicians, lawyers, civil engineers, members of Congress, Presidents, and so on. That is one extreme. The other is, that a woman, in order to remain a good woman, must not know too much. As to the second of these opinions, it seems absurd. Neither a woman nor a man can know too much. But as to the first of these extremes, something more is to be said. It is certainly true that the education of girls should enable them to work their way honorably through life. Many more occupations should be opened to them, and a full measure of reward should be given them ; and, in this respect, our public institutions should grow more and more liberal. But, on the other hand, no system of education should stimulate the desire to work their way independently and alone. We do not hesitate to declare that it is not well for woman to remain alone. It is the calling for a woman to get married, as it is in the order of things that man should feel himself destined to become a husband and a father. We should, therefore, condemn as equally absurd any system of education, any social order, calcu- lated to induce young women to remain spinsters. Education should be directed to make men good husbands and fathers, and to make women good wives and mothers. This end seems vastly more important in the case of females than in the educa- tion of men, because they are to exercise so great a range of influence upon society and upon the rising generation. It may be asked, would we have women educated alone for the drudgery of the household? We .answer, by no "means. ' We regard woman as the soul of the familv home. We regard the mother as the being who 'holds the leading strings in her hands, and who has the highest and most exalted duties to fulfill. And, for the proper fulfillment of these duties, the intellect and the mind should be prepared by culture. Our strong-minded female friends must not take exceptions to this theory of ours. We would not lessen woman’s power one iota, nor circumscribe the limits of her labor. Her “ sphere ” shall be as wide as she sees fit to make it, but as nature has decided that the human race shall not be extinguished, we insist upon it that she shall be fitted first of all to do her true work. me. eneourage- jflito uitiib w ... .ight path. And where, if not in our homes, must we look for this? There we expect sympathy in our sorrow, help in our time of need, kind, gentle words when we do wrong, and glad ones when our hearts are filled with joy. There the moral as well as the physical atmosphere must be pure and invigor- ating — the influences so attractive that all are con- tented and happy. If, in our homes, less thought were given to vain display, and more to making them truly beautiful, many who are now plunged in the deepest depths of sin would be safe within their circle. Our ears would not be so frequently shocked by tales of crime; for how often, on learning the history of some guilty one, have we found that their homes were unhappy. Thus, from them they were easily tempted into scenes which, in comparison with those of home, seemed full of beauty, but which, alas! generally end in ruin. Wealth is not essential in making our homes lovely. It is true, riches can procure many things which are beyond the reach of the poor — their homes can be made stately and grand ; but money can not purchase loving hearts and happy faces, and those are necessary elements in a pleasant home. If you have but one room, make 4hat a bower of neatness and order. A few books on the table, a picture on the wall, a flower in the window. These, with a glimpse of sunshine, a bright face and cheerful smile, make a picture which causes the most discontented to exclaim,- “There is no place like home ! ” Wives and mothers, make your homes a place of beauty, a haven of peace and rest to the husband returning weary, and perhaps disheartened, from his day’s labor. Let no complaint of your own cares greet his ears ; offer him bright smiles, gentle words, and loving acts. Let him associate every thing that is pure and good with your name ; forge around him such a chain of love as will draw from him every other influence, to home and you. And your children, give them all the innocent amuse- ment you can. Let them think their happiest moments are spent under the roof-tree. Teach them to love and confide in you. Thus you will be able to guide them over the shoals of temptation, into the clear stream of an upright life, down which, after your care is withdrawn, they may glide safely to the Golden Gate. Husbands and fathers, do not let your presence cast a gloom over the household ; do not come with frowns or words of reproof ; make your little ones love you; teach them to dread your absence and long for your return. When their glad voices ring out in tones of welcome, do not hush them nor their joyous laughter— the overflowing of happy hearts— but give them also kind and merry greet- ing. Enter into their sports— live over your child- hood’s days with them. It is not beneath your dignity to give them happiness; and, remembering how coldness chilled your own heart in your youth, give them plenty of warm, generous sympathy. And, through all, 'guard and keep them from evil, for it is while young the seed is sown, which in time brings forth good or bad fruit. Let all members of the family do their part toward making home happy. Then when years have rolled by, in the remembrance of it, they may each out of the fullness of their heart say: “My home was to me the most beautiful of all places on earth.” r AN INDIFFERENT AGREEMENT IS BETTER THAN CARRYING A CAUSE AT LAW. 49 CHARLES IV. OF FRANCE. jHARLES DE BEL (the Handsome) ! *(! reigned as King of France from 1321 to iH/J 1328. He was the third son of Phillipe de Bel, who left his country in an unhap- py condition as a legacy to his incapable heirs. First, Louis X. received the crown, and won the surname of Hutin (disorder, tumult), from his at- tempt to gain favor and strength by offering to the serfs and Jews liberty and equal rights. But as the honor carried with it the bur- den of being taxed to support the king, they rejected the priv- ileges with con- tempt. After an unhappy reign of two years, he died a miserable death. The second brother ascended the throne, and was known as Phil- lipe the Long. The population of France was then being deci- mated by leprosy and kindred diseases, the pen- alties engen- dered by the crusades. Phil lipe sought to win a character for benevolence, b y establishing homes for lepers and lazar-houses, where all the afflicted should be cared for ; but as t h e diseases were regarded as incurable, the victims were, in more than one sense, buried alive ; for their property was confiscated to the king. Even the healthy wife or husband was immured with the sick partner, ostensibly on the ground that marriage was indissoluble, but really in order to get the property. In five years he passed away, after suf- fering the assassination of his wife by his own in- stigation. When Charles the Fair (or handsome) donned the crown, he tried to play the agreeable monarch ; but the times were not propitious, and he was in- capable. His sister Isabella had married Edward II., the King of England. He was unpopular, and his wife despised him. She left him, and, with her son, went to France, where her brother Charles, though he did not give her an army to fight her husband, and thus bring himself into conflict with England, he did give her money, and she herself raised a small force, under the command of her son. At their head she returned to her “ lord and CHARLES IV. master,” but only to subjugate him. She won the sympathy of the Catholic church, and the co- operation of the leading executive officers of the government. The king was seized ; and, from the windows of her palace, she saw him inhumanly and obscenely mutilated. He was then compelled to abdicate the throne, and her son was made King of England. Charles, on the throne of France, connived at this usurpation, and himself tried to become Emperor of Germany, but failed in his de- sires, and died in 1328. Although he had reached only his thirty- second year, he had his third wife, t o whom was born a daughter after the father’s death. She was the only heir, and the crown passed to Phillip of Valois, the cousin of the de- ceased king, thus ending the dy- nasty of that royal family. Charles no doubt honestly tried to improve on the administration of his brothers. He severely pun- ished the Lom- bard money- changers for their extortions, the judges for prevarica t i o n s, and the barons for their unwar- ranted encroach- ments upon pri- v a t e property ; but he was too w e a k-m i n d e d to sustain his good intentions for any length of time, and his secret but active of France. co-operation with his sister in her nefarious designs upon her husband, led to his own demoralization and ruin. A Smile. — Nothing on earth can smile but human beings. Gems may flash reflected light, but what is a diamond flash compared with an eye flash ? A face that can not smile is like a bud that can not blos- som, and dries up at the stalk. Laughter is day, and sobriety is night, and a smile is the twilight that hovers gently between both, and more bewitch- ing than either. “ How do you keep out of quarrels?” asked one friend of another. “Oh, easily enough,” was re- replied. “ If a man gets angry with me, I let him have all the quarrel to himself.” How much crime would be averted if all were of liis disposition. 50 every man complains op his memory, BUT NONE OP HIS jUIIOMKNT. MAYPORT, FLORIDA. A GOOD WORD FOR FLORIDA. HE above picture represents a scene in East Florida, about one-half mile from Mayport, a town on the southern shore of - the mouth of St. John’s river, The view selected for our pages embraces a section which is not onlv noted for its natural scenery and historical associations, but also as being undoubtedly the site of the future great watering-place of the South. The Hammocks, which extend for miles along the Atlantic coast, are graced by the cabbage palmettos, with their fingered leaves, some nine feet m di- ameter, shooting out from the top of networked trunks, that grow larger in circumference towards the summit; while the shining foliaged magnolia, the glassy bay, the sweet-scented myrtle, the water oak and live oak, the scarlet-berried holly and cassmo, besides innumerable varieties of bushes, flowers and vines, wreathing in tropical profusion, conspire to render these forests perfect bowers of bewildering beauty. Frequent groves of Ayild orange trees laden with their reddish golden fruit, as well as the suc- cessful growth of the sweet varieties, prove that the sea coast is quite as favorable as other localities for profitable orange culture. The soil’s fertility has been tested, and, under northern skill, industry and discipline, the yield of staple crops is abundant. , . _ A , The climate is all that could be desired : tempered by cool sea breezes in summer, warmed by wafts from the Gulf stream in winter. To invalids, it offers restoration; to pleasure seekers, continued and augmented health. Sea-bathing is practicable the vear round. There is no dangerous undertow, nor treacherous quicksands. For forty miles, or as far south as St. Augustine, there stretches a wide, level, smooth, solid beach of shining sand, upon which, at low tide, fifty carriages could drive abreast, leaving behind scarcely the thought of a wheel track. Shells broider the sand with their curious colors, and wrecks are only too common on this rockless shore. During the winter season, fishing for shad and mullet, and catching oysters, furnish employment and subsistence for many people, and would afford an unlimited supply to as many more. About five hundred vessels yearly are towed in bv powerful steam tugs, over the bar formed just outside the mouth of St. John’s river. These slops come from all quarters of the globe, and take away, the most of them, cargoes of lumber, the greatest market for which is the city of J acksonville, ti\ enty- five miles from this point. . , The lighthouse, shown in the picture, proved insecure, and has been abandoned. A new one, costing $12,000, is erected north of this. Some ot the inhabitants of Jacksonville have lately built about twenty cottages near the old lighthouse and farther down the beach, principally for summer residences, as the heat in the interior of the State is unendurable during that season. Northerners are beginning to secure neat winter homes in tnis locality, and, when the contemplated hotels are erected, the seaside will be thronged during the entire year. , , . . ^ • Florida is only recently being improved. She is young in progress, though old in years. No State in the Union has gone through more desperate struggles than this unhappy peninsula, termed so poetically the Land of Flowers, she has ever been more familiar with the fierce thorns of war, cruel massacres, and Indian outbreaks. , . We predict for Florida a rapid advancement in cultivation and wealth, and the mighty North now so prosperous and peaceful, will, without hesitancy, stretch forth a bountiful hand to this neglected sister— so beautiful even in adversity— and recog- nize her as an important member to the Union. THERE IS NOTHING OF WHICH MEN ARE SO FOND AND YET SO CARELESS AS LIFE. 51 SIR WILLIAM WALWORTH. LORD MAYOR OF LONDON. iHE distinguished character bearing the above title, in former times, was little less noted and honored than the sovereign of Great Britain himself. As a specimen of the prowess of his rank, Sir William Walworth, whose portrait we give above, is perhaps the most noted. His king, Richard II., in 1381, was not the mildest and most beneficent ruler that ever lived, and a large body of his subjects rose up in arms against him, Wat Tyler (or Wat the tiler) was their leader ; they numbered a hundred thousand of the yeomanry of the land, and demanded an abrogation of the laws by which they were held as serfs, or slaves to the soil ; asked to he allowed to pay a fixed rent for the soil they cultivated, and the right to hunt and fish in the forests and streams. They attacked London, and drove Richard into his strong tower, burnt the palace of the Duke of Lan- caster, killed the Chancellor of the Exchecquer, <&c. The king asked a conference, and granted nearly all they demanded ; but, on returning to his castle, he was met by Wat Tyler, who had not been in the conference. In the interview he excited the sus- picion of Sir William Walworth, Lord Mayor of London, one of the king’s body guards, who plunged a dagger into Tyler’s throat, and, with the aid of others, killed him on the spot. The rebellion was suppressed, fifteen hundred of the insurgents ex- ecuted, and all the fair promises made to the people while under arms were broken. Such was ancient monarchy ; but, since the United States broke the power of George the Fourth, the English govern- ment has become much more a government of the people. The monarchy, under the reign of Queen Victoria at least, has become practically a republic, ruled by the House of Commons, which is elected by the people, or a large portion of them. Neither the Queen, nor her ministry, nor even the House of Lords, dare attempt to enforce any measure hostile to public sentiment. 52 THE FRUIT DERIVED FROM LAliOR IS THE SWEETEST OF ALL PLEASURES. HOUSEHOLD RECIPES. Good Corn-Bread of sour milk cupful of flour, and or stiff. Baked Makerel. Without Egos. — One quart Wholesome Pie Crust. — The most healthy pie crust is made of thin, sweet cream and flour, with a little salt. Don’t knead. Bake in a quick oven. ilk, one teaspoonful of soda, one small tea- 1 Another way is, silt a quart or two of flour in the suet finely chopped, two tablespoonsful of pan. Stir in the center a little salt and a half a tea- sifted meal enough to mix not very thick spoonful ot soda well pulverized. Put in a cup of j soft (not liquid) lard, or butter and lard mixed ; stir it thoroughly with the flour; next add two scant „ , , i xi , ... i cups of good sour milk or buttermilk. Stir all quickly fish and replace tlie roes rub with salt, pepper and d * H(jur . , „ thllt you nee d\ardly allspice. Pack the fish closema deep .bakmg-pan, | touch it w j th your hands till you can roll it out. -Take off the heads, clean the cover with equal parts cold vinegar and water, and bake one hour in a slow' oven. f!r > a vnrcnirv PrnniNo. — One cunful and a half of Bake quick, 'fhis will make three or four pies. Graham Bread. — This is an article of diet which f>our into a tin dish, and steam an hour and a quar- cupful of sponge, or half a cupful of yeast, two ter. Eat with sweetened cream and nutmeg, or [ tablespoonsf uUf moksses (or threeofsugarh quarter other sweet sauce. Cocoanut Custard. — To teaspoonful of soda, stir in the Graham flour till , 1T . , . : quite thick, let it rise, but not too light, then add ... 1 , : f? rate d cocoanut jj our unt jl ^ thick as you can well stir it, put it allow one pint of new milk and six oz. sugar. Heat j n ^ 0 a we ji m-eased sheet-iron (not tin) bread pan, well the yelks of six eggs, and stir them alternately l nd let it ri8C , but not too muc h. This flour in the milk with the cocoanut and sugar. Put the | f ernien ts sooner than the bolted flour, and one mixture into a pail or pitcher, set it into boiling cause 0 jr our p Qor Graham bread is, that it is left too water, and stir all the tune till very smooth ami j on „ or r j seg too many times. Do not let it rise thick; as soon as it comes to a hard boil, take it ou, j tw j ce before baking. Stir it up, and put it inl- and serve in cups or glass tumblers. | mediately into the baking-pan, letting it rise only in Steamed Rice. — Wash the rice well, let it soak the loaf.* Do not make it stiff enough to knead, or about an hour in luke-warin w'ater, stir in a tea- jt will be too dry. ffie of 1 boding water? atd ateam^^Tou^Ttir j Hu« About Maar.-Meat should be wiped with two or three times ; add no water after it begins to | n fly ll^ifTu^rin it^Lt and, in 1 mi i for a long time in cold weather, and, if frozen nels will stick toget e . through, may be kept for months. Frozen meat Cracked Wheat. — Rinse thoroughly with cold j must be thawed before it is cooked by plunging it To be eaten hot or cold, with rich milk or cream, if I a degree; it is well, therefore, to pepper you are fortunate to have it. Many use a little hung joints. Powdered charcoal is still more re- sugar with it, and also with Graham pudding. As j mar £able in its effect. It will not onlv keep the this popular article of diet is universally used, this j meat over w hich it is sprinkled good, but will recipe may not come amiss. J remove the taint from already decayed flesh. A Sandwiches for Pic-Nics. — Boil a few T pounds of j piece of charcoal boiled in the w^ater with “ high’* ham, and chop it very fine while it is warm— fat and lean together ; rub dry mustard in proportions to suit your taste through the mass ; add as much sw r eet butter as would go to the spreading of your sandwiches, and w'hen it is thoroughly mixed, split light biscuits in halves and spread the ham between. These can be eaten without trouble, and will be found excellent. Add to them some oranges, or any other fruit in season, a loaf of cake — if you are a notable cake baker — a bottle of cold tea well sweetened, a small lump of ice wrapped in flannel, and you are well provisioned for the day. Graham Gems. — Two teacupsful of buttermilk, a little salt, three even cupsful of Graham flour, and one teaspoonful of soda. Stir well and bake in iron gem pans, which should be hot on the stove before filling ; put them into a very hot oven, and bake from fifteen to tw r enty minutes. If you w T ant them of extra quality, take one teacupful of buttermilk, one egg, two teacupsful of the flour, with soda and salt, as before. Very good gems are made by taking one teacupful of sw 7 eet milk or w'ater, one and a half teacupsful of the flour, half a teaspoonful of soda, one of cream tartar, w'ith a little salt, and a spoonful of sugar ; beat w r ell, until it looks smooth. meat or fowls, will render it or them quite sweet. Charcoal should be kept in every larder. The Science of Boiling. — In boiling meat for soup, cold w'ater should be used at first, so as to ex- tract as much of the nutrient juices as possible, and the heat be raised gradually. But if the meat be wanted in a boiled state for itself, and not for its soup, then it should be plunged at once into boiling w'ater and kept boiling for a few minutes, so that all the outer albumen may be coagulated, in order to imprison the sapid and nutritive juices; then cold water should be added till the temperature is re- duced to 160°, at which it should be kept till the cooking is completed, because that heat is necessary for the coagulation of the coloring matter of the blood. In all cases, no more heat than is sufficient should be emploved in cooking. Thtis, in making soup, all the fire *in the world w'ill not make the water hotter than its boiling temperature, at which point it can be retained at a very moderate expend- iture of fuel. Violent ebullition, such as w*e see cooks often practice, wdiile it does no good, does much harm, not only by wasting coal, but also by carrying off in the steam much of the aromatic and volatile ingredients of the food. HE CONQUERS GRIEF THAT CAN TAKE A FIRM RESOLUTION. 53 MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES. To Remove Paint Stains. — Chloroform removes stains from paint, varnishes and oils. Another very effective fluid for the same purpose is a mixture of six parts of very strong alcohol, three parts of liquor ammonia, and a quarter part of benzole. Spirits of turpentine also, applied immediately, will remove paint stains instantly from clothes. To Whiten Linen. — Linen which has been laid by unused for a long time is liable to acquire a yel- lowish tint. Washing in a weak solution of chloride of lime will speedily restore the original white color. After the soaking in this chlorine preparation, the articles ought to be rinsed, first in a solution of an- tichlor (hyposulphite of sodium), and then again in pure water. To Put a Gloss on Linen. — Add to the starch a little sugar or white wax or butter, and iron in the usual way. Then pass a damp cloth over the linen, lay it on a smooth board, and polish with a polishing iron made for the purpose, and sold in house-furnishing stores, for about a dollar. To in- sure complete success, there must be plenty of “ el- bow grease ” applied in the operation. To Remove Grease From Cloth.— Moisten the stains with a few drops of concentrated solution of sub-carbonate of potash. Rub the parts between the fingers, and then wash the cloth with a little warm water. The best thing to remove grease from silk is to scrape upon the stain a good layer of French chalk, and allow it to remain on for two or three days, then gently blow it off. If the first application does not remove it, apply a second. To Remove Paint from Silk or Cloth. — After the paint has once been dried on, it is extremely difficult to remove. Directly it comes in contact with the clothes, wipe off as much as you can ; then apply to it repeatedly spirits of turpentine or spirits of wine, rubbed with a soft rag or flannel. Either will also remove it if applied immediately ; on a colored silk, almost any application of the kind will leave a mark or take the color slightly out. Useful Cement. — A useful cement for mending broken crockery and for repairing various domestic articles is made of the curds of milk mixed with lime. A similar compound is formed of cheese and lime mixed with water or skim-milk, and is used as a putty for joiners’ work, and as a material for mould- ing. This is known as cheese lime. According to a Wurtemberg technical periodical, M. Brunsch- weiller has invented a preparation of skim-milk and lime in the form of a fine powder, which, when mixed with water, acts like plaster of Paris, setting quickly and hardening with age. The powder is very fine and dry, and keeps well. Washing Dish Ware. — It seems that housekeep- ers are all wrong in using soap to wash dishes. The right way to do is to have your water quite hot, and add a very little milk to it. This softens the water, gives the dishes a fine gloss, and preserves the hands; it removes the grease, even that from beef, and yet no grease is ever found floating on the water, as when soap is used. The stone vessels should be set on the stove with a little water in them, when the victuals are taken from them ; thus they are hot when one is ready to wash them, and the grease can easily be removed. Tinware keeps bright longer, cleansed in this way, than by using soap or by scouring. The habit so many of us have acquired of scouring tins is a wasteful policy; the present style of tinware will not bear it. The tin is soon scrubbed away, and a vessel that is fit for nothing is left on our hands. Glass-Ware Cement. — A recipe for cement to stop cracks in glass vessels, and resist moisture and heat, is thus given in the Scientific American : Dis- solve caseine in cold saturated solution of borax, and with this solution paste strips of hog’s or bill- lock’s bladder (softened in water) on the cracks of the glass, and dry at a gentle heat ; if the vessel is to be heated, coat the bladder on the outside before it has become quite dry, with a paste of a rather concentrated solution of silicate of soda and quick- lime, or plaster of Paris. After three days, it can not be broken in the same place. Imitation of Walnut. — The following is said to be a very superior method for staining any kind of wood in imitation ‘of walnut, which is also cheap and simple in its manipulation. The wood, previ- ously thoroughly dried and warmed, is coated once or twice with a stain composed of one part, by weight, of extract of walnut-peel dissolved in six parts of soft water by heating it to boiling, and stirr- ing. The wood thus treated, when half dry, is brushed with a solution of one part, by weight, of bichromate of potash in five parts of boiling water, and is then allowed to dry thoroughly and is to be rubbed and polished as usual. Red beech and elder, under this treatment, assume a most deceptive re- semblance to American Walnut. The color is fixed in the wood to the depth of one or two lines. Freckles and their Cause. — Freckles are not easily washed out of those who have a florid com- plexion, and are much in the sunshine; but the following washes are not only harmless, but very much the best of anything we know. Grate horse- radish fine, let it stand a few hours in buttermilk, then strain and use the wash night and morning. Or squeeze the juice of a lemon into half a goblet of water and use the same way. Most of the rem- edies for freckles are poisonous, and cannot be used with safety. Freckles indicate a defective digestion, and consist in deposits of some carbonaceous or fatty matter beneath the scarf skin. The diet should be attended to, and should be of a nature that the bowels and kidneys will do their duty. Daily bath- ing, with much friction, should not be neglected, and the Turkish bath taken occasionally. For Tanning Fur and Other Skins. — Remove the legs and other useless parts, soak the skin soft, and then remove the fleshy substances, and soak it in warm water one hour. Now take for each skin borax, saltpetre and Glaubersalt, of each one-half ounce, and dissolve or wet with soft water sufficient to allow it to be spread on the flesh side of the skin. Put it on with a brush thickest in the centre of the thickest part of the skin, and double the skin to- gether, flesh side in ; keeping it in a cool place for twenty-four hours, not allowing it to freeze. Then wash the skin clean, and take sal-soda, one ounce; borax, one-half ounce; refined soap, two ounces; melt them slowly together, being careful not to allow them to boil, and apply the mixture to the flesh side as at first. Roll up again and keep it in a warm place for twenty-four hours ; then wash the skin clean again, as above, and have saleratus, two ounces, dissolved in hot rain water sufficient to well saturate the skin ; take alum, four ounces; salt, eight ounces, and dissolve also in hot rain water; when sufficiently cool to allow the handling of it without scalding, put in the skin for twenty-four hours ; then hang up for twelve hours more to dry. Re- peat this last soaking and drying two or three times, according to the desired softness of the skin when finished. Lastly, finish by pulling and working, and finally rubbing with a piece of pumice stone and fine sand paper. This works like a charm on sheep-skins, fur-skins, dog, wolf, bear-skins, etc. 54 COURAGE AND RESOLUTION ARE THE SPIRIT AND SOUL OF VIRTUE. Youths’ Department. ' LIKE A LITTLE I£AN.' H ! you don’t know what I am goin^ to be when I grow to be a man ! ” said Freddy Foster as he was playing in the garden with Harry Ware one fine day in spring. “ I know what I shall be,” answered Harry. “ But let me tell first,” cried Freddy, as he wound up his top with a determined air. “ Uncle John has been telling me of Robinson Crusoe, lion hunt- ers, and all sorts of brave fellows. So I shall be a lion hunter, a great man, you know, and go over the sea to Africa, like Dr. Livingstone.” “ You’ll get eaten up,” said Harry, laughing. “ Not I, said Freddy, bravely. “ I shall be a great, brave man and he strutted about as if he thought himself a great man already, though he was only seven years old. “ Why, you would be dreadfully afraid if you were to see a lion in the dark,” said Harry, in a very taunting tone. “ Not I,” said Freddy, again, but not quite so bravely this time ; for, looking up, he saw his mother standing at the open window of the sitting- room, and he knew she heard what was said. In many ways Freddy was not as brave as he ought to have been. His brother Frank, who was a big boy of twelve years of age, used to tease him in a playful manner sometimes, saying that Freddy was “worse than a girl.” If he hurt himself at play, he would run in crying as if he were half killed ; he would cry, too, when he was told it was time to go to bed, and actually when Betty the servant washed him in the morning. Freddy often made up his mind that he would endure Betty’s scrubbing without flinching — and sometimes he did — she really was a scrubber ; and when he cut his finger one day, he kept his lips close together, and went to his mamma to have it bound up as quietly as if it were only a little scratch, though it was quite a deep cut. So you see Fred- dy was trying to mend. But there was one habit which Freddy found it very hard to break himself of, and that was having a candle kept burning in his bed room at night while he went to sleep. Now, Freddy had not always had a candle to go to sleep by ; w r hen he slept in the same room with his brother Frank, he was not a bit timid, and perhaps would not have been when he was put to sleep in a little room by himself adjoining his mamma’s; but one night when he was seven years old he was very much frightened, and I will tell you how. It was on the Fourth of July. Frank had a lot of fireworks to let off in the back garden, and some of his friends came to see the display. One of Frank’s friends who was there was full of mischief, and he coaxed Betty to lend him a large table cloth, say- ing it was for something particular — he would soon bring it back, and not dirty it. So he went into a dark corner of the garden and put it over his head, so that it trailed all around him. Then when Frank told Freddy and the other boys to go dowm in the garden where they might get a better view of his rockets and wheels, out sprang this boy, James Field, from behind a bush, and making a hideous noise, set the boys scampering in all directions. Poor little Freddy was so terrified that he was in a tremble all the evening. Well, ever since then Freddy had begged his mamma so hard to let him have a candle, and seemed so very frightened of the dark, that she could not refuse him. And now, although spring was come, and it was only just getting dark when he went to bed, he still begged for the candle. When Harry Ware had gone home that after- noon, Freddy said to his mother, “ Did you hear us talking this afternoon, mamma ? ” “ Yes, dear,” said Mrs. Foster, smiling. Freddy laughed, and blushed too, as he said : “ I know you think I never could be a lion hunter or a brave man at all, don’t you ? ” “ Well, Freddy, I really think that before you can be a brave great man, you must be a brave little one,” she replied, laughing. Freddy thought that was very true, and he wished so much that he could make up his mind to be brave about the dark. He sat thinking a minute or two ; and when Betty came in to set the tea, he slipped away up stairs to his own little room, peeped under the bed and looked all around him. The sun was shining brightly, lighting up every nook and corner. “I’m not afraid to be here by myself now,” thought Freddy, “though I am out of lied, and nobody else is up stairs. If it were dark, I should feel afraid, even tucked up in bed, though every thing would be just the same in the dark as it is now in the light.” Then he thought of Uncle John, who had come to stay a month w ith them, and had been in the house only two days. Freddy went on talking to himself: “ If Uncle John should get to know that I have a candle to go to sleep by, what would he say?” Freddy looked around his little room once more, and then walked down stairs w ith a brave, happy feeling in his heart. “ Good-night, mamma,” said Freddy, in a brave voice, when his mother went up stairs as usual to kiss him and say good-night. “Take the candle aw r ay, please.” “ Now that is like a little man ! ” said Mrs. Foster, smiling. “Ah ! I see you are going to turn over a new leaf, and begin to be brave in right good earnest, Fred.” Freddy smiled too ; but wdien his mamma came and peeped at him with the candle in her hand just before leaving the room, he looked rather grave again, for thoughts of all sorts of things came into his mind, and made him feel timid for a minute or two. However, he said “ good-night ” bravely again, and by and by he went to sleep quite happy. The next morning he felt so proud and pleased that he had overcome his silly fears ; and, indeed, he very soon grew r brave enough to go any where in the dark. For instance, one evening, just as he was going to bed, Uncle John said, “ I wonder w here I left that book I w r as reading ? ” “ I know r ,” said Freddy. “ Shall I fetch it, mamma ? ” “ Yes,” she replied, and off w r ent Freddy into the dark garden to the arbor, w r here he knew Uncle John had left his book. “ Where w r as it? ” asked Uncle John. “ Dow n in the arbor,” said Freddy. “And did you go alone in the dark for it, my boy ?” “Yes,” replied Freddy, feeling very pleased. “There’s a little man! ” said Uncle John, patting him on the head. “ I do like to see boys not afraid of the dark.” A LIAR MUST HAVE A GOOD MEMORY. THE HOUSEHOLD PETS. OUR HOUSEHOLD PETS. ?,HE scene above represented is one of a Jg thousand similar interesting sights that may be seen in any family where there is a child or children. The friendly and so- cial relations that grow up between the (so-called domestic animals and the young of the human family, are a prolific source of development for many of the better traits of our nature. The child that has been raised without a pussy to fondle and caress, or a dog to play with, will be a cold-hearted, sedate and selfish man or woman. Even the inani- mate doll, to the little girl, is a source of pleasure and sympathetic development, useful in its way, and not to be denied the child. 56 RICHES ABUSE THOSE WHO KNOW NOT HOW TO USE THEM. In a previous article in this book, “ Mental Pow- ers of Dumb Creatures,” we have given many inci- dents showing the intelligence, reason, language, conscience, generosity, and pure affection of domes- tic animals, insects, etc., ana how nearly their man- ifestations are identical with the exercise of the same powers by human beings. The more one knows of animal life, and of all created things, both animate and inanimate, the more closely do they seem related and necessary to each other in this state of existence. And many of the wisest think- ers and most rational philosophers have expressed their convictions that all organic life is eternal, that “ the living principle is never extinguished,” in the language of Mrs. Somerville, who scientifically sub- stantiates her position thus ; “ Since the atoms of matter are indestructible, as far as we know, it is difficult to believe that the spark which gives to their union life, memory, affection, intelligence and fidelity, is evanescent. The abode is changed, not the inhabitant.” The poet Southey entertained a vivid appreciation of this idea, as he wrote upon the death of a favorite spaniel that had been his companion from boyhood: “ Ah, poor companion ! when thou followedst last Thy master’s parting footsteps to the gate Which closed forever on him, thou didst lose Thy best friend, and none was left to plead For the old age of brute fidelity. But fare thee well. Mine is no narrow creed ; And lie who gave thee being did not frame The mystery of Life to be the sport Of merciless man. There is another world For all that live and move— a better one ! Where the proud bipeds, who would fain confine Infinite goodness to the little bounds Of their own charity, may envy thee.” And Lamartine, the French humanitarian, wrote in a similar strain : “ My dog ! the difference bet ween thee and me Knows only our Creator ; —only He Can number the degree in being’s scale Between thy instinctive lamp, ne’er known to fail, And that less steady light of brighter ray, The soul which animates thy master’s clay ; And He alone can tell by what fond tie. My look thy life— my death, thy sign lo die.” If these reflections have no other effect than to lead the young and the unthinking to treat their pets and domestic animals generally with kindness and forbearance, our chief object will be gained in presenting them. Little Folk’s Dictionary. — A writer in the School-day Magazine has gathered together the fol- lowing dictionary words as defined by certain small people here and there: Back-biter — A flea. B ed-ti m e — Sh ut-ey e ti me. Dust — Mud, with the juice all squeezed out. Fan — A thing to brush warm off with. Fins — A fish’s wings. Ice — Water that stayed out in the cold and went to sleep. Monkey — A very little boy with a tail. Nest-egg — The egg that the old hen measures by to make new ones. Pig — A hog’s little boy. Salt — What makes your potato taste bad when you don’t put any on. Snoring — Letting off sleep. Stars — The moon’s eggs. Wakefulness— Eyes all the time coming unbut- toned. A SPELLING PUZZLE. Something for Young Folks to Ntmly. VIGILANT gazetteer, with the sobriquet of “ Colonel,” who had combatted the cillery of the plebeians, and the euphu- WP ignis and schisms of the vacillating, idiosyncratic, erudite patricians, received, with un- paralleled cacliination, a challenge to an orthograph- ical competition. To his transcendent surprise, the proffered prize was daguerreotypes of Mendelsshon, Kosciusko, and Kensselaer, or, if the conqueror preferred, copies of the Septuagint, Apocrypha and West- minster catechism. He thought, with debatable admissible egotism, of the gratuitous applause of the populace, and the appearance of his name in bourgeois the next day, and his choice was discern- ible in hilarity, and the hieroglyph ical acknowledg- ment which he transmitted to the embarrassed, stupefied gypsy, who left with a rough courtesy. He changed his apparel, donned his Nassau Ulster, and his worsted gauntlets, and traveled toward the trysting-place. He stopped at the druggist’s to ob- tain a dose of chloral and a dozen troches. Here he found a physician who was purchasing a dram phial of ipecacuanha and an ounce of licorice for a colicky patient, who not only had the colic, but rheumatism, neuralgia, bilious erysipelas, and was threatened with hemorrhage, cerebro-spinal men- ingitis, pneumonia and huniplegia. He met a surveyor and an architect, who were gauging the width of Eighth street for a crisscross trestlework bridge. A ferreous derrick almost mauled his cranium, and he bawled aloud. His clamor brought an ally from a neighboring allej’’, who administered a draught of rectified whisky, and a teaspoonful of paregoric mixed with chloro- form. At the same time, this thief with consum- mate villainy purloined his chronometer and the balance of specie in his pockets. He committed this piece of rascality with impunity, and it was un- punished, for our punctilious friend was harassed and perplexed at the lateness of the hour. He next met a sibyl, who wore a de bege polon- aise with a cuirass basque, and a shirred tahlier, all elaborately trimmed with bias pleatings and passe- menterie — and carried a satchel, portemonnaie and reticule. She smilingly offered him a tempting bouquet of fuchsias, lilies, mignonette, and phlox in a conch-like basin. But he saw a caterpillar cosily ensconced among the posies, and refused the nosegay. A groceryman tried to inveigle him into buying a supply of peas, potatoes, celery, cauliflower, or kerosene, hut he thought of his embezzled funds and passed on. A Teutonic tenant of a tenement house, forgetting the tenet of the law, was basti- nadoing the soles of an incorrigible stripling with a surcingle. The murmur of the parental harangue, preceded hv a volley of virulent imprecations, filled the auditory meatus of our friend, and he proceeded toward the goal. A flaming advertisement of re- cent discoveries of auriferous and argentiferous de- posits in the argillaceous country of the Black Hills now caught his eve. He did not stop to criticise the italicized statements, hut he saw several salable specimens of cinnabar, more precious than bdellium, onyx or beryl. When he reached his destination he was exceed- ingly roiled to find that the gnomon of the dial in- dicated that he was delinquent. An ostentatious pedagogue, with a ferule or gavel in his hand, was endeavoring to mystify his audience with the ap- pellatives that emanated from his lamyx. GENIUS MAY BE ALMOST DEFINED AS THE FACULTY OF ACQUIRING POVERTY. 57 THE GIPSY GIRL. HIS is the famous girl who long ago sang, and of whom so many other girls have since sung : “ Buy a broom? Oh ! buy of the wandering Bavarian a broom ? ” The Gipsies themselves are ignorant of their origin, but the best historians have traced them back to 300 B. C., when they were Buddhists, and driven from Tartary by persecution. Since then, they have been wanderers on the face of the earth — never settling down to industry or the possession of property. They profess the gift of fortune-telling by palmistry, and are given to deception and petty thieving. Severe laws have been enacted against them, in various European States, for the purpose of compelling them to w'ork or leave the country, but they have proved of little force for any length of time. They exist in the greatest number in Spain, where they are estimated at 40,000 ; in Eng- land, 10,000 ; and in the aggregate, 500,000. They are dark in complexion, probably from living out doors and in tents; have black eyes and hair, narrow mouth, fine white teeth, which, with their lithe and agile figure, cause most of their young women to be considered beauties. Their habits are, however, so squalid and depraved as to cause them before they are past middle age to fall into decrepi- tude. They have little Qr no religious belief, and no words in their language to signify God, the soul, or immortality. Marriage is a temporary form with them, and the limits of consanguinity are not re- spected. 58 UK THAT BOASTS OF HIS OWN KNOWLEDGE PROCLAIMS HIS IGNORANCE. FOR BOYS TO REMEMBER. dfaaWflBK GENTLEMAN advertised for a boy to assist him in his office, and nearly fifty mwlSf applicants presented themselves to him. Out of the whole number he, in a short time, selected one and dismissed the rest. “ I should like to know,” said a friend, “ on what ground you selected that hoy, who had not a single recommendation ? ” “ You are mistaken, my friend,” was the reply ; “ he had a great many, and if you care to listen I will enumerate a few of them. He wiped his feet when he came in, and closed the door after him, thereby showing that he is careful. He instantly gave up his seat to an old man who is lame, show- ing that he is kind and thoughtful. He took off his cap when he came in, and answered my questions promptly and respectfullv, showing that he is polite and gentlemanly. He picked up the book that I had purposely laid on the floor and replaced it upon the table, while all the rest either stepped over it or shoved it aside ; and he waited quietly for his turn, instead of pushing and crowding, which evinces an honest and orderly disposition. When I talked with him I noticed that his clothes were cleanly brushed, his hair in nice order, and his teeth as white as milk ; and when he wrote his name, I also noticed that his finger-nails were clean, instead of being tipped with jet like that handsome little fel- low’s in the blue jacket. Don’t you term those things letters of recommendation ? I do, and I would give more for what I can tell about a boy by using my eyes for ten minutes than all the fine let- ters you can bring me.” Encourage the Boys. —Half-grown boys are too often treated as nuisances, and are thus encouraged to become such. No provision is made for their entertainment ; they are not trained to employ their overflowing activity in useful ways ; they are treated as if they possessed a peculiar kind of depravitv, and as incapable of adding to the happiness of others. It is too much to expect that a boy will prefer reading a dry book to a frolic with his fellows will enjoy being lectured nightly on his particular sinfulness, while his sister, or some sick, over- studious youth, is held up as a model of perfection. If one-half the praise which is bestowed on three and live year olds, and on “young ladies just com- ing out,’ were distributed among young men, we should see a marked decline in loaferism and rowdy conduct. To notice a boy’s good intention is to make performance easy. To treat him as a social outcast is to make him, sooner or later, a profes- sional disturber of the peace. If home be made pleasant, and pains taken to guide youthful spirits into legitimate channels, there will be less fond- ness for that independent, roving, selfish existence which marks every boy as an Ishmaelite. How to Know a Goose.— “ Mother, mother!” cried a young crow, returning hurriedly from its first flight, “I’m so frightened; I’ve seen such a sight!” “ What sight, my son?” asked the old rook. “ Oh, white creatures, screaming, and running and straining their necks, and holding their heads ever so high. See, mother, there they go!” “ Geese, my son, merely geese,” calmly replied the parent bird, looking over the common. “Through life, child, observe that w'hen you meet anv one who makes a great fuss about himself, and tries to lift his head higher than the rest of the world, you may set him down at once as a goose.” IMPOLITE THINOS. Loud and boisterous laughing. Reading where there is talking. Reading aloud in company without being asked. lalking w hen others are reading. Spitting about the house. Cutting finger nails in company. Leaving church before worship is closed. VV hispering or laughing in the house of God. Gazing rudely at strangers. Leaving a stranger without a seat. A want of respect and reverence for seniors. Correcting older persons than yourself, especially parents. r Receiving a present without an expression of gratitude. Making yourself the hero of your ow’n story Laughing at the mistakes of others. Joking others in company. Commencing talking before others have finished speaking. Answering questions that have been put to others. Commencing to eat as soon as you get to the table ; and Not listening to W'hat one is saving in company. Better Whistle than Whine.— One morning I noticed tw'o little bovs on their way to school. The smaller one tumbled and fell ; and though he was not very much hurt, he began to w hine in a baby- ish way— not a regular roaring boy-cry, as though he were half killed, but a little cross whine. The older boy took his hand in a kind and fath- erly way, and said : “Oh, never mind, Jimmv, don’t whine; it is a great deal better to whistle/’ And he began in the merriest w ay a cheerful bov- whistle. Jimmy tried to join in the wdiistle. “ I can’t whistle as nice as you, Charley,” said he; “ my lips won’t pucker up good.” “Oh, that is because you have not got all the whine out yet,” said Charlie; “but you try a min- ute, and the whistle will drive the w'hine aw r ay.” So he did ; and the last I saw' or heard of the lit- tle fellow's, they were whistling awav as earnestly as though that was the chief end of life. Companions for Life.— When does a daughter appear so attractive as when showing her love to father or mother— as when emploved in lightening their cares or relieving their burdens? It would not be far from w'rong to say to a voung man who is looking with some degree of interest for a life companion:— Would you know what kind of a wife she will make upon whom now you have your eye ? Ask w'hat kind of a daughter she is now'. . If she is indolently selfish, leaving care and work to her mother— especially if she is unloving or undutiful— bew'are of her — she is not likely to make vou happy. If she is an affectionate and self-denving daughter if she is intimate and confidential with her parents’ you have in that the best promise of happiness in the future. The eye of mother or father beaming with delight as it rests upon a daughter’s form, moving lightly in their presence, is an unspoken recommendation of untold value. In a school “ ale and beer measure” was given out to be memorized. Next morning the first boy was called upon, but said, “ I don’t know it,” “ How’s that?” “Please, sir, neither father nor I thinks it’s any use, for we neither mean to buy, sell nor drink it.” THEORIES ARE THIN AND UNSUBSTANTIAL ; EXPERIENCE ONLY IS TANGIBLE. 59 THE SAILOR SOY. own. jlOYS take to water almost like ducks, and nearly all of them have a natural pro- pensity to ride in boats, and to make and launch upon the water toy boats of their There is no reason why this feeling should not be gratified, within the bounds of safety. The water is a very treacherous element, and, even when all seems safe, in a skiff, or on a rude raft, there is no telling how or when something may happen to throw the occupants into the drowning deep. No boy should ever venture into or upon water of dangerous depth, unless in the care of grown persons who can protect, and rescue them if necessary. “A life on the ocean wave ” has lost much of its fascination, to the sailor at least, since the steam engine has, in a large measure, taken the place of the sail, and rendered steady and sure what was before risky and very uncertain. Still, the time will never come, perhaps, when sail-boats will go entirely out of use, on account of wind being so much cheaper than fuel and steam, and that there are those who prefer the old way to the new. The first floating vessel, according to Bible history, was undoubtedly Noah’s ark, and had no sails. But, in very ancient times, the sail was invented to aid the rowers with their oars. Ezekiel, 27th chapter, 7th verse, says: “Fine linen, with broidered work from Egypt, was that which thou spreadest forth to be thy sail.” 60 A MAN FINDS HIMSELF SEVEN YEARS OLDER THE DAY AFTER HIS MARRIAGE. THE BABY MYSTERIES. Whore did you come from, baby, dear? ” Out of the everywhere into here. Where did you get your eyes of blue ? Out of the sky as I came through. What makes the light In them sparkle and spin? Some of the starry spikes left in. Where did you get that little tear? I found it wailing when I got here. What makes your forehead so smooth and high ? A soft hand stroked it as I went by. What makes your cheeks like a warm, white rose ? I saw something better than any one knows. Whence that three-cornered smile of bliss? Three angels gave me at once a kiss. Where did you get this pearly ear? God spoke, and it came out to hear. Where did you get these arms and hands? Love made Itself into hooks and bands. Feet, whence did you come, you darling things? From the same box as the cherubs’ wings. How did they all just come to be you ? God thought about me, and so I grew. But how did you come to us, you dear ! God thought about you, and so I am here. Secret of Success. — Purposes, however wise, without plans, can not be relied on for good results. Random or spasmodic efforts, like aimless shots, are usually no better than wasted time and strength. The purposes of shrewd men in the business of this life are always followed with carefully formed plans. Whether the object is learning, honor, or wealth, the ways and means are laid out according to the best rules and methods. The mariner has his chart, the architect his plan, and the sculptor his model, and all as a means and condition of success. Invention, genius, or even what is sometimes called inspiration, can do little in any department of the- oretic or practical science, except in working by a well-formed plan. Then every step is an advance toward the accomplishment of the object. Every tack of the ship made according to nautical law keeps her steadily nearing the port. Each stroke of the chisel brings the marble into a closer likeness of the model. No effort or time is lost, for nothing is done rashly or at random. Female Society. — All men who avoid female society (says Thackeray) have dull perceptions, and are stupid, and have gross tastes, and revolt against what is pure. Your club swaggerers, who are suck- ing the butts of billiard cues all night, call female society insipid. Poetry is uninspiring to a yokel ; beauty has no charms for a blind man ; music does not please a poor beast, who does not know one tune from another; but, as a true epicure is hardly ever tired of water, sauce, and brown bread and butter, I can sit for a whole night talking to a well-regu- lated kindly woman about her daughter Fanny, or her boy Frank, and like the evening’s entertain- ment. One of the greatest benefits a man can derive from woman’s society is that he is bound to be respectful to her. The habit is of great good to your morals, men, depend upon it. Our education makes us the most eminently selfish men in the world, and the greatest benefit that comes to a man from a woman’s society is that he has to. think of somebody to whom he is bound to be respectful. SOWING. Are we sowing seed# of kindness? They shall blossom bright ere long ; Are we sowing seeds of discord ? They shall ripen into wrong • Are we sowing seeds of honor? They shall bring forth golden grain ; Are we sowing seeds of falsehood ? We shall yet reap bitter pain. Whatsoe’er our sowing be, Reaping, we its fruits must see. We can never be too careful What the seed our hands shall sow Love from love Is sure to ripen, Hate from hate is sure to grow. Seeds of good or ill we scatter Heedlessly along our way ; But a glad or grievous fruitage Waits us at the harvest day Whatsoe’er our sowing be, Reaping, we its fruits must see. Harmonious Color Contrasts. — The following list of harmonizing colors, which will be found very useful in selecting wall decorations or colors for any purpose, has been prepared for the convenience of those who are not in possession of a similar list, either memorized or otherwise. It is worthy of preservation : Red with green. Blue with orange. Yellow with violet. Black with brown. Violet with pale green. Violet with light rose. Deep blue with golden brown. Chocolate with light blue. Deep red with gray. Maroon with warm green. Deep blue with pink. Chocolate with pea green. Maroon with deep blue. Claret with buff. Black with warm green. What Do You Call Your Father? — The old man won’t let me go.”— “ Pshaw ! my gov’ner’ll let me go.” — “Well I haven’t said anything to my pop about it.” Such talk among boys is very common. When boys get to be of a certain age — from twelve to sixteen— they seem to think it manly, in speak- ing of their fathers to other boys, to use" some slang word. We hear “Old Man,” “Dad,” “Old Square- toes,” “Pop,” “Governor,” or “Gov.,” instead of father, one of the best, and which should be, next to mother, the dearest of names. This nicknaming is not by any means confined to rude and rough boys, but unfortunate^ prevails among those who have been well brought up, properly educated, and have pleasant homes. It would be sad indeed if these names were used to express disrespect or con- tempt, but they are heard, and more’s the pity, from the lips of those boys who really love their fathers. Boys, don’t use slang at all, but especially not when you mean father. The snob is the child of aristocratic societies. Perched on a step of the long ladder, he respects the man on the round above him, and despises the man on the step below, without inquiring what they are worth, solely on ■account of their position ; in his innermost heart he finds it natural to kiss the boots of the first, and kick the second. NONE PREACHES BETTER THAN THE ANT, AND SHE SAYS NOTHING. 61 CHERRY BOB. many American children, we trow, the Englishman says, have played herry hob.” The scene in the picture _ ggests how it is done. The boy is no doubt anxious to eat the cherries, and would soon put them all out of sight, if allowed to have his own greedy way. But the little girl likes to enjoy the sight of their ruddy cheeks, as well as their luscious taste ; so she tells her brother, or playmate, to catch them with his lips, if he can, while she swings them to and fro temptingly before his mouth. In this way the cherries are made to last much longer, and afford amusement at the same time, than if eaten down piggishly. It is an English child’s play, and was no doubt devised by some considerate mother, to make her small supply of cherries go farther than if eaten as children are apt to devour good things. Another way of playing “cherry bob,” or “bite the apple,” is, when a company of children are playing together, during the fruit season, to suspend a bunch of cherries, or a nice soft apple, from the ceiling, or a bough of a tree, by a string, and then divide into two companies. The fruit is made to swing back and forth, and, at a given signal, both parties rush for the tempting prize. Great laughter and fun are sure to follow, for in bringing so many lips together, there are more kisses than cherries obtained, and sometimes noses are bumped, with a little care, however. 62 HE THAT HAS NO CHILDREN KNOWS NOT WHAT IS LOVE. Health Department. HEALTH WITHOUT MEDICINE. HE progress that has been made in the past fifty years in the spread of the truths of hygiene, and in the popular knowledge of anatomy, gives great hope for the future of the race. Blood-letting, purging, salivation, tar- tar emetics, and Thompsonian emetics, with their train of horrors, have quite gone out of fashion. Now we have cooling acid beverages and baths in- stead of phlebotomy, tomatoes for calomel, innocent powders, sugar pills, and prescribed dietetic regi- men, in place of these awful emetics. Who can say, in view of all these facts, that the world does not move ? Cholera we disarm with cleanliness ; simple dry earth and proper drainage give the typhoids no chance for a footing ; vaccination robs small pox of its terrors, and as to the minor scourges, diet, sleep, and proper clothing extract their sting. Ten years ago oatmeal and cracked wheat, as food for human beings, were almost unknown in this country; now they are as regularly found in the breakfast bills of fare of our first-class hotels as steak or coffee, and are rapidly making their way in private families. Fifty years ago earnest students tried to accustom themselves to four, five or six hours of sleep and a low diet ; crushing down the body in order that the soul might attain a more heroic stature. Only the foolish and ignorant do that now. It is, or ought to be, well understood that the person who works with his brain, whether at mathematics, finance, literary composition, politics, or even mere worry, requires eight or nine hours sleep to knit up the raveled sleeve of care and keep his brain in high working condition. The analyses made by our chemists of blood, bone, nerve tissue, muscle, and all the various foods, render it easy for the intelligent mother to feed the members of her household with food “ con- venient for them,” and suited to reinforce the par- ticular wastes of body they may individually suffer. She may know, if she will, how, by the observance of hygienic laws, to prevent disease, and how to cure it in its earliest stages without medicine ; how to pass from winter to spring without getting spring fever; how to get through the heated term and escape fevers and bowel complaints; how to pass from autumn to spring and not suffer serious incon- venience from coughs and colds. It is within the power of every woman to know all these things just as she knows how to adjust her clothing to the various seasons. And when the conscientious mother reflects how almost the entire well-being of her husband and children depends on her possessing this knowledge, she will not be contented until she is thoroughly furnished for the discharge of her duties. Surely no object is worthy of greater devo- tion. Full are the books, ample are the means by which a thoroughly practical knowledge of all the laws which govern body and soul may be attained ; observing which, health, happiness, longevity shall be the rule, and not the exception. When you have a mind to advise with any one concerning your private affairs, examine well first how lie has managed his own ; for he that has been faulty in the administration of his own concerns will never be able to advise well with reference to those of others. THE DAILY BATH. A- paper on the “ Means of Preserving Health,” written for the London Sanitary Record, Dr. II. I. Bowditch, after urging the importance of keeping the skin scrupu- lously clean and in a healthy condition, especially in cases where there is a predisposition to con- sumption, adds the following practical suggestions with regard to bathing: Daily bathing, then, of some kind, from child- birth to old age, should be the rule. Some direct that the cold bath should be always used. I can not think that this is a true doctrine. With a few children, and still fewer old persons, and very many adults, a morning cold bath is the most refreshing and exhilarating of operations; but with many, either feeble adult, old, or too young persons, a chill remains for some time after taking the bath, and the powers of life are exhausted instead of being invigorated bv the stimulus. But those who suffer from cold bathing will usually be able to take, with great advantage, a daily tepid bath, and without the least chill or discomfort following it. Each in- dividual arrived at the years of discretion should judge for himself which of the two to choose. At certain periods of life he may use one or the other, and be himself the judge as to the continuance of the one or the other by the effect upon the child, and decide accordingly. But there are various kinds of baths. The shower-bath is rarely used now. If used at all, it should be so cautiously. Sponge bathing is admirable, with either warm or cold water, according to circumstances of each case. But even this can not be borne by many. A sim- ple hand bath — that is, where the water is borne by the hand of the bather to various parts of the body, and the same hand or a warm towel used for fric- tion afterward— is often infinitely refreshing when other methods fail of being so. Surf bathing should be very cautiously indulged by all predisposed to pulmonary difficulties. Cough of a permanent na- ture has been at times started by incautious surf bathing, or any cold water, sea or river bathing, especially if the body be immersed for a long time. One of the most striking cases of consumption I ever had was distinctly traceable to a very long and cold river bathing. Hence we see that bathing, like every other good thing, if used immoderately, tends to cause evil rather than good. It may be asked : If cold bathing be ever evil in its tendencies, how happens it that the “ water- cure,” so called, proves at times so good a thing? The answer is briefly this : A man once fairly packed in a cold, wet sheet, becomes in a very few moments bathed in a profuse warm perspiration ; but the water-cure, used incautiously by persons who are not aware of its power or proper mode of applica- tion, becomes destructive and not restorative. One of the severest forms of inflamed lung, and which lasted for months, threatening consumption — and which would probably have proved such in an older person — I saw in the case of a little girl whose mother undertook to cure a violent fever by bathing her two or three times in one night in cold water drawn from a well in a country house at which they were stopping. Th e general rule is, therefore, bathe daily, but choose that method which proves imme- diately grateful to the patient, and let all consump- tively inclined patients beware of any manner of injurious bathing. A G REAT MAN^ FOOLISH SAVINGS PASS FOR WISE ONES. G3 WOMEN, WORK, AND HEALTH. jOMEN work too much ; at least they spend too much time at their work. From five or six o’clock in the morn- » - - ing, until nine or ten at night, whether the work is light or hard, is enough to exhaust any system in a few years, and bring the best physical organization to a premature grave. Women might obtain much relief from their wearisome toil by systematising their work. In- stead of washing, and scrubbing, and sprinkling clothes, and perhaps ironing, on Monday, besides getting three full meals for the family, and then churning, sweeping, and doing other hard jobs about the house on Tuesday, in order to sit down to sewing the rest of the week, let her adopt the following programme and see if she will not, to some extent at least, escape headache, and back- ache, and nervous prostration : On Monday morning the prudent woman looks over her work for the week, and, as far as possible, she arranges a certain amount of heavy work for each dqy, and a certain amount of sedentary work. If baking, or churning, or both, must be done on Monday, she puts off her washing until Tuesday, which gives her the opportunity of putting her clothes to -soak over night. Then she has the iron- ing for Wednesday, baking again for Thursday; sweeping for Friday, and cleaning and some baking, and perhaps churning, on Saturday. If possible, she has the same jobs for each day every week; but if not, she finds some way of changing, so that she does not get much more exercise than a fair proportion each day. If she gets too much, how- ever so much the more need of careful manage- ment. Her sewing is arranged, and the wants of her family so well foreseen that she does first that which will be most needed, though many a time she may let an old garment be worn rather than break in upon her hours of nightly repose, khe has some light work for the evening, has her hour for retiring and keeps it, allowing herself the time for rest which she knows from experience to be neces- sary. She gets some time out of doors every clay, even if she has to take her work with her. She takes things calmly, does not waste her nerve power, stops and rests if she feels exhausted, and lets the extra jobs go to the wall rather than make herself sick with trying to do them. If she really has too much to do, she studies devices for “ slighting her work, especially that part of it designed for show. If still there is too much to do, she hires help tor the heaviest jobs or for the sewing, and saves money to pay for it out of the doctor s bill. Looking to the lives of the families that make up the population of American towns and cities, we find everywhere an effort to make the best possible appearance for the outlay of money. Good domestic service is scarce, and mothers can rarely free them- selves from the intimate supervision of every depart- ment of the housekeeping, any more than they can from the constant oversight of the children, lfiey can neither leave their homes in pursuit of health, nor send away the children ; and the governess, so indispensable a help in an English family, is rarely seen with us. In the place of home instruction the children are sent to school, and this often interferes with health by preventing the application of proper and timely restoratives. The child is unwilling o fall behind its class, and this leads the parents to neglect the remedies that could readily be applied under the system of tutors and governesses. I£is is due largely to the inferior quality of help, but not a little to the national sentiment that imposes this upon the mother as an unconditional duty. The more sympathetic and affectionate American woman overwearies herself in devoting her constant personal attention to their care. Children are too little in the open air ; nurses are untrustworthy ; but, more than this, there is not with us, as there is with the English, a systematic plan of keeping them in the open air, just as there is of giving them food. The absence of a regular system is largely due to the changing conditions of our families. Our farm- ers have no occasion to trouble themselves about fresh air and exercise. Enough of these are incident to their regular duties, and the children are put out of doors to save the trouble of taking care of them in the house. When the sons and daughters of these farmers set up life in the city, they do not consider the changes that ought to be made in the domestic regimen. They are intent upon the idea of economizing and getting forward. American thought limits itself to the present generation. Ko one thinks about “founding a family;” and, as a matter of fact, very few families remain long upon the foundation energetic parents have made for them. There is little thought about health, except as a means of present success. The continuance of ; the family scarcely enters into the consideration. Among our town populations we are quite certain that the health of the women is inferior to that of i the men. Without having accurate statistics to ex- hibit, w r e have the impression that girls are more ; frequently detained from school on account of ill- ness than boys are, and that a larger proportion of the women are disabled from full regular w ork than of the men. But, if we examine carefully the school life of our girls, we shall find that the origin of this ill-health can not be attributed to the severe study. The records of any school wall show that the majority of those withdrawn on account of ill- health are those against whom no suspicion could rest that they had injured their health by over- work. The best scholars sometimes injure their health by too close confinement to their studies; but, as a matter of fact, we are certain that they oftener protect it by the more regular habits which their school work induces, and by having before them an aim for the accomplishment of which health is necessary. And if we look to the (women who are studying in the colleges, we shall find this to hold true in a still greater degree. These young w-omen are considerably above the average ot women in health, and the records show they are not more frequently incapacitated for their legular work than the young men are. Their greater in- telligence and self-control lead to more sanitary habits, which offset the severer work. In the changing condition of our families, it is impossible for us to have fixed sanitary habits adapted for the different grades of wealth, and we must substitute an active intelligence in its place. The increased study of physiology, during the last twenty years, has done something to awaken the public to a consciousness of the importance of ex- ercise, fresh air, and a wholesome diet. An old constitution is like an old bone— broken with ease, mended with difficulty. A young tree bends to the gale, an old one snaps and falls be- fore the blast. A single hard lift; an hour of heating work ; a run to catch a departing tram ; an evening of exposure to rain or damp ; a severe chill; an excess of food; the unusual indulgence of any appetite or passion ; a sudden fit of anger ; an improper dose of medicine— any of these or other similar things may cut off a valuable life in an hour and leave the fair hopes of usefulness and enjoyment, for the rest of the natural life, but a shapeless w T reck. 64 ANGER REGINS WITH FOLLY, AND ENDS THE MILK CURE. WITH REPENTANCE. HOVEL CURES. Considerable has been said in medical journals concerning the value of milk as a remedial agent in certain diseases. An interesting article on this sub- ject hitel yappeared in the London Milk Journal , in which it is stated, on authority of Dr. Benjamin Clark, that, in the East Indies, warm milk is used to a great extent jus a specific for diarrhoea. A pint, every four hours, will check the most violent diar- rhoea, stomach-ache, incipient cholera and dysen- tery. The milk should never be boiled, but only heated sufficiently to be agreeably warm — not too hot to drink. Milk which has been boiled is not fit for use. The writer gives several instances to show the value of this simple substance in arrest- ing this disease. Another writer in the same jour- nal says: “We have also lately tested the value of milk in scarlet fever, and learn that it is now recommended by the medical faculty in all cases of this often distressing children’s disease. Give all the milk the patient will take, even during the period of the greatest fever. It keeps up the strength of the patient, acts well upon the stomach, and is in every way a blessed thing in this sickness. Remember it, parents, and do not fear to give it if your dear ones are afflicted with the disease.” Hard and Soft W ater. — There is a notion quite prevalent in the minds of the people that the drink- ing of hard water is injurious to health, and most physicians have warned mankind to as far as pos- sible avoid the practice. But the truth is that hard water is not only clearer, colder, more free from air and more agreeable to the taste than soft, but that it is less liable to the absorption of organic matter and to the sustenance of the life of zymotic organ- isms, or to exert solvent properties upon salts of iron or upon leaden conducting pipes. It is said that the lime infused in hard water, exerts a bene- ficial influence upon the body. A practical test of the truth of this new theory is to be had in the case of the residents of mountainous districts, where the water is almost invariably hard, and where the in- habitants exhibit the best physical development. Water containing about six grains of carbonate of lime to the gallon is suitable for use in all house- bold purposes, for such water offers the necessary amount of carbonate of lime for the support of life in the simplest and most digestible form. Cure for the Ague— Dr. Noves, of the Walling- ford Community, in Connecticut, thinks that he has discovered m the Turkish bath a rational and sure cure for the fever and ague. He has tested it on over sixty cases, both in and out of the Community and in all with satisfactory results. A simple form of the bath is thus described : A small inner room is fitted with a very large stove, in which a good fire is constantly maintained. In this room the patient sits naked for some twenty-five minutes. At the end of this period he is perspiring very profusely. He is then laid on a board in the shampooing room, and is very thoroughly kneaded, pinched, pounded, and scrubbed with soap. Next he is thoroughly washed all over with tepid water forced through the sprinkling nozzle of a hose, or from a large tin sprinkler. Then, being dried, he lies down on a couch until he is thoroughly cooled off and fit to go into the outer air ; but a little discretion must be used at this part of the operation, as a too hasty with- drawal may injure. The whole operation occupies about an hour. The bath must be repeated two or three times a week, and then weekly until the health and strength are fully recovered/ Caisar held that to die quickly was to die happily ; so too, thought the one whose case was cited f>y Montaigne as an instance of fortune playing the physician : “Jason Phereus, troubled with an incurable im- postliu mation, resolved to end his pain by dying in battle, and throwing himself in the thickest of the fight, was run through the body, which caused the imposth umation to break, and his wound healing lie found life enjoyable after all. This lucky hero v ho could brave death better than he could endure pai n , owed his cure to a foe. A quinsy-afflicted Cardinal had to thank a monkey for a like good good turn. The physicians had left him to die, and as he lay hopelessly waiting for the end, the dying Cardinal saw his servants carrying off everything that was movable, without being able to expostulate with the thieves. At length his pet ape came into the room and, taking the hint from the provident lackeys, looked round for something he could appro- priate. Nothing was left but the cardinal’s hat; this the ape donned, and, proud of his novel head- gear, indulged in such odd antics that his all-but- dead master burst into a hearty fit of laughter; the quinsy broke, and the Cardinal recovered, as much to his own astonishment as to the dismay of his plundering servitors. A Hint to Dyspeptics. — At various times we have seen dyspeptics who suffered almost untold torments with almost every kind of food. No liquid could lie taken without suffering ; bread became a burning acid ; meat and milk were solid and liquid “ re ?- " f have seen these same sufferers trying to avoid food and drink, and even going to the syringe for sustenance. And we have seen their torments pass away and their hunger relieved by living upon the white of eggs which had been boiled in bub- bling waiter for thirty minutes. At the end of the week we have given the hard yelk of the egg, with the white, and upon this diet alone, without fluid of any kind, we have seen them begin to gain flesh and strength, and refreshing sleep. After weeks of this treatment they have been able, with care, to begin upon food. How to Alleviate a Cough— The London Lancet , which ought to be a good authority, says: Anodynes, narcotics, cough mixtures and lozenges are practically of no good, and but too often in- crease the debility and hasten the fatal end. The best method of easing cough is to resist it w ith all the force of will possible, until the accumulation of phlegm becomes greater ; then there is something to cough against, and it comes up very much easier, and with half the coughing. A great deal of hack- ing and hemming and coughing in invalids is nerv- ous, purely nervous, or from the force of habit, as is shown by the frequency when thinking about it, and the comparative rarity w hen the person is so much engaged that there is no time to think about it, and attention is compelled in another direction.” Enough Sleep. — A medical man discoursing upon sleep makes this remark :— “ One man may do with a little less sleep than another ; but as a general rule, if you want a clerk, a lieutenant, a lawyer, a physi- cian, a legislator, a judge, a president/ or a pastor, do not trust your interests to any man wdio does not take on the average eight good solid hours of sleep out of every twenty-four. Whatever may be his reason for it, if he does not give himself that, he wall snap some time just when you w ant him to i be strong.” ACTIONS MEASURED BY TIME, SELDOM PROVE BITTER BY REPENTANCE. 65 THE ONLY DRINK. AN INJURIOUS PRACTICE. Water is the only drink, except “ milk for babes.” A diseased appetite or pernicious habit may add to it tea, coffee, acid, sugar, or drugs more" or less injurious ; still, the fact remains, as stated, that the water part of the mixture is the only part that is drink. The question, then, resolves itself into this : Can any foreign element be added to water to better adapt it to the purpose for which God intended it ? To this, we unhesitatingly answer, No. Pure water is perfect; no improvement is possible — none is needed. A drink is needed to quench thirst — pure water will do it. To cool a fever, pure water is all that is needed. If we have taken into the system an undue quantity of salt, soda, or any of the neutral salts formed from soda by the processes of modern cookery, drink is called for. Pure water is readily mingled with the blood, and, passing off by natural channels, it washes the impurity from the blood. No additional impurity can make it better for this purpose. “But,” says one, “ without coffee, I have no appetite for my breakfast.” Then don’t eat. If the system really demands food, there will be a natural appetite for it. Food that is “ forced down,” or taken at the call of a stimulated appetite, does no good. Far better fast. “ But, without food, I feel faint and weak.” 'Then rest ; wait until the system demands food — until you can eat without forcing, without stimu- lants. Then you can eat without drinking ; and, if you use plain food, with very little or no salt, you will probably need no drink until the food is digested, then a drink of pure water is quickly absorbed. Relief for Obesity. — A French physician pro- poses to reduce obesity by a regime resting on the prevention of the introduction of carbon into the body, or on favoring its transformation and augment- ing the amount of oxygen — the food, therefore, to be non-nitrogenous, varied with a few vegetables containing no starch, and some raw fruit. The temperament of the patient is also to be kept in dew ; the lymphatic to have a red diet, such as beef, mutton, venison, hare, pheasant, partridge, etc., and the sanguine a white diet, like veal, fowl, pigeons, oysters, etc. Vegetables, not sweet or farinaceous, are allowable ; also grapes, gooseberries, apples, etc., but sugar, butter, cheese, potatoes, pastry, rice, beans and peas, are proscribed. The hygiene consists, in this system of treatment, in favoring the action of the skin, in wearing a tight roller to support the walls of the abdomen, in taking plenty of exercise on foot or on horseback ; also, at playing billiards, fencing, swimming, gymnastics, and kindred diversions. In some slight respects only does this method differ from others brought forward of late years, but great merit is claimed for it. To Reduce the Heat of a Room. — If the heat of a room which is occupied by an invalid is oppressive, it may be greatly lessened by hanging in the open windows some towels or canvas well wetted. Water, in passing from a liquid to a gaseous state, absorbs caloric. The chemical process will lower, in a few minutes, the temperature of a room by five or six degrees, and the humidity distributed to the air makes the heat more supportable. Hydrophobia. — Elecampane and fresh milk are a sure remedy for hydrophobia. Put the elecampane root into the milk, boil it and give it to the patient, fasting, a pint at a time. Three doses, at intervals of forty -eight hours, are sufficient to effect a cure. “ Picking the ears ” is a most injurious practice. j In attempting to do this with hard substances, an unlucky motion has many a time pierced the | drum and made it as useless as a pierced India rub- ! ber life-preserver. Nothing sharper or harder than 2 the end of the little finger, with the nail pared, ; ought ever to be introduced into the ear, unless by ; a physician. Persons are often seen endeavoring to - remove the “ wax ” of the ear with the head of a ! pin. This ought never be done; because it not only endangers the rupture of the ear by being ■ pushed too far in, but if not so far, it may grate against the drum, excite inflammation and an ulcer , which will finally eat all the parts away, especially if of a scrofulous constitution. Hard substances have often slipped in, and caused the necessity of painful, dangerous and expensive operations, to fish j or cut it out. The wax is manufactured by nature ] to guard the entrance from dust, insects and un- j modified cold air, and when it has subserved its purpose, it becomes dry, scaly, light, and in this , j condition is easily pushed outside by new form- ations of wax within. Typhoid Fever Diet. — Dr. Luton, of Rheims, states that, for the last four years, he has treated typhoid fever by an absolute water diet. Nothing but good fresh filtered water, occasionally iced, is permitted to be taken. At first, it is taken with avidity, then in moderation, and at last with signs of satiety. It is sometimes vomited at first, but is soon tolerated. At the beginning of the treatment, the bowels may be a little relaxed ; but they soon become moderate and less offensive, and, after a time, constipation may ensue. The duration of the treatment depends upon the progress of the disease ; that is, between four and five days of water ex- clusively may be required, if the fever be treated as a whole, but three or four days suffice if only the intestinal element of the disease be considered. A light alimentation may then be allowed — milk, un- boiled, may be mixed with the water and given by spoonfuls, and, if well supported for a time, to be followed by broth and soup. Under this treatment the mortality is very low, no evil results ensue, and serious complications, including visceral congest- ions and bed-sores, at once disappear. The Care of the Feet. — As to feet, some think | if they wash them about once a week they are doing well. They do not consider that the largest pores are located in the bottom of the foot, and that the most offensive matter is discharged through the pores. They wear stockings from the beginning to the end of the week without change, which become perfectly saturated with offensive matter. Ill health is generated by such treatment of the feet. The pores are not only repellants but absorbents, and fetid matter, to a great or less extent, is taken back into the system. The feet should be washed every day with pure water only, as well as the armpits, from which an offensive odor is also emitted, unless i daily ablution is practiced. Stockings should not be j worn more than a day or two at a time. They may J be worn one day, and then aired and sunned and j worn another day, if necessary. Germany, with a population of 42,000,000, last ? year graduated six hundred and sixty physicians, ! rejecting one hundred and eight applicants. In j the same time, the United States, with a population of 40,000,000, graduated three thousand physicians, the rejected probably being too few to mention. \ Isn’t our supply beyond the public necessity ? 66 GOOD NATURE IS THE PROPER SOIL UPON WHICH VIRTUE GROWS. Agricultural Department. FARMING- IN THE PAST. GREAT many farmers and farm laborers are in the habit of complaining of hard times and the low prices of farm products and labor, for the past few years; they are continually harping about the good old times of our forefathers, and sighing for a return of those happy days. In our opinion, both farmers and laborers are a great deal better off now than they were fifty or even twenty-five years ago. At the present time our farmers own better houses, have better furniture, live better, and have better car- riages and more time to ride in them than they had in the last generation. At that time it was only the verv rich that could afford a riding carriage at all ; common farmers rode to church on horseback, with their wives or children seated behind them, or in a cart. Now almost every farmer has his carriage, and his son, as soon as old enough, must have his buggy and fast horse, while in the house the daughter must have her piano, costing from $500 to $1,000 — nearly the price of a good farm in former times. Perhaps a brief account of the farmers, farming products, prices and wages of eighty years ago, when Washington was President of the United States, would be interesting to our readers. Penn- sylvania was at that time one of the most populous States in the Union, and contained a population of 434,373. It was also one of the best agricultural States; a proportion of its land was rich virgin soil, the greater part heavily timbered, and when cleared produced heavy crops of the different varieties, of grain. It had also the greatest variety of manufac- tories and other industries of any of the States ; made the greatest quantity ©f manufactured goods, both for home consumption and export to other States. Farming in that day was indeed hard and constant work ; farmers cleared the land by first girdling the trees, and then as they rotted or fell down rolled them into heaps and burned them. For the hardest kind of farm work, such as cleaning and grubbing land, a good hand was paid 40 cents per day and his “ vittils,” with a dram of whisky or rum two or three times a day. The cost of clear- ing timbered land was from five to ten dollars per acre, and the crops raised the first few years did not average over 12 to 18 bushels per acre, rye about the same, oats 15 to 20. The wages of good farm hands were from five to seven dollars per month, thirty to thirty-five cents per day, except in harvest time, and then forty cents per day and extra good victuals with a pint of whisky to each man. In wheat harvest, on which occasion the female por- tion of the community turned out strong, the women received the same pay as the men, minus the whisky. Men who boarded themselves and found their own whisky, or did without it, were allowed sixty cents per day. It will thus be seen that board and whisky were valued at twenty cents per day, just the price of two “nips” in these de- generate days, but then whisky was cheaper as well as better. These were the regular rates of wages paid in the agricultural districts of Pennsylvania in those days, and there was not much variation from them in other States. Farming at this day is very different from then. There was no winter idleness in those days ; after working all spring, summer and fall to plant, harvest and house his crops, the farmer had to spend the greater part of the winter in threshing them out with the flail. The accomplished farmer of eighty years ago, was a man who understood the rudiments at least of various arts and trades. Almost every- thing he wore, from the top of his head to the soles of his feet, were made from the raw materials in his own household, obtained from his Dwn fields, flocks and herds. The female portion of the family worked as hard as the men in those days, spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing and making all the vari- ous kinds of fabrics needed to properly clothe the dif- ferent members of the family; also providing an abundant supply of quilts, blankets, table linen and all the numberless articles that go to make up a properly appointed domestic household. The music of the spinning wheel and loom took the place of the modern piano and organ. The farmer was, when necessary, carpenter, wheelright, harness maker and often blacksmith. Sometimes he excelled in the shoemaking line, and then visited around in winter time, from house to house, making for each family a year’s stock of shoes, that would wear three times as long as modern shoes. There was no winter idleness then for the farmer; the sound of the flail could be heard from fall until spring. They had no threshing machines to do up the work in a few days, as we have at the present dav. Their only holidays were during Christmas times, and right jolly times they were, according to all accounts— shooting-matches, great dinners, etc. Eighty years ago, as now, the productive enter- prises and industries of the' United States were devoted to agriculture, manufactures and commerce, the essential supports of national wealth and pros- perity ; at least two-thirds of the people were occu- pied in agricultural pursuits. In those days the rural youth were almost universally farm-bred, and comparatively few of them became impatient of the healthy, robust and independent calling of their fathers, or sought in towns and cities those attrac- tions which have been so alluring during the last score of years, often fatally so, to the manhood of farmers’ sons, for these were the brave, hearty, hardy pioneers of our free, broad, varied and enterprising Western civilization. Cure for Pear Blight. — The United States Com- missioner of Agriculture recommends the use of car- bonate of lime with sulphur added, say one pound of sulphur to six or eight pounds of carbonate of lime, reduced to the consistency of thick whitewash and applied to the diseased parts, and where the bark is diseased remove the outer portion before making the application. It has been used with magical effect on blighted or diseased trees, but the formula recommended by Hon. Wm. Saunders, of Washington, who has charge of the public grounds, is preferable as being more economical than the above, on account of the volatile nature of carbolic acid, to-wit:— To half a bushel of lime add four pounds of sulphur; slack to the consistency of whitewash; and when applied add half an ounce of carbolic acid to each gallon of wash, and apply as soon as needed. The amount and value of the corn crop for the past seven years are as follows : In 1868, 906,000,- 000 bushels, valued at 62 cents per bushel ; 1869, 874,000,000, at 75 cents; 1870, 1,094,000,000, at 54 cents; 1871, 991,000,000, at 48 cents; 1872, 1,092,- 000,000, at 30 cents ; 1873, 932,000,000, at 48 cents ; 1874, 854,000,000, at 65 cents. r LOVE THY NEIGHBOR, BUT PULL NOT DOWN THY HEDGE. 67 DUCK WING GAME PULLET. POULTRY FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT. silver duck wing, now so seldom seen, is a pure variety which breeds truly its S§|f|P beautiful cocks, with hackle, saddle,* and ' shoulders of pure white; but its hens are not popular, for the reason that they become so dark and sooty in appearance. A duckwing cock and duckwing hens bred to- gether will often produce very fair colored pullets, though if the process be continued they are apt to get too mossy in feather to please good judges. On | the other hand, to cross too often is to get a great deal of rusty color in place of the silvery tone of the duckwing. It is in guarding against each of these evils the skill of the breeder is shown ; and he works usually by breeding duckwings together a year or two, and then crossing with a very bright black-red cock. A duckwing cock may also be crossed with a good clear-colored black-red hen, choosing the black-red as free as possible from red on the wing, and a nice, clear, golden head. If you hit well, you get a nice duckwing pullet; if you fail, you see what is often seen at shows— a bird which in parts looks duck wing, but in patches looks as colored as a black-red. Many think the duck- wing the most beautiful of all game fowls. In the pullet especially, the delicacy of color gives a most aristocratic appearance, and shows up the “ gamey ” shape well. Within a few years the breeding of poultry has received a wonder- ful impetus ; poultry papers and poultry soci- eties have sprung up all over the land; pre- miums have been offered for the largest and smallest birds ; farmers, merchants, mechanics, and trades- men of all classes have striven with each other for the possession of the best, either by the slow process of breeding or the quicker one of purchasing, and ques- tionable means have been employed to gain premiums with inferior birds ; even the remotest corners of the world have been carefully searched to discover something new; old established breeds have been crossed, and care- ful selections have been made, with the view of bringing out and render- i n g permanent new breeds of superior ex- cellence. This is all very well in its proper place, but we prophesy ere long a change; matters will take a practical turn ; premiums will be offered for the greatest numbers of eggs from a fowl or a flock in a given time, produced with regard to cost of feed and attendance. It is hard, however, to make many farmers be- lieve that there is any profit in keeping poultry. Nearly every farmer keeps a few hens of some breed unknown to the standard. They will be of all colors and all ages. They lay eggs enough in the spring, but none in the winter, when eggs are high. The hens are not half fed, and roost any where in the barns and sheds. The cities and larger towns demand enormous quantities of eggs and dressed poultry, and the demand is steadily increasing. There is no stock on the farm that pays so large a per cent. ‘as poultry. It will pay at least 100 per cent, profit, if the breeder understands his business, and in some cases much higher. We have reference now to eggs and poultry at market, not fancy, prices. The best and most profitable breed for a man to keep is the breed he likes best, for he will take bet- ter care of them, and make them pay the best. Ev- ery farmer should keep fowls enough for his own use. 68 TO BE HAPPY IS NOT THE PURPOSE OF OUR BEING, BUT TO DESERVE IT. RAISING NEW KINDS OF PLANTS. artificial fertilization of plants, by il? JlltP means of which so many new and splendid varieties have been obtained, is an art ' which was but guessed at by the scientific men of the last century, and almost totally unknown to the immediate predecessors of those occupied in the various branches of horticulture. Even at the present day its principles are but imperfectly known and still more imperfectly practiced, and yet such brilliant results have been obtained by compara- tively rude knowledge and practice as ought to incite to more careful and accurate study and manip- ulation, which can not fail to lead to rapid progress in this interesting and important branch of horti- cultural art — an art which is the most potent lever we possess for modifying and occasionally entirely changing the forms and general aspects of vegetable life. From the most minute herb to the stately elm, pine or oak, man is enabled by its means to produce an indefinite variety of new forms, as to general habit of growth, foliage, inflorescence and fruit; the new varieties so produced, at the bidding of a skillful operator, being frequently far superior to the former types, in so much that the original species of our most favorite garden flowers have actually disappeared before the invasion of a host of superior and far more splendid varieties obtained by the means of artificial fecundation. To the agriculturist seeking to improve his cereals and his root crops, artificial fecundation of suitably selected species will, with skill and perseverance, inevitably crown his aspirations with brilliant suc- cess ; while the commercial horticulturist, and the amateur who loves his garden and his plants for themselves, should vigorously pursue the practice of this new and wonderful art, which touches the highest and most mysterious pinnacles of vegetable physiology as with the wand of a necromancer — so great and striking are the metamorphoses which may be wrought by its means. It was by this art that M. Souchet, of Fontainbleau, produced all those dazzling varieties of Gladioli, and that Mr. Gerain, of Rheims, succeeded in raising his mag- nificent series of Petunias, with both double and single flowers, which have made his name famous in the annals of floriculture, and Messrs. Caulier, of Vailly, produced their remarkable series of Zinnias in the same way. What has become of the old forms of Geranium, Coleus, Gloxinia and Caladium? They have disappeared to make way for the mag- nificent array of their respective kinds produced by the magic of artificial fecundation. The results obtained by English experimentalists have been still more striking, as evidenced by the Clematis culture of Mr. Jackman, and the striking ameliora- tion of the higher classes of fruits of Mr. Rivers. Fertilizing by artificial means is like the opening of a mine of some precious and previously unknown product, which is inexhaustible, but of which only a few 7 straggling veins have as yet been laid bare. How 7 much pleasure and unalloyed gratification and satisfaction may be derived from the practice of an exquisite art, by means of which w r e may change the face of nature itself, making it at once more beautiful and more useful to our race ; by the pro- duction of new and more robust developments of our grandest forest trees, of nobler forms among our fruit trees, bearing more abundantly, richer and more delicious fruit, and of forms of culinary vege- tables of such improved grow 7 th and succulence, that the present varieties will drop out of cultivation and be no more heard of in the annals of horticul- ture, except as “ pre-historic ” developments, as it were, destined to be eventually forgotten. The results of artificial fertilization in England and Belgium appear so remarkable to those who thoughtfully consider the powers of this astonishing art, that they have been deemed hv M. Lambin, “nothing less than prodigious.” The l>est works that have been published on this deeply interesting subject should be carefully read and studied by both amateurs and commercial practitioners in horticultural pursuits. M. Henri Lecoq’s work, “ De la fecondation naturelle et artiJieieUe den vegetaux, et de V hybridation, ” is full of instructive matter, and imparts in an agreeable and practical form almost all that is at present know n on the subject, accom- panied by careful descriptions of the best methods of operating. Furnished with the knowledge thus acquired, the manipulator may fearlessly engage in the enterprise of raising new r varieties in every class of the vegetable kingdom, and need not be troubled with doubts that nature may get tired by his in- satiate demands upon her ever prolific powers, for they are inexhaustible. FARMERS SHOULD LOOK AHEAD. 6 Jfg§0 branch of industrial business demands a w iser foresight than farming. The far- mer who is always looking at the present, ' regardless of future results, is sure to lose. A dollar in the eves of some men is an “ almighty ” big thing, and they would regard it as suicidal to expend it for such a thing as manure. A friend of ours gives his experience as follows : I don’t know of any farmer in my neighborhood who ever ex- pended a single dollar for farm fertilizers. The prin- ciple adopted is “get all you can and keep all you get” — and whenever and wherever this principle is applied to land, the owner is cheating himself. This miserlv, mistaken, suicidal way of treating soil was forcibly illustrated to me in my ow n neigh- borhood, a few years ago. I and a neighbor bought a ten-acre field that had been badly run down by its previous owner. This field was originally a rich clay loam, of uniform quality throughout as far as could be judged. We divided it in the middle, one taking the east and the other the west half. The course I adopted with my half was as follow’s: — Sow 7 ed buckwheat in the latter part of May, apply- ing all the manure I could spare. Plow ed the buck- wheat under, top-dressed with manure heavily, and sowed w 7 heat the last of August. Seeded to clover in the spring, which caught well. Plowed the clover under in July. There was a splendid grow th and my neighbor declared it was wicked to plow 7 it under— “ perfectly wasteful.” The land remained undisturbed till September, when it w 7 as manured again, and cross-plow 7 ed — very shallow, how r ever — and again sowed to w 7 heat. It produced one of the best crops I ever raised, and, being seeded to clover and timothy, it stood for several years the most gen- erous soil I owned and a standing witness to the wisdom of generous treatment. My neighbor adopted a different policy. He manured, it is true, but he plowed nothing under. He had determined to make the field pay for itself, and he continued to crop it as it had been before, • only supplying more manure, perhaps ; and at the end of three years his land was in no better condi- tion than he found it, if as good. The one wheat crop I got the third year brought me more money than he got from his three years’ croppings. The crop of clover I plowed under was w'orth, in hay, about seventy-five dollars, at that time. It looked like a waste to plow it under, and but few would have had the courage to do it ; but I am convinced that it brought me double as much, as manure, as it was worth in hay.” WHAT ORATORS WANT IN DEPTH THEY GIVE YOU IN LENGTH. 69 FARMERS AND THEIR FARMS. ?HE late census of the United States furnishes a vast amount of food for reflection. Be- low we give a page of figures, that are in- < teresting of themselves, as showing ‘the proportion of cultivated to uncultivated land in different States; the number of persons in each State engaged in farming, including the women, most of whom, as will be seen by their being in the late slave States, are colored ; the total value of the farms in each State ; and finally the value of imple- ments and machinery employed. But, in addition to the foregoing, if the reflecting farmer will set his boys to work with their slates and pencils, these long winter evenings, they can keep fresh their knowledge of arithmetic by figuring out the average number of farming persons in each State to the acre of farm lands owned or cultivated ; the average value to each person. They can also determine which States are the most enterprising and progressive, by the greater proportionate invest- ment of money in improved implements and machinery. And, if they will turn to page 71 of the Hand-Book, they will find a table giving the average value of farm products per acre, in the different States ; and with those figures, and these in the table below, they can determine which pays the most per acre, according to the money invested, the more valuable farms, and those on which the most improved machinery is used, or the poorer farms, and those where manual or hard work does nearly all of it. It will be proved that those who own the smallest farms cultivate the largest pro- portion of what they own, and employ the most machinery and make the most money. So that, instead of spending money to buy more acres, it is better policy for farmers to spend their money in cultivating what they have more thoroughly. In this connection it will not be out cf place to mention that, in the Southern States, not over one- tenth of the area of land is under cultivation, as the following figures will show : Acres cul- States. Area — Acres. tivated. Virginia 26,240,000 8,165,040 North Carolina 32,450,500 5,258,742 South Carolina 21,700,000 3,010,539 Georgia 37,120,000 6,331,806 Florida 37,931,520 736,171 Alabama 32,462,080 5,062,204 Mississippi 30,179,840 4,209,146 Tennessee 29,184,000 6,843,278 Arkansas 33,406,720 1,859,821 Louisiana 26,303,200 2,045,640 Texas 75,587,840 2,964,836 Kentucky 24,115,200 8,013,859 Total .506,740,960 55,001,124 And yet the raising of cotton, if skillfully managed, is perhaps the most profitable branch of agriculture in the United States. The annual exportation of cotton reaches $215,527,420, and is constantly in- creasing. With greater skill in cultivation, and improved machinery for picking, cleaning, baling and shipping, the profits might be much increased. The South is an inviting field for enterprise. States and Territories. Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky... Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total Number of Persons en- gaged in Agriculture. Acreage of Lands in Farms. Value of Farms. Value of Im- plements and Machinery. Males. Females. Total. Improved. 226,768 64,860 14,961,178 5,062,204 §67,739,036 $3,286,924 1,284 1 21,807 14.585 161,340 20,105 100,669 8,641 7,597,296 1,859,821 40,029,698 2,237,409 47,580 283 11,427,105 6,218,133 14 r, 240, 028 5,316,690 6,462 320,340 95,594 3,385,748 272,604 43,523 130 2,364,416 1,646,752 124,241,382 3,246,599 2,522 302,376 42,645 2,085,265 142,612 15,907 66 1,052,322 698,115 46,712,870 1,201.644 1,350 15 11,677 8,266 3.800,230 39,4.50 36,944 5,548 2,373,541 736,172 9,947,920 505,074 262,152 73,993 23,647,941 6,831,856 94,559,468 4,614,701 1,462 77,139 26,603 492,860 59,295 375,407 1,034 25,882,861 19,329,952 920,506,346 34, 576, .587 266,349 428 18,119.648 10,104,279 634,804,189 17,676,591 209,907 356 15,541,793 9,396,467 392,662,441 20,-509,582 72,918 310 5,656,879 1,971,003 90,327,040 4,053,312 257,426 3,654 18,660,106 8,103,850 311,238,916 8,572,896 114,530 26,937 7,025,817 2,045,640 68,215,421 7,159,333 81,956 55 5,838,058 2,917,793 102,961,951 4,809,113 79,197 1,252 4,512,579 2,914,007 170,369,684 5,268,676 72,756 54 2,730,283 1,736,221 116,432,784 5,000,879 187,036 175 10,019,142 5,096,939 398,240,578 13,711,979 74,663 494 6,483,828 2,322,102 97,847,442 6,721,120 193,725 65,474 13,121,113 4,209,146 81,716,576 4,456,633 262,595 1,323 21,707,220 9,130,615 392,908,047 15,596,426 2,110- 1 139,537 84,674 729,193 145,438 23,083 32 2,073,781 647,031 30,242,186 1,549,716 2,063 7 208,510 92,644 1,485,505 163,718 46,562 11 3,605,994 2,334,487 80,589,313 3,459,943 62,943 185 2,989,511 1,976,474 257,523,376 7,887,991 18,432 236 833,549 143,007 2,260,139 121,114 373,455 868 22,190,810 15,627,206 ,272,857,766 45,997,712 241,010 28,228 19,835,410 5,258,742 78,211,083 4,082,111 396,267 757 21,712,420 14,469,133 1,054,465,226 25,692,787 13,232 16 2,389,252 1,116,290 22,352,989 1,293,717 258,772 1,279 17,994,200 11,515,965 1,043,481,582 35,658,196 11,767 13 502,308 289,030 21,574,968 786,246 147,708 58,946 12,105,280 3,010,539 44,808,763 2,282,946 247,953 19,067 19,581,214 6,843,278 218,743,747 8,199,487 152,722 14,031 18,396,523 2,964,836 60,149,950 3,396,793 10,417 11 148,361 118,755 2,297,922 291,390 57,889 94 4,528,804 3,073,257 139,367,075 5,250,279 228,082 16,468 18,145,911 8,165,040 213,020,845 4,924,036 3,759 12 649,139 192,016 3,978,341 280,-551 73,725 235 8,528,394 2,580,254 101,604,381 2,112,937 158,300 1,387 11,715,321 5,899,343 300,414,064 14,239,364 164 1 4,341 338 18,187 5,723 5,525,503 396,968 407,735,041 188,921,099 9,262,800,861 336,878,429 70 AN EVENING RED AND A MORNING GREY IS A SIGN OF A FAIR DAY. TREATMENT OF SICK ANIMALS. THE PRESERVATION OF TIMBER. HE crying evil of the agriculturist of this country is that we have no good system of veterinary instruction, except in the large cities, and, indeed, in most of those it is impossible to find a well educated veterinary surgeon. Throughout the whole length and breadth of the land, our poor dumb brutes, condemned to suffer from diseases generally brought about by our own carelessness or neglect, are obliged to bear the still greater suffering of the barbarous treatment of common farriers and quacks who know nothing of the organization of their bodies. As a natural con- sequence, violent purgings, frightful blood-letting, blisters and firings, applied without thought and without reason, entailing untold agony to the ani- mal and generally much loss to the owners. Of course, when an animal is sick, any farmer who is ignorant of what should be done ought to secure the best advice within his reach. But he should always retain so much control over the treatment as' to avoid a resort to barbarous reme- dies, unless the unskilled practitioner can convince him that there is good reason for it ; for, as a general rule, an animal left to the unguided curative process of nature would come better out of its troubles than if subjected to the operations of brutal means for the restoration of its health. With animals, as with men, there is far too much medicine given, or too much bleeding, and probably more are killed or permanently injured by these practices than are cured by them. Of course in some desperate cases they are necessary, but they should always be re- sorted to with caution, and with much hesitation. In all minor diseases, which result almost inva- riably from bad air, food, filth and neglect, the | wisest treatment is the removal of the cause and the restoration of those simple, natural conditions upon which the return, no less than the mainte- nance, of health is based. The purging ball may often be with advantage supplanted by a loosening diet ; bleeding, almost invariable, by such and by pure air. Warm clothing and thorough grooming will usually do the work of a blister, and do it much better. In all cases of strains, bruises and wounds, water is an almost sovereign remedy ; and in nine- tenths of the cases in which it is thought necessary to send for the local cow doctor or horse doctor, the simple treatment above indicated will be found not only cheaper, but far better in its applications and its effects, and is al ways near at hand. Farmers’ Education. — It is a common opinion that no degree of intelligence is requisite to success- ful farm management. It is also supposed that an education which embraces more than the simplest rules of arithmetic, with a fair ability to read and write, is quite superfluous. Of course, this is not the general opinion, but unfortunately it is very common. There would be nothing serious in this if farmers themselves did not accept this error as truth. It is impossible to say how much education is needed in the business to insure the greatest measure of success, but it is quite certain that farmers as a class have too little knowledge of books — too little of that which many of them denominate “book learning.” They sneer visibly when they use the phrase, and they speak with derision of book farm- ing. Agricultural papers have no value for such men — in fact, they are not read by them. Let any farmer, in a good neighborhood, ask himself the question : How many farmers in my acquaintance are there who take no agricultural paper? And if he obtains a correct answer, he will find a sur- prising number. U^r.VERY thinking person in the United ™ States, who has paid any attention to the matter, has been astonished and pained at the rapid decrease of our forests of fine timber, which once adorned our valleys and hill sides. The time has come when we sfiould have laws passed for the protection of the timber inter- ests of the country. Forest laws exist in the ma- jority of European countries, laws by which the felling of timber is kept within due bounds, and which also make it obligatory upon all owners of woods or forests to plant a tree in the place of every tree that is felled. By the latter simple and far from burdensome requirement, provision is con- stantly being made for the future, and, on an average, once in about seventy years, a fresh crop of timber is ready for the axe. This may seem to many persons a long time to wait for a return for labor and time expended, but many of the quicker growth of trees will be fit for cutting in one-third or one-half the time. We have known chestnut rail timber to be cut over every twenty-five years, while oaks and other hard woods take a longer time to mature, and it will be ob- served that the first plantation once grown, with each succeeding year a new plantation will be ready for cutting, and thereafter no intermission will occur in the profit; while furthermore the cullings, or inferior trees felled every year to admit of the better growth of the more healthy and vig- orous, will yield, in a comparatively short time, a regular income that will repay the original outlay. We have hundreds of acres of comparatively waste land in every Eastern State that could be made to vield a handsome return if planted in timber — where, as at present, it not only yields no profit, but is an eyesore in the beauty of the land- scape, and a burden to the owners in the way of taxes. Every hundred acres of timber in a neigh- borhood is an advantage to the surrounding country in helping to attract the rainfall, and in assisting to retain moisture in the earth and increase the flow of streams. The character of the present season will probably have the effect of modifying the views of those per- sons who have been led into the error of supposing that the quantity of rain-fall depends upon the ex- istence of forests. The past summer has been one of extraordinary moisture in parts of the country where there are no forests, as in Kansas, Nebraska, and Eastern Colorado, and of drouth in places where forests abound, as in Northern Minnesota and Canada. The truth probably is that the de- velopment of meteorological effects, such as the fall of rain, the course of the winds, etc., depends upon causes which are not bounded by small areas, or even such a large area as that of our own continent. The destruction of a thousand or two square miles of woods is but a small thing in comparison to the other influences which effect the rain-fall of the whole world. Forests act as reservoirs of moisture, holding it until it is distributed gradually by means of springs, streams, and slow evaporation, and thus prevent floods, w T hich never occur disastrously in wooded localities. They also moderate the heats and colds of the season, just as they moderate the distribution of water. They also act as a barrier against the excessive force of the winds. They are, therefore, indispensable to our comfort, and where they do not exist naturally, should be planted as rapidly as possible. The w hole surface of the earth cannot be given up to cultivation, any more than a man’s whole life can be given up to work ; some portion must be left fallow and to rest. GIVE A MAN LUCK, AND THROW HIM INTO THE SEA. 71 A GREAT FARMER’S MAXIMS. jfgiHE successful life of Mr. Jacob Straw, the tlHIIll prince of American farmers, is attributed to the close observance of the following \ maxims, originated by himself: When you wake up, do not roll over but roll out. It will give you time to ditch your sloughs, break them, harrow them, and sow them. Make your fencing high, strong and tight, so that it will keep the cattle and pigs out. If you have brush make your lot secure, and keep your hogs from the corn ; for, if the corn is kept clean, they will eat it better than if it is not. Be sure to get your hands to bed by seven o’clock— they will rise early by force of circum- stance. Pay a hand, if he is a poor hand, all you promise him ; if he is a good hand, pay him a little more ; it will encourage him to do still better. Always feed your hands as well as you do your- self, for the laboring men are the bone and sinew of the land, and ought to be well treated. I am satisfied that early rising, industry and regular habits, are the best medicine ever pre- scribed for health. When rainy weather comes, so that you can’t work at other things, cut, split, and haul your wood, make your racks, fix your fence or gate that is off its hinges, or weatherboard your barn where the wind has blown the siding off, or patch the roof of your house. Study your interests closely, and do not spend your time in eleoting Presidents, Senators, and other small officers, or talking of hard times when spending vour time whittling store boxes, etc. Take vour time and make calculations. Don’t do things in a hurry, but do them at the right time, and keep your mind as well as your body employed. Shade-Trees. — When a farmer is planting shade- trees around his house, he might as well plant walnut and chestnut trees for beauty as any others, and have all the nuts they produce besides. There are no finer trees than these, except where evergreens are preferred. It is commonly said that nut trees grow best from seed, and do not bear transplanting well. It might therefore be best to fence in a strip of land on the windy side of the house, and, after preparing it well, plant it with nuts of the kind wanted. An hour or two would suffice at any time to clear it of weeds, and as the trees grew the poorest might be cut down, only leaving a sufficient number of the best to form a grove. This would be a thing of beauty, and also of great utility, for many generations. The fence would, however, have to be kept in good repair till the trees attained a fair size. Hentown. — An American paper gives an account of a “ Mammoth Hennery,” which has been estab- lished by two brothers in Colorado, a few miles from Denver. “ It covers four acres, which are laid out like a village, with streets and avenues, along wffiich are built long rows of houses of varions de- signs. Regular families of hens are assigned to these houses, and it is found that they quickly domesticate themselves, without troubling their neighbors. The population of the village is about 2,000, divided closely into social cliques of Brah- mas, Cochins, Shanghais, and Dorkings, and the chief products are eggs and spring chickens. Sun- days included, the industrious matrons of the vil- lage turn out daily from forty to fifty dozens of eggs, which are sold in Denver for from thirty to fifty cents per dozen.” VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS. The last volume of the Agricultural Report con- tains the following table, which shows the average cash value of farm products : States. Avei'age value per acre. Maine $14 16 New Hampshire.. 19 50 Vermont 17 87 Massachusetts 31 10 Rhode Island 34 00 Connecticut 33 94 New York 22 94 New Jersey 27 96 Pennsylvania 20 80 Delaware 13 24 Maryland 15 42 Virginia North Carolina..... 11 38 South Carolina.... 10 45 Georgia 11 68 Florida 11 47 Alabama 13 78 Mississippi Louisiana Average value States. per acre . Texas $12 84 Arkansas 17 60 Tennessee 12 70 West Virginia 15 04 Kentucky 15 54 Ohio 14 57 Michigan 15 65 Indiana 13 51 Illinois 11 13 Wisconsin 14 18 Minnesota 11 38 Iowa 8 40 Missouri 11 99 Kansas 8 92 Nebraska 7 73 California 15 10 Oregon ....: 16 70 Nevada 44 30 The Territories 26 10 Counting out Nevada, whose exceptionally high rate is* explainable, probably, by local and tem- porary reasons, the highest value in the above list is Rhode Island ; the next highest Connecticut, and the next Massachusetts. These figures, of course, represent the gross products, and show a meagre in- come for farmers who cultivate as much as a hundred acres each year. For, out of the sums thus reported, they must pay taxes, incidental ex- penses, some wages for hired help, and store bills. There is surely great need of improvement in the modes of managing a farm, and in getting full value for the crops produced. If the organization of Granges, and the self-improvement therein pro- posed, accomplish this result, it will be a great blessing to the country; for on the prosperity of farmers, more than any thing else, depends the prosperity of our whole nation. Bees in the United States. — There are 2,000,- 000 bee hives in the United States. Every hive yields, on an average, a little over twenty-two pounds of honey. The average price at which honey is sold is* twenty-five cents a pound. So that, after paying their own board, our bees present us with a revenue of over $8,800,000. To reckon it another way, they make a clear gift of over a pound of pure honey to every man, woman and child in the vast domain of the United States. Over twenty-three and one-third million pounds of wax are made and given to us by these industrious workers. The keeping of bees is one of the most profitable investments that our people can make off their money. The profits arising from the sale of surplus honey average from 50 to 200 per cent, of the capital invested. A Beautiful Floral Ornament. — Take a soup plate or a pickle dish, and fill it with sand. Moisten the sand with water, and heap it to a cone* and then thrust into the wet sand flowers and foliage enough to cover the whole surface, and you will have, if you arrange it well, the most beautiful floral ornament that can be imagined. This is an excellent way for arranging short-stemmed flowers* or those the petals of which are too soft to be tied without injury among stiffer ones. Or place in the center of your soup plate a teacup, a child’s mug* or a wine glass, in which insert a made bouquet, and then, filling the plate around it with sand, pro- ceed as above. This will give a better cone than the first method. 72 PARDON ALL MEN, BUT NEVER THYSELF. Scientific and Statistical. ( FACTS OF THE UNITED STATES CENSUS. Whore Our People Live-Center of Population- Proportion of JtlaleN to Female**— Occupa- tions— Education and Ignorance- Ills of liife— When People I>ie. u A Statistical Atlas,” embodying the most important facts and generalities of the Ninth Census, taken in 1870, has been published by Francis A. Walker, the superin- tendent of the Census and Professor of Political Economy at Yale. By meansof mapsand diagrams, some of which are of remarkable ingenuity, the Atlas gives most valu- able ideas concerning the elements of our population, its density, the occupation of the people, their advantages as to social and moral education, and the taxation rates of the different sections, so that even a casual observer will be enlightened as to how the different parts of the country compare w'ith each other in these points. The line of population in 1870, inclosed 1,272,239 square miles, and the aggregate was 38,558,371, being an average of about 30 inhabitants to the square mile. This calcula- tion omits the deserts of the west, which are unpeopled, the lakes, and any considerable uninhabited tracts of country in the population limits. Theswampsof Florida and the vast forests of Michigan are examples of omit- ted territory. Density of Population. Five degrees of density are adopted in averaging the inhabitants of the United States. The first comprises those districts which have from two to six persons to the square mile. This class represents a very sparse and scat- tered population, such as in our western countries might be supported by pastoral pursuits, grazing or herding, and we will find this to be the case along the frontiers of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. It also denotes a rural district of very poor land, rough and ill-adapted to farming purposes, and is thus found in several of the older settled states. The second degree, of six to eighteen, generally includes such portions of country as have well defined farms and those under a good degree of cultivation. The soil of this class of land is, nevertheless, somewhat rugged, and the cultivation not so scientific as elsewhere; we hence find that this class prevails extensively over many of the Wes- tern and Southwestern States, and along the mountain slopes of the Atlantic ranges. The third degree, eighteen to forty-five to the square mile, indicates a high degree of successful agriculture, and is found in Alabama, Georgia, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, and a number of other well- cultivated States. In general, the agriculture of the United States is not so well developed as to support a population of more than forty-five to the square mile. Whatever it may be in the future, it is found at present that this number is about the highest that any strictly agricultural community will average, and when we go above this, the manufacturing, trading and commercial classes appear in force. The fourth degree, forty-five to ninety inhabitants to the square mile, indicates manufacturing and commer- cial industry, and an abundance of personal and profes- sional services. This class is most abundant in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. The fifth degree, of ninety and more, represents most advanced states of agricultural, manufacturing and com- mercial enterprise. When the first census was taken, in 1790, a very few counties only were listed at this rate, and even in 1870 less than 20,000 square miles were found peo- pled to this extent.' In Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, this degree of population is found in excess of every other group, and these are the only States in the Union in which this excess does exist. Small sections of country under this class are also found in New York, and New Jersey, while the fourth degree comprises almost the whole of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, and considerable portions of Illinois, Mis- souri, Louisiana, and Virginia. As an example of the tendency of our people to flock into cities, it is stated that, in 1790, the cities contained one-thirtieth of the gross population ; in 1800, one- twenty-fltli ; in 1810, and also in 1820, one-twentieth; in 1830, one-sixteenth ; in 1840, one-twelfth ; in 1850, one- eighth ; in 1800, one-sixth; and in 1870, more than one- fifth. Center of Population. This has been a favorite subject for speculation, and so much has been said about it that the phrase expressive of the idea has passed into a proverb. The method taken to determine the “ center of population,” is to suppose the whole country a plane surface, without weight, but ca- pable of supporting weight, and the population to be placed upon it as they are now grouped in their respec- tive localities, each individual being of the same weight. Now, when the center of gravity of this plane is found, and the whole surface supported by it, it is also the cen- ter of population. The laborious efforts of the gentlemen whose accurate calculations have determined the con- tinuous westward movement of this star of empire can- not be too much commended, when we consider that the calculations involved the population not only of every State, but of every county, in the United States. Several methods have been pursued, but the most successful were those of the Messrs. Highland and Walker, who by very different means arrived at nearly the same result. The center was calculated first from the census returns of 1790, and was then located in the Chesapeake Bay, twenty-three miles east of Baltimore. By the year 1800, I it had moved due west forty-one miles, and w as eighteen I miles west of the same city. In 1810, it had moved in a ! southwest direction thirty-six miles, and was about forty miles northwest from Washington. In 1820, it was found I sixteen miles north of Woodstock, Va., having traveled fifty miles. In 1830, having continued to move south and ; westward, it was found nineteen miles from Moorefield, passing in that decade over thirty-nine miles. In 1840, it had turned northward, and after passing over fifty-five miles, was found sixteen miles south of Clarksburg, W. Va., while in 1850, it was found twenty-three miles south of Parkersburg, W. Va., after a journey of fifty-five miles, j The year I860 found it twenty miles south of Chillicothe, j O., after a journey of eighty-one miles, and in 1870, it i turned north and westward, and rested forty-eight miles northeast of Cincinnati, having passed over forty-two miles in the interval. This shows a total Western movement since 1790, of 399 miles, while in the same time it has not moved to the North or South, at any time, more than ten or fifteen miles, clinging closely to the 39th parallel. The cause of the sudden change between 1850 and 1860 was the large emigration to California, on account of the gold fever, j This exerted a greater proportional influence on the i imaginary pivot than was its just due. If the rate of j Western motion continues, it will not be more than eighty I years before St. Louis is the center of population, as it is now the geographical center of this country. The center is now only about four hundred miles distant, and con- stantly moving West at the rate of more than fifty miles in ten years, so it should be there in about that time. HE IS PROPER THAT HATH PROPER CONDITIONS. 73 Foreigners ami Negroes. The distribution of colored and foreign elements over the States is, in some respects, general ; in others, the out- side element is limited to certain districts, beyond which it' does not appear to extend. The negroes are found in the South, of course, in some places twenty-five and more to the square mile, making sixty per cent, of the popula- tion, but they are also found over the most of New En- gland and in large districts in Michigan at the rate of from one to four to the square mile. The foreign emigra- tion has settled almost altogether in the North and West, there being few inducements held out for emigrants in the South, except some parts of Texas. Around New Orleans, Mobile, and a few of the larger interior cities, they have settled at the rate of two to ten to the square mile ; but in the country there are very few. The Irish have come to the Northern and Western States, congre- gating chiefly in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Missouri, Illinois and Kansas, while the Germans are thickly distributed in spots over the Eastern States, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri and Wisconsin. The Canadians are numerous in New England, along the lakes in Ne- braska, Iowa and Kansas, while the Swedes and Nor- wegians have located themselves in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota and Iowa. In California, the foreigners and those of foreign parentage, compose more than sixty per cent, of the population, while the Chinese are at least twenty-five per cent. As a natural consequence of the sudden immigration, the male sex predominates far more than twenty per cent, throughout the State. Occupations. In the exhibit of occupations, it appears that the people of this country are almost equally divided into four classes, the first of which comprises the agriculturists, the second the manufacturers, traders and professional men, the third the scholars, and the fourth those mostly under ten year’s of age, of whom no account is taken. The statistics show that the number of boys and girls attending school are nearly equal, while a wonderful dis- proportion exists between the sexes in all the other occu- pations, except the one of personal and professional services. Here, as many women are engaged as servants as men, and in some States more, and the proportion is more nearly equal. The agricultural interest is not near- ly so well represented as many persons suppose. In North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia and Ala- bama from two-thirds to three-fourths of the male and female population are engaged in farming, while in Ten- nessee, Virginia, Texas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Kansas, Florida and Arkansas agricultural pursuits engross about one-half of the adult population. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and the Southern States generally show a very small proportion of the classes engaged in manufactures and professional life, while the Northern and Eastern States are replete with these classes. Education and Ignorance. In school statistics, the Northern, Eastern and Western States are far in advance of the South, but this is easily accounted for, when we remember the large colored pop- ulation there, and the poor facilities th'ey possess for any education. Of the older States, Alabama, Georgia, Louis- iana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennes- see, and Virginia have the smallest proportion of school population, while Iowa, Michigan, Illinois; Indiana Minnesota and Ohio are well provided in this respect, having each as large or larger proportion of school chil- dren than several of the New England States. West Virginia and Wisconsin are also among the first educa- tionally, more than a third of the population over ten years old being in attendance on schools. In the formation of illiterate returns, the total number of persons over ten years of age is compared with the number of such persons who are unable to read, and the percentages formed on this basis. The estimate shows some facts not heretofore generally known. In Missouri no section has less than from five to twelve per cent, of illiterates. A section of country around St. Louis, and extending up the Missouri river almost to Jefferson City, together with a large district in the western part of the State, displays the best returns. The central -southern part of the State contains from twenty to forty per cent, of illiterates, and compares with the southern parts of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, which have the same per centage. The illiteracy of the country is, of course, mainly found in the South among the blacks, though there are parts of Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Texas where the ignorance is not more great than in the lower part of Missouri. In Vermont, parts of Maine, New Hampshire, the northern portion of New York and Ohio, and a few districts in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illi- nois and Iowa, the illiterates form less than five per cent of the population. The western part of Texas is tolera- bly free from them, but in a large district around Gal- veston they form more than sixty per cent, of the whole population. Proportion of Males to Females. The numerical relation of the sexes receives an amount of attention which the public interest on the subject has long demanded. The tabular reports of the native pop- ulation show that the respective numbers of the sexes are almost evenly balanced, a slight superiority being in favor of the females. In the aggregate, foreigners, white and colored people included, the males are in excess. In the total of whites, there are more males than females, while the colored population shows a predominance of the latter. Foreign males are largely in excess of the fe- males, and foreign children are very scarce. The Chinese are almost exclusively males. In general, the oldest and best settled States show a large majority of females of every age, while the recent- ly peopled States and Territories have a large share of middle-aged males, and remarkably few old people of either sex. In Arizona, Wyoming, Idaho, Dakota, Mon- tana and Colorado, there are hardly any women, and a very small proportion of children, while in Utah the sexes are about equal, and the children very numerous. In Missouri the males are in excess, both foreigners and natives, while in Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, New Hampshire, Tennessee, and numbers of other old settled States, females are very largely in excess. Location of Longevity. The New England States show a much larger pi’opor- tion of persons who attain old age than is seen in any other part of the country, which is easily accounted for by the more quiet, contented lives of the people in that section. As might be expected, very few persons of ad- vanced ages are found in the new territories. Old people either do not go to these countries in any number, or do not live after they get there— the majority of the inhabi- tants of both sexes being from twenty to forty years old. A surprising circumstance is revealed by the New Eng- land returns. It would appear that the mortality among the children from birth to the age of ten years is much less than in any other section of the country, thus revealing the better care of children by the Yankee mothers. At the same time, the birth-rate is smaller in New England than in any other part of the country. The Blind, the Deaf, and Insane. In the numbers of blind persons, the males predomin- ate in every State but Delaware and Arkansas. In the census of 1860 the females were in excess in New Hamp- shire, Kentucky, Georgia and Florida, but during the following decade, the relative proportions were changed. It is curious to notice the small proportion of blind who were born thus, not more than fifty-five in a thousand being so afflicted from birth. Asa rule, in every State the number of blind is greatest past middle life. Omitting the blind of unknown age, the total number of males is 74 THE mill can not grind with the water that is past. 11,341; females, 8,972, not less than 189 being one hundred years of age. The number of deaf mute males In this country is 8,895, females, 7,255, the males predominating in every State and Territory but Nebraska. The greatest number of these unfortunates is not found in the first decade of life, but in the second. The Southern States generally show a larger proportion of young deaf mutes than any other sections, while In Connecticut the proportion is very large between one and twenty years. Of Insane people the reports show the following facts: Male Insane, 18,033; female, 19, 136. The number of female insane exceeds that of the males in every state but Dela- ware, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Kentucky, the two Virginias, Maryland and Florida. From the returns it would seem that in those States in which the proportions of the sexes are nearly equal, and where normal conditions of society prevail, the proportion of male and female insane are about alike, females slightly predominating. In Oregon, Cali- fornia and Nebraska, the proportion of male insane, from twenty to fifty years of age, is remarkably suggest- ive of gold speculations and stock failures. The same state of things appeared in the census of 1860 in Califor- nia and Oregon, and Kansas had, also, an astonishing number of male insane, between the ages of twenty and fifty years. The number of insane children, or those who develope insanity during the first ten years of life, is very small. As idiots, the men of this country have no equals, for the male members of this class of unfortunates number 14,472, while the females are but 10,036. They surpass the females in every State and Territory in the census of 1870, as well as that of 1860. According to the statistics, the period of greatest development of idiocy is between the ages of five and thirty years. The Death Rate. From infirmities which are not necessarily fatal, the transition to dangerous diseases and death is easy. The time we have already lived, and that which under ordi- nary circumstances we may yet expect to survive, are matters of no ordinary interest, and concerns all alike. The given statistics show that at birth the mean future duration of life is 39% years; at 20, 38% years; at 40, 26% years ; at 60, 15 years, and at 80, 6 .veal's. Of 100,000 persons born alive, nearly 70,000 survive ten years, about 65,000 live twenty years, nearly 43,000 pass fifty years, 9,500 out- live eighty, and about 50 live to complete the century. Although the absolute number of foreign deaths in this country is not so very large, yet the relative number, when the comparison of foreign and native population is made, is rather larger than might be expected, show- ing that the change of climate, of diet and of surround- ings to which foreigners are exposed on leaving their na- tive lands, operate unfavorably on their general health. As far as special diseases or groups of diseases are con- cerned, the different nationalities which come to our shores seem to have each a constitutional tendency to certain classes of ailments, by which they are unfavora- bly affected, and which cause an unusually high death- rate among them. The Irish, while they are generally exempt from fe- brile diseases, have a marked tendency to all constitu- tional diseases, and to affections of the organs of locomo- tion. The Germans have exactly the reverse of the Irish, a reduced mortality of the constitutional group, and a predisposition to the febrile class, especially to small- pox. The English and Welsh have a marked tendency to diseases of the nervous, circulatory, digestive and in- tegumentary systems. The Sweeds, Danes and Norwe- gians are especially prone to affections of the digestive system, and to an extroardinary mortality from the group of febrile diseases. The Scotch are not specially lia- ble to any peculiar disease except cancer, paralysis and whooping cough. The French suffer less from special ' diseases than any other nation whose people come large- ly to our country. The statistics of death contain many facts which most people will be surprised to learn, but which a moment’s reflection will assure them are in perfect accordance with the natural order of things. Thus, when we ascer- tain that more men than women die in a given year in this country, it seems strange, but we have only to remember that more men than women live in any given year, and the phenomenon Is explained. The proportions of male and female children who die are about equal, and the births are in the same ratio. Affec- tions of the nervous, circulatory, digestive, and integu- mentary systems are more fatal to men than to women, while cancers and measles are more to be dreaded by women than by men. Accidents, paralysis, apoplexy, and pleurisy kill more men than women, while con- sumption is the more fatal to the latter. More boys than girls are killed by accidental Injuries, and it might be supposed that in the patriotic month of July we should have the greatest fatality under this head ; but this is not so, for the boys kill themselves in various ways dur- ing May and June more than in other mouths of the year. IRON IN STOVES AND FURNACES. There are in the United States about three hundred and fifty foundries engaged in the manufacture of stoves and furnaces, using annually 600,000 tons of iron. Of stoves alone it is estimated by Mr. Perry, of Albany, who is regarded as the best authority upon this subject, that the two hundred and seventy-five foundries engaged in the business in 1871 produced 2,200,000 stoves. This, of course, does not include heating furnaces. In 1830 the estimated number of stoves made in this country was 25,000 ; in 1840, 100,000; in 1850, 375,000; in 1860, 1,000,000; in 1870, 2, 100, 000- valued at 837 *,600,000. The value of heating furnaces annu- ally made in the country will amount to $20,000,000. Forty years ago the amount of cast iron used in the con- struction of a house in Boston did not usually exceed in value ten dollars, nor in weight 100 pounds. Now the cost of the heating and cooking apparatus in a first class house frequently reaches $3,000, and in weight of material several tons. And if you build a country house costing $6,000 or $8,000, the stove dealer’s bill will often amount to from $500 to $1,000 for what is deemed only necessary heating and cooking apparatus. Since the period first named this branch of the iron trade may be almost said to have been created, rising in value from a few hundred thousand dollars to more than $60,000,000 per annum, and in its consumption of iron from a few hundred tons to an amount equal to one-fourtli of the production of all the furnaces in the country. The number of stoves produced in 1874 is estimated at 2,695,168, valued at $46,063,000. OUR COUNTRY’S DEVELOPMENT. The steady expansion and substantial developments of the country in the ninety-nine years past, says a writer in Potter’s American Monthly , has fully demonstrated the wisdom of the severance of the Colonial ties and the founding of the Republic. We have not space here to note the development and progress of the nation in wealth, in commerce, etc., but the following brief table shows the expansion of the territorial limits : Square Miles. Original area of the Thirteen States 820,680 Louisiana, purchased in 1803, cost, $15,000,000 899,579 Florida, pur-chased in 1809, cost $3,000,000 66,900 Territory acquired by the Oregon Treaty, in 1842 and 1846 308,052 Texas, 1846, cost payment of Texas debt, $7,500,000.. 318,000 California and New Mexico, 1847, cost expense of war, $15,000,000 522,955 Arizona, purchased in 1854, cost $10,000,000 30,000 Alaska, purchased in 1867, cost $7,200,000 500,000 Aggregate area in 1875 3,466,166 1IE THAT HATH MANY IRONS IN THE FIRE, SOME OF THEM WILL COOL. 75 PORK PACKING- IN THE WEST. j BUTTER AS A FARM PRODUCT. F om. the annual report of the Superintendent of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, for the year ending March 1st, 1875, we extract the following tables in regard to the pork business of the West. The first table shows the number of hogs slaughtered in the States named, their aggregate weight, and the average price paid, during the past season. STATES. No. of Hogs. Aggregate Weight. Average 1874-5 Price. 1873-4 Ohio 871,976 241,737,547 $6 86.591 $4 45.909 Illinois 2,104,730 662,509,899 6 70.144 4 43.664 Indiana 661,770 171,419,197 6 47.974 4 23.591 Iowa 409,249 104,823,208 6 23.480 4 09 719 Kansas 48,594 10,620,062 5 94.93 3 80.211 Kentucky 305,794 80,2:32,476 7 03.611 4 44.669 Michigan 54,082 15,930,911 6 49.9:38 4 45.785 Minnesota 24,248 7,144,085 5 79.809 4 46.263 Missouri 708,690 168,282,357 6 70.14 4 31.351 Nebraska 26,727 6,175,640 5 85.118 3 65.889 Tennessee 23,522 5,724,521 7 10.889 4 63.649 i West Virginia... 8,820 2,216,500 6 69.853 4 47.630 1 Wisconsin ( 280,721 74,599,507 6 36.928 4 77.009 Pittsburgh, Pa... 1 4,000 944,000 6 80 5 25 Atlanta, Ga 4,000 1,000,000 7 60 5 37 Total 5,-587,124 1,453,359,910 $6 65.693 $4 38.758 The following table shows the number of hogs packed in the West, according to the best information attain- able, for the past twenty -six years. Years. 1849- 50 1850- 51 No. of Hogs. 1,232,867 1851-52 1,182,846 1852-53 2,201,110 1853-54 2,542,770 1854-55 2,124,404 1855-56 2,489,502 1856-57 1,818,468 1857-58 2,210,778 1858-59 1859-60 2,350,822 1860-61 2,155,702 1861-62 No. of Years. Hogs. 1862- 63 4,069,520 1863- 64 3,261,105 1864- 65 2,422,779 1865- 66 2,785,955 1866- 67 2,490,791 1867- 68 2,781,084 1868- 69 2,499,873 1869- 70 2,635,312 1870- 71 3,623,404 1871- 72 4,782,403 1872- 73 5,456,004 1873- 74 5,383,810 1874- 75 5,537,124 The following table shows the number of hogs packed at the principal points in the West during the past year : Chicago, 111, 1,690,348 Cincinnati, O 560,164 St. Louis, Mo 462,246 Indianapolis, Ind 278,339 Louisville, Ky 273,118 Milwaukee, Wis 248,197 St. Joe& vicin’y, Mo. 117,050 Peoria, III 112,7.50 Cleveland, O 80,266 Des Moines, Iowa 74,017 Kansas City, Mo 73,500 Keokuk, Iowa 72,000 Quincy, 111 65,808 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 54,620 Dubuque, Iowa 53,500 Detroit, Mich 38,376 Sabula, Iowa 37,318 Ottumwa, Iowa 35,000 Terre Haute, Ind 32,000 Richmond, Ind 27,700 Franklin, Ind 27,406 Gosport, Ind 25,571 Galena, Ills 24,000 Circleville, O 23,486 Council Bluffs, la.... 20,000 Xenia, O 18,842 Muncie, Ind 18,100 Charleston, Ills 17,202 Pekin, Ills 17,068 Lawrence, Kansas .. 17,000 Washingt’n C. H., O. 16,335 Greensburg, Ind 15,907 Lacon, Ills 15,286 Evansville, Ind 15,160 Delphi, Ind 15,140 Columbus, Ind 15,077 St. Paul, Minn 15,000 Toledo, O 14,474 Wilmington, O 14,286 Hagerstown, Ind 14,250 Martinsville, Ind 13,960 Leavenworth, Kas... 13,751 Canton, Mo...: 13,000 Omaha, Neb 13,000 Lafayette, Ind 12,830 Nashville, Tenn 12,300 Chillicothe, O 12,235 New Castle, Ind 11,685 W abash, Ind 11 ,640 Sioux City, Iowa 1 1,296 Marion, Ind 11,000 Ripley, O 11,000 Springfield, 111 10,500 Burlington, Iowa 10,150 Barry, 111 10,000 Davenport, Iowa 10,000 Great Gun Factories— Some idea of the vast business done in manufacturing firearms may be obtained, when it is stated that the Remington Gun Works at Illion, N. Y., are employing 2,000 men, night and day, upon a con- tract for 3,000,000 breech -loading rifles for the Spanish Government. Between 4,000 and 5,000 finished rifles are shipped per week. The Providence Tool Company, of Providence, R. I., are now at work on a contract for 600,- 000 Peabody-Marsini rifles for the Turkish Government, and are turning out about 600 of them daily. The majority of farmers look upon the production of butter as a thing of minor importance, which may be the fact in regions remote from market ; but when they reflect that unlike other farm products, butter brings in a weekly revenue, which, though small each week, is considerable in the year’s aggregate, they will more fully appreciate this unconsidered source of income. And while on this subject, we republish from an exchange the following statistics which go to show that the amount of butter consumed is simply startling: The’ President of the Butter and Cheese Exchange of New York has prepared some statistics which show that if corn is king, cow is, at least, royal consort. The con- sumption of butter in the United States is 1,040,000,000 pounds per annum, for table use, alone. Adding about one-third more for the culinary consumption, the total is 1,387,000,000 pounds. The exports from the States and Canada are about 15,000,000, making the total annual pro- duct about 1,402,000,000, worth, at an average of thirty cents a pound $420,600,000. The product in cheese is sup- posed to be 53,000,000 pounds. The exports from the United States ports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, were 90,611,057 pounds, and the exports from the dominion of Canada were 28,183,223 pounds, exclusive of exports to the United States, making a total of American exports of 113,- 794,280 pounds. WHERE THE MONEY GOES. Some light is shed on the way the money goes oy the annual report of the Bureau of Statistics and Commerce. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, America paid for hats, bonnets and hoods, and for trimmings for these articles, a sum which, including the duties, amounted to more than $2,000,000. Feathers and artificial flowers cost $3,315,098. Then there were wigs, curls, ringlets, hair pins, gloves, mits, fans, handkerchiefs, hemmed and hem- stitched, perfumery, cosmetics, dentrifices, combs, um- brellas, parasols, sunshades, pocket knives, corsets, hosiery, lace, tassels, embroideries, velvets, furs, braids, fringes, ribbons, silk goods, shawls, 'diamonds, jewelry, carpets, wines, liquors, tobacco, musical instruments, tooth picks, toilet soap, fruits, oils, leather, medicines, toys, and a largo schedule of other articles which we need not recapitulate. The item of corsets footed up $1,- 255,589 ; silk ribbons, $6,695,218 ; false hair, $1,117,045 ; braids, fringes, &c., $2,678,274. The whole sum amounted to near- ly $800,000,000, a large part of which was for articles of per- sonal dress and ornament. Wines, spirits and tobacco rolled up a little over $30,000,000, and we presume the men will stand charged with this item. Very many of the arti- cles bought abroad could be purchased even more cheaply at home. We are recklessly extravagant and un- wise in giving our spare cash to foreign nations, enriching them at our expense. It is prodigious folly. The Greatest Crop in the World— The hay crop of the United States for the last year is reported at over 27,- 000,000 tons cured. This at $20 per ton is about $500,000,000, and does not include what was eaten but not cured. The live stock of the United States was worth $1,525,000,000. These had to get their living out of grass. The value of animals slaughtered for food in that year was $309,000,000. The butter crop was $421,000,000. This all came from grass. There were produced 2:35,000,000 gallons of milk, worth $25,- 000,000. This, too, came from grass. Next, 100,000,000 pounds of wool, at $25,000,000. This got its living from grass. Next, 53,000,000 pounds of cheese, worth $5,000,000. Add all these items together, and the grass product of 1874 of the United States was no less than $1,285,000,000. The total value of all agricultural products in the United States was $2,447,538,658. In other words, the grass crop of the United States can pay off the national debt in two 76 HE THAT CONVERSES NOT, KNOWS NOTHING. EXPORT TRADE OF TIIE UNITED STATES. RIPE OLD AGES. Of American goods, the value of $440,955,870 were sent j A curious and interesting statistical statement has just to British markets during the last year. Our exports in- been computed in the city of New York. It exhibits eluded cotton, breadstuff's, bacon, beef, butter and other the number of persons who have died there within the provisions, dried and green fruits, iron, steel, machinery j past ten years, of one hundred years of age and upwards, and tools, agricultural implements, books, tobacco, bil- J and is made a part of the annual report of the health de- liard tables, brooms and brushes, oil, guns, pistols, etc. partment. The following figures are of statistical value to those in- terested in this subject. As the United States furnish the principal market for the sale of British merchandise, so Great Britain and her dependencies offer the principal markets for our exported productions. We sent to the markets of that nation dur- ing the fiscal year merchandise to the value of $440,935,870, which is nearly two-thirds of the entire value of our ex- ports for that period. Of that amount we shipped direct to England $308,870,292, and to Ireland and Scotland, $04,- 090,216. The value of the merchandise received last year from Great Britain was $255,180,597 in gold. Next to Great Britain, Germany is our best customer, $04,344,022 being our receipts for her purchases. To France and her dependencies we shipped $50,485,045 worth of merchandise, of which France received directly over $50,000,000 worth. Spain and her colonies paid us $33,505,- 540, of which there was from the mother country $11,643,- 715, and from Cuba, 19,597,981. To Belgium we sent merchandise valued at $20,197,515; to the Netherlands, $15,156,309; Russia, $10,284,803; Italy, $8,378,006; Turkey, $2,549,493; Denmark, $2,430,791 ; Norway and Sweden, $2,- 385, 0S8; China, $1,029,165 ; Japan, $1,808*107 ; Brazil, 7,562,815; United States of Columbia, $5,123,845, Mexico, $4,073,676; Hay ti, $4,265,686; Chili, $2,730,617; Peru, $2,518,494; Argen- tine Republic, $2,478,513 ; Venezuela, $2,384,139. The coun- tries named are the largest markets for the sale and consumption of our productions. The countries which purchased least from us are Greece, $35,668 ; Liberia, $123,- 463; San Dominga, $514,633, and the Sandwich Islands, $623,280. WHAT THE PEOPLE DRINK. The imported brandies, wines, cordials, gin and other spirits for the year ending June 30, 1874, had a value, duty included, in all, of nearly $6,300,000. They amounted, in all, to nearly 2,000,000 gallons. The domestic distilleries furnished in the same year 65,000,000 gallons to the trade. The brewers added 9,000,000 barrels or 270,000,000 gallons of malt liquors. The imported liquors cost the consumer about $12,000,000 ; the native liquors cost him about$200, 000,- 000, and the malt liquors $200,000,000 more, a total of a little more than $400,000,000, or $10 to the head of the population. But as the number of those who drink is probably not more than 5,000,000, the amount for each is $80 per annum, $1.50 a week, 25 cents a day as the average. The sum looks large, but a “nation of drunkards” cannot be made on twenty-five cents a day. Consequently some drinkers must get more than their share; a fact which suggests co-operative and uniformity legislation to equalize the imbibings of the community. Besides, a large portion of the domestic spirits is used in the arts, which reduces the quantity for “ eleven o’clockers ” and “ night caps ” very materially. The malt liquor manufactured gives six gal- lons to the population, or if only 5,000,000 drink, forty- eight gallons to each per annum, or 768 hal f pints— two half pints a day— which is a very moderate average, and which would never invite a “crusade.” The product of the domestic distilleries is 65,000,000 gallons, and nearly half of this is used in the arts. Say 40,000,000 gallons are left. That makes 2,560,000,000 drinks, 64 to the gallon— the army ration. Divide these among 5,000,000 people, and the average is 512 a year, less than two drinks a day. The imported liquors give about one drink a fortnight to the aforesaid 5,000,000 tipplers. Of these centennarians their are 91 ; of whom 72 were females and 19 males. Of the number 56 were natives of Ireland, 25of the United States, 2 of Germany, 2 of France, 2 of the W est Indies, 1 of Scotland, 1 of Africa, 1 at sea and 1 unknown. Of colored there were 23 and of white 68. The list shows 2 single, 43 widows, 7 married and only 5 widowers, leaving 34, the conditions of which are unac- counted for. Of these 37 were 100 years old, 5 were 101, 9 were 102, 14 were 103, 5 were 104, 7 were 105, 5 were 106, 3 were 108, 3 were 109, 2 were 113, and 1 was 118 years. Their occupations are given in only fifteen Instances, in which there are only 2 merchants, 3 cooks, the others being la- borers and house-servants. The cause of death in two-thirds of these cases was senile asthenia, or gradual decay from the infirmities of old age. There were three cases of apoplexy, others of pneumonia, paralysis, dropsy, etc., but In the large ma- jority of cases, as is seen, the old people fell off from life as the leaves from the trees in autumn, when there is no more active life to support them. The statements of many of these were contradictory as to the methods by which they retained life so long. Very few drank alcoholic liquors, and most of them were hard- working people, who lived on simple fare, and by the nature of their employment took plenty of out-door ex- ercise, thereby training the muscular system and inhaling oxygen, which is the principle of life. The Government Statistics for 1*71 may well cause every honorable man to hang his head in shame and may well fill every patriot’s heart with alarm. They are as follows ; let them be pondered by every lover of his country: Salaries of all ministers of the Gospel $6,000,000 Cost of dogs 10,000,000 Support of criminals 12,000,000 Fees of litigation ; 35,000,000 Cost of tobacco and cigars. 610,000,000 Importation of liquor 50,000,000 Support of grog-shops 1,500,000,000 Whole cost of liquor 2,200,000,000 And these are the facts in this enlightened nineteenth century, and in these United States! One might infer from them that we are fast becoming, if we are not al- ready a nation of drunkards. And then consider this country’s estimate of the Gospel ministry ; the ministers of all denominations costing a sum less by millions than the very dogs of the land. Population of the World— The largest and best au- thority gives the population of the globe as follows : In America 72,800,000 In Europe 587,000,000 In Asia 789,000,000 In Africa :. 188,000,000 In Austria and Polynesia 5,300,000 Total 1,642,100,000 Estimates made from the best data known, give the fol- lowing classification as to the religion nominally professed by the population of the several countries : Roman Catholics 195,000,000 Protestants 57,130,000 Mohammedans 400,000,000 Buddhists 340,000,000 And six oriental churches 6.500,000 Other Asiatic religions 260,000,000 Pagans 200,000,000 Jews 6,000,000 EXPECT NOTHING FROM HIM WHO PROMISES A GREAT DEAL. 77 WHY LAMPS EXPLODE. All explosions of coal oil lamps are caused by the vapor or gas that collects in the space above the oil. When full of oil of course a lamp contains no gas, but immedi- ately on lighting the lamp consumption begins, soon leaving a space for gas, which commences as the lamp warms up, and after burning a short time sufficient gas will accumulate to form an explosion. The gas in a lamp will explode only when ignited. In this respect it is like gunpowder. Cheap or inferior oil is always dangerous. The flame is communicated to the gas in the following manner: The wick tube in all lamp burners is made larger than the wick which is to pass through it. It would not do to have the wick work tightly in the burner; on the contrary it is essential that it moves up and down with perfect ease. In this way it is unavoidable that space in the tube is left along the sides of the wick suffi- cient for the flame from the burner to pass down into the lamp and explode the gas. Many things may occur to cause the flame to pass down the wick tube and explode. First— A lamp may be standing on a table or mantel, and a slight puff of air from the open window, or the sudden opening of a door, causes an explosion. Second— A lamp may be taken up quickly from a table or mantel, and instantly explode. Third— A lamp is taken into an entry where there is a draft, or out of doors, and an explosion ensues. Fourth— A lighted lamp is taken up a flight of stairs, or is. raised quickly to place it on the mantel, resulting in an explosion. In all these cases the mischief is done by the air movement — either by suddenly checking the draft or forcing air down the chimney against the flame. Fifth— Blowing down the chimney to extingush the light is a frequent cause of explosion. Sixth— Lamp explosions have been caused by using a chimney broken off at the top, or one that has a piece broken out, rendering the draft variable and unsteady. Seventh— Sometimes a thoughtless person puts a small sized wick in a large burner, thus leaving considerable space in the tube along the edges of the wick. Eighth— An old burner with its air drafts clogged up, which rightly should be thrown away, is sometimes con- tinued in use, and the final result is an explosion. OCEAN CABLES NOW IN USE. There are now no less than five lines of telegraphic communication between Europe and America. The following list of the principal ocean cables now in use, besides those referred to above, is from an article in the Journal of the Telegraph, written by George B. Prescott: Date. From 1867— Malta to Alexandria, Egypt 1869— Bushire, Persia, to Jack, Beloochistan. St. Pierre to Duxbury 1870— Suez to Aden, Arabia Aden to Bombay, India Porthcurno, England, to Lisbon Gibralta to Malta Madras to Penang Singapore to Batavia Malta to Alexandria, Egypt Batsbano, Cuba, to Santiago, Cuba Java to Australia 1871 — Singapore to Cochin China Saigon to Hong Kong Hong Kong to Shanghai Shanghai to Japan, thence to Siberia.. Antigua to Demerara, West Indies Porto Rico to Jamaica 1873— Falmouth, England, to Lisbon France to Denmark Pernambuco to Para, Brazil Alexandria, Egypt, to Brindisi, Italy.. 1874— Lisbon to Madeira Madeira to St. Vincent St. Vincent to Brazil Jamaica to Colon, S. A Brazil to Rio Janeiro Jamaica to Porto Rico '. Rio Janeiro to Rio Grande del Sui Length in miles. 925 505 749 1,460 1,818 823 1,120 1,408 557 904 520 1,082 620 975 1,100 1,200 1,028 582 1,150 550 1,332 930 633 1,360 1,953 1,240 582 840 INFLUENCE OF IMMIGRATION ON NATIONAL WEALTH, In 1856 the Commissioners of Immigration in New York examined every immigrant as to the amount of his means, and it was ascertained that the average cash of each of the 142,342 arriving that year was 868.08. But it subsequently appeared that many immigrants, not un- derstanding the object of this inquiry, were careful not to report the full amount of their means. Mr. Kapp there- fore estimated the average amount of money brought by each immigrant at 8100, and other personal property at 850 ; total, $150. This estimate is believed by many to be beyond the facts, and Dr. Young estimates the average amount brought by each at 880. Assuming that the 422,- 545 aliens who arrived in the United States in 1873, with the intention of remaining, brought an average of 880 each, it will be seen that the immigration of that year added 833,803,600 to the wealth of the country. Applying the same calculation to the total number of aliens arriv- ing, with the intention of remaining, from the formation of the government to the beginning of 1874, and the result is about 8712,000,000 as the total amount contributed by immigration to the wealth of the country since its origin. But the economic value of the immigrant, arising from the addition to the industrial and intellectual resources of the country, is still greater. Dr. Young makes the average capital of each immigrant 8800. At this rate, the immigration to tjie United States in 1873 added about 8338,000,000 to the national wealth, while the increase from this source since the formation of the government is about 87,125,700,000. PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF THE UNITED STATES. There are in the United States more than seventy pub- lic libraries which contain over 25,000 volumes each. Of these nine possess more than 100,000 volumes, seven more than 50,000 and less than 100,000, and seventeen more than 35,000 and less than 50,000. The largest collection is the Congress Library , which has 261,000 volumes. The Public Library of Boston contains nearly the same number, and increases at the rate of 15,000 volumes a year. Harvard College has 200,000; the Astor and the Mercantile of New York, 148,000 each ; the Mercantile and the Library Com- pany of Philadelphia, 105,000 and 101,000 respectively ; the Athenaeum of Boston, 103,000; and Yale College, 100,000. The New York State Library, at Albany, has 67,000 vol- umes, not including the Law Library, which has 25,500. The Society Library of New York possesses 64 ,000 volumes ; the Public, of Cincinnati, 62,000 ; the Peabody Institute, of Baltimore, 56,600; the Antiquarian Society, of Worcester, 55,000, and the Apprentices, of New York, and Dartmouth College, 50,000 each. Those which contain more than 35,000 are as follows : the Mercantile, of Brooklyn ; Wat- kinson, of Hartford; Mercantile, of St. Louis; Cornell University; Historical Society, of New York; State of Maryland ; State of Michigan ; Public, of Chicago ; State of Ohio ; Mercantile, of San Francisco ; Surgeon-General's ’ Office at Washington ; University of Virginia; City of Springfield ; State of Massachusetts ; Public School, of St. Louis ; Bowdoin College, and the Mercantile, of Cin- \ cinnati. Steam Power— Figures are nice things to work at . when they are all your own way. The statisticians have' found out something else to the advantage of the United States, to- wit : that we have a great deal more steam power than our population entitles us to. The nations which use steam have a total population of 350,000,000, . and their total steam engines have a power of about 14,- 000,000 horses. The United States, with only one-ninth of. the total population, has fully one-third of the total steam power— and this despite the fact that steam has but little invaded our great Western domain. CHARITY REGINS AT HOME, BUT SHOULD NOT END THERE. FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS IN CITIES. An estimate has been made from the census of 1870 con- cerning fifty cities in the United States, in the orderof their rank by population, showing the number of fami- lies In each, the number of dwellings, and the number of persons to each dwelling. The following table is the result : TEE PUBLIC DEBT. CITY. •se 1 0 * j Families. Dwellings. I Persons to 1 dwelling | 1 185,789 64,944' 14.72 Philadelphia i 127,7461 80,066 112,366 45,834 6.01 i 8.64 1 4 59,481 59,497 49,929 48,188 42,037 39, 139 1 30,553 22,325 21,343 39,675 7 . 64 ; 5| 48,620 6.70 6 40,350 6.63 1 7| 29,623 8.46 ; Hi 24,550 8.81 9 33,656 25,905 5.69 1 I? 5.77 Buffi in 18,265 6.44 Washington 12 19,545 5.59 Npwnrlr . . 13 21,631 19,177 18,411 16,182 15,687 15,616 14,226 14,105 14,775 14,350 7.38 I^ouisvilJ 0 .. 14 14,670 7.87 Cleveland 15 16,693 5.56 Pittsburg 16 14,224 6.05 Jersey City Detroit, 17 18 9,867 14,658 8.37 5.42 Milwaukee J»| 13,048 8,748 ! 5.48 A iba ny 20 7.94 Providence 21 6,227 7.46 Ttoc li ester 22 12,213 10,147 9,7961 10,482 1 9,008 9,200 9,362 8,677 8,658 7,649 14,649 5.3(1 Alleghany 28 8,347 6.37 Richmond ....... 24 8,661 6.35 New Haven Charleston 25 26 8,100 6,861 6.28 7.14 I nd i a n a pol U 27 7,820 6.17 Trov 28 5,893 7.88 Syracuse Worcester 29| 30 7,088 4,922 6.07 8.35 Lowell -m 31 6,362 6.43 Mein phis 32 7,824 6,408 6,348 6.28 Cam bridge 33 7,897 6.24 Hartford 34 7,427 6,6421 6,932! 7,048 6,688 5,646 5.56 Sc rati ton 35 6.31 Read in 0 " 361 6,294 5.39 Paterson ,,, 37 4,603 5,424 1 5,734 7.22 Kansas City, Mo 38 5,585 6,304 6,457 6,612 5,790 5.95 Mobile 39 5.58 Toledo 40 6,096 5.20 Portland, Me... Columbus. Ohio 41 42 4,836 5,001 5,398 6.50 6 24 'Wilmington, Del 43 5,808 5.71 1 Dayton 44 6,109 5,601 5.43 I Ljtwrouce* Mrss 45 5,287 5,793 6,055 5,013 6,100 5,216 3,443 4,799 8.40 Utica 46 6.00 Charlestown Ma-ss 47 ! 4,896 4,561 6.44 Savannah 48 6.19 T.vnn 49 4,625 6.10 Fall River 50 2,687 9.96 j 1 The policy of the Administration party has been to decrease the amount of the public debt and at the same time lessen the tax burdens of the people. How well this policy has been carried out, the following table will in- dicate. It shows the public debt at the close of each fiscal year (June 30th), from 1860 to 1875. It should be borne in mind that the Internal revenue tax in 1866 amounted to 8309,226,813.42, and in 1874 it was only $102,- 409,784.90 Years. Public Debt. 1860 $04, 842,287 88 1861 90,580,873 72 1862 524,170,412 13 1863 1,1 19,772,138 63 1864 1,815,784,370 57 1865 2,680,647,869 74 Years. Public Debt. 1868 2,611,687,851 19 1869 2,588,452,213 94 1870 2,480,672,427 81 1871 2,353,211,332 32 1872 2,253,251,328 78 1873 2,202,752,993 20 1866 .. 2,773,236,173 69 1874 2,192,930,468 43 1867 2,678,126,103 87 j 1875 2,125,808,789 00 From the above statement, which is taken from the official records, it will be seen that the public debt reached its highest point in 1866, being at that time $2,773,236,173.69. In 1874 it had been reduced to $2,192,930,468, showing a re- duction in eight years of $580,305,705.26. It needs no comment to enforce the lesson which these tables teach. They show the exercise of good judgment, careful management, economy and official honesty in the administration of our national finances. The nation has good reason to point with pride to the financial record of the party that lias brought it through perils greater than any before encountered. That it will stand by itnow, in its resistance to Democratic encroach- ments, we firmly believe. To believe otherwise would be to acknowledge that the American people are insensible to public virtue and ungrateful to the party to whose services they owe the existence of tlieir government. CURRENCY CIRCULATION. It will be seen that Philadelphia, though having a j much smaller population than New York, has nearly twice as many dwelling houses. As shown by other tables, Philadelphia averages almost a house to a family ; New York averages 5.07 persons to a family, 14.72 persons to a dwelling ; Philadelphia 5.28 persons to a family, and 6.01 persons to a dwelling. The reasons for this difference are well understood. New York is crowded with large residences, and Philadelphia has miles in three directions to expand within her city limits. Land being cheap, buildings are small, and rents within a mechanic’s reach. Brooklyn has about an even race with Chicago in the number of dwellings, but Brooklyn residences average greater value and much larger size. It is somewhat strange that the cities of Brooklyn and Chicago should each be ahead of St. Louis in the number of dwellings. Land is very much cheaper in St. Louis than in Brooklyn. These figures were taken before the Chicago fire ; but Chicago has more dwellings than she had then, and the comparison still holds good. The crowded cities are New York, Cincinnati, Brook- lyn, Boston, Lawrence, Jersey City and Worcester. the entire currency circula- the years named. As far as date, amounts given are for 1858 $155,208,000 1859 193,306,000 1860 207,102,000 1861 202,205,000 1862 183,794,000 1865 523,769,000 1866 688,000,000 1867 706,000,000 1868 688,000,000 1869 687,000,000 1870 690,000,000 1871 700,000,000 1872 718,000,000 1873 736, 000, shi n gt f>n 1853 23,955 9,118 22,195 207 Wyoming 1868 8,726 183 Total 442,730 386,249 44,903 Grand Total 38,555,883 31,320,989 4,879,107 APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CON CRESS. The following table gives the apportionment of Repre- sentativss in Congress, according to the new census of 1870: Maine 5 New Hampshire 2 Vermont 2 Massachusetts 11 Rhode Island 2 Connecticut 4 New York 32 New Jersey. Pennsylvania Delaware 1 Maryland 6 Virginia West Virginia 3 North Carolina 8 South 1 Carolina 5 Georgia.^ 1 Alabama......... 7 Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas... Tennessee.. Kentucky.. Ohio Indiana.... Illinois Michigan.., Missouri.... Iowa Wisconsin. Minnesota Kansas Nebraska.. Nevada California.. Oregon 6 4 9 10 20 12 19 9 13 9 8 3 3 1 1 4 1 Total Representatives. . 283 Territorial Delegates 10 POSTAL STATISTICS. No one who believes that the United States have a part assigned them to act in the great prophetic drama, wiil be at a loss what use to make of the following statistics. Perhaps no better index could be given of the rapid growth of this Government wlrile it has been “ coming up,” than the Increase of its postal system, as herewith set forth : In 1790 the number of post offices in the United States was 75; the length of post roads in miles was 1875; the postal reven ues amounted to $37, 935, and the expenditures 932,140. That was the day of small things in our postal system. In 1800 the post offices had risen to 903 in number, and the length of post roads to 20,817 miles. The revenues were 9280,804, and the expenditures 9231,904. This shows a remarkable increase in ten years. In 1810 the number of post offices was 2,300; the length of post roads was 86,070 miles; the postal revenues W'ere 9551,684, and the expenditures were 9495,969. In 1820 the number of post offices was 4,500; the length of post roads was 72,492 miles; the postal revenues were 91,111,927, and the expenditures were 91,160,926. In 1830 the number of post offices was 8,450 ; the length of post roads was 115,176 miles ; the postal revenues were 91,919,300, and the expenditures were 91,959,109. In 1840 the number of post offices was 13,486 ; the length of post roads was 155,739 miles; the postal revenues were 94,543,422.92, and the expenditures were 94,718,325.64. In 1850 the number of post offices was 18,417 ; the length of post roads was 178,672 miles; the postal revenues were 95,499,986.86, and the expenditures were 95,212,953.43. In 1860 the number of post offices was 28,498 ; the length of post roads was 240,594 miles ; the postal revenues were 99,218,067.40, and the expenditures were 914,874,772.89. In 1870 the number of post offices was 28,492 ; the length of post roads was 251,232 miles; the postal revenues were 919,772,220.65, and the expenditures were 923,998,837.63. In 1873 the number of post offices was 33,244 ; the length of post roads was 256,210 miles ; the postal revenues were 922,996,741.57, and the expenditures were 929,084,945.67. During 1874 and 1875 the postal service has been con- stantly increasing; but since the present Post Master General, Mr. Jewell, assumed the control of affairs, he has been reducing expenses to such an extent that it is believed he will make the Department self-sustaining. LEGAL RATES OF INTEREST. STATES, ETC. Rate. \ Alabama 8 per cent. Arkansas 6 “ Arizona Ter 10 “ California 10 “ Colorado Ter 10 “ Connecticut 6 “ Dakota Ter 7 “ Delaware 6 “ Dist. of Colum’ia 6 CPlrwiH Q R ^ | STATES, ETC. Missouri* 6 Montana Ter 10 Nebraska 10 Nevada 10 N. Hampshire... 6 New Jersey, 7 New York 7 North Carolina! 6 Ohio! 6 Oregon 10 Georgia* 7 Illinois* 6 “ Indiana*..... 6 ‘ Tnxiro^ 8 ^ Pennsylvania 6 Rhode Island 6 South Carolina ... 7 Tennessee* 6 Kansas! 7 “ TT O lr XT'!- 8 •* Texas 8 Utah Ter* 7 Louisiana!: 5 \f oinn .. 8 Vermont 6 Virginia! . 6 Maryland 6 Massachusetts.... 6 Michigan* 7 “ Minnesota! 7 Mississippi* 6 W. Virginia 6 Washington Ter 10 Wisconsin* 7 Wyoming Ter.g..l2 Rate. *A contract to pay 10 per cent, is valid, f A contract to pay 12 per cent, is valid. JA contract to pay 8 per cent, is valid, g Any rate agreed upon is lawful. Note.— The legal rate of interest in the United States may be said to range from 6 to 12 per cent., while in England it usually varies from 3 to 6 per cent. WISDOM PROVIDES THINGS NECESSARY, NOT SUPERFLUOUS. 81 WAGES OF FARM LABOR. Table showing; the Average Wages paid for Farm and other Labor in the several States and Sections in the respective Years 1860, 1870, and 1874. STATES. Daily Wages of ordinary hands in Summer. With Board. NEW ENGLAND STATES. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut MIDDLE STATES. New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland West Virginia WESTERN STATES. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Kansas Nebraska Missouri Kentucky SOUTHERN STATES. Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee PACIFIC STATES. California Nevada Oregon . TERRITORIES. Washington Colorado Dakota Idaho Arizona Montana New Mexico AVERAGES. New England States Middle State s Western States Southern States General average.. Pacific States Territories . Avetage Without Board. Monthly Wages of ordinary hands in Summer. With Board. Daily Wages of j common labor Without Board 1860. 1870. | 1874. 1860. 1870. j 1874. 1860. 1870. 1874. 1860. 1870. 1874. 1860. 1870. 1874. . $0 94 SI 18 | SI 10 SI 54 SI 4 44 . §20 67 ' •$20 on i §1 14 SI 54 SI 50 CO CA A on ci i nn 88 1 31 SI 25 1 25 l 75 SI 69 13 34 1 19 00 • 18 75 i 1 12 1 81 1 87 'CO ou 7 33 iMU 0J7 11 12 sJ>ll (JU 12-00 1 14 1 00 1 01 1 50 1 62 13 66 i 23 00 i 18 00 ' 1 08 1 44 1 50 6 00 10 50 10 25 79 1 lo 87 1 13 1 58 1 50 17 28 i 24 10 i 22 50 1 15 1 60 1 67 6 56 10 20 13 50 83 83 1 33 12 00 i 18 00 i 83 1 50 6 00 19 nn . 1 00 1 58 1 00 2 08 1 50 12 00 i 19 33 ; 15 (jo 2 17 1 50 fi nn IJj uu in 68 1 13 1 18 90 1 54 1 71 11 83 : 19 88 24 92 1 21 1 67 1 53 o WJ 5 06 AU ou 9 55 0 uu 10 60 . 73 1 23 1 13 1 09 1 72 1 58 9 92 19 33 ; 16 oo 1 07 1 61 1 44 4 64 8 83 10 40 63 1 01 89 95 1 47 1 25 11 52 : 18 57 17 04 1 19 1 65 1 40 4 82 7 88 8 40 50 88 1 25 1 00 10 00 15 00 10 00 1 56 d nn e nn 4 00 38 73 62 1 04 5 00 1 1 71 50 1 ns ^ Uu o nn 0 uu 1 d'i 52 82 64 76 1 13 93 10 01 16 00 16 67 98 A UO 1 27 1 50 Z UU 4 50 7 00 6 36 Tm 68 98 82 96 1 28 1 07 12 91 17 33 16 29 1 08 1 49 1 29 5 39 8 52 7 93 71 94 84 96 1 32 1 23 13 09 18 48 16 44 1 06 1 56 1 25 6 12 9 11 8 55 78 98 1 06 1 06 1 43 1 43 13 04 19 03 19 45 1 19 1 60 1 58 6 60 9 45 10 18 73 1 00 1 00 1 02 1 45 1 40 12 30 18 50 1 20 1 57 1 75 6 06 9 9! 12 00 1 01 1 01 1 41 1 40 14 9o 16 76 20 00 1 19 1 54 6 17 8 85 9 00 1 10 1 39 75 1 38 1 86 1 00 12 64 20 55 16 00 1 05 1 75 5 97 8 98 76 1 09 70 1 01 1 52 13 00 18 85 17 00 1 13 1 69 1 25 70 O Q 1 Q nn 1 08 1 04 1 o0 1 50 14 25 IQ 1 75 1 87 ol 0 nn 0 UU . 1 00 1 25 1 25 1 88 15 00 li 7 U/ 20 25 1 62 2 13 ..... / UU 13 00 U oO 14 50 82 100 93 1 14 11 84 17 00 1 03 1 48 1 50 4 67 7 55 64 84 89 1 15 10 70 15 29 99 1 39 6 10 8 07 52 63 54 66 97 76 8 04 10 09 9 25 75 1 01 90 4 04 5 48 4 80 33 48 47 70 7 00 9 10 12 00 67 82 3 60 5 00 7 00 34 53 75 58 78 1 50 6 67 10 67 15 00 78 1 01 1 00 5 28 7 40 8 00 47 68 68 81 9 50 11 89 10 00 88 1 09 5 50 6 95 7 00 75 W Oil 47 ei 75 70 88 | 1 00 9 60 ju u 1 > 11 64 11 00 84 #U 1 21 75 7 00 7 00 8 HI 7 50 48 75 50 81 1 20 75 11 00 14 67 10 00 75 1 45 75 8 0 ( ' 10 43 5 00 79 75 1 11 1 25 9 66 15 25 15 00 1 70 1 62 7 00 10 05 14 00 54 69 50 75 1 00 75 10 66 14 60 12 00 92 1 27 8 00 8 50 14 00 65 84 81 1 14 li oo 14 80 1 00 1 39 s nn 0 wn 51 52 71 1 01 50 9 20 13 98 10 00 83 1 15 50 o UU 4 80 y 00 6 62 9 00 2 00 1 52 1 00 2 17 2 15 2 00 30 45 30 53 1 96 2 31 2 50 27 08 27 89 3 GO 1 83 1 50 4 00 2 67 2 50 70 00 40 00 4 12 3 00 2 50 52 50 33 33 30 00 1 61 1 25 1 00 1 88 1 75 J 60 37 00 28 25 40 00 2 12 2 12 2 00 30 00 22 75 30 00 2 25 1 88 2 75 2 37 50 CO 37 50 40 00 2 50 2 50 1 50 30 00 22 00 1 75 1 68 2 75 2 46 30 00 33 00 3 50 2 50 32 14 25 05 1 25 1 94 1 50 2 75 20 00 30 00 3 00 18 00 20 Oo 10 00 2 00 1 25 2 25 1 75 55 00 32 00 3 50 1 25 40 00 30 00 1 75 2 33 41 67 3 25 40 00 4 CO 5 00 57 50 40 00 6 00 50 00 40 00 60 75 1 25 1 00 1 50 1 75 25 00 30 00 1 00 1 50 1 25 8 00 10 CO 6 00 81 1 20 1 02 1 07 1 63 1 58 13 79 20 68 18 60 1 06 1 68 1 61 6 73 10 87 10 80 57 95 95 88 1 36 1 30 9 71 16 75 16 93 99 1 48 1 47 4 17 8 08 8 08 83 I 03 88 1 12 1 45 13 12 18 33 17 53 1 21 1 64 1 44 6 68 9 43 9 28 47 67 63 69 94 9 23 12 43 11 58 82 1 16 92 6 12 7 79 8 48 67 93 87 94 1 35 11 46 17 05 16 16 1 02 1 49 1 36 5 93 9 04 9 18 2 20 1 53 1 17 2 68 2 19 45 82 32 93 40 00 2 73 2 48 2 33 36 53 27 99 30 00 1 46 2 00 1 25 2 00 2 67 33 33 39 95 35 62 2 33 3 18 1 33 22 04 29 58 21 50 1 83 1 77 1 21 2 34 2 43 39 58 36 44 37 81 2 53 2 83 1 83 29 29 28 78 25 75 Monthly Wages of Female servants. With Board. Remarks— This table, and the two following, have been compiled from the recent work of Edward Young, Chief of the United States Bureau of Statistics, on “ Labor in America.” The many blanks, showing the wan t of reliable information from different States, at different times, render any accurate conclusions to be drawn from this table rather unsatisfactory. Still the fact is shown, and it accords with general observation, that wages are on the decline in most branches of industry. But it is equally true that they have in very few localities reached as low rates as in 1800, before the war. In a few of the Western and Southern States, where the population is growing by immigration, and transient labor' is scarce, wages are even higher now than ever before. By comparing these tables of wages, with the table on page 83, showing the cost of living, it may be seen whether a man’s wages will now buy as much of the necessaries of life as when he received less for his services. AS THE TOUCHSTONE TRIES GOLD, SO GOLD TRIES MEN. b i-l - s i | S ;S • -sa \ jSS : : :cow -.3 risl^fe [s ;3S :8e!S3838SS jSS ;88S^3 1 is, ;cq ; cocoes ccc^ coco «oo :o«eoeoeo ;mm jNeowccMiOM^ | Sx^M 1 co cq co co co 1 © © © « 1 5 O 1 is 1 •i*gS2g«2S2gSgagSSU^g2^^gS2g5^SSS52S2S$sS55sl 1525 1 2 | o co H 9) u i o $5 3 ■ r? 05 00 2 ; 3 so icq-'J’uocq : — i ■3 :3a8!SS3883a3?3S ;33iJ8S5533»s>«>.©-w©s~i- i & 8 SS j cq-Hiscq 51 s 1 © © V H i i :8 1 jg : i 188 : • ieoiM : 3 c 5 « ; i?c 3 : : io25»So :>5 : :‘o© -.-Sm : :o :i'©w-^ j :® I : ! :® l« j iceocco^ceo : : :cooo !— « :NHHNH(M-iHiMHrtcsCT ... 8 Pr bicS i- |2 ft; oi CD | Hj o! j © s £ Tj< go : :g© : .eg ; ^35gS3 : -'. 23 28 S -S i 8 S i :88^3SS8a ; :sao«oo 8*8 : ;®S : icoS icocccos© |« : icocN o,(M SS»?5c§ l« ! 5 eo 0 I © 00 , oggfc 22 ^ :8S£8338£a3S£3£S$!388£S583o£8££2c^:ot~~~^© SlSSSS !SSS 2 S 2 Sco««««© 4 C 8 «««r.eo- 9 ««^«««« # «co««C 8 eo«^«« GO t> CO (N^!NN jcq 15 1 s 8 o 3 66 : i eq • — HOOKS' : i> i>ao t~ : 1 NCO'fH : 3 : .§ :^S2g32gB388B8'c52 ;3S8S?8^8§^^S-^^'-' e = ^-' S £5£®"«2S«^ «« ^i-^cicq |2 j 1 lO «o S 00 ! ;|! ! 122 i 22222 12 S 222 122!2 isssssssss issssssss j if 3 CO 8 eoeocoeo |2 1 O |! CO * S yo © * s I rii © § IgslgsHSlgggggSSSgggSSggSgSSgSsissssssssssss S «88 coooeoeo 1 " o 1 ZD .§ s 00 iO : o :M 0 h* 0 ^ * S S l? 0 O : o5oi^^»OCOOCO ;iC«NO» < a s •IN ? © >S 0 ! © « * C 6 ► P 1 t E ( S 1 i ! i i s > * •4 1 * ; t < w n A 1 (2 c3 it il << : : : +S : : : S 05.eS ;o 5 | S'H o oi P 2,0 g g -£ 5 id 3 o t. ^ CJ CJ Cj h Delaware Florida Georgia — Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania ltliode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia , Washington West Virginia Wisconsin 3 6 - • £ v : : • +=•:;: 1 ® \H % 1s|3 $ z x s t ^ M O U (0 |§fi o3 © t> cS f* ® © 0 « rl S.s § 6 •S i 3§ El *52 N * Piecework. THOSE WHO COMPLAIN MOST ARE MOST TO BE COMPLAINED OF. 83 EXPENSES OF LIVING. Table showing tbe Average Retail Prices of Provisions, Groceries, and other Leading Articles of Consumption, with Prices of House Rent and Board. Articles. provisions. Flour, wheat, superfine Flour, wheat, extra family Flour, rve u Corn meal “ Beef, fresh, roasting pieces Beef, fresh, soup pieces Beef, fresh, rump steaks Beef, corned Veal, fore quarters Veal, hind quarters Veal cutlets u a a u u Mutton, fore quarters “ Mutton, leg “ Mutton chops “ Pork, fresh “ Pork, corned or salted “ Pork, bacon “ Pork, hams, smoked “ Pork, shoulders “ Pork, sausages “ Lard “ Cod-fish, dry Mackerel, pickled Butter Cheese Potatoes Rice Beans Milk ttggs <4 44 44 GROCERIES, ETC. Tea, Oolong or other good black per lb Coffee, Rio, green “ Sugar, yellow C “ Sugar, Coffee B “ Molasses, New Orleans per gal Molasses, Porto Rico “ Syrup “ §oap, common per lb Starch « Fuel, coal per ton Fuel, wood, hard per cord Fuel, wood, pine “ Oil, coal per gal DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, ETC. Shirtings, brown, 4-4, stand’d quality ...per yd Shirtings, bleached, 4-4, stand’d quality, “ Sheetings, brown, 9-8, stand’d quality.. “ Sheetings, bleached, 9-8, st’d’rd quality, “ Cottou-flannel, medium quality “ Tickings, good quality “ Prints, Merrimae “ Mousseline de laines “ Satinets, medium quality “ Boots, men’s heavy per pr HOUSE RENT. Four-roomed tenements per mo Six-roomed tenements “ ' BOARD. For men (mechanics, &c.) per wk For women in factories “ Average of the Middle States. Average for Western States. Average for the United Slates. 1867 1869 1874 1867 1869 1874 1867 1869 1874 $12 80 $7 60 $6 87 $10 14 $5 83 $5 90 $12 90 $9 09 $6 83 13 42 8 11 8 35 10 92 6 43 6 91 13 66 9 56 7 93 7 86 5 98 5 38 7 23 5 21 5 42 11 33 8 03 6 24 4 99 4 29 4 07 4 46 3 89 3 58 8 07 6 55 5 25 18 13 17 13 14 10 14 09 12% 08 11% 08 16 11 1 $ 13% 08% 18 18 16 14% ; 13% ; 11% 17 16 13% 15 14% 12 12 10% 10% ; 10 ; 09% 08^1 10% 14 14 13 12% 10% 11% 16 16 13 13 n% 12 >4 16 15 13% 19 19% 18 14% 14 12 18% 17% 4 14 |% 13% 14% ; 08% 09 13% 12 16 15 15% 13% ; n% 11% 15 14% 14 17% 17 17 13 n% 12 16% 16 15 16% 17% 15 13 13% 11% 17 16% 14 19% 20% 13 16% ; 17 11% 20% 21% 14 % 21 21 14% 19 19% 13% 23 22% 15% 22 22% 17 21% 14% 15% 26% 24% 17% 19% 19 12% 16% 16% 13% 21% 20 14 2 2|% 22 16 17% 17% 13% 26% 23% 16% 20 23 16% 19% 21 15% 24% 25 17% 10% 11 09% 11 % 11 09% 17% 16 11 2 13% 14 13% 15 14% 10% 20% 17% 13% 39% 42 36 33% 31% 24% 49% 44% 35% 23 IW* 20% 21% 22% 17 29 27% 22% 1 00 79 93 89 51 78 1 62% i. 09% 99% 14 12% 11 15 13% 11 17% 16% 11% 12 10% 10 13% 09% 09% 16% 13 10% 08 % 08% 08% 07% 07 06% 12 11 09% 28 29 28 24% 24 19 49 40% 30 /8 1 41 1 28 91 1 66 1 52 1 15 1 60 1 43 99 32 29 28 33 28 . 27% 31% 31 28% 36 34 33 37% 33% 33 43 38% 34% 16 16% 15% 16% 10% 17 18 15% 16% 10 09% 20% 20% . 17% 18% 8* 17 17 11% 19 18 11% 22 20% 13% 1 02 95 95% 1 17 95 89 1 57 1 31 98 /8 87 86 1 03 85% 71 1 43 1 22 84 1 26 1 32 92 1 47 1 28 95 1 80% 1 58% 1 08% 16 09 08 H% 10% 08 16 13% 09% 13 13 H% 15 14 10% 22 18% 13% 6 65 7 02 5 43 9 50 8 30 6 30 10 83 10 03 9 11 2 4 89 4 60 5 69 5 48 4 74 4 50 5 71 5 44 5 30 4 25 4 17 4 90 3 70 3 24 3 64 5 00 4 53 5 42 63 52 24 70 53 26 1 20 90 38% 23% 21% 12% 22% 18% 12% 23% 20 12% 28% 23% 15r 28 22 15 27% 23 15 8* 25 30% P 31 37 25 30% 34 40% 28% 33% 20 22% 29 25% 34% 29 18 35% 30% 19% f7% 38 26 45 37% 26% 45% 39% 27% 19 % 26 15% 11 17 14 10% 18% 17 10% 23 21% 27% 22 19 31% 27 23% 1 09 72 69 1 00 84 72 96% 79% 73*| 5 61 5 21 4 20 5 70 5 20 5 40 6 22 3 5 56 5 05 6 59 6 70 10 22 13 97 12 42 9 12 14 92 13 52 11 93 9 66 10 12 14 52 21 40 17 10 18 90 22 09 11 80 16 27 4 66 4 46 4 45 4 81 4 50 4 14 6 79 5 65 5 01 3 59 3 63 3 43 4 35 3 97 3 25 6 06 5 00 3 53 Remarks. It will be seen from the above table that prices of the usual commodities consumed in the household, including clothing, have been largely reduced since the close of the war, when prices and wages were at their highest. Flour, until the recent rise on account of the unfavorable season, was only about half what it was in 1867 ; corn meal, one-fourth less; beef, about one-sixth less; pork, three-eighths less; butter, two-sevenths less; potatoes, three-eighths less (now only one-third as much as in 1867); sugar, only a little more than one-half- and dry goods will average one-third less. By referring to the tables of wages paid farm hands and mechanics (pages 81 and 82), and making similar com- parisons, it will be seen that there have been no such large reductions in the wages of labor. There is generally a slight reduction from \Miat wages were in 1870, but they are still much higher than they were in 1860, while many of the standard articles of consumption are getting back to very near ante-war prices. 84 HE IS NOT POOR THAT HATH NOT MUCH, BUT HE THAT CRAVES MUCI PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GRANCE. Master. Dudley W. Adams, Waukon, Iowa, Overseer Tiiomas Taylor, Columbia, S. C. Lecturer J. A. Thompson, Washington, D. C. Steward A. J. Vaughan, Memphis, Tenn. AtM Steward G.W. Thompson, Now Brunswick, N. J. Chaplain REV. A. B. Ghosh, Washington, D. C. Treasurer F. M. McDowell, Wayne, N. Y. Secretary O. H. Kelley, Louis\ ille, Ky. Gatekeeper O. Dinwiddie, Orchard Grove, Lake Co., Indiana. Ceres MRS. D. W. Adams, Waukon, Iowa. Pomona Mrs. Thomas Taylor, Columbia, S. C. piQra Mrs. Joseph T. Moore, Sandy Sp’ng, Md. LadyAss'tSte'd.Miss C. A. Hall, Washington, D. C. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. William Saunders, Washington, D. C. Dudley T. Chase, Claremont, N.H. D. Wyatt Aiken, Cokesbury, Abbeville Co., S. C. E. R. Siiankland, Dubuque, Iowa. John T. Jones, Helena, Ark. The Ninth Session of the National Grange will be held in November, 1875, in the city of Louisville, Ky., the preselit location of the offices of said Grange. THE STATE GRANGES. Alabama ( Master Meets Nov. 30, ’754 Sec y Sub. Gr’s, 673 (Treas. -W. H. ChambersOswichee. E. M. Law Tuskegee. John T. Harris. ..Opelika. W. H. Baxter S. Francisco. J. B. Carrington, Denverton. ( Master John T. Jones Helena. Meets Jan 24, *’76-1 Sec y J no. S. WilliamsDuvall’sBluff Sub. Gr’s, ’oS (Treas. L. B. Mitchell. ...Austin. California ( Master— J._M. Hami lton.G uenoc. Meets Oct. 12, ’754 Sec’y Sub. Gr’s, 262 (Treas Connecticut ( Master— Harvey Godard .N. Granby. mSs ^ Sec’y E. G. Seeley Roxbury. Sub. Gr’s, 16 (Treas. C. H. Mason Washington. Colorado ( Master— R. Q,. Tenney Fort Collins. Meets 4 Sec’y P. M. Hinman.. Modoc. Sub. Gr’s, 69 (.Treas. John Cliurches-.Golden. Dpt aware ..( Master— John J. Rosa Milford. Meets ' ^ Sec’y W.C.Weer Wilmington. Sub. Gr’s, 22 (.Treas. Jas.M. Bracken.. Wilmington. Dakota (Master— E. B. Crew Lodi. 4 Sec’y N . C. Nash Canton. Sub Gr’s, 56 1 Treas. D. P. Hopkins.... J efferson. Florida (Master-B. F. Wardlaw-Madison. Me?ts Dec. 8, ’75-| Sec’y W. A. Brinson Live Oak, Sub. Gr’s, . 147 (.Treas. Georgia ( Master Meets Dec. 8, '75 4 Sec y Sub. Gr’s, 705 (.Treas. Wm. T. Bacon... Lake City. -T. J. Smith Oconee E. Taylor Macon. J. S. Lawton Macon. Rock Falls. Ttlinois (Master— Alonzo Golder...Rock Tali Meets Dec. 14, 'lo\ Sec’y O. E. Fanning Sterling. S„h ,vs 1589 (Treas. J.S. Armstrong-Shendan. Sub. Gr’s, 1589 ( Indiana ( Master Meets Dec. 8, ’754 Sec’y "33 (Tret Sub. Gr’s, 2033 (Treas. Maryland (Master-Jos. T. Moore Sandy Spring Meets Mar. 14, ’764 Sec’y Ed. Hull of B... Millersville. Sub. Gr's, 157 (Treas. Jos. N. Cluswell,Buckeysto n. M ass a ch usetts ( Master— Jos. P. Felton Greenfield. Meets Dec. 14, ’75 J Sec’y Benj’min Davis.. Ware. Sub. Gr’s, 99 (Treas. Clias. Jones Deerfield. Master— J. J. Woodman.. Paw Paw. Michigan. , 75 1 he 604 (Treas. (MaSter- 77^ J < S. F. Brown Schoolcraft. -Sam. E. Adams . Monticello. T. Tunis Smith... St. Paul. Lorenzo Hoyt St. Paul. -W.L.Heming’ay Carrollton. W. L. Williams . Rienzi. H.O. Dixon Jackson. -T. R. Allen Allenton. A. M. Coffey Knob Noster. Henley James.-Marion. M. M. Moody Muncie. Geo. H. Brown....Rensselear. low \ .. (Master— A. B. Smedley.-.Cresco. Meets Dec. 14, '75 \ Sec’y W. L.Car penter.-DesMoines. Sub. Gr’s, 2004 (Treas. M.L. Devin DesMoines. Kansas ( Master— M. E. Hudson Mapleton. Dec. 14, 75] Sec’y P. B. Maxon B™pona Sub. Gr’s, 1391 (Treas. John Boyd... ......lndepencte ce Kentucky ( Master— M. D. Davie Beverly. 5SS Dec. 7, Sec’y J. B. Barnes Georgetown- Sub. Gr’s, 1608 (Treas. J. M. Clark Hopkinsville Louisiana ( Master-H. W. L. Lewis .Osy ka. MeetsDec 14, ’754 Sec’y W. H. Harris New Orleans. Sub. Gr’s, 314 (Treas. H. C. Newson Greensburgli. Maine (Master— Nelson Ham Lewiston. Meets Dec 14. ’754 Sec’y Jno.M. Jackson.. Lewiston. Sub^Gr’l 183 (Treas. Chas. H. Cobb East Poland. Sub. Gr’s, . Minnesota... Meets Dec. 14, ’75- Sec’y Sub. Gr’s, 546 (Treas. Mississippi piaster Meets Sept. 14, ’754 Sec’y Sub. Gr’s, 666 (Treas. Missouri (Master Meets Dec. 14, ’754 Sec’y Sub. Gr’s, 2032 (Treas Montana ( Master— Brigham Reed. ..Bozeman. Meets 4 Sec’y J.I). McCamman Bozeman. Sub. Gr’s, 26 (Treas. H. II. Mood Nebraska (Master-Wm. B. Porter.-Plattsmouth . Meets Dec. 21, ’75 4 Sec’y E. H . Cl a rk Blair. Sub.Gr’s, 620 (Treas. H. N. Taylor Rock Creek. New Hamp ( Master— Dudley T.Chase..Claremont Meets Dec. 21, ’754 Sec’y C. C. Shaw. Milford. Sub.Gr’s, 64 (Treas. D. M. Clough Canterbury. New Jersey (Master-M. Whitehead. ..Middlebush. Meets Dec. 14, ’754 Sec’y R. W. Pratt Newfield. Sub. Gr’s, 93 (Treas. C. A. Rulon Swedesboro. New York (Master— G. D. Hinckley ..Fredonia. Meets Jan. 11, ’76 4 Sec’y W.A.Armstro’g..Elmira. Sub.Gr’s, 348 (Treas. Junau Wmue... Bethlehem. N Carolina (Master— Columbus Mills. Concord. Meets Feb. 15, ’76 4 Sec’y G.W. Lawrence.-Fayetteville. Sub. Gr’s, 535 (Treas. P. C. Carlton Charlotte. Ohio (Master— S. H. Ellis Springboro. Meets Mar. 14, ’76 Sec’y W W. Miller Custaiia. Sub. Gr’s, 1205 (Treas. R. Stevenson Xenia. Oregon ( Master— Daniel Clark Salem. Meets 4 Sec’y J. H. Smith Harrisburg. Sub. Gr’s, 185 (Treas. B. A. Witzel Turner. Pennsylvania.. ( Master-D. B. Mauger Douglassville Meets Dec. 14, ’754 Sec y R- H. Thomas Meehan icsbg Sub Gr’s, 591 (Treas. Wm. locum Douglassville S. Carolina (Master— D. Wyatt Aiken..Cok^ury. Meets Dec. 8, ’754 Sec’y Win. llood Due West. Sub.Gr’s. 350 (Treas. A. M. Aiken. Greenwood. Tennessee (Master— Wm. Maxwell. ..Humboldt. Meets Feb. 16, ’764 Sec’y J. H. Curiey. ••- Sub. Gr’s, 1091 (Treas. J. A. Harwood Tfxas • ~ (Master— Wm. W. Lang... .Marlin. Meets Jan." 10, ’76 4 Sec’y R. A. Binlord Austin. Sub.Gr’s, 1196 (Treas. J. R. Henry Groesbeck Vermont (Master— E. P. Colton irasburg. Meets Dec. 14, ’754 Sec’y Jus. K. Tobey ......Calais Sub Gr’s, 20/ (Treas. C. J. Bell E. Haidwick. Virginia (Master— J. W. White EurekaMills. mTwC 4 Sec’y M W.Hazlewood Richmond. Sub. Gr’s, 665 (Treas. ' W. B.WestbrookPetersburg. W Virginia (Master— B. M. Kitchen... Shanghai. Meets Nov. 3, ’754 Sec’y Jas. E. Hall Elk City. Sub. Gr’s, 293 (Treas. B. Cushwa Martiusburg. Wisconsin ( Master— John Coehrane-Wanpon. Meets Jan. 4, ’764 Sec’y H. E. Huxley Neenah. Sub. Gr’s, 513 (Treas. J.Cory Footville. WASHINGTON f ^u Red with Ore^m Sub. Gr’s, 66 (Treas. J 1 J Sec’y (state Grange not organized. Sub. Gr’s, 26 (Treas. J Idaho... i Sec , y f Uuite d with Oregon. Sub. Gr’s, 16 (Treas. J • Indian j ^J^er j United w^tii Texas. Sub.Gr’s, 14 (Treas. J Nevada 1 United" with California. Sub.Gr’s, 15 (Treas. J - Total number of Subordinate Granges int^Unlted ^ Increase of " Granges in the past year Total membership, about ’ .Nashville. .Nashville. WHAT THE EYE SEES NOT, THE HEART RUES NOT. 85 The United States Government. DECE31BER 1st, 1875. THE EXECUTIVE. ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois, President of the United States Salary, 550,000 Vacant by death of Henry Wilson, Vice-President of the United States and President of Senate... Salary, 8,000 THE JUDICIARY. THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. Morrison R. Waite, of Ohio, Chief Justice. Salary, 56,500 THE CABIHET. HAMILTON FISH, of New York, Secretary of State. B. H. BRISTOW, of Kentucky, Secretary of Treasury. WM. W. BELKNAP, of Iowa, Secretary of War. GEO. M. ROBESON, of New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. ZACHARIAH CHANDLER, of Mich., Sec'y of Inlei~ior. EDWARDS PIERREPONT, ol N. \ Attorney -General. | Joseph P. Bradley, of N. J., Associate Justice. MARSHALL JEWELL, of Conn., Postmaster-General-. ' [The Secretaries each receive a salary of 58,000 p. annum.] O Nathan Clifford, of Me., Associate Justice.. Ward Hunt, of New York, Associate Justice.. Wm. Strong, of Penn., Associate Justice. FREDERICK WATTS, Department of Agriculture. JOHN EATON, Jr., Department of Education. David Davis, of Illinois, Associate Justice Noah H. Swayne, of Ohio, Associate Justice.. Samuel F. Miller, of Iowa, Associate Justice. Stephen J. Field, of Cal., Associate Justice... 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 [Court meets first Monday in December, at Washington.] MINISTERS TO FOREIG-H COUNTRIES. ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY «& MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY. Country. Capital. Great Britain London Russia St. Petersburg.... France Paris Spain..... Madrid ...., German Empire Berlin Austria Vienna Italy Rome China Pekin Mexico City of Mexico.. Brazil Rio Janeiro Chili Santiago Peru Lima Japan Yeddo Portugal Belgium Netherlands Den mane Sweden and Norway... Switzerland Turkey Greece Hawaiian Islands Central Am'er’n States IT. S. of Colombia Venezuela Ecuador Argentine Republic Bolivia Uruguay & Paraguay.. Lisbon Brussels Hague Copenhagen Stockholm Berne Constantinople. Athens Honolulu Bogota Caraccas Quito Buenos Ayres... La Paz Montevideo Ministers. Gen. Robert C. Schenck... George H. Bokeh Eliiiu B. Washburne Caleb Cushing J. C. Bancroft Davis Godlove S. Orth Geo. P. Marsh Benj. P. Avery, deceased. John W. Foster James R. Partridge Cornelius A. Logan Richard Gibbs John A. Bingham State app'd from. Ohio.. Pennsylvania Illinois Virginia New York Indiana Vermont California Indiana Maryland Kansas New York Ohio MINISTERS RESIDENT. Benjamin Moran Pennsylvania. Salary. When appointed. 517 ,500 Dec. 22, 1870 Jan. 13, 1875 17,500 March 17, 1869 12,000 ... January 6, 1874 17.500 June 1!, 1874 12,000 March 9, 1875 12,000 March 20, 1861 12,000' April 10, 1874 12,000 March 17, 1873 12.000 May 23, 1871 10.000 March 17, 1874 10,000 April 9, 1875 7.500 May 31, 1873 7,500 Dec. 15, 1874 Francis B. Stockbridge.. M. J. Cramer C. C. Andrews Horace Rublee Horace Maynard John M. Read, Jr Henry A. Pierce George Williamson Wm. L. Scruggs Thos. Russell Christian Wullweber... Thomas Osborne Rob’t M. Reynolds John C. Caldwell Michigan Kentucky Minnesota Wisconsin Tennessee New York Massachusetts.. Louisiana.. Georgia Massachusetts . Iowa Illinois Alabama Louisiana MINISTERS RESIDENT AND CONSULS GENERAL. 7,500 July 7,500 Sept. 7,500 June 7,500 April 7,500 March 7,500 Dec. 7,500 May 10,000 May 7,500 April 7,500 April 7,500 July 7,500 Feb. 7,500 June 10,000 Jan. 12, 1875 9, 1870 3, 1869 20, 1869 9, 1875 10, 1873 10, 1869 17, 1873 9, 1873 20, 1874 12, 1875 10, 1874 17, 1874 8, 1874 Hayti Port-au-Prince... E. D. Bassett Pennsylvania. Liberia Monrovia J. M. Turner r. Missouri 7,500 April 16, 1869 7,000 March 1, 1871 THE FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. The First Session of the Forty-fourth Congress met December 6tli, 1875. The following is a complete list of the members of both Houses— the names of Republicans in Roman, Democrats in Italics, Independents in small caps: Kansas. Term Ex. MICHIGAN. Term Ex. THE SENATE. James M. Harvey ...1877 Thomas W. Ferry.. 1877 John J. Ingalls ...1879 I. P. Christiaucy .... 1881 alabama. Term Ex. Florida. Term Ex. KENTUCKY. MINNESOTA. George Goldthwaite ....1877 Simon B. Conover ....1879 John W. Stevenson ....1877 Wm. Windom 1877 George E. Spencer ....1879 Charles W. Jones ....1881 Tlws. C. Me Cr eery ....1879 S. J. R. McMillan ... 1881 , ARKANSAS. GEORGIA. LOUISIANA. MISSISSIPPI. Powell Clayton ....1877 T. Manson Norwood.... ....1877 J. Rodman West ...1877 James L. Alcorn 1877 Stephen W. Dorsey ,...1879 John B. Gordon ....1879 Contested ...1879 Branch K. Bruce.... 1881 CALIFORNIA. ILLINOIS. MAINE. MISSOURI. Aaron A. Sargent ....1879 John A. Logan ....1877 Lot M. Morrill ...1877 Louis Vital Bogy 1879 N ewton Booth ,...1881 Richard J. Oglesby.... ....1879 H. Hamlin ...1881 F. M. Cockrell CONNECTICUT. INDIANA. MARYLAND. NEBRASKA. Jas. E. English «... ...1879 Oliver P. Morton ....1879 ( -rPnvfjp 7? 1879 p W TTitoh popIt |K77 William W. Eaton ....1881 Jos. E. McDonald ....1881 William P. Whyte ...1881 A. S. Paddock 1881 DELAWARE. IOWA. MASSACHUSETTS. NEVADA. Eli Saulsbury ....1879 George G. Wright ....1877 Geo. S. Bout well ...1877 John P. Jones 1879 Thomas F. Bayard ....1881 William B. Allison.... ....1879 H. L. Dawes ...1881 William Sharon .... 1881 86 EVERY FOX MUST PAY HIS OWN SKIN TO TI1E FLAYER. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Tm f.X. TENNESSEE. Tm ex. Aaron H. Cragin ..1877 Henry Cooper 1877 B. Wadleigh ..1879 David M. Key NEW JERSEY. TEXAS. F. T. Frelinghuysen .... ..1877 M. C. Hamilton 1877 T. E 1 . Randolph ..1881 Samuel B. Maxey 1881 NEW YORK. VERMONT. Itoscoe Conkling ..1879 Justin S. Morrill 1879 Francis Kernan ..1881 George F. Edmunds . .... 1881 NORTH CAROLINA. VIRGINIA. M. W. Ransom ..1877 John W. Johnston 1877 A. S. Merrimon ..1879 Robert E. Withers 1881 OHIO. WEST VIRGINIA. J-olin Sherman ..1879 Henry G. Davis 1877 Allen G. Thurman ..1881 Allen T. ('aperlon 1881 OREGON. WISCONSIN. John IT. Kelly ..1877 Timothy O. Howe 1877 John H. Mitchell ..1879 Angus Cameron 1881 PENNSYLVANIA. RECAPITULATION. Simon Cameron ..1879 Democrats 28 William A. Wallace ..1881 Republicans 43 RHODE ISLAND. Independents 2 Henry B. Anthony ...1877 Contested A. E. Burnside ..1881 Total 74 SOUTH CAROLINA. Republican plurality, 12 T. J. Roberts ...1877 John J. Patterson ...1879 HOUSE OP REPKESENTATIVES. ALABAMA. At Large— IF. H. Forney. At Large — B. B. Lewis. 1. Jere Haralson. 2. Jere N. Williams. 3. Paul Bradford. 4. Burwell B. Lewis. 5. Charles Hays. 6. John H. Caldwell. 7. Goldsmith W. Heivitt. ARKANSAS. 1. Lucien C. Gause. 2. IF. F. Slemons. 3. Wm. W. Wilshire. 4. Thomas M. Gunter. CALIFORNIA. 1. W. A. Piper. 2. Horace F. Page. 3. J. IT. Luttrell. 4. D. P. Wiggington. CONNECTICUT. 1. G. M. Landers. 2. James Phelps. 3. H. H. Starkweather. 4. Wm. H. Barnum. DELAWARE. James Williams. FLORIDA. 1. William J. Purnam. 2. Josiah T. Walls. GEORGIA. 1. Julian Hartridge. 2. William E. Smith. 3. Philip Cook. 4. H. R. Harris. 5. Milton A. Chandler. 6. James II. Blount. 7. TFm. IL. Felton. 8. A. H. Stevens. 9. B. H. Hill. ILLINOIS. 1. B. G. Gaulfield. 2. C. H. Harrison. 3. Charles B. Farwell. 4. S. A. Hurl but. 5. Horatio C. Burchard. 6. Thos. J. Henderson. 7. Alex. Campbell. 8. Greenbury L. Fort. 9. Richard H. Whiting. 10. John C. Bagby. 11. Scott Wike. 12. Wm. M. Springer. 13. A. E. Stevenson. 14. J. G. Cannon. 15. John R. Eden. 16. Wm. A. J. Sparks. 17. Wm. R. Morrison. 18. Wm. Hartzetl. 19. Wm. B. Anderson. 10 . 1 . 2 . 3. 4. 5. 6 . 1 . 2 . 3. 4. 5. INDIANA. B. S. Fuller. J. J). Williams. Michael C. Kerr. Jeptha D. New. Wm. S. Holman. M. S. Robinson. Franklin Landers. Morton C. Hunter. Thos. J. Cason. Wm. S. Haymond. James L. Evans. A. H. Hamilton. John 11. Baker. IOWA. G. W. McCrary. John Q,. Tufts. />. L. Ainsworth. Henry O. Piatt. James Wilson. E. S. Sampson. J. A. Kasson. James W. McDill. Addison Oiiver. KANSAS. Wm. A. Phillips. John R. Goodin. Wm. R. Brown. KENTUCKY. A. R. Boon. John Y. Brown. C. W. Miliken. J. P. Knott. E. Y. Parsons. Thos. L. Jones. J. C. S. Blackburn. M. J. Durham. John D. White. John B. Clarke. LOUISIANA. R. L. Gibson. E. John Ellis. C. B. Darrell. Wm. L. Levy. Frank Morey. Charles E. Nash. MAINE. J. N. Burleigh. William P. Frye. Jameg G. Blaine. Harris M. Plaisted. Eugene Hale. MARYLAND. P. F. Thomas. C. B. Roberts. William J. O'Brien. Thomas Swann. Eli J. Henkle. William Walsh. MASSACHUSETTS. W. W. Crapo. Benjamin W. Harris. Henry L. Pierce. Rufus S. Frost. Nathaniel P. Banks. C. P. Thompson. John K. Tarbox. William W. Warren. George F. Hoar. Julius H. Skelye. Chester W. Chapin. MICHIGAN. A. S. Williams. Henry Waldron. George Willard. Allen Potter. Wm. B. Williams. George H. Durand. Omar D. Conger. N. B. Bradley. Jay A. Hubbell. MINNESOTA. Mark H. Dunnell. Horace B. Straight. William S. King. MISSISSIPPI. L. Q. C. Lamar. G. W. Wells. H. D. Money. O. R. Singleton. Charles E. Hooker. Roderick Seat. MISSOURI. Edward C. Kehr. Erastus Welles. Wm. H. Stone. Robert A . Hatcher. Richard P. Brand. Charles H. Morgan. John F. Philips. Benj. J. Franklin. David Rea. R. A. De Boll. John B. Clark , Jr John M. Glover. A. H. Buckner. NEBRASKA. Lorenzo Crounse. NEVADA. Wm. Woodburn. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Frank Jones. S. N. Bell. H. W. Blair. NEW JERSEY. C. H. Sinnickson. Samuel A. Dobbins. Miles Ross. Robert Hamilton. Augustus IF. Cutler. Frederick H. Tesse. A. A. Hardenburgh. NEW YORK. Henry B. Metcalfe. John G. Schumaker. S. B. Chittenden. Archibald M. Bliss. Edwin R. Meade. Samuel S. Cox. Smith Ely, Jr. Elijah Ward. F'ernando Wood. Abram S. Hewitt. Benj. A. Willis. N. Holmes Odell. J. O. Whitehouse George M. Beebe. John H. Bagley, Jr. Charles H. Adams. Martin I. Townsend. Andrew Williams. Wm. A. Wheeler. H. H. Hathorn. Samuel F. Miller. George A. Bagley. Scott Lord. William H. Baker. E. W. Leavenworth. C. D. McDougall. Elbridge G. Lapham. Thomas G. Platt. Charles C. B. Walker. John M. Davy. George G. Hoskins. Lyman K. Bass. Nelson 1. Norton. NORTH CAROLINA. 1. Jesse J. Y cates. 2. John A. Hyman. 3. Alfred M. Waddell. 4. • Joseph G. Davis. 5. Alfred M . Scales. 6. Thomas S. Ashe. 7. William M. Robbins. 8. Robert V. Vance. OHIO. 1. Milton Sayler. 2. 11. B. Banning. 3. John S. Savage. 4. John A. McMahon. 5. Americas V. Rice. 6. Frank H. Hurd. 7. Lawrence T. Neal. 8. William Lawrence. 9. Early F. Poppleton. 10. Charles Foster. 11. John L. Vance. 12. Ansel T. Walling. 13. Milton J. Southard. 14. John P. Cowan. 15. N. H. Van Vorlios. 16. Lorenzo Danfoid. 17. L. D. Woodworth. 18. James Monroe. 19. James A. Garfield. 20. Henry B. Payne. OREGON. Lafayette Lane. PEN NS YLV A N I A . 1. Chapman Freeman. 2. Charles O’Neill. 3. Samuel J. Randall. 4. William D. Kelly. 5. John Robbins. 6. Wash Townsend. 7. Allan Wood. 8. Heister Clymer. 9. A. Herr Smith. 10. William MutChter. 11. Frank D. CoUins. 12. W. W. Ketcliain. 13. James B. Reilly. 14. John B. Packer. 15. Joseph i owell. 16. Sobieski Ross. 17. John Reilly. 18. William S. Slenger. 19. Levi Marsh. 20. Louis A. Mackey. 21. Jacob Turney. 22. James 11. Hopkins. 23. Alex. G. Cochran. 24. John W. Wallace. 25. George A . Jenks. 26. James Sheakley. 27. Albert G. Egbert. RHODE ISLAND. 1. Benjamin T. Earnes. 2. Latimer W. Ballou. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. Joseph H. Rainey. 2. E. W. M. Mackey. 3. Solomon L. Hoge. 4. Alex. S. Wallace. 5. Robert Smalls. TENNESSEE. 1. William McFarland. 2. J. M. Thornburgh. 3. George G. Dibrell. 4 5. John M. Bright. 6. John F. House. 7. W. C. Whitlhorne. 8. John D. C. Atkins. 9. William P. Caldivell. 10. H. Casey Young. TEXAS. 1. John H. Regan. 2. David B. Culberson. 3. J. W. Throckmorton. . 4. Roger Q. Mills. 5. John Hancock. 6. Gustave Schleicker. VIRGINIA. 1. Beverly B. Douglas. 2. John Goode , Jr. 3. Gilbert C. Walker. 4. Wm. H. H. Stowell. 5. George C. Cabell. 6. JohnR. Tuckei'. 7. John T. Harris. 8. Eppa Hunton. 9. William Terry. GREAT PAIN AND LITTLE GAIN MAKE A MAN SOON WEARY. 87 VERMONT. 1. Charles H. Joyce. 2. Dudley C. Denison. 3. George W. Hendee. WEST VIRGINIA. 1. Benjamin Wilson. 2. Charles G. Faulkner. 3. Frank Hereford. WISCONSIN. 1. Charles G. Williams. 2. Lucien B. Caswell. 3. Henry S. Magoon. 4. William P. Lynde. 5. Samuel J). Burchard. 6. Alanson M. Kimball. 7. Jeremiah M. Rusk. 8. George W. Cate. TERRITORIAL. DELEGATES. Arizona Hiram S. Stevens. Colorado Thomas M. Patterson. Dakota Jefferson P. Kidder. Idaho Thomas W. Bennett. Montana Martin Maginnis. New Mexico S. B. Elkins. Utah George Q,. Cannon. Washington Orange Jacobs. Wyoming William B. Steele. RECAPITULATION. Democrats, 174; Republicans, 107; Independents, 10; To be Elected, 1; Total, 292; Democratic Plurality, 54. OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE, WITH THE SALARIES ATTACHED. The Speaker $8,000 Clerk 4,90i Sergeant-at-Arms 4,320 Chief clerk 3,600 Journal clerk *3,600 Doorkeeper 2,592 Postmaster 2,592 Assistant journal clerk 3,000 Two reading clerks, each 3,000 Tally clerk 3,000 Four assistant clerks, each 2,592 One assistant clerk 2,520 Six assistant clerks, each 2,160 Librarian of the House 2,160 Assist’t Librarian of the House.. 2,160 Supt. document room of House.. 2,160 Assistant Superintendent of doc- ument room of House 2,160 Superintendent folding room 2,160 Doorkeeper In charge of hall 2^592 Superintendent document room clerk’s office $1,800 Assistant postmaster 2,088 File clerk document room 1,800 Clerk to Speaker 2,102 Private secretary to Speaker 2,102 Five official reporters, each 5,000 Two stenographers for commit’e 4,290 Chaplain 900 Engineer of ventilator 1,800 Three assistant engineers of ven- tilator, each 1,440 Six firpmen of ventilator, each.. 1,095 Chief Messenger of House 2,098 Three ass’t messengers of House, 1,440 Clerk to Sergeant-at-arms 2,000 Paying teller toSergeant-at-ar’s, 1,800 Messenger to Sergeant-at-arms .. 2,500 Seven messengers for P. O 1,500 Seven messengers for P. 0 1,440 Five messengers for D. K $1,800 Six messengers for D. K 1,440 Twelve messengers (during ses- sion) for doorkeeper 1,440 One telegraph operator 1,200 Clerk to Appropriations Court... 2,592 Clerk to Ways and Means 2,592 Clerk to Claims Court 2,160 Clerk to War Claims Court 2,160 Clerk to Public Lands Court 2,160 Messenger to Ways and Means. Messengers. to Appropriations . Fifteen laborers, each Seven laborers (during the ses- sion), each 720 One laborer 820 One laborer 920 One female attendant, ladies re- tiring room 600 *Only when filled by present officer. 1,314 1,314 720 THE STATE GOVERNMENTS— 1876. Stales. Capitals. Governors. Salary | State Elections. j Legislatures. Ain Hu m n Montgomery George S. Houston $4,000 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. ! 3 M. Nov. ilLUlOdllid Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Augustus H. Garland.... 5,000 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1 M. Jan. Sacramento Trwin - 7.000 2.000 2,000 1 Tu. Sept 1 INI. Dec. Hartford Dover Charles R. Ingersoll John P. Cochran 1 M. April Tu.aft. 1 M.Nov. 1 W. May 1 Tu. Jan. Florida Tallahassee Marcellus L. Stearns 5,000 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. Th. a. 1 M. Jan. Georgia Atlanta James M. Smith 4,000 1 Tu. Aug 2 W. Jan. Illinois Springfield John L. Beverage 1,500 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1M. Jan. Indiana Indianapolis pps Moines Thomas A. Hendricks Samuel J. Kirkwood 3.000 2,500 2.000 5,000 2Tu. Oct 1 W. Jan. 2 Tu.Oct 2M. Jan. Kansas Kentucky Thomas A. Osborn Tu.aft. 1 M.Nov. 2Tu.Jan. Frankfort J. B. McCreary 1 M. Aug 1 M. Dec. Louisiana New Orleans William Pitt Kellogg 8,000 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1 M. Jan. Maine Augusta Nelson Dingly, Jr 2,500 2 M. Sept 1 W. Jan. Maryland Annapolis James B. Groome 4,500 Tu.aft. 1 M. Nov. 1 W. Jan. Massachusetts .. Boston ' Alexander II. Rice 5,000 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1W . Jan. \I i f.li i o- l n Lansing , John J. Bagley 1,500 3,000 Tu. aft. 1 INI. Nov. 1 W. Jan. / lillCIl 11 | Minnesota St. Paul J. W. Pillsbury Tu.aft. 1 M.Nov. Tu.a. 1 M. Jan. , \r j i cci nni J nek, son Adelbert Ames 3.000 5.000 Tu. aft. 1M. Nov. Tu. a. 1 M. Jan. | InoloOljJJJI Missouri Jefferson City Charles H. Hardin Tu.aft. 1 M.Nov. Last M. Dec. ! "\T o h »*g olr o Lincoln Silas Garbar 1,000 6,000 2 Tu. Oct Th.a.IM. Jan. ! IT t/IJl ClolVtl Nevada Carson City L. R. Bradley Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1 M. Jan. New Hampshire Concord Person C. Cheny 1,000 2 Tu. March 1 M. June. New Jersey Trenton Joseph D. Beadle 3,000 Tu. aft. 1 M.Nov. 2 Tu. Jan. New \ ovk Albany .. Samuel J. Tilden 4.000 5.000 Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1 Tu. Jan. North Carolina Raleigh Curtis H. Brogden 1 Th. Aug 3 M. Nov. Ohio Columbus Rutherford B^ Hays 4,000 2 Tu.Oct 1 INI. Jan. Oregon Salem Lafayette F. Grover 1,500 1 M. June 2 M . Sept. Pennsylvania... Harrisburgh John F. Hartranft 5,000 2 Tu.Oct 1 Tu. Jan. Rhode Island ... Newport & Prov- idence Henry Lippitt 1,000 4.000 3.000 5.000 1.000 5,000 1 W. April May and Jan. 4 M. Nov. South Carolina Tennessee Cn | n m hi o, Daniel H Chamberlain 3 W. Oct ' uiuiiioicv Nashville Austin Montpelier Richmond James D. Porter, Jr 1 M. Aug 1 M. Oct. Tovui Richard Coke 1 M. Aug 1 M . N o v. JL CAdo V or m out Aswel Peck 1 Tu. Sept 2 Th. Oct. V Cl 111 UIl i V iro’inia James L. Kemper John J Jacob Tu. aft. 1 M. Nov. 1 M. Dee. West Virginia.. Wisconsin Wh ppl i n cr 2,000 1,250 4Th. Oct 2 Tu. Jan. yy iiccu Madison Luddington Tu. aft. 1 M.Nov. 1 W. Jan. THE TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS— 1876. Territories. Alaska Arizona Colorado Dakota Idaho Indian Montana New Mexico. Utah Washington Wyoming .... Capitals. Governors. United States Judges. United Stales Marshals. Sitkci Not organized * Tucson Denver Yankton Boise City r P'i 1 pfi nob A. P. K. Safford Edwin M. McCook John A. Burbank T. W. Bennett Native Chiefs John Titus Moses Hallett George W. French David Nagle Isaac Q. Dickinson M. A. Sliaffenburg J. H. Burdick Joseph Pinkham J. cllv.y£ Urtll Deer Lodge Santa Fe Salt Lake City Olympia Cheyenne Benjamin F. Potts Marsh Giddings S. B. Axtell Elisha P. Ferry John M. Thayer D. L. Wade Joseph C. Palin J. B. McKean Orange Jacobs John H. Howe William F. Wheeler.. John Pratt M. T. Patrick Edward S. Kearney Frank Wolcott 88 IIE WHO THINKS HE KNOWS THE MOST KNOWS THE LEAST GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF OHIO IFOZR, 187o-”77. [Republicans In Roman, Democrats in Italic, and Independents in smai,i< caps.] SENATE. District . 1 Names. ffHenry Kessler, j E. P. Ransom. •| Joshua H. Rates. (fE. P. Kleinschmidt. 2 P. M. Dechant. 3 Abner Hains, Sr. 4 *'H. V. Kerr. 5 A. Spangler. (; A. L. Brown. 7 J. T. Monahan. 8 T. It. Philson. 1) *'li. E. Reese. 10 * Win. Miller. 11 W. C. Warnock. 12 M. R. Burress. 13 *W. W. Beatty. H fR. Stanton. 15 *BHas Ellis. 1(5 J. W. Owens. 2 g 1 -J John Ault. 18.... *77. C. Lewis. If) T. B. Williams. 20 2 ! 22 .' 2}.' i.-’r.’. •^Samuel Knox. A. R. Hains. #J. K. Rulcenbrod. J. It. Johnston. S. S. Burrows. *JT. P. Curtiss. J. C. Sehenck. Marvin Kent. *A. M. Burns. 27) 29 I 30 *«7. II. Hudson. 31 E. T. Stickney. o 9 f *6r. IP. Andrews. ** | 1 Vm . Sheridan , Jr. Brown, les J. Swan. Occupation. 33 ( T. P. t Chari Post Office. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Franklin. Eaton. Batavia. Osborn. Chillicothe. Jackson C. H. Itacine. Logan. Columbus. Urbana. Sidney. Huntsville. McCon nelsville. High Bridge. Newark. Marshallville. Canal Dover. Summerfield. Cadiz. Oneida. Salem . Canfield. Geneva. Chagrin Falls. Cleveland. Kent. Mansfield. Sandusky. Republic. Wapakoneta. Stryker. Toledo. Ottawa. Lawyers 12 Farmers 7 Farmer and Physician 1 Physicians 6 Editors and Publishers 3 Manufacturer 1 Merch’t & Manufacturer .. 1 Retired Merchant 1 Commission Merchant 1 Insurance Agent ct Real Estate Dealer 1 Merchant , 1 Banker 1 Occupation not given 1 Republicans, 21 ; Democrats, 16. REPRESENTATIVES. Counties. Names. Adams J IF. Eylar. Allen M. L. Bakei\ Ashland *Benj. Meyei's. Ashtabula *W. P. Howland. Athens *C. H. Grosvenor. Auglaize *J. H. Mesloh. Rplrvirmt -f Win. Bundy. Belmont j Eli w Clea ver. Brown E. P. Flaugher. Butler { J. E^Neal. Carroll *J os. Carn ah an . Champaign... T. A. Cowgill. Clark John F. Ogle vee. Clermont *S. A. West. Clinton I. W. Quinby. Columbiana... { ' cKvicfBoycef 3 ''' Coshocton E. L. Lybarger. Crawford J. G. Meuser. O. J. Hodge. J. Fell ren bach. Cuyahoga -[ M. L. Dempsey. | fT. Breck. [ Harry Sorter. Darke... S. A. Hostetler. Post Office. West Union. South Warsaw. Ashland. JeffVirson. Athens. New Bremen. Pugh. Mt. Pleasant. Ripley. Middletown. Hamilton. Carrollton. Ivennard. Springfield. Milford. Wilmington. Columbiana. East Liverpool. Spring Mountai Galion. Cleveland. Cleveland. Cleveland. Brecksville. Mayfield. Ansonia. PaulTing’’””" } Asa Toberen ‘ Defiance. Delaware J. A. Carutliers. 'Erie James Douglas. Fairfield Abraham Seifert. Fayette Wm.Millikin. Frn nkl in I L ' Converse. r lanklm \ John C. Groom. Fulton John Fenton. Gallia *E. A. Stone. Geauga fPeter Hitchcock. Green *1. M. Barrett. Kilbourne. Ceylon. North Bern. Washington C. H. Columbus. Columbus. Ai. Gallipolis. Burton. Spring Valley. Hamilton Guernsey Thos. S. Luccock. L. Burelthardt. Peter F. Stryker. Geo. W. Skaats. Gabriel Dirr. R. M. White. W. P. Wiltsee. S. W. Bard. John E. Naylor. John Zumstein. II. P. Goebel. Hancock Alex. Phillips. John Haley. A. C. Nixon. Hardin Harrison. Henry A.R.Shuble. Highland H. C. Dawson. Hocking * Wm. M. Bowen. Holmes *M. A. Hoaglund. Huron fE. Bogardus. Jackson fA. B. Monahan. Jefferson *R. G. Richards. Knox Abel Heart. Lake *TL G Tryon. Lawrence E. Nye. Licking * IF. D. Smith. Logan Duncan Dow. Lorain *.J. H. Fuxron. r nnna f *R. C. Thompson. LjUcas X C. Huberich. Madison J. N. Beach. Mahoning Joseph Barclay. Marion J. I). Gather ey. Medina E. S. Perkins. Meigs Alban Davies. Mercer G. W. Raudabaugh Miami f.J. C. Ullery. Monroe Jus. Watson. C E. Schultz. Montgomery.. T. h\ Thresher. (. Geo. A. Grove. Morgan Clias. S. Corey. Morrow *T. E. Duncan. Muskingum ... [ Noble J. M. Dalzell. Ottowa *Lebbeus Cole. Perry E. R. P. Baker Pickaway C. F. Krimmel. Pike J. W. Washburn Portage ^Orville Blake. Preble A. J. Hawley. Putnam ''Geo. IF. Light. Richland * Robt . Barnett. Ross John C. Entreken Sandusky' *Benj. Inman. Scioto John T. Sellards. Seneca #J. A. Norton. Shelby Jas. M. Carson. f R. G. Williams. \ -'J. Sherrick. Summit ,;: 0. P. Nichols. Trumbull -f * T - J - McLain, Jr. Iiumbull | D. J. Edwards. Tuscarawas Wm. Johnson. Union F. Garwood. Van Wert Jos. C. Stump. Vinton A. J. Swain. Warren - T. M. Wales. Gilbert Smith. Henry Bold. Wayne ' Thos. A. McCoy. Williams Geo. W. Money. Wood E. R. Sage. Wyandot -'L. A. Brunner. Occupation. Stark Washington... Klmbolton. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Madeira. Grand Valley. Cincinnati. Findlay. Kenton. Archer. Napoleon. Lynchburg. Logan. Mi llers port. Four Corners. Jackson C. H. Jrondale. Mt. Vernon. Willoughby. Ironton. Hebron. Bellefontaine. Elyi 1 1 . Syl vania. Toledo. West Jefferson. Youngstown. La Rue. Weymouth. Pomeroy. .Celinn . Covington;, Greysville. Miamisburg. Dayton. Miamisburg. McConnelsville. Cardington. Adamsville. Dresden. Caldwell. Genoa. Thornville. Circleville. Waverly r . Mantua. New Paris. Columbus Grove. Lexington. Chillicothe. Mi llers vi lie. Powellsville. Bettsville. Anna. Alliance. Canton. Twinsburg. Warren. Hubbard. Urichsville. Milford Center. Van Wert. McArthur. Harveysburg. Barlow. Marietta. Wooster. \ West Unity'. Prairie Depot. Upper Sandusky. Lawyers 2L Law'yer and Journalist 1 Farmers 35 Farmer and Lawyer 1* Farmer and Druggist 1 Farmer and Mechanic 1 Farmer and Grain M’cht, 1 Physicians 10 Editors 2 Editors and Publishers 2 Merchants 9 M’cht and Manufacturer... 1 Bankers 2 Bankers & Manufacturers, 2 Druggists 2 Manufacturers 4 Real Estate Agt. & Auct., 1 Lumber Merchant 1 Accountant 1 Coal Merchant 1 Civil Engineer 1 Civil Eng. and Lawy'er 1 Woolen Manufacturer...... 1 Minister and Farmer 1 Teacher and Farmer 1 Dealer in Live Stock 1 Insurance Agent 1 - Mechanic. 1 Occupation not given 3 Machinist 1 ^Member of the Legislature of 1874-75. -(-Members of some former Legislature. Republicans, 66 ; Democrats, 44 : Independent,!. IF WISHES WERE BUTTER-CAKES, BEGGARS MIGHT BITE 89 Election Returns for 1875 . OHIO. Official vote for Governor at the election held. October J2th, 1875: , 1873 -1875— Counties. Ashland Ashtabula. Athens Auglaize .. Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champ’gn Clarke Clermont.. . Clinton Columb’na Coshocton.. Crawford.... Cuya hoga .. Darke Defiance.... Delaware .. Erie Fairfield ... Fayette Franklin... Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey .. Hamilton.. Hancock.... Hardin Harrison ... Henry Highland .. Hocking ... J acltson Jefferson ... Knox Bake Lawrence.. Lucas Madison . Malionim Moutg'ery. Morgan Morrow Musk ’gum Paulding.... Perry Pickaway.. Richland .. Ross Sandusky.. Scioto Summit Trumbull .. Tuscar’was Union Van Wert.. Wash’gton hi rOP If yi i 2 1961 1558 2239 1853 2286 1755 2920 2151 2253 1670 2800 2250 943 2944 1962 6092 1455 2576 2410 3192 1906 553 2851 UOi 3394 3614 4588 4514 2756 1780 3677 2358 4178 2377 5200 2945 1185 1547 1453 1870 167 L 2441 2620 3102 1700 2805 3392 4389 3475 3003 4036 3480 1342 2283 1938 3154 2188 3091 3974 4040 2502 1847 2913 2321 2897 1292 3834 2064 5644 8245 10974 17388 3128 2108 4233 2929 1711 74.9 2483 1218 1937 2095 2708 2935 1588 1998 2657 2391 3551 2031 4183 2630 1415 1889 1871 2250 6453 4156 7952 6842 790 1417 1312 2303 1465 2229 2388 2908 436 1662 736 2666 1496 2925 22u8 4141 1799 2156 2431 2834 16784 16021 23621 24916 2259 1794 2333 2559 1850 • i939 2608 2527 1617 1998 2039 2324 1432 900 2005 1323 2791 2868 3215 3160 1565 867 2082 1394 2416 910 2838 1059 1829 2633 2687 3873 1638 19.5 2207 2497 1924 3013 28i6 3721 2762 2108 3182 2885 639 1956 • 1.20 2678 1912 2735 3099 3736 4155 2749 5142 3617 1426 1842 21o2 2396 1360 3505 2097 4767 3351 4201 4481 5865 1627 1631 2028 2138 3003 3460 3948 3788 1901 1240 4300 1534 1501 2027 4990 2859 1169 2514 2843 3433 1854 727 2560 1000 2256 2910 3239 4006. 2340 734 3129 1016 6309 5947 8014 7202 1470 1668 2004 2204 1579 1667 2006 2136 4274 4048 5218 4888 1637 1641 2037 2104 1451 772 1781 1062 890 997 1109 1144 : 2089 1600 2798 1853 : 2578 1783 3144 2397 : 1563 1161 1940 1330 : 2056 2285 2859 3402 ; 1818 2154 2388 2611. 2167 975 1746 1304- 3192 2580 4060 3285 3601 3144 4216 3Q00 2740 2025 3353 2609 2183 2389 3020 8279 3 182 2290 4015 3321 2022 1373 2701 1757 4888 4868 9340 6085 . 2014 2457 3523 4623 . 1927 3698 3301 5653 . 3548 2600 4048 8259 ( 1364 1856 1952 2596 < 1750 1730 2233 2108 ( 1460 1215 19u6 1497 ( 1605 3205 3301 5653 ( 3004 3124 4230 4144 ( 3653 3434 4301 3847 ] Williams.... 1697 Wood 1894 Wyandot.... 2039 1856 2078 1364 2262 2808 2305 2399 3531 1737 Totals 214643 213837 293264 298813 Majorities: Allen’s, 806; Hayes, 5549. In 1874, Bell, Secretary of State, Democrat, was elected by a majority of 17202. Cincinnati and Hamilton Co,, 0. Official figures of the election for Governor in October, 1875, compared with the municipal election in Anril. 1875. municipal election in April, MAYOK. GOVERN’R. Wards and Precincts. 1-first precinct... 1-sec’d precinct.. 1-third precinct.. 1- fourth precinct 2- rtrst precinct... 2- sec ’d precinct.. 3- first precinct... 3- see. \i precinct.. 4- tirst precinct... 4- sec’d precinct.. 5- first precinct... 5- sec’d precinct.. 6- first precjnct ... 6- sec’d precinct.. 7- first precinct .. 7- sec ’d precinct.. 8- first precinct... 8- sec ’d precinct.. 9- first precinct... 9-sec’d precinct.. 10- first precinct... 10- sec ’d precinct.. 11- first precinct... 1 1- sec’d precinct.. 12- first precinct... 12- sec’d precinct.. 13- first precinct... 13- sec’d precinct.. 14- first precinct... 1 4- sec ’d precinct.. 15- first precinct... 15- sec ’d precinct.. 16- first precinct .. 16- sec’d precinct.. 17- first precinct... 17- sec ’d precinct . 18- first precinct... 18- sec’d precinct.. 19- first precinct... 19- sec’d precinct.. 20- first precinct... 20- sec ; d precinct.. 21- first precinct... 21- sec ’d precinct.. 22- first precinct... 22- sec ’d precinct.. 23- first precinct... 23-sec ’d precinct.. g ~ ' § » • o B obinson, Rep. Allen, Dem. Hi S 0) jO 200 190 184 243 470 381 420 465 144 208 141 237 177 72 153 121 402 562 422 697 1 140 174 120 276 482 467 426 706 435 62 716 112 887 200 954 227 401 310 371 378 j 284 216 213 229 ! 629 201 585 278 644 420 654 452 343 197 316 289 397 176 295 289 518 421 345 606 643 132 639 193 483 237 478 330 202 269 222 305 537 492 471 683 515 506 286 796 321 291 227 406 589 431 380 693 208 238 131 374 317 178 199 344 445 243 269 424 4., 9 138 382 248 559 359 370 612 279 234 218 291 486 371 390 525 407 369 325 495 289 ’ 331 263 375 436 330 402 434 479 205 431 323 ! 167 203 190 298 Delhi, W 64 77 68 Green, N. E 82 51 216 Green, S. W 224 226 74 Harrison 224 180 244 Miami 175 163 207 Millcreek, Avon.. 105 125 133 Millcreek, Clif 59 50 24 Millcreek, W. P... 17 23 49 Millcreek, Col. H. 47 93 25 Millcreek, St. B... 147 32 128 Millcreek. N. E... 122 68 168 Millcreek, W. PI. 16 82 66 Riverside 76 69 90 Springfield, N. E 178 175 141 Springfield, S. E.. 123 258 185 Springfield, W 232 111 207 Sycamore, E 82 178 178 Sycamore, Read. 327 88 150 Sycamore, Shar.... 96 85 388 Symm.es, N 66 88 100 Symmes, C. D 45 44 53 Spencer 51 48 79 Whitewater 115 97 159 106 279 76 188 179 152 111 75 27 219 60 117 111 349 213 155 118 115 201 107 67 84 115 Totals 3855 3177 4615 4279 Democratic majority, 678. Democratic majority, 336 CALIFORNIA. Official vote cast for Governor at the election in September, 1875 : Counties. Alpine .. Amador. Calaveras Contra Costa. Fresno Humboldt Inyo Lassen Los Angeles Marin 498 384 4,55 358 686 463 326 406 626 290 556 408 343 352 298 466 668 393 520 185 353 461 179 89 332 310 365 266 529 224 185 340 462 424 410 375 694 4>9 361 399 561 282 450 352 332 260 252 375 806 456 216 361 589 173 126 466 r: i Nevada. San Benito San Bernardino San Francisco. 4T ; sail Joaquin 712 | San Luis Obispo.... 321 511 Santa Clara.. Santa Cruz.. Colerain, S. W. Columbia, C ... Columbia, W. . 159 41 215 57 . 119 42 142 103 . 97 64 150 53 . 224 113 235 148 . 101 90 115 118 . 202 157 87 128 41 299 203 . 86 102 46 70 . 102 79 113 79 . 51 79 81 96 Sierra . Totals 21595 15198 19006 20637 j Shasta Johnston’s majority, 6397. Hayes’ majority, 1631. Vote on County Infirmary. Townships. Anderson, N.. Anderson, S... Anderson.C... Sonoma Stanislaus.. Tehama Trinity Yolo . W dwell, Jnd. rwin, Dem. || u . 895 2483 1956 87 80 51 . 393 1150 638 . 1146 1375 318 . 402 903 522 . 518 1275 68 . 396 699 765 .. 136 236 48 . 556 1238 740 . 197 &51 49 . 272 714 951 . 248 359 179 376 694 138 . 211 663 82 . 200 199 134 . 1543 2898 667 . 298 471 310 412 484 58 481 1071 204 . 397 585 172 284 366 7 133 80 37 441 886 736 248 989 629 990 1664 1067 606 881 1065 425 550 230 16l9 2361 1483 99 643 285 427 729 204 252 755 593 6080 14199 5179 449 1440 1805 596 756 199 141 623 828 541 798 409 733 2634 1695 578 645 m 296 614 • 288 519 470 348 154 886 490 532 1480 1391 737 2106 736 137 788 382 490 555 184 136 599 404 75 400 334 434 846 285 322 931 501 413 414 120 889 1169 136 652 865 577 29333 61009 31849 Irwin’s majority, 29160. 90 SEEK TILL YOU FIND AND YOU’LL NOT LOSE YOUR LABOR IOWA. Official vote for Governor at the election held October 12th, 1875: SKC’Y STA' , 1874— GOVERNOR. , 1875- Hd § Counties. bg •§ IS ’c P era III Adair 917 433 Adams 528 398 Alamakee . 1229 1400 Appanoose 1289 1139 Audubon.... 180 218 Benton 2012 1298 Black H’k- 1778 1257 Boone 1341 877 Bremer 1078 331 Buchanan. 1380 1101 B’na Vista- 503 72 Butler 1082 339 Calhoun 267 81 Carroll 485 422 Cass 1027 556 Cedar 1720 1031 Cero Gordo 960 154 Cherokee... 545 237 Chickasaw 925 580 Clarke 703 541 Clay 449 33 Clayton 1371 1953 Clinton 2191 2023 Crawford... 579 422 Dallas 1420 970 Davis 1207 1178 Decatur 964 829 Delaware— 1428 973 Des Moines 1915 1077 Dickinson. . 193 81 Dubuque ... 1920 3258 Emmet 194 32 Fayette 2221 1252 Floyd 1331 . 283 Franklin ... 749 233 Fremont ... 862 1204 Greene 087 298 Grundy 507 229 Guthrie 882 567 Hamilton .. 094 457 Hancock ... 231 48 Hardin 1413 899 Harrison ... 940 863 Henry 1532 1424 Howard 078 350 Humboldt. 322 106 Ida 93 33 Iowa 1105 1022 Jackson lo07 1840 Jasper 2143 1221 Jefferson .... 1301 1062 Johnson 1708 1917 J ones 2093 1610 Keokuk 1418 1337 Kossuth 429 111 Lee 2027 2637 Linn 2744 1598 Louisa 1251 503 Lucas 832 657 Lyon 259 13 Madison 1522 1252 Maliasna — 1974 1394 Marion 1761 1063 Marshall .... 1963 227 Mills 851 600 Mitchell 887 357 Monona 469 517 Monroe 885 570 Montg’ery- 1029 487 Muscatine- 1597 1301 O’Brien 273 83 Osceola 218 3 Page 1139 764 Palo Alto .. 229 255 Plymouth - 578 158 Pocah ’litas 300 84 Polk 3059 1933 Pottawat’e. 1634 1435 Poweshiek 1299 848 Ringgold... Sac Scott Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren W apello 510 396 1591 496 265 1408 1637 742 718 1370 1608 391 135 2548 306 57 709 940 582 569 1126 1370 877 1129 1833 1429 317 903 2103 1726 1493 1521 071 1375 372 032 1212 1625 820 336 105;! 1073 704 1839 2300 753 1899 1485 1219 1088 2104 281 2124 246 2213 1342 923 1220 810 602 1096 805 204 1088 13oO 1993 882 388 177 1602 1597 2078 1598 2287 2000 1532 582 2309 3019 1997 1058 300 1779 2368 2020 1736 1093 1251 560 1064 1445 1843 478 338 1290 324 866 332 3122 1767 1489 773 515 1499 549 472 1346 1460 1082 900 1534 2024 Warren Wash’gton Wayne Webster.... Winn’bago . 1609 1101 1848 1297 1704 1358 1044 1197 . 1190 1203 1102 1085 . 883 919 950 904 ) 281 51 383 62 i 1522 1076 1883 1354 . 750 586 1099 719 314 12 523 93 . 471 77 493 140 .105370 79038 125058 93359 355 35S 2157 1370 275 978 1294 1101 087 1359 115 024 150 590 705 1238 220 201 822 703 18 2171 2479 552 847 1584 1001 1034 2180 22 4047 31 1344 525 214 1000 434 160 049 309 783 1295 1309 477 122 30 1327 2200 1160 1331 2141 1400 1466 71 3127 2157 1151 940 1412 1742 2048 542 933 399 363 847 596 1757 22 9 609 300 215 130 2174 1757 780 402 185 2519 406 90 603 978 609 760 1390 2002 Kirkwood’s majority, 31725. KENTUCKY. Official vote for Governor at the August election, 1875: cl’k ct. ap. . 1874 , Counties. bg «i p S r m 688 801 718 1503 Adair Allen Anderson .. Ballard Barren 1579 Bath 1127 Boone 1429 Bourbon ... 1810 Boyd 1014 Boyle 1131 Bracken 1752 Breathitt... 528 Brecken’ge 1127 Bullitt Butler Caldwell ... Calloway... Campbell .. Carroll Carter Casey. 398 375 928 1205 045 900 095 387 Christian... 2038 Clark Glay Clinton Crittenden. Cumbered . Daviess Edmonson 1327 345 117 029 273 2807 288 Elliott 273 Estill Fayette Fleming ... Floyd Franklin... Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Grayson Green Greenup ... Hancock... Hardin Harlan 194 Harrison ... 1452 Hart 971 Henderson 1764 Henry 930 3121 1380 715 1358 895 302 1019 935 1933 645 901 807 774 1578 1505 Hickman .. 1113 1556 129 8921 1114 317 Hopkins ... Jackson Jefferson ... Jessamine. Johnson ... Kenton 3123 Knox 520 Larue 325 Laurel 268 Lawrence- Lee j Letcher Lewis ! Lincoln 1278 I Livingston 033 j Logan 1860 ! Lyon 485 j Madison 2140 j Magoffin ... 351 I Marion U43 Marshall ... 916 Martin 99 828 247 175 1019 tel ^2 402 300 235 96 408 773 89 797 500 379 57 107 942 100 281 127 73 559 127 320 170 2243 1037 201 109 302 74 398 238 105 819 1J197 1208 162 511 28 120 1088 78 442 194 710 754 155 486 203 518 606 244 632 232 323 148 6822 30 351 548 173 300 409 159 85 1098 878 146 455 364 1939 357 721 112 134 bo 956 077 988 1431 1710 1193 1128 1073 1040 1209 1327 514 1127 055 541 1018 1247 1452 1173 737 018 2153 1087 544 307 825 475 2338 352 553 925 2173 Mason McCrack’n McLean Menifee..... Metcalfe.. .. Monroe Montg’m’y Mulilenb’g Nelson Nicholas ... Ohio Oldham •aS* 919 014 500 205 1038 861 141 1524 899 1135 328 286 915 260 057 040 140 985 233 835 554 2360 | 9z6 882 08l 714 010 909 322 101 866 | 30l6 Pendleton. Perry Pike Powell Pulaski Robertson. Rockcastle Rowan Simpson. Spencer.. Taylor Todd 1801 1352 2108 1343 1174 116 1312 818 528 92 803 398 094 149 989 205 243 55 324 87 1322 569 1414 1075 470 217 072 071 415 265 529 727 900 714 948 784 674 243 788 355 790 348 999 941 1113 730 1402 945 1083 083 1305 822 900 593 1131 1013 989 239 894 389 1843 179 1771 455 233 105 191 518 1297 319 1208 583 117 200 151 490 607 221 439 315 294 223 290 228 903 1224 1222 1055 003 61 075 205 s 301 497 714 092 221 270 204 354 549 318 432 437 . 1251 114 1204 1153 . 1512 1087 1739 1236 098 172 S51 530 587 301 001 277 424 105 093 415 777 337 1225 1003 . 1251 052 1208 739 . 1075 5 581 47 1006 557 1901 403 2222 1003 l 879 601 1021 931 707 612 ! 573 00 1122 444 143- 477 290 942 280 130 371 220 1138 30 1120 1010 114348 53504 120976 90795 Trimble Union Warren .. . Washing’n Wayne Webster ... Whitley.. . Wolfe Woodford. Totals. . Majority for McCreary, 30181. WISCONSIN. Official vote cast for Governor at the election held November 2d, 1875: Counties. tog. r o b§ *§ * 1421 1074 ! Adams 705 362 642 125 875 308 j Ashland ... 77 98 61 205 1705 1194 Barron 501 200 356 169 725 57 Bayfield 75 35 102 12 569 278 | Brown 1710 2385 1290 2030 972 1091 Buffalo 696 841 039 1105 771 460 Burnett ... 312 10 247 J2 2087 740 Calumet ... 449 1137 508 1357 938 070 Chippewa- 714 1030 585 870 916 718 Clark 717 525 302 429 801 701 1 Columbia .. 2413 1618 2001 1509 821 291 | Crawford... 847 1100 681 1112 1020 1L0 | Dane 4457 4823 3700 4295 145 495 Dodge 2503 4685 1868 4562 1354 878 Door 453 366 538 212 1389 1069 Douglas 34 77 19 70 2078 1318 Dunn 1159 867 687 622 1270 773 Eau Claire 1641 1076 810 1122 909 203 F’d du Lac 3392 3973 2932 3926 1706 1054 Gi'ant 3182 2318 2405 2103 195 538 Green 1960 1595 1402 1300 11804 7991 Green L’ke 1127 795 896 602 1149 1109 Iowa 1593 1605 1334 1549 397 501 Jackson 992 491 489 - 515 2468 1181 i Jefferson... 2300 2938 1630 2950 537 875 Juneau 1306 968 1110 909 036 409 j Kenosha ... 1086 1131 802 942 438 035 Kewaunee 226 991 181 807 900 045 La Cross 1872 1739 2147 1458 338 380 La Fayette 1673 1642 1294 1430 222 317 Lincoln 48 68 New »ty. 908 1110 Manitow’e 1406 2620 831 2715 1418 1195 Marailion- 365 977 327 779 881 174 Marquette 463 710 345 739 1673 1182 ! Milw’kee... 6042 7415 2837 10435 564 482 Monroe 1557 1235 1267 1134 2348 2034 j Oconto 873 1092 710 790 429 427 i Outagamie 1198 2517 1031 2092 li07 879 Ozaukee 460 1652 235 1849 949 200 Pepin 452 270 431 303 53 129 1 Pierce 1005 791 687 741 IT WILL BE FAIR WEATHER WHEN THE SHREWS HAVE DINED. 91 Polk 817 290 524 223 Portage 1265 818 1044 549 Racine 1955 2031 1888 2138 Richland... 1522 1132 1148 1066 Rock 3734 1718 3347 1279 St. Croix ... 1185 1582 1023 1151 Sauk 2242 1310 1550 1115 Shawano... 27i 448 188 415 Sheboygan 1728 2215 1449 2480 Taylor 90 93 New countv. Tre’peale'u 1077 520 923 339 Vernon 1784 696 1706 547 Walworth 2825 1272 2482 1075 Washing’n 723 2305 463 2334 Waukesha 2533 2461 2086 2641 Waupaca .. 1869 1191 1512 902 Waushara 1379 313 1270 413 Win neb ’go 2634 2591 2858 2591 Wood 419 473 227 328 Totals 85155 84314 66224 81399 Ludington’s majority 841. NEW YORK. Official vote for Secretary of State at the election held November 2nd, 1875: 1875- Ui Counties. -1874- Legislature. Senate. Assem- Joint bly. Ballot Republicans . 20 71 91 Democrats . 12 57 69 Rep. majority. . 8 14 22 MINNESOTA. Official vote for Governor at the election held November 2d, 1875 : GOVERNOR. CHIEF JUS. 1875 , , 1874 , Counties. ' a Albany . 14080 Allegany... 4807 Broome 4799 Cattar’gus.. 5138 Cayuga 6454 Chaut’qua. 6138 Chemung .. 3187 Chenango.. 4474 Clinton 4172 Columbia.. 4625 Cortland ... 3000 Delaware .. 4573 Dutchess ... 7295 Erie 17748 Essex 3386 Franklin... 2883 Fulton and Hamilton.. 3645 Genesee 3166 Greene 2596 Herkimer . 4659 Jefferson ... 6716 Kings 31977 Lewis 2710 Livingston 4122 Madison ... 5130 Monroe 11175 M’tgomery 3567 New-VTork. 49614 Niagara 4296 Oneida 10697 Onaudaga.. 11216 Ontario 4574 Orange 6829 Orleans 2874 Oswego 7095 Otsego 5578 Putnam 1748 Queens 4717 Rensselaer 9842 Richmond 2514 Rockland.. 1625 6033 2581 2730 2090 Saratoga ... Sc’nectady Schoharie. Schuyler ... Seneca 2379 Steuben 6024 St. Lavvr’ce 8940 Suffolk 3743 Sullivan ... 2292 Tioga 3649 Tompkins. 3704 Ulster 5550 Warren 2399 W ash’gton 5559 Wayne 5214 Wes’hester 7154 Wyoming.. 3136 Yates 2313 Totals 375381 390193 366074 416391 Seward’s majority, 14812. Temperance vote in 1875 to bf fey b — Ho ■pH rs 2 * ? 14652 13234 15466 2668 5187 3268 4321 4881 4296 4342 5255 4517 5132 5977 5018 4426 7827 5355 4009 3453 4226 3851 4896 4242 3782 5065 3094 4781 4434 5780 2356 2927 2268 4244 4609 4592 6909 5354 8767 14705 15146 15686 2584 3395 3191 2233 2786 2029 3171 3769 3346 2683 3088 2672 3434 3043 3998 4187 4728 4377 6004 6838 5666 39756 26811 39808 3052 2764 3218 3458 4347 3753 3928 5450 3938 8885 9701 10094 3802 3773 4139 79274 44908 87436 4590 4625 4579 10691 11488 11137 8331 11610 9380 4599 4536 4449 7389 7319 7878 2060 3147 2567 5930 7580 6440 6005 5330 6083 1225 1478 1706 6314 4961 6257 9856 9881 10702 3037 2150 3021 2329 1817 2632 4731 6264 4593 2436 2263 2648 4276 2712 4545 1711 2110 2260 2883 2569 3202 6920 7072 7688 3902 9106 3866 4313 3601 3529 3526 2294 3681 3267 3502 3237 3531 3370 3340 7970 5884 8303 2002 2334 2400 3561 5410 4346 4137 5103 4017 8173 7145 9166 2017 3434 2416 1852 2334 1721 Aitken 18 Anoka 475 Becker 490 Benton 159 Big Stone .. 29 Blue Earth 1562 Brown 795 Carlton 155 Carver 696 Cass 36 Chippewa.. 349 Chisago .... Clay Cotton w’d, Crow W ’ng Dakota Dodge Douglas .... Faribault.. Freeborn... Fillmore .., Goodhue ... Grant 199 Hennepin . 4737 Houston 864 Isanti Jackson Kanabec ... Kandiyohi Lake Lac q. Parle Le Sueur ... Lincoln Lyon Ale Leod ... Martin Meeker Milie Lacs.. Morrison ... Mower Murray Nicollet .... 898 179 255 148 904 7o6 478 1178 1750 1522 1727 429 563 68 819 21 105 766 3i 188 694 386 770 177 154 1063 126 1020 9882 > V/IO in Temperance vote in 1874 11768 1455 917 50 126 155 293 2666 415 589 1640 167 637 Nobles 242 Ol instead .. Otter Tail .. Pembina... Pine Polk Pope Ramsey Redwood... Renville ... Rice Rock St. Louis ... Scott 377 Sherburne. 355 Sibley 510 Stearns 677 Steele 847 Stevens 91 Swift 253 Todd 375 Wabasha... 1349 Wadena 44 Waseca 547 Washing’n 1109 Watonwan 4Si Wilkin 89 Winona 1722 Wright 1130 Yellow Med 184 Totals 47191 bg 2 e r\* ~ ct 3 3 39 271 376 533 47 212 148 226 574 29 1389 1886 1623 578 674 835 57 31 126 1092 1306 582 16 35 54 36 69 203 173 118 709 87 4 441 59 120 403 115 91 155 1917 1922 1262 283 507 856 46 63 1096 465 1363 1436 324 348 1724 819 1047 2123 723 867 2Z46 21 186 1605 3346 4070 1257 1415 1572 48 96 441 52 78 474 40 18 77 185 63 587 24 2 276 1580 1816 671 4 10 61 50 9 405 607 803 639 130 191 368 665 878 729 73 111 183 293 24i 194 440 948 12.5 10 35 103 623 795 964 77 93 355 1381 1637 1634 328 495 1020 56 16 284 1 211 12 38 622 3464 3398 2187 94 164 259 314 307 757 1543 1368 1436 3 29 355 134 136 813 1276 3387 409 182 242 318 788 1000 514 1885 915 1993 627 632 1062 70 12 103 60 2 280 216 148 171 1402 1572 1291 27 546 772 893 1000 1196 1426 173 198 617 24 41 123 1953 2213 1859 1140 1068 932 15 577 35173 41033 53074 PENNSYLVANIA. Official vote for Governor at the election held November 2d, 1875 : LIEUT.-GOV. GOVERNOR. 187-: b£ Counties. Adams 3014 Alleghany. 15704 Armstr’ng. 3523 Beaver 2486 Bedford 2959 Beijks 10610 Blair 3226 Bradford ... 4264 Bucks 6514 Butler 3698 Cambria ... 3379 Cameron... 449 Carbon 2420 Centre 3083 Chester 4554 Clarion 3254 Clearfield .. 3065 Clinton 2436 Columbia.. 2956 Crawford... Cum bel l’d. Dauphin ... Dela ware .. Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin. 4724 4378 4197 2207 1127 4612 3714 328 3913 Fulton 1019 Greene Hunt’gdon Indiana Jefferson ... Juniata Lancaster.. Lawrence . Lebanon ... Lehigh Luzerne ... Lycoming. McKean ... Mercer Mifflin Monroe M’tgomery Montour ... North ’t on.- North ’and. Perry Philadel’ia 46887 Pike 1039 Potter 940 Schuylkill 9184 Snyder 1087 Somerset... 1627 Sullivan ... 829 2663 2588 1694 2161 1536 6171 1322 2293 5813 10 >12 4495 918 3845 1540 2067 7863 1455 6891 3547 2424 4 , O 187 o ~ CD s? r a> y p S p. p

79 59850 238 1526 7517 1452 2835 422 2335 3859 4630 9899 3488 940 • 4911 1446 652 8364 1002 4364 3691 2429 65262 434 1223 7699 1701 2989 1427 1603 6758 11135 4641 976 4267 1586 2530 8339 1332 7248 4567 2448 47980 1056 10i9 9037 1369 1680 Susqueh’a . 2766 3425 3517 l-i'l 2951 Tioga 1698 3614 3933 1909 Union 1176 1837 1784 1177 Venango... 3255 3281 2953 2940 j Warren I960 2306 2057 1740 Washin’on 4306 4252 4917 4763 j Wayne 2433 2236 1854 2135 Westmor’d 5799 3916 4957 6242 Wyoming. 1687 1489 1365 1610 York 7111 4083 5273 8285 Totals 277195 272516 304175 292145 Havtranft’s majority, 12030. Prohi bition vote, 13244. -O- RHODE ISLAND. Official vote for Governor election held April, 1875 : Reg. Rep. H. Lippitl. 8368 at the Rroh. Ind. Rep. R. Hazard. 8724 Dem. C. Cutler. 5166 There was no election by the people. Henry Lippitt, of Providence, was elected Governor by the General As- sembly, at its Mav Session. 1K7.V re- ceiving 70 votes, Hazard. against 36 for R. 92 HAPPY IS HE WHO HATH SOWED HIS WILD OATS BY TIME. Important Events of the Year. — Below we give a synopsis of the principal events occurring in all parts of the world for the last eleven months commencing January 1st and ending November 30th, 1875: JANUARY. 1. Alfonzo proclaimed King of Spain by the Army and Ministry King Kalakaua, of Hawaii, visiting in the United States. 4. Tilton vs. Beecher trial began in New York Violent and lawless organization of the Louisi- ana Legislature in New Orleans General Sheridan of the U. S. Army interferes, and sustains the Republicans. 6. Governor Allen, of Ohio, sends a message to the Legis- lature, calling for a protest against Federal interference in Louisiana. The Tennessee Senate denounces said interference. Governor Hendricks, of Indiana, asks the Legislature to protest. Governor Tilden, of New York, ditto. O. The transit of Venus occurred. 10. Western Hotel, at Sacramento, California, burned, in which sev- eral persons were roasted to death. 18. Federal troops entered sheriff’s office at Vicksburg, under orders of General Emory, and ejected acting sheriff A. J. Flanagan, about whose election there was a dispute. 22. The Ohio river frozen over at Cincinnati The Governor of Dako- ta appealed for aid for the sufferers from the grasshopper plague. 25. The Navy Department building in Wash- ington caught fire, and was considerably damaged. 20. Andrew Johnson elected Senator of Tennessee. 29. Bish- op Whittingliam, of Maryland, refused to consecrate Rev- erend Dr. Dudley, for the reason that Timothy says : “ Bishops shall be husbands of one wife,” and Dr. Dud- ley has had his second wife A memorial building, to the honor of Thomas Paine, was dedicated in Boston. delivered the opinion that the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one. 29. Wilbur F. Storey, editor of the Chicago Times, sen- tenced to ten days’ imprisonment for contempt of court. 30. The Geghan bill, allowing Catholic priests to hold religious services in the public institutions of the State, passed to a law in the Ohio Legislature. APRIL. 2. George Q,. Cannon, Congressional Delegate from Utah, was placed on trial in Salt Lake City for polygamy, but discharged under the statute of limitations. 7. The British House of Commons voted on a bill to enable un- married women to vote, which was defeated by 152 to 187 Two regiments of U. S. Infantry ordered to Hazleton, Pa., to suppress a disturbance of the miners Count MarefoscliJ, from Italy, announced to Archbishop Mc- Closkey in New York that the Pope had elevated him to the rank of Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church. 13. lion. Wm S. Groesbeck donates $ 50,000 to pay lor music in Burnett Woods Park, Cincinnati. 23. The steamers Bodmann, Kyle and Exporter burned at New Orleans, destroying many lives. 28. Great fire at Oshkosh, W is., destroying a square mile of the city, and property to the amount of $2,000,000 Installation of the Prince of Wales as Grand Master of English Free-Masons. 30. The Em- peror William signed a bill for the suppression of con- vents and monasteries in Prussia. MAY. FEBRUARY. 1. Tilton allowed to testify in his own case. 4. Gener- al Burnside (Union) and General Buckner (Rebel) invit- ed to seats in the Indiana Senate. 1 1. Two-thirds of the City of Pdrt Au Prince consumed by fire. 12. George Rufer found guilty of murder in the first degree, in kill- ing Schilling. 15. Moody and Sankey, the American revivalists, begin preaching in England, and attract , immense congregations. 17. The bill in the English Par- liament to legalize marriage with a deceased wife’s sister was rejected by 171 to 142 . 18. A resolution passed in the House of Commons, declaring Mr. John Mitchel, the expatriated Irishman, incapacitated from sitting in that assembly. 25. Explosion ot gas in St. Andrews Church, New York, destroying the building and causing the death of half a dozen persons. 26. Gordon Claude, a pupil in the Naval Academy, was ordered by the drill-master to fence with a colored midshipman, refusing to do which he was expelled. 27. The Civil Rights bill was passed by Congress. MARCH. 3. Geghan, (J. J.), wrote the letter that made him famous as the exponent of the Catholic claim on the Democratic party to pass a bill in the Ohio Legislature securing Catholic priests the right to hold religious ser- vices in any and all the public institutions of the state. 10. Great Salt Lake, Utah, frozen over; first time on record. 11. John Mitchel was elected for the second time to a seat in Parliament for Tipperary, in defiance of the resolution refusing him the right to sit. 17. At Port Jarvis, Port Deposit and Pittston, Pa., the breaking up of ice-gorges caused great floods and destruction of prop- erty. 18. Uncle John Robinson, showman, nominated by the Republicans of Cincinnati for Mayor, (afterwards de- feated). 20. A destructive tornado passed over Augusta, Ga., causing the loss of many lives. 28. The Supreme Court of the United States, the case of Mrs. Minor, claim- ing the right of suffrage, through Chief Justice Waite, 7. The steamship Schiller wrecked, and 311 persons drowned. 14. Testimony in the Beecher case closed and argument began. 18. Earthquake in New Grenada, de- stroying six cities and sixteen thousand lives. 19. Mrs. Lincoln, wife of the deceased President, was adjudged insane by Probate Court, and sent to a private asylum. 24. Attorney Genei'al Williams resignt d, and J udge Edwards Pierrepont appointed his successor. 27. French Catholic Church at Holyoke, Mass., burned during cele- bration of the feast of Corpus Christi.and 75 lives lost. 30. Steamer Vicksburg, from Montreal for Liverpool, sunk in a field of ice, drowning eighty-three persons. JUNE. 3. Extensive fires in the forests of Pennsylvania, de- stroying lives and propertj'. 1 4. Thomas McGehan, a no- torious ruffian, of Hamilton, Ohio, assassinated in his own saloon. 17. Centennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill celebrated in Boston. 18. Severe shocks of an earthquake felt between 9 and 10 o’clock A.M., in south- western Ohio and eastern Indiana. 23. John C. New, of Indianapolis, appointed Treasurer of the United States, 24. Judge Neilson charged the jury in the Beecher case. JULY. 2. The jury in the trial of Beecher reported that they could not agree, and were discharged. It was reported that nine were for acquittal, one undecided, and two for conviction 12. A Lodge of Orangemen, of Law- rence, Mass., while returning from a picnic celebra- tion of the Battle of Boyne, were attacked by a mob of seven hundred Irishmen, who threw stones and bricks with serious effect, which resulted in the firing of pistols by both parties and the wounding of many. 14. The College Regatta on the lake at Saratoga, resulted in the Cornell Club winning the race; Columbia, second ; Har- vard, third. 15. George N. Jackson, Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue at Louisville, Ky., found to be defaul- ter in $90,000, and when an officer went to make his arrest LOOK NOT TOO HIGH, LEST A CHIP FALL IN THINE EYE. 93 he -was found to be dying, it was supposed, from the effects of poision Prof. Donaldson and N. S. Grimwood went up in a balloon from Chicago, sailed over the lake and were lost, the body of Grimwood being found in Michigan a month afterwards. 22. Hon. Mr. Plimpsoll, in the House of Commons, England, charged the govern- ment with opposing a bill for the protection of seamen against loss of life in unsea worthy vessels, because of the interest of members in such pi'operty, who desired to re- cover insurance on them by their loss at sea, regardless of the loss of life. Disraeli moved the expulsion of Plimp- soll, during which he left the house, shaking his fist at the government benches. Next day he apologized for his unparliamentary conduct. 27. Duncan, Sherman & Co., bankers, New York, failed for $6,000,000. 31. The de- cree of the Bishop’s Court, in England, against the use of the word “ Reverend ” in reference to a Wesleyan minis- ter in a churchyard inscription, was sustained by a judg- ment delivered in one of the Civil Courts of that liberal government. AUGUST. 3. Unprecedented floods in Ohio and Indiana, destroy- ing the crops and much other property. 5. Great floods in France, destroying hundreds of lives and $20,000,000 ol property. 6. The centennial anniversary of the birth of Daniel O’Connell was celebrated in Ireland and the United States A bill for the protection of seamen against loss of life in unsafe vessels, similar to Plimpsoll ; s bill, was passed. 15. Jefferson Davis, ex-President of the Rebel Confederacy, forced by public opinion to with- draw an engagement to speak at a county fair at Rock- ford, Ills. 17. Edwin Booth seriously injured by the runaway of his horse and phaeton. 18. A big scare put in circulation that the negroes of Georgia were to rise in arms on the 20tli, and kill off all the whites. After several hundred innocent colored men had been arrested and badly treated, it was found to be a hoax. 25. Captain Webb, a merchant seaman, swims the English Channel, from Dover to Calais, in 21 hours and 4 minutes. SEPTEMBER. 1. The Herzegovina insurrection against the Turkish government broke out. 3. Seven men executed, for dif- ferent crimes, all upon the same scaffold, and within the same hour. 5. Charles Francis Adams writes a letter declining in advance to be a candidate for Presidency in 1876. 6. Riot near Clinton, Miss., in which many negroes were left dead on the field. 7. Gov. Ames, of Mississippi, telegraphed the President that domestic violence in that state demanded Federal assistance to suppress the same, but the troubles passed over. 10. Mrs. Scott Uda’s fire- ladder, while being experimented with by the firemen in New York, broke eighty feetfrora the ground, precipitat- ing ten men to the pavement, and killing six of them. 11. Water-spouts destroyed 63 houses in Las Cruces. New Mexico. 1)6. A cyclone passed over Galveston and India- nola, Texas, causing great destruction of property and life. 26. William Westervelt found guilty of the abduc- tion of Charlie Ross. 27. Celebration of the fiftieth anni- versary of the establishment of railroads took place at Darliugton, England. OCTOBER. 1. Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior, resigned. 3. A Catholic procession, of two thousand people, in To- ronto, Ontario, was attacked by a mob with stones and pistols, and many persons wounded. 19. Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, appointed Secretary of the Inte- rior. 24. The Moody and Sankey revival began in Brooklyn. 26. Virginia City nearly destroyed by fire. NOVEMBER. 9. The steamer Pacific foundered at sea, between Port- land, Oregon, and San Francisco, carrying to their graves 75 passengers The steamer City of Waco, from New York to New Orleans, burned to the water’s edge, at the latter place, and many lives lost. 10. Vice-President Wilson was attacked with apoplexy in his room in the : Capitol, from which he rallied, until the 22d, when he suddenly and unexpectedly expired. 17. Correspondence between Spain and the United States that seemed to threaten hostilities between the two countries, followed I by a pacific understanding of affairs. 22. Gen’l McDon- ald, of the whisky ring, found guilty of conspiracy to defraud the general government. 29. Hon ’ W. H. Upson, of Ohio, appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs* vice Smith, resigned. DEATH OF DISTINGUISHED PERSONS DURING THE YEAR. January 12.— Ex-Governor Thomas E. Bramlette, of Kentucky Also, the Emperor of China. 18. Wm. H. Aspinwall, distinguished merchant of New York. 23. Rev. Charles Kingsley, in England, Canon of Westmins- ter, and one of the Chaplains in Ordinary to the Queen, and distinguished as a novelist and poet. 25. Hon. Jno. H. Walker, of Pennsylvania. February 2.— Rev. Thomas E. Thomas, D. D., of Lane Seminary. 7. Joseph O. Eaton, distinguished portrait painter, at Yonkers, N. Y Brigadier-General Wm. Ilays, at Fort Independence, Boston Harbor. 19. Rear Admiral, Charles II. Bell, U. S. A., in New Brunswick. 22. Sir Charles Lyell, in England, distinguished for his scientific researches, and the authorship of several works on geology, and one on the “Antiquity of Man.” March 7.— Sir Arthur Helps, in England, Clerk of the Privy Council, and author of “ Friends in Council,” and other works. April l.—Wm. Selkirk Young, editor of the Evangeli- cal Repositor. 10 . A. J. Hamilton, ex-Governor of Texas. 13. S. R. Wells, Phrenologist. 17. lion. John C. Brecken- ridge, ex-Vice-President of the United States. 22. John Harper, senior member of the publishing firm of Harper Brothers. 27. Herr Ilenry Ilobart, Governor of Madi’as, and eldest son of the Earl of Buckinghamshire. May 20.— Hon. Jessee D. Bright, ex-United States Sen- ator from Indiana. J une 14.— Sam T S. Drake, historian and antiquarian of Boston. 29. Ferdinand I., ex-Emperor oi Austria, aged 82. J uly 1 .— Rev. Dr. Benjamin, Professor of Oriental and Classical Languages, and one of the revisers of the Old Testament, in England. 7. J. E. Cairnes,of London Uni- versity. 8. Gen’l Frank P. Blair, Jr., at St. Louis, aged 54 years. IS. Lady Jane Franklin, aged 70 years. 23. Isaac Merritt Singer, in England, inventor of the Sewing Machine bearing his name Sir Charles Locock, in England, many years first Physician-accoucheur to the Queen, attending at the birth of every one of her Majes- ty’s children, for which service he was created a Baronet. 31. Andrew Johnson, ex-Prcsident of the U. S., aged 67. August 2.— Gen. Alexander Hamilton, of New York, son of the famous early politician of that name, aged 90 years. 4. Ilans Christian Andersen, the German au- thor, aged 70 years. 16. Rev. Charles G. Finney, Pi’esi- dent of Oberlin College. IS. Senor Gabriel Garcia Mo- reno, President of Ecuador, was assassinated. 23. Rev. Cyrus Nutt, D. D., L. L. D., for fifteen years President of the Indiana State University. 27. W. C. Ralston, Pres- ident of the Bank of California, the day after the failure of his bank, committed suicide by drowning. September 1 .— Rev. F. II. Gillett, D. D., author, etc., aged 52 years. 1 1. Hon. Henry T. Blow, in New York* ex-Congressman of Missouri. Oetober 21. — Frederick Hudson, for many years managing editor of the New York Herald, aged 56 years. November 22.— Hon. Ilenry Wilson, Vice-President of the United States, of apoplexy, in his room in the cap- itol. 24. Wm. B. Astor, of New York, aged 31 years ; the wealthiest man in America, owning at the time of his death 2500 houses* and his aggregate wealth being $150,- 000,000. 29. Hon. Isaac Welsh, for several years an hon- ored memberof the Ohio Legislature* and serving a second term as Treasurer of State. INDEX TO ARTICLES. Annual Address, . . . Archery, .... Ancient Wonders, . American Nicknames, April, The First of, . Ague, Cure for, Animals, Treatment of Sick, Ages, Ripe Old, 1 18 21 25 04 70 76 Better than Gold, Blue (The) and the Gray, . Billings, Josh, Wants to Know, . . Boy (The), Who Loyes His Mother, Boys, To Remember, .... Boys, Encourage the, .... Boy, The Sailor, . . . . . Baby Mysteries, Bath, The Daily, Bees in the United States, Butter as a Farm Product, . 20 29 33 44 58 58 59 00 02 71 75 Curious Facts, Chinese at Home, .... Cold, Years of, in Europe, . Centennial Exhibition, . Company, Having, .... Charles IV. of France, . Companions for Life, .... Color, Harmonious Contrasts, Cherry Bob, Cure, Novel, Cough, How to Alleviate, . Corn Crop, Census, Facts of the U. S., Crop, The Greatest in the World, Currency Circulation, Carbon from the Earth, . Census of the States and Territories, Congress, Forty-Fourth, . 24 . 27 . 33 . 36 43 . 49 58 . 60 61 . 04 64 . 00 72 to 73 . 75 78 . 79 80 85 to 80 Don’t Do It, Divorce, The Road to, ... Dyspeptics, Drink, The Only, Drink, What the People, Debt, The Public, Dumb Creatures, Mental Powers of: siderate Cat — A Sensible Horse — of a Duck and Drake — A Discern Wisdom of the Wasp — Observing A Talking Parrot — Ingenuity of a Cat — Birds Acting in Concert, aftei eration— The Morality of a Doi Th mgC Do e Con- 'idelity Dog- Dogs — ind Delib- 15 to Export Trade of the United States, Expenses of Living, Election Returns, .... 76 83 89 Families and Dwellings in Cities, Farm, A Mammoth, . . . . Flashes of Fun, .... Friends, Family, Peace in the, Florida, A Good Word for, Female Society, .... Father, What Do You Call Him, . Feet, Care of the, .... Farming in the Past, .... Farmers Should Look Ahead, Farmers and Their Farms, Farmers’ Maxims, .... Farm Products, Value of, . 78 22 40 45 46' 50 60 60 65 64 08 69 71 71 Good Precept, Well Told, Gentleman, A True, .... Girl (The) Who Wins, . Gentlemen, Conduct Becoming, Gipsy Girl, Goose, How to Know a, . Gun Factories, Government Statistics, General Assembly of Ohio, . 27 29 42 43 57 58 75 76 88 How Are You ? Hawaiians, Sports of the, . Happy H usbands, . . Home, Making Beautiful, Health Without Medicine, . Heat of a Room, Hentown, Hydrophobia, Idlers, Three Millions, 32 34 41 48 62 65 71 65 Intelligence of Nations, 81 Inventions, Secrecy of, 35 Impolite Things, 58 Injurious Practice, 65 Iron in Stones and Furnaces, .... 74 Immigration, Influence on National Wealth, 77 Indebtedness of Cities, 78 Indebtedness of Nations, 79 Iron, Antiquity of, 79 Interest, Legal Rates of, 80 Journalism, Independent, 32 Kindergarten, The 44 Language, A Universal, 21 London, Its Bridges, Fires, &c., .... 28 Liquor Law, Indiana, 33 Law, Business, 35 Lord Mayor of London, 51 Like a Little Man, 54 Lamps, Why They Explode, .... 77 Libraries, Public, in the United States, . . 77 Mistletoe Bough, The, 30 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, .... 39 Marry, When to, 41 Mothers Need Culture, 42 Marriage, Sure Signs of, 46 Marriage, Chances of, 46 Milk Cure, 64 Money, Where it Goes, 75 Metals, The Precious, 79 Newspaper Correspondent, 31 Nations, What They Owe, .... 79 Nutrition in Food, 79 Obesity, Relief for, 65 Ornament, Beautiful Floral, .... 71 Our Country’s Development, .... 74 Ocean Cables Now in User . . . . . 77 Oxford University, Wealth of,. ... 79 Portrait of the Outcast, 20 Presidents of the United States, ... 22 Palmistry, Points of, 35 Parlor Fern-Cases, 47 Pets, Household, 55 Pear Blight, Cure for, 06 Poultry for Pleasure and Profit, .... 67 Plants, Raising New Kinds 08 Pork Packing in the West, 75 Population of the World, 76 Postal Statistics, 80 Patrons of Husbandry, 84 Queen Victoria’s Jewel Room, ... 23 Railroad Traveling, Safety of, . . .21 Royalty, Cost of, 27 Rich Men, How They Begin Life, ... 31 Recipes, Household, 52 Recipes, Miscellaneous, 53 Representatives in Congress, .... 80 Smile, A, . . 49 Spelling Puzzle, 56 Secret of Success, 60 Sowing, 60 Snob, The, 60 Sleep Enough, 64 Shade Trees, 71 Steam Power, 77 State Governments, . . . . . .87 Typhoid Fever Diet, 65 Timber, Preservation of, 70 Universe, End of the, 19 United States Government, .... 85 Virtue in Whistling, 32 Wonders of Our Globe, 38 Wit and Wisdom, ...... 40 Women, French and American, ... 44 Winter Pot Plants, 47 Women, What They Shall Be, .... 48 Whistle Better than Whine, .... 58 Women, Work and Health, 63 Water, Hard and Soft, 64 Wages of Farm Labor, 81 Wages of Mechanical Labor, .... 82 Year, The Old and New, 2 ! Peri] Davis' Pain Killer! • ^ > It has been tested in every variety of climate, and by almost every nation known to Americans. It is the al- most constant companion and inestimable friend of the missionary and traveler, on sea and land, and no one should travel on our lakes and rivers without it. ITS MERITS ARE UNSURPASSED, If you are suffering from INTERNAL PAIN, twenty to thirty drops, in a little water, will almost instantly cure you. There is nothing equal to it ; in a few moments it cures Colic, Cramps, Spasms, Heart-burn, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Flux, Wind in Bowels, Sour Stomach, Dyspepsia, and Sick Headache SCIATIC £hOLEF(A. STRONGEST PROOF OF INTRINSIC MERIT. Dear Sirs— I ought to have acknowledged long ago the box of Pain-KilTer you had the goodness to send me last year. Its coming was most providential. I believe hundreds of lives were saved, under God, by it. The cholera appeared here soon after we received it. We re- sorted at once to the Pain-Killer, using as directed for cholera. A list was kept of all to whom the Pain-Killer was given, and our native assistants assured us that eight out of every ten to whom it was prescribed recovered. It has, too, been very useful in various other diseases. It has proved an incalculable blessing to multitudes of poor people throughout all this region. Our native preachers are never willing to go out on their excursions without a supply of the Pain-Killer. It gives them favor in the eyes of the people, and access to families and localities ceived° m otliei ' wise they would be very indifferently re- BeUeve me, dear sirs, gratefully and faithfully yours, J. M. JOHNSON, Missionary at Swatow, China. A FAMILY FRIEND. No family should be without Perry Davis’ Veeeta- Me Pain-killer, it can be given to the infant for colic and to the adult for rheumatism. FEVER & AGUE! In sections of the country where this dread disease is prevailing there can be found no better remedy Direc- tions for using accompany each bottle. ffliat Eminent Ministers and Religious Papers have to say. In my mountain travels no medicine is of as univer- sal^apphcation as Pain-Killer. V—Bev. M. H. Bixby , Bur- . al , wa :£ s kea P *t where we can put our hands on it in the dark, if need be.”— Rev. C. Hibbard , Burmah. One of the most useful medicines; have used and dispensed it for the past twenty years.’'— Rev. Wm. Ward, u 4 .SSCl? 7 l, « For both internal and external application have found it of great value. — Christian Era. “ We can confidently recommend the Pain-Killer.”— Toronto Baptist. “Should be kept in every house, in readiness for sud- den attacks of sickness.”— Christian Press. It is eminently a Family Medicine , and bv being kept really for immediate resort will save many an hour of suffering, and many a dollar in time and doctor’s bills. Directions for Using Accompany each Bottle, PRICE— 25 Cents, 50 Cents, and $1.00 per Bottle. J. N. HARRIS & CO., CIUOmiTATI, o. Proprietors for the .Southern A Western States. FOR SALE BY ALL MEDICINE DEALERS. £afe! jSuREi Reliable! Allen's Lung Balsam THE REMEDY FOR CURING CONSUMPTION, COUGHS, BRONCHITIS Asthma, Colds, Croup, AND all xATnsra- diseases As an Expectorant it has Many Rivals, BUT NO EQUAL! TEE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST A LLEN’S LUNG BAL- SAM, the great Luni Remedy. L OUD is the praise in favor of it. L ONG will those enjoy life who use it. E VERY ONE suffering with Coughs should not delay. N O PERSON fails to speak well of it. S HOULD you have occa- sion, get it at once. L UNG BALSAM (Allen’s) contains no Opium. TTSE FOR COUGH that U which others recom- mend. N ever despair of a cure till you have used this Balsam. G O TO THE DRUG STORE for Allen’s Lung Bal- sam. Use no ether. B EWARE of Consump- tion ; use the remedy in time. A LL who use it recom- mend it to their friends. L ET no time be lost when a cough first appears. S TOP it at once by using Allen's Lung Balsam. A LL PHYSICIANS re- commend it as a good and safe remedy. M others should keep it on hand in Case ofi Croup. TESTIMONIALS. What the Press has to Say. The following is an ex- tract .from the Columbus (Miss.) Democrat, W. H. Worthington, Proprietor : “ Our experience with Al- len Lung Balsam, for Colds and Coughs, has been of the most satisfactory char- acter. So efficient, indeed, have we found it, after re- peated trials in our family, that we have discarded all other similar remedies. We are satisfied that it is the best remedy for all affections of the Throat and Lungs before the public, and most cordially recommend it to those who may be afflicted. The Balsa mis recommended by physicians who have be- come acquainted with its great success.” “IT SAVED MY LIFE.” Columbia, Ala., Mar. 8. J. N. Harris & Co : Dear Sirs.— I am taking Allen’s Lung Balsam for a disease ©f the Lungs of thirteen years’ standing. I have used every remedy offered, and this is the only remedy that has given me any relief. I know it saved my -life last Spring. At that time I com- menced using it, and I re- ceived immediate relief. It stopped on my lungs in ten hours. You are at perfect liberty to publish this letter tor the benefit of suffering humanity ; and with respect, I remain, yours truly, D. D. POOL. MINISTERS AND PUBLIO SPEAKERS, Who are so often afflicted with Throat Diseases, wil find a sure remedy in this Balsam. Lozenges anc wafers sometimes give relief, but this Balsam, taken £ few times, will insure a permanent cure. J. N. HARRIS & CO., Proprietors, CINCINNATI, O. SOLD BY ALL MEDICINE DEALERS. Proprietor, c 0) ■£■§6153 &ca ft 2-c g «J o c o 2. I- &0J « «T ® y -M <»•'“<« 0 BJ >-s ® MO P-if=.c «’«•- £* 1 «-S fc— ‘-3 «i;1gsi »lisls| £2 w £«q ^"0^3 O ® QQ *r; G 5 .go^S 1 ’Bu'SUgS 2 § a 5 p t— & — — . OQ bl~ ?H£oSc.S mills ESTABLISHED IN 1839. nvm^^IRJD HARDEP; MANUFACTURER OF TUB Gold Medal Threshing Machine, CHEAPEST FOR THE FARMER.” “THE BEST EVER MADE.” llardor’s Premium Railway Horse Power and Thresher and Cleaner awarded THE TWO GRAND GOLD MEDALS At the Great National Trial, at Auburn, N. Y. For tk Slow and easy movement of horses , 15 rods less than 1 y t miles per hour; Mechanical Construcfion of the very best kind; thorough and conscientious workmanship and materials in every place; nothing slighted: excellent work , Ac.,” as shown bv official Report of Judges. Threshers, Separators, Fanning Mills, Wood Saws, Seed Sowers and Planters, all of the best in Market. Catalogue with price, full information, and Judges Report of Auburn Trial sent free. Address, MLNAKl) HARDER, Cobleskill, Schoharie Co., N. \. Without the leant Flattery.— Rev. John C. Baylcss. Grayson. Ky., writes about this Two-horse Power, and Thresher and CPancr: “ I have found your Machines all they were represented to be. They are made of good material, and well put together. All our ui resil- ing was done In the open held. With anything like fair grain and fair we .tlier, I can thresh and clean at Last 2aO bus.iels ot wheat, or 500 bushels of oats, with my two horses. I »to not think the horses tound treading as hard as pulling an ordinary burn ; nor orl we ha\ e any special trouble in breaking them in. They came out of the entire season looking fully as well as before. All the fanners for whoiw we threshed have spoken in high terms of the machine. The people lind they can get out t icir wheat .with s > little cost, and so expeditiously and clean, that they are encouraged to sow a greater breadth of land. This is without the least flattery. CINCINNATI Daily and Weekly limes, CIRCULATION DAILY, CIRCULATION WEEKLY, 13 , 964 . 100 , 458 . Why Advertisers Prefer the Cincinnati Times. Because it has Ten Thou«aml Two Hundred and Forty (10.240) Focal Agents, and a circula- tion of 182,217 copies weekly, or 9,711,493 copies yearly. _ Rates of Advertising in the Weekly Times Ordinary Advertisements, (Agate Space) $0 73 per line. Special Notices 1 00 44 Reading- Matter 1 50 44 Rates of Advertising in the Daily Times. Reading' Matter . 50 cents per line. Business Notices 20 44 displayed Advertisements 81.00 per Square of 9 lines Agate. Wants, For Sale, For Rent, Personals, Lost. Found, Notices, Heaths, Mar- riages, etc 8 cents per line. Advertisements may be sent direct, or through any responsible agency in the United States. Address, CINCINNATI TIMES CO., 62 W. Third Street, CINCINNATI, O. New Map of Our Country AND THE CIHCIHITATI WEEKLY TIMES The Centennial year of our nation will lie one of more than ordinary interest. Reports from the Great National Exposition will be very interesting, and the Presidential Campaign will be important to till intelligent, leading citizens of this great country. The Cincinn ati Weekly Times will, as heretofore, take an active and leading part in the Presidential canvass, as well as give all the news of the day, including the fullest reports of the markets. At great expense l lie publishers of the Times have con- tracted for the publication of a NEW MAP OF THE NORTH-WEST. It gives the very latest railroad lines, and the location of all cities and towns of proini nenoe in the following states : OHIO, NEBRASKA, MICHIGAN. MINNESOTA, INDIANA, KENTUCKY, DAKOTA, KANSAS, ILLINOIS, MISSOURI, WISCONSIN, IOWA. It is handsomely colored, and hung on rollers, and will be furnished to all subscribers for ihe Weekly Times, mid to none others , at the following very low rates : Single — Times and Hand-Book, postpaid 52 00 Times, Hand-Book and Map, postpaid 2 40 Clubs of Ten — Times and Hand-Book, postpaid Si 60 Times, Hand-Book & Map, postpaid, 2 00 An extra copy of each to the person sending a club, or some premium selected from our Premium List. Household Map of the United States. Containing the latest geographical information of our whole countrv— of great vplue to persons looking out for new homes. The Publisher’s Prick of this M.a p is 1 3 00. Any one who will send us this amount and 50 cents addi- tions 1 (S3 50) to prepay postage on the Times, Hand-Book and Map, will receive them all. This gives the Times and Hand-Book Free to All who Buy the^ Map. AGENTS WANTED in every town and neighborhood in the United States, who will be liberally compensated for their services. Address, TIMES COMPANY. FEBRUARY, 1876. 1 11 20 2 12 21 ♦> 13 22 4 14 23 5 15 24 6 16 1 25 ! 7 17 ! 26 | 8 18 27 9 19 28 10 | 29 j MARCH, 1876. 1 12 | 22 2 J 13 23 [ 3 14 | 24 ! 4 15 1 25 j } ( 5 _J 16 26 6 1 17 1 _J 27 i 1 1 7 18 1 28 8 1 J 19 29 9 1 1 r l 20 30 10 1 li 21 ! 31 i 1 MAY, 1876. 1 12 22 2 13 23 3 14 24 4 15 25 5 16 26 6 17 27 7 18 28 8 19 29 9 20 30 10 11 21 31 JUNE, 1870. l 11 21 2 12 : 22 3 18 14 ! 23 4 I 24 5 15 25 6 16 26 | 7 17 1 : 27 8 i 18 1 . 28 ' 9 19 1 29 10 H 20 30 r ' ..-lH— —HI — — ' ..r.-V. f. .. . *■ — JULY, 1876. 1 12 22 . 2 13 23 3 14 24 1 4 15 j 25 1 5 16 26 i I l 6 17 | 1