of Chicago .\SITY EXTENSION -STUDY DEPARTMENT No. 172.— Price, 10 Cts. SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST ^ ^S. 'fry r o Of SYLLABUS OF A COURSE OF SIX LECTURE-STUDIES By TOYOKICHI 1YENAGA, Ph.D. LECTURER IN POLITICAL SCIENCE CHICAGO Che mnieersitg of Chicago press 1903 EXERCISES Topics for exercises are given at the end of the outline of each lecture. Answers in writing, to not more than tw r o questions each week, are invited from all persons attending the lecture. These should be written on one side of the paper only, a broad margin being reserved on the left. The name of the center, with some signature of the writer, should stand at the top of the first page. The exercises should be sent to Toyokichi Iyenaga, Th.D., The University of Chicago, Chicago, so as to arrive at least two days before the following lecture. They will be re- turned at the Review, the following week, with such marginal and oral comments as they seem to require. If application is made to the lecturer, there will be an Exam- ination at the end of the course for students who are qualified and desire to take it. Any of the books referred to in these lectures may be obtained at special rates from The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. Prices will be quoted on application. Readings in connection with each lecture are designated in the syllabus. The syllabus is provided with a perforated leaf which each student desiring University credit or recognition in any form should fill out immediately after the opening of the course, and mail to the Secretary of the Lecture-Study Department, Uni- versity Extension Division, University of Chicago. The conditions on which University credit can be secured are given on the second page of the leaf. Cbe Ulnirersite of Chicago THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION THE LECTURE- STUDY DEPARTMENT STUDENT’S APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION University Extension Center a t Date of writing this application Full name [e. g., Henry Smith Jones] A ddress Date of Birth Place of Birth Occupation Do you wish University credit? Title of Lecture Course Date of delivery of Course Lectu rer If previously registered in the University of Chicago give : /. Matriculation number 2 . College or School Degree sought High Schools , Academies , etc with periods and dates of attendance . College or Colleges attended , with periods and dates , degrees , etc,. State definitely what work has been done in the Department in which the subject to be taken occurs Remarks. Instructor notified iqo (over) UNIVERSITY RECOGNITION OF LECTURE-STUDY WORK. 1. Examinations are permitted on all courses of six lecture-studies and upwards. Students are qualified for the examination who ( a ) have attended not less than two-thirds of the total number of lectures and classes included in the course of instruction ; ( b ) have written, to the satisfaction of the lecturer, exercises upon topics assigned in connection with not less than two-thirds of the lectures of the course. 2. Credit for work done on University Extension Lecture-Study courses is given on the books of the University on the following conditions : a) No application for credit will be considered unless the applicant shall have submitted to the lecturer before the examination a minimum of eight written exer- cises, or the equivalent thereof in theses of greater length. b ) Applicants for credit must consult the lecturer at the opening of the course , when he will designate subjects and topics upon which the work must be based. Formal registration must be made with the University before the second lecture , using the reverse page of this leaf. c) The applicant shall pass an examination on the course at such time as is most convenient to himself and his instructor either at the University or, if else- where, under supervision which has been approved by his Dean. d) No examination or other special fee is charged applicants for credit. e) To students satisfying these requirements credit for a Minor will be given by the University. /) If the lecturer or any other leader approved by the University conducts a supplementary class in connection with a course of twelve lecture-studies, a student doing satisfactory work therein in addition to the work above mentioned may upon recommendation of the lecturer become a candidate for credit for a Major. 3. A minimum of one year’s residence is required of an applicant for a degree. Non-resident work is accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree. ASSIGNED READING. LECTURE I. Captain A. T. Mahan : The Problem of Asia. A. R. Colquhoun : The Mastery of the Pacific r chaps. 2-5, 1 4— 1 7. Valentine Chirol : The Far Eastern Question . C. A. Conant : The United States in the Orient , chaps. 1, 3, 6, 7. LECTURES II-VI. A. T. Mahan : Retrospect and Prospect. P. S. Reinsch : World Politics , Parts II, III, and Part V, chap. 1. Pierre Leroy-Beaulieu : The Awakening of the East , Parts I and III. A. R. Colquhoun : China in Transformation. H. C. Thomson : China and the Powers , chaps. 10, 12, 14. Sir Robert Hart: These from the Land of Sinim, chaps. 2, 3, 4. REFERENCES. Brooks Adams : New Empire , last chapter. C. Beresford : The Break-Up of China, chaps. 21, 23, 24, 27. F. Brinkley: fapan and China (“Oriental Series”). J. M. Callahan : American Relations in the Pacific and the Far East (“Johns Hopkins Studies,” Series 19). A. R. Colquhoun : British Policy in China , Russia against India , chaps. 6-9. G. Curzon : Proble 7 ns of the Far East , introductory chapter. Arthur Diosy : The New Far East. J. W. Foster : American Diplomacy in the Orient , chaps. 7, 8. J. Inouye : The China-fapan War. W. A. Ireland : China and the Powers. Alexis Krausse: The Far East, chaps. 6-9, 12. Townsend Meredith : Asia and Europe, pp. 82-137. H. Norman : All the Russias. The People and Politics of the Far East, chaps. 18-20. A. U. Rambaud : The Expansion of Russia: Problems of the East and of the Far East. P. S. Reinsch : Colonial Government. A. Smith: China in Convulsion , Vol. I, chaps. 1-10; Vol. II, chap. 38. Vladimir : The China-fapan War; Russia and the Siberian Railway. On the subject of Russian expansion the following works may also be con- sulted : Leroy-Beaulieu : The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians. H. H. Munro : The Rise of the Russian Empire. F. Wright : Asiatic Russia, Parts II and IV. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/situationinfareaOOiyen LECTURE I. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FAR-EASTERN QUESTION. I. Nature of the Far-Eastern Question. “ Unless a definite settlement of the problem in the Far East is thought out and brought into effect, war is certain, and the whole civilized world may be compelled to share in the con- flict .” — Lord Charles Beresford. II. The Countries That Constitute the So-called “Far East.” 1. Origin of the phrase “Far East.” 2. Siberia — its eastern half, the Chinese empire, Korea, the Japanese empire, the French Indo-China, the American Philippines, and other foreign possessions in eastern Asia. III. The Peoples Inhabiting the Far East. Russians, Japanese, Chinese — three important factors. IV. Appearance of the Western Peoples on the Asiatic Scene. English, French, German, and American. Their influence. Counter influence of the Asiatic developments upon the West. The far-eastern question has thus become a world-problem. V. Examination of the Motive Forces That Have Attracted the Westerners to the Far East. 1. Political. Reasons why xAsia has become the center of international politics. The political status of Asia. Cap- tain Mahan on the characteristic of the new political era. America's participation in the new movement. The acqui- sition of the Philippines. The Monroe Doctrine. 2. Economic. Accumulation of capital in Europe and Amer- ica. Production of goods on a vast scale. The capital needs profitable place of investment, the products their markets. The Far East — the best markets and inviting fields of investment for capital. Economic advantages 5 6 SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST arising from the acquisition of a territory or from its con- trol. The question of commerce thus meets with that of politics. “ Logically separable, in practice the political, commercial, and military needs are so intertwined that their mutual interaction constitutes one problem .” — Captain Mahan. VI. Two Groups of Nations, Following Different Policies. The United States, Great Britain, and Japan pursue the com- mercial policy; Russia and France, the policy of aggrandize- ment; Germany, a “ Mugwump.” The effect of the dominance of Russia and France in the Far East. The reason why the United States cannot shut her eyes to the political issue of the Far East. The mission and duty of the United States in the Far East. VII. Mission of Japan. Marquis Ito on the mission and aim of Japan. VIII. Conflicting Interests of Russia and Japan. Single-handed combat between these nations is, however, not likely to come. The reasons for this. If war comes, it may be a world-conflict. IX. The Position of China in the Far East. X. Influence of the Opening Up of the Far East upon General Civili- zation. 1. Science. 2. Art. 3. Religion. Significance of the contact between the East and the West, from the standpoint of universal history. TOPICS FOR EXERCISES. 1. Discuss the position and interest of the United States in the Far East. 2. State the reasons why the United States can no longer extricate herself from the political entanglement in the Far East. SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST 7 LECTURE II. THE CHINA-JAPAN WAR. I. Its Importance in Contemporary History. II. Causes of the War. 1. The Korean question — the immediate cause. The position and importance of Korea in her relation to China and Japan. The state of Korean administration prior to the outbreak of the war. Insurrection of Tong-haks in 1894. China sends troops to quell the rebellion. Murder of Kim Ok-Kyun. Japan’s proposals to make joint effort with China for the suppression of the disturbance and for the reform of Korean domestic administration. The pro- posals rejected by China. 2. The conflict between the idea of progress and that of con- servatism — the real cause. III. Military Operations of the War. 1. Naval fight at Phung Island. 2. The battle of A-san. 3. The Pyong-yang campaign. a) Attack and storming of Pyong-yang. b) Results of the victory. 4. The naval battle off the Yalu. 5. The campaign in Manchuria. 6. Fall of Port Arthur. 7. Capture of Wei-hai-wei and surrender of the Pei-yang squadron. a) Night attacks of the Japanese torpedo boats. b) Admiral Ting’s surrender of the Pei yang squadron and his suicide. c) Correspondence between Admiral Ito and Admiral Ting. IV. The Results of the War. 1. Li Hung Chang’s mission to sue for peace. 2. Terms of the treaty of Shimonoseki. 3. The Triple Alliance — Russia, France, and Germany — drives Japan out of the Liao-Tung peninsula. 8 SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST TOPICS FOR EXERCISES. 1. Discuss the importance of the China-Japan war in contemporary history. 2. State the causes of the war. 3. What benefit did the United States derive from the treaty of Shimonoseki ? LECTURE III. CHINA AND THE POWERS. I. International Position of China before the Outbreak of the China- Japan War. The Chinese “ make-see” policy succeeds in deluding the European powers. II. The China-Japan War. Its nature. The results of the war upon the two contestants. III. The Attitude of the European Powers Toward China After the War. 1. Russia. 2. France. 3. Germany. Formation of the Triple Alliance. Course pursued by Japan to face the alliance. Change in the political chess- board of the Far East. Position of England after the war. IV. The Fruits Reaped by the Members of the Triple Alliance. 1. Raising of the Chinese loan of ^16,000,000 by the Franco- Russian combination. Its significance. 2. Trans-Manchurian railway agreement. 3. Chinese-French conventions of 1895. Diplomatic triumph of M. Gerard, the French minister. V. The Powers Embark on the Policy of Dismembering China. German seizure of Kiao-Chou. The alleged pretext of the Germans in seizing the port. The injustice of the proceed- ing. Its significance in developing the subsequent events in SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST 9 China. The lease of Port Arthur and Talien Wan to Russia. That of Kwang-Chou Bay to France. Wavering attitude of Great Britain during the period. The lease of Wei-hai-Wei and Kowloon to Great Britain. Other concessions obtained by England. Demarkation of the Yangtsze basin as the English “ sphere of influence. ” VI. Significance of These Proceedings. True meaning of “ lease.” The future of these leased portions of land. TOPICS FOR EXERCISES. 1. Discuss the policies of the European powers in the Far East after the China-Japan war. 2. Why is the dismemberment of China detrimental to the interests of the United States? 3. Discuss the policy pursued by Secretary Hay toward China. LECTURE IV. THE PROBLEM OF CHINA. I. The Future of China Depends Upon Three Conditions. 1. International morality. 2. The regeneration of China. 3. The method of adjustment of rival forces now acting upon China. The examination of the above conditions. II. International Morality. Weakness of moral principles binding nations. Folly of putting our faith in such utopian ideas. III. Can China Reform Herself? Difficulties in the way. 1. Pride of the Chinese — China’s longevity and glorious past. Cause for her dislike of change. Arrogance of modern nations toward China. o SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST 2. Attitude of the reigning dynasty toward reform. Foreign policy of the Manchu rulers. Why they hate the introduc- tion of western civilization. Attempt of the emperor Kwang-Hsii to undertake reforms, and his failure. The empress dowager. 3. Attitude of the mandarins and literati toward modern reform. Description of the literati as a class. Their edu- cation, their culture. Corruption the means of their living and power. Stock of their knowledge. Why they hate modern reform. 4. Attitude of common people toward reform. a) Their ignorance of, and indifference to, politics. Illus- trations given by Abbe Hue. But the Chinese people not necessarily opposed to reform. Their hatred of foreigners and of alien religion not inherent, but imparted. Christianity not persecuted by common people. The virtues of the Chinese people — their industry, economy, patience, doggedness of character, business ability. b) The defects of the Chinese. (1) Lack the spirit of patriotism and loyalty. Public feeling or community of sentiment almost non- existent. (2) The sense of honor, besides business credit, is alien to the Chinese. (3) Lack martial spirit. Chinese army — its miserable condition. Military class is looked down upon with contempt by the civilians. (4) Lack religious zeal. (5) Love of civil and political liberty is not existent. (6) Miserable status of the common people. IV. Conclusions Drawn from the Above Examination as to the Capacity of China to Reform Herself. Reform movement initiated by Kang-yu-Wei and his followers. Reforms undertaken by Chang-Chi-Tung and the late Liu- Kun-Yi. SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST I I V. The Method of Adjustment of Rival Forces Now Acting Upon China. Four foreign elements exerting their influences upon China — the missionary, the trader, the concessionaire or syndicate, and the Powers or “ national personalities.” Examination of the influences of the above elements. VI. The Powers Not Likely to be Satisfied with the Possession of Their Respective “Spheres of Influence.” Claims and ambitions of Russia, France, Germany, Japan. The commercial ambition of the United States. These ambi- tions not to be easily satisfied, and often clash with one another. Is the sword, then, the final solution ? The exit from the dilemma is found in the time-honored “balance of power.” Captain Mahan on the subject. VII. The Key to the Solution of the China Problem. Mutual understanding between the United States, Great Bri- tain, and Japan. Its strength and future. Responsibility of the United States. TOPICS FOR EXERCISES. 1. Why is the introduction of modern civilization into China so difficult, while it was comparatively easy in the case of Japan ? 2. Is it advisable, in your opinion, for the United States to join formally the Anglo-Japanese alliance ? LECTURE V. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY OF THE FAR EAST. I. Importance of the Commercial Question. II. Relative Importance of the Different Countries of the Far East from the Commercial Standpoint. i. Siberia. Area and population. The areas fit for the pur- pose of agriculture and industry. Mujiks of Siberia — their characteristics. 12 SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST a) Their ignorance. b) Their laziness. c) Their obstinacy. d) Their lack of energy and perseverance. The present state of commerce and industry of Siberia. The Russian government and the Trans-Siberian Railway. The advantages derived from the railway. a) Passengers from Europe to Asia save time and money. b) Quicker transmission of mail. c) Lighter and valuable goods easily and quickly trans- ported. d) Comparison of the railway with the sea route via Suez Canal and via Canada. e) The railroad a great stimulus to develop Siberia. 2. French Indo-China. French colony a failure from financial standpoint. French aim in their colony. M. Doumer, the governor-general, on French Indo-China. Its present foreign trade. 3. The American Philippines. 4. English colonies in the Far East. III. Japan from the Commercial Standpoint. 1. Her geographical position. 2. Her enterprising people. 3. The charges against her merchants and manufacturers. Justice of some of the charges. Reason for the low stand- ard of business morality among the Japanese merchants. The status of the Japanese merchants and manufacturers in the anti-Restoration era. The new generation of busi- ness men. Graduates of higher commercial colleges and other technical schools. IV. China from the Commercial Standpoint. Immense resources of the empire. The Chinese as an indus- trial and commercial factor. SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST *3 1. Their business ability. 2. Their business morality. 3. Their industry; illustration. 4. Their economical habit. 5. Skill of the Chinese operatives. 6. Docility and tractableness of the Chinese laborers. 7. Tougher constitution of the Chinese laborer compared with that of the westerner. “Among the various races of mankind the Chinese is the only one which in all climates, the hottest and the coldest, is capable of great and lasting activity.” — Col- quhoun. Comparison of above qualities of the Chinese with those of Mujiks and Filipinos. V. Theory of “Yellow Peril.” Military “yellow peril” and economic “yellow peril.” The meaning of the former and its absurdity. The statement of the latter. False premises of the theory. Its refutation. The increase of human wants and the rise of standard of liv- ing with the progress of civilization. Rise of wages and in the prices of commodities in Shanghai and other ports. Why the Chinese laundry-men and laborers in this country live so cheaply. The Chinese in Singapore and other Asiatic sea- ports. The case of Japan adduced, showing the rise of wages and in prices of commodities as she raised herself in the scale of civilization. The theory of “yellow peril” compared with the “mercantile theory.” The folly of the westerners in fearing the “yellow peril.” Conclusion. TOPICS FOR EXERCISES. 1. Discuss the value of the Philippines as a commercial asset to the United States. 2. State the theory of “yellow peril” and your opinion about it. 3. Discuss the commercial prospects of the United States in the Far East. M SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST LECTURE VI. RUSSIAN EXPANSION IN ASIA AND THE MANCHURIAN SITUATION. I. The Recent Reported Russian Demands to China Concerning the Manchurian Affairs. The American newspaper comments on the demands, and their subsequent denial by the Russian government. The duplicity and mystery of the Russian diplomacy. The subse- quent development of the Manchurian situation. II. Resources and Trade of Manchuria. 1. Geographical position of Manchuria. 2. Its area, division into provinces, and physiography. 3. Its soil and mineral resources. 4. Its population and character of the inhabitants. 5. Its recent trade development. 6. Commercial interest of the United States in Manchuria. III. Retrospect of Russian Aggression in Eastern Asia. 1. Principality of Moscow the embryo of modern Russia. 2. Russia under Ivan the Terrible. 3. A century of Russian expansion in the East. a ) Yermak. b) Kabaroff. c) Atlasoff, Dejneff, Stepanoff, Poyarkoff. Characteristics of these adventurers. Russian policy in treating them. d) Cossacks — their qualities. 4. Treaty of Nerchinsk. 5. Russia wants an outlet to the sea. a) Russian position on the Baltic. b) Her outlet to the Mediterranean closed by the European powers. c) That to the Persian Gulf blocked by the English. d) The Arctic Ocean useless. e ) Hence Russia bends her whole energy to gain an outlet to the Pacific. SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST 15 6. Muravioff, Count Amurski. His statesmanship. Treaty of Aigun of 1858. Fruits of Russian diplomatic victory. Treaty of Peking of i860 and its result on Russia. Rus- sian naval stations on the Pacific — Petropavlofsk, Nikolaisk, Vladivostock. 7. Intervention of Russia on the cession of the Laio-Tung Peninsula by China to Japan. The fruits of the skilful diplomacy. The Trans- Manchurian Railway agreement and the lease of Port Arthur and Talien Wan. Signifi- cance of these developments on the Manchurian situation. 8. The Boxer outbreak and the Russian occupation of Man- churia. 9. Manchurian convention of June, 1902. Its terms. The cause for Russia’s signing the convention. 10. Subsequent developments of the Manchurian situation to the present. IV. Importance of the Manchurian Question. Not a local question. It involves the problem of China. The permanent Russian occupation of Manchuria will lead to the ultimate partition of China. V. Interest of the United States and Japan in the Question. TOPICS FOR EXERCISES. I. 2. Discuss the probable result of Manchurian absorption by Russia upon the western powers and China. What will be the effect upon the United States in case Manchuria falls into the hands of Russia? Is it a wise policy for the United States to let Japan fight alone for Manchuria? JJjjC ... 5 1931 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS