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 A 
 PLAIN AND EASY 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE 
 
 OF 
 
 GARDENING, 
 
 WITH 
 
 MINTS 
 
 0M 
 
 FISH-PONDS, 
 
 by 
 
 CHARLES MARSHALL, 
 
 VICAR OF BRIXWORTH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 
 
 God Almighty firft planted a Garden, and indeed it b the pureft of 
 
 human Pleafures : It is the greateft Itefreflrment to the 
 
 Spirits of Man j without which, Buildings and 
 
 Palaces are but grofs handy Works. 
 
 bacon's essay*. 
 ' Bg ■ ■ 
 
 THE FOURTH EDITION, 
 
 CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED, 
 
 PRINTED TOR F. C. AND J. RIVINOTONJ W. J. AND J. RICHARDSON* J 
 
 J» WALKER ; B. D. SVMONDS; LONGMAN, HURST, REES AND ORME J 
 
 J. HATCHAHD ; AND J. MAWMAN; 
 
 BY BYE AND LAW, ST. JOHK's SQUAEK, CLBftKENWELI. 
 
 1805,
 
 f\^ 4- PREFACE. 
 
 THIS work having come to ^fourth edition in a few years, 
 evinces its favourable reception by the public ; and though 
 the author trufts it will continue to recommend itfelf to 
 thofe who are acquainted with it, he thinks it is but doing 
 himfelf juftice, and may promote the fale of the book, by 
 republifliing the following sanctions as they occurred. 
 
 * The directions of this Manual appear to us to be diftinctly and 
 ufefully given, and little as we are ui'ed to the practical part of the 
 fcience, we have read the work with pleafure." Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine* June, 1797. 
 
 «• This work is calculated for Gentlemen Gardeners, and we alto- 
 gether recommend it as convenient in uze, and very judkioufly ar- 
 Tanged." Britijk Critic, October, 1797. 
 
 ^ " This work is no compilation. The refpectable author has given to 
 
 ^. the public, the refult of his experience, delivered with that plainnefs 
 
 and perfpicuity, which cannot fail of rendering his work highly ufeful 
 
 to every reader who fhall confult it either for pleafure or inltruction." 
 
 }Ionthly Review, November, 1797. 
 
 " A very extenfive and ufeful performance, in which much inforraa- 
 <^L_ tion will be found, and the young Gardener will derive both pleafure 
 and amulement from this compendious and cheap manual." European 
 i-i Magazine, June, 1798. 
 
 « Mr. Marfhall's obfervations on the modes of cultivating different 
 - articles, deferve the attention of the inexperienced Gardener." Criticul 
 ^ Review, July, 1798. 
 
 <l This is one of the moft complete works on the fubject we remember 
 jjto have feen; and is a work both from its nature and execution, which 
 ^-«very country gentleman ought to have in his poilefliou." Analytical 
 —Titview, October, 1798, 

 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION 1. Praife of Gardening. 
 
 2. Concerning Vegetation. 
 
 3. The Formation of a Garden* 
 
 4. The Cultivation of a Garden. 
 
 5. Of Propagation. 
 
 6. Of a Nurfery. 
 
 7. Of Grafting. 
 
 8. Of Planting. 
 
 <). Of Shrubs, Shrubberies, &c, 
 
 10. Of Foreft Trees. • 
 
 11. Of Rural Gardening, 
 
 12. Of Pruning. 
 
 13. Of Hot-Beds. 
 
 14. Of raifing Cucumbers and Meloxs. 
 
 15. OfEfculents. 
 16\ Of Herbs, &c. 
 
 17. Of Fruits. 
 
 18. Of Flowers. 
 
 ip. Lifts of Trees, Shrubs, and Flower?. 
 20. A Calendar. 
 
 The Alphabetical lijls in Section lp, contain a grent 
 number of plants, and thofc trees, fhrubs, and flowers, 
 which are not referred to in the Index, mull be looked for 
 here ; where is mentioned their nature, time of flower- 
 ing, colour, nature, and propagation; all which arrange- 
 ments form a plan entirely new. Thofe who are led by the 
 Index to any of the articles of obfervation in Sect. 1<), fhonld 
 alfo turn to the preceding hiji for the lame article, in order 
 to complete their information. 
 7
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 THE PRAISE OF GARDENING. 
 
 IT is of importance to the welfare of any art, tha; 
 thofe whofe tafte inclines towards it, fliould have 
 a good opinion of its utility, and competent notions 
 of its principles. It is therefore the dehgn of the 
 prefent feftion, to mew the degree of ejlitnation that 
 the art of Gardening is worthy of; and it is the object 
 of the next, to aflift in the acquiring that knowledge 
 of Nature, upon which the art fo much depends. 
 
 Not to enlarge upon the profits of gardening, its 
 employments are certainly conducive'to health of body, 
 and peace of mind ; and great indeed are the charms 
 and recreations of a garden well flocked, and well 
 managed by the hand, or under the direction of the 
 owner himfelf : It at all times ferves him as a fource of 
 rational amufement, and honeft fatisfaction. 
 
 The praife cf gardening, it is prcfumed, can hardly 
 be too highly extolled ; and, as this has been fo wel! 
 done by the bell of men, and mofl: refpe&able of 
 writers, it may better anfwer the prefent purpofe to 
 produce their fentiments, than to attempt new ones. 
 
 • What we admire, we praife ; and when we praife, 
 Advance it into notice, that its worth 
 Acknowledged, others may admire it too. 
 
 CoWFER. 
 
 B Thfi
 
 2 THE PRAISE OF SECT. U 
 
 The great Lord Bacon s opinion of gardening, given 
 in the motto of the title page, is certainly both jufl and 
 honourable. The agreeable Cowley fpeaks of his darling 
 nature as enjoyed in a garden, thus : 
 
 When God did man to his own likenefs make, 
 As much'as clay, tho* of the pureft kind) 
 
 (By the great potter's art refin'd) 
 
 Could the divine impreffion take, 
 
 He thought it fit to place him, where 
 
 A kind of heaven too did appear, 
 As far as earth could fuch a likenefs bear ; 
 
 That man no happinefs might want, 
 Which earth to her firft mafter could afford ; 
 
 He did a garden for him plant, 
 By the quick hand of his omnipotent word j 
 As the chief help and joy of human life, 
 He gave him the firft gift, — even before a wife. 
 
 And well he knew, what plaw would beft agree, 
 
 With innocence and with felicity. 
 And we elfewhere ftill feek for them in vain, 
 
 If any part of either yet remain. 
 
 If any part of either we expect 
 This may our judgment in the fearch direct ; 
 God the firft garden made, and the firft city ,— -Cain* 
 
 When Epicurus to the world had taught 
 
 That pleafure was the chiefeft good, 
 (And was perhaps i'th'right, if rightly underftcod) 
 
 His life he to his doctrine brought, 
 And in a garden's (hade, that fovereign pleafure 
 1 fought. 
 
 W r hoever a true epicure would be, 
 May there find cheap and virtuous luxury. 
 
 Nor does this happy place only difpenfe 
 Such various pleafures to the fenfe, 
 Here health itfelf docs live, 
 ■ That fait of life, which does to all a relifh give, 
 
 Its
 
 ^KCT> I. CARBEN1MC. S 
 
 Its (landing pleafure, and intrinfic worth, 
 The body's virtue, and the foul's good fortune, 
 health. 
 
 Methinks I fee great Dioclejian walk 
 
 In the Salojiian garden's noble (hade, 
 Which by his own imperial hands was made : 
 
 I fee him fmile, methinks, as he does talk 
 
 With the ambaflador, who came in vain 
 
 T'entice him to a throne again : 
 If I , my friends, faid he, mould to you (how 
 All the delights which in thefe gardens grow, 
 
 'Tis likelier much that you mould with me ftayy 
 
 Than 'tis that you mould carry me away : 
 
 And trull me not, my friends, if evejry day 
 I walk not here with more delight 
 
 Than ever after the moll happy fight, 
 
 In triumph to the capitol I rod, 
 To thank the Gods, and to be thought myfelf a GcxJ* 
 
 Mr. Cowley 's paffion for retirement was indeed veJ% 
 ilrong; but might he not well fay, " Is there not a 
 caufef' He had been converfant in high and public 
 life, and was very glad to leave 
 
 Thofe dangerous polls, where culloms ill agree 
 With virtuous rules, or found philofophy. 
 
 As one reafon for his going out from Sodom (as he 
 fpeaks) to his little Zoar, he afks, 
 
 W T ho that has reafon and his fmell,^ 
 W r ould not among rofes and jafmin dwell, 
 Rather than all hi* fpirits choak 
 With exhalations of dirt and fmoak ; 
 And all th' uncleannefs which does drown 
 In pellilential clouds a populous town. 
 
 Another poet {Clericus) retiring from town to a cot- 
 tage and 4 £ardtn, fays, 
 
 Et I ftrait
 
 THE PRAISE OF SEXT. I, 
 
 I ftrait betook myfelf to trace the laws 
 Of naff/re, upwards to its fruitful cau fe 
 And, digging mines of true philofophy, 
 The myftic ftone I found, whofe energy 
 Apply'd, tranfmutes fome matter, fome fublinjes, 
 Drawing within my circle golden times. 
 
 Often amufed with feats of gardening. 
 
 Delightful exercife, I work and fing \ 
 
 And moving cheerful feel not half my toil, 
 
 Like fwains that whiffle, while they plough the foil. 
 
 Should any dilbelieve, I here invite 
 
 Such infidels to come, and truft their fight. 
 
 — Uncorrupt and happy days were thofe 
 When Roman Cottfith exercifed their hoes ; 
 Whofe leifure hours in country cares were fpent, 
 And whofe diverfions all were innocent. 
 Oft their own labours furnifh'd out their feaft, 
 And thus their fruits and fallads relifh'd beft. 
 
 Art of Gardening. 
 
 Mr. Evelyn,, who had fo great knowledge and ex- 
 perience in the way of gardening, fpeaks its praife in 
 thefe words : Though the gardener's life be a labori- 
 ous one, yet is it full of tranquillity and satisfaction. 
 A condition furnifhcd with the moll innocent, laudable 
 and pureft of earthly felicities ; and fuch as does cer- 
 tainly make the neareft approaches to that blefled (late, 
 where only they enjoy all things without pains. 
 
 Mr. Jddlfon fays, I look upon the pleafure which 
 we take in a garden, as one of the molt innocent de- 
 lights of human life. A garden was the habitation of 
 cur firft parents before the fall. It is naturally apt to 
 fill the mind with calmnefs and tranquillity, and to lay 
 
 all
 
 SECT. I. GARDENING. § 
 
 all its turbulent paflions at reft. It gives a great infigb. 
 into the contrivance and wifdom of providence; and 
 fuggefts innumerable iubjetts for meditation. 
 
 Mr. Hervey, in his Meditations, on return from a 
 walk, having entered the flower garden, and called it 
 ttiful ipot, fays, ** Here nature always pleafing, 
 every where lovely, appears with peculiar attractions r 
 Yonder me feems drehed in her defliabille ; grand, but 
 irregular. Here me calls in her hand-maid art ,- and 
 mines in all the delicate ornaments, that the niceit 
 cultivation can convey. Thofe are her common apart- 
 ments where fhe lodges her ordinary guefls : This is 
 her cabinet of airic/ities, where fhe entertains her in- 
 timate acquaintance. My eye (hail often expatiate 
 over thofe fcenes of univerf J fertility : My feet fhall 
 fometimes brum through the thicket, or traverfe the 
 lawn, or ilroll along the foreft glade; but to this de- 
 lightful retreat (hall be my chief refort.- — Thither will 
 I make excurfions, but here will I dwell/' 
 
 On the Kitchen Garden Mr. H. cb.erves, " Here 
 thofe celebrated qualities are eminently united, — the 
 utmoft fimplicity with the greateft neat.nefs : none of 
 the productions aifjcl fii^ery. If it be ^leafing to be- 
 hold their orderly fituations, and their model! beauties ; 
 how delightful to confider the advantages thev yield ! 
 What a fund of choice accommodations here ! 'What 
 a fource of wholefome dainties, and all for the enjoy- 
 ment of man ! Not one fpecies of all this is a cum- 
 berer of the ground. Not a (ingle plant but is good 
 for food, or fome way falutary. And with fo bene- 
 ficent an economy are the feveral periods of their 
 minillration fettled, that no portion ol the year is left 
 deftitute of fuch nourifhing efculents as are bell fuited 
 to the temperature of the air, and the ltate of our 
 bodies. — Oh ! why mould the pofleiTor of lo valuable 
 a fpot envy the condition of kings ? Since he may 
 B 3 daily
 
 6 THE PRAISE OjY *&ECT.J. 
 
 daily walk amidft rows of peaceable and obfequious 
 fubje&s ; every one of which tenders him fome agree- 
 able prefent, and pays him a willing tribute. Such as 
 is moft excellently adapted, both to fupply his wants, 
 and resale his tafle ; to f urnilh him at once with both 
 plenty and pleafure." 
 
 From the amiable Camper fomething on this fubjefr 
 may be added. See the garden, in his Poem, entitled 
 the Task. 
 
 O friendly to the beft purfuits of man, 
 Friendly to thought, to virtue and to peace, 
 Domeflic life in rural leifure pafs'd. 
 
 Scenes formed for contemplation, and to nurfe 
 The growing feeds ofwifdom ; that fuggeit, 
 By every pleafmg image they prefent, 
 Reflections fuch as meliorate the heart, 
 Compofe the paffions, and exalt the mind. 
 
 Oh ! bleit feclufion from a jarring world, 
 Which he, thus occupied, enjoys ! Retreat 
 Cannot indeed to guilty man reftore 
 Loft innocence, or cancel follies paft, 
 But it has peace, and much fecures the mind 
 From all aiTaults of evil, proving ftill 
 A faithful barrier, not o'erleap'd with eafe, 
 By vicious cuftom raging uncontroul'd 
 Abroad, and defolating public life. 
 
 The morning finds the felf-fequefter'd man, 
 
 Frefh for his talk, intend what talk he may. 
 
 • — If the garden with its many cares, 
 
 All well repaid, demand him, he attends 
 
 The welcome call. 
 
 Had I the choice of fublunary good, 
 
 What could I wiih, that I poffefs not here ? 
 
 Sir William Temple commended the employment 
 and care of a garden as his fettled choice, faying,— 
 For my own part, as the country life, and this part of 
 
 it
 
 SECT. I, GARDENING. 7 
 
 it more particularly, were the inclination of my youth 
 itfelf, To they are the pleafures of my age. 
 
 Le Pluche juftly aliens, — Of all the employments 
 in life, none is more firnple, natural, and entertaining, 
 than the cultivation ot plants. 
 
 Vifgihvt old, defcribes the happinefs of a cultivator 
 of the ground in gardening and planting, as equalling 
 all tire opulence or* kings, in the eafe, content, and 
 freedom of his mind. This is one of the mod allured 
 truths ; and happy are they who are free from the en- 
 tanglements of artificial life, and not oyer-burthened 
 with honour and greatnefs. 
 
 Gardening leads to planting and farming, of which, 
 collectively, Mr. Cowley prettily fpeaks.— -It is one of 
 the belt natured delights of all others, for a man to 
 look about him, and fee nothing but the effects and 
 improvements of his own art and diligence ; to be al- 
 ways gathering of fome fruits of it, and at the fame 
 time to behold others xipening, and others budding; 
 to fee all his fields and gardens covered with the beau- 
 teous creatures of his own induflry ; and to fee, like 
 God, that all his works are good. 
 
 Of a country life in general, Mr. C. fays, " We are 
 here among the vaft and noble fcenes of nature ; where 
 we walk in the light and open ways of the divine 
 bounty, and where our fenfes are feailed with the clear 
 and genuine tafle of their objecls." 
 
 B 4 SECTION
 
 CONCERNING SECT. II. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 CONCER N I N G V E G E I A T I O N . 
 
 A S a good garden affords much pieafure and /re///, 
 ■* V it delerves every attention ; and certainly the 
 cultivation or' it cannot be too rationally purfued. It 
 is therefore that a fketch of the Nature of Vegetation 
 is here attempted,; for the ufe of thofe who aie unac- 
 quainted with the fubjeft to aiFift them in the purfuit 
 • f gardening with understanding. 
 
 Let the elements be firit confidered. 
 
 Earth, as an element, confidered in itfelf, appears 
 not to ferve to the fupport of man or beaft. Though 
 from it all things fpring as from a common womb , 
 yet independent of the other elements, or extraneous 
 matter, it neither produces, nor affords, any thing like 
 food. Aflifted however by thefe, there is a combina- 
 tion of powers, the effects of which are equally bene- 
 ficial and wonderful. 
 
 It has been pretty much an opinion, that the earth 
 acls only as a receptacle for nutriment ; and as a reft* 
 ing place, or means of fupporting plants ereftly ; to 
 imbibe rain, dews, air, &c. needing continually to be 
 repleniflied by manures, or from the atmofphere. In- 
 deed, it is not to be conceived, how the earth, confi- 
 dered as a folid, mould pafs through the capillary 
 parts of plants. Experiments have proved, that the 
 earth is very little, if at all cxhaufted, by the growth 
 f>i plants, and confequently affords a prefumption that 
 plants are not fed by it. 
 r There
 
 SECT. II. VEGETATION. 9 
 
 There has been much controverfy about the food 
 of plants. A refpe&able writer fays, The faline, 
 un&uous, and fubtle flime, which the water feparatei 
 from the coarfe earth, and keeps in a difTolved itate, 
 is the principal nutriment of plants. And indeed, this 
 is the opinion of others, who have treated the fubject, 
 and is juflified by enquiries into the nature of the fap 
 of plants, by decompohtion : 
 
 Thofe who contend for an inherent power in earth 
 to nourifh plants, lay a ftrefs upon the circumffance, 
 that various earths have various qualities, fuited to 
 different parts. But to this it may be (aid, that the 
 earth being more or lefs binding, or compofed of dif- 
 ferently conftrucled particles, occafions the parting 
 with the food committed to it, the more or lefs freely, 
 cr altered according to its various- modes of percolyiony 
 or (training. 
 
 Water appears to have much to do in the fub* 
 fiftance of plants, for they con fume a great deal; and 
 either die, or are at a fland, when they are deprived 
 oi it, or at lealt of humidity from the air. It if 
 proved, that feeds and plants, and in fliort all fub* 
 ilances, confift chiefly of water, being reducible to 
 liquids in a great degree. 
 
 Water (with refpect to vegetation) has been defined 
 to be, a mixed fluid, in which are all forts, of par- 
 tides proper for the compofition of plants. Rooted 
 trees have been fet m water at the fpnng, (as a rofe^ 
 and put forth leaves fair, though pale ; and it* is wall 
 known, that many flips and branches- of plants will 
 firike root in water, readily :. and. gathered flowers net 
 only keep frefti in it, but increaie in- fize, and bud* 
 alfo open. Hyacinths are very commonly blown in 
 water in warm room3 for an early blow. All feeds 
 "will germinate, and fome grow in it.. 
 
 £ 5 The
 
 JO CONCERNING SZCT. II. 
 
 The natural ftate of water uninfluenced by heat is 
 ice, and when very cold, it is too deivfe a fluid to pais 
 through fome of the capillary vcflels of plants; yet a 
 irnall degree of heat rarifies it ; and as its globules arc 
 capable of being infinitely divided by a proportionate 
 heat ; it is thus rendered fit to pafs through the fined 
 canals. It mixes with the nutritive properties that are 
 lodged in the earth, and is (at leaftj the vehicle of the 
 food of plants. In this reipecl: alone, it is moil va- 
 luable. Without it, nothing could be elaborated in 
 nature, no fermentation he wrought, and animals and 
 plants would die of thirft ! 
 
 AlR is found in a confiderable degree in water, m 
 •plaiUs, and in fruits. It may be almoft demonftrate^ 
 (fays one) that the vegetable nourimment is princi- 
 pally in the air : The tree Sedum fufpended, lives and 
 grows for years by air and its moifture. 
 
 How necejjary this element of air is to man, the 
 commoner!: obfervation evinces. Deprived of air, life 
 is quickly loft, and in a depraved ftate of it, runs faft 
 to ficknefs and death. Thus plants are found to flou- 
 rifh in a free and open air, and grow pale and languid 
 in the contrary. But air is not only neceflary for the 
 leaves of plants to breathe in, but their roots require it : 
 Plants will not do well if the foil is too much bound 
 for the air to penetrate freely about them. 
 
 The ficklinefs of houjed plants has been faid to be 
 owing greatly to want of motion. But the want of 
 freih air, is undoubtedly the chief caufe ; for pure air 
 is fraught with animating principles, and by its attenua- 
 ting and elaftic properties, feparates the grofs juices, 
 keeps the fap in motion, and the plants in health. 
 
 Air conveys to the organs of fmelling, all thofe grate- 
 ful fcents, which plants, flowers and fruits produce, 
 and we are greatly regaled, and refreihed by them*
 
 SECT. II. VEGETATION, 11 
 
 If it beafked, what air is, and of what it confiftg ? 
 It may be anfwered, Particles of wet and dry bodies 
 volatilized, and rendered elaftic by fire. The air or at- 
 mofphere that furrounds our earth, contains a mix- 
 ture of all the active volatile parts of the whole habi- 
 table world ; that is, of all vegetables, minerals and 
 animals. Whatever perfpires, corrupts or exhales, 
 impregnates the air ; which, being acted upon by the 
 folar fire, produces within itfelf, all forts of chemical 
 operations, difpenfes again thofe falts and fpirits in 
 new generations, which it had received from putre- 
 la£tions. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Fire, as it operates from the prime body of it the 
 sun, gives life and energy to all, completing the prc- 
 cefs of nature. There is no exiiting without it. Its 
 total abfence would prefently bring all animation to the 
 coldnefs of death ! 
 
 The fun by its warmth (conveyed by the air) fets 
 forward that fermentation in the earth, and gives that 
 fpirii to plants, which effects growth, and concocls 
 their juices to make them fruitful. 
 
 It is by the rarefaction of the air and juices con- 
 tained in the roots, and all the parts of a plant, that 
 motion and expanflon are given to it ; and by its 
 afcending force, pufhes into buds, leaves, flowers and 
 trnits ; fending off fuperfluoixs and excrementitious 
 inoifture into the atraofphere, thus giving us the J cents 
 peculiar to each. That the fun does this, is evident 
 from what is experienced in artificial warmth, hurry- 
 ing on the growth of plants, which is ever propor- 
 tionate to the heat applied,, provided there is a proper 
 fupply of moiilure. 
 
 Without the vivifying fun, the other elements would 
 be inactive matter, and ** no longer would the fig-tree 
 blcffom, nor fruit be in the vine : The labour of the olive 
 would fail, and the fields yield no meat " The operative 
 power of the fun reaches the deepeit recedes, co be 's 
 
 B6 of
 
 13 CONCERNING SECT. II. 
 
 of metals, and to " the place of fapphires ; -und there is 
 nothing hid from the heat thereof" 
 
 What bleflings does this bounteous planet pour 
 On the glad heart of man, when rolling round 
 His azure road, he fcatters as he flies, 
 To warm his raptur'd bofom, light and joy ! 
 
 Newcomb. 
 
 The sun is the fountain of light. This glori- 
 ous object: of creation, as a luminary, gives chearful- 
 nefs both in nature and appearance to all things : If 
 light is not fo necefTary to our exiilence as heat, life 
 would yet be miferable without it. 
 
 As to vegetation, we may obferve, without light 
 plants get always fickly, and would not exift long if 
 deprived of it. Light, philofophically confidered, is 
 half their nourifhment. All plants turn to the light 
 as to a powerful attraction, or, as if co'nfcious how 
 necefTary it is to their exigence. Light at the fame 
 time that it heats, doth wonderfully rarify and raife the 
 Tap. It is the fame with JLther, and it fo mixes with 
 other bodies, as to enter into their compofition, and 
 encreafe their weight. The aromatic flavour of veget- 
 ables feems to depend upon the fun's light as much as 
 colours do. 
 
 The phyfical properties of that etherial fubltance, 
 which is fo fubtle and pervading as light y we may well 
 believe to be various and wonderful, though incon« 
 eeivable. 
 
 Behold the light emitted from the fun, 
 
 What more familiar, and what more unknown ? 
 
 While by its fpreading radiance it reveals 
 
 All nature's face, it ftill itfclf conceals. 
 
 How fwift th* effulgent emanations fly 
 
 Thro' the blue gulph of interpofing flcy ! 
 
 Millions of ?niles i fo rapid is their race 
 
 To cheer the earth, they in few moment t pafs. 
 
 Amaaijig
 
 SECT. H. VEGETATION. 13 
 
 Amazing progrefs ! at its utmoft ftretcri, 
 What human mind can this fwift motion reach ? 
 
 Blackmore. 
 
 How impreflively arc we taught to value the blef- 
 fing of Ught, by a view of day-break in a fine fummer's 
 
 morn 
 
 -The hour of morn returns, 
 
 Unbars the gates of light, and opens wide 
 
 A profpeCl to the eye, which now unfolds 
 
 Ten thoufand beauteous fcenes which lay conceaPd 
 
 Before in darknefs : now the radiant heavens 
 
 Glitter with azure pav'd, with rofes ftrew'd^ 
 
 With lively verdure each green plain array'd, 
 
 Each flower puts on a glow of richeft hue ; 
 
 The wide creation now is feen adorned 
 
 In all her rich attire and beauties bloom, 
 
 View'd by each wand'ring eye with raptur'd joy J 
 
 All the rich pomp which theatres difplay 
 
 Their mining ornaments, the luftres hung 
 
 In the proud courts and palaces of kings, 
 
 Lofe their diminiihed light, and die away, 
 
 Whene'er the/*?/ unfolds his radiant beams ! 
 
 New comb. 
 
 From this view of the elements it appears, that their 
 offices are mutual, and that there is a harmony of them, 
 neceiTary to the welfare of plants, in a view to which 
 *rt may fometimes aflift nature. It is for this end that 
 what is faid of them here is advanced, that the young 
 gardener may convert to ufe his entertainment. 
 
 Having feen a little into the nature of the ele- 
 ments, principally as they relate to the exiftence of 
 plants, let us proceed to confidcr the plants themfehes. 
 Their ftru&ure has been examined by the greateft ge- 
 Biufes, and though able, (perhaps) to determine little of 
 
 Nature's
 
 H CONCERNING SE«T. Ir\ 
 
 Nature's lav.-?, vet lias the plcafureand fatisfa&ion they 
 hpy$ reap | them their trouble. Though after 
 
 all our refearch.es, we are finally led to this conclufion, 
 that God's works, like his ways, are K pad finding 
 out ;" yet if there is any fatisf action in knowledge, or 
 any confutation in piety, thefe gratifications are to be 
 fought in, and will be reaped from attentive and mo- 
 deft enquiries into Nature. " The works of the Lord 
 are great, fought out_ of all them that have pleajure 
 therein." 
 
 Nature is nothing but the art of God; a bright 
 difplay of that wifdom, which demands an eternal tri- 
 bute of wonder and worfhip. 
 
 I 
 
 The notions which arife from Nature's light 
 As well adorn the mind as guide her right,. 
 Enlarge her compafs, and improve her b^nt. 
 Thefe ne'er the breaft with vain ambition fire, 
 But banifh pride, and modeft thoughts infpiie. 
 By her informed we bkfl religion learn, 
 Its glorious object by her aid difcern. 
 The rolling worlds around us we furvey, 
 Th' alternate fov'reigns of the night and day ; 
 View the wide earth adorn'd with hills and wood*., 
 Rich in her herds, and fertile in her floods. 
 Walk through the deep apartments of the main* 
 Afcend the air to vifvt clouds and rain : 
 And while we ravifh'd gaze iu Nature's face,. 
 Remark her order, and her motions trace. 
 The long coherent chain of things we find 
 Leads to a caufe sufreme, a wife creating mttuf. 
 
 BlackmoRE. 
 
 Seeds of plants Hand fir ft to be confidered, and 
 they are truly wonderful. What large plants irom 
 feeds no bigger than a grain of fand ? What a Itately 
 $ah from a little acorn ? 
 
 The
 
 SECT. II. VEGETATION** 15 
 
 The feeds of />;/, which by prolific heat, 
 Cheer'd and unfolded, form a plant fo great ; 
 Are lefs a thoufand rimes than what the eye 
 Can unafiifted by the tube dgfcry. 
 
 Blackmqre* 
 
 Seeds contain in embryo (or miniature) the plant 
 they are to produce, in all its parts, which they have 
 preferved from age to age, feeds producing plants, and 
 plants feeds, &e. 
 
 They are covered with coats that are finely and 
 clofely wrought, the better to keep the moifture of the 
 garth from coming in too fuddenly upon the Icbes, or 
 the little plant, which might occafion their rotting, and 
 we find that almoft every fort of feed, by means of 
 thefe coverings, rauft remain different lengths of time 
 in the earth, before they begin to germinate. Seme 
 will not fpring in the natural ground till the fecond 
 year after they are buried, while ethers will begin to 
 lhoot in three days after fowing. This is owing to 
 their requiring different degrees of moifture, heat and 
 air, to make them germinate ; i. e. bring them into a 
 ftate of fermentation. 
 
 The fubjiance of feeds appears to be fpent firfl in 
 feeding the radicle, and then in the nourishment of 
 the two firft , or feed leaves, which are commonly of a 
 different fize, fhape and fubftance from the proper 
 leaves of the plant : From between thefe comes a 
 moot bearing the true leaves. The lobes (or fubftance) 
 of feed, confift of a farinous nurriment, adapted to 
 the infant ftate of the plant, when fattened and dif- 
 folved by the moifture of the earth, which extends an4 
 unfolds the young plant (or plumule) in the fame 
 manner, as the ncurifhing juice in the eggs of ani- 
 mals hatches their embryo. The feed leaves there- 
 fore contain a fugary juice, which is evident from 
 infecls fo greedily biting them, and their pleafant 
 tafle in fallads, as thofe of turnifs, cabbages, &*. They 
 % axe
 
 16 CONCERNING SECT. II. 
 
 arc thick and fucculenf, calculated to imbibe air and 
 moifture from the atmofphere, for the fupport of the 
 tender plant, that might othenvife fuffer by drought : 
 for it invito, proceed in growth, or it would quickly die. 
 When the radicle has ftruck downwards, the office of 
 the feed is evidently to nouriOi thefe leaves, as is feen 
 by the feed coming above the ground with them, ex- 
 haufted of its fubitance — a mere mell flicking to the 
 top of the leaves. 
 
 But fome plants have no feed leaves properly fo 
 called, as corn ; which has therefore been deemed by 
 fome, not ftri&ly a feed, but a bud, or bulb. 
 
 It has been doubted whether all plants have feed, 
 becaufeysw forts have not been obferved to produce it. 
 To conclude that they have, is however more agree- 
 able to the uniformity of the divine procedure, and al- 
 together to reafon. 
 
 Seed may be conceived fo fmall as not to be difcerned 
 with the help of convex glades, as we know there are 
 m-iny not difcernible without them ; and with this mi- 
 nutenefs, it may be extremely fugacious by its flight 
 adhefion to the plant. 
 
 The truth is, God originally ordained that plants 
 mould proceed from feed, and they do, (Gen. i. 2.) 
 It was long faid, that fern bare no feed ; but this is 
 a demonftrable mi (lake. That Mujhrooms produce 
 feed, we need not doubt. Many of the mojjes are fo 
 fmall in the ftate of plants, that the micro] cope only 
 can difcover their flowers, and even in fome, the plants 
 themfelves are but barely thus difcernible. A great 
 variety of feeds are wafted' about continually in the air, 
 and produce their kind, whenever they light upon a 
 proper matrix. Whatever has- been objected there ap- 
 pears good ground for believing, that there is-no natural 
 production, either in the vegetable or animal king- 
 dom, but what comes froi* the feed, or egg of fome 
 parent.
 
 iECT. II. VEGETATION. i7 
 
 As to certain plants appearing where none were be- 
 fore, we know that fome feeds will keep many years, 
 when deep buried, and being afterwards brought to the 
 furface, have vegetated, as the wild muflard, &c. Be- 
 fides the wind carrying fome forts of feeds to a confi- 
 derable diftance, birds alfo drop a great many, fo 
 that plantations of oaks, &c have fprung up by means 
 of crows carrying the acorns, and dropping them in 
 cracked ground. 
 
 Plants follow feed, and we find them proceeding 
 in a fteady unceafing progreflion towards maturity, to 
 their deftined end, i.e. production of the like, from 
 which they fprung (feed) to preferve the fpecies. 
 And the economy of nature is fo regular, that a cer- 
 tain portion of time is invariably kept (allowing for 
 accidental circumftances) for this bufinefs. So cer- 
 tainly does Nature purfue her end in all refpecls, 
 that the identical fpecies is always preferved, as to 
 the diflinguiflnng properties of each, though the foils 
 in which feeds are fown are fo various. Altogether 
 under the fame circumftances are produced the fweet 
 fmelling flower, the nourifhing corn, and the poifonous 
 plant, though differing much in ftrength, in figure, and 
 ether particulars. 
 
 The juices in the vefTels of plants undergo (accord- 
 ing to their conformation) different fermentations, and 
 thus become altered; in which chemiltry of nature, 
 its powers and refults are wonderfully exatt. 
 
 Peculiar pores peculiar juice receive. 
 To this deny, to that admittance give. 
 Hence various trees their various fruits produce, 
 Some for delightful tafte, and fome for ufe, 
 Hence fprouting plants enrich the plain and wood, 
 For phyfic fome, and fome defign'd for food. 
 Hence fragrant flow'rswith different colours dy'd, 
 On fmiling meads unfold their gaudy pride. 
 
 Blackmore, 
 
 The
 
 IS CONCERNING SECT. IT. 
 
 - The ROOTS of plants are to keep them fixed in 
 the earth and to draw food from it; which they do 
 (chiefly at leaft) by their ends which have been there- 
 fore called mouths: In general they affect, an horizontal 
 growth, for the benefit of the fun and air, and never 
 defcendabove a certain depth from the fur face. 
 
 By means of the root, nourifnment proceeds -.hrough 
 the pipes and capillary conduits of plants, continually 
 from the earth, and by the action of the fun and air, 
 circulates, rarifies, and diffributes itfelf. Tins juicy 
 food, fwells the little hags, or cells (of which the 
 fubftance of plants is compoiedj and following thfc 
 different modifications thereof, filtrates athwart the 
 parts. For example. That which is molt pure and fine, 
 ierves to nourifli the flowers and fruits; that which is 
 not fupplies the branches, and leaves, and roots; the 
 moft grofs and earthy ferves for the bark ; and the mofl 
 oily is for gum and rofin. Juft the fame as we find it in 
 animals, where the food they receive into the ftomach 
 paries afterwards into the blood, circulates into the yef~ 
 fels, and purfuing its different degrees of attenuation, 
 Ierves to nouriih the different parts of the body. 
 
 The stems or trunks of plants are for the fupport 
 of the head, and to convey juices from the roots up- 
 wards for the leaves, branches, &c. and are compofed 
 (as the roots) of bladders, and various conduits for 
 air, fap, &c. perpendicular, fpiral, and horizontal from 
 the pith to the bark. Thefe veffels may be fomewhat 
 feen with the naked eye, as in llices of the young 
 ftioots of nut, apple tree, and vine, but very evidently 
 by a microfcope. It is obfervable, that fome plants 
 which are weak and pipy have knots at proper dittances 
 to flrengthen them, and others have clafpers to hold 
 them up; while others are robufl enough, in Hem to 
 brave the fury of ateinpeii. 
 
 The leaves of plants are very Tarioufly, but 
 beautifully conftru&ed in their form and fubltance; 
 and if we confider them as attracting nourilhment 
 
 " from
 
 SECT. II. VEGETATION. 19 
 
 from' the root and the atmofphere, and as perfpiring 
 and refpiring, they are more than commonly thought 
 efTential to vegetation; and fo we find that if the ftems, 
 or branches of a plant, are confiderably deprived of 
 them, it becomes ftunted and difeafed, and if any fruit 
 appear, it proceeds flowly in growth, and is ill fla- 
 voured. The quantity of nutriment which a plant 
 derives from the earth, is in proportion to the number 
 and fize of its leaves ; thus that they may uninterrupt- 
 edly perform their offices, they are diftributed in a very 
 diflincf. and feparate mode. 
 
 The under and upper part of leaves are different, and 
 have feparate offices; the under is rough and porous, 
 -as if adapted to imbibe the rifing moifture ot night 
 dews; and the upper, or clofcr, to exclude the groffer 
 parts of the atmofphere, and to imbibe fome finer 
 food, as to " draw the live ether". Thus leaves will 
 not endure to be reverfed, as is feen by the certain and 
 quick return to their right pofition, when forced from 
 it, and till this is effected, they perform not the proper 
 functions of nature. 
 
 That the gloffy furface of leaves have an intimate 
 connection with the light is evident,, as they rife and 
 fall (in a degree, fome plants more and others lefs) as 
 the fun moves. If they are turned from the Jiglit they 
 twiftthemfelves towards it, as if they had enjoyment, 
 and were confcious of the benefit. — The curious will 
 meet with gratification relative to this f abject, by con- 
 futing Hilt's Traa On the Sleep of Plants; or his 
 gardening for October: — a large tolio. 
 
 One of the offices of leaves, feemsto be, to fabtilize, 
 and give- more fpirit to the abundance of nourifhing 
 fap, and to convey it to the little bud* at their foot Jlalk % 
 to whofe welfare they are efTential. 
 
 If the texture of the leaves be fcrutinized, they are 
 found curioufly ramified ; the ribs and fibres ot each 
 feeming much like a fpreading- plant. The ramifica- 
 tions hold a clofe communication with each other; 
 
 fo
 
 20 CONCERNING SECT. II. 
 
 fo that the principal rib fends out lateral ones lefs 
 flrong, and they again an infinite number of fine ones 
 in all directions; and thefe are veflels of two kinds, 
 viz. forjtip and air. As leaves throw off a great deal 
 of excrementitious, fo do they imbibe a great deal of 
 nutritious moiilure, as is evident from the general re- 
 freshments received from dews. Yet we are not to 
 conclude, that the other parts of plants do not the fame 
 in a lefs degree ; and the rough bark of the trees, and 
 the outer veflels, are well calculated to detain moifture, 
 to convey to other parts. 
 
 The branches of plants come next to be confi- 
 dered. How beautifully do they fpread,and how uni- 
 formly do they proceed, keeping up precifely the fame 
 mode of growth, one from another throughout the 
 whole; till the head of the plant, or tree, attains its 
 cuflomary fize, and own peculiar form ; which if it 
 has grown with native liberty, proves always of an 
 agreeable fymmetry. 
 
 The texture of branches conftfts of the fame kind 
 of veflels as the Hem, or trunk ; but here it may be 
 obferved, that there is yet a fpecific difference in the 
 veflels of the various parts, as is concluded from their 
 affording juices of a different flavour and effluvia in 
 the bark, wood, leaves, flowers and feeds; fo that 
 from the fame plant are extracted medical properties 
 of very contrary nature. 
 
 Buds are like feeds, as ihey contain the future 
 growth of branches and fruit in miniature, fo that for 
 inftance, in the buds of a currant-tree may be difco- 
 vered (by a microfcope) even before winter, the woody 
 branch, and the bunches of fruit. The future fruit 
 alfo has been viewed in the bud of a vine. In the 
 fhort buds of pears^ which appear at Midjummer, an 
 indifferent microfcope will (hew the bloflbms defigned 
 for the April following. The buds of a Mezerion 
 being examined at Mid/'ummer, had the bloflbms dif- 
 
 covered
 
 SECT. II. VEGETATION. 21 
 
 covered in them, though the time of their blow is not 
 till February. 
 
 Thus it appears, that the leaves, bloflbms, fruit, 
 and branches, on all trees, are formed the year before ; 
 and fo their fruitfulnefs in the year they bear, is no 
 otherwife the confequence of that feafon, than that 
 nature has gone without any deftru&ive check in her 
 progrefs, and particularly at the time of flowering, 
 when many bloflbms are deflroyed by inclement wea- 
 ther, and by wet only as much as any thing. 
 
 * # * * * * 
 
 The F lowers of plants have not yet been particu- 
 larly noticed, but of them fomething mull, and much 
 might, be faid. 
 
 Gr, mark the matchlefs workings of the power 
 That fhirs within the feed the future flower; 
 Bids thefe in elegance of form excel, 
 In colour thefe, and tftofe delight the fmell ; 
 Sends nature forth, the daughter of the ikies, 
 To dance on earth, and charm all human eyes. 
 
 COWPEK, 
 
 flowers have a general flruclure in fubftance, fimilar 
 to the other parts of plants, as to veffels for fap, air, &c. 
 only are fo much the more exquifitely formed, as the 
 leaves are of fo delicate a texture. They are formed 
 in the bud while in the p/'tb, and fo confequently are 
 the fruit and feed. 
 
 The flowers of many proceed from a bud, or knot, 
 the leaves or parts of which do firit cover the flower 
 contained therein, whilfl it is yet unable to bear the 
 inconveniencies of the weather, and defend it from the 
 fame; and after the flower is blown, they keep up its 
 leaves, that they may not hang confufedly together, 
 but regularly represent their beauties to the eyes of the 
 beholders : This is exemplified in the carnation, 
 Thefe fcWers that have a cup to fuftain their leaves, 
 
 are
 
 m CONCERNING SECT. IT. 
 
 are weak in their texture, and fo need this fupport ; 
 but thofe that are ilrong have it not, as lilies , tulips, &c. 
 Thofe that have no cup are, however, covered in the 
 bud by fome /heath, to preferve them, while young, 
 and yet too tender to be expofed. 
 
 The leaves of flowers protect and conceal the feed 
 of thofe that bear it, where nature fecretly works to 
 the great end of propagation. The feed is the natural 
 offspring of the flower, and when this is once well 
 formed, the feveral parts of the flower dwindle and 
 difappear. So that while we are admiring the colour, 
 fhape, and perfume of thefe delightful companions of 
 our walks, they are kindly engaged to provide the 
 means of perpetuating pleafure to us. 
 
 The care which the author of natun has taken 
 to preferve the feed of plants, by the flower leaves 
 which contain the embryo, as in a matrix, is admirable! 
 The flowers themfelves come not forth till the feafon 
 fuits their parti cularlemperament ; many are hid till 
 then under the coverture of the earth, and thofe that 
 dare to continue above ground all the year, have yet 
 their gems carefully locked up, and thus their fuccef- 
 fion and their fruits are fecured to us. 
 
 The flowers of plants have a remarkable property, 
 when they begin to unfold, and the feed is yet young 
 and tender; they obferve the courfe of the weather, 
 day and night, opening and (hutting their flowers 
 accordingly. There is alfo a property of fome flower 
 plants, twining round folid bodies, or fixing themfelves 
 to them by clafpers, laying faff hold of what may be 
 in their way. Flowers have many admirable properties 
 and parts, that might be confideied diflinctly, if it 
 were defigned to fpeak of them botanically. 
 
 From floiuers (of which every month in the year 
 has its beauties) we eventually gratify the palate, by a 
 valuable neclar, and from many we immediately reap 
 agreeable odours ; but it is for their colour to de- 
 light
 
 SECT. II. VT&ETAT10N. 2S 
 
 light the eye, that we chiefly cultivate them; and ii\ 
 this refpeft we may exclaim with the poet, 
 
 Who can paint like nature ? Can imagination boaft 
 Amiclft its gay creation, hues like her's ? 
 Or can it mix them with that matchlefs fkill, 
 And lofe them in each other, as appears 
 
 In every bud that blows ? 
 
 Thomson, 
 
 But not only the colours delight the eye, the forms of 
 lowers are objecls of admiration. The leaves of the 
 plants (not to mention the fhades of their green and 
 variegations of other colours) are of various fymmetry, 
 fome plain, others indented, fome hard, fou>e foft, 
 Imooth, hairy, &c. Flowers are compoied, fome of 
 only one, others . of feveral and numerous leaves. 
 Here it appears like a large veflel gracefully opening. 
 There it forms fome grotefque figure, in imitation of a 
 muzzle, head piece, or cowl. Here it is a butterfly, a 
 flar, a crown, a radiant fun. Some are fcattered on 
 the plant without any art ; others compofe nofegays, 
 globes, tufts of feathers, garlands, pyramids, &c. — 
 The feeds of plants too are as variouOy formed as their 
 leaves and flowers. 
 
 The following defcription of Flora s fefilval and 
 the month of May, may very well finifh the notice here 
 taken of flowers. 
 
 The good Pcjihumius chofe the firft of May, 
 
 To Flora facred, and obferved the day 
 
 With holy rural rites, that won by prayer 
 
 She might difFufe her bleffing o'er the year ; 
 
 His homely neighbourhood in green privet drefs'd, 
 
 With ftrici: devotion keep the cheerful feaft, 
 
 And crowned with chaplets, to fair Flora bring 
 
 The firft and frefheft beauties of the fpring. 
 
 Gardens are now with choice perfumes fupplied, 
 
 By thefe and thoufand namelefs fweets befide : 
 
 >Tis
 
 g* CONCERNING SECT. II> 
 
 *Tis the gay month of all the youthful year, 
 When nature fmiles ferene, and calm the air ; 
 In the tall grafs the foft Favottius plays, 
 And nightingales repeat their tuneful lays ; 
 The flocks too frifking o'er the flowery vale, 
 With eager joy the cheerful feafon hail. 
 
 Rapik. 
 
 In confidering the works of nature, it is hardly 
 poflible but to feel both concern and indignation at 
 the folly of Atheifm, and the abfurdity of the Atomic 
 philofophy. Both have been well expofed by many- 
 writers, and completely fo by Sir Richard Blackmore, 
 in his Poem on the Creation; from which though fome 
 extra6ls have been already made, let the following be 
 added, 
 
 How dark is human feafan found, 
 
 How vain the man with wit and learning crown'd ; 
 How feeble all his ftrengthwhen he efiays 
 ' To trace dark nature, and deteft her ways, 
 Unlefshe calls its author to his aid 
 Who ev'ry fecret fpring of motion laid ; 
 Who over all his wond'rous works prefidee. 
 And to their ufeful ends their caufes guides ? 
 Thefe paths in vain are by inquirers trod, 
 There's no philofophy without a GOD. 
 Th' eternal mind's exigence we fuftain, 
 By proofs fo full, by evidence fo plain, 
 That none of all the fciences have (hewn 
 Such demonstration of the truths they own. 
 Good heaven ! that men who vaunt difcerning fight, 
 And arrogant from wifdom's diftant height, 
 Look down on vulgar mortals who revere 
 A cause supreme, ftiould their proud building I 
 
 rear, 
 Without one prop the pond' rows pile to bear ! J 
 
 Ye friends of Epicurus look around, 
 
 All nature view with marks of prudence crown'd. 
 
 Mind
 
 SECT. III. VEGETATION. 25 
 
 Mind the wife ends which proper means promote, 
 
 See how the different parts for different ufe are wrought; 
 
 Contemplate all this conduct and defign y 
 
 Then own, and praife, the artificer diviiceI 
 
 For feveral of the foregoing obfervations, and fome 
 of the palfages on vegetation, Mr. M. thinks it pro- 
 per to acknowledge, that he is indebted to the excellent 
 Air. Derham t and others. 
 
 SECTION III, 
 
 T 
 
 OI- THE FORMATION OF A GARDEN 
 
 'HE garden here meant, is one where vegetables, 
 fruits and flowers are cultivated under the fame 
 inclolure. Confidering the profit and pleafurc to be 
 .reaped from a good garden, it is certainly an object, 
 of great confluence to the comfort of human life. It 
 will not, therefore, be prudent in any one who has a 
 garden to firm, to be niggardly, either in allotting 
 ground fur it, or fparing in ex pence and trouble lo 
 prepare and lay it out in the beji manner. 
 
 The agreeable work of making a new garden cari 
 happen to few ; and when it does, fall, Jituation, and 
 fp*ce, all favourable, are happy circumitances not al- 
 ways at command: It often indeed happens, however, 
 that pieces of ground are taken into ufe as additions, 
 and fome judgment mould be cxercifed in the choice, 
 that the bufineTl may be well done. 
 
 C Tc
 
 56 OF THE FORMATION SECT. III. 
 
 To help towards refolving on the quantity of ground 
 it may be prudent to cultivate as a garden, a general 
 idea may be given in obferving, that an acre with wall- 
 trees, hot beds, pots, &x. will furnifh employment for 
 a man, who at fome bufy times will need afliftance. 
 The fize of the garden mould, however, be propor- 
 tioned to the houfe, as to the number of inhabitants it 
 does, or may contain. This is naturally dictated ; but 
 yet, it is better to have too much ground allotted than 
 too little, and there is nothing monftrous in a large 
 garden annexed to a fmall houfe. 
 
 Some families ufe few, others many vegetables, and 
 it makes a great difference whether the owner is cu- 
 rious to have a hng feafon of the fame production, or 
 is content to have a fupply only at the more common 
 times. But to give fome rule for the quantity of 
 ground to be laid out, a family of four perfons (ex- 
 clufive of fervants) may have a rood oi good working 
 open ground, and fo in proportion. 
 
 But if poilible, let the garden be rather extenfive 
 according to the family ; for then, a ufeful fprinkiing 
 oi fruit trees can be planted in it, which may be ex- 
 pected to do well, under the common culture of the 
 ground about them ; a good portion of it alfo may be 
 allotted for that agreeable fruit the Jirawberry in all its 
 varieties ; and the very difagreeable circumfrance of 
 being at any time ihort of vegetables, will be avoided. 
 It fhould be confidered alfo, that artichokes, ajparagus^ 
 and a long fucceiTion oi peas and beans, require a good 
 deal of ground. Hot-beds will alfo take up much 
 room, if any thing confiderable be done in the way 
 •f raifing cucumbers, melons, flowers, &c. 
 
 The jituation of a garden fhould be dry, but rather 
 low than high, and as fheltered as can be irom the 
 North and Eaji winds. Thefe points of the compajs, 
 fhould be guarded againft by high and good fences ; 
 by a wall of at leaft ten feet high ; lower walls do not 
 anfwer fo well for fruit-trees, though one of eight may 
 
 l do.
 
 SECT. III. OF A GARDEN. 37 
 
 do. A garden mould be fo fituated, to be as much 
 warmer as poffible, than the general temper of the 
 air is without, or ought to be made warmer by the 
 ring, and fubdivifion tences : This advantage is ef- 
 fential to the expectation we have from a garden lo- 
 cally con fide red. 
 
 As to trees planted without the wall, to break the 
 wind, it is not to be expected to reap much good this 
 way, except from fomething more than a fingle row ; 
 i. e. a plantation. Yet the fall of the leaves by the 
 autumnal winds is troublefome, and a high wall is 
 therefore advifeable. Spruce firs have been ufed in 
 clofe Jhorn hedges ; which as evergreens, are proper 
 enough to plant for a fcreen in a Tingle row, though 
 not very near to. the wall ; but the bell evergreens for 
 this purpofe are the evergreen oak, and the cork tree. 
 The witch elm, planted clofe, grows quick, and has a 
 pretty fummer appearance behind a wall ; but is of 
 little ufe then, as a fcreen, except to the Weft ; where 
 ftill, it may (hade too much (if planted near) as it 
 mounts high : In a dry hungry foil, the beech alfo is 
 very proper ; and both bear cutting. The great maple, 
 commonly called the fycamore, is handfome, of quick 
 growth, and being fit to ftand the rudefl blafls, will 
 protecl a garden well in a very expofed fituation : the 
 wind to be chiefly guarded againft as to ftrength, in 
 mod places, being the wejlerly* 
 
 The form of a garden, may be a fquare, but an ob- 
 long is to be preferred ; and the area rather a level ; 
 or if there be any ilope, it mould be fouthward, a point 
 either to the Eaf, or Weft not much fignifying, but 
 not to the North, if it can be avoided, becaufe crops 
 come in late, and plants do not ftand the winter fo well 
 in fuch a fituation. A garden with a northern afpeft, 
 has, however, its advantages, being cooler for fome 
 fummer productions, as Jlrawberries, fpring fown cau- 
 liflowers , &c. and therefore to have a little ground 
 C 2 under
 
 <2$ OF ?l\Y. FORMATION SECT. III. 
 
 under cultivation fo fituated, is defirable ; efpecially 
 for late fuccelhon crops. 
 
 The foil that fuits general cultivation bell, is a foam ; 
 rather the red than the black ; but there are good foils 
 of various colours, and this mud be as it happens: The 
 worn foil is a cold heavy clay, and the next a light 
 fand ; a moderate clay, however, is better than a very 
 light foil, though not fo pleafant to' work. If the foil 
 is not good J i. e. too poor, too ftrong, or too light, 
 it is to be carefully improved without delay. Let it 
 firtt, at leaft, be thoroughly broke, and cleaned of all 
 rubbifn, to a regular level depth at bottom as welt as 
 top, fo' as to give full eighteen inches of working 
 mould, if the good foil will admit of it; none that is 
 bad fhould be thrown up for ufe, but rather moved 
 ywav. This rule of bottom levelling is particularly 
 neceflary when there is clay below, as it will fecretly 
 hold up Wet, which fhould not (land in any part of the 
 garden'. When a piece of ground is cleared of roots, 
 weeds, frones, &c. it would be of advantage, to have 
 the whole thrown into two feet wide trenches, and lay 
 thus as long as conveniently may be. The ground 
 cannot be too well prepared; for when this bufinefs is 
 not performed to the bottom at firft, it is often neg- 
 lected, and is not conveniently done afterwards ; and 
 fo it happens, that barcty a fpade's depth {or lefs) is 
 too often thought fufheient to go on with. There is 
 this great advantage of a deep Kaple, that in the cul- 
 tivation of it, the bottom may be brought to the top 
 tivery other year, by double trenching, and being thus 
 renewed, lefs dung will do, and fweeter vegetables be 
 grown: Tap-rooted tilings as carrots and parfnips re- 
 quire a good depth of foil. ^ 
 
 The afpeel of the vMl defigned for the beit fruits, 
 
 may be full South, or rather inclining to the Eaji, by 
 
 which it will catch the fun's rays at its rife, the cold 
 
 night dews be earlier and more gently diflipated, and 
 
 ;,rhe (torching rays of the afternoon fummer's fun are 
 
 fooner
 
 SECT. III. OF A GARDEN.. £9 
 
 fooncr off. By thus having the walls of a garden hot 
 iire&ly to the four points, the North wall is greatly 
 advantaged, bv having more fun. 
 
 The border' next this wall fhould be of very good 
 earth, about two feet deep, riling a little towards the 
 wall. A free moderate loam, or jome frefh maiden 
 foil, not too light, is ncajjary ; and if it is not natu- 
 rally there, let no trouble be 1'pared to procure it, if it 
 can be had, fo as to make all the borders prcrnlfing 
 good; and in order to this, if manure is neeellary, let 
 it rather be that of rotted vegetables, or turf wi:h a 
 frnall quantity of wood alhes, or a lefs of foot, or fait ; 
 for the roots of fruit-trees fhould not meet with much 
 dung, at leaffc of far/is ; that of coivs is the bell, or 
 that of /keep or hogs, will do, well-rotted, and well 
 mixed, &c. being worked in the borders, as long as 
 pombie before the trees are to be planted. Let the 
 holes be fome time opened beforehand, that they may 
 be unproved by expofure to the atmofphere. Thus due 
 care will be taken, and all things ready to go about the 
 work of planting properlv. 
 
 The borders for peaches, Sec. c.mnot be too wide, 
 for in a few years the roots will (bread a confiderab'ie 
 way; and that thev mtv do it without impediment of 
 rubbilh in the walks, and without meeting with a had 
 foil, is of the greateil confequence to the future health 
 md fruitf ulnefs of the trees. 
 
 If a garden is large and fquare, a fecond South wall, 
 running down the middle of it would be very ufefui ; 
 and fo, if large and long, a crofs wall or two might 
 be adopted, as giving opportunity for the cultivation of 
 more trained jruit trees; and if there is any idea of 
 forcing fruits, thefe inter feeding walls, ranging Eafl and 
 IVeflt are proper for -it (as fituated within the ring 
 fence) furnifhed with flues, &c. 
 
 The bejl fruit border being prepared for peaches, rite- 
 
 tarines and apricots, or vines and Jigs, the trees fhouli 
 
 take their refidence there (if the leaf is falling) about 
 
 C 3 the
 
 30 OF THE FORMATION SECT. III. 
 
 the latter end of October, or as foon after as cnn be. 
 If the middle of December be pair, February is then the 
 time, though fome gardeners plant all winter, if the 
 weather is open enough at the time to work the 
 ground. March may do, or even [upon a pinchj the 
 beginning of April. 
 
 Wall-trees mould not be older than two years from 
 grafting, or budding. Much difappointment has been 
 -the confequence of planting old trained trees, through 
 their being accuftomed (perhaps) to a contrary foil, or 
 by damage done the roots in taking the trees up ; and 
 thus, inftead of faving time, it has frequently been 16ft, 
 being obliged, (after years) to be replaced with young 
 ones. But if trained trees are to be made ufe of, let 
 them be planted as early, and with as full roots as 
 poffible, and in a right good foil. Except in fine fitua- 
 tions, as to fun, fhelter, and climate, never plant 
 early and late peaches, as the fir ft may be cut off, and 
 the latter not ripen : Oflaber peaches are generally poor 
 fruit much North of London. 
 
 The dijlance to plant, mould be about eight or nine 
 inches horn the wall, and let apricots, peaches, and 
 neclarines be twenty feet afunder, more or lefs, accord- 
 ing to the height of the wall ; though for the fmall 
 early forts fifteen or fixteen feet will do. As the larger 
 cpricots, however, grow freely, and do not well endure 
 the knife, they ought to have twenty-live feet allowed 
 them ; This is for a wall of nine or ten feet high; it 
 higher, the diftance ma)' be lefs, and if lower, the 
 contrary. This room may feem (to fome) too great ; 
 but when trees are planted in too confined a fpace, after 
 a few years it is troublefome to keep them pruned 
 within bounds ; and the cutting they viuft have, makes 
 them run to wood, and thus to become lefs fruitful. 
 Fig-trees require as much room as the apricot, or 
 lathef more, as they grow freely, and are to extend with- 
 out fhortening. Though other trees are belt planted 
 in October, the Fig mould not be till March. 
 
 The
 
 SECT. IIT. OF A GARDENS 31 
 
 The intermediate fpaces between peaches, nectarines, 
 and apricots, may have a vine, a dwarf-cherry, or cur- 
 rant, or goofeberry tree, of the early forts, as the fmooth 
 green and final 1 red, to come in early ; and improved 
 in the beauty, fize, and flavour of their fruit, by the 
 advantage of fituation. But wherefoever grapes can 
 be expected to ripen, there let a young plant, or cut- 
 ting, be fet, though the fpace be confined ; for the 
 vine (freely as it fhoots) bears the knite well to keep 
 it within bounds. If the wall be high, the cherry, or 
 plum, may be half-ftandards, which being *fter a' 
 while kept above, will be more out of the way of the 
 principal trees : though dwarfs may be drained fo as 
 not to interfere. Some have planted half-ftandards of 
 the fame kind of fruit as the dwarfs : but which ever 
 way is ufed, let the intermediate trees be pruned away 
 below in good time, in order to accommodate the prin- 
 cipals freely as they mount and extend. The better 
 way however is, when the wall is tolerably covered, 
 to extirpate the intermediate trees, as (when large J 
 they impoverifh the border, and too much rob the 
 principals of nutriment : If taken up well, in feafon, 
 and pruned properly, they may be planted elfewhere, 
 Something merely ornamental may occupy the vacan- 
 cies alfo, as fome double blojfomed fruit tree, pajfion tree, 
 rofes, &c. or in a fine fituation, a pomegranate ; any 
 oi which may be removed when their room is wanted. 
 See fe£hon viii. On planting. 
 
 Plums, cherries, and pears, may occupy the other 
 walls, the two former at about fifteen, or it may be 
 twenty feet afunder. Cherries, except the Morella, will 
 not do well in a full North afpecl ; but any fort 
 of plum (rather a late one) and fummer pears, and alfo 
 nut trees will, if you chufe to train them. There mould 
 always be fome currants and goofeberries in an E. and 
 N. fituation, at the diftance of eight feet, where they 
 will be eafily matted, (when ripe) to come in late, as 
 Odder ^ November r or perhaps- December, Pear trees 
 Ci of
 
 -.25 OF THE FORMATION SECT. Ml. 
 
 *>f free growth are hardly to be kept within tolerable 
 compafs- on l<nv walls ; but if attempted, mould have 
 at- 1 teaft thirty feet allowed them. The beft forts of 
 Pointer pears deferve ajoutherly wall to ripen them well, 
 ^and improve them iri fize and flavour : The gable end 
 *>f a houfe is well adapted for a pear tree, as it affords 
 'room whieh'they require, Apples may do on a Wall, 
 (and if any on a good wall, let it be the golden pippin) 
 yet thepracHce is feldom adopted : The fame may be 
 »faid of Mulberries, though they come to bearing much 
 fooner again ft a wall ; but they need not have a South 
 afpe&, indeed it has been aflertcd, that they do the beft 
 in a North one. For furn idling walls, chu'fe trees of 
 moderate wood, rather than ftrong, young, well rooted, 
 clean, and healthy. 
 
 When the planting of a garden is finifhed, it will 
 be a good way to have a plan of it taken, with tire 
 names of every peculiar tree marked thereon, in their 
 place, to be allured of the forts when they come ; to 
 bear. Some have the names of the trees painted on 
 hoards, and placed behind them, to which it added the 
 time of ripening (fixed late enough) it would tend to 
 prevent a premature plucking by vifitors, &c. 
 
 Here it may be obfeived, that if any evergreen hedges 
 are defired, in or about the garden, yew, box, aluternu'*, 
 telaftrus, phillyrea, and pyracantha, may be kept low, 
 and clipped in form, if fo defired: In addition to which, 
 if a few rojes were intermixed, it would have-a pretty 
 effect. A deciduous hedge for fubdivifion,or fcreen, Sec. 
 may be made of elms or limes, fetting the larger plants 
 at five feet afunder, and a fmaller one between. Or an 
 ordinary fence, or fubdivifion, mav be quickly formed 
 of elder cuttings, ftuck in at two feet afunder, which 
 may be kept cut within bounds. 
 
 The walls come next under confideration, and they 
 are to be begun from the bejlwetll; the border of which 
 being regularly levelled and fettled, the walk is to be 
 governed by it. A wide border next the South (as was 
 
 « ' ' f«id)
 
 SF.CT. III. ©F A GARDEN. 33 
 
 {Ad) is bed for the trees, arid moreover for the many 
 ufes that may be made oi it for the fmaller earl)', or late 
 tender efculents, and a few early cauliflowers. For the 
 fake of a pleafant iheltered walk, to have the Scuth 
 border narrow may be definable; but on no account let 
 it be within fix feet. Take x^re that this zvalk is not 
 Junk too much, and that it have a bottom of good 
 earth, as deep as where the trees are planted. Let the 
 body of gravel be thin, and then the roots of the trees 
 will be admitted to run properly under the walk, and 
 find wholefome nouriihment; where if they were Hop- 
 ped by rubbim, they would be apt to canker, and ir- 
 recoverably dileafe the tree. 
 
 The number and breadth of the walks muff in a 
 meafure be determined by the quantity of allotted 
 ground; exceeding in thefe particulars where there is 
 room. But better be few and wide walks, than many 
 and contracted. If the garden is f'mall, one good waljy 
 all round is fufheient; and if long and narrow, the 
 crofs walks fhoutd not be many : fix, or eight feet walks, 
 are not too wide for a moderate fized garden. 
 
 If the ground be laid out in Autumn, leave the walks 
 alone till Spring, when the earth will be fettled. 
 iJravel laid -towards Winter would be diilurbed by the 
 frolh and the neceHaiy work about the quarters and 
 borders. But whenever made, the garden ought to be 
 full brought to an exact level, or Hope ; then the walks 
 mould be tlumpt, keeping the tops of the flumps very 
 level (as guides) to the true pitch of the quarters by a 
 light hue, made of good hemp,, that will bear pulling 
 tight. Proceed to take the earth out of the alleys- 
 about eight inches deep, which may be thrown towards 
 the middle of the quarters, to. give them ajmall con- 
 vexity, which makes them look well. 
 
 Rake the bottom of the walk level, and lay the 
 
 gravel to within two inches of the top of the flumps. 
 
 The gravel will fettle a little, but the walks mould 
 
 always be about three or four inches at their, edge, 
 
 C 5 beES
 
 34 OF THE FORMATION SKCT.III. 
 
 below the quarters, or thefe will have a flat, and fo a 
 mean appearance. 
 
 If Edgings are to be made, in order to feparate be- 
 tween the earth and gravel, efpecially if of ftone, or 
 wood, or box, they mould be done firft, and they will 
 be a good rule to lay the walks by. 
 
 If plenty of Grave!, lay it moderately fine: if fearce, 
 fome fmall ftones, or rubbiih of any kind, may be laid 
 in firft, and rammed down level with a broad rammer; 
 but do not fpare for a little expence, if gravel can be 
 bad, as a thick coat of fine gravel, will bear relaying, 
 or turning over, to refrefh it cccafionally in the fpring. 
 As the gravel is laid, let the operator neatly rake the 
 larger parts down to the bottom leaving a fine furface, 
 in a /mall degree convex, i. e. juft barely fufficient to 
 throw off w T et : walks that lie high in the middle, are 
 unpleafant to both eye and feet, and cannot be fo well 
 rolled, and kept in order. 
 
 When deep walks of gravel are defigned, for the fake 
 of the mould dug out of the alleys, it fhould be for- 
 borne, and laid thin, if any trees are defigned to be 
 planted near the edge; for if the roots of trees have 
 not a good foil to ftrike into, when they reach the 
 walks they will not (as has been obferved) profper. 
 In laying gravel verv thick, it is a good way to do it 
 at two courfes; the firft of which may be rough as it 
 comes from the pit, yet ftill raking the larger parts 
 down, and then ramming or treading it; and the laft 
 courfe fhould be of ail-fcreened materials. 
 
 It is beft to lay ajnu yards of gravel only at a time, 
 before ramming or treading; after which it may b« 
 necefTary to go over it with a fine iron rake, tooth 
 and back; and then a whole walk being finiihed, it 
 fhould be repeatedly preffed with a moderately heavy 
 roller; and again foon after the next rain that falls : fo 
 will the walks become nicely level and firm, in which 
 their excellence confiils. 
 
 Grafs
 
 SECT. III. OF A GARDEN. 35 
 
 Grafs Walks may do where gravel is fcarce; but 
 the latter is fo clearly preferable, that except for a little 
 Variety in large gardens where there are many walks, 
 they will hardly be made choice of. They are trouble- 
 fome to keep in order, and if much ufed are apt to get 
 bare, and out of level, efpecially when narrow; they 
 are alfo frequently damp to the feet. 
 
 Camomile, has been ufed alfo to form green ©r carpet 
 walks, planting it in fets about nine or ten inches 
 afunder; which naturally fpreading, the runners are 
 fixed by walking on them, or rolling. - 
 
 Sand may be adopted for walks, and there is a 
 binding fort of it, that does very well; but lay not any 
 of it too thick, as it is the lefs firm for it. Drift fand 
 is a good fubffitute for gravel. 
 
 Coal Afhes ftrewed thinlv in the alleys are better 
 than nothing, as they at leaft ferve to keep the feet 
 dry and clean. If the garden beafrrong foil, thefe 
 afhes (when worn down) may be thrown out of the 
 walks, with a little of the earth, and will prove a good 
 manure for the quarters. 
 
 SeaShels make very good walks. 
 
 AW trees defigned to be planted, are to be thought of 
 before winter. Thofe of the wall have been fpoken 
 of; and as to ftandards they muft have a fair depth of 
 good foil (not very dungy) to grow in, for it fhould be 
 remembered, that tree roots in a garden are prevented 
 from running over the fu rf ace, as they do in an un- 
 difturbed orchard. It is neceffary that fome caution 
 fhould be ufed not to dig the ground too near, and 
 too deep about garden trees; left loofening the roots,- 
 they fhould not be able to fland the wind; and becaufe 
 the nearer the furface any root grows, the more and 
 choicer fruit, the tree bears. 
 
 But the fewer flandard trees in a garden the better, 
 as they take up much room, and by their fhade prevent 
 the proper growth of vegetables that are any thing 
 near them: fo that if a garden is, fmall, there fhould' 
 
 C 6 be
 
 56 OF THE"rORMATION SECT. Iff. 
 
 be ho trees except thofe of the wall. The cafe is 
 different where there is ample room ; and the bhjfcms 
 of fruit trees (apples particularly) are fo delightful, 
 tliat if they produced nothing for the palate, there 
 would he a fufficient inducement to plant them for 
 ornament; but hi them be dwarf ftandards, in pre- 
 ference to efpaliers. 
 
 Dwarf -ft andards occafion lefs trouble to keep them 
 3H order than efpaliers, and are (generally) more pro- 
 ductive; for Efpalier trees are feldom managed well, 
 and thus appear unfightly; at beif. they are ftiff and for- 
 mal, and obftrnct the fight in viewing the quarters of 
 a garden, which (if in order,) are worthy of coming 
 under the eye : the violence done to nature, to keep 
 efpaliers in form, is commonly paid by pains and dil- 
 appointroent. A writer of repute obferves, apples on 
 French paradife flocks, planted at eight or nine feet 
 diftance, pruned and kept in an eafy manner, make a 
 fine appearance, and produce better fruit, and in 
 greater quantities, than when they are in efpaliers : 
 Butch paradife ftocks however laft longer, and are 
 altogether fuperior. For managing Divaf trees, fce 
 Pruning. 
 
 If Efpaliers are planted, let them be only fruit of 
 the belt forts, and in Jpacisus gardens,' where they mav 
 fcave a good length and height allowed fchem to grow 
 freely; and let it be refolved to do the buimefe math. 
 If they may have nothing better than poles or Hakes to 
 fce trained to, let them at leaft be ftrait, and ol fome 
 equality in fize, as to height and thicknefs, fmooth, 
 md not too cl unify for the purpofe; fix them well in 
 the ground, upright, and about nine inches a funder ; 
 at firft only four feet from the ground, and raifed as 
 the trees advance in height* Apples on paradfe fiocls 
 beft fuitfor efpaliers m fmall gardens, and pears on 
 quince ftocks, as they maintain a fmall fize; but they 
 4Jf apt to decay by the cutting they muft have, and m 
 <k> aot prove enduring -acts, 
 
 FfpaUer
 
 •SECT. III. OF A CARDtS. £7 
 
 Efpalicr trees mould rather be trained to fawed ma- 
 terials properly framed together, fmoothed and painted. 
 But for a year or two,. they may be fattened to lighjt 
 Hakes, when they will have formed a head, to begin 
 to train them forbearing in the neat manner prpppfed ; 
 i. e. to flips of deal joined to light oak polls as trellifes. 
 Whether the flips be placed perpendicularly, or longi- 
 tudinally, feem indifferent. If the longitudinal mode 
 of training be the bell approved, ftrong iron wire 
 may be recommended to run through the pedis, in- 
 ffead of flips of wood, as. it fhades lefs and is flrongcr 
 and neater. 'If upright flips are ufed, they fhould 
 •be (lender, and from fix to eight, inches diflance, 
 according to the greater or lefs freedom of. the 
 natural growth of the tree. The height may he alfo 
 according to the nature of the tree, from five to fix 
 feet ; and it will not anfwer to have them-low er. Only 
 a moderate length of trellis (on each hand) need be 
 fixed at firft, and fo additions made as the tree extends. 
 The polls may be about four feet afunder, the fi-ril 
 on each hand being two feet, or a yard, from the ftem 
 of the tree. 
 
 apples fhould be allowed twenty-four feet and fears 
 thirty; except thofe grafted on paradife or quince 
 Mocks, for which little more than half this diftanee 
 may do. Cherries and Plums fhould have about 
 eighteen or twenty feet allowed them. Quinces, medlars, 
 mulberries, and filberds may alfo be efpaliered. The 
 trees fhould be planted about a yard from the edge; bijt 
 farther off were better, if the walks he deep of gravel 
 or poor materials. 
 
 The Breda, and Bruffeis apricots, have fucceedejl 
 in efpahers*, as- alio in dwarf and full ft-andards; but 
 the general climate of the place mull be mild, an4 t)?e 
 fuuation they are planted in mufi be very funny .an{l 
 well theitered-. The fruit from tfandard apricots is vejy 
 fine, and abundant^ ^t:$hoy come , not, tQ: bearing 
 under feverai (fometimes te»/qrXwel.ve) years. .,,. g| 
 
 Currants,
 
 38 OF THE FORMATION SECT. III. 
 
 Currants, gocje berries and rafpberries, do well efpa- 
 liered, as to a production of early and fine fruit. 
 
 Trees of a more humble nature, and fhrubs, next 
 occupy attention in furnifhinga garden. Cu rrants and 
 goofeberries (as buihes) mould be planted three feet 
 from the edge, and full fix feet afunder. Some of 
 thefe very ufeful fhrubs mould grow in every afpecl of 
 the garden, in order to have a fucceflion of their fruits, 
 as long as may be. Thofe who choofe to plant whole 
 quarters of currants and goofeberries, ought to do it at 
 fix feet afunder in the rows, and the rows eight feet 
 from one another. 
 
 Rafpberries may be fet in plantations, in rows five 
 feet afunder allowing three teet between the plants. 
 Though thefe fhrubs are beft by themfelves, yet here 
 and there by the walks a detached bunch may be kept, 
 or here and there one againft a warm wall. Between 
 rows of rafpberries planted at the above diflance, 
 coIewcrtSj early cabbages, caulif Givers, and lettuces may 
 be fet, oxjpinuch fowed in drills, the rafpberries having 
 had their pruning and drefling early in Autumn, for 
 the purpofe. Every year a little fhort manure, dug in 
 clofe about the roots, (and deeper as the plantation gets 
 older) will infure fine fruit. Rafpberries are not very 
 nice as to foil and fituation ; but the twice bearing fort 
 mould have a dry foil and warm birth to forward the 
 crops, that the iafi may be in time: See that the plants 
 to be fet have good brulhy roots, and two or three eyes 
 to each root near the ffems, for the next year's bearing. 
 The fmooth wooded, or cane rafp, is to be preferred 
 for a principal crop.. 
 
 Strait .rries may be planted at the edges of borders 
 ana quar _rs, either in (ingle or double rows, (rather 
 the latter) tor the convenience of gathering, and for 
 oynamentj but the common and belt way is, in tour 
 feet beds, with ei btee I inch or two feet alleys, on 
 which beds may be five rows of the zvood and Alpine, 
 four of the JcarUt and pine-apple % three of the Ca- 
 rolina,
 
 SECT. III. OF A GARDEN, 39 
 
 rolina, and two of the Chili; fetting the plants at the 
 fame diftance in the rows, as the rows are from one 
 another in what is called the quincunx order. In a 
 good, cool, loamy foil, which Raits them beft, a little 
 more diOance may be allowed the four firfl forts; and 
 in quite a dry light foil, fomewhat left, that they may 
 fhade one another the better from drought. 
 
 The belt jxiuation for lira wherries is an open and 
 funny one, as thus they bear more, and finer flavoured 
 fruit. Sonu of the jcarlets fhould be planted under 
 warm walls to com j . early. The woods bear fhade as 
 natural to them, and the alp'.nes do tolerably well in it: 
 As lengthening the feafon of fruit is a deurable cir- 
 cumfrance; for the fe three forts (at leaf!) the- fituation 
 fhould be various. 
 
 The moft proper time for planting the ftrawberry is 
 the firfl moiit weatlier in Septkmber, (or even earlier) 
 that they may be eftabliihed in the ground before 
 winter, and they will bear the better the firft year : 
 Froft is apt to throw up late planted ones, and injures, 
 if not deflroys them. Thofe planted in fpring often 
 fuffer from drought, and bear very little the firit year, 
 except the alpines: Choofe forward runners for plant- 
 ing, and let them be from beds in full bearing, i. e. of 
 two or three years old; tor plants from old beds are 
 not fo fruitful : Take care alfo they come from beds 
 producing fruit good in its kind, and true as to fort: 
 Much depends on this, fee Nut/erf* Prefs the mould 
 to the roots, give them a Watering, and again once or 
 twice, if the weather proves dry. Some gardeners let 
 them run over the beds, v. hich in a dry light foil, may 
 be proper; but in this cafe, a greater diftance fhould be 
 allowed them at planting. 
 
 If the alpine fort be planted on a warm border, 
 eighteen inches afuncier, and fuffered to fpread, the- 
 firit runners will fruit the fame year, and fometimes 
 this prolific ftrawberrv bears till November* 
 
 FreuY
 
 40 OF THE FORMATION* SECT. II'. 
 
 Frefh plantations of ltrawbcrries mould be made 
 every, fourth year, though in a good foil, and with good, 
 management they will continue longer; fa that where, 
 they are fufTered to run, the plants being frequently 
 renewed, and old ones removed, beds have borne tole- 
 rably for ten years. Some gardeners inlilt that this 
 fpreading mode is the bell way of cultivating the ftraw- 
 berry. In a dry feafon, fuch full covered beds have 
 the advantage; but in a wet one, the fruit is apt to rot y 
 though flili in fuch a feafon, it is cleaner than from 
 plants growing in an open way; but this carries the 
 appearance of, (and rather argues) neglected culture. 
 See the fections, mirfcry, pruning, and fruits. The 
 method of keeping them in detached plants produces 
 the largeft and belt ripened fruit, and on the whole is 
 preferable; for which practice there cannot be a 
 Wronger argument, than that thofe follow it y who culti- 
 vate the flraw berry for Idle. See fe&ion 17. 
 
 The zvateringof strawberries mould not be neglected, 
 doing it almoit daily, when in flower and are fetting 
 their fruit, if the weather proves dry, particularly to 
 thofe under a warm wall; but this isnotto be continued 
 when the fruit is nearly ripe, which would fpoil the. 
 flavour, and difpofe them to decay. 
 
 Fhwering Shrubs may be difperfed about, and her,- 
 baceous perennial flowers; but pkm£ them not too near 
 the edge, leit they hangover the walks: The bulbous 
 forts-may however be within fix inches. 
 
 Ajparagus and artichokes fhould be thought of, but 
 they take up much room, and in Jmall gardens may 
 therefore be left out. It will be of little ufe to have 
 lefs than fifty or lixty feet of ajparagus beds, as there: 
 would be fo few heads to cut at a time;, and artichokes- 
 mult be planted wide, or they will not grow large and 
 ilefhy, in which their merit conhlls. 
 
 Let not pot herbs be forgot, but provide a general 
 herbary in that part of tlic garden which is molt con- 
 tiguous u> the lutchen, 
 
 9 Having
 
 SF.CT.III> OF A CARDEN. 4r 
 
 Having fpoken of Jlationary things, the routine of 
 the feafons nuifl di&ate the reft; and the inclinations 
 of the palate will refrefh the memory to take care of 
 providing the moft neceflary and agreeable efculents 
 for dretfing, and rwjallads. 
 
 Perennial 'flowers have been mentioned ; but let fancy 
 direft as many annuals, and biennials to be cultivated, 
 as room can conveniently be found for, that the garden 
 may be, as much as poflible, ornamented. 
 
 In furnijhing a garden with Jhrubs and floxvers, re- 
 fpe& mould be had to their ufual height, their bulk,. 
 (tlmr and feafon, (fee feftion 19) that the mixture 
 may be properly varied, harmonious to the eye, and 
 come in regular fucceflibn. The latter end of the 
 year is feldom provided for fo well as it might be* 
 late flowers fhould be fet in warm fituations, as their 
 proper place. In the moft dreary months, by judicious 
 planting, evergreens in their neat and cheerful '* winter 
 liveries," may be viewed from our windows,' and ferve 
 inueadof flowers. 
 
 Thofe who garden upon a large fcale, fhould take 
 care to have every thing proper and convenient libe- 
 rally provided. Let there be a well fituated place for 
 hot-beds, with fome building as a tool houfe, and (if dry) 
 for keeping bulbs, feeds, and herbs. Thofe alfo who 
 garden even upon a fmall fcale will do well to have 
 every needful implement: It is the way to fave time 
 and labour, and have work done well. 
 
 If water can be introduced, and kept clean with 
 verdant banks around it, it would be found very ufefiil 
 where a garden is large-, but let it be near the center as 
 poflible, as the moft convenient fituation. It fhould 
 be fed from a fpring,and (if it could) be made to drip 
 in the refervoir, becaufe its trickling noife is agreeable . 
 in a garden to moil ears. ' 
 
 Mixed Gardening, as comprehending the ufeful with 
 the placet-— the profitable with the pleafant, has been the 
 fubjecl hitherto; but if the flnver garden and -the 
 
 kitchen
 
 42 OF THE FORMATION SECT. MI. 
 
 kitchen garden are to be diftincl: things, the cafe is alter- 
 ed; not fo much indeed, but that flill the kitchen garden 
 fhould be adorned with a fprinkling of the more ordi- 
 nary decorations, to fkirt the quarters, chiefly thofe of 
 the moil: powerful fweet fcents, as rojcs, fwect-briars, 
 and honey -Juckles, zvall flowers, flocks, pinks, minicnet, 
 &c. in order to counteract, the cparfer effluvia of vege- 
 tables, or of dead leaves, which, however, fhould not be 
 fuffered to annoy. 
 
 The flower garden (properly fo called) fhould be 
 rather Jmall than large ; and if a feparate portion of 
 ground be appropriated for this, only the choiceji gifts 
 of Flora mould be introduced, and no trouble fpared 
 to cultivate them in the hcji manner. The beds of this 
 garden fhould be narrow, and confequently the walks 
 numerous ; and not more than one half, or two thirds 
 the width of the beds, except one principal walk all 
 round, which m-y be a little wider. The gravel (or 
 whatever the walks are made of) mould lie about four 
 inches below the edge. The beds for tulips, hyacinths, 
 mnemonics, ranuncuhijes, &c. may be three and a half, 
 or four feet wide, and thofe for fingle flowers the 
 fame, or only two and a half feet wide in the borders ; 
 which was the moil ufual breadth in the old flower 
 gardens. Let the beds lie rather rounded in the middle, 
 but the walks flat. 
 
 Figured parterres have got out of fafhion, as a tafte 
 for open <md extenfive gardening has prevailed; but 
 when the beds are not too fanciful, but regular in their 
 fhapes, and chiefly at right angles, (.d'ter the Chineje 
 manner) an affemblage of all forts of flowers, in a 
 fancy fpot of about fixty feet fquare, is a delightful 
 home fource of pie dure, worthy ot purfuiu There 
 fhould be neat edgings of box to thefe beds, or rather 
 of neat inch boards, painted lead colour, to keep up 
 the mould. Be fure to keep the box from the very firft 
 (as foon as rooted) and always after, as low as poilible: 
 Clip it twice a year, April and July. 
 
 An
 
 SECT. III. OF A GARDEN. 45 
 
 An orchard may be fpoken of here; i.e. a fpot 
 to y\zxti.Jlandard fruit trees in, which are forbidden a 
 place in the garden; but it mud not be a fmall fpot. 
 The front row, mould be half ilandards, or before 
 thefe may be a row of dwarfs; obferving to plant the 
 moft towering forts (in kind) of the full ftandards be- 
 hind. The ground mould be dug thoroughly as low 
 as the proper foil is, and if not naturally good, let it 
 be improved by dung duly rotted, and worked well 
 in a full fpade deep. In a ftrong foil, lime fhould make 
 a part of the manure. If the ground be naturally un- 
 even, it will not be proper to level it, as this would rob 
 'the higher parts, and needlefsly enrich the lower. A 
 ftrong cool foil does belt for an orchard, but it mull not 
 be wet. If it holds up water, it mould be well drained 
 by deep covered trenches. 
 
 A piece of ground defigned'for an erchard t would 
 be greatly improved by firft cultivating it as a kiichm 
 garden for a year or two, manuring well at the time : 
 Or, give it a good tillage; let it have a winter's 
 froft, by deep trenching into high ridges, turned over 
 in fpring, and furnmer fallowed. The trees being 
 planted, at proper diitaiices, the ground may be kept 
 under fome fori of crop, for feveral years to come, 
 with fome annual drefhng. In a large orchard, the 
 plough may be ufed for corn, potatoes, carrots, &c. 
 If the foil is poor, frequent opportunity fhouid be taken 
 to give it a little manure, that there may be proper food 
 prepared for the roots, as they extend. No doubt 
 many orchards would bear much better, if the whole 
 ground (as the roo.s extend far) werebelore winter dug 
 or ploughed over every fecond, or third year, and 
 drefied, by digging in fome rotten dung, or fprinkhng 
 over the whole (when rough dug) foot and pigeon's 
 dung, or that of any other poultry; this will walh in by 
 
 rami
 
 4* OF THE FORMATION SECT. Ill, 
 
 fains and fnows, and do much good. Or if an orchard 
 were ploughed, or rough dug, every year, immediately 
 after the faft of the leaf without manuring, it would be 
 very beneficial; for it is not ad v if cable- to give trees 
 much dunrr. 
 
 The thinning of the branches of orchard trees, by 
 an occafional ufe of the Jaw, bill, chizzel, or knife, 
 fhould not be neglecled, that the air may have free 
 courfe, and the fun accefs among the branches: This 
 is more efpecially neceffary in thick planted orchards, 
 and the benefit of proper pruning is very great, though 
 it is much neglecled. See Pruning of Standards, Section 
 
 XII. 
 
 To fucceed well, apples and pears fhourd be planted 
 from thirty to forty feet a f under, and cherries and plums 
 from twenty to thirty, according to the richnefs of the 
 land. The walnut fhould be rather planted fingly;. but 
 if in a number together, ought to be forty feet afunder 
 ior fruity and thirty for timber. See Nurfery. Thefe 
 diflances appear great, but it is neceflary, as after a few 
 years clofer planting would be found evident. See 
 planting and pruning, Seel. 9, 12. 
 
 If the intermediate ground is not cultivated, as before 
 recommended, lome fort of fruit (as cherry, plum, or 
 codling) or young furell trees may be planted, to be re- 
 moved in time ; or currants, goofeberries, ike. it may 
 be kept alfo in grafs, the trees t horned, and fmall cattle 
 •turned in; which grafs, as it comes early, will be found 
 particularly ufeful to thofe who have much lh>ck. On 
 this fubject, however, it may not be amifs to give the 
 inftruftions of one of our bed gardeners. 
 
 It is an error (fays he) to let turf cover the fnrfacc 
 of the ground in an orchard. The trees fhould be at 
 fuch diitances, that a plough may go between them, 
 and in that cafe the trees thrive every way better ; 
 the breaking of the ground fei ves as manure without 
 its ranknefs, and the fun and air have free pajlage, 
 which is very eifential to the good tafte and. well ripen- 
 ing
 
 StCT. IV. OF A GARDEN. 4S 
 
 ing of the fruit. Where the plough cannot be ufecr, 
 dig the ground a full fpade deep, picking out the root's 
 oi weeds. 
 
 The heft manure for an orchard, is a mixture of two 
 parts dung and one part coal- foot. Let this be blended 
 careful!)', and fpread aH over the ground, between the 
 trees, not piled up in heaps juft about their flems, 
 according to the old praclice. 
 
 The cultivation of the ground about the trees in an 
 orchard, is more negletted than any other part ot the 
 gardener's bufinefs, yet there is not any thing more 
 nee e (Far y. HiJL 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 mmm 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 OF THE CULTIVATION OF A GARDEN. 
 
 T I ^HE cultivation of a garden includes the doing all 
 JL thofe things that are neceiTary, in order to a 
 reafonableand prolific production of the various vegeta- 
 bles, fruits and flowers, we are difpoled to propagate. 
 
 The foil muft be firft attended to, always to keep 
 the fruit borders in heart, and the quarters in a proper 
 Jtate for ufe, when called upon to receive either feeds 
 or plants. .Ground mould never he long without 
 birring;; for the foil of a garden, Jhauld be in a free, 
 fweet, and rich ftate, by proper digging, .&c. or no 
 great things can be done, as to forward, handfbme, 
 cr well flavoured productions.. It mould be Jm\ that 
 
 the
 
 46 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT.'IV. 
 
 the roots of plants may not be impeded in the queft 
 of food ; fweet, that the food may be wholefome; and 
 rich, that there may be no defect of nutriment. 
 
 Trenching the vacant ground in a garden, fc does good 
 to all foils in the autumn and zvinter feafons, and that 
 in proportion to its ilrength being indifpenfibly fiecef- 
 fary for clays to feparate and ameliorate the parts : The 
 light foils may do by being only rough dug, which is a 
 method that flronger foils will be alfo benefited by. 
 The foil would be ftill farther improved, byre-trench- 
 ing, or rough-digging, once or twice more in the 
 winter, if the opportunity offers, particularly if ftrong 
 or ftubborn. Let the ridges lie E. and W. except the 
 ground be a flope, when they may be in the direction 
 •that does. 
 
 When manure is applied, the ground is not to be 
 glutted with dung; for a little at a time, well-rotted, 
 is fufficient, fo that it comes often enough, as opportu- 
 nity, and the nature of the cropping may dictate. It 
 is indeed a fort of rule with gardeners, that ground 
 fhould be dunged every fecond year ; but circum- 
 ilancesmay make more orlefs of it neceflary, and rules 
 fhould never be indifcriminately applied. If dung is 
 pretty well reduced (as it were to" earth) much lefs will 
 do, and let it not be buried too deep ; but if it is other- 
 wife, lay it low, to be dug upwards another time, when 
 it is more confumed. 
 
 It is an excellent way of manuring,: efpecially where 
 the fuperficial foil is much exhaufted, to fpread over 
 rotten dung, late in autumn, in the winter, or early in 
 fpring, and fo let it remain, till the ground is wanted, 
 before it is dug in ; which fhould however be {lightly 
 dug before the manure is put on, or forked in a little 
 afterwards. This method is particularly to be re- 
 commended where crops of onions, leeks, and fuch 
 fuperficial rooting plants are to be. 
 
 Dung ufed in great quantities, and lying in lumps, 
 breeds worms, grubs, and infecls, and makes plants 
 
 grow
 
 SECT. IV. OF A GARDEN. 47 
 
 grow too rampant and rank flavoured. Carrots it 
 cankers, and it difagrees with many things; it is apt 
 alfo to make the ground parch, and burn the crops 
 fown upon it in a hot fummer. On thefe accounts 
 fome perfons have been induced to drefs their gardens 
 only with rich frefh earth; which, if they do not over- 
 crop, will do very well, being accompanied with good 
 tillage; which alone is of much ufe and is eflential to 
 due cultivation. Vegetables are always Jweeter, the 
 lefs dung is ufed, and little need be ufed, when the 
 natural foil is good and deep ; for the earth may be fo 
 dug, that what is at the top one year may be at the 
 bottom the next : which is a manoeuvre evidently advan- 
 tageous, as a good part of the flrength of the top foil 
 wafhes downwards: The method juft recommended, 
 of letting dung lie on the furface for a time, is good 
 alfo, as it abates the ranknefs of it. 
 
 If the ground is in proper hearty every fpot may be 
 contrived to be conjianily and fuccefs fully cropped. 
 The common gardeners about London, and other great 
 towns, who give high rents for their land, contrive 
 (manuring well) a fuccejjion of crops, one under ano- 
 ther very dexteroufly; and this fort of conduct mould 
 be imitated by private perfons. Thus a little fpot, in 
 ikilful and induitrious hands, (hall be much more 
 productive than a much greater under contrary ma- 
 nagement: But when hard worked, the foil will not do 
 without a good deal of dung. 
 
 A caution rauft be obferved, for if plants grow 
 crowding thick, it defeats the end' in view ; and fruit 
 borders mufl not be much cropped, furnifhing them 
 chiefly with fmall plants, of fhort duration, and fu- 
 perficial growth, left the roots of the trees be too much 
 robbed and fhaded. 
 
 Have an eye on vacant ground, either forimmediate 
 ufe, or to prepare it for future. 
 
 In the occupation of ground, the change of crops 
 will be proper, as each fort of plant draws a Jomewhat 
 
 different
 
 4» OF THE CULTIVATION 4E6T. IV. 
 
 different nourifhment: fo that after a full crop of one 
 thing, one of another kind may often be immediately 
 fown ; but it mould be contrived that a wide crop may 
 follow a clofe one, and contrariwifc. 
 
 Chfe crops, as onions, leeks, carrots, Sec. are con- 
 veniently and neatly cultivated in beds of from four 
 to five feet widths, with alleys of a foot to eighteen 
 inches between them. 
 
 The feafins proper for furniming the ground with 
 every particular vegetable, fhould be well attended to, 
 that each may be obtained as early as its nature will 
 permit ; and of the feeds and plants we ufe, care mud 
 be taken to procure the bejl of the kind, left after all 
 the trouble of cultivation, difappointment as to quality 
 fhould enfue. 
 
 The quantity fown and planted is (in a degree) to be 
 determined by the portion of ground that can be (pared ; 
 but it fhould be always a rule, to fow and plant more 
 than probably enough, as more may happen to be 
 wanted than expected, and a crofs fcafon or other 
 accident, may occafiou a failure. As exact rules can- 
 not be laid down, the exercife of a little judgment will 
 be neceflary, in order to proportion crops aright; for to 
 have .too much of one thing, and too little of another, is 
 ciifagreeable, and difcreditablc. Refpect fhould be paid 
 to the natural duration of crops, fome going off foon, 
 and others being lading, and that too according to the 
 fcafon they are propagated in* See, Of propagation, iu 
 the next feet ion. 
 
 Seeds and plants fhould be adapted at much as pof- 
 fible to the J oil and fituation which beft fuits them ; for 
 in the fame garden fome difference will be found, not 
 only as to fun and fhelter, but the earth ; as fome will 
 be richer* fome poorer, fome deeper, fome fhallower, 
 and fom.e (perhaps) heavier, fome lighter, in due atten- 
 tion to which, advantage is to be reaped. 
 
 Let the ground really on all ©ccafions be 'well dug. 
 
 I J \edin*
 
 SECT. IV. OF A GARDEN'. 4£ 
 
 Jl r eeding in time is a material thing in culture, and 
 flirting the ground about plants, as al [o earthing up, 
 where necelfary, muff be attended to; and in feme 
 cafes prefiing the mould to the items of vegetables 
 wril be proper, for their better fupport. Earthing up 
 well before winter fro ft fets in, preferves plants, for- 
 wards, and improves them. Weeds exhauit the 
 itrength of the ground, and if they are fufTered to feed 
 and fow themfelves, may be truly called, " garden 
 Jiiis:' The hand and hoc are the inftruments for the 
 purpofe; and where the trouble is not to* muefe, the 
 former will generally be the belt, when it is not 
 thought necelfary to flir the ground ; which indeed 
 may be done afterwards, when all is clean, to better 
 purpofe. Uigging, where the fpade can go, between 
 the rows of plants is a good method of deflroying weeds, 
 and as it cuts off the (haggling fibres of growing roots, 
 itrike afrefh, in numerous new moots, to the gteat 
 benefit of the plants. Deep hoeing gives a degree of 
 fertility to the earth. Breaking the furface will keep 
 - oil in health ; for when it lies in a hard or bound 
 ilate, enriching mowers run off, and the falubrious air 
 cannot enter. 
 
 The thinning of feedling crops fhould be done in 
 time, before the young plants have drawn one another 
 up too much. All plants grow ftronger, and ripen 
 their juices better, when the air circulates freely round 
 them, and the fun is not prevented from an immediate 
 influence; an attention to which mould be paid from 
 the//// appearance of plants breaking. ground" 
 
 In thinning cloje crops, as onions^ carrots, turnips 
 &c. be fure that they are not left too near, for infiead 
 ut reaping a greater produce, there would afmrediy 
 be a lefs. When they ftand too cbfe, they will make 
 tail and largc'tops, but are prevented (welling in their 
 roots : better to err on tin; zvide fide, for though ther< 
 are fewer plants they will be fine/.
 
 50 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV. 
 
 In the f ricking and planting out of crops, be fure to 
 do it as early as may be ; let every thing be regular, 
 (not fparingto ufc the line) allowing always room enough 
 fortius work ; and being thus treated, vegetables will 
 come forwarder, larger, and of a fuperior flavour. 
 Thefe advantages are feen in all things, but in lettuces 
 particularly, which often have not half the room al- 
 lowed them they mould. Over cropping robs the 
 ground of flrength to no purpofe, except iucreafing 
 the dunghill ; it makes it alfo inconvenient to weed, 
 rake and clean up, which in a private garden (at leaf!) 
 it is proper frequently to do. 
 
 Dibble planting, as being eafy and expeditious, is 
 the common way of fetting out plants by ; but (ex- 
 cept indeed quite fmall ones) they are belt put in by a 
 fmdW/pade or troivel. In the former method, the roots 
 are frequently doubled and diflorted, fo as to receive 
 (at leaftj a great check, if not to occafion a failure, 
 when fo put out towards winter; but in the latter way 
 the roots lie free and eafy, and prefently eftablilh them- 
 felves in health and flrength. There is more in this 
 than gardeners in general allow oi. Ground defigned 
 to be planted, is beft dug a day or two before wanted. 
 
 Watering is a thing of fome importance in cultiva- 
 tion, though not fo much as many make it. It is a 
 moot point, whether more harm than good is not 071 
 the -whole, done by it, when it is thought generally ne- 
 cefTary in a dry feafon. In a large garden, it is an 
 Herculean labour to water every thing, and fo the 
 temptation generally prevails either wholly to negleft 
 it, or to do it irregularly or defectively. To water 
 nothing is too much on the dry fide : but there is fuch 
 a thing as watering too much, which fpoils the flavour, 
 and makes efculents lefs wholefome. 
 
 But watering will alluredly benefit fome things; as 
 
 (fparingly) new planted trees, flowers and vegetables. 
 
 Watering is of ufe to fettle the earth about the roots 
 
 of plants newly fet, for it is by a clofe union, (as it 
 
 6 were)
 
 SECT. IV. OF A GARDEN. 51 
 
 were) of the earth with them, that they profper. The 
 watering ot new planted things may be to be repeated, 
 but it mould not be done very often, as it is then apt 
 to ficken, and rot the young roots. As foon as they 
 are believed to have got hold of the ground, defift from 
 watering. When any plant is towards flowering then 
 moiflure is more necefTary. 
 
 Shading of new planted things, particularly flowers, 
 is of much benefit, and that in proportion as the fea- 
 fon is funny. So that the imitating a cloud by a made, 
 is evidently proper, and frequently necefTary to the 
 life of the plant, as negle&ing this bufinefs has fre- 
 quently proved : as a little water in a cloudy time does 
 plants much good, fo when fhaded. 
 
 Strawberries and Cauliflowers are generally watered 
 in a dry feafon ; that is, the ftrawberries, when in bloom, 
 in order to fet the fruit, and the cauliflowers, when they 
 fhew Jjruitj in order to fwell the head : In a light foil 
 this ought particularly to be done. In very dry wea- 
 ther, ajparagus fcediings, early turnips, carrots, radi/hes, 
 and jmall-fallads will need watering. Slips, cuttings, 
 and layers of any kind will need water. Pets of flowers 
 mujl have it frequently. 
 
 When watering is undertook, let it be a complete 
 bufinefs; i. e. to the bottom and extent of the roots, 
 as much as may be. The wetting only the furface 
 of the ground is of little ufe, and of fome certain 
 harm, as it binds and cracks the earth, and fo ex- 
 cludes the benefit of fhowers, dews, air and fun, from 
 entering the foil, and benefitting the roots as they 
 other wife would do. Wetting the furface of the ground, 
 (however) in a fummer's evening, as it makes a cool 
 atmofphere, a dew is formed, which pervades the leaves, 
 and helps to fill their exhaufted vends. 
 
 Watering the roots of wall-trees, (if dry weather) 
 
 when the fruit is fetting, is by fome thought necefTary. 
 
 The heft way to do this effe&ually, is to make a few 
 
 holes at fome diitance from the tree with a fmooth 
 
 D 2 iharp
 
 b2 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV. 
 
 fharp pointed (lake, the better to let the water down ; 
 but this may wound the roots, and mould only be prac- 
 ticed in a light foil, and very dry fcafon. To young 
 trees only it can however be of ufe, for the roots of 
 old ones run far and wide ; and it is the fmall fibres of 
 thefe distant roots, on which the tree chiefly depends for 
 food. Vines mould have no water till they are off 
 bloffom, (July) and the fruit as big as large pins heads ; 
 and then if the feafon be Very hot and dry, watering the 
 roots twice a week will help the fruit to fwell. 
 
 An engine to water the leaves of vines, and all other 
 wall trees in a fummer evening, refrelhes them much, 
 and helps to rid the trees and wall of infecis and filth. 
 Late in the fummer, when the nights begin to get cold, 
 it is time to leave off all watering, except things in pits, 
 and frames^ which mould have it then only in the morn- 
 ing. As watering is apt to make ground hide-bound 
 and unfightly, let the Jurface be occafionally ffirred 
 and raked, which will make future waterings enter the 
 ground the better : when the ground is hard on the 
 top, the water runs away from its proper place, and 
 half the labour is loft. Many things are impatient of 
 being kept wet about the fhanks, and therefore water- 
 ing (hould be generally at a little diftance. 
 
 The quality of water ufed for refreflung plants is a 
 material thing, and it is very various in its nature, ac- 
 cording to the peculiar earths and mineral fubiiances, 
 that it palTes through. Rain water is by far the beft, 
 as appears by the verdure and vivacity it gives : It is 
 nourifhing, as being lull ot vegetable food. 
 
 River water is next in fitnefs, and pond water fol- 
 lows. Well w r ater is of leaft account, though local 
 circumflances occafion its ufe the moll. So that in 
 forming a judgment concerning watering, it is not 
 (imply to be confidered, whether plants Jhould be wa- 
 tered ; but whether with well water, and that too from 
 a pump. Pump water, if ufed direclly (to fay nothing 
 gt it's hardnefs) ii fo cold in fummer, that the roots 
 
 feel
 
 SECT. IV. OF A GARDEN. 5$ 
 
 feel an extreme fenfation ; for as they are then warm, 
 through a lively fermentation in the earth, great cold 
 fo contracts their vefTels, that they perform their proper 
 offices with difficulty, and become difeafed. 
 
 Hard water is foftened by throwing in a little dung, 
 lime, marie, or earth, and rather that of a loamy nature, 
 or clay, which will greatly fit it for ufe. Sorneperfons 
 keep chalk in wells, cifterns, &c. to foften the water; 
 and others have kept hard water on bruifed oyfter-Jhells 
 a few days in a tub, with a view to watering flowers, 
 Sec. others have put a bag of barley in it, finding the 
 water that lr-.;s been ufed in malting, is rendered very 
 fott, though ever fo hard when put on the grain. Frefh 
 bran foftens water much, ftirring it up now and then 
 for a day or two. At any rate, however, let hard 
 water ftand expofed to the fun and air, as long as may- 
 be ; a few T hours will improve it, but a few days will 
 better qualify it for vegetation. 
 
 Water is fometimes enriched with dungs and falts. 
 Some experiments of putting a fmall quantity of nitre 
 into water to keep flowers flourifhing in phials, and 
 rooted plants in pots, appear to prove beneficial. That 
 coarfer way of impregnating water with dungs may 
 be ufeful to pots of plants that are too full of roots, or 
 to any thing growing in a poor foil; but the water 
 fhould not be made too rank, or fufTered to touch the 
 leaves; it mould ftand alfo in the fun two or three days, 
 and be ftirred up now and then. Sheep's-dung for the 
 purpofe, is to be preferred, though others may do. Let 
 the rule be, to impregnate the water about an equivalent 
 of an ounce of fea-falt to a gallon : A ftronger mixture 
 might do mifchief; yet a rich one poured plentifully 
 on old afparagus beds in autumn and fpring would do 
 much good. 
 
 The management of a garden, as fomewhat 
 
 diftinft from the cultivation of it, is an object of confe- 
 
 quence; i.e. to keep it infuchoRDER, that it may not 
 
 tail in thofe general impreffions oipleajure it is capable 
 
 D 3 of
 
 54 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV, 
 
 of affording, when things are {hewn in their be ft man- 
 ner. A garden may be cultivated fo as to be profitable ; 
 and yet not conducted fo as to be agreeable to walk in, 
 whicli in a private garden is a circumftance fnrely to be 
 lamented : The proper appearance of a zvell managed 
 one is expreffed by the word neat : Let all be done 
 that can be in order to it. 
 
 To be neat, weeding muft be induftrioufly followed 
 up, and all litter that is made in working, quickly car- 
 ried off. The ground alfo mould be frequently {lined 
 and raked between crops, and about the borders, to 
 give all a frejh appearance. There is a pleafantneis 
 to the eye in new broken earth: and when there are no 
 flowers left in the borders, this gives an air of cul- 
 ture, and is always agreeable : The obfervation is par- 
 ticularly meant to apply in autumn, that the garden 
 may not become dreary too foon, and fo bring on winter 
 before its time. An Afparagus fork is expeditious and 
 ufeful in this cafe ; but it muff be {lightly ufed, left it 
 difturb the roots of plants too much. Vegetables mould 
 not be fuffered to rock themfelves by wind, fo as to 
 form holes round their ft ems, but be well earthed up 
 (49) or otherwife fupported. 
 
 Trees and Jhrubs Ihould be conftantly freed from 
 fuckers and dangling moots, and wall trees ought to 
 be regularly kept in order agreeable to directions in the 
 fection, On pruning. 
 
 Let gravel walks be kept free from tveeds and ?nofs, 
 often fwept, and well rolled after rain. If there is 
 quantity of gravel enough in the walks to relay, or 
 turn them up every tyring, or once in two years, it 
 will thoroughly clean them, and make them appear 
 lively. MoJ's may be either fcraped off with a trowel, 
 or fome fuch mlirument, or rubbed oft' by repeated 
 flrokes of a broom not quite new. 
 
 Grafs plats and zualks fhould have their edges occa- 
 fionally cut, and be mowed, as often as there is the 
 hall hold for the fcythe, for they lofe much of their 
 
 beaut)-,
 
 SECT. IV. OF A GARDEN 7 . 55 
 
 beauty, when the grafs gets long; leaves fhould not 
 be fuffered to remain on them as it flaiiis the grafs ; 
 anil worm calls mould be cleared away. 
 
 Edgings of all forts fhould be kept in good order, 
 as having a lingular neat effect in the appearance of a 
 garden. The dead edgings will fometimes, and the 
 live edgings often want putting to rights; either 
 cutting, clipping, or making up complete. Where 
 there are no edgings, or but weak ones, let the earth 
 bordering on the walks be kept/frwi, and now and then 
 worked up by a line in moift weather, beating it fmooth 
 with the fpade. 
 
 Some fruits may need fupport, by tying their weak 
 branches when they get heavy, to flakes, &c. Rows of 
 rafpberries and beans are kept neatly up in their lines, by 
 putting in here and there a flake, and ufing packthread 
 lengthwife ; and thus will they bear better, and be 
 more conveniently gathered. Strawberries of fine heavy 
 forts, will be preferved from getting dirty and rptten, 
 by tying their items to little fticks ; by this practice 
 the fruit alfo gets better ripened, and of a finer flavour : 
 Some perfons lay tiles, or mofs round the plants, when 
 the fruit is half grown ; but this is not (generally) fo> 
 well, only it has the advantage in keeping the ground 
 cooler in a hot feafon. The firft and hnellfcarlets befl 
 deferve this trouble. 
 
 Flowers mould be frequently feen to, to tie up, and 
 trim off dead and dangling parts. Some of them can- 
 not do without fupport, and many forts are made more 
 fecure and beautiful by proper ties. If this bufinefs is 
 neglected, a heavy rain or ftrong wind may come, 
 and lay all proitrate, efpecially about the equinoctial 
 feafons ; but weaknefs or their own weight, will often 
 bring flowers down. 
 
 The ficks ufed for flowers, fhould be of fmooth 
 
 wood, as hazle or fallow, or of neat painted flips of 
 
 deal, with or without an ornamental head ; white is the 
 
 belt colour, on account of .its contrail with the leaves. 
 
 D 4 New
 
 56 OF THE CULTIVATION SECT. IV. 
 
 New bafs wetted, fine {oh packthread, or green yarn are 
 proper for the ties, which ihould be twilled firft lound 
 the Hick, and then round the flower : let the ends of the 
 firing be cut off clofe. The flicks ihould have fmooth 
 and fharps points, otherwife they may damage the roots, 
 and will not hold fo fan 1 in the ground ; thruft them in 
 as far from the flem as conveniently may be, and let 
 attention be paid to bulbous roots not to go fo near as to 
 wound them. Do not think of forcing all the branches 
 of a large bufhy head to a fingle Hick ; but let two or 
 more be ufed, as may appear necefTary, obferving that 
 there is fomething of an equality of fize in the Hicks 
 ufed to the fame flower. 
 
 Some perfons are very incurious about their flower 
 flicks, which may rather be called/lakes, even when 
 applied to the fmaller fort of plants. Sticks may alfo 
 be too weak for large ones, and a due proportion is there- 
 fore necefTary to propriety and neatnefs. 
 
 Decaying flowers fhould be timely trimmed or re- 
 moved, and perennials fhould be regularly freed from 
 the parts running to feed, (except fo much as may be 
 wanted] as the produ6lion of feeds weakens the root 
 much ; fometimes even caufing death, and thus many 
 curious perennials have been loft, efpecially the firil 
 year of planting them. To preferve any particular 
 fort therefore, let the flems be cut down as foon as 
 the flowers appear to be going off, or to fecure the root 
 in ftrength, let them not flower at «//the firft year. 
 
 Vegetables decaying are uffenfive, and thole prema- 
 turely fpindling, and fuperfluous ones, fprouts, &c. 
 running for feed, Ihould not be fuffercd to continue in 
 the ground (as they often are) to exhauft its ftrength, 
 and look unfightly. 
 
 The management of a garden (fummarily fpeaking) 
 confifls in attention and application ; the firft fhould be 
 of that wary and provident kind, as not only to do 
 well in the prefent, but for the future ; and the latter 
 fhould be of fo diligent nature as (willingly) " Never 
 
 to
 
 SECT. V. OF A GARDEN. S7 
 
 to defer that till to-morrow which may be done to day," 
 Procrafiination is of ferious confequence in gar- 
 dening; and neglect of times and feafons is fruitful of 
 difappointment and complaint. It will often happen, 
 indeed, that a gardener cannot do what he would ; but 
 if he does not do what he can, he will be molt juflly 
 blamed, and perhaps cenfured by none more than 
 
 HIMSELF. 
 
 SECTION V, 
 
 OF PROPAGATION. 
 
 PLANTS are propagated hy feeds, fuckers, flips, off- 
 fets, divifions, cuttings, layers, and graffs. 
 
 By feed is the moft general method ot propagation, 
 and plants raided any other way aFe feldom fo fine. 
 Thofe plants from feed which have never been re* 
 moved, are commonly handfomer, and come forwarder, 
 than thofe that have been tranfplanted, provided they 
 were fown in a proper foil and fituation. 
 
 As upon feed being right in kind and good in nature, 
 depends the fuccefs, care mould be taken to procure 
 the beft, and no temptation fuffered to prevail for the 
 ufe of an inferior kind, or of one only fufpecled of 
 being fo, if it can be helped ; for to cultivate a foil, 
 and ufe a wrong or defective feed knowingly, is folly 
 indeed! Large feeds may have the doubtful picked out. 
 
 The largeft feed of the kind, plump and found, is 
 
 to be choien, being well ripened and kept from injuries 
 
 D 5 of
 
 38 OF PROPAGATION. SECT. V. 
 
 of weather and infeHs : for, as the largeft animals pro- 
 duce the moll profitable flock, fo it is in vegetables ; 
 which directs the gardener always to fave feed only 
 from the forwardeil ami handfomeft uninjured plants. 
 As in animals the young may be ftunted by bad ma- 
 nagement, and defective food, lb in vegetables, the 
 feed being good will not be alone fufncient, if the foil 
 and culture be not right. 
 
 Commonly fpeaking new feed is to be preferred to 
 old, as growing the more luxuriantly, and coming up 
 the furer and quicker. This circumitance induces 
 fome private perfons to fave their own feed that they 
 may not be deceived in buying old for new feed ; a trick 
 of trade, it is to be hoped, not pra&ifed by every 
 feedfman • Yet a little mixture of old feed is fometimes 
 proper, becaufe the new is peihaps cut off, and the old 
 faved, by being a day or two later in coming up. 
 
 If old feed is knowingly fown, fome allowance in 
 point of time muft be made. Peas and beans of two 
 years old, are by fome preferred to new, as not running 
 to muchtoftraw. See cucumbers and melons, feftion 14. 
 As to the age of feeds, at which they may be fown 
 and germinate, it is uncertain, and depends very much 
 bow they are preferved. Seeds kept from the air and 
 inoiitureby being buried deep in the ground will con- 
 tinue a great many years without corruption. Peas 
 and beans will germinate very well at feven years of 
 age ; but the feeds of lettuces and kidney beans, and 
 fome others, are not to be depended upon after a year or 
 two ; and though generally fpeaking the fmaller feeds 
 are of the leait duration, yet their maintenance of 
 vegetative power depends much upon the texture of the 
 feed, with refpe£t to its coat, and the oil it con- 
 tains, &c. 
 
 The javing feed by private gardeners, is hardly to be 
 recommended. Things running to feed give a garden a 
 rude appearance, often occupying ground that is wanted, 
 and might be ufed to better purpofe ; and the caie often 
 
 is,
 
 SECT. V. OF PROPAGATION. 59 
 
 is, that feeding plants (in private gardens) are neglected 
 in fome meafure, or deftroyed by birds, and come to 
 little at laft. Perhaps they are not faved from proper 
 plants. It is a particular bufinefs to raife feeds for fale, 
 and (generally) they are befl had from thofe whofe pro- 
 vince it is to deal in them : befides, confider farther, 
 
 Againil our own feed, there is this to be obferved, 
 that it is a received maximta procure feeds of efculents. 
 from a different foil and fituation, or at leaft to change 
 them, as being apt to alter or degenerate, if repeatedly 
 (own in the fame place. It is proper, however, for 
 private perfons to fave kedfometimes, in order to fecure 
 that ol any particular fort, that it is judged may not 
 be got fo true and good. Yet here perhaps the bufy 
 bee or wind- 1 may interfere, and difappoint expecta- 
 tion ; for if there is any thing of the like kind in a 
 neighbouring garden, thefe inftruments may carry the 
 Farina of that to our charge, and contaminate it, fo 
 as to produce a fpurious offspring, which is very fre- 
 quently experienced in the cabbage tribe. Now this 
 cannot in a great degree happen with thole who raife 
 feed in extenfive pieces of ground qccupied with the 
 fa me fort of vegetable. 
 
 Seed of vegetables mould be faved from .fine forward 
 plants, fecured from rocking about, when they get 
 tall ; guard them agamft birds, gather them regularly 
 as they ripen, left they fried and are loft, and keep 
 them dry. Flowers, it may be proper to fave the ked 
 of, and it is little trouble. The forts may thus be 
 better depended on, and the fmall quantity wanted of 
 each kind makes it hardly worth while to buy, if ws 
 can raife them ourfelves, or get them of a friend; no 
 fmgle flowers fhould be fuffered to grow in a garden 
 where there are double ones to bear feed, as larkfpurs, 
 and holyhoch, for the Farina of the Angles tranfporU 
 ed by bee or wind will fpoil the feed of the doubles. 
 Such fingle flowers fhould be taken up as foon as ever 
 difegvered to be fo. It fhould be a rule iwflowrjeeds 
 Dg in
 
 60 OF PROPAGATION. SECT. V. 
 
 in general to be frefh from year to year ; though if 
 kept dry, and from much air, many forts will grow that 
 are older : curious flower feeds are kept well in vials': 
 ©thers may be in fmall drawers, and fome hung up, or 
 kept on fhelves in their pods. 
 
 Seeds may be forwarded 'for fowing by various wavs 
 of procuring a germination before they are put into 
 the ground. \\\fummer it has not been unufual to ftcep 
 both broad and kidney beans in foft water, or milk and 
 water, about twenty- four hours, to forward their 
 growth, and to afcertain their vitality. If the ground 
 is very dry when thefe feeds are committed to it, either 
 fteeped, or not, it is a good way to make drills or 
 trenches to plant them in, watering them well firft, 
 and then prefling the feed in a little. Any fort of the 
 broad beans, or even peas, may be forwarded, when 
 ground is not for the prefent ready, by laying them in 
 damp mould, in a garden pot, or otherwise, a layer of 
 earth, and a layer of feeds, &c. and they may be put 
 into drills or trenches (with care) when the radicle has 
 got fome length, the mould being light, and the work 
 iinifhed by a gentle watering. 
 
 The fmailer feeds, as carrots, &c. may be prepared 
 for fowing, by (imply mixing them in a little moid 
 fand, or fine earth, taking care that they do not lie 
 longer than the ufual time of their beginning to fprout : 
 but this practice need only be adopted for feeds that 
 are long in coming up, and then there is fome advan- 
 tage in having them to fow in a flate ready to flrike im- 
 mediately, on frefh dug earth. 
 
 Thejeafon for committing feeds to the ground, mould 
 be as early as the nature of the plant to be cultivated 
 'will bear; for the forward productions which come 
 without forcing, are the heft as to fize, flavour, and 
 fruitfulneis, if they meet with no material check from 
 weather. It is the proper ambition of gardeners alfo, 
 to have fome of the firft oi each kind of vegetables and 
 fruits, and thus to vie with otkeri. 
 
 Let
 
 SECT V. OF PROPAGATION. 61 
 
 Let this direction for early fowing be underflood, 
 not only of fpring, but autumn crops; that the plants 
 defigned for winter ufe, or to Hand for fpring, may- 
 be itrong, and well eitablifhed in the ground : Though 
 for thole defigned tor fpring, it is advifable to have 
 two or three different fowings; for lettuces (as an in- 
 stance) that are forward, will fometimes fail when 
 backward plants mall do well. 
 
 To be Jure of a crop, and in fome things zfucceffion 
 of crops, various fowings fhouid be made through 
 the year, at all times that are not too unnatural as to 
 f'eafon ; for it is an object in gardening, not only to 
 have early and late productions, but never to be with- 
 out what may be produced. Every fowing that is 
 made (the early ones in particular) fhouid be noticed 
 in time, whether it is likely to fucceed, thai the work 
 may be repeated. But a little caution is neceffary, that 
 trvs bufinefs be not over done ; for though there may 
 jeem to be a fufficient diffance of time m fowing for 
 Jucceffion crops r yet they tread fometimes upon the 
 heels of one another tofaft as to occafion a difagree- 
 able fuperfluity : This is often the cafe in peas and beans, 
 in the height of fummer, and efpecially if a hot fea- 
 fon: this caution is the more neceilary, where there is 
 no ground to fpare, or but few hands to cultivate it. 
 Labour with discretion. 
 
 Sowings Ihould be generally performed on 'frejh dug 
 or ilirred ground. The digging fhouid therefore be 
 done as near tne time defigned to jow as can be. There 
 is a nutritious moiiiure in frefh turned up foil, that 
 foftens the feed to fwell and germinate quickly, and 
 nourifhes it with proper aliment to pruceed in- its 
 growth with vigour, but which is evaporated foon 
 after from the furface. If the ground, indeed, turns up 
 raw, or wet (as early in the fpring it is apt to do] a 
 little time mult be allowed it to dry, and fo alfo if rain 
 falls firit. In this cafe, feed ihould be fown as foon as 
 ever the ground may be trampled on not to hang to 
 
 the
 
 #4 OF PROPAGATION. SECT. V. 
 
 the feet, for when the foil is too wet, it binds and 
 does harm, especially heavy ground; thus in this work, 
 and every other in the way of gardening, there is a 
 nicety of tune to be obfei vel, by thofe who would do 
 their bufmefs well. It is to be obfei ved, however, 
 that (owing in drills or on beds that are not to be 
 trampled, the moiiture of the ground is rather an 
 advantage, provided, in the laft cafe, that the ground 
 will admit a rake, and the foil is not too wet to drop 
 fomewhat loofely about the feeds. 
 
 The proper depth at which feed fhouM be fown, is 
 to be carefully obferved: if too deep, they will either 
 rot, or not vegetate, or thrive well; and if too mallow, 
 they are liable to-be injurioufly affected by froft, wind, 
 drought, or birds ; but of the two, rather too fhallow, 
 than too deep, is beft, and this we are taught by 
 nature whofe fowings are molllv fuperhcial. 
 
 The final ler the feed, the finer ihould the foil he, and 
 the lefs alfo the covering; fo that, while fome, (as the 
 feed of celery is to be but barely covered, others as 
 peas and beans] may have a depth of two, three, or 
 four inches. But fome regard is to be had to the feaf art 
 and/oil; — in a warm feafon, and light foil, fow deeper, 
 and the contrary fhallower. 
 
 The quantity of feed fown, is a thing to be attended 
 to with fome exaclnefs. Small feeds go a great way, 
 and require a careful hand to diftribute them; for 
 though lowing a little too much be a trifle as to the 
 value of feeds, yet to have them come up crowding thick, 
 is n evil. To fow evenly as to quantity, is an object 
 of practice worthy of care, as it lecures a better crop, 
 and more eafdy managed in the thinning. If the feed 
 is fufpe&ed, fow thicker; poor land will require more 
 feed than rich. 
 
 It is not generally advi fable to fow federal forts of 
 feed on the jame i'pot, as fome perfons are accuifomed 
 to do. The gardeners about London follow the practice; 
 as profit is their great object, and not neatnefs or pro- 
 priety.
 
 SECT.V. OF PROPAGATION". 63 
 
 priety. On the fame piece, they fow radijhcs, lettuces, 
 and carrots ; the radifhes are drawn young for the table, 
 the lettuces to plant out, and a fufRcient crop of carrots 
 is left, for carrots ftiould not be very near to grow big : 
 this is as realonable a combination as any that is made; 
 but itill, if not Ihort of ground, each kind feparate 
 will be found beft. In defence of this mode ot culture, 
 it is laid, if one crop fails, the others may do, and there 
 is no lofs of ground or time; and if all fucceed thev do 
 very well. Radijhes and fpinach are commonly fown 
 together by the common gardeners, and many ma- 
 nasuvres of inter-cropping are made by them> as Tow- 
 ing, or planting, between rows of vegetables that are 
 wide afunder, or prefently to come off, or in the alleys 
 of things cultivated on beds. But tins crowding mode 
 of gardening will not be imitated by private families, 
 except there is a want of room to bring in a proper 
 fucceffion of crops. Some little things of this fort, 
 however, may well be done; as, a piece ot ground 
 new planted with horfc- radifh may be top-cropped w itli 
 radifhes or fpinach, &c. A thin crop of onions upon 
 new afparagus beds, mav alfo take place, drawing them 
 while young from about the plants. 
 
 The proper covering for feeds at broad caft being 
 determined on, as- to depth, let the ground lay the 
 rougher, die deeper the feed is to be buried ; and if it 
 is to be fcarcely covered, rake the ground firfl very 
 level and fine. All feeds come up beft when mode- 
 rately prefled with the earth ; for if they lie too lightly 
 in contact, with it, cold and drought more eafily affeel 
 them, and when once feeds begin to germinate, they 
 are impatient of both. To trample feeds in is on 
 the whole better than any other prefTure. According 
 to the depth it is intended to cover feeds, the feetfhould 
 be fet wider or nearer, i. e. the clofer for the Iefs co- 
 vering. Begin to trample on the outfide, walking re- 
 gularly, lightly, and fteadily round the piece, till the 
 middle be arrived at in the'finifh. This done, lay all 
 
 immediately
 
 64- OF PROPAGATION. SECT. V. 
 
 immediately and neatly level with a, wide rake, draw- 
 ing off (tones, &c. but do it lightly, to avoid driving in 
 the teeth of the rake, which would remove the feed, 
 and make it come up irregularly. 
 
 Patches, or fmall pieces, are fometimes (own with- 
 out trampling, particularly of flowers, by drawing fome 
 of the mould on one fide, and then lowing and cover- 
 ing the proper depth with what earth was drawn off, 
 adding a little more, if neceffary. In this cafe, if the 
 foil is not heavy and wet, prefs the furface with the 
 rake head, fpade, or otherwise. Seeds fown in drills, 
 or rows, are feldom preffed, but they mould be, 
 efpecially if the foil be light; and even beans fet by a 
 dibble, are beft to have The earth preffed about them 
 with it, or afterwards with the rake head, and they 
 will fupport themfelves more ereftly, for the leaft wind 
 rocks them about when in loofe holes, and hurts the 
 crop : In a light foil, the beft way is to lay them in a 
 trench, and trample firmly in. 
 
 Directions for thinning feedling crops, and pricking m 
 them out in time, were given in the laft fection. Let 
 this bufinefs be done properly, and prick out enow, 
 that there may be fome to fpare; perhaps a neighbour 
 may be obliged thereby, and at any rate it is beft to 
 have plenty left accidents happen. 
 
 Propagation by fuckers is a mode of culture rather 
 peculiar to trees and fhrubs. The things to be obferved 
 in this bufinefs are, to take them up with fome care 
 from the mother plant, fo as not to injure its root, nor 
 the fucker's own root, by pulling it up without pro- 
 perly loofening it firft. The earth fhould be moved 
 afide by a trowel, and then the fucker cut off by a 
 knife y and not with a fpade , as is common. Of thofe 
 hardy things that there is plenty of, this rough way 
 does not fignify much, as to the fucker, but it may 
 injure the root too much that it comes from. Where- 
 ever a root appears barked-, the part below fhould be 
 cut off. If it is defiied 10 fucceed well, in propagating 
 
 by
 
 SECT. V. OF PROPAGATION. €5 
 
 by fuckers, confider that all young roots are tender, 
 let them be trimmed to form, and planted immediately, 
 or at leaft let them be covered with earth or laid by 
 the heels, as it is called. Suckers with poor roots, 
 mult have their heads reduced the more. 
 
 Propagation by flips is of two forts, either from the 
 root, or flem; and feveral forts of flowers and herbs are 
 increafed this way. When from the roots (if the whole 
 is not taken up) move the earth carefully afide, and flip 
 off by a preffure of the thumb and linger, and be 
 cautious of hurting the fibres of the flips, planting with 
 fine and good mould about them. Take off flips from 
 thejlem carefully by a pufli of the thumb, and not too 
 many from the fame plant, as it is "apt to injure the 
 place by tearing off fome of the wood. $Ups from the 
 flem are to be confidered as cuttings, and treated accord- 
 ingly. They take more certainly, and make better 
 roots than cuttings. 
 
 Offset is a term fometimes applied to flips from 
 fibrous roots; but more properly fo from bulbous roots, 
 which put forth many offsets. Thefe are flipped away 
 at the time they are taken up for removal or replant- 
 ing, and commonly take two or three years before 
 they bear fkwers: difpofe of them therefore in a 
 nurfery, where they may remain undifturbed while they 
 come to a flowering ftate; keep them however clean 
 from weeds, and ftir the ground a little. 
 
 Divificn of the roots is a way of propagating many 
 forts of plants. To this end (of courfej they muff be 
 taken up, and then either carefully pulled, or cut 
 afunder with a fharp inflrument ; as the cafe may re- 
 quire. It is not fafe, however, to divide fuch roots into 
 very fmall pieces, (efpecially if cut), as then they are 
 apt to die; but leave them of a fize fufficient, not 
 barely to fecure life, but to form immediately a hand- 
 fomehead. The general feafon for thus Jj/litting fibrous 
 rooted plants, is October, but it may be done early in 
 the faring, as February. 
 
 * Cuttings
 
 66 OI fROPAGATION. SECT. V. 
 
 Cuttings of a variety of woody plants will grow, 
 and many trees and fhrubs are propagated this way ; 
 but their lap mull be of a watery nature, as thofe plants 
 that are gummy will not ftrike, (or rarely) though 
 ever fo much care is bellowed, or time allowed them. 
 The texture of the wo@d of cuttings mult be fome- 
 what foft, as head wooded ones will not grow. Cuttings 
 fhould be rather fhort than long, and keptfleady in the 
 ground. If they are planted where there is any like- 
 lihood of their being difturbed, they may be tied to a 
 flick, well faftened in the earth. 
 
 The flea/on for fetting flips and cuttings is for fome 
 things fummer, as wall-flowers and myrtles ; and for 
 moil, from Oflober to March, but (in general) the 
 fooner the better. It has however been faid, that 
 firing is the beft time for all, and that the fap mould 
 be in motion firft. This is at leaft true of fome things, 
 as cuttings of the vitex, or chajle tree, (though hardy) 
 are found to do beft- in fpring; and all cuttings from 
 plants of a delicate nature do fo. 
 
 Cuttings fhould be of well ripened wood, and have 
 the earth prefled to them, the whole length that they 
 are in the ground; i. e. from four to fix inches. Cut 
 them with a fharp knife iiopewife, and plant in a good 
 foil, and in a fituation where they only have the morn- 
 ing fun; and keep them cool (not wet) by occafional 
 watering in dry weather. 
 
 Laying of branches is a mode of propagation, that 
 may be adopted for almoft all foreft trees, and feveral 
 forts of fruit trees and fhrubs ; i. e. all that will grow 
 from cuttings, and many that will not. Layers are 
 lefs rampant, and more fruitful than fuckers; and 
 *' thofe who are curious, and find a feminal variety of 
 any tree, or fhrub, that is remarkably different from the 
 original, the only way to have it preferved genuine is 
 to convert it into ajlool, (by cutting down) and railing 
 plants by layers." They are made of the lower 
 branches of the plant, and mult be young and pliable, 
 
 to
 
 SECT. V. - OF PROPAGATION*. G7 
 
 to bend down without breaking, to the depth of four, 
 five or fix inches in the ground, (as the foil is light or 
 heavy) at which thev mud be held fecurely by good 
 pegs ; and if they cannot be brought down fufficiently 
 deep, fome earth may be raifed up to them. 
 ' Let the ground about layers be kept cool by occa- 
 sional waterings, and laving fome me/s, turf, litter, or 
 rather fmall pebbles about them, which will not harbour 
 infe£ts. The part out of ground may be fupported 
 ereftly by a tie to a flick. It is a good way to Jilt 
 (with a (harp knife) the part at the peg, as in carnation 
 layers, a little more than an inch; and fome prick a 
 few holes about the part (at a joint) with a blunt awl, 
 to help the layer to ftrike root. For the harder woods, 
 fome gardeners make feveral flits, or cjiips, in the part 
 layered in the earth, and bind the layer rather tight, 
 juft above it, with pliant wire; and foft wooded layers 
 are fometimes twifted to crack the bark, in order to 
 help the part to ftrike quickly. Generally layers 
 fhould be fhortened to fix or eight inches above the 
 ground; or do it to two eyes, be it more or lefs above 
 ground. 
 
 Where there are no branches low enough to be 
 brought into the ground, (and it is not thought good 
 to head down for the production of low fhoots, or 
 fuckers} plants may be layered by fixing a broken/*/?/, 
 or a box, with a flit in the fide, to the height neceflary 
 to lay in a branch. A branch alfo, if long enough, 
 may be thrufl through the hole of a garden pot upwards, 
 then filled with earth, and fupported by fome con- 
 nivance, and fhaded by fome means, and in both cafes 
 water frequently. Take care not to injure the buds in 
 drawing through the hole of the pot. By this con- 
 trivance rooted plants being procured in pots, may be 
 turned out with the eaith about their roots unJifturbed. 
 A branch of a vine thus layered in November, may be 
 next year cut off, when the fruit is ripe, brought in 
 the put to table, and afterwards planted out. 
 
 The
 
 68 OF PROPAGATION. SECT. VI, 
 
 The feafon for layers is (generally) the fame as for 
 cuttings, and forne forts will be well rooted in a year, 
 but others will require two, and fometimes three 
 years before they will be fit to be moved. Thofe, 
 however, that are flow to {hike fhouldbe layered as foon 
 as ever young (hoots are forward enough, which may 
 be in July or Augujl. This practice is particularly 
 recommended for the phyllerea and alaternus. Cut off 
 the leaves of the part that goes into the ground, becaufe 
 Tuch young wood will not well bear firipping. For 
 propagation of fruit trees by g raffing, fee the two next 
 Actions* 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 OF A NURSERY. 
 
 THERE are fomany refpe&able nurfery-men ready 
 to fupply our wants, that the neceffity of a nurfery 
 is in a great meafure done away; it affords, however, 
 employment, amufement, and an opportunity for exer- 
 cising ingenuity, and that particularly in the way of 
 graffing. 
 
 By means of a nurfery, trees are ready upon the 
 /pot, to be tranfplanted without damage to the roots 
 from being long out of the ground, and the climate and 
 foil being the fame in which they are raifed and are to 
 
 grow,
 
 SECT. VI. OF A NURSERY. 69 
 
 grow, and to fruit, there is a fort of certainty of fuccefs, 
 that could not otherwife be had. There is alfo a great 
 advantage in railing trees, in a very material point, in 
 an afTurance of having fruit that we know we like, by 
 getting graffs, or buds, from trees of which we have 
 tailed and admired the fruit. 
 
 In a nurferv, flocks may be raifed for fruit trees, 
 Jhrubs propagated by fuckers, flips and cuttings, and 
 flowers of the biennial and perennial forts may be fown,. 
 bulbous offsets planted, and thus ajiock maybe readily 
 provided for furni filing anv part oi the pleafure ground. 
 For all, or fome of thefe objects, a fpot might be 
 allotted, if it were only the cool corner of a large 
 garden, having a good foil. 
 
 Suppofing even only a little fpot is made life of for 
 a few flowers, Jhrubs, &c. let them be duly attended, 
 to weed, thin, water, trim into form, fupport, fhelter, and 
 in fhort nurfe, but yet not to bring any thing up 
 tenderly, as too much, or long cover in winter, expofes 
 to rifk when it is taken away; the plants not being able 
 to bear then even a moderately cold air. A low part of 
 the garden, that has not too much fun, is beft for a 
 nurferv; if not overloaded with trees. 
 
 Suckers, flips and cuttings of any kind, mould be 
 attended to for forming a proper head ; Ihortening the 
 moots, and keeping a clear Hem below, and the roots 
 free from fuckers. Two years commonly fit fuckers 
 for planting out, and three yezrs flips and cuttings. But 
 remember to fallen the two latter, if not the former, to 
 flicks, that the wind, &c. may not loofen them, and 
 prevent their rooting. 
 
 Large plants, as young trees, &c. mould be tied to 
 flakes well fixed, at mil putting out for the lame reafon. 
 Thefe Ihould be feen to from time to time, that they 
 remain fait ; as alfo, the mats or cloths, that may have 
 been put over hoops to Ihelter exotic feedlings, &c. 
 from heavy rains, or fevere frolls, for the wind has great 
 power over fuch coverings. 
 
 The
 
 
 TO OF A NURSERY. SECT. VI. 
 
 'The/oil of a nurfery mould be dry, free and in 
 heart; but not much enriched with dung, left a rank- 
 ne Is of food give too great a freedom bi growth, and a 
 habit in the plants, which not being indulged by a like 
 foil afterwards, difappointments enfue. A dungy foil 
 alfo encourages worms and infe£ts, to the injury of 
 feedlings, and makes young plants more liable to be 
 cut off in a fharp winter; too rank a foil, alfo, prevents 
 the juices of plants from being properly digefted, and 
 lo they are lefs fruitful. 
 
 On ground defigned to be fown, or planted in 
 fprmg, if it needs refrefhing, lay on a little well con- 
 fumed dung towards winter. See page 46. 
 
 A nurfery fhould be laid out into fads 1 of about four 
 feet wide, with alleys of about two; and thus all the 
 work of it wrll be done conveniently, and the plants 
 will have free v air to ftrengthen them. In the alleys 
 may be buried fome dung, which will be at hand, and 
 ufefu^, when confumed by time and turning over, to 
 drefs the beds as they may need it. 
 
 Stocks for grafting fruit; are raifed from fuckers of 
 plumbs, cherries, codlins, crabs, pears and quinces ; 
 and fometimes from cuttings of codlins and quinces ; but 
 thofe flocks raifed from feeds and jloncs are much beft 
 if we confult freedom of growth. If fucker ftocks 
 grow ever fo well, they are apt to put forth fuckers, 
 which is not only a troublcfome circumftance, but 
 exhaudsa tree, and prevents fruitfulnefs. It is to be 
 umlerftood, that the grajf will (in fome meafure) partake 
 of the nature of the Jock; therefore foft, mealy fruit, 
 ought to be propagated on auftere Hocks, and the con- 
 trary; tender, delicious fruits defigned fgr forcing, 
 fhould always be on (mart flavoured ilocks, or they 
 become infipid. 
 
 Though crab flocks for apples arc moftly ufed, yet 
 the ripe' black feeds of any other [mart eating apple 
 maybe fown, either in autumn or fpring. Sow in 
 autumn, (Oclober or November J, and if this lowing fails, 
 
 the
 
 SECT. VI. OF A NURSERY. 71 
 
 the fpring may be adopted towards the end of February. 
 At thefe times, the well ripened feeds of peacs, or 
 ftones of plums, or cher.ies, may be fown. The 
 lfonesof any fort of plum, (damfons exceptedjproduce 
 itocks for apricots, peaches and neclarines ; and though 
 the white forts are commonly preferred, the red wheat- 
 plumb is excellent for the apricot ; of black plums the 
 mufcle is the belt. 
 
 Thote Jeeds or Jlcnes that are faved early, or are to 
 be kept through the winter for fpring fowing, (which 
 many prefer), fhould be preferved from air in dry 
 fand: Let them be put in a box layer upon layer, three 
 or four courfes, covering the top three inches, and 
 guard againft mice. Nuts, acorns and chefnuts are put 
 in the ground at the fame time, as alfo the feeds of 
 various forts of Jhrubs and feareji tie s. The tenderer 
 forts of fhrubs and trees are indeed belt fown in March, 
 or beginning of April ; and a gentle hot-be:i would 
 be of advantage, to bring up the feeds with cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 The feeds, or kernels of apples and pears may be 
 fown in drills a full inch deep, a toot afunder, and 
 fcattered thinly in them, prefTing the ground a little to 
 them ; or fow at broad cajl. But take care not to ufe 
 the feeds of fruit that has grown on a hollow tree, for 
 they will not vegetate. 
 
 Thejlones of any fruit mould be fown at near two 
 inches depth; and nuts, &c. at three or four. Stones 
 and nuts mull be fet thin, and rather (as of fome advan- 
 tage) the fmall end upwards, for here the (hoot pufhes 
 out, or they may be laid flat. If the beds are fown all 
 over, cover the feed with mould previoufly drawn 
 afide in the alleys; but drills have the neater! appear- 
 ance, and fome little ufe may be made of the fpaces 
 between them the firft year. 
 
 Prepare the beds by digging the foils well to a full 
 foot in depth, and let the furface be made fine: thus 
 will the roots ftrike down freely to prefervethemfelveg 
 
 from
 
 72 OF A NURSERY. SECT. VI. 
 
 from drought, wet will drain away, and the young 
 plants pufh flraight upward: four feet beds are beff. 
 
 The enemies of feed beds muft be guarded againft, 
 as poultry, birds, dogs, eats, tniee and Jro/i ; the latter 
 by covering lightly with pea haulm or wheat draw, 
 and the former by furze, thorns, or brufh wood, and 
 traps, li any ha re s, or rabbits, get at a nurfeiy, they 
 ^ ake fad havock in fharp weather, by barking the 
 young plants; therefore, guard agairftthem, and larger 
 animals, by good clofe fences, which will alfo keep 
 out (harp winds. 
 
 During thcfirfl year, they fhould be kept moderately 
 cool, by watering in dry feafons, or laying niofs, or 
 fome fhort litter, over the beds. And as to weeding, 
 though they muff not be fmothered, yet fome jmall 
 weeds may be fuffered to grow in fummer, as they 
 help to lhade the plants, and keep the ground cool. 
 Seedling trees are very apt to fuffer by drought. Thin 
 them in the fummer, after rain, from two inches to 
 three or four afunder, according to their nature; and 
 at the end of the year (i. e. when a year old) thin to 
 irom nine inches to a foot afunder : thole drawn may 
 Le planted out at the fame diilance, or at lead the bell 
 of them; and thofe left mould be re-planted the fecond 
 year, left the roots ftrike too much downwards. The 
 firft winter, they ought to be prote6ted from fevere 
 frofts, by fome light dry litter, which remove in mild 
 weather. At all times, except winter, if the roots of 
 young plants are difturbed by any means (as pulling up 
 itrong weeds, hoeing, &c.) fettle the mould about them 
 by a good watering. 
 
 Stocks deh'gned to grow for full flandards, mould be 
 fet in rows, three or four feet afunder, and at one foot 
 and a half in the rows ; or if fet at the before-men- 
 tioned diftances, they may be tranfplanted again, ano- 
 ther year or two, wider. Rows for dwarfs need not 
 be fo lar afunder as thofe for ftandards: but before 
 they are planted, the fide moots muft be trimmed off, 
 
 and
 
 SECT. VI. OF A NURSERY. 13 
 
 and the tap roots fhortened, in order to procure a clean 
 ftrait flem, and a full root. 
 
 Protect from frojl all new planted trees, by laying 
 peafe, bean, or flrong wheat flraw between them; 
 which may be fecured by trampling or laying ftones 
 over it, or by pegging down. Seedlings, or flocks, 
 planted out in fpring, mould be prote£ted from drought 
 alfo in the fame manner, a month or two, (or longer,) 
 and afterwards occafionally watered in dry weather. 
 
 The fecond year, in October, thofe left at about a 
 foot di fiance in the rows, may either be taken up and 
 re-planted, cutting the tap to make bufhy roots, or, 
 taking out every other, left to grow of a fize fit to 
 graff] or inoculate there. This year, only the ftronger 
 fide-moots from the flem mould be cut off; for the 
 weaker ones will help the flem to thicken, by detain- 
 ing the riling fap, and imbibing moiflure from the at- 
 mofphere to feed it ; and the getting a flrong flem is 
 a material thing, especially for ftaudard trees. Do not 
 top the leading Ihoot. 
 
 Stocks of any kind will be three or four years grow- 
 ing, or two or three from planting out, before they 
 are fit for grafting; and if flrong flocks are wanted, 
 (oS for flandards,) more time will be neceffary : The 
 rule of fubflance may be from a quarter, to an inch, 
 or more diameter. As dwarf trees are grafted, or ino- 
 culated within five or fix inches of the ground, much 
 lefs flocks will do for them, than foxjlandard trees, 
 which are grafted at fo many feet high ; i. e. if for 
 full-fized trees. 
 
 Stocks that are naturally of a flow growth, arc co- 
 veted for dwarf trees, that they may not mount the 
 wall, fill the efpalier, or increafe to a large head too 
 faft. So for apples, inftead of crab flocks, which are 
 commonly of free growth, thofe raifed from the feeds 
 ot the paradife apple are recommended as growing 
 dwarf. Or flocks may be raifed from cuttings of the 
 Rentijl C&diin. 
 
 E In
 
 74 Or A NURSERY. SI.CT. VI. 
 
 In default of thefe naturally dwarf- growing flocks, 
 thofe railed from fuckers are fomctimes ufed, as lefs 
 likely to grow off freely than feedling flocks. Layers 
 ajfo are proper for dwarf flocks, and they are com- 
 monly to he had from the codlin; all layers mufl be 
 carefully taken up to preferve the roots. 
 
 For pears, dwarf flocks are raifed from quince cut- 
 tings, layers, or fuckers ; but as quince fhoots are 
 commonly of a weak and crooked growth, the flocks 
 from pear feeds are moilly ufed. But fuckers may be 
 obtained irom pears, quinces, &c. bv cutting down an 
 old tree within a foot of the ground, and thefe being 
 planted out for a year or two, become good flocks. 
 If the fuckers, or moots, lay high, they may be 
 earthed up to induce them to ilrike. But fuckers will 
 be often forced, by only cutting off the top of an old 
 tree, which is an experiment to be recommended, (in 
 pears particularly) as there will be formed a new head, 
 and an opportunity given to graff for another, or a 
 better fort. And if there are no fuckers, there may be 
 low-placed fhoots proper for layers, of thofe trees that 
 will thus flrike, and moil trees will, if not the firfl, 
 perhaps the fecond year. 
 
 Stocks from fuckers, for dwarf plums and cherries, 
 are in one fenfe better than thofe raifed from flones, as 
 being lefs free in their growth : and the common red 
 cherry and the black are to be preferred for flocks, whe- 
 ther as to fuckers or Seedlings. If fuckers of any tree 
 grow at a proper dijiance from the parent flock, they 
 may be graffed or inoculated without removal, till 
 wanted to plant out for fruiting, i. e. in a year or two. 
 Suckers that are for flocks, fhoulci always be planted 
 out in autumn, and fland (at kail) to the following 
 fpring or fummer, twelvemonths before they are ufed. 
 Ap'tcots, peaches and n eel urines are graffed by inocu- 
 lation on plum flocks, but rather on thofe raifed from 
 flones, except for apricots it hardly hgnifies. Stocks of 
 the wheat plum t or the mujele are the bell. Figs, quinces, 
 
 and
 
 SECT. VI. OF A NURSERY. 75 
 
 and mulberries (as fometimes codlins) are raifed from 
 fuckers, layers, and cuttings, without grafting ; but 
 from layers is the belt method, being more fure than 
 cuttings, and more fruitful than fuckers, and in one 
 year they will be rooted. The feafon for both cuttings 
 and layers (a little before or after) is October, though 
 February is rather better for the fig. The layers from 
 fig trees muff not be taken off till the beginning of 
 March, as when planted in autumn are apt to die; let 
 other layers, however, be then removed. 
 
 Medlars are g raffed on pear or crab, or fervice-tree 
 flocks ; but more commonly upon medlar and white 
 thorn flocks ; though the fruit (on the lad at leaff) is 
 not reckoned fo good. 
 
 Grape vines are generally raifed from cuttings and 
 layers, (fometimes from buds) either in autumn or 
 fpring; but for cuttings rather the latter; and if the 
 vines are pruned in February, or before, lay the cut- 
 tings by in dry mould or fand, till March or April. 
 Place the layers in the ground, about four or five inches 
 .deep, leaving two or three eyes out. The cuttings 
 mould have three in the ground, and only one or two 
 out, or be about a foot or fifteen inches long, and 
 placed a little aflant :, chufe the moil; fhort jointed. 
 Cuttings mould have a knot of the old wood at bottom, 
 for thofe cut off above, though they may ftrike, will 
 not produce fo good, or fruitful plants ;'they are alio 
 heft taken from the lower part of the tree, the wood 
 there being the mod ripened. Vines are left raifefl 
 where they are to grow, by opening a hole, and placing 
 two cuttings in, one of which is likely to anf\*er. 
 Keep it to one (hoot, and cut down to two eyes in au- 
 tumn. Keep to two fhoots the next fummer, and 
 prune down to two or three eyes in autumn, and then 
 the vine will proceed with vigour, and bear well. » 
 
 Chefmits are raifed by fowing thofe that are imported, 
 
 three inches deep, and four afunder, in rows fix inches 
 
 apart ; where growing two years, let them be planted 
 
 £ 2 out
 
 Ol A NURSERY. SfcCT. VI. 
 
 out half a yard apart, in rows a yard afunder. When 
 five or fix feet high, they may be moved where they 
 are to remain : It the feed is good, it will fink in water. 
 
 Walnuts are railed from well-ripened nuts, fown 
 either in autumn or fpring; and if the latter (which 
 may be rather beft) prefcrve the nuts in their outer 
 coats, in dry fand. Thefe trees are beft but once 
 moved, and their tap root preferved, if for timber, with 
 the head as entire as poflible; but if for fruit, the tap 
 root mould be fliortened, to prevent the tree mounting, 
 -and the head may be cut, to accommodate it to the 
 root, as to fize. The walnut likes a dry foil, and it 
 gravelly, it does beft ; and though walnut trees are 
 man}' years before they come to bear, yet it it were 
 only for the wood, pofterity would ha\ e reafon to 
 commend the planter of them. 
 
 Filler ds are raifed from nuts, or fuckers, and layers, 
 the latter of which is the beft method ; or they may be 
 grafted on the common nut tree. The nuts {own in 
 autumn, or kept dry in fand till February, produce fine 
 trees, but generally differ a little from the forts Town, 
 and make a variety generally for the worle. Nuts 
 fruit belt in a cool foil. 
 
 Currants and goofebenies are raifed principally from 
 fuckers, flips and cuttings, but bell from the latter. 
 When ivomfeed, it is with a view of obtaining varie- 
 ties, and hence the many forts of goojeberries in fome 
 catalogues. Ufe cuttings, ox flips, of the laft year's 
 wood, from fruitful trees, about nine or ten inches 
 long, and fet them four or five in the ground, half a 
 yard afunder ; train them to one fhoot, (or at the moft 
 two,) the firft year, and the next head them down to 
 fix orfeven eyes, when a fine head will be formed the 
 following year, and in the autumn they may be moved 
 where they are to fruit. 
 
 Bar-berries are raifed from fuckers, layers, cuttings, or 
 feed fown in autumn or fpring. The latter mode of 
 propagation produces the hnelt fhrubs, with the largeft 
 
 fruit,
 
 5EXT. VI. OF A NURSERY. 77 
 
 fruit, though it is feldom pra&ifed, fuckers being ge- 
 nerally plenty. 
 
 Rafpberries are almoft univerfally propagated from 
 
 fuckers, being always abundant ; and as this faves a 
 
 year, and feed produces varieties not defirable, lowing 
 
 js" not to be recommended: This Ihrub is rarely brought 
 
 into the nurfery to obtain ftrength. 
 
 Strawberries are raifed from feed* offsets , and runners , 
 but almolt univerfally from the laft ; plants from feed 
 produce the fined fruit, and fometimes a variety that is 
 fuperior to the original. It mould be fown in pots, 
 or boxes in March, or April. This method is particu- 
 larly to be recommended for the alpine, chufing the 
 largelt and moit conical fruit for feed. 
 
 The young offsets of the prefent year, flipped in 
 autumn, or thofe of the laft year (which will be better 
 rooted) flipped mfpring, will do for plants, cutting off* 
 the fticky parts ; but the firft runners are more com- 
 monly and properly ufed ; and to have thefe fine, the 
 runners beyond mould be pinched off in time. Offsets x 
 early in fpring, and forward runners in fummer, (as 
 foon as rooted in June,) may be planted out in cool 
 ground, at fix inches diftance, by way of a nurfery, 
 in order for making new plantations towards the end of 
 September, or in October. This is thought a good way 
 by many, but it is feldom practifed : Let the fummer 
 plants be well watered till rooted, and fufl'er no runners 
 to proceed trom them. The common method is to let 
 the runners remain till September, and then, as early 
 in the month as may be, to drels the beds, and felecl 
 the flrongand moil bufhy-rooted fets for forming new 
 beds : It would, however, be an advantage both to the 
 old ftools, and the young plants, to fuffer only the firft 
 or fecond runners to remain tor the purpofe : Thus their 
 own beds will be the nurjery for them ; and except the 
 foil is worn out (perhaps,) the belt. 
 
 E 3. The
 
 78 OF A NURSERY. SF.CT. VI. 
 
 The railing of forest trees is rather beficle the 
 purpofe of this book. They have been mentioned as 
 to the time of Jewing, and their treatment is in a great 
 rneafnre the fame as for railing flocks for fruit trees ; 
 fo that to thofe who would do only a little in this way, 
 much more need not be faid. 
 
 Forefl trees are often left to grow thick on the feed 
 bed, and only thinned a little in the autumn following, 
 and fo from time to time as they get bigger; but a 
 little thinning mould take place in the fummer, by draw- 
 ing, when the ground is moift. If the foil that feed- 
 jing trees are to be planted in be poor, let them be 
 railed in earth fomewhat fandy, and at any rate not in 
 a rich dunged foil. 
 
 When young men take to gardening and planting, it 
 is an happy circumftancc, and they fhould lofe no time 
 in the bufinefs ; for it is a thing that perfons advanced 
 in years have often repented of. It produces confider- 
 able fatisfaclion, and a peculiar pleafure in the evening 
 of life, when a man can point at good trees, and fay, 
 " Thefe are of my own planting /" — but it were a 
 fuperior thing to add, " And of my own raiflng too." 
 Young planters would wifely refolve, therefore, to raife 
 their own trees, efpecially of the fireft kind. " There 
 is no better, or. cheaper way of raifing woods and 
 plantations, than by lowing the malls or nuts of timber 
 trees, where they are always to remain, and this is 
 bell: done in fpring." 
 
 It is to be obferved, that the tyildfervice, hawthorn, 
 holly, and ajh keys come up the fee on d year; but molt 
 other feeds of trees the firft. Alh keys, however, (and 
 probably the others,) if they are buried in a pit with 
 coal afhes lifted fine, or in a fandy earth for a year, 
 will cerne up the fir ft year they are fown. 
 
 To have good feed of the various kinds, is a thing 
 too little attended to ; but on which evidently depends 
 much. It fhould he well-ripened, and the produce of 
 fine healthy trees from the top, or outfi.de branches ; 
 
 withal,
 
 SECT. VII. OF GRAFFING. 79 
 
 withal, not growing near dottrel, ill-conditioned ones, 
 the farina from the flowers of which might impregnate 
 thofe oi the good tree, and give its feed a degree of 
 degeneracy. Let oak acorns be thrown into water, 
 and thofe only ufed which fink quickly ; — they fhould 
 be kept a while to harden, but not too long out of 
 ground, as they foon fprout. 
 
 In the management of a nurfery, the young plants of 
 trees and fhrubs mould be dug round once a year, by 
 a downright cut of a (harp fpade, a little diftance from 
 the items, nearer or farther off according to their age, 
 to ihorten flraggling roots, and produce new ones more 
 at home : Let this be done in October or February, the 
 former time is beft for the older plants, and the latter 
 for young ones, The fpade alfo may be drove under 
 them to cut off the tap roots, where it is not an ob- 
 ject to preferve them. By this practice, a good, full, 
 brufhy root will be obtained, fitting plants for a prof- 
 perous removal ; but it fhould be done a year before 
 tranfplanting : It improves alfo the foil. Evergreens 
 in particular would be fafer to move, being thus treated ; 
 and if only to be moved from one part of the grounds 
 to another, balls of earth in this cafe will hold well to 
 them. Immediately after the operation, a found wa- 
 tering will be proper to fettle the earth to the roots, 
 except the ground be quite moift ; but this work of 
 digging a nurfery is beft done when the ground is dry. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 OF GRAFFING 
 
 f RAFFING, (or grafting,) is the infertion of a cion 
 *- 7 " into a/rock, oi'Jtem, railed for the purpofe, and is 
 neceffaiy to the enfuring of good fruit ; i. e, to have 
 
 E 4 the
 
 £0 OF GRAIHNG. SEpT. V I li 
 
 the fame (or at leail with little difference; produced on 
 the new tree, as that of the old one from whence the 
 
 frafT was taken : It is fometiines performed on the 
 ranches of trees, and ma)' be on the roots, a piece 
 being raifed out of the ground for the purpofe. 
 
 If the feeds of fruit were left to grow up to tree? 
 without grafting, they would produce a different kind 
 from that they came from; by chance a better, but 
 jnofl commonly -a worfe. The varieties of fruit we 
 have, were obtained partly from feedling Hocks, with- 
 out grafting, and partly by an accidental difference, 
 that the flock, or foil, may have given. 
 
 Graffng is like planting upon a plant, for though 
 there is a union of the parts, there is in fact little 
 other communication than a root has with the ground. 
 The cion, or bud, draws nourifhment from the flock, 
 but no other than is properly adapted to its own pecu- 
 liar pores, which by a chemical procefs (fuppofe by 
 fermentation in its little bladders, or cells) it alters, fo 
 as to become exclufively its owq. A great variety of 
 fruit is produced by graff-planting from the fame kind 
 of flock, (and that perhaps a mere crabj )\\{i as a great 
 variety of plants are from the fame foil : By this means 
 alfo, fomeforeft, and many ornamental trees and Ihrubs 
 are propagated, and thus their particular varieties pre- 
 fer ved, as in all the variegated forts, See. 
 
 The art of graffing is a very curious difcovery, and 
 though it requires fome ingenuity to perform it, a few- 
 trials may make it familiar, and it will prove an agree- 
 able fource of amufement and fatisfacliom By being 
 able to graff, young trees may be always at hand lor 
 replacing old, or unfucccfsful ones; and the plcafure 
 of obliging a friend from our ffock in this way, is 
 peculiarly gratifying. 
 
 Skill in this ingenious art is clearly beft obtained by 
 feeing the work performed; and at firlt trial, to have 
 an adept at the elbow, would be a great advantage. 
 There are few gardeners, (even by profeflion,) how- 
 ever,
 
 SECT. VII. aF CRAFFINC, 8?1 
 
 ever, that practice this work, owing to the great 
 number of nurferymcn ready to fuppiy trees. But 
 though they raiie fine trees, much difappointment has 
 often happened in dealing with them (particularly in the 
 fort J which might be avoided, by a man's being able 
 to raife good trees for hhnjelf. Directions precifely 
 descriptive of the bufrnefs of grafting, are therefore? 
 here attemped, and if once underitood, trials fhould 
 be made without minding the difcouragement of a few 
 failures; for practice will make perfeft. 
 
 Proper fiocks being ready, and cions, or buds pro- 
 cured, there will be wanting a good fharp narrow- 
 bladed pen-knife, and a fharp fmooth-edged pruning- 
 knife, with fomc well wrought loam, or clay, and fome 
 good new bafs, or flrong yarn. The clay ihould be 
 made up as morter, mixed with fhort hair, or fine 
 chopt hay, with a little horfe dung, and prepared a 
 day or two before-hand; or longer the better, being 
 beat up afrefh with a little water qvcij day^ 
 
 The fir ft thing to be done is, to cut off the head of 
 the Jioek at the proper height, and in a fair part of the 
 bark, making a fmooth flat top : If the flock is too 
 ftrong for the knife, and a faw is ufed, it muff be 
 fmoothed with the knife after. The propereff fize for 
 flocks, is from half an inch to an inch diameter, a 
 little more or lefs, however, may do. When a ftock 
 is too little, the cion is apt to overgrow it, and when 
 too big, the cion does not fo well, or fo foon, cover 
 the ftock, as might be wifhed : yet flocks of any fize 
 can be ufed by one mode of grafting or other. 
 
 Dwarf trees are to be graffed within fix inches of 
 the ground, and Jlandards as high as the flock will 
 well bear, confideiing whether they are to be half or 
 full flandards ; the former at about three or four feet, 
 the latter at five or fix. But trees defigned iov ftandard?, 
 may be graffed, or inoculated at a lower height, the 
 graff being trained to the defked length, by keeping it 
 to a fingle item. 
 
 E 5 The
 
 8.2 OF GRAFTING. SECT. VII, 
 
 Theckjis fhouldbe healthy andjlrong, (not however 
 of a foft, fappy, luxuriant growth,) and taken from 
 the cutjides of fruitful trees, where the juices of the 
 wood have been properly digefted by fun and air : they 
 fhould be taken (if it may be) from trees juft in their 
 prime, or at full bearing, and not before. Let them be 
 cut two or fenree weeks foonerthan wanted, and if kept 
 longer they may not hurt, for they had better be cut a 
 little too foon, than too late, at full length, without any 
 fide fhoots. 
 
 Let the cions of pears, plums, and cherries be cut from 
 the middle to the end of January, and at fartheft not 
 beyond the middle of February; the feaf on muff, how- 
 ever, fomewhat govern. Keep them all over in dry 
 mould, clofe under a fouth wall, or fome flielter, 
 covering them with ftraw in wet or fevere weather, 
 Some preferve them in a cool room, where they will do 
 without mould, but it would be better to fet them up 
 an end in a garden-pot, half their length, with mould, 
 or land, nearly dry. 
 
 Cions cut early are prevented from getting too for- 
 ward in bud; and if the buds begin to itart, and look 
 white, they feldom take. By having them as long as 
 they ?uav be kept before ufed, the fap of the Hock 
 gets in forwardnefs ; for it muff firft begin to ftir, and 
 fo be ready to pufh itfelf quickly into the cion, (now 
 fomewhat exhaufted,) to form a union with it. 
 
 The middle of cions is fitteft for the purpofe; but do 
 not cut off' the tops till they are brought out to graff, 
 for they keep belt in length. If cions are to be tranj- 
 porUd to any diflance, let their ends be ffr.ck two or 
 three inches in clay, and fo matted round in a bundle ; 
 or, if wrapped round with a fine hay rope, and fm eared 
 over with cow dung, clay, or a ilrong earth, they will 
 not foon wither. 
 
 Some gardeners fay, cions fhould be only of the J aft 
 year's growth, and others, that the wood of the year 
 before is belt; tut it is fo far a matter of indifference, 
 
 that
 
 SECT. VII, OF CHAFFING* *S' 
 
 that they will take much older, though (perhaps) not 
 fo certainly. As a medium way, if a little ot the 
 former years wood be cut with a cion of the laft, and 
 this elder wood be ufed for the part grafted, it will be 
 found to anfwer, in covering the ftock fooner ; though 
 it mull be acknowledged, that all ne-iv wood is the 
 common practice of thofe who raife trees for fale ; 
 which circumftance is ordinarily a prefumptive proof 
 of right. However, if wood of a year's growth is 
 not Jlrong enough, then, at leaft, fome of the old wood 
 ought to be cut with it : and the bigger the ftock is, the 
 more this practice commends if feff, ,a» the barks will 
 be fomewh.it more equal in thicknefs. 
 
 Proceeding to grajf, take off a little of the lower 
 end of the cion firft, and then cut it in length, fo as to 
 have three or four eyes to appear above the claying : 
 two eves will be furhcient for a ftandard, but four is- 
 better for a dwarf that is to be trained, In cutting 
 cions into Lengths, let the top eve- be juft in front, or 
 juit behind, but rather the former. \Jfe not, (except 
 upon neceilitv ) the upper part of a cion, as the wood 
 is too raw for the purpofe, and will be fh-rivelied ; yet 
 ftrong cions (properly inferted) feldom mifs through 
 drought : indeed they will take fooner than it quite 
 fre(h cut and full of lap. 
 
 The time for grafting is ufually from Mid- February 
 to Mid '-March ; but in a forward feafon fooner, and 
 in a backward one fometimes later. 
 
 Cleft-Graffing has been the mod common 
 method of propagation, and though it is not the neateft, 
 yet it is a certain and eafy way to young practitioners. 
 The (locks for this mode of grafting Ihould be ftrong, 
 about thiee quarters of an inch diameter, or more if it 
 fo happen ; but it may be lifed with very young Hocks, 
 having cions of like thicknefs. 
 
 Cut off the bead, as before directed, fo as to have 
 
 (on the funny fide) a fmooth part in the ftock, where 
 
 the cion is to be placed, and cutting a part of the ftock 
 
 E6 oS
 
 •4 OF GRAFFINC SECT. VII. 
 
 ofF flopewife, oppofitc to this place, leave the top, or 
 the crown ot the ftock, about half an inch wide. 
 
 Then cleave the flock "with & ftrong knife, or thin 
 fharp chifel, about two inches deep, as near the mid- 
 dle as poflible, fo as not to divide the pith, and if any 
 ronghnefs appears in the flit, fmooth it off with a 
 pen-knife ; but fomething of the wedge kind mult be 
 put into the (lit to keep it open to receive the cion, 
 leaving proper room to put it in. Cut the cion on 
 each fide to the form of a wedge at bottom, an inch 
 or more long, making that fide which is to be placed 
 inwards in the ftock, thinner by about one third. Put 
 the cion in, fo that its bark, and that of the flock be 
 level ; and if the bark of the ftock be thick, let the 
 bark of the cion fink in a trifle, as the current of fap 
 that unites them, runs betwixt the bark and wood. The 
 cion being placed, take the wedge out that kept the 
 flock open ; yet if the flock be To ftrong as to pinch 
 the cion too hard, eafe it by a little bit of dry wood to 
 be left in the cleft ; fo, however, as not to loo fen the 
 graff, which muff be held firmly : or if the flock be 
 very ftrong, the wedge of the cion may be nearly of 
 equal thicknefs, infide and out, which eafes the barked 
 parr . 
 
 The graff muft be nicely whipped round with wet 
 bajs pulled tight, and the whole clayed over to an inch 
 above and half an inch below, fmoothing it off taper, 
 with a trowel, or knife, dipped in water. And as this 
 is done with a view to keep out wet, fun and air, if the 
 clay falls off, or cracks, it muft be immediately re- 
 paired, till the feafon comes to take off the bandage, 
 which is about Midfummer, or rather fooner : yet at 
 this time fome clay fhould be flill kept on the top, to 
 fecure the cleft from wet, and fo continued till the 
 eleft is grown up. 
 
 It it is defired to put in two cions, to form a tree for 
 the wall, or efpalier, there lhouJd be two clefts paral- 
 lel to one another, one on each fide the pith. Some 
 
 put
 
 SECT. VII. OF GRAFTING. 85 
 
 put in two cions, merely in cafe one mould mifs ; but 
 it is not advifeable. It need hardly be ubferved, that in 
 this cafe the crown mull: be left whole. 
 
 W ' i t h refpecl to the time ot performing this work, 
 remember that what has been laid relates to pears, 
 plums and cherries : apples cannot be graffed till the 
 beginning of March, or later, as the feafon is, even 
 into April, for the fap mull be on the move. 
 
 Whip-graffing lias the advantage of cleft- 
 graffing in neatnefs, and not requiring the Hocks to be 
 lo old by a vear or two, as very fmall ones will do in 
 this way ; tor the ftock is directly covered by the 
 cion, and it takes with certainty it properly pertormed. 
 Cions fuitable to proper ftocks cannot however always 
 be had. Stock and cion are to be both of a Jtze, or 
 rather nearly fo, is better, the ftock having the ad- 
 vantage in bignefs ; for thus it is not fo likely to be 
 overgrown, as it happens when the cion is of a more 
 free nature. When the ftock is overgrown by the 
 cion, it will give it fome opportunity to thicken, by 
 Hitting the bark through downwards, in two or three 
 places. This circumitance is not, however, material 
 in dwarf trees. 
 
 Having cut the head of the flock off, and the cion 
 to its proper length, fiope the lower end of the cion 
 about an inch and a haiiV and to a point ; then cut the 
 flock to anfwer it, (the cut of the itock however may 
 be a trifle wider and longer) bark againfl bark, and tie 
 them together exactly to their place, and clay it. But 
 for the greater certainty of keeping a cion to the part, 
 cut it fo as to leave a fmall jhzulcier at the top of the 
 flope, and the ftock fo as to leave a narrow bit of its 
 crown to anfwer it, and to hold it. 
 
 There is a fort of whip- grafting that has been deno- 
 minated flicing, or packing, which differs only from 
 the one juft defcribed, in that the flock is oi any fize; 
 and this is performed by cutting the cion to a face, as 
 before, and then taking off a flice from the (beheaded) 
 
 flock,
 
 86 OF GRAFFIN'G. SECT. VII. 
 
 flock, choofing a gibbous part of it To as exactly to 
 correfpond ivith the cut- fur face of the cion, taking 
 care to fit them fo that the cion may Hand erect, (or 
 nearly) when clapped to. Shouldering is commonly 
 pi act i fed alfo in this way. 
 
 Graffing in THE eark, which is fometimes 
 called crown graffing, is perhaps as good a way as any, 
 hoth for eafe of operation and certainty of fuccefs; but 
 it will hardly fuit any other fruit than apples or pears, 
 as other cions will be paft ufe (molt likely) before the 
 bark of the flocks will peel, as the time for this bu- 
 finefs is towards the end of March, or beginning of 
 April. 
 
 The head being cut off, make a ft rait flit down and 
 through the bark from the top, at the place deftined 
 for tlie graff, which mould be rather foutherly or 
 wefterh. "This fcore down the bark mould be nearly 
 as long as the flope cut of the cion, which may be 
 one and a half, or two inches. Loofen the bark a little 
 at the top of the fcore, and then with fome fmootb 
 infirument rather of dry hard wood, ivory, bone, or 
 filver, than iron or fteel, open the bark fufficiently to 
 receive the cion, by pufhing the instrument down a 
 trifle below the bottom of the Hit. This lnitrument 
 mould be thin, tapered and rounded towards the point, 
 tc fuit the fliape of the cion's face; one fide of it flat, 
 and the other a little convex, the flat fide being ap- 
 plied to the wood of the flock ; let it be rather nar- 
 rower than the cion, that it may not loofen the bark 
 too wide. 
 
 Cut a bit of the bark of the cion fmooth ott at the 
 bottom that it may rot turn up in puming down. It 
 will be proper to cut the cion with a fmall Jhoulder, to 
 reft upon the ftock. And becaufe when the cion is in, 
 it will bear the bark up hollow from the ftock, fcore 
 the bark on each fide the cion, fo that it may fall 
 clof'e to the ftock, and to the edges of the cion. Bind 
 and clay neatly. In this way of graffing there is a 
 7 * fort
 
 SECT. VII. OF GRA1FING. 87 
 
 fort of agreement between the cion and flock necefTary; 
 the cion not being too big, or the flock too fmall, to 
 prevent a proper bedding. If more than one cion be 
 not put in, the flock on the oppohre fide to the cion 
 mould be floped up about two inches in length, to 
 half its thicknefs. 
 
 This way of grafting is ufed moil properly with 
 Jirong flocks; and fometimes is applied to large 
 branches, and even trunks of old trees, to change the 
 f its, or renew the wood. In proportion to the large- 
 nefs of which, from two to five or fix cions are put in, 
 and fometimes of different forts ; and if the ftock be 
 large, the more the better, as it heals over the fooner, 
 and as they infure the life of the flock, by receiving 
 and carrying off the fap; in which refpect a Tingle 
 branch of the head of an old flock may be left on, 
 for the fap to pafs off by when it begins to flir. 
 
 Having inferted the cions, and bound them, clay the 
 top of the flock well, fo as to (hoot off the wet. In 
 this way of graff.ng, the cions are liable to be dijhirbed. 
 or moved from their places by flrong winds, and the 
 befl preventative is to tie fmall long flicks to the flocks, 
 and then the*cions to them, taking Cc.re to place the 
 flicks fo as not to force the cions; and as the (hoots 
 proceed to pulh they may be fattened to the flicks alfo, 
 and fo grow two years, when nature will need no 
 farther alhflance. . 
 
 Side-graffing is done in the bark, much like 
 inoculation, a cion being inferted inflead of a bud i 
 but remember, there mufl be a fluent fap firft, i.e. 
 the bark muft part readily from the wood, before this 
 mode of graffing is attempted. The bead ot the flock 
 is not to be cut off, only thinned a little if it be big, 
 and the fide fhoots taken away. The bark of the flock, 
 where the infertion of the cion is to be, mufl be cut 
 through in the form of the letter T, as wide and as 
 long as is fufhcient to receive the cion, cut as be- 
 fore, with a dope face of at leajl an inch long, taking 
 6 advantage,
 
 88 OF GRAFTING. SECT. VII. 
 
 advantage, if (it may be) of a part of the ftock, that 
 is a little gibbous. Let the bark of the ftock be 
 neatly raifed to receive it, but yet no more than 
 neceilary; a little bit of the bark may be diced off the 
 part that is over the crofs cut, to receive the cion the 
 better. 
 
 Approach graffixg, or inarching, is per- 
 formed (in April or May) when the ftock we would 
 graff, and the tree we would propagate, grows fo near 
 together, as to be brought conveniently into contact, 
 and the nearer the graff and the ftock are of a fize the 
 better. This mode of propagation is efteemed the 
 Jureji of all, as it will conjoin branches of trees which 
 are fcarcely congenerous in their nature ; and in truth,, 
 fome things cannot he fo well propagated any other 
 way. It is a method that is, or can be, feldom ufed 
 for common fruit trees; but if any one wiflies to try the 
 experiment, the Jfock or ftocks muft be planted at leafl 
 a year before, firft making the foil good, as it may 
 need it, being fo near another tree, for it of courfe muft 
 be clofe. 
 
 Plants in pots or tubs being eafily brought together,, 
 are frequently propagated this way; fo that inarching 
 is ufed much in grcen-boujes and hot-houjcs for various 
 things, as oranges, lemons, pomegranates, jaf mines and 
 vines fometirncs : oranges and lemons thus treated in 
 May will be united by Augujl. 
 
 The method of inarching is, bend the heft fituated 
 young branch of the tree or Ihrub to be propagated, 
 to the ftock to be grafted, and having determined on 
 the part at which moil conveniently to fix the ihoot ; 
 cut the bark of that part of the (hoot off, with nearly 
 half the wood, (not to touch the pith) to the length of 
 about three inches for a ftrong branch, or lefs for a 
 weaker. Then cut exactly fo much of the bark and 
 wood of the ftock off, as will receive the cut part of the 
 branch, or (hoot, fo as to bring bark and bark m contaft 
 in every part; and if the contrivance of lipping be ufed, 
 
 it
 
 SJBCT. VII ? OF CUFFING. SO 
 
 it will fccurc them better together. Bind and clay, 
 and if in open ground, fix a flake to tie the work fo that 
 the wind may have no power over it ; a tie alfo to a neat 
 flick may be proper for thofe inarched in pots, &c. 
 
 As foon as the grafF has taken, which will be pro- 
 bably in four months, (except in the harder woods,) 
 let the head of the flock be fleadily cut off with a keen 
 knife, three or four inches above the binding, which 
 then removing, bind and clay again, to remain about a 
 month. In March following, cut off the branch from 
 the parent clofe to the grafting, and alio the flub of the 
 ftock that was left. The head of the flock is fome- 
 times cut off before grafting, in which cafe a Hoping 
 cut half way the thicknefs of the flock, is to receive 
 the cion; but here the grafF and the ftock mull be 
 both of a fize, or nearly (o. There has been this . 
 difllnclion made, to call it marching when the head is 
 cut off, and approach grafting when it is not. Gar- 
 deners moflly prefer the former method. 
 
 Budding or inoculation, though here Iaft 
 mentioned, is the molt conliderable mode of propaga- 
 tion, and is a pretty fummer bufinefs. Apricots, peaches, 
 and neclarines are always propagated this way, and 
 plums and cherries may be. Pears are fometimes 
 budded, and apples have been, but the fuccefs is un- 
 certain. Not only fruit, but forejl, and ornamental 
 trees and fhrubs are inoculated. The branches alfo of 
 trees as well as flems are fometimes budded, which is 
 bell done on two years wood, though it may be on both 
 younger and older. 
 
 Inoculation begins as Foon as good fhoots with good 
 eyes,, of the pre fen t year can be had, fo that the fealxm 
 may be reckoned from Mid-June to Mid-Auguji ; but 
 about Old Midjummer, or rather after, is the ufual and 
 bed time for the work : it mould be done in a morning 
 or evening, (the latter rather beflj, except the day be 
 cloudy, when any part of it will do. 
 
 Apricots
 
 90 OF GRAFFIXG. SECT. VII. 
 
 Apricots being firft ready, the bud'ling feafon begins 
 with them. The flecks to be ufed are thbfe of the plum 
 ('raifed from flones or fuckers) when half an inch 
 thick, a little under or over, and the operation is to 
 take place from four to eight inches from the ground. 
 
 Peaches and ncclarincs are propagated on the fame 
 fort of Hocks; but if the plum flock is firft budded with 
 an apricot (very low), and when of proper fize budded 
 with a peach, and efpecially a neftarine, the advantage 
 is reckoned that it takes beft fo, and comes to a better 
 bearing, producing an 'improved fruit, and particularly 
 the red Roman nectarine. Apricots may be expected to 
 be lefs luxuriant by double -budding, in which cafe the 
 firft bud fhould be of the Brujpls fort. 
 
 Plums and cherries may be inoculated on fucker 
 flocks of any kind ; yet if a free growth is required, 
 (as for ftandards,) flocks raifed from {tones are beft ; 
 i. e. plums on plums, and cherries on cherries, though 
 they will take upon each other. 
 
 Pears, if for ftandards, mould be inoculated on pear 
 flocks, and on thofe raifed from feed, rather than 
 fuckers, but if for dwarfs, quince flocks may be beft 
 ufed, to keep the trees from growing off too faft, and 
 fo getting foon too big for their allotted fpace; white 
 thorn flocks are fometimes ufed with the fame view, 
 but the Iruit gets ftony. 
 
 Stocks for budding dwarfs fhould be three years old ; 
 but for jlandards four or more, though fmall ftocks 
 may be budded for ftandards alfo, (as mentioned before) 
 if the moot proceeding from the bud be trained to a 
 (ingle ftem, till of fufficient height to be topped in 
 order to form a head. Standards ihould be from three 
 to i~even feet high, before they are topped, according 
 to the height they are defired to be of, as half ox full 
 fized; but dwarfs for training can hardly branch off 
 too low, being budded at five or fix inches, or lefs 
 from the ground, the ftuifct from the bud fhould be 
 fhortencd (at a year's growth) to Rve or fix eyes, or 
 
 to
 
 SECT. VII. OF GRAFFING. Ol 
 
 to four that are well placed; i. e. with a lateral direc- 
 tion for the wall. 
 
 Though the longer inoculation is deferred, the riper 
 the ihoots will be for furnifhing buds; yet there is this 
 advantage in beginning as early as may be, that if the 
 budding appears not to have taken, the work may be 
 done again be lore the feafon is out. Or, to injure 
 fuccefs, two buds may be inferted in the fame flock, 
 (but not in a direction under one another) and if both 
 fail this year, the flocks may do again the next, as the 
 heads in grafting by inoculation are not to be cut off 
 till the fffring following, becaufe the inferted buds do 
 not pufh till then, when they will grow off apace: In 
 a very early inoculation, the bud may {hoot the fame 
 year ; but it then comes weak, and will hardly endure 
 a fevere winter. 
 
 Let the cions to procure buds for inoculation, be 
 taken only from the outfide branches of healthy and 
 fruitful trees. If early budding be attempted, it will 
 be proper to cut off fome fpare fhoot, (not fit for the 
 purpofe,) to try firft whether the bark will yet readily 
 part from the wood. 
 
 The feafon being right, and the cions at hand, having 
 a {harp narrow bladed knife, and neat tough wet bafs % 
 fet about the work adroitly, for the quicker it is done 
 the better ; but " make no more hafle than good 
 fpeed." Keep the bud, as much as may be, from fun 
 and wind: they muff not be taken from the upper part 
 oi the cions, as the bark and buds there are too raw. 
 It cions, or buds, be brought from any diflance, they 
 mould be conveyed in damp (not wet) n>>fs, or grafs, 
 and never kept above a day and night, but the foorier 
 they are ufed the better. 
 
 Belore the buds are prepared, get the flock ready to 
 receive them, by taking off lateral moots, leaving an 
 uncut Tingle item. At the part fixed on for the inocu- 
 lation, (which mould be fmooth, and rather on the 
 
 north
 
 92 OF GRAFTING. SECT. VIJL. 
 
 north fide) cut the bark through to the wood, in form 
 thus, T, the crofs and the down Hit being of the length 
 neceflary to take in the bud, which may be cut with 
 from one to two inches of bark ; putting the point of a 
 knife (or fome inflrument rather not of iron or flcel) 
 in to the top of the down cut of the flock, ra'ije the 
 bark all the way to the bottom, fo that it will jufl re- 
 ceive the bud eafily. There are knives made on pur- 
 pofe for budding with flat ivory hafts. 
 
 To procure proper buds, put your knife in (fuppofe) 
 about three fourths of an inch above the eye, and with 
 a flope downwards cut the cion half through, then do it 
 at the fame diitance below the eye, and Hoping it up- 
 wards cut up the middle of the wood, till the knife 
 meets the upper incifion, fo the eye, or bud, will be 
 directly in the middle. 
 
 The next flep is, to Jlparate the wood from the 
 bark, which is to be done thus : with your nail, or the 
 point of a knife, loofen the bark at the top, and ftrip it 
 from the wood ; or rather with a fwan or large goofe 
 quill, made in the form of an apple f coop, (having a re- 
 gular fmooth edge) pufh it down between the bark and 
 wood, prefling it againft the wood. 
 
 Examine the inlide of the bark, and if there is a 
 cavity jufl behind the eye, or bud, it is good for nothing, 
 and another muil be procured ; for the cavity {hews, 
 that the root of the bud is with the wood, inflead of 
 being with the bark. 
 
 The leaf that grows by the eye is to be cut down to 
 near its footftalk, fo as to leave only a little bit of it to 
 hold the bud by while inferting it in the flock. 
 
 See that the bark of the ftock is loofened a proper 
 length and breadth, and if, when the bud is put in, it 
 fhould prove a little too long, cut the fpare part off; 
 fo that the top of the bud (being fquarcdj falls in flrait 
 with the crofs cut of the flock. Thus fixed, bind it 
 moderately tight in its place with the wet bafs, begin- 
 ning at the bottom, and palling by the bud, go on to 
 
 the
 
 SECT. VII. OF GRAFF IS G. 9S 
 
 the top, or rather above it. Care mull be taken that 
 the bud is not hurt, and it is to be left only juil ftarting 
 out between the bafs: This is the mode of inoculation 
 commonly ufea\« 
 
 Some gardeners infift, that it is bell to cut the bark 
 of the Hock thus j^, and fo in fert the bud by pulhing it 
 upward inflead of downward, becaufe by this method it 
 moots off wet effectually. 
 
 Others Jqua ring the bud to an oblong, clap it to the 
 place to be inoculated, and fcoring the flock to its fize, 
 cut out the b.irk of the flock from within the lines, and 
 having put the bud to the place, bind it in : but great 
 exaclncfs mull in this way be obferved, that the edges of 
 the bark do regularly touch. 
 
 Another zvay, and perhaps as good as any, is this : — - 
 dap the bud to the flock, (the bud being firft fquared) 
 and rather before it is feparated from the wood, and 
 fcore the bark on each fide, and aero fs the top; and 
 in/lead of fcoring the bark at the bottom, do it a 
 quarter of an inch (or rather more) above the bottom 
 ends of the fide lines; then take off the bark between 
 the lines, and place the bud, by pufhing it down this 
 piece oi bark, (being firil loofened) which will ferve 
 to hold it. Bind clofe, but not over tight. If in this 
 method the bud fits exaSfly, it is a very fure and neat 
 way of inoculating. As the fcoring of the flock is 
 •bjft done before the barking of the bud, a little allow- 
 ance mufl be made, as when the bud is feparated from 
 its wood, it will fpread a trifle wider. 
 
 If the buds have taken, it will be feen in about three 
 weeks, or a month, by their appearing//-^ and plump. 
 As often as any fhoots appear below the budding, cut 
 them off, and alfo fome of the moots above, if there are 
 many of them ; for it is not proper that an inoculated 
 {lock fhould have a large head. In a month loofen the 
 bandage, by taking it off, and putting it on gently 
 again, for another month. 
 
 In
 
 94- OF GRAFFING. SECT. VII. 
 
 In March, cut the he id of the ftock off with a keen 
 knife, cloie behind the budding, in a (loping direction; 
 fome leave three or four inches of the itock above the 
 bud till the following fpring, and it will ferve to tie the 
 new (hoot to, in order to keep it to a proper erect di- 
 rection. Suffer no {hoots from the flock, but rub the 
 buds off as foon as they appear. It may be of ufe to 
 jhadc inoculated buds a few days by a leaf, or a bit of 
 paper. 
 
 Perfons defigning to graff, are apt to neglect cutting 
 their cions till they get too forward, therefore remem- 
 ber to be in time. To do the work well, there mult be 
 good tools, &c. and particularly a keen knife. Choofe 
 as good a day as can reasonably be expe&ed, for bad 
 weather occaiions hurry and embarraiTment ; but defer 
 not too long on account of the weather. In handling 
 cions, take care of their eyes, that nothing bruifes them, 
 and particularly of the buds ufed for inoculation . 
 
 Some motion of the jap is proper at the time of all 
 grafting, but a free motion is necelfary for the mode of 
 grafting in the burk, and as on the funny fide of the ftock 
 it moves freeft, and is the bed afpect, as to weather, 
 insertion of ^r/v^r, though not buds, if it can be avoided, 
 mould be always on a part of the itock inclining to the 
 W'cjL Remember to take off, or at leaft to loqfen, the 
 bandages on grafts, as loon as they have taken. Silver 
 (as a fruit knife} is beft to raife the bark withj or any 
 thing is preferable to iron. 
 
 Though inoculation may feem the flowed mode of 
 propagating hu>>-trees, it proves eventually the quick- 
 eit ; and is the rooft certain wa) to produce free grow- 
 ing trees, with a well covered ilock. The iniertion of 
 
 . bud
 
 SECT. VIII. Or PLAN'TIN'G. 95 
 
 a bud has alfo the advantage of a cion, as a failure does 
 not hurt the (lock fo much. Avoid this work in very 
 hot, dry weather. 
 
 Many words have heen necefTarily emploved in direct- 
 ing to the bu fine is ofgraffing, but let not that circum- 
 itance deter ingenuity from letting about the work; or 
 a few failures prevent perfeverance, which will at 
 length be crowned with fuccefs, and (he achieve- 
 ment be a pleafing reward. Make proper marks, or 
 memorandums, to be afllired hereafter of the forts. 
 
 Lipping, mentioned page 88, is cutting the Hope- 
 face of the cion fo as to leave a rib down the middle ; 
 and then cutting out a notch in the part of the flock 
 that is to receive it. 
 
 Double -budding, mentioned page 90, is twice-bud- 
 ding, firit the flock, and then the (hoot when it is 
 grown big enough, which is in two years. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 OF PL ANT INC. 
 
 A S fo much depends upon proper planting, every 
 
 attest on ought to be paid to it. This bufmeis 
 
 may be arranged under thefe feveral heads. 1 The 
 
 choice oi plants. 2. The aa of planting. 3. The 
 
 ioii. 4. The fituation. 5. The fealon. 
 
 1. As
 
 9<5 Of PLANTING. SECT. VIII. 
 
 1 . As to the choice of plants. Trees ought to be 
 the befl of the kind ; and therefore no care m raijmg % 
 or caution and ex pence \\\ pnr chafing, fhould be fpared, 
 that at lead there may be a fair profpeSi of fatisfaftion. 
 To plant, and after waiting a long time, to be difap- 
 pointed, is rather a/mVw* misfortune; efpecialiy when 
 the work is to be begun again late in life. 
 
 Having fome confidence that the fort is right and 
 good, the plants muft be feen to, that they are healthy; 
 they fhould appear Jound as to any external injur)'; If 
 they are of a fquat, weak, bufhy growth, there can be 
 little expectation of their becoming good plants; though 
 it may fometimes happen that a tree of poor promrfe 
 will rally. 
 
 Trees graffed on olcifiitnted (locks, or that have often 
 been removed, or frequently cut down, feldom grow off 
 well in any foil, and fhould be rejected. Let thofethat 
 are purchafedbc feen to, as nurferymen often have Jnch 
 trees, having remained long on hand. 
 
 Good young trees have a fmooth, bright, and (Irak 
 appearance, rather of a robufl growth than otherwife; 
 though tbe molt luxuriant are not to be preferred, for 
 their wood is raw, and wants that firmnefs which is 
 neeefTary to fruitfulnefs; they may get off this crude 
 flate in time, but the moderately free-growers are 
 befl. 
 
 Young fruit-trees are the befl to plant; for though 
 old ones may fometimes fucceed with good manage- 
 ment, yet they arc liable to Hunt, and dwindle off; 
 whereas the ^former eflablifh their roots quickly, and 
 grow off apace; lb that young trees planted at the 
 fame time with old ones, generally overtake them in a 
 few years, and are fuperior. 
 
 To have moderate (hooting trees for tbe wall, or 
 ejpalier, chufc k\ch whofe twigs are rather (lender, 
 provided they are healthy s they will not only be kept 
 eafier within compafs, but in general prove more 
 fruitful. 
 
 2, The
 
 SECT. VIII. OF PLANTING. 9? 
 
 2. The ACT of planting. Trees taken up for 
 planting fhonfd be dug carefully, with (as much as pof- 
 fible) their full roots. Many a good tree has failod 
 merely by being taken up badly, and then planted fo. 
 The roots of fruit-trees are often not only mangled, 
 and too few, but are alio put into the ground without 
 any drelhng or care. 
 
 The lefs roots are expofed to the air the better, and 
 the fooner trees are planted after being taken up, tne 
 more likely they are to fuccecd well. Trees properly 
 packed (i.e. the roots well coyered) may liye out of 
 ground ten days or a fortnight, in autumn, or early in 
 the /bring i but nothing except necefjity will juftity the 
 keeping a tree out of ground a day longer than can be 
 helped, for the fine roots dry off apace. 
 
 If it be determined for any length of time before hand, 
 when and whereto plant, the opening the ground, and 
 expofitig the holes to the fun and air, (and if it may be 
 to frcfl alfo) will both correct crudities in the foil, and 
 enrich it from the various ftores of the atmofphere ; 
 this opening ihould be as wide and deep as convenient, 
 that the benefits of the air may be extended. 
 
 Some people do the work ol planting very idly, as if 
 it were fufiicient to fee that a tree has a root, and that 
 it was only neseilary to hide it in the ground. Ever/ 
 .one who plants trees mould Hand by himfelf, or have 
 ib roe trufty peri'on toy^ the work done, or the necef- 
 fary labour may not be beftowed. It is frequently the 
 way (for initance) to dig a hole n$ bigger than will 
 receive the roots of a tree twilled and forced in ; but 
 being thus cramped, and the veifels of their roots dif- 
 torted and broke, it cannot be expected that fuch unna- 
 tural treatment ihould anfwer. 
 
 But the above violence is not allj the roots are con- 
 fined as in a prifon, (in a tub or a bafon) which, if the 
 foil is ftrong, detains wet, and chills and cankers, if 
 not rots the fibres, To plant well, the ritfj of a tree 
 ihould have liberty to ftrike out freely every war, and 
 F ' ' ' the
 
 9& OF PLANTING. SFXT.VIII. 
 
 the ground well broke for their eafy progrefs. Let the 
 hole for a tree be loofened about two feet deep, and as 
 wide as will be much more than fufficient to receive 
 the roots in their full fpread as they grow, with little or 
 no direction given contrary to the original one. 
 
 When the tree is to be planted, take out the earth a 
 little lower than neceflary for the roots, at the depth 
 the tree is defigned to (land ; then dig the bottom to the 
 full fpade's depth. Trim any dead or damaged part of 
 the root, clean off; thin it of the finer fibres where 
 withered, or matted thick, and the more, according to 
 the time the tree has been out of the ground, for the 
 fine, //dead, ought not to be on. Trees moved only 
 from one part of the garden to another, need have but 
 few fibres cut off, but fome amputations are neceffary 
 to help the fooner to new roots, which ihortening al- 
 ways forces out. If the root has a tap, (or downright 
 fnur) it fiiould be cut to the general level of the other 
 roots, and never be left longer than a foot from the 
 higheft part of the root. Thoie great roots that lay 
 auk ward, or cro fling, fiiould be judiciouily rectified 
 with a (harp knife; be cautious, however, of taking 
 off too much, for the head will produce flronger 
 branches in proportion to the goodnefs of the root. 
 Though it be little practiced, it may be very well to 
 apply fome mixture, as of rofin and bees wax, to large 
 amputations : Cow dung may do. 
 
 The head of a tree fhould be fomewhat conformed 
 to the root. Some reduction of the head may take 
 place at the time of planting ; yet not all that may be 
 thought neceflary fiiould be taken off at firftj but let 
 alone till the lap ftirs at fpring, and then care Ihould 
 be taken to proportion the head to the root ; and not 
 leave on a tree too many buds, f®r a few ftuut branches 
 are preferable to many weak ones. This is the or- 
 dinary practice with refpect to wall trees, and why 
 not of all others ? Sec articles, Orchard and Pruning,. 
 Sea. Q and ifc. 
 
 The
 
 SECT. VIII. OF PLANTING. §§ 
 
 The hole being made as dire&ed, form a little hillock 
 in the middle of it to lay the roots on and round \ clap 
 the tree upon it, and having thrown on a little good and' 
 well-broke mould, give the tree a gentle making lift, 
 which will let the earth in clofe among the roots, and 
 bring the tree up towards its proper height ; by not 
 doing this, the roots are fometimes turned up at the 
 ends, inftead of laying rather downwards: Set the 
 tree high enough to allow for a fettling of the earth, in, 
 proportion to the depth it was loofened. Young trees, 
 however, mould have their roots nearly upon a level, 
 and fo mu ft have their ends raifed with the hand, if 
 they are fuf peeled to be too much deprcfled. The 
 mould mould be thrown on gently, a little at a time ; 
 and if fome that is finer and richer- than the reft be put 
 about the roots, juft to cover them, it would well an- 
 fwer the trouble, helping the tree to ftrike frefh roots, 
 and grow off the falter. 
 
 Trample the mould gently about the roots, beginning 
 at the outlide of the hole, and fo towards the ftem. 
 Finally, leave the ground a little hollow on the top, to 
 receive rains or waterings. 
 
 As to depth, trees in a light dry foil may have the 
 top of their roots fettled at about five or fix inches be- 
 low the furface, and in zjlrong {o\\ about three inches ; 
 or it may be a general rule to plant a tree no deeper 
 than it was before : for trees planted too deep never do 
 well. • Always keep the roots of a tree above a heavy- 
 clay, for the making trenches in it will not anfwer, and 
 an unheakhv tree may be looked for. See next article 
 Soil. If the good foil is thin, the roots mould be almoffc 
 planted in fight, raifing the earth about them. Take 
 care to protect the roots of all, but efpecially of high fet 
 trees, from froft the firft winter, and drought the firft 
 fummer. This covering of new planted trees about 
 their roots from extremes of weather, may be either 
 with good folid turf, litter with Mites on it, or J\ 
 alone, which by their weight help to hold the tree fait. 
 f rf Litter
 
 109 OF PLANTING. SECT. VIII. 
 
 Litter fhould be laid near a yard round, and five or fix 
 inches thick, to keep off fevere weather. Where plenty 
 ot ?nofs is to be had, it is a neat material to lay about 
 roots to keep them from drought. If litter alone is laid 
 about trees, (particularly againft an old wall) mice are 
 apt to harbour in it, and bark them : where fuch cover- 
 ing is ufed for winter, move it early in the fpring, and 
 fupply the place with turf, which will be proper to con- 
 tinue all fummer. 
 
 Watering is to take place if trees are planted early in 
 autumn, which fettles the mould about the roots, but 
 let them not be fodden with it. Late in fpring water 
 will be fafely and neceffarily applied, and muft be re- 
 peated alfo if dry weather ; but yet with caution, for 
 many new planted trees have been injured (if not killed) 
 by keeping the roots wet. Late planted trees mould 
 be occasionally watered throughout the fummer : thofe 
 planted in winter need none, if the fpring be not very 
 dry. 
 
 In planting wall trees, (the budded part outwards) 
 try in the hole which way they will belt (land again It 
 the wall ; and if they have a head defigned to remain for 
 training, place it carefully for the branches to be laid to; 
 but keep the tree a^s far from the wall as may be, (fup- 
 pofe eight inches) that the roots may have the more 
 room to (hike behind : cut off, or fhorten much, aH 
 roots whole direclion is ftraight towards the wall. Nail 
 the tree to it, that wind may not dilturb the roots. 
 
 In planting Jlandards, it will be proper to fix -a flake 
 near the Item to fallen the tree, in order to prevent the 
 roots being diiturbed by wind, which prevents their 
 linking out new fibres ; rocking about opens the ground 
 alfo about the item, and admits fro ft, by which a tree 
 is fometimes lolt, or fucceeds badly. This itaking is 
 heft done while the holes are open, and the roots of 
 the tree [ccn t as by driving a flake in afterwards, it 
 might damage fome principal root, and the hurting a 
 root is to be avoided as much as bruifing a branch. 
 
 Take
 
 SECT. Vril. OF PLANTING. IOI 
 
 Take care to fix the flake firmly, and to tie the tree (o 
 with a hayband, that it may not eafily get galled. 
 Twift the band clofe round the tree firil, and then round 
 the Hake and tree. 
 
 In late fpring planting it will be found of good u{"t to 
 make a mixture (in a barrow) of fre/h cow dung and 
 fine mould, half and half, to put about the roots, which 
 will greatly help to keep them cool, and plentifully to 
 nounih them. In default of cow-dung, a puddle of 
 fine fifted mould and water will do. Or, if the foil is 
 light, mix half mud from a pond or ditch. 
 
 CircumftancesVwy occur to make Jummer planting 
 defirable, if it could be fafely done. It is certain that 
 roots quickly ftrike in fummer, and if the head of the 
 tree is a little reduced, and fome fhading contrived for a 
 while, even wall trees may be then planted with cow 
 dung. But the greatejl point in this bufmefs is, that 
 the tree be not out of the ground fo long as to dry the 
 roots ; by fome means they mould be kept cool, and if 
 dried, put into pond water a few hours before planting. 
 Trees thus planted will not need watering for a long 
 time, and mull not have it, for over moifture might rot 
 the delicate new fibres. 
 
 3. The soil for planting fruit trees fhould be good, 
 or nothing pleafing can be expe&ed : It mould be 
 fweet and nourishing ; and therefore if not naturally fo, 
 it is to be improved by art and labour. Tillage or 
 breaking up a foil, to expofe it to the atmofphere, is of 
 much benefit. See article Soil, in the Formation of a 
 Garden. Seel. 3. 
 
 If nothing more can be done at the prefent, at leaft 
 make the ground fairly good where the tree is to be 
 fet. Two or three barrows oi frefi earth, if of a good 
 quality, is far preferable to dung ; but if the foil really 
 needs manure, let it be well incorporated by the fpade; 
 and work fome rotten dung in deep, below the roots', 
 which will be properly coniumed before the new roots 
 reach it ; much mult not be ufed. 
 
 F * In
 
 102 OF PLANTING. SECT. VIII. 
 
 In the cafe of only making the foil good for the pre- 
 font* the firit opportunity, (or at leafl before the roots 
 ipread far J mould be taken to extend the benefit as far 
 as may be, even to feveral yards round, and let this 
 work be done deep enough, or as low as the part 
 made good for firfl planting, i. e. two feet, or as near 
 upon it as the cafe will allow. In a few years this at- 
 tention mould be extended (in bad foils) to where it may 
 be thought pojjlble for the roots to have re.ched. For 
 want of this, a tree fometimes fails when juff come to 
 its full fize.and principal time lor bearing. When 
 roots reach a weak, ill-conditioned, poifonous foil, the 
 tree tnufi IV! ; and it mould be remembered, that the 
 extreme branches of the root are what chiefly nourifh a 
 plant, and not thofe about the ftem. 
 
 Fruit trees (though they like a rather Jlrong foil) 
 will not profper, or hardly grow, in a eold clay; but 
 in a foil that is tolerable above, they may be planted, 
 by improving, or railing this, as the cafe may require, 
 and cautioully avoiding going into the clay. Some 
 perfons have laid flat hones, or tiles, below the root to 
 aconfiderable diflance, which perhaps may anfwer ; but 
 it feems advifable only to do it about afoot fquare, (or a 
 little more) as this may give the roots a dehrable hori- 
 zontal direction. It has been recommended to do this 
 in all kinds of foil, in order to infure a more fuperficial 
 fpread,than without fuch contrivance could be expected. 
 If the fcil be good, (at the fame time ilrong) above any- 
 bad foil, and the roots take to run towards the furiace, 
 it is furprifing how trees will thus profper. 
 
 When planting takes place fuperf daily, let a hillock 
 of earth be laid round the roots, and the tree focured by 
 a flake for two or three years to hold it Ready ; and 
 keep turf ox mojs about the root till the tree is well 
 eftablifhcd. The hill may be from fix inches to half a 
 yard high ; in the latter cafe, lowering it a few inches 
 every year in autumn till within fix ot the root. 
 
 In
 
 SECT. VIII. OF PLANTING. 103 
 
 In a foil that trees are found to car.hr in, and get 
 othenvife difeafed, it is of no ufe (generally fpeaking) 
 to -wait their getting better ; but if there is any fpot of 
 a more promifing quality, thofe that are not too old and 
 far gone may be removed there, and perhaps recover; 
 but let the root be examined, as well as the head, to cut 
 out any difeafed part. If the moots mould be weak the 
 fir ft year, prune down clofe the fecond, and ftrong 
 wood may poilibly follow. 
 
 With refpeel: to the foil that fuits every particular 
 kind of tree, there is fome variety of opinions. Gene- 
 rally fpeaking, a true loam fuits every thing. See 
 Formation of a Garden, Sett. 3. 
 
 The following particulars feem to have a pretty 
 common confent. Vines love a rich dry foil, gravelly 
 or fandy, it it does not bind. Figs like much the fame 
 foil, though they need not fo rich a one: alhes are good 
 in the foil for figs. Apricots flourifh in a light loam; 
 but peaches and nectarines fhould have a fomewhat 
 ftrong loam, and the latter needs the warmer or richer 
 foil of the two. Pears like a ftrong but dry foil ; apples 
 a ftrong and a cool one, if it is not wet. Cherries^ 
 plums, walnuts, and mulberries, prefer a dry, fandy, 
 gravelly, or light foil, though they will grow in a 
 ftronger; plums do very well in a moift foil, and pro- 
 duce the larger fruit in it, but the flavour is inferior. 
 Quinces flourifh moft in a rich and moift foil, as by a 
 brook or river's fide, or where a rich wafh from finks, 
 or dunghills, runs occafionally about their roots : in a 
 dry foil their fruit is frnall, though higher flavoured : It 
 is an univerfal rule, that fruits are forwarder and •more 
 grateful in dry foils, but of lefs fize. 
 
 Though the vine be planted in a right foil, yet it 
 will require to be fed and enlivened with fome fpiri- 
 tous manure, either in autumn or fpring. For this 
 purpofe water impregnated withfheep's dung and frefh 
 urine has been ufed. The K>p foil being removed, 
 bullocks, or which is beft, hogs blood, is fometirnes 
 F 4 applied;
 
 JO* OF PLANTING. SECT. VIII. 
 
 applied; or it may be let in by making holes With a 
 fmocth fharp-pointed" flake, not too near the item. A 
 little jhcep's dung, or that of poultry, dug in regularly 
 every autumn, is a good, neat, ftanding rule. 
 
 4. The situation properefl for planting any 
 particular kino! of tree is to be confidered; for fome 
 like a low, fome a high, fome a moiff, fome a dry fitua- 
 tion ; but it is fpoken here chiefly of fruit trees. Pai - 
 ticularly obferve that pears grafted on quince flocks, 
 ■Tnu:l haveamoifl foil, or they will not do well. 
 
 The general fituation of a country will in a meafurc 
 rule; for though England be but an iflarid it has many 
 climates in it, and certain plants will do better in one 
 place than another, (even within the fpace of a few 
 miles) as to effects from weather. The difference 
 between hill and valley in the fame place, is fomething, 
 fo that in the latter the tender bloffoms of trees fhall 
 efcape, when in the former, unkind winds fhall cut 
 them off: — not that valleys are always fafe, for they 
 have fometimes deftructive blafls from miffs. . 
 
 Peas fown to fland the winter, in a garden on a hill, 
 and in another only a hundred yards below, in a vale, 
 the former expofed, and the latter welljheltered, will 
 demonflrate whatfituation will do ; for the peas below 
 will live when the others are cut off, and perhaps come 
 in a week earlier, when both furvive the winter unin- 
 jured. 
 
 In very expofed places, efpecially northwards, little 
 fruit can be expected from the more delicate zvall trees; 
 it is prudent therefore to avoid planting in cold places 
 the tenderejl, or the earliejl, or the latefl forts. The 
 difference of latitude between Middlefex and Northamp- 
 tonjhire makes commonly a fortnight in the coming in 
 of many things; fo that, generally fpeaking, what is 
 called an Oclober peach, is of little worth in the latter 
 county, though in the former it may do well : Without 
 plenty of walling for experiment, therefore, do not plant 
 late fruit far northwards of London. 
 
 The
 
 SECT. VIII. OF PLANTING. 105 
 
 The farther north, however, Is not a certain rule 
 for the productions of the garden being proportionally 
 later; for in fome parts of York/hire they produce ve- 
 getables and fruits, nearlv as eai ly as about London. 
 This has been afcribed to fubterraneous heat from coal 
 beds, or minerals, acting as natural hot-beds; but it 
 may be attributed (imply to a rich, warm, and deep foil, 
 having gravel below it, efpecially when in a valley 
 fheltered by winds on the cold fide. 
 
 With regard to Jituation, we fhould confider the 
 garden it/elf, and not plant choice fruits in a cold or 
 fhaded part of it: the afpeel muft be good for them a« 
 well as the foil. From an error of this fort, Vines have 
 frequently been planted and pruned for years, produc- 
 ing nothing but wood and leaves. 
 
 Figs and vines, neclarines and peaches, (as natives of 
 hot climates J fhould have afullhm here, or little fruit 
 can be expected from them; and apricots ought to have 
 a good ihare ot it, though they do very well (in fome 
 places) againft an eajl wall, and perhaps againlt a we/L 
 An eajl afpeel. is not fo fafe as a fauth, one, as to the 
 embryo fruit at the time of bloffoming, nor does it 
 bring the apricots fo forward ; but the fruit is com- 
 monly better : it hai the earlieft fun all the morning, 
 and the benefit of a geiule warmth afterwards, by the 
 wall, (the fun mining hot on the other fide; if the tree 
 is nailed properly clofe. See Formation of a Garden, 
 articles Situation and Afpeci, 
 
 From what has been faid on Jituation, the young 
 gardener will be hd to make fome difcrimin^tion m 
 planting, and not hope to fucceed when working againfi: 
 nature. If his garden is fmall, let him contract his 
 dcfires; and proceed upon fure grounds : but if large, 
 experiments and rifks are not of much confequence. 
 Favourable and unfavourable feafons make a great 
 difference ; but hope fhould have a foundation, and we 
 cannot expect a profperous end, without the ufe of pro- 
 bable means. 
 
 F5 5. The
 
 10(3 OF PLANTING. SECT. VIII. 
 
 5. The SEASON for planting is a matter of con fe- 
 quence, though fome perfons are apt to neglect it, who 
 fhould, and do, know better. The proper rule is, to 
 plant as early in the feafon as can be; fo that if the 
 ground is ready, trees had bell be put in when the leaves 
 begin to fall, i. e. in October ; yet fome good planters 
 have recommended even an earlier time than this; and 
 fcruple not to plant all the latter half of Sef-etember, 
 though the leaves be lull on. Some trees- will form 
 frdfh roots in the winter; and thofe which do not, vet 
 get fo united with the earth, and prepared for ftarting 
 m the fpring, that they are ready to anfwer a fupply of 
 juices much more freely than when late planted; and 
 confequently the new moots ?nujt be ftronger. Let 
 nothing but neceflity put oft planting in autumn, ex- 
 cept indeed the foil be a cold one, and then the work 
 done earJy in fpring is proper. 
 
 - The feafon for planting in a dry foil may he. all winter 
 for deciduous trees, i. e. thofe that lofe their leaves; 
 but all evergreens, (except the Scotch fir, which may be 
 planted at any time) fhould be moved early in autumn, 
 or late in fpring, and rather the latter, as they are fome- 
 what uncertain in taking kindly to the ground, efpeci- 
 ally if the weather is unfavourable at the time of plant- 
 ing. The oak and larch (though deciduous) are re- 
 moved fafeft in the fpring. In fpring- planting give a 
 found watering at the time, and if late in the fpring, 
 repeat it once a week or ten days, in dry weather. 
 
 Let even the meaneft trees and fhrubs, as currants, 
 goof cherries and rafpberries, have the like attention paid 
 to them as to their fuperiors; for their fruit will prove 
 the finer, and the argument is cogent for an Oclobcr 
 planting of thefe, as they are expected to bear the next 
 feafon. Let them be taken up, and planted with care ; 
 ior the bejl way of doing every thing ought to be the 
 rule of pnetice in all'cafes, and a gardener ibould follow 
 it above all perfons. 
 
 SECT.
 
 SECT. IX. OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. 107 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. 
 
 WE are indebted to shrubs for nfuch of the . 
 • pleaj'ure we enjoy in our gardens and planta- 
 tions, and they juftly merit every care, though they 
 produce us no (or few) edible fruits. They affift in 
 forming an agreeable made, they afford a great variety 
 of flowers with leaves differently tinged, and are ftand- 
 ard ornaments that give us no great trouble. 
 
 Of finds too little care (however) in general is 
 taken to plant them properly, or even to choofe good 
 plants for the purpofe; and hence they often foil to 
 flouriih, and are mortifying us with a dwindling growth, 
 and unhealthy appearance, when they fhould have be- 
 come objefts of admiration. 
 
 Many jhrubs are raijed from fuckers, others from 
 layers, fome from cuttings, and molt may be propa- 
 gated from feeds, which, though the (low eft method, 
 generally produces the fineft plants. Before they are 
 planted out for ornaments, they mould be trained two or 
 three years in a nurferv, to be formed into a full and 
 regular fhaped head. 
 
 Though deciduous fhrubs may be planted a! mod at 
 any time, yet Oclober is much the beft month, efpecially 
 if amoift feafon ; the exception being made as to a cold 
 wet foil, in which all forts of planting (as obferved 
 before) is beft done in fpring. 
 
 Evergreen fhrubs muft be cautioufly planted and 
 
 ihould not be ventured upon in winter, and even in 
 
 F 6 autumn
 
 108 OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, Sec. SECT. IX, 
 
 autumn and fpring ought not to be meddled with in 
 harm weather: drying winds are apt prefently to in- 
 jure their roots. It is a good rule, let the weather 
 be what it will, and the forts what they may, to expofe 
 the roots to the air no longer than can be helped ; ever- 
 greens mould therefore be immediately planted after 
 they are taken up, and their roots alfo very carefully 
 preferved whole. And if the fhrubs are fmall, and it 
 can be, let them be removed with balls of earth to 
 them, trimming off projecting ends. 
 
 As fhrubberies, clumps. Sec. are often made on poor 
 or indifferent ground, the foil mould be previouOy 
 cleared, well dug, and trenched, and that as long before 
 planting as may be. For fpring planting, this prepara- 
 tion work ought to be done in autumn or in winter, that 
 the foil may have the benefit of frofts, and other helps 
 from the atmofphere, which is a circumftance of much 
 confequence in the cafe. I 
 
 Tillage not only faves manure, but is fuperior to it, 
 where time can be allowed exhaufted ground. In 
 planting fhrubs and trees, it is defirable to do without 
 dung, as much as poffible; and therefore a little yW, 
 or turf-ajhes, &c. fprinkled over the ridges of trenched 
 ground, is good ; and if the trenches were turned over 
 once a month, the advantage in fuccefs would be fully 
 anfwerable to the trouble. 
 
 As fpring is, on the whole, rather the fittefr. time 
 "for moving evergreen fhrubs, and as the deciduous forts 
 'do then alio very well, Jhrubberries and clumps will 
 properly enough be the work of March, a little earlier 
 cr later, according to the foil and feafon. Light fandy 
 foils fhould always be planted in good time, and any 
 fair weather that appears fettled, fhould not be neg- 
 lected : the beginning of April, however, is by fome 
 reckoned the beft feafon for planting fhrubs. A good 
 u.edium way is to plant the deciduous forts the begin- 
 ning of March ; and, leaving places for the evergreen 
 kinds, plant them the end of March or the -beginning 
 
 of
 
 SECT. IX. OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. 109 
 
 of April. But it were flill a better way (if the ground 
 is in order) to plant deciduous fhrubs in autumn, and the 
 evergreen forts in fpring. 
 
 If autumn be the feafon fixed for planting, it will be 
 proper, before the froft comes in, to cover the roots 
 of fhrubs, and efpecially of evergreens, with litter, and 
 indeed at fpring it fhould be fo; for neither froji nor 
 drought mould be fuffered to affecl; new planted trees, 
 or fhrubs. Let the outfide plants of a new fhrubbery, 
 towards the fun, be covered about the roots all fum- 
 mer: Turf will be neateff. 
 
 What has been faid of the acl (or method) of planting 
 fruit trees, mould be obferved of fhrubs. In drefling 
 the routs of fhrubs, fhorten them moderately, prune 
 the heads fo as to form them handfomely. Settle the 
 ground to the roots by watering, and leave a little 
 hollow round about them for future watering, if the 
 feafon fhould require it. Let the taller plants be tied 
 to flakes, as the wind is apt to difturb them, and hinder 
 their fpeedy rooting. 
 
 The proper difpsftion of fhrubs, where there are 
 many, to be planted, fhould be confidered in feveral 
 particulars; lor the beauty and profperity of a plan- 
 tation depends greatly upon it. 
 
 The difances mult be according to the Jize they 
 ufually attain. Some grow off flow at firft , but after- 
 wards get large; but ffill thefe mould be rather con- 
 fidered in a middling way, otherwife the ground will 
 be a long time naked. Some forts will require not 
 more than a three feet diflance, others four, five or fix; 
 but as they are fmall, when planted, and perhaps much 
 oi a fize, the future height and fpread are frequently net 
 confidered. See Sect. 19. 
 
 The fituation, to accommodate them as well as may 
 be, according to their tender or hardy nature, fhould 
 be attended to; not to plant evergreen fhrubs, or the 
 more delicate deciduous forts, on the outfide towards 
 the iV. or N* £. and as there may be an irregularity in 
 
 the
 
 110 OF SHRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C SECT. IX. 
 
 the ground, the lower parts and deeper foil will be more 
 fuitable to fome, and the higher and Shallower may do 
 very well ior others. 
 
 Tender fhrubs mould not only be fheltered for 
 protection, but be planted in a dry fpot open to the fun: 
 Some things will live abroad in a dry and poor foil, 
 that would feldom furvive a winter in a rich and moift 
 one. The more towering forts muft be placed behind, 
 and the lefs fo before them, gradually declining to the 
 low growing ones, in a fort of theatrical order: This 
 is neceifary in difhrubbery, and indeed all plantations, 
 but more fo in the difpofition of plants in clumps, keep- 
 ing the center high, and falling gradually towards the 
 edge. Thus the Items, and naked parts of the higher 
 plants are hid by thofe before them, and the whole 
 appears to the eye a full fcene of verdure. 
 
 The Jeajon of fhrubs flowering and leafing is a 
 material point to provide for, by a proper diilribution, 
 that there may be a fprinkling of decoration every 
 month, in every part. And in thisbufmefs, an equally 
 difperfed mixture of theevergreen, and deciduous forts, 
 is neceffary to be obferved. See Sccf. 1 9. 
 
 As to the proportion of tins mixture, it will depend 
 upon tafte, and the opportunity of procuring the one 
 fort, or the other; but the circumilance may direct (in 
 a meafure) whether the plantation of fhrubs be about 
 the houje, or at a diftance from it. In the former cafe, 
 more evergreens mould be made ufe of, as in light in 
 winter: generally fpeaking, perhaps, one evergreen, 
 and two deciduous fhrubs, or one and three may form 
 an agreeable lhrubbery at all times. 
 . A regularity in planting fhrubs is not neccflary as to 
 lines, but is rather to be avoided, except juft in the 
 front, where there ihould always be fome low ones, 
 and a border {or flowers, chiefly of the fp ring, as ium- 
 mer ones are apt to be drawn up weak, if the (hrubbery 
 walks are not very wide. The flowers ihould be of 
 the loweft growth, and rather bulbous rooted. To- 
 G N wards
 
 SECT. IX. OF SCRUBS, SHRUBBERIES, &C. 1 1J 
 
 the edge may be planted aconiics, Jnow-drops, 
 r, primrofes, violets, polyanthujes, hepuiicas, yuood 
 
 wards the 
 crocuj]': 
 
 ancmonies, daffodils, cowflips, &c In open 1'hrubberies 
 an edging of Jlrawberries is proper, and the hautboy 
 preferable, on account of its fuperior (how when in 
 flower; but in thefe iituations the wood ftrawberry is 
 more commonly planted, as it will produce fruit with 
 lefs fun and air than any other fort. 
 
 The -management of a plantation of fhrubs comes next 
 to he conlidered. It mould be kept clean, or much of 
 its beauty is loft. Let it be frequently hoed and raked, 
 to give it a frefn appearance, and prevent the growth of 
 piofs, which fp reads apace from the ground up the items 
 of plants, and thus injures them much. The ufual 
 time for pruning and digging about fhrubs is fpring; 
 but autumn (and early in itj is better, if the plants are 
 well eftablimed in the ground, and efpecially when old 
 and full of roots. The pruning mould not be late, 
 (October beftj as feme forts are apt to lie down; thefe, 
 however, might be left .to fpring, or only fhortened in 
 p;.rt : They mould conftantly be kept free from fuckers 
 and luxuriant wood. See pruning of Jhrubs. An autumn 
 drefling is particularly to be recommended as leffening 
 the work of fpring, the hurry of which feafon fame- 
 times occafions fhrubberies to be neglected too long, 
 and to be but paitially attended to. 
 
 The fuckers, or young plants, found in digging and 
 drefling about mmbs, are often left carelefsly on the 
 grouiri, but if likely to be zvanted, ought to have their 
 roots buried as foon as poiTible: Why fhould they be 
 fufTered to wither, beCaufe they may recover? 
 
 For 'hedges about a plantation, (i.e. for the divi/ions 
 of it) the laurel, yew, and holly, are the principal ever- 
 greens? the former as a lofty and open fence, the fecond 
 as clofe and moderate in height, and to be cut to any 
 thing,, the laft as trainable by judicious pruning to an 
 impregnable and beautiful fence. Deciduous divifions 
 are bell made with the fmall leaved elm, or the hop 
 
 hornbeam,
 
 112 OF FOREST TREES. SECT. X. 
 
 hornbeam, as they are tonfile, and of a peculiar neat 
 foliage to the very bottom. If a lofty hedge is wanted, 
 the beech makes a good one. 
 
 Old walls and pales are fomewhat unfightly, and if 
 covered with plants are rendered agreeable. The ever- 
 greens to be recommended for hiding them, are the 
 laurel, phyllyrea, alaternus, pyracantha, yew, lox, and 
 lauruftinus ; but if the afpe6t of the wall be N. let them 
 be planted late in fpring. Ivy, box-thorn, and other 
 climbing (hrubs, anfwer the purpofe : the white and 
 yellow frriped Ivy are beautiful. If a mere Jammer 
 covering be defirecl, and the wall is high, hornbeam, 
 (rather the hop) and witch elm, do very well when 
 planted clofe : lilacs, or even black currants, alfo may 
 do, and will Toon ccme to a cover : But whatever is 
 planted for the purpofe, let it be kept regularly trim- 
 med, and trained clofe as may be to the wall. TntgabU 
 end of a building may be covered with a pear-tree, or a 
 vine, for though the vine mould not bear, it will anfwer 
 its prime end, and looks well when in fuli leaf. 
 
 section x. 
 
 OF FOREST TREES, 
 
 PLANTING of forefi trees, in fomc extent or 
 other, may be an objeH with fome young gar- 
 deners ; and thofe who have a tafte this way, and 
 ground to exercifc it on, will amufe themfelves in a 
 
 very
 
 SECT. X. OF FOREST TREES. 1 15 
 
 very refpeftabh manner by fo doing. Let the work be 
 fet about with all fpcedand refokuion ; for every year 
 loft to planting is to be lamented, both in a public and 
 private view. 
 
 What if forcjl trees produce nothing for the table, 
 or no immediate profit, they afford, in their raifing, 
 planting, and nurfing, prefent entertainment of a very 
 grateful kind : thev may ever after be viewed as objects 
 of fatisfa&ion, and pofierity will have reafon to praife 
 the work, and the planter. 
 
 Plantations of foreft trees do very much ornament a 
 country, and there arefome grounds peculiarly fituated 
 to become objects of delight in this refpeel, which 
 could not be better employed. A place without trees 
 being deftitute of one of the moft ufeful materials for 
 buildings, utenfils, &c. is in truth to be lamented as 
 unfurnifhed and forlorn. The demand for wood is 
 perpetual, and the confumption is great ; and therefore 
 a provision for generations to come, by planting of 
 forejl trees, muft afford the fin cereft (becaufe molt difin- 
 terefted) gratifications of pleafure to the mind. 
 
 Though every one has not ground to form plantations 
 of any confiderable extent, yet if it were only a fingle 
 tree here and there, i. e. to do what little might be 
 in this way, it would fhew a worthy fpirit, and make 
 a man an honourable benefaftor to fociety. Corners of 
 fields might have little clumps conveniently planted, 
 without much expence of fencing. A few trees might 
 be planted in, or rather juft without, hedge rows; but 
 thefe (hould be chiefly oaks. It is a practice with fome, 
 to plant trees in hedges when firft made ; but they are 
 commonly too GnaJl, and fo the quick choaks them, 
 and they never thrive. 
 
 But the planting of forejl trees is profitable as well 
 as pleafing and refpe&able; and a young planter may 
 live to reap much reward from his labour, or he may 
 leave a valuable inheritance to his children. " The 
 
 plantation
 
 114 OF FOREST TREES. SECT. X, 
 
 plantation and care of timber is like buying the rcver- 
 fion oi an ellate — for a little money expended, we be- 
 come heirs to great fums. — In countries fearce of 
 firing, and where poles and rails are wanted, under- 
 wood will pay the proprietor triple more value than the 
 beft fields of corn, and the oaks -among it remain a 
 great eflate to fucceeding generations." Poor land, 
 that does not anfwer for corn, would be profitably 
 cultivated in wood; but fuch ground fliould be /own, 
 rather than planted. Wet places may beadvantageoufly 
 planted with the amphibious tribe, as willow, fallow, 
 iv i thy, cfier, &c. 
 
 For thofe who may be difpofed to plant forejl trees, 
 the following directions are offered : — The manual 
 work proper to this bufinefs, may be gathered from 
 what has been already faid on planting fruit trees and 
 fhrubs ; and though plantations of forejl trees need not 
 be fo nicely attended to as fruit trees, yet the better the 
 work is performed, the fairer is the prof peel: ingrowing 
 good timber: a check by an error at firft planting is a 
 Toft of time, and a damage done to trees which is 
 fometimes never recovered. To give an inftance : — the 
 mould is often thrown on the roots of a forelt tree in 
 lumps, when if a little fifled earth were nfed, fo as juft 
 to cover them with fine mould, the trouble would be 
 amply repaid by the quick linking, and future Urcngth 
 of the tree. 
 
 Ground defigned for planting fhould be prepared as 
 long as it can beforehand, by the ufe of the plough or 
 fpade; and if fome fort of previous cultivation, either 
 in corn or vegetables, were adopted, the foil would be 
 better fitted to receive the trees. At any rate, the 
 places where the trees are to be fct, fhould be pre- 
 Viouily dug fomewhat deep, and cleared of rubbiih, 
 perennial weeds, twitch, &c. If wet, let it be properly 
 drained, for none but aquatics can do well in a cold 
 and very moifl foil. 
 
 In
 
 SECT. X. OF FOREST TREES. llj 
 
 In open planting for timber, to make only the holes 
 good where the trees are fet, is fuflicient, it the foil is 
 not ftrong, (which generally fpeaking however it 
 mould be,) and in fuch plantations, the plough being 
 ufed for corn, or fome fort of crop to be carried oif, 
 the whole foil will be prepared for the trees' roots to 
 fpread. A plantation of this fort may be constantly 
 under the plough, till the trees fhade too much, and 
 then it may be fown down for gra/s, which laying 
 warm, and coming earlv, would be found ufeful. The 
 opportunity given to improve a foil by this cultivation, 
 would infure very fine timber. 
 
 But a plantation of trees being made (as fuppofe of 
 pah) at due diftances, and the ground ploughed for two 
 .or three years, while they got. a little a-head, then it 
 might be /own profitably, with nuts, keys and feeds for 
 underwood, obfervingto thin the plants the fecond year, 
 and again the third, till two or three feet afunder in 
 poor ground, and to three or four feet diftance if rich. 
 .In fourteen or fifteen years, (or much fooner for fome 
 purpofes), the ajh poles, &c. will be fine, and meet with 
 a ready fale as ufeful {luff: Afterwards the underwood 
 will be fit to cut, in a firong ftate, every eleven or 
 twelve years. In the management of underwood, 
 fome have thinned the -plants while young, to three 
 .feet afunder, and cut them down at three years, to 
 about fix inches, in order to form flooh, which in about 
 ten years are cut, having, produced feveral (terns from 
 each. Some per fons have cut feedling trees .down at 
 this age to three inches for timber, leaving only one 
 ftrong moot to grow from eachflool; and thus finer 
 trees are frequently (or rather certainly) produced, 
 than from feedlings not cut down. 
 
 The diftances of the timber plants, may be from 
 twenty-five to thirty-five feet, according to the foilj 
 or opinion oi the planter. If no view to underwood, the 
 above open planting may be made clofe, by (jetting firft 
 the principals (which mould be iinc plants) and then 
 
 filling
 
 116 €F rOREST TREES. SECT. X. 
 
 filling up with others that are worfe, to within about 
 eight or nine feet of one another. They v/ill at this 
 diflance come to fair timber, or may be thinned at 
 pleafure; and even among thefe, a fmall crop of un- 
 derwood might be had which would fhelter the timber 
 plants, and help to draw them up ftrait. 
 
 As to little plantations, of thickets, coppices, clumps, 
 and rows of trees, they are to be fet clofe according to 
 their nature, and the particular view the planter has, 
 who will take care to confider the ufual fize they 
 attain, and their mode of growth. An advantage at 
 home for fhade or fhelter, ^and a more dirt ant object 
 of ficrht, will make a difference. For fome immediate 
 advantage, very clofe planting may take place, but 
 good trees cannot be thus expecled; yet if thinned in 
 )ime, a {trait tall Item is thus procured, which after- 
 wards is of great advantage. 
 
 For little clumps, or groupes of foreft trees, (as elms) 
 there may be planted three or four in a fpot, within 
 five or fix feet of one another ; and thus be eafily 
 fenced : having the air freely all round, and a good 
 foil, fuch clumps produce fine timber. 
 
 Single trees of every fort, grow off apace, and are 
 jnore beautiful than when in the neighbourhood of 
 others, and particularly firs, pines, larches, limes, 
 walnuts and chefnuts: the edible fruited chef nut is only 
 good for timber; but the horfe is very ornamental, 
 flouriming however only on high dry ground. As to 
 rows of trees, whether fingle or double, when planted 
 for zfcreen, they may be fet about feven or eight feet 
 afunder, upon an average, according to their nature, 
 taking care to prune them occafioiially, from too gall- 
 ing an interference. 
 
 Avenues are now feldom planted, but when they 
 are, two good rows of elms, limes, chefmits, &c. mould 
 be fet at the width of thehoufe, at full thirty feet diftance 
 in the rows : to thicken which, intermediate plants 
 may be fet; and alfo an inner row, to be removed 
 
 when
 
 SECT. X. OF FOREST TREES. 117 
 
 when the principal trees are full grown. Avenues to 
 profpecls, mould be fifty or fixty feet wide. 
 
 The belt feafon for planting the deciduous kinds of 
 foreft trees, is the latter end or" October, and evergreen 
 forts, the latter end of March though the foil, whe- 
 ther light and dry, or heavy and wet, mould fome- 
 what direct; evergreen trees being to be planted gene- 
 rally with fafetv, early in autumn, if the foil is warm ; 
 but in all cafes trees mould be planted in dry weather, 
 that the mould may be loofe to drop in, and lie dole 
 between the roots, which is a material thing : Trees 
 planted in rain or mills, are injured by the moifturc 
 moulding the roots. 
 
 Fortfl. trees for planting are generally preferred 
 rather large, and being fo, fhould not be taken up idly, 
 but with as much of an uninjured fpread of roots as 
 poflible: yet, free growing plants of about three or four 
 feet high, promife in the end to make finer trees than 
 thofe that are planted larger. Some fay they are beft 
 at this fize from \\vt feed bed; and others, to have been 
 once planted out, having had their tap roots then cut, 
 and generally fpeaking, this is the cafe, as they have a 
 more bufhy and horizontal root. 
 
 In the ait of planting, let every tiling be done as 
 directed for fruit trees; i. e. the hole dug wide and deep, 
 the ground well broken, or rather fifted, to lay imme- 
 diately about the roots, &c. Let the trees be made 
 faft by flakes, and litter laid about their roots to keep 
 out froft and drought. It is of much confequence to 
 take care that the roots (efpecially of evergreen trees) 
 do not get withered before planted. Evergreens do belt 
 in a dry, but deciduous foreft trees (generally) in a moift 
 foil, if it is not wet. Oaks in particular, though at 
 firft they may appear to do poorly, grow well in ftrong 
 moift ground, and make the belt timber. 
 
 Fencing is the lafl thing to be confidered. If trees 
 are planted where cattle go, their items muft be pro- 
 tected from barking and rubbing. The common way 
 
 of
 
 11$ OF FOREST TREES. SECT. X. 
 
 of fmall pofls and little rails is well known; but if 
 large cattle are not fed where the trees are, good thorns 
 ftuck round them, and tied to them, is fufficient, and 
 indeed this might do in aim oft all cafes. There are 
 various ways, ordinarily known, but whatever mode is 
 ufed, let it be at firft well executed, and afterwards 
 repaired in time, as often as there is nv.vd. Something 
 concerning the raijingoi foreft trees will be found at 
 page 78. 
 
 Whoever plants for eft trees, mould take care todrefs 
 them by proper pruning, and fuffering no fuckers to 
 remain about their roots. Their tops mould be kept 
 equal, and not permitted to fptead too much in heavy- 
 branches, but trained in a light and fpiral way; always 
 preferving the leading fhoot, to encourage mounting 
 which is the perfection of a foreft tree. Thejiems of 
 all trees defigned for timber, mould be constantly j and 
 timely attended to, as it is neceffary to rub ofRmcls, or 
 to cut off the fide {hoots, except here and there a fmall 
 one, which may ferve to detain the fap to the (welling 
 of the trunk; but branches being left on of any 
 ftrength, keep the tree from mounting, and draw it 
 crooked, and fuch branches, if cut off when large, 
 occafion knots, and fometimes a decay at the part. 
 
 Plantations, growing thick, Ihould be thinned in 
 time; but not too much at once, efpecially in hilly 
 fituations; for as thofe trees which remain, come 
 fuddenly to be cxpoied, (after having been brought up 
 under the fhclter of others,) IVirTer much; getting 
 crooked, Hunted, and buftiy, inllead of having their 
 defirable erect form, without which they are not 
 adapted for fuperior ufes, or agreeable to the eye. 
 
 Ornamental trees, as the erab, /'.'• tck cherry, mountain 
 ajh, &c, may prove profitable, as well as agreeable, 
 here and there one amongft foreft trees, and Ihould 
 therefore not be omitted; The wood is good. 
 
 SECT, 

 
 SECT. XI. OF RURAL GARDENING. 119 
 
 SECTION XI. 
 
 OF RURAL AND EXTENSIVE GARDENING. 
 
 TyURAL and extenjlve garden hig is naturally connected 
 -*■*' with a taite lor planting foreft trees ; and an idea of 
 the piclurejque ihould ever accompany the work of 
 planting. Merely for the fake of objecls to gratify 
 the eye, planting is very often purfued,- and where- 
 ever trees can be introduced to improve a view from 
 the houfe, or accuftomed walks, there a man, having it 
 in his power, as proprietor of the land, ought certainly 
 to plant. 
 
 It to planting in clumps, coppices, groves, avenues, , 
 and woods, be added levelling of ground, improving of 
 water courfes, and paftures, making lawns, '&c. the 
 expence incurred would be honourable, and aniwered 
 by pleafures of the fincereft kind! There are ways of 
 fpending money, that could be named, which are found 
 mifchievous in the extreme, and are therefore deferv- 
 edly branded with difgrace; but he who diftributes 
 wealth into the hands of indujlry, working to ufeful 
 purpofes, and that delegable end of making the country 
 about him a garden, does it in wildom. 
 
 Yet here fome caution may be neceflary. " Do 
 nothing too much," is a wife maxim. Building, plant- 
 ing, and gardening, upon a large fcale, have been fome- 
 times attended with Jerious confequences, as when a 
 man's fortune has not been equal to the undertaking. 
 
 it
 
 MO OF RURAL GARDENING. SF.CT. XI. 
 
 It weredefirable to be able to perfuade to great things 
 in this way ; but prudence mull guide. 
 
 Thofc who would do much in rural and extenjive 
 gardening, fhould not be forward to trull their own 
 tafte altogether, though they may be ingenious. In 
 this bufinefs there is no making experiments, but all 
 fhould be executed, as much as poflible, upon certain- 
 ty. There are profejjional men in this way, whole pe- 
 culiar practice, and appropriate talents, will enable them 
 to conceive improvements, and the bell manner ol ex- 
 ecuting them, which would fcarcaly be projected by 
 any private perfon. There is a variety of works and 
 decorations in extenfive gardening which injudicioufly 
 introduced, might create a waileful expencc. This is 
 an error that ought to be avoided, and moil probably 
 would be, by thofe who have been in the habit of 
 ftudying nature, and the powers of art, as her fubmil- 
 five handmaid. 
 
 Artificial decorations are at this time much lefs made 
 ufe of than formerly, and the grandeur of pail times in 
 the way of gardening would now be thought trifling 
 and mean. Witncfs (heard trees, ilatues, vafes, water 
 works, figured parterres, &c. in that flyleof gardening, 
 imitated fiom the Dutch, which has been long deemed a 
 mere burlefque upon Nature, the grand characlcriilics 
 of which are eajc and Jiviplickjt, 
 
 The pleafure we leek in laying out gardens, is now 
 juflly founded upon the principles of concealed art, 
 which appears like Nature; but Hill, whether ingenious 
 contrivances and decorations, (altogether artificial,) 
 mould be fo entirely laid ahde as they are, may deferve 
 to be conhdered. Gardens were formerly loaded with. 
 Jlatues, and great improprieties were committed in 
 placing them, as Neptune , in a grove, and Vulcan 
 at a fountain, large hgures in i'mall gardens, ami 
 imall in large, &c. but perhaps works of the fta- 
 tuary might iti.U be introduced, and the meeting wish 
 Flora, Ceres, or Pmuta, &c, well executed, tout 
 
 / iw 
 
 \
 
 SECT. XI. OF RURAL GARDENING. 1?1 
 
 in proper places, could hardly give offence. A terrace 
 as a boundary, is now feldom formed, but in feme 
 fiiuations, fuch an eminence however might in feveral 
 refpecls be agreeable. 
 
 It would certainly be too much to attempt here par- 
 ticular directions for ex tenfive gardening.' The peculiar 
 capabilities of any place mull fuggefl what may be done, 
 and much judgment is neceffary to plan aright. It 
 is prefumed only to give a few hints to thofe private 
 perfons who would do fomething in this way, which 
 thev may confider as they pleafe. 
 
 If trees are planted injudicioufly, the error is a trifle; 
 but if cut down fo, the confequence is fei ious, and ha? 
 often been forely lamented ; extirpation mould there- 
 fore be well thought of before it is executed; efpecially 
 trees about houfes, for many dwellings have been thus 
 too nattily expofed, and deprived of comfortable 
 meher and fhade. And why fhoulcl a tafte have pre- 
 vailed for {ofudden a tranfition, as no fooner out of the 
 houfe than to arrive in the open country, or why 
 fhould an extenfive garden be thrown as much as pof- 
 fible into a Jingle view, when meeting with new obje£t* 
 in our Walks is fo agreeable ? 
 
 Hilly J pots that are in view of the houfe mould be 
 planted with firs, as pleafant noble looking trees, and 
 very hardy. Beech does well on high ground, efpe- 
 cially, if chalky. In low ground, not to mention 
 alders and that tribe, the birch, and even the oak, mould 
 not be forgot, where the wei does not long ftand. 
 
 About the houfe fome jhady walks ought always to 
 be provided, by thick planting, if not of trees, yet of 
 flowering fhrubs, and evergreens, of which the laurel 
 will be found the mod ufeful. Here mould be alfo a 
 good portion of grafs plat, or lawn, which fo delights 
 the eye when neatly kept, alfo borders of {hewy flowers, 
 which if backed by any kind of fence, it mould be hid 
 with evergreens, or at leafr. with deciduous fhrubs, that 
 the fcenc may be as much as poilible vivacious. 
 G If
 
 te2 ©F RURAL GARDENINC. SECT. XI. 
 
 If there is good room, Jingle trees of the/)- kind, at clue 
 diitances, are admirable ornaments about a houfe, and 
 clumps of Ihrubs all of the fame kind have a good 
 effea. 
 
 Thofe who have much fpace of ground to decorate, 
 do well to plant trees and ihrubs of every kind, as 
 enlarging the fources of amufement, and affording 
 opportunities for obfervation; but if the allotment of 
 ground for this purpofe is contracled, then, of courfe, 
 thofe only fhould be planted, which by their neat foliage, 
 natural iyrametry, and gay flowers, may be truly eiteem- 
 ed ornamental. They mould be fuch as ftrike the eye 
 of perfons in general though they have nothing of 
 fingularity to engage the attention of the curious in 
 plants. It too often happens, that good old forts of 
 trees, fhrubs, and flowers, are excluded for new ones, 
 but if the latter are not more elegant, and generally 
 pleafing, the practice is furely not a wife one : in 
 ornamental gardening, on a J ma 11 fcale, great care 
 fhould be taken, in the choice ot what is really pretty, 
 that nothing dull or rambling be introduced. 
 
 In the moft jhcltered place, near, the houfe, there 
 fhould be an inclofure of a compact nature, as fuppoie 
 oS.yciv, dwarf, elm, ox hornbeam, (rather the former) open 
 only to the South, as a neceflaiy apartment to place 
 things in from the greenhoufe, -Or occafionally the hot- 
 -fjoujc, tender annuals, or any hardy curious potted 
 plants, for a fummcr refidencc. Spruce firs anfwer 
 very well for a fcreen, being kept dipt a little after 
 Midfummcr. For this purpofe, or for hedges to fepa- 
 rate, or divide, any fpot of ground, the hop hornbeam is 
 better than the common fort, which holds its dead leaves 
 on all the winter, and makes a litter at fpring. This 
 bufmefs may alio be eafily effecled by planting elder 
 cuttings at a footafunder, which will grow up quickly, 
 being kept moilr. 
 
 The walks fhould always be wide, fome (in general) 
 Terpentine, and -contrived as much as poilible upon a 
 
 levels
 
 SECT. XI. OF RURAL GARDEN' INC. 1.C3 
 
 level, as walking up and down hills can hardly be called 
 pleafure. That they may be extenfive, they mould 
 flkirt the grounds, and feldom go acrofs them. In 
 Tmall pleafure grounds the edges of the walks fhoifW be 
 regularly planted with flowers, and long ones occafion- 
 ally fo, or with the mofl dwarf fhrubs; and neat fhel- 
 tered compartments of flowers, (every now and then 
 to be met with) have a preity effect. If the walks 
 are extended to diftant plantations of forefi trees, every 
 opportunity fliould be taken, to introduce fomethin 
 of the herbaceous flowery kind, which will prove the 
 more pleafmg, as iound in unexpected fituations : The 
 outer walk of pleafure grounds and plantations, mould 
 every now and then break into open views of the 
 country, and to parts of the internal fpace, madepleaf- 
 rag, if not {hiking, by fome work of art, or decoration 
 of nature. 
 
 Water mould only be introduced where it will rim 
 itfelf clear, or may be eafily kept {o, as alfo in full 
 fight, and fome fall of it mould be contrived, (if 
 poflible,) for the lake of giving it motion and found. 
 becaufe a lively fcene of this element is always much 
 more pleafant than a dead one. Every [prhiv of water 
 mould be made the mofl of, and though fountains, See. 
 are out of fafhion, fomething of this kind is aoreeable 
 enough, Near fome pieces of water, as a coof retreat, 
 it is defirable that there mould be fomething of the 
 Jummer-houfe kind, and why not the fimple ruilic 
 arbour, embowered with the woodbine, the fweelbriar, 
 the jafmine and the rofe. Pole arbeurs are tied well 
 together with bark or ozier twigs. 
 
 " Before the defign of a rural and extenfive garden 
 be put in execution, it ought to b e confidered, or 
 anticipated, what it will hem twenty or thirty years 
 time; tor it often happens, that a defign which looks 
 handfome when it is firfl planted, and in good propor- 
 tion, becomes fo fmall and ridiculous in procefs of 
 time, that there is a neceflity either to alter it, or 
 G 2 deitroy
 
 Iv>4? O? RURAL GARDENING. SECT. XI. 
 
 deftroy it entirely, and fo plant it anew." This obfer- 
 vation of Mr. Miller's, j unifies tlie advice given of 
 employing the moft Jhilful in planning and directing 
 pleafure grounds. To proportionthe breadth of walks, 
 the fize of carpets, calling and levelling of grounds, 
 parterres, &c. The difpofal of fountains, ftatues, vafes, 
 dials, and other decorationsof magnificence to moft ad- 
 vantage, requires a particular addrefs, fays Mr. Evelyn, 
 or to fpeak more emphatically, a prophetic eye; and 
 though the talte is not now what it was in Mr. Evelxns 
 time, yet, perhaps, the only difference is that more 
 ikill is requifite. 
 
 What has been faid of the difficulty of rural and ex- 
 tenfive gardening, is meant only as advice to proceed 
 with cautious fteps. The work is truly of the moft 
 worthy nature, and a tafte for it deferves to be cherifh- 
 ed. Mr. Shenjlone, in an ode on rural elegemee, defends 
 his favourite employment thus : 
 
 And oh ! the tranfport, moft ally'd to fong, 
 In fame fair villa's peaceful bound, 
 To catch foft hints from Nature's tongue, 
 And bid Arcadia bloom around: 
 Whether we fringe the floping hill, 
 
 Or fmoothe below the verdant mead ; 
 Whether we break the falling rill, 
 
 Or through meandering mazes lead : 
 Or in the horrid bramble's room, 
 Bid carelefs groupes of rofes bloom : 
 Or let fomc {helter'd lake fercne 
 Reflect flow'rs, woods, and fpires, and brighten all the 
 fcene ; 
 O fwcet difpofal of the rural hour ! 
 O beauties never known to cloy \ 
 While worth and genius haunt the favour'd bow'r, 
 
 An<i every gentle bread partakes the joy ! 
 While Chanty at eve furveys the fwain, 
 Enabled by thefe toils to cheer 
 -A train of helplefs infants dear, 
 
 Speed
 
 SECT. XI. OF RURAL GARDEN INC. \$6 
 
 Speed whittling home acrofs the plain : 
 Sees vagrant Luxury, her hand-maid grown, 
 For half her gracelefs deeds atone, 
 And hails the bounteous work, and ranks it with her own* 
 
 Why brand thefe pleafures with the name 
 Of foft, unfocial toils,, of indolence and Ihame ? 
 Search but the garden,. or the wood, 
 Let yon admir'd carnation own, 
 Not all was meant for raiment or for food, 
 
 Not all for needful ufe alone ; 
 There while the feeds of future bloflbrris dwell, 
 'Tis colour'd for the fight, perfum'd to pleafe the ffnelL 
 
 Why knows the nightingale to fing ? 
 
 Why flows the pine's ne&arious juice ? 
 Why mines with paint the linnet's wing ? 
 
 For fullenance alone ? for ufe ? 
 For prefervation? Every fphere 
 Shall bid fair Pleafure's rightful claim appear, 
 And fure there feem of human kind, 
 
 Some born to fhun the folemn ftrife ; 
 Some for amuffcve talks deiign'd, 
 To foothe the certain ills of life ; 
 Grace its lone vales with many a budding rofe, 
 New founts of blifs difclofe, 
 Call forth refrefhing (hades, and decorate repofe. 
 
 Mr. Shenjlone fucceeded admirably in laying out hij 
 grounds, and producing a delightful fcene about the 
 Leaf/wes, Several gentlemen have done great things 
 in pidurefque gardening, without the afhilance ol pro- 
 teiTional artifts; but they have had a peculiar talent this 
 way, improved by ftudy and obfervation. Thus Mr. 
 Walpcle makes an eafy affair of it, and fays, " the 
 pofleflbr, if he has any tafte, is the belt defigner of his 
 own grounds." And indeed, as thev have come fo 
 frequently under his own eye and contemplation, he 
 mult, in a great meafure, be competent to the work ; 
 and at leaft, ought not to give up his judgment too im- 
 plicitly to general undertakers of rural gardening. 
 
 G 3 Ornamental
 
 IH OF RURAL GARDENING. SECT. XI. 
 
 Ornamental gardening depends much on the form of 
 the ground, and therefore to fhape that is the firft object. 
 Some fituations may not need it, and, perhaps, a little 
 alteration may produce a happy effect in others; there- 
 fore jrreat alterations fhould not be attempted with- 
 out manifeil advantages, as either levelling, or railing 
 ground, is a heavier bufmefs than is commonly lap- 
 pofed, both as to time and expence. 
 
 Too much plane is to be guarded again ft, and when 
 it abounds, the eye mould be relieved, by clumps, or 
 fome other agreeable object. Hollows are not eafily 
 filled, and eminences, molUy are advantageous, in the 
 formation of piclurejque Jcenes, in which the general 
 principle of ornamental gardening confifls. This idea 
 has been prefTed fo far, that it is contended, a gardener 
 fhould be a ftudier of landfcape paintings., But with- 
 out an immediate view to pictures, no doubt, grounds 
 may be laid out in a way fumciently picturefque. That 
 view may be very agreeable in Nature, which would 
 not be fo in a picture, and vice verja. 
 
 Piclurejque gardening is effected by a number of 
 means, which a true rural genius, and the ftudy of 
 examples only can produce. Thefe examples may be 
 piclures, but the better inftructors will be fcenes in 
 Nature; and the proper grouping ol trees, according to 
 their mode of growth, fhades of green, and appearance 
 in autumn will effeft a great deal. 
 
 To plant piclurefquely a knowledge of the cbaraclcr. 
 ijlic differences of trees and fhrubs, is evidently a prin- 
 cipal qualification. Some trees fpread their branches 
 wide, others grow fpiral, and fome conical; fome have 
 a dole foliage, others an open one, and fome form re- 
 gular, others irregular heads, the branches and leaves of 
 which may grow erect. , level, or pendent. 
 
 The mode of growth in trees, as quick or flow, the 
 time of leafing, and fhedding leaf, with the colour of 
 the bark, are all circumflances of confideration in order 
 
 to
 
 SECT. XI. ©F RURAL GARDENING. 127 
 
 to produce linking contrafts, and happy aflemblages, in 
 the way of ornamental gardening. 
 
 ■■ To range the fhrabs and fmall trees, to that they 
 mutually fet off the beauties, and conceal the blemifhes, 
 of each other; to aim at no effects which depend on a 
 nicety for their fuccefs, and which the foil, the ex- 
 pofure, or the feafon of the day, may deftroy; to attend 
 more to the groupes than to the individuals ; and to con- 
 fider the whole as a plantation, not as a collection of 
 plants; are the belt general rules which can be given 
 concerning them. 
 
 11 In confidering the fubjetts of gardening, ground 
 and wood firit prefent themfelves; water is the next; 
 which, though not abfolutely neceflary to a beautifnl 
 compohtion, yet occurs fo often, and is fo" capital a 
 feature, that it is always regretted when wanting ; and 
 no large place can be 1 uppofed, a little fpot can hardly 
 be imagined, in which it may not be agrccnvlr. Is 
 accommodates itfelf to every fituation, is the mofi 
 iiUerefting object in a landscape, and the happieft cir~ 
 cumitance in a retired recefs ; captivates trie eye at' a 
 diffance, invites ap/proach, and is delightful when near: 
 it reirelhes an open ex pofure ; it animates a made, 
 cheers the drearinefs of a wafte, and enriches the mol) 
 crowed view. In form, in ftyle, and in extent, it may 
 be made equal to the greateit compohtions, or adapted 
 to the leaft : it may fpread in a calm expanfe to foothc 
 the tranquillity of a Spacefill fcene; or hurrying along 
 a devious eourfe, add fplendour to a gay, and extra- 
 vagance to a romantic fituation. So various are the 
 characters which water can affunie, that there is fcarcely 
 an idea in which it may not concur, or an imprellion 
 which it cannot enforce." 
 
 On the works of art in gardening, the following 
 pafTage is pertinent : ~ u Art was carried to excefs, 
 when ground, wood, and water, were reduced to ma- 
 thematical figure, and fmiilarity and order were pre- 
 G 4 ferred
 
 128 OF RURAL GARDENING. SL^T. KU 
 
 ierred to freedom and variety. Thefe mifchiefs, how- 
 ever, were occafioned, not by the ufe, but the perver- 
 sion of art; it excluded, inflead of improving upon 
 nature, and thereby deilroyed the very end it was called 
 in to promote. Archite£t.ure requires fymmetry, the 
 objects of nature freedom; and the properties of the 
 one cannot, with juftice, be transferred to the other. 
 But if, by the term art no more is meant than merely 
 dejign, the difpute is at an end; choice, arrange- 
 ment, compofition, improvement, and prefervation, 
 are fo many fymptoms of art, which may occahonally 
 appear in ieveral parts of a garden, but ought to be 
 difplayed without referve near the houfe: nothing 
 there fhould feem neglected; it is a fcene ot the molt 
 cultivated nature: it ought to be enriched, it ought 
 to be adorned; and defign may be avowed in the 
 plan, and expence in the execution. Even regularity 
 is not excluded : a capital ftruclnre may extend its 
 influence beyond its walls; but this power fhould be 
 exercifed only over its immediate appendages. Works 
 of fculpture are not, like buildings, objects familiar in 
 fcenes of cultivated nature; but vales, flatues, and 
 termini, are ufual appendages to a confiderable edifice*. 
 ^s fuch, they may attend the manfion, and trefpafs a 
 little upon the garden, provided they are not carried 
 fo far into it as to lofe their connection with the 
 ftruclure." 
 
 SECT.
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. IC9 
 
 SECTION XII, 
 
 OF PRUNING, 
 
 1. OF WALL TREES. 
 
 OF this " matter work of gardening," it has beti; 
 faid, " that gentlemen prune too little, and 
 gardeners too much;" thefe extremes are to be avoided, 
 as attended with peculiar evils, equally mifchievous: 
 Wall-trees are prefently fpoiled by either practice. If 
 they are too full of wood, the moots and fruits can- 
 not be properly. ripened, and if they are too thin, ther 
 confequence of the-cuttingihat has made them fo, is the 
 production of wood, . rather than fruit, forcing out 
 moots, where otherwife bloflbm buds would have been 
 formed. The defignation of trees to a wall neceiTarily 
 occafions cutting, and on the Jkilful ufe of the knife 
 much depends ; but let not the ingenious young gardener 
 be difcouraged at the appearance of difficulty : a little 
 fiudy, .practice^ and perfeverance will clear the way, 
 and if he does not become a complete primer at once, he- 
 will in a reafonable time, and the work will prove one 
 of the pleafanteft amufements of a garden, not attended 
 with fatigue. . 
 
 Every one who has. walj-trees cannot keep ■d.profejj'ed- 
 
 gardener, nor is every one who calls himfclt fo 4 
 
 qualified to prune properly. It is a great mortification. . 
 
 to a man, who wilhes to fee his trees in order, not to i 
 
 G5 bo*
 
 j SO OF PRUNMNC. SECT. XII. 
 
 be able to get an operator to attend them ; let him re- 
 folve to learn the art hjm/elfi and the ability will be 
 very gratifying to him. 
 
 Proud of his well.fpread walls t he views his trees 
 That meet (no barren interval between,) 
 With pleafure more than ev'n their fruits afford, 
 Which, fave himfelf who trains them, none can feel. 
 
 Cowper, 
 
 As many words mutt be u fed on this article pruning, 
 for the fake of a little order, and the appearing lefs 
 tedious, the bufinefs of managing zvall-trees may be 
 thus divided: — 1. Concerning the form. 2. The 
 health. 3. The fruitfulness of them. A 
 tree may be kept in good firm, but be neither healthy 
 nor fruitful, and may be both in good form and health, 
 yet not fruitful; but if it is fruitful, it mult polTeis 
 both the former qualifications. 
 
 1 . As to the FORM, or general appearances of the 
 wall-trees. If a tree is young and newly planted, the 
 Hrft thing is to head it down, by cutting off (if it is a 
 nectarine, peach, or apricot) all the (hoots, and the ftem 
 kfelf, down to a few eyes, that the lower part of the 
 wall may be furnifhed with new and ftrong wood. 
 Make the cut Hoping, and behind the tree, taking. care 
 (by placing the foot on the root, and the left hand on 
 the ftem) not to difturb the tree by the pull of the knife. 
 Plaiiter the part with a bit of cow-dung, clay, or ftifF 
 earth. 
 
 The heading down is to be made fo as to leave two 
 or three eyes, or four, if a high wall, on tdchfideoi the 
 ftem, from which fhoots will come properly placed lor 
 training. The number of eyes may be alio according 
 to the ftrength of the tree, and its roots. If there are 
 not two well placed eyes on each fide of the ftem, two 
 /boots, thus fituated, may be left cutting them fhort to 
 3 two
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 1:31 
 
 two or three eyes each. Eyes or moots behind, or 
 before, confider as of no ufe, and let them he early dif- 
 placed by rubbing, or cutting. This work is to be 
 performed in fpring, when the tree is putting forth 
 moots; i. e. about the beginning of April. 
 
 If towards the end of May, there mould be wanting 
 fhoots on either fide the tree, having, perhaps, only one 
 put forth where two were expected, that one moot 
 mould be cut, or pinched down, to two or three eyes ; 
 and before fummer is over there will be found good 
 ihoots from them, and thus a proper head be obtained. 
 This work of fhortening moots of the year may be done 
 any time before Midfummer; but in this cafe, all ill- 
 placed, or fuperfluous growths, muff, be rubbed of? as 
 foon as -feen, that thofe to be referred may be the 
 ftronger, receiving more nourifhment. 
 
 As the lateral Ihoots grow, let them be timely nailed 
 to the wall, dofe, (trait, and equi-diftant; but ufe no 
 force while they are tender. If they are quite well 
 placed, they will need no bending; but fometimes moots 
 mull be laid in which are not perfectly fo. Lay in as 
 many good moderate fized Ihoots as may be throughout 
 the fummer, for choice at winter pruning, yet do not 
 crowd the tree. As the moots proceed in length, nail 
 them to the wall, that no material dangling of them be 
 iecn; but avoid uftng too many fhreds. 
 - In the formation of a tree, keep each fide as nearly as 
 can be equal in wood, and the ihoots inclining down- 
 wards, which is a mode of training neceftary to fill the 
 lower part of the wall, (none of which mould be loft) 
 and to check the too free motion of the lap, which wall 
 trees are liable to from their warm fituation, and con- 
 tinual cutting. All the branches mould have an 
 horizontal tendency, though the upper cannot have it fo 
 much as the lower ones. Thofe that are perpendicular, 
 or nearly fo, mount the wall too f aft, and runaway with 
 the food that mould pals to the horizontals, which being 
 impoverished by the vigorous middle branches, gradually 
 G 6 " become
 
 13.C OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 become too weak to extend themfelves, and nourifhthe 
 fruit. The primer, therefore, muft be content to have 
 ibmeof the wall, over the middle of the tree, unoccu- 
 pied; or, at leafl, fuffcr none but weak, or very mode- 
 rate (hoots, to find a place there. 
 
 The idea of a well-formed tree is fomewhat reprc- 
 fented by the ribs of a fpread fan, or the fingers of the 
 hand extended. Regularity is allowed to be fo necef- 
 fary to the beauty of a wall tree, that fome have even 
 drawn lines for a guide to train by; but Nature, (ever 
 tree and eafy) will not fubmit to fo much formality, 
 and fuch a perfect difpofition of the branches are not 
 neccflary. A tree may be regular, without being linear, 
 and the proper ufeful (hoots are not to be facrificed to a 
 fanciful precifion. Though crofjlng of branches is 
 againft rule, yet cafes may happen (as in want of wood or 
 fruit) where even this awkwardnefs may be permitted. 
 The object, is fruit, and to obtain this end, form muft 
 fometimes give place. " Barrennefs being the greateft 
 cieiecr., crofting muft not be fcrupled, when barrennefs 
 cannot otherwife be avoided." A tree may be in fair 
 fymmetry, and yet badly pruned ; and thus fome igno- 
 rantly, and others cunningly, put trees in order with- 
 out a proper f election of branches, fo that the bed 
 fliall be cut out, and the word left, merely becaufe the 
 latter fuits the form better, and gives a favourable ap- 
 pearance to the work as regular. 
 
 All fore-right and back (hoots, and other ufelefs 
 Woocf, mould be difplaced in time, for they exhauft 
 (he ftrengUi of the tree to no purpofe, and occafion a 
 rude appearance. It is a very expeditious method to 
 difplace fuperfluous young (hoots, by puihing, or 
 breaking them off; but when they get woody, it is apt 
 to tear the bark, and, in this cafe, the knife muft be 
 «jed: the better way is to dis-bud by rubbing; yet a- 
 young luxuriant tree (hould be fuffercd to grow a little 
 wild to fpend the fap. There is one evil, however, at- 
 tending on, dis-budding, and rubbing off young fcre- 
 
 r%hts %
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 153 
 
 rights, that fome fruit [purs are thus loft; for apricots 
 are apt to bear on little fhort fhoots, of from halt an 
 inch to an inch, (or more) and there are peaches which 
 do the fame; fo that it is a rule with fome pruners to 
 wait to diftinguifh^//r.r ixom flmts % and then toufe the 
 knife; yet life it as little as may be in fummer. 
 
 In regulating a tree, at any time, begin at the bottom 
 and middle, and work the way orderly upward and 
 outward. Never Jhorten m fummer, (which would pro- 
 duce frefh (hoots) except a forward (hoot where wood 
 may be wanting; but where the tree is really too thick, 
 cut' clean out what may be fpared. None of the moots 
 produced after Midfummer mould be nailed in, except 
 where wood is wanting to fill a naked place : They 
 never bear fruit. 
 
 The proper ufe of nails zndfhreds is neceflary to the 
 beauty of the tree, as well as a regular dilpolition-of 
 the branches ; and in this bufmefs ingenuity will evi- 
 dence itfelf in neatnefs. 
 
 Nails that are weak and fmall can hardly be ufed,, 
 for they muff be of fufheientftrength to hold fa/l ; but 
 large nails do not look well, and hurt the wall more 
 than fmailer. There is, however, a fort made on pur- 
 pofe for this work, with flat heads, and robuft fhanks^ 
 called garden nails, and thefe are generally to be ufed;. 
 there is yet a fmailer fort, with flat heads, that, in many 
 tales, might do, and they have fomewhat the advantage 
 m neatnefs. In default of thefe there are lath nails, of 
 two or three fizes, that maybe brought into ufe. It is> 
 proper to have two fizes, the larger for flrong and the 
 fmailer for weak (hoots: trees trained to wood- can 
 hardly have nails too fmall. 
 
 Shreds mould be adapted to the ftrength of the 
 branches, and the diffance of the buds from each other; 
 fo that with flrong fhoots, having their buds wide* 
 fuch broad fhreds may be ufed, that would make weak 
 fhoots unffghtly, and fpoil them by covering the buds.; 
 •many a well cut ties has been made difgufting, 
 
 merely
 
 134- OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 merely by irregular and dangling fhreds. An unifor- 
 mity of colour can hardly be accomplifhed, but a regu- 
 larity of hze may; fcarlet, if all alike, looks bed; and 
 white the worft. The general width of fhreds mould 
 be from half an inch to three quarters, and the length 
 two inches to three, having fome wider, longer, and 
 ftronger, for large branches. In the difpojition of 
 ilireds, fome mult have their ends turned downwards, 
 and fome upwards, as bell fuits, for bringing the moots 
 to their proper place, and {trait direction. Though 
 fome pruners obferve a fort of alternate order, yet the 
 ends hanging chiefly down, will look belt. Ufe no 
 more fhreds and nails than neccflary to make good 
 work, as the effeel: is both rude and injurious. 
 
 The hammer ufedin nailing branches fhould be neat 
 and light, with a perfectly fmooth and level face, about 
 two thirds of an inch diameter, having a claw for 
 drawing nails. As nails are apt to break out pieces of 
 the wall in drawing, it is a good way to give the nail a. 
 tap to drive it a little*, which loofening it from its ruft, 
 makes it come out eafier, and fo faves a wall from large 
 holes, which is a material thing. 
 
 Trellifes have been recommended to be placed againfl 
 walls, as a means of keeping a wall found, and giving 
 the fruit more room to {well. In the training of fruit 
 trees that do not require the greatefl degree ot fun, and 
 in htuations where the lofs of a little heat is not 
 material, this method of training trees is. a good one. 
 But, perhaps, there are not many fituations in England, 
 (common as it is on the continent) where this mode of 
 culture can be adopted, as all the fun we meet with 
 here, is generally but barely fwfhcicnt for peaches,,, 
 neclarines, grapes, and figs. Apricots, however, may do, . 
 and when trained upon a trellis, in a fouthern afpeel,. 
 grow finer, and are lefs mealy th;in directly againfl a 
 wall. A durable, neat, and almoft invifible trelly might 
 be made of wine. 
 
 Trellifes
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 135 
 
 Trellifes fhould be made of feafoned deal, and fquared 
 to flips of three-fourths of an inch, or a trifle wider, 
 and fixed clofc to the wall, fo as to form upright ob- 
 longs of twelve inches by fix. In this way oi training, 
 the fhreds ought to be finer, and the nails much fmaller ; 
 but the branches may be tied with bajs, &c. it the trellis 
 is fet a little from the wall, as fuppofe an inch. 
 
 It may be obferved, that tying laves the expence of 
 nails and fhreds, clofe fet buds are never covered, and 
 damage from the hammer is avoided. By trellifing, a 
 tree will be cleaner and lefs infefled with vermin, which 
 breed in the holes made by nailing. In this mode of 
 training, the fruit fwells freely, grows larger, and is of 
 more equal flavour; fo that it deferves trial where it is 
 likely to fucceed by fine fituations. 
 
 Let the young gardener be advifed refolutely to ob. 
 ferve the pruning laws, and keep all in perpetual order, 
 for his trees will run prefently to confufion and ruin, 
 if inattention and negleft take place. 
 
 2. The HEALTH of wall trees is greatly provided 
 for, by observing the directions already given, concern- 
 ing their firm; for if obferved, each fhoot will have the 
 proper benefit of/w/z and air, to concoct its juices and 
 prepare it for fruiting. 
 
 It injures a tender fhoot when it prefTeshard again ft 
 a nail. If the hammer ftrikes a fhoot, and bruifesthe 
 bark, it often fpoils if not kills it, by the part cankering. 
 The Jhreds may be too tight, fo that the fhoot cannot 
 properly fwell; and if fhreds are too broad, and too 
 numerous, they are apt to occafion ficknefs, and prove 
 a harbour for infecis and filth : Let the number be 
 leffened at all opportunities. A Hip of the knife may 
 wound a neighbouring branch, and make it gum, can- 
 ker, or die. It will require care, and fome practice, 
 to avoid this accident; and in order to it, keep the point 
 of the knife fharp, and mind the pofition of it when 
 
 cutting.
 
 136 OF PRUNING. SLCT. XII. 
 
 cutting. Cutclofe and doping behind the eye; neither 
 fo near as to injure it, nor fo wide as to leave a flub. 
 
 Digging deep with a fpade about borders fometimes 
 injures the roots, and keeps them too low in the ground, 
 when they mould be encouraged to run higher; and as 
 nothing but well con fumed dung, or other manure that 
 drops freely, ihould be ufed about fruit trees, it is a good 
 way to dig, or flir the ground carefully with an a/pa- 
 ragus fork. Wounds and bruifes hurt roots, as much 
 as branches, and though cutting fmall roots afunder by 
 a fpade, does good rather than harm, yet large onc-3 
 are often much injured by this infirument. 
 
 The extremities ol a tree will not be in vigour with- 
 out a ftricl attention votivz middle, that it have no ftrong. 
 wood, growing erectly: this was before directed, and 
 mujl be obferved. When the fides of a tree are well 
 extended, and full of healthy wood, then fome moots 
 of moderald fubfbn-ce may be trained up the middle. 
 
 The bending of a branch much is a violence to be 
 avoided ; fo that every fhoot mould be kept from the 
 firjl in the direction it is to grow. 
 
 Luxuriant wood mull be particularly attended to, to 
 get rid of it in time, before it has robbed the weaker 
 branches too much. That is luxuriant wood, whicfe^ 
 according to the general habit of the tree, is much larger 
 than the- reft ; for a fhoot that is deemed luxuriant in 
 one tree, may* not be loin another. It ilrong woody 
 that is not very luxuriant, happens to be at the bottom 
 of the tree, io that it can be trained quite horizon- 
 tally, it may often be^ ufed to good purpofe, as this; 
 pofrtion checks the fap. A luxuriant fhoot may be. 
 kept in fummer where it is not defigned to retain it, , 
 merely to cut it down at winter pruning to two or three 
 eyes, for getting wood where wanted the next year ; 
 or this ihortening may take place in June, to have new 
 ihoots the prefent year. Luxuriant Ihoots may be> 
 fometimes retained for a time, merely as wafte pipes... 
 
 More ,
 
 sect. xn. or pruning. 137 
 
 More concerning luxuriant wood will be found in what 
 follows. 
 
 All difeafcd, damaged, very weak, or worn out 
 branches (as they occur) mould be cut out, to make 
 Way for better ; but if a tree is generally difeafed, fome 
 caution muil be ufed not to cut out too much at once, 
 if there is any hope of reftoring it. A very old tree, 
 or a voung one, that does not thrive, may be cut 
 a great deal ; but prune it fo as to have a general 
 fprinkling of the bell of the branches, and keep fhort 
 lengths of an eye or two, of the weaker ones, in a fort 
 of alternate order. 
 
 Young trees are very apt to decline, and fometimes 
 die, if fufferedto overbear themfelves thefirft year or 
 two of fruiting: The remedy is obvious, and mould 
 refolutely be applied. 
 
 A weak tree is helped much by training it more 
 treclly than ufual, as lefs check is thus given to the fap 3 
 and fo the moots are more likely to fwell : Rich a tre* 
 mould be kept thin of branches, and always pruned 
 early in autumn, keeping the top free from fucn wood 
 as is ftronger than that which is in general below, and 
 all the moots fhorter than ufual. 
 
 Old decaying trees ihould be lefTened a little every 
 year, and conflantly watched, to obferve where young 
 and ftrong (hoots are putting, out below, in order to 
 cut down to them ; and though the time for doing this 
 is commonly at autumn or winter pruning, yet it may 
 be belt done in fummer, as the (hoots would thrive the 
 better ; obferving to put fome grafting clay, or cow 
 dung, to the part, to prevent gumming, which fummer 
 pruning is apt to occafion. A judicious pruner may 
 bring the oldeft, and mod ill-conditioned tree, to a 
 healthy and bearing (late, if all is but right at the root, 
 it having a good foil about it. 
 
 Keep all wall trees clean, and particularly weak ones, 
 from mofs, cobwebs, or other filth; and attend to 
 infetts, (hails, caterpillars, and (mother flies. Any bark 
 
 that
 
 158 OF PRUNING. SECT. XI). 
 
 that is decayed by cracks, &c. mull be cleared away 
 to the quick, either by rubbing, or the knite, as filth 
 and infecls are apt particularly to gather there: wipe 
 the part clean, with fpunge and foap. 
 
 Confuler the foil about an unthrifty tree, and if it is s 
 thought bad, improve it by moving away as much ot 
 the old as conveniently can be done. The roots may 
 be laid carefully quite bare, and examined, in order to 
 cut off decayed or cankered parts, and to apply imme- 
 diately to them fome fine and good frcjh earth, with a 
 little thorough rotten dung in it, and a fprinkling of foot, 
 or wood afhes. 
 
 Hog dung, applied frefh, is faid to have a peculiar 
 efficacy in recovering weak trees; and cow dung may 
 reasonably be expected to do good, if the foil is a 
 warm, or hungry one, and it not fo, the hog dung is 
 not fo proper, as it is a cold drefiing. If the foil is a 
 ilrong one, a compofi of fowls, oxjheep's dung, time, with 
 any frefh light earth, one part of each of the former, 
 and three of the latter, mixed with the foil that is taken 
 ofT, will be a proper manure; to which a little fharp 
 fand maybe added. An animal dreffmg, as ot entrails, or 
 any carrion, or bullock's or hog's blood, applied to the 
 roots, has been frequently found effectual to make fruit- 
 ful, and to recover decaying trees, and in particular 
 vines. All thefe applications mould be made late in 
 autumn, or early in fpring. 
 
 The conftltution of a tree is fometimes naturally 
 barren ; or the foil that the roots have got into may be 
 fo nought and deleterious, that no pains, or perfeverance, 
 will avail any thing; but continuing truitlefs and 
 fickly, admonifhes the owner to take it up, and try ano- 
 ther 'plant, rectifying the foil thoroughly, it the evil 
 is thought to arife there. The (mother fly does fome- 
 times repeatedly attack the fame tree, which is a fign of 
 inherent weaknefs, for the juices of a fickly tree are 
 fweeter than thofe of a found one, and fo more liable 
 to fuch attacks. Sometimes a tree of this kind, when 
 
 removed
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 139 
 
 removed to a good foil, and pruned greatly down, does 
 very well. A foil too rich of dung often occafions trees 
 to be blighted, and the remedy is to impoverish it with 
 a (harp land. 
 
 In order to health and Jirength, a tree muft not be 
 kept too full during fummer, as it prevents the proper 
 ripening of the wood, and makes the fhoots long jointed. 
 It more than one fhoot proceed from the fame eye, 
 referve only the ftrongeft and beft fituated. A crowded 
 tree cannot be healthy, and it becomes both lodging and 
 food for infects. The blojjom buds of a tree being always 
 formed the year before, they will be few and weak in a 
 thicket of leaves, as debarred of the neceffary fun and 
 air: But in order to avoid an over-fulnefs, do not make 
 any great amputations in fummer, left the tree fhpuld 
 gum. 
 
 In clearing a tree of fupcr -abundant wood, take care 
 not to cut off' the leading (hoot of a branch. All (hoots 
 after Midfummcr mould be difplaced as they arife, ex- 
 cept where wanted to fill up a vacancy. In a too vigorous 
 tree, the Midfummer fhoots may be left for a while on 
 thofe branches that are to be cut out at winter pruning, 
 as cutting fuch trees in fummer is to be avoided as much 
 as poflible; fo that a little rudenefs in a luxuriant tree 
 may be permitted as a neceffary evil, provided it be- 
 comes not too fhady, or unfightly. Watering wall trees 
 with an engine fmartly on a fummer's evening, is con- 
 ducive to their health, and frees them from infecls. 
 
 The fubjeel: of blights is too difficult, and uncertain, 
 to be entered upon here, though it may feem a proper 
 place for it. 
 
 3. The FRUITFULNESS of wall trees, (the 
 ultimate object of planting and training them) comes 
 now to be fpoken of. Their proper form and health 
 being good, the foundation is laid, but feveral things 
 are yet to be done to obtain the wr/propofed, and this 
 
 cbiefly
 
 140 OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 chiefly regards the principal cutting, or what is called 
 winter pruning. 
 
 If trees have been planted far enough afunder, it is a 
 happy circumftance, as the proper horizontal form, and 
 the open middle, may be preferved. The longer the 
 horizontals are, the more neceflary it is to be careful to 
 fuffer none but weak branches in the center uprightly. 
 If trees are confined as to length of wall, they of courfe 
 take a more erect form, but ftill flrong wood fnould not 
 mount juft in the middle. 
 
 If the trees have been properly attended to during 
 fummer, there will be now (at their principal, or winter 
 pruning) the lefsto do ; and the leading objects are,^0 
 thin and to furnijh them, or, in other words, to take out 
 what is to fpare, and to cut what is left, fo as to fill the 
 tree properly again by fucceeding fhoots. 
 
 A tree U to be thinned ol damaged, unpromifing, and 
 ill-placed fhoots, and of woody branches that are de- 
 caying, or reach far without fruitful fhoots on them, 
 and always fome of the old wood fhould be cut out, 
 where there is young to follow, or fupply its place. 
 Of the fair and well placed fhoots alfo, the fuperabun- 
 dance is to be taken away, fo as generally to leave the 
 good ones at four, five, or fix inches afunder, according 
 to the fize of the wood and fruit. 
 
 Luxuriant wood, i. e. thofe fhoots that are gigantic, 
 mufl be taken out from the reft, as they would impo- 
 verifh the good, and deftroy the weak branches, and are 
 never fruitful; but if a tree is generally luxuriant, it 
 muft be borne with, and the lefs it is cut, comparatively 
 fpeaking, the better. Such a tree, after a few years, 
 may come to bear well; and when it begins to fhoot 
 moderately, fome of the biggeft wood may be taken 
 out each year, or fhortened down to two or three eyes, 
 and fo brought into order. The more horizontally 
 free (hooting trees are trained the better, as the bend- 
 ing of the fhoots checks the fap. A flrong fhoot or 
 
 ° two,
 
 SECT. Xll. OF PRUNING. 14b 
 
 two, of a very luxuriant tree, may be trained per- 
 pendicular {or a time, to keep the horizontals the more 
 moderate. 
 
 As the pruner is to begin below, and towards the 
 Jiem, fo the object, in thinning muft be, to prefer and to 
 leave thofe (hoots that are placed lo-wejl on the branches, 
 that fo the tree may be furnifhed towards the center. 
 See that thofe left are found, and not too weak, or over 
 ftrong, for the moderate (hoots generally bear beft. 
 Weak (hoots are always more fruitful than ftrong ones; 
 and if they are furnifhed with fair bloffoms, mould be 
 kept where a tree is full of wood, and even preferred to 
 moderate ones, on a very (lourifhing tree. 
 
 In this thinning bufinefs, the young pruner muft be 
 content to go on deliberately, that he may confider well ' 
 before the knife is applied. To make a proper choice 
 is the great point. After hefitating, to be fometimes at 
 a lofs, muft not difcourage a learner, for good pruners 
 often are, and no two adepts would chufe juft the 
 fame (hoots for referve. 
 
 The next object is to furnijh a tree. In order to 
 this, the thinning of old wood, young being ready (or 
 eahly to be procured) to follow, has already 'been 
 mentioned; but the principal ftep is the fnortening of the 
 (hoots, which occasions them to throw out below the 
 cut, for future life. If they were not to be fhortencd, 
 the tree would prefently extend a great way, bearing 
 chiefly at the extremities, and all over the' middle it 
 would be very thin of fruit, and thus a great part ot the 
 wall loft; which not to fuffer, is the art of a pruner that 
 fhews he has indeed (kill. 
 
 The viode of bearing in peaches, nectarines, and 
 apricots, is on the laft year's wood, which makes it 
 neceffary to jhortcn, in order to a certain fupply of 
 moots for bearing the next year; and thus to have 
 fucceffion wood in every part of the tree. 
 
 The rule for jbortemrig is this ; Confider the ftrength 
 of the tree, and the more vigorous the lhoots arc, cut 
 
 off
 
 142 OF PRUNING. SHCT XII. 
 
 off the lefs. If a luxuriant tree were to have its fhoots 
 much fhortened, it would throw out nothing but wood; 
 and if a weak tree were not pretty much cut, it would 
 not have ftrength to hear. From vigorous {hoots one- 
 four.hmay be cut off; from middling ones, one-third; 
 and from weak ones one half. 
 
 In fhortening, make the cut at a leading moot hud, 
 which is known by having a blofjbm bud on die fide of 
 it, or, which is better, one on each fide. Blo/Jhn buds 
 are rounder and fuller than leaf buds, and are difcern- 
 ible even at the fall of the leaf, and plainly feen early 
 in the fpring. It is defirable to make the cut at twin 
 blojjbtns, yet as this cannot always be done, the due 
 proportion of length muff generally determine. It often 
 happens, that the bloffom buds are chiefly, and fome- 
 times all, at the end of the {hoot ; but ftill it fhould be 
 fhortened, if it is at all long. Never rut where there 
 is only a bloffom bud, and prefer thofe fhoots that are 
 fhorteft jointed, and have the bloffoms moft in the 
 middle. The fhoots that lie well, and are fruitful, or 
 healthy, and but a few inches long, may be left whole. 
 Always contrive to have a good leader at the end ot 
 every principal branch. 
 
 Young trees (as of the firft year of branching) fhould 
 have the lower fhoots left longer in proportion, and the 
 upper fhorter, in order to form the tree better to the 
 filling of the wall : the lower fhoots may have three or 
 four eyes more than the upper. 
 
 In furn'ijhing a tree, confider where it wants wood, 
 and cut the neareft unbearing branch (or if neceffary, 
 a bearing one), down to one, two, or more eyes, ac- 
 cording to the number of fhoots defircd, for in fuch 
 clofe fhortening, a fhoot will come from each eye. 
 With a view to wood for filling up a naked place, a 
 ■fhoot formed after Midjummer may be thus fhortened; 
 though the general rule is, to difplace all fuch late 
 {boot's as uielefs; the dependence for blotfbms being on 
 the earlv formed fhoots. 
 
 The
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 143 
 
 The time for the principal, or -winter pruning, is by 
 fome gardeners held indifferent, if the weather is mild 
 at the time; but a moderate winter's day is often quick- 
 ly followed by a fevere froft, which may hurt the eye 
 and bloflbm next the cut. The belt time is at the fall 
 of the leaf, and mould take place as foon as the leaves 
 begin to fall. November is, generally fpeaking, a good 
 time, and if this month is pail, ihen February, if it is 
 mild, or as foon after as polTible, for when the bloflbm 
 buds get fwelled, they are apt to be knocked off by a 
 little touch, or jar of the hammer. 
 
 An autumn pruning will make the tree ftronger, and 
 the bloflbms come bolder and forwarder; and if trees 
 are then cut, as it leflens the work of fpring much, 
 this alone is a good argument for it. This practice 
 gives alip a better opportunity to crop the borders 
 (moderately; with cauliflowers, lettuces, radijhes, &c. 
 to iland the winter. Primers in general, however, like 
 a fpring cutting, becaufe they then fee the bloflbms 
 plainly, and thus more readily make their election of 
 Ihoots. Yet if the firft fine weather and leifure were 
 embraced in autumn, it were certainly better ; and 
 furely it mull give fatisfaclion to fee the trees in order 
 all the winter. 
 
 But though an autumn pruning is to be earneflly 
 recommended, it were Left to leave young trees, for a 
 year or two, after heading down till fpring ; and luxu- 
 riant trees ought certainly to be fo left, not only to 
 check the ftrength of the coming ihoots, but to fee 
 better where their bloflbms are, that no fruit be loft, as 
 when in this ilate they bear but idly. 
 
 In an autumn pruning*, apricots mould be cut lafl; 
 but if fpring be the time, the rule is to begin with 
 , apricots, then peaches, and then neclarines. Apricots 
 mould not be fo much fhortened as peaches, nor do 
 they fu well endure the knife. Shoots of theapricot, if 
 under a foot, may be left uncut, if there is room. The 
 jpurs of apricots mould be fpared, if not too long, or 
 
 nume-
 
 14- OF PRUNING. SJECTVXI*. 
 
 numerous, for they bear well, and continue tor years. 
 Some forts of peaches are alfo apt to put out fruit fpurs y 
 and muft be managed accordingly. 
 
 If much alteration is to be made in a wall tree, it 
 will be neceiTary to un-nail a great part, it not the 
 whole tree, or a fide of it, at lead. When a tree has 
 filled its f pace, fomething of this fort mufl be done, and 
 the worft, oldefl, largeil, and molt unprofitable wood 
 taken out. If good fruitful wood be cut away to 
 reduce the tree, then that is to be referved which will 
 lay in ftraiteft and in the bell form, branching out the 
 near ell towards the flena. 
 
 Thus having finifhed the directions for pruning 
 apricots, peaches, andnecJarines, a few moit obfervations 
 may be made, and fomething faid concerning the 
 management of thofe wall trees, in order to obtain good 
 fruit. 
 
 After trees have been pruned, it will be proper to 
 look them over, to fee what can be amende J, as they 
 will hardly be done perfectly at fir ft; this bufinefs may 
 be let alone till bloffoming time, and then fome judicious 
 alterations may perhaps be made, (with care) as taking 
 out fome weak, or other lfioois, that prove barren, and 
 may be fpared, or cutting fome down to the knit-fruit, 
 both to benefit that, and make room for the new wood : 
 April will be the time for this. 
 
 The primer's bufinefs is not limply in providing a 
 prefent, or a next year's crop of fruit, but to manage 
 liis trees fo as to lay a foundation for years to come : 
 He is to anticipate confequences, and provide tor the 
 future. 
 
 Particular as the directions here given tor pruning 
 have been, they cannot have comprehended every 
 pofible cafe, but good fenfe and experience will readily 
 fupply what may be wanting, if the inilrucfions afforded 
 are underftood. 
 
 Thofe who hire a workman to perform their pruning, 
 fhould have three fummcr operations befides the winter; 
 
 i. e.
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUXING. *« 
 
 i. e. in May, July, and September, earlier or late, in 
 thefe months as the feafon is, taking care to be fatisfied 
 of the Jkill of the performer. 
 
 To preferve blojfoms from inclement weather, is a 
 thing fome perfons are curious in, though on the whole 
 they may be (as they generally are) left to take their 
 chance. After expence and trouble, this bufinefs it 
 often done to no purpofe, or a bad one. The covers 
 fometimes knock off the tender bloflbms, and if the 
 work is done irregularly, as perhaps covered too clofe 
 for a time, and then left uncovered, they are fooner cut 
 off. 
 
 Many contrivances for Jhelters have been ufed. The 
 eld way of {licking cuttings oiyezv, or other evergreens, 
 or fern, (which is bed when dry) is as little trouble a* 
 arty ; but they mould be fixed carefully, fo as not to 
 flip, or be moved by wind, and not fo thick as to [hade 
 overmuch. A flight covering is of fervice, and rather 
 to be recommended than a thick one. 
 
 Nothing more than an old net has been ufed fuccefs- 
 fully by fome gardeners for the purpofe. 
 
 A coping projecting from fix inches to a foot, ac- 
 cording to the height of the wall, is ferviceable, as keep- 
 ing oi rains, and alfo frofts, whofe action is per- 
 pendicular 1 This coping, when it is of thatch, though 
 ft; But perpetual covers, if wide, cio 
 harm by keeping off dew and gentle rains. 
 
 The beji covering for the protection of blojfoms is, 
 perhaps, that which Mr. Miller recommends, •' made 
 with two leaves of flit-deal, joined over each other, 
 and painted, fixed upon the top of the wall With pul lies', 
 to draw up and down at pleafure, forming a foi 
 penthoufe." 
 
 have been ufecl to place b<: 
 'he trees in fevere weather; arid it only lei at 
 H
 
 146 or PRUNING. SECT. xir. 
 
 angles againft the wall, towards the eaft, when the 
 wind is ftrong from that quarter, they do good: a long 
 tree might have one fet up againft the middle of it, as 
 well as at the eajl end. Hurdles, covered with a mat, 
 or cloth over them, do very well ; and if too fliort to 
 reach the top of the wall, they may be fet upon forked 
 itakes fall in the ground. 
 
 Poles fixed in the ground to the height of the wall, 
 at fmall diftances, and fix inches from it, might be 
 covered with mats. 
 
 Whatever covering is, u fed, it mould be leftws longer 
 on than neceflary, and it fhould be well fecured from 
 flipping or'rubbing againft the tree by wind. It fhould 
 not be ufed till the bloffoms get a little forward, nor 
 continued longer than while the fruit is well fet, being 
 regularly put up at night, and taken off in the day, 
 except in very bad weather: Trees covered too long 
 get ficklv. 
 
 The thinning of fruit, when too thick upon the tree, 
 is a matter that mufl be attended to, for it will eventually 
 prove lofs, and not gain, to leave too many for ripen-, 
 ing. It weakens the tree, prevents the knitting of fo 
 many, or fo ftrong bloffoms for the next year as are 
 deferable, and hinders the fruit from coming to its fize 
 and flavour. Do this work when the fruit is about 
 the fize of a horfe-bean. 
 
 The rule for thinning fhould be, to leave no two 
 fruits fo clofe as to fwell one againft another; except 
 indeed the tree is generally fhort ol fruit, when twins 
 may be left on fliong branches. Three or four, on a 
 long and ftrong branch, are quite enow, and fo in 
 proportion for weaker wood: this is faid of the larger 
 forts of peaches and neclarines ; apricots may, in general, 
 be left fomewhat thicker on a fiourifhiug tree, and the 
 ] offer kinds of peaches and apricots may it ill be fome- 
 what more numerous, as the early mafculine apricot, the 
 imtrneg peach, and nutmeg neclarine : there may be more 
 neclarines left on a tree than peaches. 
 
 As
 
 SEcT. XII. OF PRUNING, 147 
 
 As the apricjts gathered to thin a tree are ufed for 
 tarts, fo are fomctimes the neclar'mes, but let not too 
 many of either grow for this ufe, or flay too long on the 
 tree before they are gathered. Thin the more freely 
 flourifhing young trees, (to the third year) and weak 
 old ones. Trees mould be thinned by cutting off the 
 fruit with a fharp pointed knife, and not by pulling, 
 which may tear the bark, and, if joined (as in duffers) 
 to another fruit, the pulling off one, often damages the 
 foot ftalk of the other, and occafions its dropping. 
 
 As to thinning the haves of wall trees, too much 
 liberty mould not be taken, though in fome meafure it 
 may be neceffary to give colour and ripenefs to the 
 iruit. Thinning away a few leaves, where thick, is 
 lerviceable to ripening the wood to form blofforns. 
 When leaves are greatly multiplied, and made the fruit 
 much, a few at a time may be difplaced, if the fruit is 
 nearly full grown, but rather by pinching or cutting 
 the leaves, juft above the foot ffalk, than by pulling. 
 
 In gathering wall fruit, do not pinch it to try if it is 
 ripe, but give it a gentle lift, and if fit for eating, it 
 will readily part from the foot ftalk. Thok peaches and 
 nectarines that drop by their ripenefs are yet good 
 (fome fay belt) lor the table; but apricots have a 
 i'maner and more agreeable flavour before they are 
 thoroughly ripe. 
 
 Aj to the dropping of fruit when it has attained to 
 fome little fize, in very light foils, it may be owing to 
 drought, ufe watering therefore deep and wide. But 
 the caufe feems often to be fome injury from infers, 
 or f roils, that the embry) fruit has fuffered at the foot 
 ftalk, which can only fultain its burthen for a while, 
 
 and then its own weight breaks it off. See p. 51. 
 
 - 
 
 Vines require frequent attention, as to pruning and 
 
 training; but all will avail little, if they have not a 
 
 H 2 warm
 
 H8 Of PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 warm foil, and full fun, or fome accidental advantage, 
 as being planted at the back of a warm chimney; and 
 though they will grow and bear leaves any where, they 
 will not fruit well in England, without a favourable 
 feafon, or hot fummer. 
 
 Young new planted vines fhould be pruned quite 
 fhort, for two or three years, that they may get ftrong. 
 If the plant has a weak root, not above one moot ought 
 to grow the firft year, which mould be cut down in 
 Autumn, or to two or three eyes. 
 
 The belt time for the principal, or winter pruning of 
 vines, is beft as foon as the fruit is off, or the leaves 
 falling. November docs very well, and if this month 
 paffes, February mould be adopted, rather than quite 
 in the winter. Late in the fpring they are apt to bleed 
 by cutting, which greatly weakens them. 
 
 The mode of bearing in vines is only on moots of 
 the prefent year, proceeding from year old ivood. The 
 rule, therefore, at winter pruning is, to referve fuch 
 flioots of the year that are beft fituated as to room, for 
 training of thofe Ihoots that are to come from them, 
 which will be almoft one from every eye. Make choice 
 of thofe that are placed mod towards the middle, or 
 Hem of the vine, that all the wall may be covered with 
 bearing wood; and every year cut fome old wood out 
 that reaches far, to make room for younger to follow. 
 
 The form that a vine takes on the wall is various, and 
 not very material, whether it be more horizontal, or 
 perpendicular. The form inuir be governed according 
 to the fpace of walling allotted to it; fometimes it has 
 ample room, as at the gable end of u houfe, and fome- 
 times it is confined to a low wall, or between trees, 
 windows, &c. The referved moots fhould be twelve 
 or fifteen inches afunder, if they are ftrong, and weak 
 ones may be foniething lefs: hardly too much room 
 can be allowed them. 
 
 The Jhorten'mg of the flioots mould be according to 
 their ftrength and. the fpace there is for training thofe 
 
 fhoot§ 

 
 SECT. XII* OI PRUNING* 149 
 
 fhoots that will be produced, which always grow very 
 long. It there is room, three, four,. or five eyes -may 
 be left, but not more to any (boot, except it is cleiirable 
 to extend fame fhoot to a diftance to fill up a particular 
 {pace, and then eight or nine eyes may be left, which 
 being repeated again another year, and fo on, a vine 
 will Toon reach far. 
 
 Sometimes vines are trained on low wails by a long 
 extended horizontal branch, a few inches from the 
 ground, as a mother bearer. Thofe fhoots that come 
 trom this horizontal are to be trained perpendicularly,- 
 and cut down to one or two eyes every year, that they 
 may not encroach, too fail on the fpace above them. 
 If the vine is confined to a narrow but lofty fpace, it is 
 to be trained to an extended perpendicular mother bearer, 
 having fbort lateral fhoots pruned down to a ungle eye,, 
 or at molt two. The management of vines requires 
 fevtre cutting, that they may not be too full, in the 
 lummer, for they put out a great deal of wood, and ex- 
 tend, their moots to a great length ; and therefore the. 
 young pruner mult refolve to cut out enough, 
 
 An alternate mode of pruning vines is practiced by 
 fome, one fhoot fhort, and another long; i. e. one with 
 two eyes, and another with four or five. Severe cutting, 
 does not hurt vines, and make them unfruitful as it 
 does other trees; and therefore, -where fhort of room, 
 they may be pruned down to a firigle bud, as the cafe 
 requires. 
 
 The Jummer mdnagemeni of vinesmuft.be carefully 
 attended to. As foon as the young lhoots can be~nailed 
 to the wall, let them not be neglected ; but remember 
 they are very tender, and will not bear much bending: 
 train in only the well-placed lhoots, rubbing or break- 
 ing off the others. The embryo fruit is foon feen in the 
 bofom of the fhoot, and thole thus furnifhed are of 
 courfe to be laid in, as many as can be found room for, 
 in preference to thofe lhoots that are barren, which ne- 
 verthelefs mould alfo be trained, if thev are flrong and 
 H J well
 
 150 OF PRUNING. SJCT. XII. 
 
 well placed, and there is fpace for them. Rub offall 
 fhoots from old wood, except any tolerable one that 
 proceeds from a part where wood is wanting to fill up 
 fome vacant fpace. If two moots proceed from one 
 eye, difplace the weakeft, or the outermoft, if they are 
 both alike, and the fruit mould not direct, otherwife. 
 Vines grow rapidly, and mufl be nailed to the wall, from 
 time to time, as they proceed, that there may be no rude 
 dangling, which would not only have a ilovenly appear- 
 ance, but in feveral refpecls be injurious. 
 
 The Jloppi?ig of the moots is to take place, both as to 
 time and meafure, according to the ftrength and fituation 
 of them, or whether fruitful or barren. Thofe weak 
 Shoots that have fruit, and are rather ill placed, or 
 confined for room, may be flopped at the fecond, or 
 even firft joint above the fruit, early in the furnmer ; 
 but thofe moots that vccflrong and have room to grow, 
 fhould not be flopped till they are in flower, (in JuhJ 
 and at the third or fourth joint above the fruit. In 
 ihortening the fhoots of the vine, do it about half an 
 inch above an eye, Hoping behind a plump and found 
 one. The barren fhoots are to be trained at full 
 length, and not flopped at all, if there is room for them, 
 or, at leaft, but a little fhortcned towards autumn, as in 
 Auguji, becaufe they would put out a number of ufelefs 
 and Arong fide-fhoots, if cut before. 
 
 The fide -/boots, i. e. thofe little ones put out by the 
 eyes that are formed for next year, are commonly 
 direcled to be immediately difplaced by rubbing off, as 
 foon as they appear; and if the vine, is large, and the 
 Ihoots (lender, it is very proper; but if otherwife, their 
 being left to grow awhile (lo as not to get too rude 
 and crowding) is rather an advantage, in detaining the 
 fap from pufhing the fhoots out immoderately long ; 
 and when thefe are taken off, the lower eye of each may 
 be left with the fame view. But the fide fhoot, that 
 proceeds from the top of each fhortcned branch, fhould
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 151 
 
 be left on, and when it gets long, then fhortened down 
 to an eye or two. 
 
 In order to fruitfulnefs, vines will need drejjlng with 
 fome fort of manure, for though they grow in vineyard 
 countries on rocky hills, and in very mallow foils, and 
 have done fo on fome chalky, hot, gravelly hills in 
 England, yet fome warm manure they mull generally 
 have applied, or they will produce little good fruit. 
 
 Some people are very fond of expofmg the fruit of 
 the vine to the full fun, by dripping off leaves ; but this 
 fhould not be practiced till the bunches have attained 
 their proper fize, needing only to be ripened, and even 
 then but little mould be done in this way : The lofs of 
 haves is an injury to every plant. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Fig trees are beft pruned early in Otloher, (cutting 
 the leaves off) but the more ufual time is early in fpring % 
 as after an autumn cutting (if late) they are apt to die 
 down; but if not completely pruned a^ihis time, let, 
 at leaft, flragglers be taken oux, and the reft laid in ciofe 
 without {training: Thus they will be more conveniently- 
 covered. 
 
 The mode of bearing in the fig is, that fruit chiefly 
 comes the prefent year on the little moots from wood 
 of the preceding, and that towards the ends of the 
 branches; which circumftances dictate the rules for 
 pruning : Two years old wood will bear fome, but 
 older wood never. 
 
 The moots, during fummer; are to be laid in at full 
 length, plentifully, as room will permit. The weak, 
 ill-placed, or fuperabundant ones, cut clean out; yet 
 rather break, or rub them off, in an early date' of 
 growth, for cutting branches or ihoots in fummer is apt 
 to make them bleed, as it is called j i. e. the fap run ; 
 when cut in auiuir.n, the fig will fometuncs bleed for a 
 H * day
 
 1££ OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 day or fo, but if late cut in fpring, the oozing will 
 continue perhaps a week. 
 
 At the principal pruning, the ftrongeft and the clofeft 
 jointed (hoots are to be preferred, and lek about feven or 
 eight inches afunder, without fhortening. Let the fpare 
 ihoots be cut out clofe and fmooth, and as. much of the 
 Qld wood as may be ; for the tree will increafe too tuft, 
 and get too naked of bearing wood in the middle, if 
 this is not freely done ; and the effential point in the 
 management of fig tree is, (as indeed ot all wall trees), 
 to have young wood all over it, and particularly in the 
 middle, and towards the bottom. Wood is feldom 
 wanted in a fig tree, but where it is the fhortening of a 
 fhoot, properly fituated, (by taking off the leading bud, 
 or cutting lower, as the cafe requires) is fure to pro- 
 duce it: fio this in April, as the beft time. 
 
 When hard frofts are expecled, ftrewfome afhes, and 
 fome litter, over the roots of fig trees. Mats mould 
 be nailed over their branches, (firft pulling off the figs) 
 as the fucculent nature of their wood makes them 
 tender. Thefe coverings are to remain till the i rolls 
 are judged to be over, and then let them be covered up 
 at night, and not by day, for a week or two, to harden 
 them by degrees. 
 
 But fig trees will moftly furvive hard winters, when 
 in ftandards, without covering; and though (hoots 
 trained to a wall are tenderer, yet Qeafehaubn hung clofe 
 among the branches (at the approach of iharp f roils) 
 will preferve them. This fort of protection, as afford- 
 ing plenty of air, is by many good gardeners preicrred 
 to the more common practice of matting. But it mats 
 were contrived to roll up and down, or kept a little 
 diftance from the tree, fo as to give more or !efs air, as 
 the weather is, the health and iruitfulucfs of the tree 
 would be better infured, for too clofe (and as it com- 
 monly happens in confequence too long) covering is 
 injurious to both. Fig trees that have been clofe covered
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. l5S 
 
 are often hurt by an early uncovering, and yet the 
 fpring air, as foon as poihble, is dehrable. 
 
 It is worthy confederation and trial, whether fig 
 trees, again ft a good wall, would not do beft on a 
 trellis, as thus, it they have furficient heat, they would 
 not be forced into wood, which they are apt to have too 
 much of. In this way they might be protected in 
 winter, by tucking in branches of evergreens, fern, 
 
 Pears come next under our confideration, as a few 
 c».f the belt forts are a good wall fruit. 
 
 A young pear tree, being planted againft a wall in 
 autumn, mould not be cut dawn till fpring, when the 
 head is to be reduced according to the goodnefs of the 
 root, and fo as to lay a proper foundation for covering 
 the wall. If it has a bad root, ail the (hoots mould 
 come off, and only the ftem be lett, with a few eyes to 
 form new (hoots, as was directed for peaches, &c. But 
 generally fome of the 'hoots are to be left, with due 
 Shortening, only taking it as a rule, that it is not proper 
 to leave much wood on; but to prune down freely, in 
 order to the putting out llrong (hoots for parent 
 branches. . See heading damn, under the directions for 
 efpalier pruring. 
 
 The. firm of pear trees is to be governed by the 
 wall. If the fpace allowed the tree is low and long, 
 it mud of courfe be trained perfectly horizontal; but 
 if there is room above, and a deficiency of length, the 
 form becomes more erect : Yet even in this cafe, the 
 lower and more horizontal branches -mould be ,-d lowed 
 to get the ftart a year er-two, before the middle is per- 
 mitted to fill, which ought not to have any ov'ej ftrong 
 .wood, left it run away with the ftrength oithe tree, and 
 keep the extremities weak. Tram the branches at 
 length, without (hortening, and keep them at from fix 
 to. eight inches diftance,. according to the fize of the 
 
 H £ fruit ;
 
 154- OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 fruit; remembering it is efTential, that the branches be 
 clear of one another, for the fun and air to have free 
 accefs: Pruners fhould confidcr this circumftance, in 
 all trees, more than they generally do. The reafori 
 for not Shortening the branches is, that wood is always 
 thrown out from two or three eves below a cut, and 
 fo the tree would become a thicket of ufelefs wood, if 
 fuch cutting took place. 
 
 The mode of hearing in pear trees is on fhort fpurs, 
 which appear firft towards the ends, and then form 
 themfelves all along the branches, which do not pro- 
 duce bloffoms for three or four years from planting, and 
 fometimes (according to the fort, or perhaps foil) lor 
 feveral years more. When they are come to fruiting, 
 fome pears bear pretty much on year old wood, fome 
 on two, others on three. The fame branches continue 
 to bear on fpurs from year to year, and moll when five 
 or fix years old; but as in courfe of time the brandies 
 may become difeafed and barren, and not produce fo 
 line fruit as younger wood, it is always proper to pro- 
 cure ■AJucceffion of young bearers, as the opportunity of 
 good (hoots offer, cutting out old wood. 
 
 As to projecting wood, moif. gardeners allow of it in 
 wall pear trees, though fome not. The wood fhould 
 not, however, be fuffered to project above t'.ree or four 
 inches ; and though there are bloflbms at the ends of 
 year old wood, yet. they fhould be either cut clean out, 
 or down to an eye or two, for forming fruit fpurs, as 
 they will often do ; though they are more apt to produce 
 only woodfhoots. Thefe fhoots being cut down again, 
 turfs of wood are thus produced, which makes a tree 
 appear ragged; fo that whether it is beft to cut all 
 fparelhoots clean out, or to cut (fome of them at leafl ) 
 down to \\tt\e Jlubs, or falfe fpurs, is hardly yet deter- 
 mined: The advocates for both practices, however, 
 fpeak very pofitively for their way. The cutting 
 clean out is much the neater, and lefs troublefome 
 way, and is therefore belt, ?/as much fruit is to be ob- 
 tained
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 155 
 
 tained by it : It has been /aid more may be, but I have 
 not feen it proved. 
 
 The occasional pruning of pear trees during /ummer 
 is neceffary, left the ftrength of the tree be fpent in 
 vain, the fruit robbed and ihaded, and the extremities 
 impovcrifhed. Whether all the (hoots that are clearly 
 known to be wood moots (from their length) mould be 
 cut out during fummer, is a queftion, but proceed as 
 follows: 
 
 Where fruit /purs are wanted, the moderate wood 
 fhoots may be left to grow to fome length, till the 
 wood is hardened, and then broke off to about fix 
 inches, which, being left to the winter pruning, may 
 be cut down to one eye, with the hope of getting & 
 fpur there. But even fair fpurs mould not be fuffered 
 to grow too thick : trees bearing fmall pears may have 
 theirs tour inches afunder, and the large fix. 
 
 Several /ummer Ihoots will come out about the fruit 
 fpurs ; yet it is not advifeable to cut ail of them off a3 
 they appear, but only the ftrong and mo ft unfightly: 
 one moderate ihoot may be left to each, and fliortened 
 when the wood is hardened, to about fix inches, and 
 cut clean out at the general pruning. All fuperfluous 
 ihoots except thofe mentioned as allowed of, mould 
 be dilplaced while young; but though rubbing, or 
 breaking off, in all cafes are preferable to the kniie, da 
 not ufe this method when fhoots are fo big as to tear the 
 wood with them. Shoots irom /purs will never come 
 tu any t!»mg, and muftnot be trained. 
 
 The time ior general or winter pruning of pear trees 
 ought to be November, as the bloffoms are then very 
 discernible, and at fpring pruning they get fo turgid 
 and tender, thatatmoft the leaft touch knocks them off, 
 or even the jarring of the tree. What is now to be cul 
 out will be underitood from what has been faid; only 
 when the bunches ot fpurs get too thick and projecting* 
 fome mull occa/ionally be removed, and a thin jharp 
 e-hiilel and mallet will do the "work well, where 
 
 H6 the
 
 166 OF PRUNING. SECT. XII, 
 
 the wood is too flrong or awkwardly placed for the 
 knife. When a tree gets to the extent of its bounds,, 
 it is to befhorteneddown toa well-placed young fhoot, 
 which may ferve for a leader; which leader mould be> 
 already provided by a provident felc£tion in the 
 fummer. 
 
 Where wood is wanted to fill a vacant place, a fhoot- 
 may be accordingly fhortened; but otherwife there mud 
 be no fhortening, except down to a Tingle eye, with a 
 view .(as was faid) to forming fruit fpurs, where the 
 tree is thin of them. And when wood is defired in 
 any particular part, where there is no moot to cut 
 down for the purpose, a notch crofswife,. (fomewha- 
 long), will generally produce it, and the more cer-. 
 iainly, ii made juft above a joint, or knot. Such 
 notching of pear trees does no ; harm, but rather good ; 
 as many choofe to do it freely, in order to check their 
 too great aptne.'s.to luxuriancy. 
 
 The thinning of the fruit on pear trees, is frequently 
 neceiTary. They put forth numerous bloflbms, and 
 many of them fall, and even the fruit will do fo when 
 at is fet ; but as foon as it is promifing (by the healthy 
 mining appearance of the fkin) that the fruit will hang, 
 thinning to one pear on a fpur, will improve the fruit 
 left, and help the tree : this work da with a.fraall fharp 
 pointed knife. 
 
 To check the luxuriant growth of pear trees, many 
 fchemes have been tried ; but the bell is here and there 
 to ftrip pieces of bark off, behind the ft em, and forr.e 
 of the principal branches, halt round, or rather make 
 fo many wide notches, not going to the pith. 
 
 Apples Txefometimcs planted againft walls,. &c. 
 
 What has been laid of pruning and managing pears 
 
 is applicable to them; the branches, however, may be 
 
 'laid in fomewhat clofer; the they will not require fo 
 
 much room; yet they ought to have from twenty-five 
 
 9 feet
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 1ST 
 
 feet in length of a tawwall, or on a high one fomething 
 lefs. 
 
 Mulberries are flill more rarely cultivated as wall- 
 fruit. 
 
 Thefe trees require good room, as their mode of 
 bearing is moftly at the end of the trained moots,. 
 which are thcreiore not to be fhortened. Twenty or 
 twenty-five feet fhould be allowed them, and a new 
 planted tree is to be headed down as directed for pears K 
 &c. Train -regularly as many moots as maybe in 
 fummer, and at winter pruning, lay them about fix or 
 {even inches diilance. A fuccefhon of new wood 
 mud be always coming forward, and of courfe fome. 
 old taken out, for the fruit is produced chiefly on year 
 and two-year old wood; and as it comes on fpurs, and 
 alio fmall ihoots of the fame year, the leaving fhort 
 Hubs (of moderate wood) in pruning, fe.ems juftified» 
 though by fome condemned. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Cherries mould be found againfl walls in every good 
 garden; but plant young trees, not more than two, but 
 better if one year only irom budding. 
 
 A. new planted cherry tree is belt to have but one 
 ftrong moot from the bud, and then cut down at fpring, 
 fo as to have two or three eyes on each fide, to lay in 
 well to the wall; but if older and fuller of wood, he?4 
 itidown as will be directed prefently, in the article, 
 Efpalier Pruning. . 
 
 Cherry trees Ihould be trained at length, four or five 
 inches afunder. The fruit comes from fpurs all along 
 the moots, on one and two years old wood, which wiU 
 continue to bear.. In pruning have. an eye, however, 
 to fome fair moots for fucceffors to thofe that are 
 getting difeafed, or worn out. Some cut all fuper- 
 iluous fhoots clean away, and others leave a fpiink- 
 
 kng
 
 158 or pruning, srct. xn. 
 
 ling of fhort Hubs, which may be allowed ; but let 
 them not advance far foreright. 
 
 The morella cherry has a different mode of bearing 
 from others, the fruit proceeding moftly from eyes 
 along the branches of new, or year old wood, the 
 primer, therefore, is to lay in a proper fupply of 
 young wood every year, always removing older wood 
 to make room accordingly. For the better opportunity 
 of furnifhing trfe tree with young wood, the bearing 
 branches of this tree mould be at fix inches diftance, 
 and then one young (hoot trained between, makes 
 them three inches diftant, clofer than which they 
 fhould not be. The morella, it is clear, ought to have 
 no flubs left in pruning, with a view to fpurs, nor 
 mult any foreright (hoots be fuffered to grew at all, 
 but let them be rubbed oft' while very young, or rather 
 while in the bud. 
 
 The morella cherry is commonly planted againft 
 north walls, where they grow large and hang long, as 
 thev are commonly not wanted till late in the feafon 
 to frejervc; but if planted upon warmer walls, their 
 fruit is finer, and (when thoroughly ripe) excellent for 
 table ufe in September, or Oclober, according to the 
 aspect, of their growth : Yet a full fouth wall may be 
 too hot for it. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Plums of the finer forts are often planted againft 
 vails, and deferve a good one. 
 
 For th«. pruning of plum trees, the dire£lions given 
 for cherries apply to them, only that the branches 
 mould be laid fomewhat wider; i. e. at five or fix 
 inches, according to the fort, as free, or lei's tree in 
 their growth. 
 
 Fii.berps, or other nuts, may be trained. Lay 
 them at lull length, the branches about fix inches 
 
 diilance,
 
 SECT. XIX. OF PRUNING. 159 
 
 diftance, fhortening only the fhoots of new planted 
 trees, in order to the furnifhing a proper head and 
 fpread of branches, which fhould be kept very hori- 
 zontal, to check their free growth. 
 
 They bear upon the fides and ends of the upper 
 young branches ; fo that young wood mufl be conti- 
 nually bringing in, by removing fome of the old. 
 
 Currants and fometimes Goofeberries are planted 
 againft. walls : 
 
 Train the lower branches fomewhat horizontal as 
 far as their allotted room, and then train upwards, 
 filling the middle as they grow. Keep the brandies 
 about five or fix inches afunder. They bear fruit 
 upon young wood, and on little fpurs of the old. Su- 
 perfluous fhoots of the trained branches, are to be cut 
 down to little flubs or fpurs, about half an inch long, 
 which will throw out fruit fhoots and fpurs. The 
 mother branches of currants and goofeberries will 
 lafl many years ; but when good young wood can 
 be brought in tor principals, a renewal every three or 
 four years is neceffary to produce fine fruit. Take care 
 to provide fhoots to the very bottom of the wall, that 
 no fpace may be loft. In the early gathering of thefe 
 fruits for pies or tarts, there fhould be left a fprinkling 
 all over the trees to come on for table fruit. They will 
 prove fine. 
 
 * # * One general cbjervaiion may be here made : 
 that all fruit trees mentioned fince vines, are primed 
 much in the fame way, fo that the young gardener 
 will not find the bufinefs of pruning fo intricate as he 
 might imagine, from the number of words feveraiiy 
 beitowed on theoccafion. 
 
 fct 'Wall trees are fpoken of as to fituaticn, diftance y 
 &c. in the fettion oi the Formation of a Garden, which 
 fee, with OLher particulars. 
 
 4. S. OF
 
 10;) OF PRUNIN'C. C-rCT. XI Ik- 
 
 2. OF PRUNING ESPALIER TREES. 
 
 The woik of pruning efpalier trees is much the fame 
 as for zvall trees. The only difference is, that inftcvi 
 of being fpread upon walls-, the branches are fattened 
 to flakes, or frames, as trellifes. The iaftcnings arg 
 commonly ties of ozier twigs, bark of withy, b&fjs* 
 yarn, or foft packthread, inflead of nail's, which how- 
 ever may be ufed'to frame work, if they arefmall and. 
 fharp pointed. See formation of a garchn. 
 
 As trees planted for efpalier training mould ' be 
 young, let great care be taken to fet them off right at 
 irrff, by regular (hoots, full furnifhed immediately 
 from the ffem ; which is eifecred by proper heading 
 down, as below ; much, as was dire£led for wall trees, page 
 ISO. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, Sec. in the general-. 
 need not to be fo much freed of all branches at planting-, 
 as peaches, nectarines, and apricots : There are however 
 gardeners who prune down to ihe ffem, all forts of wall.-. 
 and efpalier trees, as peaches are, . 
 
 The heading down of a young tree, (i.e. apple, &c). 
 for an efpalier, that has only one. ihoot fro in a he -graf- 
 fing, or budding, mould be [o low, as to leave two 
 or three, or at the molt four eyes on -each Jide of the 
 if em, from which will proceed fhoots properly placed 
 for training. II the tree has two fhoots, one on each 
 fide, which branch out right and left, fo as to be made 
 principal leaders, cut each of them down to three or 
 four eyes. If it has three fhoots, the upper one, if not 
 over flrong, being ihortened down to a few eyes, may 
 be trained ifrait up, and the two lower ones ihortened 
 as above, as laterals ; and thus a good foundation will be 
 made for a proper fpread of branches. If it has four 
 {hoots properly placed for training, two on each fide, 
 the lower one may be cut down, to feven or eight 
 eyes, and that above to three or four: If the tree has 
 more fhoots, they may be either all cut out to two on 
 each fide, fhortening as before, or one (if not over 
 
 ftrong)
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. IGF 
 
 Arong) left perpendicular, being cut down to a few 
 eyes : or if the tree is fomewhat old, and has a good 
 root, more well-placed fhootb may be left on, keeping 
 the lowermoil longer than the upper by two or three 
 eyes, making the upper ones very ihort. If thefe di- 
 rections are properly obferved, an efpalier (or a wall}; 
 Will be properly and prefently filled with branches. 
 
 The beft time for heading down is the Jp ring, though 
 when trees are planted early in autumn, it ??iay be 
 then done. All cuts mould be clafe beiiind an eye- 
 When a ftrong Hem is to be cut down at fpring, 
 remember to place the foot againft it, to keep the. 
 root in its place, and ufe a {harp knife* 
 
 Heading down is advifed to be deferred till fpring* 
 not only on account of frofts pofhbly injuring the top 
 eye of the frefh cut ihoots; but becaufe the head of a, 
 tree helps to pufh out roots. The properefl time to 
 prune the heads of new planted trees, is when new 
 roots are formed; and then a head difproportioned to 
 the roots fhould by no means be fuftered, as the new 
 moots in fuch cafe would be too weak to be healthy, 
 or fruitful. For planting efpaliers, &c. See page 06* 
 
 S. OF PRUNING STANDARD TREES- 
 
 The principle of pruning Jlandard trees is the fame, 
 whether full, half or dwarf flandarda; and the ob- 
 ject is to iorm a compact handfome round and open 
 head rather fmall than large, equal on all fides, with 
 tolerably erett wood, capable (as far as the art of the 
 pruner can go) of fupporting the fruit without much 
 bending. Perfecl fymmetry indeed is not necefTary, 
 hut coufufion of branches, weak and cro fling, crowded 
 and dangling, is to be prevented by pruning ; for a 
 proper, (rather free) ufe of the knife, is capable of doing 
 much towards the beauty and fruitfulnefs of ftandard 
 trees. A little pruning of fiandards every year, and a 
 general one (rather free) every throe or four years, to. 
 
 cut
 
 162 OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 cut out what is decayed, and fome of the older wood, 
 where a fucceflional fupply of young may be obtained 
 to fucceed, is the way to keep them in vigour, and 
 have the beft of fruit ; for that which grows on old 
 wood, gets fmall and auftere. To take off large 
 branches a thin broad chtffel is proper ; but if a Jaw is 
 ufed, fmooth the part with a knife. 
 
 Clear trees from mofs, by fcraping them with a long 
 narrow bladed blunt knife, on a bit of hard wood, 
 and cut, or rub off bits of decayed bark, in which in- 
 fers are apt to breed, and wipe the part clean. Some 
 ufe a fcouring brum in this bufinefs, the long end hairs 
 of which are well adapted to clean the forky parts. A 
 bit of haircloth is alfo ufed for the purpofe; and a finifh 
 is properly made to do the bufinefs well, with a brufh 
 and foap and water. 
 
 In the firjl year of new planted ftandards, they are 
 to be cleared in the fpring, of all weak and impro- 
 per moots, referving only a few of the ftrongeft. If 
 there are four regularly placed fhoots oppofue to each 
 other, it is fufficient to form a good head, fhorten- 
 i/ig them down to a few eyes each, or, (in general) 
 cutting off about one-third may be a rule. What 
 the head will be, may be pretty well forefeen, by con- 
 ceiving two or three fhoots to come from each ot the 
 buds below the cut. 
 
 If the fhoots of the tree are weak, or the root 
 but a poor one, cut the referved fhoots down to two 
 eyes each. If the head A not regularly furnifhed 
 with fhoots, a judicious pruner wall yet be able to 
 manoeuvre it into form in a year or two, and this muft 
 be effefted by clofe pruning the firfl year. 
 
 The Jecond year (rather in fpring) attend to the 
 head, and cut out, or fhorten, To as to provide for 
 the future form and flrength of the tree ; referving 
 only fuch (hoots as recommend themfelvcs for their 
 pofition and vigour, as widely placed as may be 
 iiom each other, and but few in number. "After 
 
 this.
 
 SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 163 
 
 this, the head will form it/elf, fo as to need only- 
 cutting clean out a few fuperfluities : but no fhorten- 
 ing is allowed, except fome of the loweft branches, 
 or any one where wood is wanted to fill a vacancy ; 
 for which purpofe, a weak moot may do, cut down to 
 one or two eyes. 
 
 If trees are too full of wood, the moots mull necef- 
 farily be drawn weak and long jointed, and fo be the 
 lefs fruitful, and unable to fupport the fruit they have; 
 but on the other hand, too much pruning will occafion 
 a tree to be always putting forth wood, rather than 
 fruit, and fo a medium muft be obferved. The branches 
 mould be kept about fix inches afunder; and as fuper- 
 fluous weak Ihoots will of courfe be cut out, fo let alfo 
 the over ftrong wood : for though it is defirable to have 
 ftandard trees of able wood, yet thofe moots that much 
 exceed the fize of the reft, would, if left on, infallibly 
 weaken the others, and make an awkward tree. 
 
 Let no moots remain on the ftems, below the head, 
 nor fuckers above the roots. With refpecl to cherry 
 trees, rather than cut more than necefTary, drooping 
 branches may be fuffered, as the fruit is not heavy, 
 and the heads of cherry trees may be fuller than other 
 fruit trees. Wherever a cut is made in a full headed 
 flandard to fliorten a moot, it ihould be (general ly} at 
 an eye fituated within fide, that fo the moot from it may 
 point more ereftly, as the weight of the fruit is too 
 much for thofe branches that grow downwards, or quite 
 horizontal. 
 
 Gooseberries and currants may be ranked under the 
 denomination of dwarf trees, and the principle of pru- 
 ning them will be the fame, as for other ftandard trees ; 
 only more frequently cutting out old wood, to make 
 room for a fucceilion of young. The keeping thefe 
 trees, or buihes, more open than they commonly are, 
 would improve the fruit in fize and flavour, and bring 
 it forwarder; yet fome of them fliould be fuffered to 
 grow rather full -of wood, in order to keep the fruit 
 
 longer,
 
 IS* CF PRUNING, SECT. X!i, 
 
 longer, efpechlly in a northern afpecr of the garden,, 
 or lome fhady place ; and if to this fituar.ion and. 
 fullnefs, be added matting or netting, they may be pre- 
 ferred till November. 
 
 ■ The time of pruning thefe trees, is commonly held- 
 to be indifferent, and any time between leaf and leaf, 
 may be adopted to cut them as opportunity offers. 
 But when they are getting into leal is (perhaps) the- 
 bed time ; as when pruned early, there is frequently a. 
 .lofs of almoft the whole fruit, by birds eating the buds.. 
 Leaving the whole head on till Jpring, is a i'ecurity as. 
 Uj 2l crop of fruit, as the cafe would be bad indeed, if 
 fame good branches are net. left, properly fumilhed- 
 witb uninjured buds; but dill it is allowed, that an. 
 early pruning flrengthens the tree, and tends to encreafe, 
 the tizeof the fruit, 
 
 Currant trees need not to be kept fo open as gooffs 
 berry, the branches of which ihould be [fox fine fruit), 
 five or iix inches afunder, and as little fhortened as 
 poflible. Thofe forts of gcofeberries whofe moots, 
 grow in a curved manner, may have their long, 
 branches, when in fruit, fupported with little forked 
 Sicks. Keep thefe trees clear of fuckers, and all moots, 
 from the item, that are within nine or ten inches o£ 
 the ground. 
 
 For planting ftandards in orchards^ &c. See fection $*, 
 
 4. Or PRUNING SHRUBS. 
 
 Many Jhrubs are cultivated for their crnamcv.t, and 
 fpme for their fruit .; of the. latter kind are raj cherries. 
 and burberries. 
 
 II asp berries bear fruit on littfe fide moots ot the 
 prefent year, proceeding from ilems ot the luff, and 
 fometimes produce a little on thofe of the fame year.. 
 To prune or drefs the fhrub, therefore, firft cut out 
 alj the old hearers, whofe wood dies, then cut out,, 
 clofe to the flool, all the. new ihoots, except three or 
 
 four
 
 •SECT. XII. OF PRUNING. 165 
 
 •four of the bcft fituatei and ftrengeft, which may be 
 carefully twitted from the bottom upwards, or tied 
 together at the top, or if upright and ftrong, left to 
 Tupport themfeives Gngly. The be ft. fituated, or thofe 
 •{landing clofe together, near the centre of the llool, 
 and ranging well in the row, are thofe to be felected. 
 This done, let all ftraggling (hoots between the rows 
 be clean dug out. Shorten rafpberries, either jufl below 
 the bend, or from three to four feet high, according to 
 their ftrength. 
 
 Rafpberries muff not be fhortened in fummer ; and 
 the tithe for cutting them is from October all through 
 ■winter, till they begin to fnoot at fpring, though the 
 former is the beft : efpecially if any thing is to be 
 -planted between their rows. See page S3. 
 
 Berberry; is a beautiful and fomewhat large 
 Ihrub, which mould' be fuffered to grow with a full 
 •head, like a dwarf ftandard tree. It bears along the 
 fides of both young and old wood, but chiefly towards 
 the ends, and its branches mould, therefore, not be 
 ■fhortened, except with a view to throw out wood. 
 Keep the roet free from fuckers, and the item from 
 moots in its lower part, and prune out weak, lux- 
 uriant, ftraggling, and eroding branches, forming it 
 to a fomewhat round head, which keep moderately 
 open. _ Let the item be freed from lower branches to 
 the height o\ three, four or five feet, according as the 
 fhrub may be defired to approach to a tree. See 
 pege 76. 
 
 Strawberries require pruning off the runners 
 during fummer, which ftrengthens the plants, keeps 
 the foil from being exhaufted, and gives all a neat air 
 of culture, This work mould be particularly fol- 
 lowed up in edgings of ftrawberries/ that they may 
 not run over the walks: If plants, however, are 
 
 wanted
 
 166 -OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 wanted for new beds, they mufl be fufFered to run. 
 See pages 39, 78. 
 
 The drejfing of flrawberries confifls not only of 
 pruning from runners ; but cutting down the great 
 leaves in autumn (early) with a fcythe ; or, which is 
 better, by taking them up in the hand, and ufing a 
 knife. At this time they mufl be weeded, and the 
 ground ftirred between them, d^ep enough to cut the 
 ends of the roots a little. Then there mould be fpread 
 over the beds a little, rotten dung, or good frefh earth, 
 and all afterwards kept tree from the weeds. Let the 
 Jurface of . the ground be ftirred again in fpring y and 
 any hollows that may be between the plants filled 
 up with earth, and a little dung amongft itj if none was 
 applied in autumn. Thus with good management the 
 delicious ftrawh,erry will be had in abundance and per- 
 fection, the fealon not being unpropitious. 
 
 Flowering Shrubs aie of great variety, and the 
 method of pruning them is to be determined ac- 
 cording to the feveral modes of bearing, of which 
 confider chiefly thefe ; that is, whether they produce 
 their flowers upon the lajl year's (hoots, or the }rt* 
 Jfent ; on the ends* or the Jides of their branches. If 
 a fhrub bears on the lajl year's moots, it is evident 
 that it muft be cut away no more than is neceffary to 
 keep it within bounds, open, and handfome as to its 
 form ; in this cafe, it is the bufinefs to cut clean out, 
 orvtry low, what is to be fpared. If j fhrub bears 
 on the prejent year's moots, the old wood may, and 
 imift be cut down freely, lb however as to leave eyes 
 enough for new moots to proceed from, to make a 
 fufficient head and {how. If the fhrub bears altoge- 
 ther, or chiefly at its ends, no fhortening muft take 
 place ; but if fome of the branches are too long, they 
 may be either cut out, or quite low, leaving the 
 Ihorter ones to bear. If the fhrub bears along its Jules, 
 
 the
 
 SECT. XII. OI PRUNING. 167 
 
 the fhortening is of no confequence, and the defired 
 form may be freely provided for at pleafure. 
 
 The Jcafon for pruning fhrubs is generally reckoned 
 the fpring, but autumn is better, if not too near win- 
 ter; as at this time, fharp weather might occafion 
 fome of the forts, (as jaf mines and honey/uckles) to die 
 down.- The time of flowering, mull in fome meafure 
 direct the time of pruning. Shrubs that flower in 
 winter, (as the Iauru/h'nus,) fliould be cut in fpring. 
 Thofe that flower in fpring may be pruned immediately 
 after their blow, or in fummer. Thofe that flower 
 in fummer fliould be pruned in autumn ; and thofe that 
 flower in autumn fliould be pruned either foon ader 
 flowering, or in fpring. 
 
 Be fure to take off in time, i.e. as foon as difco- 
 vered, all fuckers and over itrong {hoots from fhrubs ; 
 for by their luxuriancy they greatly impoverifh the 
 proper fized branches, which are the fruitful ones, 
 and fuch large fappy wood looks very unfightly. 
 
 The height of fhrubs in certain fkuations, is ma- 
 terial, and to provide for this, the art of pruning is in 
 a great meafure competent. To keep them low, cutting 
 down is of courfe neceflary ; but it will be well alfo 
 to make the foil poor if too rich. To encourage them 
 to mount, keep trimming off clofe the lower branches, 
 and improve the ground by digging and drefling occa- 
 fionally. 
 
 Fioiuering Jhrubs fliould be better attended to, as to 
 pruning, than they commonly are ; for we fometimes 
 fee them either wholly neglected, or cut down at ran-- 
 dom, perhaps only fneared into a little form; and fo 
 they make a return quite fuitable to the defert of the 
 owner for his neglect. To be crouding full of branches, 
 prevents the production of flowers. Shrubs fliould not 
 be choaked up from fun and air, either in themfelves, 
 or by their neighbours ; The larger plants mull not be 
 differed to overfhadow the lefs, if poilible. 
 
 The
 
 168 OF PRUNING. SECT. XII. 
 
 The general directions already given for pruning 
 ftirubs might fuffice, but that the young gardener may 
 not have to difcover (by obfervation alone) the proper 
 application of the given rules, he is here particularly 
 directed to the work of pruning -a few of the more com- 
 mon forts. 
 
 Rofes bear upon moots of theprefent year, and upon 
 thofe formed after Midfummer in the paft year, but 
 chiefly upon the former. Therefore, they may, or ra- 
 ther mould be cut down low, leaving only three or four 
 eyes to a moot; except fome of thofe fhort (hoots 
 formed the laft year too late to blow then, which leave 
 whole. If rofe trees are not clofe pruned they will 
 be unable to fupport their flowers properly. Ufe a 
 fharp knife and cut clofe behind an eye or bud. Rofes 
 for forcing mould be pruned in July and Augufl. 
 
 Hcneyfuckles flower on moots of the prefent year, 
 and therefore whether trained to walls, or kept in 
 bufhes, mould be alfo pruned clofe, but not fo fhort in 
 the latter cafe as the former; for thofe againft walls 
 fhould be cut down to an eye or two, and thofe in bufhes 
 to three or four eyes. 
 
 Siveetbriars flower on moots of the prefent year, 
 and therefore mould be cut after the manner of honey - 
 fuckles. Thefe fhrubs (and moll others) are feldorn 
 pruned down enough ; fo that in a few years they get 
 very rambling and unfightly ; but if kept compact we 
 have beauty, as well as fweetnefs, to recorapence our 
 care. In all cafes, a lefs number of fine flowers, ob- 
 tained by fhort and open pruning, is certainly preferable 
 to many indifferent ones. 
 
 Lilacs bear their flowers at the ends of fhoots of the 
 laft year, fo of courfe at fpring muff not be fhortcned. 
 If got rambling and crowded, cut cither clean out, 6r 
 very low, what may be fuperfluous. If they need much 
 reduction, let them be cut down as foon as (or iomewhat 
 before) they have got off flower, and then the ihoots* 
 
 that
 
 5ECT. Mill. OF HOT BEDS. 16t 
 
 that come after will form for blow before the fummer 
 is out, for next year. 
 
 Laburnhams bear along the fides and ends of old wood. 
 
 Jafmines fhonld be pruned down clofe, even to half 
 an inch, and when trained to a wall, the (hoots kept 
 rather wide, like vines, (particularly the fcarlet trum- 
 pet fort) as they bear at the ends of weak moots of the 
 year ; which mould therefore (as all others bearing in 
 the fame way) never ;be touched in fummer with a 
 knife, but be fuffered to grow rude. 
 
 Sennas bearalfo on (hoots of the prefent year, yet are 
 belt left rather full of wood : prune them as foou a* 
 off flower. 
 
 Syringa, or Mock orange, and Hypericin f rut ex, 
 bear along the fides, as well as ends, of old wood, and 
 of courfe may be (hortened. 
 
 Spireafrutex, Guelder rofe, and many others, bear on 
 moots of the year, and may therefore be pruned fhort. 
 
 Pyracantha bears (chiefly) on two and three years 
 old wood ; therefore the oldeit wood is to be cut out, 
 and young in every part retained, and at length. The 
 time of pruning mould be autumn ; but early infprfnv 
 will do, as tire flowers may then be feen. 
 
 For the pruning forejl trees, fee page 118. Bcv- 
 berries, fee page 165. 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 OF HOT BED'S. 
 
 THE dung of animals, but chieflv of horfes, is put 
 together tot fermentation, in order to form bodies 
 ot heat for two purpofes. 1. To raife vegetables, 
 flowers, Sec. not othcrwife to be produced, or, at leafi, 
 not in perfection. 2, To raife iuch things, as though 
 
 I they
 
 173 OF HOT BEDS. SECT. XIII. 
 
 they come in perfection by open culture, yet may be 
 forwarded by artificial warmth. 
 
 According to the quantity and quality of the mate- 
 rials put together for hot beds, tLe heat will be pro- 
 portioned as to ftrength and duration; and by a judi- 
 cious ufe in making, and the management afterwards, 
 many advantages may be obtained from them. The 
 great point is, to fuit the degree of heat to the nature 
 of the different plants to be cultivated, that they may 
 have neither more nor lefs than is necejj'ary to promote 
 a regular vegetation. 
 
 Two errors are common in the ufe of hot beds, fow- 
 ing or placing in the fame beci things of a very different 
 nature, as to the climate they grow befl in, and iarcing 
 with too much heat even the tendereif. Though it 
 may not anfwer our often too hafty views, the heat of 
 a bed had better be flack than otherwife. A itronghot 
 bed, that ought (at leaft) to be made a fortnight before 
 it is ufed, is fometimes furnifhed by impatience in a 
 few days, and various ill confequences follow, which 
 naturally fru Urate expectation. 
 
 The place where hot beds are worked fhould be open 
 to the full fun, catching it as early as pofbble in the 
 jnorning, and having it as long as can be in thcevening ; 
 and if not naturally flickered, it ihould be fcreened 
 from the north and north -eafi winds by a boarded ience, 
 or rather one of reeds, as Irom a folid lence the wind 
 reverberates ; but draw, or ilake hurdles, fet end wife, 
 may do. A fcreen of fome fort, (and a clofe dipt 
 hedge is as good as any] not only protects the inclo- 
 fure from the hardier winds, and confines the Warm 
 air, but keeps a rather un Tightly work from view, and 
 ftraws from blowing about, the litter of which is fo 
 difagreeable. In large gardens, however, they hive 
 .detached ground s for the work of hot beds, where Inch 
 litter is ot' no coniequence. 
 
 Working of the dung is nece'fary previous to the 
 making a hot bed ; i. c. it Ihould bo thrown together 
 
 on
 
 SECT. XIII. OF HOT BEDS, 171 
 
 on an heap, in a conical form ; and when it has taken 
 a thorough heat, and has been fmoking or fweating 
 for two or three days, it mould be turned over, mov*. 
 ing the outfide in, or mixing the colder parts with the 
 hot. When it has taken heat again for two or three 
 days, give it a fecond turn as before, and having lain 
 the fame time, it will be'in proper order for making a 
 good laiting bed with a fteady heat. If in hafte, it 
 may be made into a bed after the firfl heating ; but it 
 will be better for limiting again, or even a third time. 
 When dung is ready before wanted, keep turning it 
 over, left it be too much fpent. It will be proper to 
 begin to worker//.? dung a week or ten days before it is 
 to be ufed ; but if the dung is not freih, it is only ne- 
 ceifaiy to throw it together for once heating. 
 
 Dunghills, from which it is defigned to colle£r. ma* 
 terials lor a hot bed, mould be taken notice of in time, 
 thai they are not left to work themfelves weak by long 
 fmoking, without opening and turning over. Be is 
 may be made of dung from a week to a month old. 
 
 If heavy rati, cutting wind, or driving /now, fhoull 
 keep the heaps from heating, and the dung is wanted, 
 lay fome flraw round it, and it will protect and fetch 
 up the heat. If at firfl putting it together there is not 
 -a general rnoijhre in the dung, it mult be given it, by 
 calling water evenly over it as it is laid. This may be 
 done with a hand-bowl from a pail, but it would be 
 . better to ufe a large watering pot. No water muft be 
 vied to dung when it is got dark ; this is, however, the 
 colour that itjhould begin to have when put together in 
 a bed, which the directions given for working it will 
 bring it to. * 
 
 The Jize of a hot bed, as to length and breadth, is 
 (of COurfeJ to be according to the frame ; and the 
 height of it according to the feafon, and the degree of 
 heat requifite to the nature of the plant to be cultivated. 
 In a dry foil, a bed may be funk in the ground, from fix 
 inches to a foot, to make it more convenient to get at" 
 
 I t and
 
 tj£ -OF "HOT BEDS. SECT. XIII. 
 
 and manage. But beds made forward in the feafon 
 mould rather be on' the furface, for the fake of being 
 able to add the ilronger linings, Sec. 
 
 The bed mould not be of greater dimenfions than 
 neceflary to hold the frame up firmly, i. e. three or 
 four inches wider every way, though fome approve of 
 making it fix, which may be proper if the frame is 
 fmall, as otherwife the body of dung might not hold 
 heat enough for the neceflary length of time. As a 
 guide tor laying the dung regular, (according to the 
 fizeof the frame) drivejlakes, of about the height the 
 bed is to be, at the four corners. 
 
 It is the practice of fome gardeners, when they mould 
 the bed, to take the frame off, and lay it two or three 
 inches thick all over, and then put the frame on again. 
 This is done to guard againft {learning, and is proper 
 when the frames are (hallow : in this cafe, the bed mull 
 be fix inches wider every way than the frame, in order 
 to hold up the mould for the frame to reft upon. 
 
 In cafe of an 'mfufficient quawtity of good horfe dung, 
 that of coius, oxen, or pigs, if it is frrawy, and not t:o 
 wet, may be mixed with ife, ni the proportion of one- 
 fourth, or upon a pinch more ; efpecially in an advanced 
 part of the feafon, or to cultivate things that are only 
 forcing, and do not naturally require heat. In the cafe 
 of a deficient quantity of proper materials alfo, fome dry 
 old worn-out horfe dung may be laid at bottom, and a 
 little of it on the top. OtTal hay may be mixed as the 
 bed is made ; or a little of mown grafs, or ivceds, efpe- 
 cially tor late made beds; but clear jl raw, well wetted, 
 rruy be put at the bottom a foot thick, and reckoned 
 about equal to five or fix inches of dung. Cucumbers 
 and melons have been raited uponjlraiv beds, mixed 
 with lea cod\ apjes ; and thus the rank fteam of dung 
 avoided, which fomctirnes injures plants, if it does 
 not give the fruit a lefs agreeable taftc than they other- 
 wife would have. Sti coal djhes among dung, has 
 keen recommended to continue the, heat of the bed, 
 
 and
 
 SECT. Xlll. OF HOT BEDS. 1*2 
 
 and to moderate it, in the proportion of one- fifth or 
 fixth part; tanners bark has been ufed in the fame 
 way ; and thefe have been fometimes mixed generally, 
 and at others in layers three or four to a bed. 
 
 The making of a hot bed is performed thus : lay 
 f.une of the moll ftrawy dung at bottom, and keep 
 that which appears leaft worked toward the middle. 
 Let all be well broke, and laid evenly without lumps > 
 keeping the ends and fides upright, Jor rather hanging 
 over) not fuffering them to draw in, left the bed be 
 made too little for the frame, or fhould thus catch 
 wet. Having laid it about half a yard high, moft 
 gardeners trample it with the feet fet clofe, and again 
 when raifed a foot higher v and laftly when near 
 rimmed; but beating it down well with the back of 
 the fork is by fome gardeners thought fufheient, ex- 
 ceot indeed the dung be frefh and ftrawy, and then 
 trampling ought to be ufed. The cleaner dung is, it 
 mult not only be more trampled, but more wetted, and 
 the greater quantity of it ufed. To make beds of un\ 
 foiled Jt raw, it is recommended to lay it in a pond for 
 two or three days, and then to throw it in a heap to 
 drain and heat a little firft. 
 
 If any dung is to be ufed dire&Iy from the flable, let 
 it be equally mixed with the reft; but if there is a 
 coldnefs in the other dung, it will bring the heat for- 
 warder, by laying a good part of the frefh in the 
 middle, which will foon kindle, and fpread warmth. 
 The litter that is made ufe of for this purpofe fhould 
 be foul ; and if not, it may be made fo, by mixing 
 cow or hog dung with it, or rather by collecting the 
 draining from a farmer's muck hill, and fprinkling with 
 it ; which helps to fermentation. 
 
 The heft fori of dung is that of bean f raw, next 
 wheat, rye, cats, and barley. When the feafon is 
 pretty much advanced, hot beds may be made of grafs 
 mowings, (as from an orchard) and weeds, which is 
 a common practice in the. cyder countries. Thefe 
 
 I 3 heats,
 
 !?4 OF HOT BIDS. SECT. XIII. 
 
 heats, however, are often too violent, and 1 lit not long • 
 yet may they be lined with the fame materials it clone 
 in time, othetwife if a green hot bed gels greatly cool 
 it will not be recovered. A grafs bed may be uied 
 as foon as warm, but let it not be overweighted by 
 putting on heavy frames, or more mould than necehVy. 
 It mould rather be worked with hand glailes, or oiled 
 j>aper covers. 
 
 Hot beds are fometimes made of the refufe bark of a 
 tanner's yard, and alfo of oak' leaves ; but thefe muft 
 have walled pits for them, of a large fize, and arc 
 feldom ufed out in hot-houfes. A bark-bed properly 
 made, and managed by forking up at two or three 
 month's end, &c. will hold a fair, moderate, and fleady 
 heat, four, five, or fix months. 
 
 The bark is to be got frefh, after it has been thrown 
 out of the vats a few days, and if not moderately dry, 
 kept a few days longer to drain, and if the weather is 
 fair, it may be opened to the fun to dry ; for it will 
 not ferment if it is put together wet. When it ir 
 made into a bed it muft be only beat together with the 
 fork, and not trampled. In a fortnight it will have 
 come to a fine heat, for immediate ufe. 
 
 The/)// fliould be eleven or twelve feet long, five 
 and a half or fix feet wide, and a foot, or a little more, 
 .higher than the bark in front, and two feet higher be- 
 hind, to receive the mould on a body of bark, three 
 feet deep : But if for the cultivation of any thing in 
 pots, as there will need no mould, the pits need not 
 be fo deep, the pots being pkui|ed in the bark : or the 
 pit may be made level all round, of a depth to hold 
 the bark and mould, on which frames of wood may 
 be fet. Let the pit be funk one third, or one-halt in 
 the ground, as the foil about it is dry or not. 
 
 To encreaje the heat of a dung bed when it declines, 
 
 a v. urn lining of ftraw, or hay, put round it, a foot 
 
 .., and lard high up the fides of the frames, will 
 
 recover it for a few days; but a lining of hot dung; 
 
 one
 
 SECT. XIII. OF HOT ELDS, Iff 
 
 ©:ie foot and a half wide at bottom, and narrower at 
 toD, mould be applied firil to the back, and in. about 
 a weefc alter to the front, before the heat is greatly 
 gone off; and if very bad weather comes, there ihould 
 be a lining of ftraw all round this. In cafes ot great 
 declenfion of heat, the ends ihould have hot dung applied 
 to them, or, at leaft, a good thicknefs of litter, or 
 Lav all linings a few inches higher than the 
 })ed\ to allow for finking; or, not being laid quite fo 
 high at firit, add more afterwards, when a little fettled. 
 Early made beds may require two or three repeated 
 Unings. Should dung of a brifk heat for a new lining 
 be wanting, the old lining may be worked up with 
 what there is, and if (hook up with quite hefh (but 
 foul) dung horn the liable, do very well. 
 
 To decreafe the heat of a bed, feveral holes may be 
 made in it, by thrufting an iron bar, or a thick fmooth 
 (harp pointed flake, up to the middle, which holes are 
 to be clofe ftopt again, with dung or hay, when the 
 heat is fufficiently abated. 
 
 The life s to which hot beds may be applied are va- 
 rious, but chiefly for the cultivation of cucumbers and 
 melons, for which fee the next feftion. At the fpring 
 of the year, hot beds are commonly made ufe of for 
 forcing crops of feveral vegetables, as radijhes, carrots, 
 cauliflowers, lettuces, potatoes, turneps, kidney beans , 
 purjlanc, tarragon, jmall fallading, &c. Fruits of 
 feveral forts, as cherries, Jirawberries, rafpberries, 
 &c. are fometimes brought forward by dung heat ; as 
 alfo various jhrubs zndfozicrs, by means of forcing- 
 frames. Tender annuals, as balfanu, and other flow- 
 ers, that ncceifarily require beat to bring them up ; and 
 the lefs tender, and fome even of the hardy forts, are 
 alfo cultivated on hot-beds, or other afliirancc from 
 dung, to produce an earlier blow than could other- 
 wife be had. Directions for which, will be given in 
 their proper places. See Sect. 18. 
 
 I 4 As
 
 176 OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 
 
 As to the forcing fruits, peas, ttfparagus, and the 
 rafting of mufbrocms, thefe things are not commonly 
 pra&ifed, and it can hardly be expected in fuch an 
 initiatory bjok as this, to find inilruclions iorail things. 
 
 SECTION XIV. 
 
 OF RAISING CUCUMBERS AND MELONS, 
 
 I. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 
 See Cucumber in the next Section. 
 
 GARDENERS ufually provide three crops of cu. 
 cumbers in the feafon, all- of which will be in- 
 debted to hot clung to produce them ; except fometimes 
 indeed, the laft Towing be upon cold ground ; which, 
 in fome favourable fituations, and in fome feaibns,may 
 do for picklers. We begin with the early crop, which 
 is moll valued. 
 
 Make a feed bed of the fize of a one-light frame, (or 
 a two- light were better), from three to four feet thick, 
 and if ambitious of being forward, do it fometime be- 
 tween the firfl and fifteenth of January, though fome 
 gardeners fow about Chrijlmas : But the fooner this 
 \rork is begun, the more hazard there is of tailing, 
 and the more fkill and trouble will be neceflary to 
 manage them fuccefsfully. 
 
 The young gardener is advifed not to attempt this 
 bufinefs till the middle of February ; and then, if he has 
 good fortune, he will cut fruit about the middle of: 
 May. When he has attained fome (kill in the work, 
 he may begin fooner; for there is nothing that pro- 
 fefled gardeners are fo fond of exhibiting, as early 
 cucumbers, which is a proof, that no little ingenuity 
 
 and
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 177 
 
 and attention is necelTary to produce them* All 
 favourable circumltances coinciding, as lowing the 
 forwardeit feed in kind, mild and funny weather, and 
 plenty of dung, with good frames, managed by fkill 
 and indulfry, early cucumbers are fometimes railed in 
 about eight weeks, and later in the feafon have been 
 railed in lix ; but near upon three months mull com- 
 tnonly be allowed. - 
 
 A bed being ready, agreeable to the directions given 
 in the laft fection, which may be four feet high in 
 January, three and a half feet in February, and three 
 teet in March, or the medium as a general rule; let it 
 be covered with the frame and lights, raifing the glalTes 
 a little to let off the fleam that will, come ltrongly 
 irom the bed. 
 
 When the heat has been up three or four days in a 
 fingle light, or a day or two more if a two lighs 
 frame, let it be taken off, and fee that the furface of 
 the bed is perfectly level, but rather rifing behind ; 
 and if you think the bed is hardly flrong enough, the 
 opportunity is given to add a courfe or two more of 
 dung. Having levelled the bed neatly with the fork, 
 l>eat it fmooth with a fhovel or fpade, and put the frame 
 and glafs on again. 
 
 The temper of the bed is now to be attended to,, that 
 it be not moulded till the burning heal is over; a judg- 
 ment oi which may be formed, by keeping two Iharp 
 pointed fmooth Hicks thruft in behind, and occafionally 
 drawing and feeling them, by a quick grafp of the 
 hand.. Endeavour to hit the exacl time, not putting 
 the mould on too foon, as it is liable to burn, nor 
 delaying too long, and fo to lofe time, and too much 
 ot that heat, the bed war, made for. 
 
 The moulding is thus ; lay all over the. bed about 
 three inches thick of rich loofe (not over light) and 
 dry earth, and add as much in the centre of the light- 
 as will raife a hill eight or nine inches deep, winch a9 
 ibon as warm through, is to be ufed, except the bed 
 1 . 5 feem i
 
 i?R OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XI v. 
 
 feem too hot, and likely to bum ; in which cafe, draw 
 the chief of the mould ande round the frame, that the 
 heat may have vent in the middle, for a day or two. 
 As it is a thing efTentially neceffary in the cultivation 
 of early cucumbers, to have rich earth, properly dry, 
 it mould be prepared, and laid by in autumn, in fome 
 airy fhed or hovel. Let it be, if poflible, fome frefh 
 under turf earth, mixed with about one fourth part of 
 thorough rotten horfe dung, often ftirred together to 
 incorporate and fweeten. 
 
 The /owing may be made upon the hill of mould, 
 levelled down to about fix inches deep ; but if any fuf- 
 picion of burning (or in fhort at any rate), it were 
 better to fow in a final 1 pot or two, which fhould be 
 filled with the warm mould, and plunged a little way 
 in, more or lefs according to the heat of the bed, for if 
 the bed appears to be over hot, the pot may beraifed 
 from it ; cover the feeds half an inch, and add a gentle 
 preflure of the earth upon them. In a bed of proper 
 temper, they will be up in three or four days, and 
 fooner or later, if there is too ftrong or too weak a 
 heat ; though the age of the feed will occafion fome 
 difference. Very old feed (which fome gardeners are 
 fond of, as running lefs to vine, and fo reckoned the 
 more fruitful,) will fometimes come up weak, and 
 alfo rot, when the mould is damp, and the heat not 
 ftfong ; fo that feed of two, three, or at the moll, four 
 years of age is to be preferred-: That of a year old 
 comes up certainly, but too luxuriantly. 
 
 Whether the firft feeds come up, or not, on the 
 third day, fow a few more, and fo again and again; 
 for the early young plants are incident to failures, trom 
 various caufes. As the feed muft not be fawn in wet 
 earth, fo if it gets too dry, fprinkle the mould to 
 moiiten it a little below the depth of the feed ; but 
 let it be with water previoully fet in the frame (in a 
 bottle) to warm. Be fine to give the plants air, 
 according to the weather, railing the lights from one 
 
 ball,-
 
 SECT XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 17$ 
 
 half, to a whole inch ; and now, and ever after, while 
 there is a itrong heat in the bed, tilt one corner of a 
 light for the fleam to pafs off on nights, and let a mat 
 hang, or be nailed loofely over the open part, to keep 
 out the wind. 
 
 The pricking cut the voung plants is to be done when 
 they are three or four days old, taking them up care- 
 full/, and the mould being warm, put three in a fmall 
 pot, as the common praclice is ; but no more than two, 
 or only one in a J wall pot is a good method. II a Tingle 
 plant is put in a pot, it certainly may be expecled to 
 grow ftronger, and be continued longer therein, 
 and three of thefe mav be planted dole together in 
 the fruiting bed. If only one plant is put in, fet it 
 upright in the middle of the pot nearly up to the feed 
 leaves. If more are put in, take the mould out of the 
 pot m a baion-iike. form an inch or more deep, as the 
 Ihanks are, laying the roots fmooth towards the centre, 
 and the leaves towards the edge of the pot;, cover up- 
 to the top, and give the earth a gentle preffure : the 
 root ends may be dipt, if long. 
 
 If the mould is very dry and the bed hot, a li#k 
 water may be immediately given to the roots ; but if 
 otherwife, the next day will be bed. 
 
 Give veiy little air the fir ft day, but afterwards 
 more, as the fun mines or not, or the day is mild, or 
 lharp, ftill or windy. As the plants get older and 
 hardier, air may be given up to two inches, when 
 there is a good heat, and extraordinary fine weather, 
 to three or four inches of tilt : For this purpofe, 
 wedges of wood, about four inches thick at the wide 
 end. are proper. If fufpicious of the air coming in toa 
 fndderJy, tack a bit of cloth, or mat before the place. 
 Air is to be g : ven in different degrees, regularly as the 
 weather alters in the courfe of the day; — a little air 
 in the morning, more as the day. advances, and leis 
 again as it decimae. 
 
 1. 6 Cucumber*
 
 ISO OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT.XIV. 
 
 Cucumhers will not do well, if the air in the bed is 
 long confined, or ftagnant : Sun is ncceflary as well as 
 air, but as that we cannot fuinifh, every advantage that 
 is in our power we fhould not fail to make ufe of with 
 care. The plants are to be nurjed, and preferved mo- 
 derately warm, by keeping the pots plunged lefs or 
 jnore in the bed, placing them towards the outfides of 
 the frame when there is a great heat, and more in the 
 middle when it is moderate. 
 
 Keep fome mould round the infide of the frame, 
 ready to earth up the pots to the rim, as the heat de- 
 clines. There mould not be lefs than two, or more 
 than three inches depth of mould, in the intermediate 
 ipaces of the frame : for when the bed is moulded too 
 thick, it keeps down the heat too much, and occahons 
 burning. Young plants fhould be guarded from much 
 fun, if the feafon is advanced, and efpecially when the 
 bed is hot ; Give air in thefe cafes freely. 
 
 Attend to the weather, and if rain, fnow, or wind, 
 is either of them likely to chill the bed much, provide 
 againft it in time, by laying ftraw round ; and if the 
 heat naturally declines much, line, &c. as directed, 
 page 174, in order to recover and keep it up, for the 
 plants will foon be fpoiled, or loft, if the bed gets cold. 
 They are to grow in the pots till their firfi rough leaves 
 are two or three inches broad. When there is only 
 one in a pot, a plant (upon a pinch) may grow-in it till 
 it bloffoms. 
 
 Uie water (foft) but moderately at firft, till the roots 
 get Ipread about the pot, and then wet the lhanks of 
 the plants as little as can be helped, if the feafon is early, 
 or there is little fun. When the roots are got to the 
 bottom of the pot, take care to water to the bottom ; 
 but over-much watering of young plants makes them 
 (ickly. Once a week, at an early feafon, will be fuffi- 
 cient, except the heat is very ilrong in the bed, and the 
 weather very funny ; the water mull bcinafmall.degree 
 
 warm,
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 181 
 
 warm, and given in the morning towards the middle of 
 the day. Shut them clofe for half an hour. 
 
 If the feed bed is not likely to hold the plants fo long 
 as directed, (or nearly) in a free growing itate, an inter- 
 mediate bed fhould be made in time to receive them; 
 for it is BOt proper to plant them out into the fruit bed 
 too foon, left there be a failure in keeping up its heat 
 to fet the fruit, and bring it on. This intermediate 
 bed mould be made of proportionate ftrength, for the 
 time it is wanted, and may do at two and a half, or three 
 feet thick; nor need there be any great objection to an 
 intermediate bed, as it tends to infure.fuccefs, and brings 
 the plants on f after, and faves trouble in keeping up the 
 heat of the feed bed. 
 
 Burning is a thing to be fufpecled when a bed is very 
 hot, and in proportion as the mould is damp; and fhould 
 therefore be ieen to, by drawing away fome mould from 
 the bottom near the middle ; and if it appears difco- 
 ioured, of a greyifh hue, and caked, let what is fo be 
 taken out from all partspf the bed a; foon as poflible ; 
 but take care that in doing it, too much cold, air do not 
 get in and damp the bed, or injure the plants. Do this 
 work at the belt time of the day, while the fun mines, if 
 it may be, and rather at twice, allowing an hour be- 
 tween, fill up with frelh and dry mould, and keep 
 the giaffes clofe, till the earth is got thorough warm 
 again. Burning, however, is not of fo much confe- 
 quence now, as when the plants are put out to fruit, 
 for the/!?/* may be drawn up from the evil ; but burnt 
 mould contaminates the air, as well as injures the roots 
 that it reaches to. See Burning again prefently. 
 
 Steaming mull be guarded againft, and the rank efflu- 
 via which rifes in the bed at firit, andwhiliithe dung is 
 quite hot, mull have vent, night and day, by railing the 
 lights. A little rife will do on nights ; and if a mat 
 hangs before the aperture, or is nailed down loofely over 
 it y the too fudden entrance of cold air will be prevented. 
 Bui when the ftrong heat of the bed is certainly over, 
 
 (hut
 
 162 OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 
 
 fhut clofe on nights, and give but little air in unfavour- 
 able days. Rank Jlcam is fometimes drawn into a frame 
 from the outfide of the bed, occafioned by the mats 
 hanging over it; therefore, in covering, it is neceflary 
 to keep up the ends of the mats, fq that the glafs and 
 frame only be covered. Danger of if earning arifes alio 
 from the application of frefh linings, the fmoke of which, 
 wind may drive into the frames; fo that the lining 
 ihould either be covered with two or three inches of 
 mould, or, which is t etter, a good thicknefs of fine dry 
 hay. Sometimes iteam will infinuate itfelf round the 
 frame within, through the bed fettling unequally, fo 
 that the mould draws from it : Prevent this by filling 
 up the apertures. 
 
 Covering up at night has been juft directed to be 
 only over the glades, for a reafon given.- Put the cover 
 on a little before fun fet, and take off a little after fun 
 rife, except very bad weather chelate otherwiie ; yet., 
 remember, that light is a moil neceflary article in the 
 welfare of plants, and guard againll permitting cover 
 longer than compelled to it. While the bed is in a 
 good heat, one mat is fufficient, but yet if the weather 
 is fharp, more mould be ufed; for though hot neceflary 
 for the warmth, it will be ufeful to keep the fleam of 
 the bed from being fo fuddenly e'ondenjid as to drop on, 
 the plants, which would injure them. As the bed de- 
 clines in heat, and the weather is cold, a thicker cover, 
 ing mult be put on; and a very warm covering is made 
 thus: — lay on a mat, and over it a coat of iLraw, or 
 rather hay, and then a mat on the top, which tack down 
 found the frame. It will help to warmth, to puih into, 
 the dung fomc little flicks round t lie frame, and HI 1 up 
 the fpace with hay. Covering ron.-id ihn bed with itraw 
 and lining have been fpoken to : let the applications be 
 rnade in time. 
 
 The feed bed, by good management, may be kept. 
 >vith a good growing heat for fix weeks, when the 
 
 plants
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 133 
 
 plants being about five weeks old, -will be read y fo 
 putting into a new bed to bear fruit. 
 
 Stopping the plants is to be performed about a week 
 before they leave the feed bed; i.e. as foon as the fe- 
 cond rough leaf is expanded, and fhews in its bofom 
 the little bud, or eye, that produces a runner. This is 
 to be nicelv cut off with a pen-knife, or fmall fharp 
 pointed fciffars, or picked out with a needle, though, if 
 it gets forward, it may be pinched off. Soon after this 
 operation, the plant thickens, and will pufh for runners 
 again, which the flopping is defigned to difpofe them 
 to ; and the effeft is an earlier and more plentiful bear- 
 ing. The practice of flopping is again to be performed 
 upon the firll runners when they have three joints with-, 
 out (hewing fruit. 
 
 TKc fruit bed comes now, and it fhould be made of 
 go td materials, duly prepared, and well put together, 
 towards four feet thick. It ought not to be of a fize 
 lefs than for a two-light* but better for a three-light 
 frame; as the heat is more certainly to be kept up a 
 proper length of time, in a full fized frame, without 
 which all the previous labour is loft. Preparations 
 mud be made for this bed at leaft a fortnight before it is 
 wanted, in the way directed in the laft fection. 
 
 Before earthing, take care that the burn'nig heat is 
 over, and that the mould to be ufed be properly dry. 
 Lay it all over the bed not more than three inches thick, 
 (for reafons given, page 180) making hills where the 
 plants are to be fet about twelve or fourteen inches 
 depth. A two-light bed (of proper materials) will 
 not be ready for moulding in lefs than a week or ten 
 davs from making; nor a three-light in lefs than ten 
 days or a fortnight. But if it mould be defired to plant 
 out quick, on account of the feed bed having got cold, 
 a fecurity from burning the plants is found in forming 
 a hole in the bed, where the plants are to be, two inches 
 deep, and about a foot, or fifteen inches over, and filling 
 tip v.'ith frcih caw dung; through this the heat will not 
 3 burn,
 
 184? OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV, 
 
 burn, and if it catches the other paits of the bed, the 
 difeafe may be eafily remedied, in the way before men- 
 tioned, without difturbing the plants. Some gardeners 
 place turf under the plants, with the grafs downwards, 
 to prevent excefs of heat ; and k helps to keep the 
 mould, in other parts, from burning, to itir it about in 
 time. A preventative ufed by fome, is to put on a 
 layer of five or fix. inches ot old dung, when the bed ;s 
 made. It fhould feem, that a layer ot about three inches 
 of old bark might prevent burning. See Burning, 
 pages 180, 18-1. 
 
 Planting is to take place as foon as the heaps of 
 mould are warm. Spread the earth on the top a little, 
 and having the hills a full ten inch.es depth, make a 
 hole in the middle fix inches deep, to receive the pot of 
 plants ; which pots will- be from four and a half. to five 
 inches deep, and- confequently the plants funk in this 
 hole a full inch more in mould than they were in the 
 pot ; and they will have four inches depth of mould at 
 the bottom, which there fhould be below the roots k 
 Draw the mould up to the plants, and prefs it gently 
 between, and to them, all round the hillock. It is 
 fpokenhere of a pot of plants with three, .but. if only one 
 in a pot, the whole hill mult be thrown down to lour 
 inches depth, and the plants, with all the mould, fet one 
 clofe by the fide of the other, and then filled up an 1 
 round with the earth of the bed. 
 
 To 'jhift plants out of the pots with the ball of 
 earth entire about them, put the fingers between the 
 plants, and turning the pot up, give it a gentle tap on 
 the knee, or edge, of the frame, and the whole will 
 come out; a little preflure at the fame time through 
 the hole at bottom, with a finger of the other hand, 
 will ..Hill : turn the plants up carefully, and place them 
 in io. To fecure their coming out whole, water the: 
 pots to the bottom the day before ; and if not too wet,, 
 they will flip out. If the plants hold tight to the pots r 
 when turned up, along thin narrow bladed knife will 
 
 ba
 
 &ECT. XIV, OF RAISING CUCUMBERS, \%6 
 
 be proper to loofen the fides. If the mould fhould fal i 
 from the plants, carefully fpread the roots in planting* 
 and they will be fure to grow, only their having no 
 mould to them will occalion a little lofs of time till 
 they have (truck root again. Thus having fettled the 
 plants* ihut the lights clofe till all is thorough warn], 
 and then give a little air; if the mould put round the 
 roots be dry, give a little water. 
 
 Management as to air, covering, watering, lining, 
 and guarding againft burning, jieaming, &c. is now to 
 occupy the conftant attention of the gardener: On thefe 
 heads, what has been before faid may ferve for inft.ru c- 
 tion now; only as the feafon advances, and the plants 
 get ft rong, the more air and watering may be ventured 
 on, and if the heat of the bed is good, lefs covering will 
 do. As the feafon advances, water earlier in the morn- 
 ing, or later in the afternoon, :fo as not to have a full 
 fun come directly upon the leaves while wet; fordropi 
 of water aft as convex glades, to .draw the rays to a 
 focus, and thus fcorches. As the weather may be cool, 
 or the bed gets cool, water the more fparingly ; and in 
 this cafe, efpecially, avoid wetting the /banks of the 
 plants much. It will be known when water muji be 
 given, by the larger leaves flagging, without any vio- 
 lent fun to occafion an extraordinary perfpi ration. Bot- 
 tles of water may be kept in the frame, which is prefer- 
 able to that warmed at a fire ; yet the latter muff be 
 ufed when there is not enough of the former, to water 
 fo widely and deeply as neceifary. When the frame 
 gets full' of vine, it gets full of root \ and as by this time 
 the days get long, and may be funny, a good portion of 
 va:er for the whole may be wanted twice, or, perhaps, 
 tin ice a week, from a watering pot. 
 
 Air mould be given (as before directed) \n fine wea- 
 ther to a tilt of three inches, or more. While there is 
 a brijlz heat in the bed, give a little air on nights. If 
 the bed gets cold, it may be helped by covering up 
 earlier and warmer, and uncovering later \ though the 
 
 plants
 
 186 OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. .SECT. ' 
 
 plants fhould not be deprived of more light than what 
 mull be, through bad weather. 
 
 In cafe ot burning being ui (covered, take the burnt 
 mould from under the plants carefully, but quickr. 
 far as can be, without throwing them down: remember 
 to be cautious ol /learning, and think oi lining (lSu) in 
 time, that the plants be nut Hunted by cold, for when 
 they are materially checked, they hardly, ever recover 
 it. Sometimes the application of linings will fo in- 
 creafe the heat as to occafion burning ; let this be (e^n 
 to, and (at leaft) remove a part, and remake it when the 
 violent heat is abated. 
 
 Earth up the {hanks with dry mould, (kept in the 
 frame on purpofe) as the plants increafe; and lei 
 warm mould be added to the fides of the heaps, as 
 foon as ever the roots begin to appear through, or the 
 runners need fupport ; proceeding thus, from time to 
 time, till the bed is filled up level all over. For this 
 end, keep bringing in a little cold mould frequently, 
 laving it round the fides of the frame. When the bed 
 is filled with mould, it is a good way to prej's it tightilh 
 round the frame, about a hand's breadth, to keep the 
 roots longer irom the outfide. 
 
 Some gardeners mould the bed all over, as foon as 
 they are iatisfied there can be no more burning; but 
 it is bell to do it at feveral times, and not fooner than 
 is necefTary to cover the roots, and fupport the runners; 
 becaufe, where the mould lies thin, the heat comes up 
 better to warm the air m the frame, for the leaves will 
 want warmth as well as the roots. 
 
 Train the runners cioie down regularlv with neat 
 pegs, as tl Bed in growth, and prune the fe»- 
 
 dr aft as 6hey appear, but take care not to break any 
 of the lean cs. ' Wnen the days get long, and prove very 
 funny, t\\ejhade of a finglfl mat, for two or three hours 
 in the middle of the day, 'will be proper, as fuppofe from 
 
 l ■: . iO tWO. 
 
 Thus
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. IS? 
 
 Thus very particular dire3ions have been given, but 
 ftill much will depend upon circumfiances, and dif- 
 cretion muft dire6t. Let it be remembered, no negieSi 
 will be borne with. If any imprudent perfon Ihoukl 
 lift the lights high, to pry into the bed in improper 
 weather, perhaps an early tender crop might at once 
 receive their death blow, though expo fed but a very 
 ihort time. Succefs in railing cucumbers and melons 
 chiefly depends upon keeping the bed wrdue temper ; the 
 plants being neither burned nor chilled. 
 
 Setting the fruit is the practice of moil good gar- 
 deners, as generally infuring the embryos from going 
 off, as tirey are apt to do at an early feafon ; when 
 not much wind can be fuffered to enter the bed, and no 
 bees or infecls are about, to convey the farina from the 
 male flowers to the female. The male flowers have 
 been ignorantly called falfe bhfjoms, and fo have been 
 regularly pulled off (as faid) to ftretigthen the plant", 
 but they are effential to impregnate the female flowers ; 
 i. e. thofe that Ihew the young fruit at their bafe: This 
 impregnation, called fetting the fruit, is artificially done 
 thus : — 
 
 As foon as any female flowers are fully open, gather 
 a newly opened male flower, and ilripping the leaf gently 
 off from the middle, take nicely hold of the bottom, and 
 twirling the top of the male (reverfed) over the center 
 of the female flower, the fine fertilizing duff from the 
 male part will fall off, and adhere to the female part, 
 and fecundate it, caufing the fruit to keep its colour, 
 fwell, and proceed faff towards perfection. This bufu 
 -nefs of Jetting the fruit maybe praclifed through the 
 months or February, March, and April, but afterwards 
 it will not be neceffarv ; for the admiflion of fo much 
 air as may afterwards be given, will diiperfe the farina 
 effectually; but if "the weather {fill is bad, or remark- 
 ably calm, fetting may be continued a little longer. If 
 ihort 01 male flowers, one of them may ieive to im- 
 pregnate two females. Pull off all the male flowers as 
 
 faff
 
 1SS OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. SECT XIV, 
 
 fail as they die upon the vines. Lay a bit of tile, or 
 fome fach thing, under forward fruit. 
 
 Something of pruning may perhaps be neceflarv, for 
 plants will not bear well, either in quantity, or ntuiiif, 
 il the frames are crowded. The rule (of courfej i<, to 
 cut out thofe runners that can be befl fpared, as being 
 weak, moil in the way, or having the fmallell frc: 
 them. But as the fulnefs is generally owing to the 
 putting in the bed too many plants, the better method is 
 to cut down to the root a whole plant; and that in 
 b e. on the profpeel of being too full of vine : this may 
 feem a great facrifice, but it will prove a profitable one. 
 Let the difcharged plant lay a day to wither, that it 
 hang not hard to the others, and break their leaves, in 
 drawing it out while frefh. About Midfu?wner, the 
 frame may be raifed, to permit the runners to hrikeout, 
 and in a fortnight after taken entirely off; though once 
 in a frame, and always in, is better, if convenient. 
 
 A second crop of cucumbers m.zy be fown at any 
 time between the middle and end of March, if they 
 are to be brought up in frames ; but if under hand- 
 glaffes, or paper covers, then any time from the begin- 
 ning of April to the middle, is foon enough, at leaft 
 in Northampton/hire. A hot bed for fowing the feed at 
 this time, need only be from two and a half to three 
 feet thick, and a one-light frame. On this bed alfo 
 may be fown, in pots, or otherwife, tender annuals ; 
 and it is a very good time for moft of them. Or the 
 feed for plants to ridge out under haud-glalfes, may be 
 fown in pots, and placed in other hot beds, to bring 
 them forward till they have been flopped. 
 
 What has been laid about making hot beds, and 
 fowing, and managing cucumbers, will direct now ; 
 only at this feafon, mowings of graft may be put 
 round a bed to increafe the heat, and will be found ufe- 
 ful to lay on the top of dung linings when funk. 
 
 A feed
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS. 18§ 
 
 A feed bed, at this time, mould have a growing heat 
 for one month, when the plants will be fit (the latter 
 end of April, or beginning of May) to put either into 
 another two feet and a half hot bed with a frame, or 
 only under hand-glafjes, &c. which mould be rather 
 large, becaufe plants running from under them much 
 before Midfummer will hardly endure the weather. 
 Let them be covered up on nights with a /ingle mat ; 
 and when thev muft run trom under the olafies, flicks, 
 or hoops, mav be fixt to keep the mats off from prefling 
 upon them: fallen the covering down at the corners 
 with pegged fticks, to keep them from blowing awav. 
 Let the ground about the bed be ftirred, and aifo raifed, 
 to train the plants level, and to give the roots full room 
 to fhike freely. 
 
 For ridging cucumbers, that are to have only hand- 
 glaffes, or fome fuch cover, obierve (as advifed) nog 
 to fow too forward, for better be rather late, than have 
 the plants cut off, or much injured, juft as they are 
 going to bear. The hot bed, or ridge t made in Ma\\ 
 for hand-glaffes, mould be funk in a dry foil, two 
 fpades deep ; and two teet and a half thick of good 
 dung is now enough. The mould that is thrown out 
 (if it is good) may be ufed to cover the bed: and if 
 but indifferent, may be laid round it, or on it, towards 
 the outfides. Lay on it at firit" only three inches of 
 mould, except where the plants are to be, at which 
 place lay a depth of about nine inches, rather more 
 than lefs. It is not neceflfary that ihq earth mould 
 be very dry, as directed for early cucumbers, but let it 
 be warm firil to plant in. If it be Mid-May before the 
 plants are put out., holes of two or three barrows full 
 of dung will be fufficient to bring them on through 
 M*y, and then the ieafon (if it is not bad) will be 
 warm enough to keep them puming forwards. There 
 fhould be near four feet diliance betwr-en each (et of 
 plants. Shade thern for a few days at firil putting out, 
 and cover on nights till Mid-June. 
 
 Cucum-
 
 190 OF RAISI^X CUCUMBERS. SECT. XIV. 
 
 Cucumbers nor fown.' till the beginning of April \ 
 may be brought to bean*' fruit on one good bed, if under 
 a large frame; and fuch a bed wotfld, at the fame time, 
 ferve very well to fow, or to prick out, tender annuals. 
 See fe£lion 18, On flowers. 
 
 A THIRD CROP of cucumbers may be fown any 
 time, from the middle to the end of May, (or even a 
 little later) either in a pot or not, upon fb-me hot bed 
 in ufe, to grow for a week or ten days ; or fow upon 
 a little heat of two or three barrows full of warm dung, 
 trod clofe, and previouily thrown together for the pur- 
 pofe : or if frefh and moiil from the ftable, it will, 
 though at prefent cold, heat itfelf. Cover the dung 
 with fix inches of mould, and jow half inch deep, and 
 half an inch afunder, under a hand-glafs ; and when 
 the plants are completely up, thin them to an inch 
 afunder, where let them grow, earthing them up as 
 they get tall, till they fhow rough leaf. Then prepare 
 more fuch little bodies of heat to plant them on* u 
 three or four in a patch, which cover with a hand-glafs, 
 or otherwife, and made alfo for a day or two, if Tuhnw 
 If you can take three or four plants up together by a 
 fcoop trowel, with earth to the roots, the better; and if 
 not, plant them pretty near together, laying them ailant, 
 fo that the fhanks be covered two or three inches. 
 Keep theie plants earthed up, and as much under their 
 covers as may be, till towards Midjunwur, covering the 
 parts that run out on nights till this time. The third 
 crop is that generally fown for picflers. Guard againlt 
 the fpot by a mat cover in September 1 . 
 
 Sometimes, at this feafon, cucumbers are fown for 
 pick/crs in cold ground, efpecially about Londok, oxfov.th 
 "or wejl of it; but foil, fituation, and feafon, make a 
 (Treat difference in the cultivation of all, and particu- 
 larly of delicate plants. If any feed be fown on cold 
 ground, let it be in dry weather; give them a favour- 
 able
 
 SiSCI.XIV. OF RAISING CUCUMBERS, 19* 
 
 able fituation, and fow in patches eight £ ine feeds in a 
 hole, formed like a (hallow bafin, coyeriag ii If an inch 
 deep ; and if covered with hand giaffes, to bring them 
 up a little while, it were much better. Thin them 
 when getting into rough leaf, to four or five of the bell 
 plants; fpread them a little, and earth up to the feed 
 j S giving a little water; and if, afterwards, the 
 number of plants is reduced to three, it would be better 
 than more. Give plenty of air by day, and a -tittle on 
 nights. Raife earth above the (hanks as they grow* 
 and let it lie about them, while the plants are fmall, in 
 the form of a mallow bafin. 
 
 As to faving the feed of cucumbers, as it is of fome 
 confequence to be ajc er tamed o\ a good kind, when 
 the early nature and approved quality of any fort is 
 known, it ought to be an object to fave it well-, which 
 will be bell done from plants of the Jeccnd crop, that 
 have been ridged out, i. e. brought up under hand 
 giaffes. From this crop that plant which (hews fiuit 
 firft (under the fame culture) mould be referved for 
 feed, judging that its early difpoution may be continued, 
 and becaufe the firft fruit of any kind (if uninjured) 
 always produces the bell feed. 
 
 Fix upon handjeme fruit, and prefer that which is 
 placed loweft, Or grows nearelt the root. Leave no 
 more than one fruit for feed upon a plant, and let it 
 remain on the vines through AugujU or as much longer 
 as the weather will permit, to be very ripe : when cut 
 off, place feed cucumbers againil a Jcuth wall, till they 
 appear decaying, 
 
 Being got rotten ripe, fcoop out the pulp and feed into 
 fome veifel, and fiir it well up, which repeat for feveral 
 days ; then let it be walhed in two or three waters, 
 which will feparate the pulp, and leave the feed clean: 
 fpread it thin for two or three days, that it may dry 
 thoroughly, and putting it up in paper for uie, keep it in 
 a place free from damp. Let it.be every now and then 
 
 examined
 
 192 OF RAISING' MELONS. SECT. XIV. 
 
 examined and rubbed in a '"dry cloth, and it may be kepi 
 for feveral years. 
 
 OF RAISING MELONS. 
 
 See Melon in the next Serf ion. 
 
 ■ MELONS are raifed much in the fame way as cu- 
 cumbers. They mould not, however, be thought of 
 fo early, and from the middle of February to the middle 
 of March will (for moft perfons) be foon enough to 
 fow them. The place where they are cultivated mould 
 be well (heltered, fo that winds may blow over the 
 frames, as mentioned in the directions about hot-beds. 
 They require a ftronger foil to grow in than cucum- 
 bers, and more heat, both at bottom and top, and need 
 lefs water : they take up more room, fo that one plant, 
 or at moll two, will be enow under one full fized light. 
 Cucumbers may be raifed on a feed bed till fit to plant 
 out on the fruit bed ; but melons will (generally t 
 leaf!) require an intermediate bed. During the whole- 
 time of the cultivation of melons, (till high fummer) 
 they mult have a lively bottom heat, in order to bring 
 them forward, and fucceed well; and, if melons are late, 
 as foon as September enters, a lining of hot dung may be 
 put to the bed, to afford feme degree of heat to the 
 outer roots, as an equivalent to the failure of the foafoa. 
 Melons never do well in a lhady fummer. As cucum- 
 bers are about three months coming in, fo meldus are 
 about four. The}' fet their fruit in about two months, 
 and are about the fame time in ripening, though forty 
 days will fomctimes effect it. 
 
 The fed oi melons (procured from well ripened and 
 fine fla\ oured fruit; mould be about lour years old, 
 though fome prefer it much older, as judging it fo much 
 the leis likely to run to vine: II it is too old, however, 
 
 it
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING MELONS. 19S 
 
 it comes up weak, and is apt to rot, when the mould is 
 not fufhciently dry, and the feed bed not very warm. 
 If nezu feed only can be had, it mould be carried a 
 week or two in the breeches pocket, to dry away fome 
 of the more watery parts : The earlier the feed is fown, 
 the older it mould be. Melon feed may be fown in a 
 cucumber bed, that is in a brifk heat, in pots plunged 
 towards the middle; but a bed mould be ready to move 
 the young plants into before the cucumber bed gets 
 too cool. Sow only three or four feeds in each pot, and 
 cover a little more than half an inch : The earth in 
 which the feed is fown, fliould not be fo ftrong as that 
 in which the plants are to grow for fruit. When the 
 feedlings are three or four days old, take them up 
 carefully, fo as not to break any of the roots, and either 
 plant one in a fmall pot, or two in a little bigger; but 
 depend on no plants which do ftot appear healthy and 
 ftrong. Sow a few feeds every four or five days, left 
 accidents happen to deftroy the firft plants. 
 
 .As melons require (kill, and occafion trouble to raife 
 them, the greateil pofhble care mould be taken that the 
 feed is of a good kind. Melons mould never grow near 
 cucumbers, elpeciallv if for feed, as the farina of the 
 cucumber may impregnate the bloffom of the melon, 
 and give it a watery flavour, or quite alter the nature 
 of it: Do not fow foreign feed, except for experiment. 
 
 Though melons may be fown in a cucumber frame, 
 that is in a good heat, yet rather make a feed bed, of 
 about three feet thick ; and having put on the frame 
 and light, tilt the glafs a little, and when the great heat 
 is abated, put on fome dry, rich, and fine, but not xtry 
 light earth, to the thicknefs of four inches all over ; 
 and the next day, if the mould is not too hot, fow the 
 ft ed fome in the beds, and fome in pots, placed juft in 
 the middle, which may be drawn up out of the way of 
 any burning heat. 
 
 When the plants appear, give them air, and beware 
 
 of tanc'id fleam from the glafles dropping on them! 
 
 K They
 
 194? OF RAISIN^ MELONS. SECT. XIV. 
 
 They may be wiped with a woollen cloth, or turned 
 to dry in fine weather. Confider what was faid about 
 cuciunbers, concerning too much heat, too liitle, &c. 
 After the melons have been up two or three days, (as 
 was faid before) let them be potted and plunged to the 
 rims, towards the middle of the bed; and the next day, 
 a little water (warmed in the bed) may be given the 
 roots ; or a little may be given at the fame time, if the 
 mould is quite dry. 
 
 As foon.as the plants are potted, think, of making a 
 Jccond bed, to be ready in a week, ten days, or a fort- 
 night, (as circumftances diftatej that fo the young plants 
 may receive no check through a decline of heat in the 
 bed where they are. This bed mould be ftronger than 
 the feed-bed, and rather for a two-light frame; and 
 being moulded as foon as it can be, not to burn, let 
 the pots in, about an inch deep, and in a day or two 
 draw a little mould up round them, and £b on again. 
 But if the firft bed is warm enough to hold the plants 
 longer, the heat of this fecond bed (if violent) may be 
 fufiered to evaporate a little more firft. Here they are 
 to grow till in the fecond rough leaf, when the plants 
 {hould beJloppediAS was directed tor cucumbers. 
 
 The third, or fruiting bed, is to be (obferve) ready 
 by a few days after the time of this Hopping the plants. 
 It (hould be njirong bed, of four feet thick, and for a 
 three-light frame, and made the higher, the more 
 ftrawy the dung is. As foon as the burning heat is 
 fufficiently abated, let the bed be covered all over with 
 good dry melon mould (the belt is a rich moderately 
 itrong loam) three or four inches, and heaps made under 
 each light of about fourteen inches depth. Melons do 
 not fruit well- in a light mould, but yet it fhcnild not be 
 a heavy one. If the mould is thought too light, let it 
 be pre (Ted a little together to give it confidence. 
 
 To a frelh maiden foil, or good earth from the kitchen' 
 garden, that 1 is known to be in heart, (by the ftrci 
 oi'the'plaius it has produced) add about one fourth, or 
 
 one
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING MELONS. ' 195 
 
 one third, of well con fumed dung, and it makes a good 
 cotnpoft, but it mud be completely incorporated by 
 frequent turning and expofing to fun and air, and kept 
 by fbme means dry, as under a filed, &c. as dire6ied for 
 cucumbers. Much depends on the melons growing 
 in a good foil, and rather a ftrong one. 
 
 The planting of melons takes place as foon as t 1 e 
 hills of mould are warm through; only if a violent 
 heat is in the bed a day or two's delay does not fignify, 
 if the plants are doing well where they are; yet the 
 roots mull not be cramped longer in the pots than 
 necedary. Melons require a greater depth of mould 
 to grow in than cucumbers, and the bottom of the 
 roots, at planting, mould not be nearer than five or (i* 
 inches from the dung. Shade them from much fun', 
 till they have taken root. 
 
 If the lights are final I, one plant under each is fuf- 
 ficient, and if large, let there be only two; for melons 
 require much room. It is a great error in the cultiva- 
 tion of melons not to allow it them. Earth the plants 
 up with dry mould about the (hanks as thev proceed in 
 growth* and bend them gentt'y down with pegs, to givt 
 them a regular and fnug direction all over the bed. 
 When fruit is fet, there muff be only one of the large, 
 znd two of the fmall forts, (fair and prornihng) left on 
 each principalruniier, and this runner ihould be pinched 
 off at the lecond, or rather the third joint above it, 
 which is called flopping. 
 
 Pruning is neceffaiy, in order to frrengthen the 
 bearers, and keep the frame from getting too full of. 
 vine, i.e. let al i very ftrong, and all weak (hoots be 
 taken cut, as Hh the Uttdrfk; but take care that too 
 many male blofibms are not thus cut off, for the weak 
 moots (if not abundant) do no great harm : As in other 
 plants, fo in melons, it is the middling (hoots that bear 
 fruit the beft. 
 
 Train the branches ail regular fin time) with m« 
 pegs, for it hurts melon plants to lie rude, and to have 
 K 2 their
 
 196 OF RAISING MELONS. SECT. XIV. 
 
 their leaves difturbed or damaged, to put them in order. 
 A piece of tile, or a finall earthen plate, under each 
 fruit, is proper, to keep it from the damD mould, and 
 to aflift its ripening by reflected heat. Three (at the 
 moft four) melons are as many as mould be left to grow 
 upon one plant; and thofe are beft which are fituated 
 ueareft the ftem, as remote ones are not fo well nourifh- 
 cd. Do not let a great deal of vine grow below them, 
 left they be too much robbed, and let them be flopped 
 as before directed, for when there is a great length of 
 vine above, nature pufhes towards the extremity, and 
 palling by the fruit below, forms more above, fome- 
 t unes to the total lofs of the firft fet fruit. 
 
 Keep mould round the fides of the frame, to earth up 
 the plants to the very leaves, and round the hills, (a 
 kittle at a time) as the plants increafe, and do not enrth 
 all over the bed before it is neceiTary ; for full earthing 
 at firft is apt to occafion burning, and afterwards to 
 damp the heat of the bed too much, diminifhing alfo 
 the warmth of the air about the plants. When the bed 
 is earthed all over, prefs the mould all round the fides of 
 the frame, about fix inches wide, to make it firm, that 
 the roots may. not get too foon to the wood, and mat 
 too much againft it, which occafions ficklinels. 
 
 Do not think of cultivating early melons, without 
 plenty of dung both for beds and linings. The particu- 
 lars of management, concerning covering, /hading, air, 
 lining, flapping the young plants, jetting the fruit, &c; 
 and to guard againft burning ^mifleaming, may be feen 
 tn the directions already given for cucumbers ; only lefs 
 air, and much lefs watering, will do for melons. Keep 
 them clofe (hut down on nights, when the heat of the 
 bed is become moderate, and cover well. As melons, 
 therefore, are kept rather dry, they ihould be (haded a 
 little in very funny weather by a (ingle mat, for two or 
 three hours in the middle of the day; i. e. when the 
 feafon is forward, efpecially, if the bed itlell be in a 
 
 hot ftate. 
 
 Melons
 
 SECT. XIV. OF RAISING MELONS. 197 
 
 Melons may be watered moderately once a week, in 
 fair weather, or twice if fultry, especially if the mould 
 is light. Early in the feafon, water a little before 
 i\Ov)ii, and in high fummcr a little before evening. 
 When the fruit is jetting, and when getting towards 
 ripening, very little water mufl be given : be fure to 
 water the extremities of the roots, but avoid the (hunks, 
 particularly while the plants are young. A little 
 iprinkhng all over the leaves, when the plants get big-, 
 (but let not a hot fun ihine upon them at the time) 
 will greatly refreih them,, when it is not thought proper 
 to water the roots thoroughly, qxh account of the bed 
 being cool. Becaufe much wet is certainly injurious 
 fome gardeners keep their melons exceeding dry ; but 
 their leaves mould not ilir.v t^o much fign of drought*, 
 left the fruit ihrivel for want of moifture. Take czre 
 that the heat is kept up at the Jetting of the fruit, or it 
 will become yellow, and fall off. Preferve a good 
 bottom heat till about Mid-June. 
 
 Melons Ihould not be. turned fo much about, as is the 
 practice oi fome gardeners, in order to ripen the fruit 
 all over ; for it hurts the Joot-Jialk, diflorting its velfeis 
 .that feed the melons, and fo preventing a proper di- 
 geftion of .the juices, and fome increafe of fize. 
 
 The favour of a melon being preferable to the fize, 
 is the reafon why water is to be withheld (as much as 
 can be] when they are ripening: with it they will be- 
 come bigger, and fo appear finer; but what is quantity 
 without quality ? 
 
 The young fruit need not be fully expofed to the 
 fun ; it had better be a little covered with leaves, for 
 much hot fun hardens the (kin, and prevents its proper 
 growth. When a melon has nearly attained its fize, 
 then, however, a full fun is neceffarv to ripen it. 
 
 As to cutting the fruit, if it is to be fome days before 
 
 a melon is eat, (as when carried to a diftance) it (houlrf 
 
 .not be quite ripe. Its ripenejs is known by the high 
 
 "colour, and ftrong odour, and the cracking of the Foot- 
 
 K 3 italk ;
 
 198 OT RAISING MELONS. SECT. XIV, 
 
 ftalk; and it" they give not a full and pleafant /cent, 
 th-v will not prove good. Always cut mek>ns m the 
 morning, and if fully ripe, they fhould not be kept more 
 than two or three days. If a mJon is cut before it is 
 ripe, ('tis faidj it may be ripened, by wrapping it clole 
 up in cloth, and placing it in a heap of warm horfe 
 dung for twenty-four hours. But the better way 
 Wotwd probably be, to treat them as unripe medlars, 
 which article fee, in Sect. 17. y 
 
 * # * * <* * 
 A second crop of melons is to be had, by fow-- 
 ing (in- any other hot-bed, or one made on purpou-; 
 from Mid-March to the beginning of Jprit, according 
 to lituation, as in a favourable one the fowing may be 
 ventured on the later. Thefe muff be brought up as 
 before, t\\\ flopped, and then ridged out; i. e. when about 
 a month or five weeks old. The method of which 
 ridging is, to make a trench in the ground four feet 
 ■wide, and deep according to the foil :, If the ground is 
 dry, it may be from a foot to two feet deep, or otherwife 
 but a few inches. Lay in hot dung full two feet and a 
 half thick, being well fhook and beat together with the 
 fork. • This trench muff be of length according to the 
 number of plants deligned to be put out. For each hole 
 (which Ihould be full four feet afunder) put on good 
 melon earth, laid up in a round hill, to fifteen or eighteen 
 inches high ; and then lay the earth, thrown out of the 
 trench, to the fides and top of the bed, about three or 
 four inches thick, breaking it fine, atid cover all over 
 with mats to draw up the heat : But never expect ridged 
 out melons (particularly) to do well in a light foil. 
 When the earth is. warm, put in the plants, two in a 
 hole (or only one) giving a little warm water, and cover 
 with large: hand or bell glalfes, or oiled paper lights, 
 and proceed to manage according to that dif rchon 
 which, the directions already given about melons and 
 cucumbers have inculcated, 
 
 As
 
 SECT. XIV.- OF. RAISING MELONS. 199 
 
 As the bed (inks, and the roots fpread, tyke care to 
 add a good thicknefs of mould around the hill, tor the 
 plants to flrike into, and to keep them up: This may 
 be put in a week or ten days, and it will keep out cold 
 air and wet from the dung: but it is bell not done at 
 fir ft. When the plants fpread to the extent ot the bed, 
 the ground about it fhould be dug over, and rotten 
 dung buried to raife it to the level of the bed; but, 
 perhaps, this work has been fuperfeded by the necefnty 
 ot a lining to throw in heat. 
 
 If the plains are forward enough to ridge out in 
 April, or beginning of Mny y it may be proper to make 
 thefe beds on the level furfaee, or nearly io, for the fake 
 of lining; but if later, they m-.y be funk as directed 
 above, or deeper ftill, in a dry foil. Remember it will 
 be necerfary to line, if there appears any likelihood of a 
 want of heat, before the fruit is Jet, and got a little 
 forward. Do it,in time. 
 
 If two ridges of melon plants, let there be-four feet 
 (or more) of alley between them, and then a lining may- 
 be applied of that width to heat both beds; and this 
 middle heat may be made ufe of to raife plants for the 
 third erop oi cue umber u or tender annual flowers, pur- 
 jlane, &e. Give ridged out plants air on the fouth fide. 
 They will need more wafer when in the ridges than in 
 frames, and give it widtj, but little about the ftem, or 
 hardly there at all ; nor let it be applied cold, though a 
 fmall degree of warmth from -the Juri; or otherwife will 
 do. Tins crop need never be Inaded but when the 
 leaves hang. When the plants cannot be contained 
 under ttoe gianes, let them be carefully trained out, and 
 covered with mats all over on nights, and. on days, in 
 bad weather, till Juh,\ particularly if much rain falls. 
 
 With large oiled paper frames this work of the Jecond 
 crop of melons may be very well managed. The plants 
 ihculd be kept under hand glafles till too big for tbem, 
 and then the paper lights may be put on, which con- 
 taining the runners till high fummer, they will be fafe. 
 
 K4 Yet
 
 £00 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 Yet the He covers, being fet upon bricks, may be kept 
 always on; but let the fruft, that happens to be without 
 fide, be covered with a hand glafs, which will help to 
 ripen it. Let the lights be protected in heavy rains, bv 
 laying forae cloth, or mat, over; a«d towards the iliye 
 of hammer, guard the plants well againft much cold 
 on nights. 
 
 ****** 
 
 A third crop of melons mav be fown (in fa- 
 vourable fituations) towards the end oS. April, or begin- 
 ning of May, if the former crop was fown about Mid- 
 March, and this is to be proceeded with in the fame 
 manner as the fecond. When September comes, (as 
 was obferved) late melons mull be preferved, as much 
 as pollible, from cold and wet, that they may ripen. To 
 this end, glazed frames may be ufed over all, or at leait 
 hand glaffes put over each fruit, covering warmly up 
 with mats on nights. Thofe melons that do not ripen 
 may be ufed lot mangoes, and make good ones. 
 
 section xv. 
 
 OF ESCULENTS. 
 
 THE usefulness of efculent plants, as ferving 
 for the flod, health, and pkajurc of man, is pretty 
 generally acknowledged ; and that they may not lail 
 to anfwer thefc ends in the beft way. let them have 
 rvery attention; and that, not only in their cultivation, 
 but in their preparation for the table. Let there be no 
 flight put upon the bounty of Providence in or- 
 daining
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. £01 
 
 ing them to our ufe, by an unnecefTary preference 16 
 other foods. " There was a time, when bread and 
 herbs (with a little fruit) were the only dainties 
 wherewith the tables oi" the greateft voluptnaries were 
 fpread." 
 
 " Vegetables and fruits were our innocent, primi- 
 tive, and natural food ; but men's depraved appetites 
 have fubftituted the fhambles ; yet, after all, the inven- 
 tions of the moll luxurious and voluptuous epicure, the 
 molt Cafarian tables would want of their magnificence, 
 noble guft, and grateful reliih, withou: fruit and the 
 productions of the garden, which gives the true con- 
 diment, and mofl agreeable clofure to all the reft." 
 
 "Their ufe is, all our life long, of that umverfal 
 importance and concern, that we can neither live nor 
 fubfift in any plenty, with decency or convenience, or 
 be faid to live at all without the^i : whatfoever contri- 
 butes to delight or refrefh us, are fupplied and brought 
 forth out of this plentiful and delightful ifore of the 
 garden . ' ' 
 
 Let it be a rule to gather vegetables of all kinds 
 (deiigned for the table) in the morning, before much 
 fun has Ihined on them, and lay them by in a cool place- 
 till wanted. 
 
 Alexander is a culinary plant, formerly much 
 ufed, bat has given way to celery; like which it is 
 blanched (about a foot high) for ufe in foups and fallads. 
 The feeds are bed fown in drills two feet afunder,- 
 and thinned to fix or eight inches diftance, though they 
 may be fown at broad caft and tranfplanted. Spring 
 fown plants come in for autumn, and autumn ones for 
 the ufe of fpring. 
 
 Artichoke, there are two kinds of, the globe and 
 the conical. The latter is the hardieff , but the former 
 is generally preferred, both for fize and flavour. Arti- 
 chokes are propa.a:ed from rooted flips, or offsets in 
 K 5 April,
 
 adZ OF ESCULENTS. SF.CT. XV. 
 
 April > taken from the mother plant, by drawing the 
 mould aiide. As they require a rich fail, and are 
 ftationary plants, dig a good quantity ot dung in com- 
 pletely hekw the roots tor them to itnke into, breaking 
 the foil well with it. 
 
 The head of the artichoke is valuable according to 
 its fize and fubflance, and therefore to a good foil, add 
 good room: for though they may be planted nearer, 
 yet they would do much better in rows lix feet afunder, 
 and three feet, apart in the rows. Between thefe rows 
 n ; ay be propagated feveral forts of fpring or early 
 fummer crops. They will reward the trouble of 
 being regularly watered in dry weather ; fufter them to 
 bear only one principal head. Frejh plantations mould 
 be made every third or fourth year, to have then! in 
 perfection. Every year that they ftand after planting 
 they mould be dug deeply round, and fome well con- 
 fumed manure applied. Cut the heads when the leaves 
 begin to expand, and before the center opens tor 
 flQwerkig; and let them have about afoot of flalk, 
 breaking the remaining part of the ilem down to the 
 bottom, that it may not rob the root by a wafte of fap. 
 At the fpring dreffing, all the fuckers are to be taken 
 off, leaving three only of the ilrongcit (hoots to fruit. 
 Thofe without roots will grow by planting deep, and 
 keeping moiil. 
 
 Let the plants be protecl.ed from hard f rafts; at the 
 profpect of which, cut down the ftalks and outfule 
 leaves to the inner ones, dig between, and earth the 
 plants to near the tops; and if fevere weather lollows, 
 fhry fhould be covered thick with ilraw, which mull 
 be removed when the froft goes. The earthing-up 
 need not he levelled down till Mareh,. or may be .lea 
 alone till the time of their drelfing, which is bell done 
 at the beginning of April. If uncovered early, let 
 the litter lay by ready m cafe of fro ft to cover again.. 
 
 To have a long fueceffton of artichokes, fome Hips 
 ■fcouldbe planted at two different times every fpring, 
 
 as
 
 ;, xv, a? ESCULENTS. 203 
 
 as they bear die fame year, only come in later, and 
 with fmalier heads than the old plants. It' being planted 
 late, they do not produce in the prefent feafon, they 
 come forwarder the next ftimmer than old {tool? do ; 
 but remember, a good foil and open ntuation are abso- 
 lutely neceilary for the artichske. 'Tis of fervice to 
 lay grafs mowings, or fome htter, about the roots try 
 keep them cool; for though artichokes mould not be 
 planted in a moiil foil, on account of froir, yet they 
 thrive befl in a cool one. Artichokes- that come late, 
 may be cut with their fufl ftalks, and being laid up to 
 the head in moid fand r in a cellar, will keep a month, 
 io that they may fometimes be had at Chrijhnas* 
 
 Asparagus, there is (-in taet) but one fort of, as 
 an efculent; but fome difference occurs as to fize, 
 colour, and flavour, arifmg from cultivation* In order 
 to obtain lasge heads, and to have the beds- continue-to 
 produce the longer, much dung is. ufed ; but the lefe 
 of if, the fweeter will this vegetable be, (o that in i» 
 foil naturally prolific, no dung need be ufed* 
 . Afparagus beds are commonly made from plants, but 
 the preferable way is from jeed, the belt of which is 
 the GraV'lend fort* The time for both is March, 
 rather early m the month than late, though the begin- 
 ning of April may do. The plants mould be only a 
 year old, and fet in rows a foot diftance, and the rooty 
 the fame, or a little lefs in the rows. 
 
 Making the beds four feet and a half wide, there 
 will be four rows of plants, and nine inches lefo- 
 between the outfide rows and the allevs, which ihould 
 be two feet wide. The beds ought to be trenched fulf 
 t -ighteen inches deep,, and enriched with dung that is 
 well confumed, burving it below the roots; they will 
 foon itrike into the dung, which had belt not lay .im- 
 mediately about them. If fome mould of rotted vege- 
 tables, ox wood pile earth, la the ftronger foils; 1 and aV 
 little pond mud in the lighter, were mixed with the 
 top ioil, it would greatly help the" plants; $r if nom? 
 
 K G other
 
 10* OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV, 
 
 other manure than a mixture of all thefe were ufed 
 through the whole work, it were better. As afparagus 
 beds are defigned to lafl many years, (fuppofe twelve 
 or fifteen) no pains fhould be fpared to do the work 
 well; and if the ground were prepared fometime before 
 hand, or in winter, it would be an advantage, the top 
 foil laving trenched for the benefit of troft . The alleys, 
 as well a* the beds, fhould be made good, for the roots 
 of the outer rows will ill ike into them. A rich fandv 
 k>am is the bed foil for afparagus, and if the earth is 
 too heavy, or too light, rechfy it. The ilronger the 
 foil, the higher the beds fhould lie above the alley, and 
 more rounded; and in very light foils they fhould lie 
 flat, or rather finking, to catch the rain. 
 
 "to plant beds of afparagus fet the line nine inches 
 from the edge of the bed, and cut the trench upright, 
 clofe to it, io deep that the crowns of the roots lie full 
 two inches below the fin face. If the mould of the 
 bed lies light, and is likely to fettle much, the crowns 
 of the plants may come very near the top, and two 
 inches of mould put on a'terwards, which is indeed the 
 bed method of planting; but if the ground is not ex- 
 pected to fettle, two inches of the top mould mult (in 
 this method) be firit drawn afide to cover with. The 
 roots mad be neatly fpread againlt the trench, and cut 
 as little as poflible ; i. e. only the damaged parts off. 
 This fhould be with a marp knife, and it would be 
 tetter if done the day before they are ufed, that the 
 ends may dry and heal. It is of confequence to 
 have the 'plants dug up carefully, with a three pronged 
 fork, that the roots may not be injured. 
 
 To fm beds of afparagus, make little holes an inch- 
 deep, at the diflance directed for plants, and having 
 laid three fine feeds in each, near an inch afunder, cover 
 them three-fourths of an inch, which will leave little 
 hollows, to (hew their places, and give occafional 
 watering in a dry- time, to fetch them up. If the beds 
 were covered with a little haulm or ilvaw, till the 
 \ plants
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. *& 
 
 plants appeared, it would help them to germinate, as in 
 a funny i'eafon they are apt to lie long, efpecially it 
 the work be not done till April, And the plants are 
 above ground fill up the holes. Refrefh the plants 
 occafionally with water through the fummer, and when 
 they are two inches high, thin the holes to one plant 
 in each, and cover the beds with an inch of mould, 
 and they will then be two inches deep, as was directed 
 for plants. The drawn plants may be pricked out at 
 four or five inches diilance, to make good any defici- 
 encies next fpring, or otherwise; but if the plants are 
 not wanted, it will be belt to cut the fpare ones off, 
 which does not difturb r .he roots ot thofe left. In 
 Qclobtr, when the haulm is decayed, cover the bed 
 with about half an inch of rotten dung, to make them 
 flrong and keep out froft ; and, in fevere weather, put 
 fome long litter over all. In fp ring, take the litter 
 olf, and gently ftir (with a proper fork) the rotten 
 dung in> do fo again the next year. Watering afpa- 
 ragus beds with the draining ot a dunghill (a rich ma- 
 nure too often loft) in autumn, or fpring, will wafh 
 down to the roots, and greatly benefit the lower foil to 
 the increafe of the produce: It is worth while to make 
 a rank dunged water for this purpofc, to recover weak 
 or old beds. See p. 55. 
 
 Afparagus is cut from planted beds in three years, 
 and from {own ones in four ; but this lo: ; s of a year, 
 will be amply repaid by the fuperiorhze and abundance 
 of the heads. If the buds come very fine, a little may 
 be cut the year before. A thin crop of onions, or of 
 lettuces to prick out, is commonly had on planted beds 
 the firff, and on feed beds the two firft years, taking 
 care that none grow juft about the plants. The belt 
 method of doing this bufinefs, is by an intermediate 
 drill between each row, and again acrofs them: It were 
 better however to have no crop at all. 
 
 The management ot afparagus beds is, to cut down 
 the haulm, within an inch of the ground, when it 
 
 turns
 
 SOS OF r.SCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 turns yellow in autumn, clearing of weeds, ftirrmg the 
 ground, and covering the whole over with about an 
 inch of rotten dung before eveiy winter, winch is to 
 be forked in at fpring, not to hurt the plants, and 
 covered with fome parings of the mould f-om the alleys, 
 which fliould afterwards be dug over, if no crop is 121 
 them to prevent it. It may feem, that an addition 
 every year to the beds might fink the crowns of the 
 plants too low; but it is their nature to rife as tliey 
 grow. Befides the rotten dung, as above, there may 
 be laid fome long litter over the beds, before fevere 
 weather fets in; but the covering of aiparagus beds is- 
 not fimply to keep out frofr, (which will not hurt them 
 without much wet) but to keep them warm, that the 
 buds may be forward at fpring. Ajiump ought to be 
 kept at each corner of the beds, to fhew their bounds* 
 and as marks to pare the alleys up by, which (generally) 
 mould lay three or lour inches lower. 
 
 The cutting heads of afparagus fliould be carefully: 
 performed, not to injure adjoining buds that are dart- 
 ing up. Move the mould a little afide to fee, and then 
 clofe by the head, and with a little (lope, cut it oIF 
 about three inches below the ground. The knife 
 mould have a long narrow blade, and a proper one is- 
 indented with teeth as a Jaw. It may be cut, when 
 from two to four inches high; and let it be regularly 
 done as foon as ready: If it is lain by in a cool p?a*e y 
 as in a dairy or cellar, it will keep very well three 
 or four days. 
 
 Six rods of well planted ground will produce, m 
 the full feafon, about a hundred a day; and this* as- a 
 rule will help to determine how much room a private 
 family mould allot for this vegetable^ 
 
 Bkans we have feveivl forts of, differing in Gze r 
 colour, {lower, flavour, h^rdinefs, and time oi coming 
 in. . Of the forward beans, the mazagan is generally 
 preferred, as the eariieii, hardieft, mo if produclive^ 
 iu>d pleafant. The Fwtugal tanks next to iu Of the 
 
 later
 
 SECT. XV. <H -ESCt'LENTS. IW 
 
 later forts, the Wind/or (lands firft, as to general efti- 
 mation, for eating; but it is in moft foils rather an idle 
 bearer. The hngped and Sandwich, however, are pre. 
 ferred by fome, chiefly as more fruitful. Trials muff 
 determine tafle; but it mav be obferved, that the White 
 hlofjcju bean is a very good one, if eat young. 
 
 Clofe under a luarm wall (to which they mould be 
 kept by packthread) fome tnazagons may be put in the 
 ground earlv in October ; but at the latter end, and the 
 beginning of November, is fureft, when they commonly 
 fucceed at fome diftance from the wall, earthing them 
 up regularly as they proceed in growth. Crop the tops 
 off as foon as the lower bloffoms are full out, or begin 
 to fade. This forwards them. 
 
 Put the [wall forts of beans in three inches deep, and 
 four afunder, in {ingle rows ; or fix inches afunder 
 every way, in double rows ; and let the rows, in the 
 full cafe, be two and a half, and in the latter, three 
 feet afunder. 
 
 There is a dwarf bean (by fome called the fan-cluj?er) 
 that grows but a few inches high, which is Very con- 
 venient to put in, clofe under a fouth wall, in October, 
 and they will thus be but a few days (if any) later than 
 the mazagan fown in Noveraher. 
 
 5 Tis a good way to low patches of beans in a warm 
 corner to Hand the winter, placing them about an 
 inch from one another, and tranfflanhng them at the 
 above diilances, the firft mild weather after Mid- 
 February or in March, to any flieltered part of the* 
 garden, and if under a fouth wall (not too near) it will 
 forward them, efpecially if watered in" a dry time. 
 Beans, fown in patches, may be eafily covered in feyere 
 weather, by a frame, &c. Make trenches today them 
 in when tranfplanted; pull not off the bean adhering 
 to the roots, lborteii them a little, and put them in 
 rather highly covered over the fhanks. If planted 
 *Da»t, they will fcon get erect; but this is only per- 
 mitted
 
 20& Oi' ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 mitte<l in cafe of a (hallow foil, or long (hanks and 
 roots. If dry, give water. 
 
 In jevere weather, a light covering of peas haulm, 
 or any draw, may be lain over winter beans to proteft. 
 them, but mull be taken off as foon as the weather 
 alters ; for too much covering of any thing is as likely 
 to deftroy (eventually) as being wholly expofed. 
 
 Though the mazagan is moftly the bean put in to 
 (land the -winter, fome gardeners fow other forts for 
 the purpofe, (even Windjors) which may fucceed; but 
 they certainly will not come in fo early by near a 
 fortnight, and mull have a dry lhehered fituation. The 
 larger beans mull be fown a little deeper, and two or 
 three inches farther afunder than the mazagan, allowing 
 a foot more between the rows, efpecially if double 
 ones, which are beft. 
 
 If early crops of beans fail, through feverity of the 
 winter, be fure to tak« the firft opportunity ot open 
 weather in the new year, to fow fome of the early 
 forts ; and if they be covered over with fome ftraw, 
 they will come up' the fooner; but remove the covering 
 as foon as the beans appear, if not trolly at the time. 
 Or if a hole be dug near a Joutb wall for two or 
 three barrows full of hot dung, covered with fix inches 
 of mould, beans may be fet very near one another, 
 for planting out, cover the work with draw as before, 
 and thus time will be gained, efpecially if the beans be 
 foaked a day and night in a warm room. 
 
 Succcffion crops of beans are to be fown every three 
 weeks, or a month, from November to July ; preferring 
 the larger forts in February, and fo on to June, when 
 the fmallcr (or early) kinds will be the propereit . 
 
 Beet, there are four kinds of, red, green, yellow, 
 and ivhite, which are ufed feveral ways, as pot and 
 jallad herbs. The large leaves of the white and 
 yellow are fometimes blanched, when full grown, tor 
 the fake of their thick ribs, being peeled for Hewing, 
 and eat as afparagus, and called cbards; fome fay the 
 
 yellow
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. . X>09 " 
 
 yellow is bed, though the white is moil commonly 
 the fort ufed. Sect; beets in February or March, thinly, 
 either in drills or broad caft, and hoe them to a toot 
 afunder : They run to feed the fecond year. A little 
 alio may be fown, early in autumn, for late fpring ufe ; 
 but they will be fmall. The red fort is cultivated for 
 its root, and is preferved in winter, in dry fand, as 
 carrots are; and of this there is a turnip fhaped fort, 
 that fuits beft in heavy (hallow foils, and along rooted 
 fort proper for light and deep ones: Beets, but prin- " 
 cipally the red, require a rich foil. 
 
 B'JoRCOi.E, or cale, is a hardy green, of which we 
 have two principal forts, green and brawn, and a little 
 variety is in the leaf, as plain, curled, variegated: The 
 latter 'is a pretty vegetable when growing, but not fo 
 hardy, or fo pleafant, at table as the other forts. 
 
 Some'fow two crops of this green at the end of 
 March and of April, but one fowing may fuffice ; and 
 the firft day of April, or at lead in the firft week, is 
 the be ft time. Sow in an open fituation, and in cool 
 ground, and thin the plants in time, that they may be 
 rob uft, and able to fupport themfelves. 
 
 This green mould be planted out in rows a yard 
 afunder, and two feet apart in the rows, having been 
 previoufly pricked out from the feed bed, at fix inches 
 for five or fix weeks, to obtain ftrength for final planting 
 in June or July. 
 
 Let boorcole, and all fummer planted tilings, have a 
 good watering at the time, and again in a tew days, 
 if the weather proves dry ; and before winter let them 
 be well earthed up to fupport the plants from the wind 
 and fnow, that are apt to break them down, or at leaft, 
 to fet them awry; which, when it happens, mould be 
 attended to, to fix them upright again; obierve this 
 of all other winter greens. 
 
 The heads of boorcole may be cut in winter, and 
 the fp routs come full in fpring, but the heads mould 
 be fruit bitten firtt. The -ip routs mould only be 
 
 topped
 
 %10 OF ISCVLENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 topped when gathered, and they will {hoot out again 
 below. 
 
 Broccoli is of two diftinft kinds, the purple, and 
 the wbib ; for the green, &c. are only varieties from 
 them; of each, there are large and dwarf forts, the 
 latter of which is moltly cultivated. All the forts, 
 except the white, generally produce fide fhoots, as well 
 as a head. The white is called cauliflower broccoli, 
 becaufe it refembles a cauliflower much, but is not fo 
 white. This is not fo hardy as the purple, nor is it 
 thought fo good ; perhaps the green may be efreemed 
 the belt. Of the purple there is an early and a late 
 fort; the former is lowed to come in at autumn, and the 
 latter in fpring. 
 
 The firft day of April is a good general time to fow 
 for the autumn crop, (though fomedo it fooner) and the 
 laft day of April lor the fpring crop. A little white 
 may be town with the early autumn purple. But it 
 will be very proper to fow again a fortnight alter each; 
 and at the end of May, for late fpring ufe; which, 
 though they produce fmall heads, will be very ac 
 ceptable. Some gardeners fow in June, or even the 
 beginning of July. Do it in open ground, and fee that 
 the young plants are thinned, when quite fmall, that 
 they may not be drawn up weak; and prick them out 
 when they have got ft* leaves, to lb; inches diilance, 
 where having grown to a proper robufl ftze, (as about 
 July.) let them be planted out at two feet, or a little 
 more, afunder. The autumn fort mould be planted to- 
 wards a warm wall, leil it come not in at the time. 
 Broccoli requires a rich and dry foil; yet watering, in 
 a dry time, is neceifary to help their heads to fwell, and 
 forward them. Stir the ground about the plants oc 
 cafionaUy, and keep them well earthed up. The beil 
 broccoli feed comes immediately from Italy, whence we 
 fir ft had it ; but it degenerates. 
 
 Brussels sprouts are winter greens, growing 
 much like korcolc, and by ibme preferred as more de- 
 licate-
 
 SECT. XV. *>F ESCULENTS. 511 
 
 licate eating; but they are not fo hardy or productive. 
 Their culture is the fame as boorcole, only they may be 
 planted out at rather lefs diftance. 
 
 Cabbage, there is a confiderable variety of, as to 
 flavour, fize, time of coining in, and hardinefs. Some 
 are for the ufe of the table, and others for cattle, though 
 the latter are very fweet before they get folid. The 
 early dwarf, or Rufjian, and early Ycrk/hire, are the 
 chief forts for fpring ufe, and the early and htcfugar- 
 leaf as excellent for funiraer and autumn. 
 
 In JpriL the forwardeit cabbages may be tied up, (as 
 lettuces are) to aflift them to head and \vniten ; a practice 
 feldom ^en done, but which will certainly be helpiuk 
 Ufe new wetted bafs. 
 
 Sow for early fpring cabbages about Mid-Auguji; 
 foon after they are up, thin them: in a month, draw 
 the ihongelt, and prick them out four or five inches 
 apart, where having grown about the fame time, they 
 will be fit to plant for fpring ufe ; or they may be put 
 out anv time after, even in winter ; for mould frofl 
 come directly, it wilt hardly affect them injurioufly. 
 Yet it is a good practice to let fome remain intheyW- 
 bed, at proper diftances, where being well earthed up, 
 (Or in very fevere weather covered a littlej they will 
 furvive when thofe fet out are cut off. Plants that are 
 thought too rampant towards winter, may be pulled up, 
 and planted in the fame place again, (November) and 
 will thus Hand the froft better, and not be lb likely to run. 
 
 Plant cabbages, if in a middling foil, two feet afunder, 
 allowing fix inches more for a rich one: There fliould, 
 however, always be fome dung dug into the ground; 
 which not onlv increafes their growth, but prepares 
 the foil for future cropping. If tkey are planted at half 
 the above diilances in the rows, taking care to draw 
 every other plant in time for early greens [or cslcworts) 
 it is a very good method, as the ground is better 
 occupied, and the plants protect one another. Sec 
 .:r:>. 
 
 The
 
 SI* OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 The late cabbages, or thofe of fummer and autumn, 
 (hould be fown early and late in the fpring. For early 
 fummer ufes, fow after Mid-February on a little heat, 
 or under hand-glaffes, on a warm border; the later 
 crops in March, to the end of it ; and for the lateft at 
 the end of April) when the fmall RuJJtan fort will 
 anfwer beft, and be delicate. 
 
 Sow red cabbage feed either about the middle of 
 Augujl or beginning oi March \ but as there is much 
 more bad kcd than good of this vegetable, be as care- 
 ful of the fort as poffible; i. e. fuch as will be folid, 
 and of a deep colour. 
 
 Carrot, there is a little variety of, in colour, fize, 
 and time of coming in, though not much in tafre. We 
 have orange, red, and yellow, but the former is generally 
 preferred. The fort fown for the fir/1 crop, whether 
 jn cold ground, or on a hot-bed, is the early horn-carrot. 
 Both this and the late horn-carrot grow Ihort and thick, 
 and are therefore proper for heavy, or {hallow foils, as 
 the other forts are for light and deep ones. 
 
 Sozv carrots always in good time, as the feed lies 
 long in the ground, and they are, by many perfons, 
 coveted early. A few fhould be fown in a tavour- 
 able fituation, the firfl tolerable weather in February , 
 digging the ground well and deep for the purpofe; for 
 it it is lumpy, the carrots will grow forked, as they 
 will alfo if the ground is frelh dunged. 
 
 Carrot feed mould be mixed with dry fand, or earth, 
 rubbing them well together, in order the better to 
 fpread it equally m lowing. Ule about twice as much 
 fand as feed, and if eaith, it were better to be ot a 
 different colour froni that on which the feed is dif- 
 tnbuted, tfrat it may be Feeh. 
 
 {{early in the month, the new fown beds may be 
 covered with a little haulm, or draw, which will help 
 tlie feed' to germinate; and prefcrve them from b-nng 
 thiown out of the ground by fi oil ; and this covering 
 ihould be continued on nights, and taken off by day, 
 
 when
 
 SF.CT. XV. O? ESCULENTS. 213 
 
 when the plants are up ; which practice being con. 
 tinuecl for fome time, will greatly forward, as well as 
 preferve, the crop. Some people Tow in December and 
 January, if the weather is mild; but for this, fand 
 other circumftances in gardening) filiation mull, in a 
 meafure, govern, and difcretion determine : In this 
 cafe, cover the ground with ftraw, as for radiflies ; 
 which fee. 
 
 If a hot bed be made for carrots, let it be about two 
 feet and a half thick of dung, and covered with eight 
 inches of fifted mould, _as foon as the violent heat is gone 
 off. Sow the feed directly, a full quarter of an inch 
 deep, and if covered with lights, give air fufficient to 
 keep the earth only jufl warm. A hooped bed to be co- 
 vered with mats may do for this purpofe, but in this 
 cafe, two feet of dung may anfwer better than more ; 
 for if the feed is hurried up, they will be too tender for 
 the protection of fuch a covering, and the plants will 
 run to top, and not bottom well. 
 
 Thin the plants foon to an inch afunder, and in a 
 little time again to three inches, in order to grow to a 
 fmall fize for ufe ; and if not fo wanted, at any rate 
 draw fome equally, that thofe which remain may fwell 
 properly : Carrots mufl have a great (hare of air, if 
 covered with glafs. 
 
 The principal crop of carrots mould be fown early 
 in the month of March, or before the end of it, and 
 be foon hoed, or thinned by hand, to a fmall diftance, 
 and a while after to a greater ; fo that together with 
 hoeing and drawing for ufe, they mould at laft fland 
 at from eight to ten inches diftance, according to the 
 foil. This may feem too much, but certainly carrots 
 have, in common, too little room allowed them for 
 attaining their proper fize. Let the firft hoe be of the 
 breadth of three inches, and the fecond of fix. No 
 confideration Ihould prevail to let carrots fland too 
 long before they are properly thinned. 
 
 A few
 
 Ml OF ESCITEXTS. SECT. aV, 
 
 A few late carrots may be fown in April and May\ 
 to draw young in the fummer ; and Come in Augufl, to 
 ftand the winter, for early f'pring ufe; but carrots that 
 fland the winter grow hard, and are or' very little 
 worth, and that chiefly for foups. 
 
 Inautumn, let carrots be taken up as foon as their 
 leaves begin to change ; for when they continue too 
 long in the ground, they are apt to get worm-eaten, 
 efpecially in rich foils. Cut the tops off at an inch, 
 and lay them up dry and free from mould, in dry fand, 
 a layer of fand, and a layer of carrots. All thofe that 
 are broken, or cut, mould be thrown afide for prefent 
 fpending, as they would decay in the heap, and fpread 
 infection to the reft . Thofe who grow large quantities 
 for cattle % flack them in hovels, Ben with a thick coat 
 of flraw, bottom and fides, and particularly on the top. 
 In a foil that fuits them, carrots turn to good account, 
 and are excellent food for all foits of cattle, but parti- 
 cularly pigs and horfes. 
 
 Cauliflower is fometimes diftinguimed into a^ 
 early and late fort ; though, m fact, there is no differ 
 ence, only as the feed of that called early is laved from 
 the for war dell plants. 
 
 The time for [owing cauliflowers is rather a nice 
 bufmefs, but it is generally fettled for the 00th oiAuguJl, 
 a day under or over. It will be prudent, however, to 
 fow a^ain a few days after, but not earlier, as then 
 they would be apt to form only very little heads, and 
 run up for feed. Let the young plants be timely thim:rj t 
 that thev may be ilrong. Brick them out when the 
 Miff leaves are about an inch broad. And as cauli- 
 flowers are tender, they will require to be pricked out 
 in the warnvdt and drieil part ot the garden. Some of 
 them fftoutd be protected Under hand-glaffcs, frame, q* 
 hoops and mats* Hunting up clofe, and covering the 
 fflalles with mats or ftraw in fevere weather : not doing 
 this, however, bctore the weather makes it weef/arv^ 
 
 mi
 
 'SECT. XV* OF ESCULENTS. %\$ 
 
 and always allowing what air they will bear, efpecially 
 towards ipring, otherwife they may be difpofed to run, 
 or will be weak and fickly. Keep them free from dead 
 leaves, and itir the furface of the earth about them. 
 As the feafon advances, let them be wholly uncovered 
 -on fair days, and when they are got forward in March , 
 draw the {pare ones to plant out, leaving only a hngle 
 plant under a fmall hand-glafs, and two under a targe 
 one ; or a fey.- may be drawn out at the end of February, 
 if the glares are crowded. Continue the glajjes on as 
 long as they will contain the plants, raffing them upon 
 bricks. The number generally put under hand-glaiTes 
 for the winter, is from three to five; and if the giaffes 
 arc on ckje for a few days, it will help them to itrike, 
 Thofe drawn fromthefe, make a good fucceiiion crop : 
 But do not prick out, or plant, thofe that have black 
 j':c2,us t for they will come to nothing : Cauliflowers 
 -are liable to this defect chiefly in wet feafons. Slugs 
 are apt to harbour about them, for feeding on the leaves, 
 which fee to, efpecially thofe in frames, and now and 
 liir the mould about them. The diilance which 
 the/ mould be planted is from two and a half to three 
 feet, according to the richnefs of the foil. 
 
 If the aufnmn fown plants are cut off, the earliefl 
 opportunity muft be taken in the new year to fow 
 fome feed on a gentle heat, as in February, covering 
 withglalfes, or only with hoops and mats. From this' 
 bed, when it is cold, they mould be pricked upon 
 another, where let them grow till planted out to bear. 
 . if thofe -weak ones, that have flood all the winter, 
 were pricked out early in the fpring upon a little heat,, 
 covered with good mould, it would ftrengthen and for- 
 ward them much. In default of dung, low under hand- 
 glaffes in a warm border. 
 
 To have ^.juccejfton of cauliflowers till winter, (o\f 
 
 en. a flight heat, or under glafs, in March, for plants to 
 
 follow the firii crop ;" and again in open ground, about 
 
 9 lie
 
 2IG OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 the end of ApilL If u infer fhould overtake fome of 
 the lateft plants, they may be taken up, when in flower, 
 with a ball of earth, and planted or laid in a confervatoiy. 
 or a cellar, where they will fwell their heads, and be 
 fafe for a month, or more. All the fucceflion crops, 
 except the lait, mould be planted in a cool part of the 
 garden, not (haded. 
 
 Cauliflowers require a rich foil, and to be kept moijl 
 during fummer, eipecially when flowering, watering 
 them well twice a week. If the water were impreg- 
 nated with fheep or other dung, to the ftrength of about 
 an ounce of fait to a gallon of water, it would help 
 them in fize, for cauliflowers are greedy feeders. The 
 ground in which they grow can hardly be too full of 
 dung; nor need there be any fear as to making them 
 rank : a little fait thrown in the water, is, however, 
 cleaner, and does away the idea of ranknefs. When 
 they are watered, the earth may be drawn from the 
 ftems, and put to again. As foon as the head appears, 
 break down one or two of the middle leaves over them 
 to protect from the weather : It prefcrves them white 
 and cool, and encreafes the fize. This fhould be par- 
 ticularly practiced with Autumn heads, left wet or fro ft 
 fpoil the flower. 
 
 Celery we have three or four forts of, as the com- 
 mon Italian upright, both hollow and /olid, with the 
 giant hollow, and turnip rooted, or ecleriac. 
 
 For early celery, fow in the laft week of February, 
 or firft in March, on a gentle hot bed, or in a warm 
 rich border, under a hand-glajs, or not. When culti- 
 vated fo early, it is apt to run, but if only a few plants 
 ftand tolerably, it is worth while to try, and even when 
 in a pipy Mate it does lotjoups. Sow thin, cover i'o, 
 and Keep the earth inoift ; tor the feed is flow in coming 
 up if dry weather. 
 
 For the principal crop, fow at Mid-March, and a late 
 one again at Mid- April; or for a few late plants. 
 
 For
 
 f, xr. OF ESCULENTS. £lV 
 
 A little feed may be fown at the beginning or even 
 latter end of May; and if the ground is covered with a 
 mat, it will help the feed to germinate, by keeping the 
 earth cool, and from a drying air ; but it muff be taken 
 off and the ground lightly watered, as foon as the 
 plants appear. If the weather mould be very funny, 
 ihade the young plants a little for a few days, by raifing 
 the mat, or laying fome brufh wood over. 
 
 Prick out the plants in moift weather (if poflible) 
 when two or three inches high, at three or four afunder. 
 Water them every other day for a week if dry wea- 
 ther fucceed. 
 
 Plant celery when fix inches high, in trenches a yard 
 diftant, and fix inches from one another. In a light 
 foil, the trenches may be fomewhat deeper ; but gene- 
 rally near a fpade's depth is proper, and a fpade's width, 
 keeping the walls firm and upright. Shorten long roots 
 and high tops, and pufh off fmall fide fhoots. 
 
 If the foil is not very good, dig in a little well-rotted 
 dung at bottom ; but the celery will be founder and 
 fweeter without dung ; and though tlie plants will not 
 come up fo large, they will be hardier to refill fro ft. 
 The later that celery is planted out, the fhaliower the 
 trenches fhould be ; and when late, be the more careful 
 to difplace the fmall fide fhoots. 
 
 Water celery at planting as at pricking out, and occa- 
 fionally afterwards in very dry weather, for it likes a 
 moid foil, and will not grow large and tender in a dry, 
 or light one. 
 
 Earth up the plants frequently (as fuppofe every 
 week or ten days, in a growing feafon) a little at a 
 time, in order to blanch them, by which they become 
 crifp, fweet, and tender : The celery gets tough and 
 rank, when this bufiriefs is let alone too long. In earth- 
 ing up, it is a good way to gather the plants clofe (but 
 carefully) .with the left hand, ufing a trowel, or fmall 
 ipade, for the purpofe. 
 
 In fevere frofi, lay fome long, dry, litter over the 
 
 tops, which remove when the froft goes. In profpeft 
 
 L of
 
 JPiBj Or ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 of i\: cTi weather, take up fume, and lay It by in dry earth 
 under flicker for ufe. 
 
 Ccluriac requires a rich foil, and fhould have frequent 
 watering to have fine tender roots. Plant in trenches 
 about three inches deep, and earth up, (only once) 
 when the plants are about three p :rts grown, to four 
 inches height. 'I his fpecies is hardier than the others, 
 and holds longer in fpring; therefore, thofe Who like 
 the folid root fliould cultivate it. 
 
 The feed of celery, (in default of plants) if bruited, 
 anfwers very well to give foup a flavour of it. Parjley 
 ieed, &c. may be ufed in the fame way. 
 
 Char don is a gigantic vegetable of the crfichch 
 kind, (now feldom cultivated) ufed fometimes mfallads, 
 but chiefly in foups, or flcwed, <^c. Sow about the 
 middle of March, and end of April, in trenches, four 
 feet, or more, afunder, a foot wide, and fix inches 
 deep. Dr-»p the feed (which will be near a month 
 coming up) a few inches afunder, and thin them at laft 
 to the diftance of from three to four feet. They muft 
 be watered in a dry time. Thofe plants that are drawn 
 rr.av be taken up with balls of earth about them, and 
 planted in trenched rows as cilery, at the above diftance, 
 and the rows five feet from one another. The leaves 
 onlv of this plant are ufed, after they are blanched; 
 which is done by earthing two thirds of their length up, 
 when about three or four feet high, tying neat hay- 
 bands firft cloie round them, to within a foot of the 
 top; i.e. blanch when they are full grown, in Auguji 
 and September, and in about fix weeks they will be fit 
 for u^e. In thefe months it will be well to water them 
 regularly in dry weather, to prevent their feeding. In 
 froii cover the tops with draw : It will aflift the blanch- 
 ing to lay Itraw, or offal hay, clofe round them when 
 tied. This plant is biennial here, but perennial in 
 its native climate, Spain t &c. 
 
 Chou de Milan is of the boorcole kind, and pro- 
 pagated like it, but the plants fhould be put out at a yard 
 afunder. This is a very good winter green, and flays 
 
 longer
 
 WECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 2i& 
 
 longer than any other at fpring before it mows for 
 feed, and is then in its higheit perfection. 
 
 Colcwort is a very hardy, (mail, open headed 
 green, {'own in July, or early in Auguft, for winter and 
 ipring Life. Bin initead of the true colewort, (a coarfe 
 vegetable; it is common to fow the early fort of cab- 
 l as an agreeable fubftitute, to be eat in their open 
 ftaf.e. The jweetefi, however, is the large fugar-loaf 
 fort, fown about Midfummer, which frequently ftand* 
 the winter. 
 
 Thefe plants mould be put out for ufe at from eight 
 to tweh e inches afunder, according to the fort as to 
 (ize, though fome gardeners plant clofer. 
 
 Coleworts are feldom cultivated otherwife than for 
 winter and early fpring ufe ; but all the year it were well 
 for the garden to fupply them, as they are choice greens* 
 With this view, fow cabbage feed of fome fort ever/ 
 month, and rather the early dwarf. 
 
 Cucumber has feveral (hades of difference in if, 
 arifing from culture and accident ; but the common and 
 more diftinc} green forts of it, are the Jhort and the long 
 prickly, the clufier, the early African, and the Turkey. 
 There are alio a white fhort prickly, and a white 
 Turkey fort ; but both are idle bearers. 
 
 The early nature of a cucumber is the principal 
 objeft with gardeners, for as much fkiil and care is 
 exercifed to produce forward ones, it is a great draw- 
 back to have fown feed not of the forwardeft kind. 
 Of the feed called early, there is no doubt much differ- 
 ence : How material a thing it is to improve the breed,. 
 and to be afCvTtamed of the quality oi feed for wniy 
 crops, is therefore evident. 
 
 The. principal crop of cucumbers mould be the long 
 prickly, which is preferable, on the whole, to any other. 
 The Turkey grows Jtrau, long and large ; buL quality 
 is certainly before quantity, and the cucumber that cat s 
 crijpeji is the be IK * In tins refpe/'.t the Dutch, or white 
 (hurt prickly, it is cultivate!, i», terhaps. even 
 
 L 2 before
 
 f20 OF ESCULENTS. UCT. XV. 
 
 before the juftly admired long prickly, and has fewer 
 feeds : It has an evident difference in tafte, and is moftly 
 liked. The early African is a very favourite cucumber 
 with fome gardeners. 
 
 Seed fhould never be faved, except from fpiny, hand- 
 fome cucumbers. See, Of raijing Cucumbers in the 
 laft feclion. 
 
 Endive is afalladznA culinary vegetable, of which 
 there are three forts, the curled green and white, and 
 the plain, or broad leaved. The plain, or Batavian 
 endive, is but little ufed in faHads, as the curled is fo 
 much preferable, though cooks prefer it forftewing: 
 The green is the hardieft, and therefore the late fowings 
 fhould be all of this fort. 
 
 Sozu endive at three feveral times, between the middle 
 of May, and the middle of July, at equal intervals. 
 Some of the firft may, perhaps, run for feed ; but yet 
 a little mould be then fown ; as alfo at the beginning 
 of Augu/i for late ufe. Scatter the feeds thin, and do 
 not fuffer them to grow in clu Iters to become weak. 
 When the plants are about three inches high, plant 
 them out in an open fituation a foot afundcr, watering 
 them at the time and twice or thrice after, till they 
 have taken root. The fame fowing will make feveral 
 crops, drawing the flrongeft firft, and in a week after 
 more. The belt heads are produced from robuft plants* 
 never moved, and which have been well watered in a 
 dry time. Endive fhould have a rich foil. 
 
 Thofe planted out after Michaelmas fhould be on 
 warm borders ; but if long after, (as towards winter) 
 the method of planting is thus, which blanches at the 
 lame time : Draw earth to an high ridge, under a funny 
 wall, and taking up carefully fome full grown endive 
 in a dry flate, gather the leaves up clofe, without 
 breaking, tie them neatly withbafs, and put them clofe 
 together, Tideways; i.e. horizontally, in the ridge, al- 
 moin to the top of the leaves. If any fufpicion of wet 
 il5 them, hang the plants up by the roots, in fom,e 
 
 covered,
 
 $LCT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. '2Q 1 
 
 covered, fhady, airy place, for a day or To. In fevere 
 weather lay ftraw over all. 
 
 Endive in open ground fhould be protected from 
 fharp froft by peafe haulm, or other dry litter. Some 
 may be planted in frames, or underhand glaffes, giving 
 plenty of air, or in a fhed, or hovel, open towards the 
 fun, either in the upright, or ridged way. 
 
 The blanching of endive in open ground is thus :— 
 Gather up the leaves (being dry,) when nearly of a full 
 grown fize, and tie them regularly, and carefully round, 
 irom the middle upwards, moderatelv clofe, with bajs. y 
 and earth them up to the middle, if the foil is light 
 and dry,- but not otherwife. In two or three weeks, 
 the blanching is effected, after which the endive mull 
 foon be uffed, or it will rot, efpecially if much we.;; 
 comes. The object of blanching is to take away the 
 bitter tafle of the endive, and to make it crifp and ten<- 
 der. Blanch a little at a time, once a week, that it 
 may come in proper fuccefhon. See Succory (or wild 
 endive) next fection. 
 
 Garlic is ufed for both culinary and medicinal 
 purpofes. The cloves mould be planted in autumn, or 
 early in fpring, in rows fix or eight inches afunder, 
 three deep, and fix from one another in the rows, pre* 
 ferring a light dry foil. II the leaves are tied up in 
 knots in Junt, it will prevent their fpindling for ieed t 
 and help their bulbs to fwell. Take them up toward? 
 autumn, when their leaves turn yellow; keep them, in 
 bags, or hang them up in a dry place. 
 
 Gourd, squash, and calabash, as. of one fa- 
 mily ; fee pumpion, the culture being the fame. 
 
 Horse-radish is vanoufly ufed for culinary pur- 
 pofes; when fcraped fine, it is a good addition to Jallads, 
 efpecially in the colder feafons. Propagate crowns, or 
 pieces of the root from one to two inches, long, having 
 an eye or two; fet them from nine to twelve inches 
 below the fur face of the ground, (according to the nature 
 oi the foil, as heavy or light) by digging a trench, and 
 L 8 coveiing
 
 ££g 01 ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 covering them over, or by making holes with a dibble ; 
 this mould be the work of February or October, and the 
 foil muff not only be deep, but rich, or the roots will be 
 weak. 
 
 This root will grow finer, and be more conveniently 
 dug, to have the rows two feet, and the fets one foot 
 iTnnder in them, though a Iefs diftance is the more 
 common practice. Where there is plenty of ground, 
 however, it is not worth while to be cramped, and the 
 -firft year of planting the ground may be cropped with 
 any early things. The roots will not be fit for ufethe 
 firll year ; but the fecond they come ftrong and warm. 
 Take them up carefully, regularly moving the earth 
 away, and cut off' clofe to the ilool, from whence irefh 
 heads will fpring. 
 
 New plantations of horfe-radifh mould be made 
 about every fifth year ; old ones mould be cleared from 
 the ftragghng lide fhoots, in order to keep the rows 
 open, but take them up deeply. 
 
 Jerusalem artichoke is cultivated for the root, 
 (which eats like artichoke bottoms) and it is an orna- 
 mental plant, very like the perennial fun -fewer, with 
 which it claffes, but taller. Propagate in March, by- 
 planting cuttings of its root, as potatoes. The root is 
 red, and full of indented eyes, every one ol which id 
 fare to grow. Where it has been once planted, it mult 
 be caretullv dug up, or it will not cafily be got rid of. 
 Any poor ordinary fpot of fpare ground will do for it. 
 Pre'feive the roots in dry land, when they can be no 
 longer preferved in the ground, immediately dug from 
 which they are much belt. 
 
 Kidney bean we have two kinds of, dwarfs and 
 runners, each of which has a rather numerous varietv. 
 Both forts have their admirers, but the dwarf forts 
 are more generally eiteemtd, and more conveniently 
 cultivated. 
 
 Of the lY/r/V/v in the dwarf beans, fome come earlier 
 than others ; but there is difference in opinions,. 
 
 which 

 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 575 
 
 which is the beft, as to eaflinefs and quality. The 
 yellow and the black are, perhaps, as forward as any, 
 The early white is not long behind, and is of fnperior 
 flavour, but not fo hardy as the yellow and black, and 
 fome others. The white may therefore be the fecond 
 crop. The dwarf forts come in quicker than the run- 
 ners. For the principal crop, the Batterfea and Can- 
 terbury beans are mofiiy ufed by the market gardeners, 
 being good and prolific. 
 
 Of the runners, or climbing fort, the common fcarlei 
 and the white Dutch, are generally preferred, and 
 when mixed together, their bloiToms make an agreeable 
 (hew, and bear a long-time, if the beans are cp.iihered 
 conuantly as they get fit for ufe. 
 
 The dwarf Torts of this vegetable may be had moft 
 months in the year, by the united means of open cul- 
 ture, hot-beds, and hot-houfes. In _ cold ground they 
 are fometimes fown, clofe under a Jhuth wall, towards 
 the end of a dry March ; but April is fooB-e&erigh ; for 
 if they get above ground without rotting, (as the feed is 
 apt to do, when the ground is long wet) a little frbft Will 
 cut them off. It is a good way to low' again in abo'dt 
 a week, left the fir It mould fail to come up. 
 
 The latter end of March, however, if fome are fown 
 in a warm border, in patches, and covered with hand- 
 glajjes, they will do very well. Or an early crop may 
 be produced by railing the beans, at this time, on a 
 gentle hot-bed, and planting them out, when two or three 
 inches high, under glaffes, in patches of four or five, 
 and near two feet afunder. If the beans are raifed in 
 fmall pots, three or four in each, they may be turned 
 out whole, with great advantage, as kidney beans do not 
 always bear tranfplanting well ; and they may be covered 
 on nights with hand-glades, garden pots, 8tC. 
 
 When thefe forwarded beans are planted in rows 
 fingly, let it be under a warm wall, ami not (ifit can be 
 avoided) till the end of April, or beginning of May ; and 
 
 L 4 p rot eel
 
 £44 Oi ESCULENTS. SEC f> XV. 
 
 protect them awhile at firft, on cold nights, with mat- 
 ting, or otherwife. 
 
 As to the hot-bed culture of kidney beans, of any are 
 attempted to be brought to fruit on heat, let them be 
 raifed, towards the end of February, upon one gentle 
 bed, (or in pots, at the back of a cucumber frame) and 
 planted out in another, in rows fifteen inches a-part, 
 and at four inches in the rows ; for nearer they will 
 not fruit well. The bed may be about two and a halt 
 feet thick, and mull have on it feven or eight inches of 
 mould, and the plants treated with as much air as can 
 fafely be given them. Line the bed before the heat is 
 quite gone, to preferve and forward them. The fort 
 moil ufed for forcing in hot-houfes is a reddilh fpeckled 
 one; but the early white is fitteft for forcing in hot-beds, 
 as of lower growth : The early yelhiX) and black may 
 do. Support them by ties to little fticks.\ 
 
 The common culture of the dwarf bean, in the proper 
 feafon, and open ground, is to fow them an inch or an 
 inch and a half deep, three afunder, and two feet, or a 
 little more, to a yard between the rows, according to 
 the fize of the feed, for fome forts require more room 
 than others. Let them be earthed up as they proceed 
 in growth ; and to have a fuccejfion, fow every three 
 weeks ; remembering that a crop produces more, and 
 lafts longer, the oftencr the beans are gathered : It is 
 proper, therefore, to do it conilantly whillt young and 
 good, even if not wanted. 
 
 The laji crop fhould be under a warm wall, and may 
 be fown as late as the middle, or end of July; and if 
 very dry weather, let the beans for. this, and the Juris 
 crop, be foaked about twelve hours in milk and water, 
 and the drills watered, in order to forward their germ - 
 nation, and bring them more certainly and regularly rip. 
 It is a good way to prepare the feed for high fummer, 
 by laying it in damp mould till it begins to chit, and 
 then planting it in watered drills. In a courfe of dry 
 
 warm
 
 1ECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 225 
 
 warm weather, kidney beans mould be watered, efpe- 
 cially while young. 
 
 The culture of runners is to fow them near two 
 inches deep, four or five afunder, and the rows four or 
 five feet apart. They will require tall bruihy Hicks 
 to climb upon ; but they may be fown in patches of 
 about fifteen inches diameter, placing the beans five or 
 fix inches afunder, in the circumference, and fixing a 
 pole in the middle lor them to run upon. The end of 
 April, or beginning of May, is foon enough to put the 
 climbing forts into the ground ; and two more fowings, 
 at a month between each, will go through the feafon ; 
 1. e. till frofl comes. 
 
 \ifecd is faved, let it be only from fome of the firji 
 beans of the principal crop, for all late formed feeds, 
 and particularly of the kidney bean, are not near fogoo J 
 as the early ones, often failing or producing weak plants^ 
 and late ill-tailed fruit. 
 
 Leek we have a narrow and a broad leaved fort of, 
 the latter of which is the one generally cultivated. The 
 leek requires a good foil, and open fituatiom. There is 
 a fort with variegated leaves. 
 
 Sow in February, if the weather is- tolerable, or at 
 the beginning oi March. Thin in April to three 
 inches afunder, and plant them out the firft moiif. wea* 
 ther after Midjummtr, in rows near a foot apart, and at 
 fix inches in the rows ; though if the ground be very 
 rich, and the leeks for ward, .a little more may. be allowed 
 to advantage.. Trim the tops, and ends of the roots : 
 and it is a good way (if the foil is- not heavy) to plant 
 with a dibble, two or three inches in the ground, in order 
 to whiten the heads; but to this end fome have planted 
 leeks in trenches, and earthed them up high, with a 
 light foil, or coarfe fand ; at any rate, however, if the: 
 rows are wide, earth them up a little. . 
 
 Towaixls winter, or in profpecl: of froff, leeks may- 
 be taken up, and laid with their roots in fand, or earth, 
 in fome confervatory, or cellar. A few may be fown 
 
 L 5 towards-
 
 226 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. >1V. 
 
 towards the end of April, or even in May, to fland over 
 the winter tor \ate fpring ufe. 
 
 Lettuce is a vegetable, of which there is a great 
 variety. The brown Dutch, and the green cabbage 
 lettuces come earlieft, and are moflly to be depended 
 upon to ftand the winter ; though fome other forts will, 
 except the filver cofs and white cofs. The brown and 
 the. green Egyptian cofs are excellent, being hardy and 
 large, forming clofe heads ; but the latter is earlieft. 
 The cabbage lettuce eats moderately well, but is chieflv 
 ufed in foups, &c. The Silejia lettuce is much admired 
 by fome, though at prefent but little cultivated : There 
 is a brown and green fort of it. 
 
 For winter and fpring ufe, the hardier forts are fown 
 in July, Augujl, and September, but chiefly in Augujl, 
 when if three fowings are made, the beginning, middle, 
 and end of the mouth, it will generally be found fuf- 
 ficient. They may be fown, however, all September, 
 or even at the beginning of October, and it maybe ftand, 
 when older plants are cut off. 
 
 Yorfummer ufe, the white cofs, and any of the others, 
 may be fown on warm borders, either in open ground, 
 6r under hand-glali'es, or other cover, in February, and 
 a little conitantly every fortnight, or three weeks after, 
 chafing cooler ground for them when hammer advances. 
 Plant them from ten to fourteen inches afunder, accord- 
 ing to the iize they attain ; it being an error to put let- 
 tuees out fo neat as many do, for it forces them to run 
 for iced, and prevents their growing large : The forts 
 called the Egyptian, and the admirable, fhould be allowed 
 eighteen inches. Lettuces may be pricker/ out very 
 young ; and when three or four inches high is the 
 belt time for planting them. 
 
 It is not a common way, but fpring fown lettuces will 
 be forwarder and larger if fown thin, and only thinned 
 out to their proper diftance : 1 nolo that are drawn may 
 ferve for a fecond crop. 7 'he brown Dutch, green 
 capuchin, the tennis-ball, and button lettuces, do not 
 
 run
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 227 
 
 run up fe foon for feed as the other forts, and are there- 
 fore proper for late fuminer ufe. To forward early 
 fpring fown ones, a flight hot-hed may be made, and by 
 all means ought to be fome time in February, if thofe 
 that were to have flood the winter are cut off. When 
 thefe plants are an inch high, they mould be pricked out, 
 four inches afunder, upon another gentle hot-bed ; and 
 when they meet, or are four or five inches high, draw 
 every other to plant out in open ground, and let the reft 
 remain to cabbage. 
 
 Winter lettuces, that are forward, are more likely to 
 be deftroyed than the fmaller, as the wet hangs in them ; 
 let them be covered with frames, hand-glafles, or hoops 
 and mats ; but covered plants muft have a great deal of 
 air at all opportunities. Winter lettuces require a dry 
 foil and fnuation, and a wet one is helped by planting 
 them on hillocks, which is a method that frequently 
 laves them from rotting : Thofe in the open ground are 
 often deftroyed by grubs lurking about the roots, which- 
 evil mould be feen to, if fufpecied. 
 
 To \\3xtfine whiter lettuces, fome of the forwarder! 
 nay be taken up with balls of earth about them in 
 November, and planted at nine or ten inches diftance, 
 on a fome what ftrong hot-hed, which, as foon as the 
 great heat is certainly over, Ihould be covered with fix 
 or feven inches- of dry mould for the purpole, but give' 
 a little water juft about the roots : Line the bed when 
 it gets cooL Lettuces muft be well attended to ; to- 
 give them plenty of air, pick off dead leaves, cover on 
 nights, &c. Frequently ftir the furface of the mould, 
 and give water as occafion may dictate.. The cabbage 
 lettuce fucceeds beft in hot-beds. 
 
 Tying lettuces with bajs, from the middle upwards, 
 when about three parts grown, will fomewhat help 
 them to whiten and cabbage ; but let this bufinefs be 
 clone carefully. Some gardeners do not think it worth 
 while to practice it ; and indeed, right good forts (as 
 to feed) will cabbage themfelves, and open ones it is 
 
 L6 of
 
 f£| OF ESCULENTS. CT. XV, 
 
 of little ufe to ; yet this afliftance (hould be adopted for 
 the/r/? crop, which it may whiten. 
 
 Lettuces are fometimes fown /hick, to draw voung 
 for fmall fallading ; for which purpofe, the lap an. 
 Sage lettuces are the propereft, as they eat tenderer and 
 fwecter in their infant flate : the tap feed is very cheap, 
 and chiefly the fort ufed. 
 
 Melon there is a variety of, in fize, fhape, coat, and 
 colour of the flefb. The forts we heft fucceed with are 
 the mufti, (or common oblong ribbed melon) the Roman, 
 the Portugal, and the Cantalevf.es in variety, as the 
 common rock, the b;ack, the orange, and the filver. 
 Rofniun and Portugal are fmall, but earl v. The 
 Car.ialev.pes are juftty the mod admired fruit, but are 
 not fo ffood bearers as the others. 
 
 o 
 
 The feed brought from the ccntir. tit 'where the 
 melons are much finer than in E?ig!and) feldcm iuccceds 
 here. Whoever fows it, mint not begin too early, 
 muff ufe more heat, and give lefs water than is necei- 
 fary for Denizens. See, Of raying Melons, .p. 
 
 Onion, we have feveral forts, but the Strujburgh 
 (oval fhaped) is that moftly cultivated, as it keeps the 
 beft. The J. liver finned and Spanijh (flat lhaped) are 
 milder, and therefore by fome preferred. The Welch 
 fort does not bulb, and it is rank ; but for its being' 
 very hardy, is fown thick in Auguft, and fuffered to 
 ftand fo for winter and Iprmg ufe, as a green fubititute 
 for others. .At this time, alio, fome of the Strajburgh 
 may be fown, and perhaps ffand the winter in a good 
 fituation. The Welch onion is not only hardy, but 
 perennial. They are apt to die down in winter, but 
 the roots fhoot again ; which, when they begin to do, 
 if earthed over an inch, or fo, they will blanch, come 
 forwarder, and eat the milder. 
 
 The fmall fiver Jkinr.ed onion is the fort fitteft for 
 fummev fallading znd pic'/ing. Sew firft at the end of 
 March, and to have them young once every three weeks 
 after. Chufe poor ground for the pickleis, 
 
 The
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 229 
 
 The true fiaUion is got quite out of cultivation, 
 having given way to the Welch onion ; as alio to the 
 other forts, that are made milder Jcallions of, by plant- 
 ing earlv in fpring, thofe that fprout in the houfe, 
 which quickly grow. Set them in drills fix inches 
 afunder, and two inches apart in the drills. 
 
 For the principal crop of onions, fow the Strafiurgh 
 or any other, towards the end of February, or foon 
 after, though any time in March may do, tor it is 
 delireable to fhun froft : Let the foil be rich. The 
 earlieil crops (of courfe) produce the largefl buibs. As 
 icon as they will bear it, (perhaps in five or fix weeks,) 
 let them be thinned either by hoe or hand, to an inch 
 or two apart, and twice afterwards, till each root has 
 full four inches fquare of ground to grow in. 
 
 Onions will iranfplant when five or fix inches high, 
 raking care to give water immediately, which repeat; 
 but the foil to which they are removed fhould be rich 
 and well broke. In this way, thofe whofe crops have 
 failed may be fupplied from other gardens. If any 
 onion feed is fown, that comes direcTtly from Portugal 
 or Spain, it will be very large the firfl year, and fhould 
 have fix inches room allowed them to bulb finel\\ 
 
 Crops of onions fhould be kept very clean from weeds, 
 and it would be of advantage to water them once or 
 twice a week in dry weather. In July or Augufl, when 
 the leaves begin to dry at the ends, fhrink and turn 
 yellow, let them be bent down clofe to the ground, 
 with the foot, rake, or back of a fpade rather hard. 
 In about ten days after, let them be drawn in dry 
 weather, and laid to harden by the fun, turning them 
 every two or three days for a fortnight. Houfe them 
 clean and dry, into neither a warm, nor damp, but 
 clofe room; laying them thin, frequently looking 
 them over in the winter to pick decayed ones ©tit, 
 which would damage the reft ; But onions are bell kept 
 .fining and hung up. 
 
 Parsley,
 
 £30 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 Parsley, broad leaved, as an efculent root, is com- 
 monly called Hamburgh parfley, and is eat as carrots. 
 Sow it early in March or April, either at broad can" or 
 in drills, and leave the plants fix inches afunder. The 
 roots may be preferved in land ; but it is the practice 
 of fome to low at Mldjummer, to draw them young in 
 winter, being belt when frefh dug. It is chiefly me- 
 dicinal. See par/ley, next fection. 
 
 Parsnep is a fweet and valuable root, lefs culti- 
 vated than it deferves, being accounted very nourilh- 
 ing. As carrots require a light foil, fo the parfnep 
 does a ftrong one. Sow about the end of February, 
 or early in March, digging the ground well and 
 deep. If the foil is light, tread the feed in twice over 
 to fallen it in the ground ; it comes up in about three 
 weeks-. Thin when about two inches high, with a 
 final! hoe, and afterwards with a large one, fo as to 
 leave the roots in a good rich foil, a foot afunder, 
 though eight or ten inches will do in light, or indif- 
 ferent land. Any thing that is to go off quick, may 
 be fown with parfneps, as carrots to draw young, 
 radifies, lettuces, &c. Parfneps are not good till 
 arrived to maturity. Thefe roots are to be taken up, 
 and preferved as carrots ; but they may remain longer 
 in the ground, and are feldom hurt by fro ft, fo that 
 fome of the roots are commonly left undug till fpring ; 
 take them then up for ufe jujl as they begin to (hoot, 
 if they are not wanted for feed; when they will keep 
 good in fand till mid -April. 
 
 Pea, we have a confiderable garden variety of,, 
 arifing from the fize, time of coming in, colour ot 
 flower and fruit, and fqrnewhat in taite. The prin- 
 cipal difunction is made, as to early and late peas, fo 
 that if the earliefl; pea is fown at the fame time with 
 one of the latefl, there will be three weeks difference 
 in their bearing, and a fortnight is ufually reckoned 
 between the common hot/pur and marnwjat* 
 
 The
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 231 
 
 The early frame pea (which is that forced in hot 
 beds, &c.)'may be fown under a warm wall at the 
 middle, or rather at the latter end of Oclober, or 
 beginning of November, and being kept regularly 
 earthed up, will commonly furvive the winter, and 
 produce peas by the end of May: Do it in fhort rows, 
 a yard afunder, at right angles with the wall, ^ or rather 
 inclining a point to the eajl, to catch the firft fun. 
 
 The frame pea is net a good bearer, either in the 
 fize, or number of its pods, and therefore the hctfpurs 
 being hardier and more prolific, are fown by many 
 gardeners for their earlieft crop, and the difference of 
 coming in is often but a few days. The frame pea, 
 however, takes up lefs room than the hoffpurs, and in 
 this refpeft: bed fuits a fruit border, which mould not 
 be encumbered with tall crops. Fancy will rule in the 
 choice o)i peas, but the eflablifhed forts of the Reading, 
 or Charlton hotfpur, and dwarf marrowfats , are excellent 
 for the fummer crops. 
 
 The frame pea may be fown a quarter of an inch 
 afunder, and the hotjpur half; it is common indeed to 
 fow thicker, but it is not advifable, if the foil is good. 
 
 Earthing up peas, and particularly the early crops, 
 ihould be done frequently, a little at a time, in dry 
 weather, beginning when only half an inch high. 
 The early peas Ihould have fome haulm, or dry flraw 
 laid lightly againff, or over them, in hard froifs : but 
 let the covering be immediately moved afide when the 
 weather becomes mild. 
 
 Sticking peas to take place as foon as they begin 
 to vine, (put forth tendrils,) or appear too weak to 
 fupport themfelves againft wind. Let the fticks be fet 
 ifrait, neat, and full ; and by all means high enough 
 for the forts ; allowing Hicks of three feet above 
 ground for the frame pea ; near five for the botfpur, 
 near fix for the dwarf marrowfat, and feven or eight 
 for the larger forts. If fhort of wood, flicking only 
 the S. or W. fide of the rows may do, if the wind does 
 
 not
 
 ftH OF ESCULENTS*. SECT. XV. 
 
 not fet very contrary. Some people fow double rows 
 of peas at ten inches or a foot afunder, and fet flicks 
 only in the middle, earthing the peas towards them. 
 Peas that are to grow without flicks, may be fown, 
 the fmaller forts are two, and the larger at three feet 
 afunder. But ufe flicks if poflible. 
 
 The beginning of December, more peas may be 
 fown, and towards the end of January, or the begin- 
 ning of February, in order to have a full ftipply at the 
 Kilt of the feafon : The earlieft opportunity in the nciu 
 year mould be taken, if thofe fown before have been 
 cut ofF, or greatly injured. Peas fown at the begin- 
 ning of February are often not a week behind thofe of 
 November. Peas fown in the winter months in cold 
 wet foils, may have fome coarfe fand dug in the drills, 
 to preferve them from rotting, and otherwife help 
 them ; fome alfo may be ftr'ewed over them. 
 
 To have a full fucceffton, peas mould be fown every 
 three weeks in fpring, and every fortnight in fummer; 
 which may be continued till the middle of July,- "when 
 if fome hot/purs are fown in a fheltered and funny 
 fituation, they may anfwer. 
 
 The late, and large forts of peas, as the marrowfat, 
 Moratto, American, &c. mould be firft fown towards the 
 end of February, and not fooner, left, they rot. 
 
 The dwarf marrowfats may belaid in the drills half 
 <m inch afunder, the large marrowfats three quartern, 
 the Moratto an inch, and the American two inches, 
 and each fort covered two inches. The Leadmans 
 dwarf pea, for it's fmall fize, is admired at genteel 
 tables, and is Tweet and fruitful; but rather longer m 
 coming in than the ufual late forts: It efcapes the 
 rnildeiv better than other peas, and therefore is proper 
 for the lateft crops in open ground. It requires flicks 
 only from two to three feet high; and may be fown. 
 thicker than any other pea ; and till Midfummcr. On 
 the fame day that kotfpurs are fown, put in a crop of 
 
 any
 
 £LCT. XV. OF ESCULENTS, *3$ 
 
 any of thefe late peas, and they will come in proper 
 fucceflion; i. e. ten days, a fortnight or more after. 
 
 To fave feed-peas, let none be fathered for eating", 
 i xcept late formed ones; which had better not be left 
 among the reft, for the reafon given in the article 
 kidney bean. 
 
 Peas will tranfplant, and therefore broken rows may 
 be made up, only chufe, (if pofiible) mild and moiff. 
 weather for the work in March, and fhade them with 
 a little ftraw, until they have taken root. If the 
 autumn fown crops were cut off, peas may be fown 
 under hand-glafjes in January or February, and thus 
 forwarded, planting them out when they have been 
 two or three weeks above ground. 
 
 Watering peas in a dry time anfwers well, and 
 especially when in flower and fruiting. To receive 
 the water there mould be ridges drawn towards the 
 earthing up, forming a gutter on each fide; 
 
 If Jlugs, or other in lefts attack young peas, ilrew 
 fome lime frefh Hacked, or f:ot along the fides of the 
 rows, fo as not to touch the plants, after which give 
 them a watering, and repeat it a day or two. If the 
 peas are ftill infefted, make another application. 
 
 Mice muft be guarded againft as to autumn and 
 winter fown peas, by immediately fetting traps for 
 them, of which a number of the common block ones 
 will be found to anfwer beft, fettmg one at about every 
 two yards, with frefh baits every two or three days. 
 
 Peas do not like dung, and will be more fruitful in 
 a -moderate foil than a rich one, except the rouncivals, 
 oi which we have a nhite, green, grey, and blue fort. 
 
 Stopping peas (i. e. cropping the leading fhoot) is 
 practiied by fome ^rdeners, to promote fruitfulnefs 
 and maturity : This is a reafonable practice, but only 
 relates to the early, crop. 
 
 Potato e is found to be the moft ufeful root that 
 is cultivated ; as a fubftitute for bread, it is raofl pro- 
 iiUibiy eat without mixture of corn flour, 
 
 The
 
 234 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 The potatoe raifed from feed, changes the forts. 
 Some are denominated jnealiy, others waxy; i.e. are 
 either of a ioofe, or a firm contexture. They are dif- 
 tinguilhed again as to faape, into round, oval, and 
 c\ altered. 
 
 Potatoes will grow in any foil, but bell in one that 
 18 light, yet cool and good, efpecially a freih one. 
 Seafon, as well as foif, makes a difference in their 
 goodnefs, as does the way of boiling them in eating, 
 on which the quality of the water has fome effect., as 
 indeed it' has on all vegetables, and that is the bed 
 water in which they are boiled quicken 1 . The white 
 potatoes are generally preferred, but fome of the red 
 kinds are very good; and the old rough red from Lan~ 
 caftiire, was one of the heft ever cultivated. The 
 kidney (oval) fliaped- forts are moft generally approved, 
 as boiling or roafting more equally through; and 
 among thefe, the red nofed kidney (a white potatoe with 
 a tinged eye) is a great favourite ; but many good forts 
 there are. 
 
 The coarfe kinds of potatoes are given to hogs / but 
 whether even for them, quality ought not to be pre- 
 ferred to quantity, may be confidcred. The clujlcred 
 American potatoe is reckoned moft profitable for cattle, 
 yielding great increafe ; but the goodnefs of a potatoe 
 as food, is to be eftimated by the quantity of flour it 
 produces. The early potatoes are frnall, and by com- 
 mon culture are produced in June, when foon alter 
 their tops change yellow, which betokens maturity : 
 They will keep better in the ground (it being fummer) 
 than if taken up. 
 
 The cultivation of potatoes is various, as experiment 
 and opinions have led : It would be too much here 
 to take particular notice of each method ; and to lay 
 every thing that might be advanced on this lubjett. 
 
 Yorfets, or cuttings, prefer middle fized, well (haped 
 potatoes, and let each piece have one good eve in us 
 middle, ox at the moft two. They Ihoakl be let m 
 
 rows,
 
 SECT. XV. Or ESCU LENTS. *&& 
 
 vows, eighteen inches afunder in a poor foil, twenty- 
 one in a middling, and two feet in a rich one. In the 
 former, the fets may be fix or {'even inches apart, and 
 in the latter eight or nine : The American potatoe 
 mould however have more room each way. In a light 
 foil, plant them five or fix inches deep, and in a 
 heavy one only three or four. When planted deep, 
 they will not need earthing up above once, but when 
 mallow, two or three times. In a light foil, they 
 may be put in with a blunt dibble, but in a heavy one 
 mould be laid in trenches ; and if the trenches were 
 dug deep, and mil. filled with long dung, old thatch, 
 or fhart itraw, it would be a great advantage; cover- 
 ing them up in ridges, and drawing mould to them as 
 they fettle. Cold, moilt ground mould be divided into 
 teds of two or three rows each, with funk alleys 
 between ; and as in fuch a foil the fets mould not be 
 above three inches deep, the finking of the alleys may 
 be made by earthing the rows up from time to time. 
 In a heavy foil make the rows rather wider than in a 
 light one, that there be a due quantity of furface mould 
 for earthing. 
 
 Early potatoes are procured feveral ways. On a 
 hot-bed, fome may be planted in February, or under 
 hand-glaffes, in a warm border, or without. There are 
 early lorts on purpofe for this culture, called mules, as 
 they do not bear feed. As thefe potatoes are fmall, 
 they may be planted whole, or rather cut in halves, 
 paring off the eyes at the crown where they are thick, 
 as it never anfwers to have many moots come from a 
 fet ; whole ones mould be planted a foot afunder, and 
 halves at eight inches. 
 
 Look over the Jhch of early potatoes, and plant 
 thofe firft carefully in trenches that have rooted lhoots, 
 for they will produce the firft fruit, efpecially ii fhort 
 and brufhy. Do not expofe them fo long to the air as 
 to get withered. When up in hot-beds, or under hand- 
 glajjes, let them have plenty of air; and in open ground 
 be protected from frofl by timely earthing up, and oc- 
 
 cafional
 
 23C OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 caf:onai covering with haulm, or ftraw, which muft 
 not be kept on, but upon neceflity. As thefe early 
 potatoes are on a warm border, a little water in a dry 
 time will forward them, and increafe their fize. In 
 default of the true early potatoe, fets with good forward 
 ilioots of any other fort may be treated as above ; but 
 they will not be fo good. 
 
 From Mid-March to Mid-April is the propereft 
 time, (earlier or later as the foil is diy or moiflj 
 to plant for the principal crop, though May, or even 
 June, generally produce an increafe worth the cul- 
 tivation. The roots from late crops mould not be 
 ufed for planting, as they are more liable to the curl: 
 Thofe potatoes growing fickly in a wet foil, are alfo 
 fubjett. to this defecl. Potatoes, being of fuperficial 
 growth, fhould be regularly weeded, as long as they 
 can be walked among without treading -on the tops. • 
 
 Ground, defamed for a field crop, fhould be twice 
 ploughed, and the firft time it fhould be fome weeks 
 before the fetting. 
 
 In the potatoe counties, they change their forts every 
 third or fourth year; procuring frefh kinds from places 
 farther North, as a means to avoid the curl, which 
 feems to arife chiefly from the tender nature of the 
 potatoe, and admonifhes not to be too early in planting. 
 
 Seedling potatoes are procured by faving the firft 
 thorough ripe pods, (called apples) and either preferving 
 them in very dry land till fpring, or immediately fepa- 
 rating them from the pulp, put the feed up quite dry in 
 papers, and occafionally look it over to keep it fo. h\ 
 March, or April, fow the feed half an inch deep, in a 
 light foil, in drills fifteen inches afunder, and thin the 
 plants to fix inches. Earth them up as they grow. 
 Dig them as foon as the haulm dies, and carefully 
 preferving them from frofl, they will be fit to plant 
 the next fpring for table ul'e. 
 
 That potatoes are very fufceptible of frofl, is well 
 known ; but it is often not fufficiently guarded again ft 
 
 in
 
 S£CT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. «ol 
 
 in time. Let them be brought in clean and dry. If 
 not kept in a warm cellar, they may be laid in a room, 
 having fome ft raw at bottom, and when in profpecl 
 of froft entering the houfe, they fliould be covered 
 with ftraw, a foot thick. 
 
 Pxing (as it is called in fome places) is a good 
 method of preferving potatoes in winter. They are 
 piled on the furface of the ground, in a ridged form, 
 of a width and length at pleafure, according to the 
 quantity, but commonly about fix feet wide. This is 
 done by digging a fpit of earth, and laying it round 
 the edge, a Foot wide (if turf the better) filling the 
 fpace up with ftraw, and then laying on a courfe of 
 potatoes, dig earth from the outfide, and lay upon the 
 firft earth. Put ftraw a few inches along the infide 
 edge, then put in more potatoes, and fo on, keeping 
 a good coat of ftraw all the way up between the pota- 
 toes and the mould, which mould be about fix inches 
 thick all over ; beat it clofe together, and the form it 
 lies in, with the trench all round, will preferve the 
 potatoes dry ; and the fharpeft froft will hardly affeft 
 them ; in a fevere time of which, the whole may be 
 covered with ftraw. In the Jpring, look over the 
 iiock, and break off the (hoots of thofe defigned for 
 t"he table, and repeat this bufinefs to preferve the 
 potatoes longer good. 
 
 Pumpioxs being tender, are raifed on a moderate 
 Ut.bed, in April, or May, according to the time defired 
 to have fruit at. After the feed has been up a few 
 days, prick the plants out at four or five inches, or 
 rather put them in fmall pots, one in each. When a 
 month old, they may be planted out about four yards 
 afunder, one of the large forts, or two of the fmall 
 ones, on a hole of two or three barrows full of hot 
 dung, and about ten inches thick of mould. Cover 
 With hand-glajjes, or garden-pots, or hoops and jnats, 
 on nights, till Mid-June. On fuch a hole of hot dung 
 t.V.y may be /own in May, under a hand-glafs, and 
 5 there
 
 238 OF' F.SCUL ENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 tfiere remain to fritif! - Pumpions will do very well 
 fbmetimes (in favourable feafons and iituations) fown 
 in May, on cold ground. The feed fliouW be covered 
 near an inch, and the plants kept earthing up as they 
 grow. When they have (hot five or Uk feet, peg 
 down the runners a little way in the ground, and earth 
 over, they will ffrike root. Water well in dry and 
 warm weather. The orange gourd looks very pretty 
 when trained up a flrong pole, fpirally, or to a wall. 
 
 Radish is of two kinds, the fpindle rooted, and the 
 round, of each ot which there is a variety. Of the 
 former we have the early purple, and the early pink 
 fhort topped, and late large topped ones of both forts. 
 Of the round there are the white, black, and red turnep 
 radifhes. The white (of which there is a fmall and 
 large fort) is moftly cultivated, but the others are 
 good ; the black grows large, and the red fmall. The 
 purple forts, and the fmall white and red eat the cooleff. 
 The order of coming in from the time of lowing is, 
 the purple, and the pink fpindle forts, and the turnep, 
 red, white, and black : The latter is very hardy for 
 winter ufe ; but the coarfeit. 
 
 For the firft. crop, the early purple fhort top may be 
 fown the latter ends of October, November, and De- 
 cember, (chiefly the laft month) in a warm border, and 
 have a chance ot furviving the winter, it a little pro- 
 tected in frofts by Jlout Jiicks, about two inches high, 
 iiuck Hoping in the ground, to fupport mats; or by 
 laying peas haulm, or wheat Jl raw, lightly over them, 
 which may be an inch or two thick, as the troll is; 
 but no longer than it lafts mould the covering be on. 
 The fiiit open weather in January and February fow 
 again, and in thefe months, and the preceding one, 
 cover the fowing over with fome ilraw, and it will 
 help to i'ctch the feeds up, and preferve them from 
 being thrown out of the ground by froiT, as alio from 
 birds. As foon as they begin to appear, let them be 
 uncovered, to harden them to the air, if the weather 
 1 is
 
 SECT. XV. OF ESCULENTS. 239 
 
 is not too fevere. Thin thefe radifhes to an inch and 
 a halt, or iwj inches afunder, though fome gardeners 
 let them grow thicker. Radifhes (own in any of the 
 cold months (being on borders) la}' the ground a little 
 Hoping to the fun. 
 
 A hot-bed is frequently ufed for radifhes about Chrijl- 
 mas, or in January and February, which mult not be 
 too warm a one, as it would hurry the feed up, and 
 make them grow all top, and come to nothing. Two 
 feet thick of dung is fufBcient, on which fix or feven 
 inches of light well broke or fifted mould mould be 
 put on, and the feed immediately fown on the furface, 
 (rather thick) and covered halt an inch, giving the 
 whole a gentle preffure ; for feeds will grow better 
 when the earth is fomewhat firm about them. Thin 
 the plants to an inch afunder, before they begin to 
 draw one another up weak ; if wider it were better, 
 but room in a hot-bed is precious. Hot-bed radifhes, 
 under glais, nmft have plenty of air, for though covered, 
 are not to be fhut dowm clofe on nights, except feverity 
 of froit demand it. In lieu of frames, a hot-bed of 
 radifhes may, in February, or after, be hooped, and 
 covered with mats on nights, and in bad weather; and 
 in this way, indeed, they generally fucceed beft . Line 
 forward beds, when the heat declines, that they may 
 proceed in growth, without check or interruption. 
 
 Repeat fowing oi radifhes every three weeks in fpring, 
 and fortnight in fummer ; in cooler ground as the 
 feafon advances. In dry weather water. Allow three 
 inches diftance to thofe fown after February, or rather 
 more tor the large topped forts. The turnep kind 
 may now be fown ; yet their bejl feafon is to come in 
 after Michaelmas; the fmall white and red for fummer t 
 and the large white and black tor autumn and winter, 
 which will otten continue good i\\\Jpring: In profpect 
 of fevere weather, fome of thefe may be taken up, 
 and preferred in fand, having firft cut the tops off 
 ihort. 
 
 Thin
 
 £40 OF ESCULENTS. SECT. XV. 
 
 Thin the fmall turnep forts to four inches diftance, 
 and the large to fix or eight : Sow the two laft forts in 
 June, July, and Augujl. In Auguft, or September, fow 
 alfo fome of the other forts of radifhes, for winter ufe. 
 Turnep radifnes are rarely fown on hot-beds ; but the 
 fmall red fort will be found an agreeable early crop, and 
 may ftand as thick as the fpindle rooted kinds. 
 
 The ground fhould be well dug for radiflies, efpecially 
 the long-rooted forts, and the feed carefully covered a 
 full half inch, leaving none on the top (if poffible) to 
 lure birds, which frequently do much mifchief to 
 the crop. It is a troublefome mode, but radifhes when 
 drilled are fafer, and being thinned in the rows by hand 
 they come fine. Make the drills for the tap rooted 
 forts, from two to three inches afunder, but for the 
 round wider. It is alfo a good method to fow radifhes 
 on beds four feet wide, and the mould being made fine 
 on the top, beat the feeds in with the teeth of a wooden 
 rake till none appear, and then lightly draw the back 
 of the rake over, to fill up the holes ; or, having fown 
 the bed, cover with mould from the alleys, or earth 
 previoufly drawn afide. 
 
 A fpr inkle of radifh feed may be frequently fown 
 among other crops, as broad-caff Jpinach ; and the 
 ground at fpring that is defigned for cauliflowers, may* 
 very properly be fown with them, juft before the plants-. 
 are to be let out, or between rows of beans. 
 
 Drazc the roots for ufe in a regular thinning way, 
 and thofe that are left will become the larger for it. 
 
 Radifhes are fornetimes fown thick for eating while 
 very young in the feed leaf, with other fmall fallading. 
 
 Sals a* y, though but little cultivated, is a ufeful 
 vegetable. Its young fhoots are eat as afparagus in 
 fpring, and its long white roots in autumn *md winter 
 as carroty fome of winch are taken up, and preferved 
 in fand for winter uk\ Thofe left in the ground may 
 be dug up occafiojial.lv,. or left to produce fhoots for 
 Ipriog, ox may fland for feed. Sow them early in 
 
 Harch^
 
 SECT. XV. ©T ESCULENTS. f4i 
 
 March, in drills ten inches afunder, and thin the plants 
 to fix. Let the foil be cool and good, and two feet 
 if pofhble. Water in very dry time. 
 
 Savoy is a cabbage, peculiarly adapted for late 
 autumn, winter, and Jpring ufe, as frofl improves it, 
 making it tenderer and fweeter than before. The forts 
 ere green and yellow ; the former mofily cultivated, as 
 it looks befl at table. 
 
 If favoys are defired forward, fow a little in a warm 
 border in February, or under a hand-glafs; but a fow- 
 ing in March, and another in April, in an open fitua- 
 tion is fufficient. Thin the feed bed in time, that the 
 plants may be ftraightand robuft; and when about three 
 inches high, prick them out at five or fix inches dif- 
 tance, where let them grow to a proper fize, (as in 
 June or July) to plant out at two feet apart, or a little 
 more, if in a rich foil. Chufe moiit. weather for this 
 work, ifpoffible, and give fome water. Earth them up 
 as they grow. 
 
 Sprouts of favoys are delicate eating fpring greens, 
 and therefore if the ground is wanted where the ftalks 
 grow, they may be taken up, and laid deep in a trench 
 for the purpofe. 
 
 Scorzonera. is a carrot-rooted efculent, and 
 therefore requires a deep, and mould have a cool foil. 
 Cultivate it as Jalfafy, only let the drills be two or three 
 inches wider, and the plants an inch or two more 
 afunder. 
 
 Se a-Cale, or cabbage, is a vegetable not generally- 
 known, except in EJfex, Suffex, and the Weft of England* 
 but it is much liked by many, and as an early fpring 
 production is valuable. 
 
 Its natural place of growth being the Jea-bcach, it i* 
 evident that a fandy foil will fuit it befl. Some people 
 cultivate it in ahnofl all fand, which, if it is the natural 
 foil of the place, is proper, as fuch furface fand is 
 endowed with good vegetable principles ; but when a 
 foil is made, it ihouW be one hali/harp, or drift fand, 
 M - ■ •«
 
 OF ESCULENTS, SECT. XV, 
 
 and the other half any light rich mould, which may be 
 a little gravelly, or mixed with fea-coal afhes. Sow, or 
 plant, either in autumn, or fpring. 
 
 It is a root that lafls many years, and therefore fhould 
 be properly planted and managed ; either in beds of if, 
 like thofe of afparagus, (the which it precedes for ufe) 
 ©f four feet and a h.lf wide, and two feet alleys be- 
 tween; or in fingle rows of long trenches, which is the 
 better way. They are beft railed from feed, though 
 often from offsets^ ox pieces of the roots, having two or 
 three eyes. 
 
 The beds mull be trenched, and of a dry loofe earth, 
 .(as faid) to two, or two and a half feet deep; and if 
 there is any fufpicion ol wet ever hanging at bottom, 
 lay a good courfe of rough gravel or ftones there. The 
 plants mould be near a foot afunder, kept five or fix 
 inches below the furface, that they may grow through 
 a body of earth to blanch the fprouts ; and they are to be 
 cut up four or five inches deep, foon after they appear 
 above ground, \nfummer, the ribs of the large leaves 
 may be peeled, and eat as afparagus. They will want 
 earthing up from the alleys every year, to keep them at 
 the above depth ; for which purpofe, there mould be 
 proper earth in them. It is evidently befl to fow, ox 
 -plant, low enough at firft, to be prepared for future 
 earthing up ; not to grow too low, however, if there is 
 a clay bottom. Sets may be planted at firft only three 
 inches deep from their crowns, and earthed up to five 
 cr fix as they rife in order to blanch them: Some do 
 this with fine fifted coal ajhes, and the effect may alfo be 
 attained with the leaves of trees laid clofe round. Little 
 fhould be cut the firft year, but the fecond do it freely. 
 
 The feed fhould be dropped three or four in a hole, 
 half an inch deep, and thinned to one plant, earthing up 
 a little as they proceed in growth. When the leaves 
 decay in autumn, earth the plants over an inch or two, 
 with mould from the alleys. In the fpring, ioofen the 
 C&thcaie fully with the afparagus fork, and at autumn, 
 
 earth
 
 £E«T. XV. Or ESCffLSNTS. £*$ 
 
 earth up as before. The following fpring, fork again 
 in time, and about April there will be plenty to cut; 
 which-, if fuffered to grow large fir ft, will eat tough 
 and ftrong. For feed, referve a ftool that has not been 
 cut: The fiowex. is fo pretty (white heads) as to be 
 fown femetimes merely for srnament. ^ 
 
 Shalot is a perennial fort of onion, for which it 
 is often fubftituted, and in fome cafes preferred, as 
 being more agreeable to the palate and ftomach by its 
 rich and yet mild nature. 
 
 The fhalot is propagated by planting its offsets late 
 in autumn, in a dry foil, or in fpring, if a moid one. 
 The latter time is generally adopted as fafeft ; but 
 autumn lets produce the fined bulbs. Plant two or 
 three inches deep, and four or five afunder, in rows, 
 fix inches diftance from one another. When the leaves 
 wither, dig them up, left they decay in the ground, as 
 they are apt to do when .much wet falls* 
 
 Skirret(iiow little known) is a very whole fome 
 root, propagated by feed, as jcorzoncra, and fometimes 
 by offsets of the old roots in fpring, planted an inch 
 deep over their crowns. 
 
 Spinach is of two kinds, denominated from the 
 feed, as prickly and fmoolh; the former is fown in 
 autumn, i. e. at the end of July* and about Mid-Augvjl^ 
 to gather in winter, and the beginning of fpring, being 
 very hardy ; and the latter is fown early in the new 
 year for after ufe, though the prickly fort does very 
 well alfo for the fame purpofe. The fmooth is rather 
 tender, but it grows larger, with thicker leaves, an<J is 
 therefore feldoin fown otherwife than at, broad caff; 
 but the prickly is frequently drilled, as between rows 
 ,of peas, beans, &c. Spinach may be fown on pieces of 
 ground, where it is intended to plant cauliflowers, cab- 
 bages, or beans, or horfe-raddifh, by dibble. 
 
 At bread caji trample the feed in with the feet, rather 
 
 wide, that there may be a fufficient quantity ol mould 
 
 xo rake down over the feed. Hoe the prickly .lure 
 
 M 2 t*
 
 *-i* «F ESCULENTS. SECT.; XV. 
 
 to four Indies apart, and the fmooth to fix or.-more* 
 in a rich foil. It in drills fow alio thin, and cover an 
 inch deep. Some people thin the plants, in drills v tr* 
 three inches diftance, and draw every other for ufe, 
 when thofe left will grow large, and this may be pro-, 
 per with the fmooth fpinach; but it is. more cornniofi 
 not to thin the rows, and to gather , by. cutting, the 
 leaves down low, when more will fpring up again. 
 It is a good way to fow fpinach in beds of four feet) 
 with alleys, that it may be the more conveniently 
 attended and gathered, without trampling the groundj 
 —Gardening in this way of narrow beds will, in many 
 cafes, be found very agreeable. 
 
 To have a full fuccejjion of fpinach, fow in January 
 .and February, and afterwards again in three weeks, 
 and then every fortnight, or even oftener,,Jor it pre- 
 fently runs to feed in fummer, efpecially if the plants 
 grow clofe. Some people are fond of drilled A^'m&ci^ 
 as it is quickly gathered, and fancied to eat better; but 
 broad cajl k commonly reckoned the beft way, and 
 gathering the outfide leaves, the plant fhoots againjge-i 
 peatedly : In fpring, however, when the gronrrd is 
 wanted, and the plants are difpofed to run, they fhouli 
 be drawn. Spinach will tranfpant in autumn, and thus 
 tear the befl feed. 
 
 Turnep we have a variety of forts of, for table 
 vfe, differing in colour and fhape, earlinefs and flavour. 
 The mod common are the white forts ; but the yelhzu 
 and red are worthy of trial, particularly the former. 
 The {"mall earh white Dutch is that moftly cultivated in 
 gardens, at leaft for the firll crops, though the eafiy 
 jione fort is a very good root. 
 
 Turneps are Jhwn from March to September, but ut 
 June and July for the principal crops. Late crops 
 may be fWn till Mid-Auguft, but they will produce 
 but little bottoms. Thofe fown in March will be apt 
 to run for feed before they have formed much bottom, 
 amd moil be watched to draw them in time. The 
 
 turnep
 
 SECT. XV. e* ESCULENTS, HI 
 
 turnep is fo favourite a vegetable, that hot-leds are 
 fometimes made in February and March to forward it, 
 though thus cultivated, it can attain but to a^ery fmalf 
 fize. A bed of thi* fort mud be (light, and have a great 
 deul of air from the very fowing. A moderately light 
 foil, with little dung, fuits turneps belt, and -they 
 fhould always have open ground that is well broke.' 
 Mix the feed with a little fine earth, fow thin, trample 
 clufe, and rake lightly : It is a way with fome, to few 
 one third old feed with the new, tor the greater cer- 
 tainty of a crop, the former fometimes fheceeding wrier* 
 the latter mines. Do not neglect to* hoe the crops iii 
 time, the early ones to five or fix inches, and the late. 
 ones to eight or nine, though fome large forts fhould 
 have more difurjee allowed them. 
 
 When the fly is obferved to attack young turneps r 
 it will be proper to ftir the ground, and fow again im- 
 mediately, or to chufe another fpot for the purpofe. 
 
 The Navew (which is much admired by fome, and 
 faid to be the molt nourifhing fort of turnep) fhould be 
 repeatedly fown from March to Av.gvjl, m a moid 
 ground ; but being a fmall (lender root, need not (land- 
 wider than five-or fix inches. 
 
 The ca&bage turns? is of two kinds: one? 
 apples above ground, and the other in it. This vege- 
 table is fometimes u fed young for the table; but it .is' 
 chiefly cultivated for cattle. Sow it in May, or June* 
 for autumn ufe, or in June, or July, for the jpring: They 
 are very hardy. If fown in 2 garden, and pricked out* 
 they may be tranfplanted in fields, the firft moift 
 weather after a crop of oats, or barley, at half a yard in 
 a poor, or near two feet in a rich foil; and if the: 
 ground is foul, this culture gives a fine opportunity 
 to clean it, by repeated hoeing. 
 
 M 9 , SECT.
 
 [ 2*« '} 
 
 SECTION XVI. 
 
 OF HEltBS, &C 
 
 A NGELICA is cultivated for the large ribs of ita 
 -**- leaves, cut in May, or June, to make a candied 
 fre/erue\ and it is alio a medicinal plant, in ftalk, leaf, 
 root and (ced. Sow as foon as the feed is ripe, for in 
 fpring it does not come well. Put the plants out when 
 a few inches high, at two feet afunder. It is biennial ; 
 but if feed is not wanted, cut the items down in May, 
 and the plant will put out fide moots; and by this 
 practice every year, it may be continued long in the 
 fame place. A moid fituation fuits it beft, fo that 
 fome plant it by ditches, or ponds. 
 
 Balm is either-plain or variegated ; but the former 
 only is cultivated as a medicinal herb. It is propagated 
 by parting the root, either in autumn, or fpring, but 
 rather the latter. Slip off fhort pieces with roots, artd 
 plant them a foot, or fifteen inches afunder, giving a 
 little water. The variegated is for the flower garden. 
 
 The balm that is gathered for drying ought to be cut 
 jufl as it gets into flower ; as for this purpofe all herb* 
 -fhould, being then in the higheft perfection; and it 
 mould be done as foon as the dew is off, for if left till 
 afternoon, in a full fun, the plant is exhaufledof its 
 juices : Pick off all decayed leaves. Dry it in an airy 
 fhady place till fit to tie in /mall bundles, which muft 
 be ftored by hanging up in a dry airy room, about fix 
 inches from one another, till perfectly dry, when lay 
 them in a drawer in a dry room, prefled clofe, and 
 cover with paper. 
 
 Balm,
 
 SECT. XVI. GF HERBS, &6. tfffl 
 
 Balm, and mofl perennial herbs, fhould be frefh 
 planted in beds every third or fourth year ; and each 
 year, in autumn or fpring, have the ground Sirred about 
 them, and drefled with fome frefh earth, or a little well 
 confumed manure, the plants being previoufiy cut 
 down, and ground weeded. 
 
 Basil is a pretty annual, of which We have two 
 forts, the large and the bufi: (each having a variety) 
 both are ufed as pot-herb*, but chiefly the former, 
 Sometimes alfo this herb (a few of the young leaves) 
 is ufed in fallads, and occafionally in medicine. The 
 large grows about a foot high, and the bufh but a few 
 inches. They are both fweet, but the bufh bajil moit 
 fo. It has a delicate round form, and fo is cultivated 
 as. ornamental, though its flower is nothing. Both forts 
 are ufually fown on a gentle hot-bed, in March or Aprils 
 and may be pricked out in fmall pots, but will hardly 
 endure the open air till June. The large is the hardiefr, 
 and will come up on cold ground, but be backward. 
 They like a rich foil, and the bufh does befl in one full 
 half dung. 
 
 Borage is a cordial herb, that has its varieties, 
 Hue, red, and white flowered, and one with variegated 
 leaves; but the former is that commonly cultivated as 
 a pot-herb, and its flowers {or fallads, and cool -tankards. 
 To have it young all the year, let it be fown in fpring, 
 fummer, and autumn, either in drills, or broad cait. 
 Thin the plants to nine inches afunder. It fows itfelf 
 in autumn, and likes a dry foil. 
 
 Bu gloss polTeiles the like cordial virtues with 
 borage, fo that the one may be fubltituted for the other. 
 Culture is the fame. 
 
 Bu rnet is a warm perennial fallad herb, ufed alfo 
 in coo! tankards, propagated in fpring, or autumn, either 
 by feed, or parting its roots, and planting them a foot 
 afunder. Keep it frequently cut down, that it may 
 conftantly- furniih young (hoots for uie, 
 
 M-4 Camo-
 
 248 OF HERBS, &C. S1CT. XVI. 
 
 CAMOMILE is a uTeful medicinal herb, of which 
 we have Tingle and double flowering kinds ; and of the* 
 tatter, a fort with very full flowers. It is propagated 
 by parting its roots, or by its runners, in March, or 
 -April, fetting them nine or ten iuches afunder. Gather 
 the flowers in their prime, (as thofe of all plants fhould 
 be) before they begin to fade; dry them thinly in the 
 fhade for a lew d^ys, and preferve them from damp m 
 paper bags. The (ingle fort is the flrongefl flavours, 
 though for quantity, the double is moftly cultivated: 
 Camomile likes a poor foil* 
 
 Capsicum is fometimes cultivated for its young 
 pods to pickle; being raifedon a gentle hot-bed, or two, 
 to bring them forward till June, when (rather about 
 the middle) they may be planted in open ground, about 
 jkalf a yard afunder. See Lifts of annuals. 
 
 Caraway feeds are chiefly medicinal; but being 
 tifed in cakes, a few plants may have place in the 
 garden. Sow in fpring, in a moifl rich foil, and let 
 them have fix inches fquare to grow in. 
 
 Carduus B k n e d ict u s , is fimply medicinal, and 
 is of good repute. Sow it in autumn, either in drills, 
 or broad call, and thin the plants to nine inches dif- 
 tance. It is annual, and mull be cut down to the root 
 for drying, juft as it gets into flower. 
 
 Chervil is ufed in JaJIads, and is alfo a pot-herh 
 that was formerly in much eftimation for its warm 
 •tia'-ire. Sow it thick in autumn for winter and fpring 
 nie. When ibwn in'fpiing, or fummer, it runs quickly 
 to llower. The feed mull be (lightly covered, and the 
 leaves gathered for iiFe young, cutting it down like 
 jMrfley, 1 (which it refembles) it fprings again. 
 
 ■ CiVes are fmall bulb's, arid a fort of mild perennial 
 onion, the leaves of which are cut wrjallads, and 
 tulinafy purpofes> at the fpring, beforeonions come in. 
 As the i&tt/wincreafe fail, fome of them may be flippec 
 from the rooted tin Hers, and ufed as onions. 7ney 
 
 at£ 

 
 SECT. XVI* OF HERBS, &C. 24$ 
 
 are propagated in autumn, or early in the fpring, by 
 planting five or fix of the little bulbs in a hole, an 
 inch deep, and eight afunder. A bed of them lafts three 
 or four years. 
 
 Clary (the common garden) ranks as a medicinal 
 herb, but it is ufed alfo in foups, and is very odorous. 
 Sow it in fpring, and when two or three inches high,- 
 prick the plants out fifteen or eighteen inches afunder, 
 or thin them to this distance. It is biennial, and there- 
 fore mud be fown every year as parfley is. There are 
 forts of this plant cultivated for ornament, bearing 
 pretty flowers. See Lift of biennials. 
 
 Coriander is occafionally ufed in foups and /allads, 
 for its peculiar high flavour; but moftly for medicinal 
 purpofes, which its feeds are ufed in. For culinary 
 ufes, fow it in April, and once a month, or oftener, 
 afterwards, in drills fix inches afunder, to have a fuc- 
 ceflion of young plants ; and make a principal fowing; 
 in Augujl, or September, on a warm border. Cover 
 fome of it with a frame, or it will die in hard weather, 
 If wanted early in the year, fow one hot-bed, in February 
 or March; or in this laft month under handglajjes. 
 
 Corn Sallad (or lamb's lettuce J is a fmall, warm s 
 wholefome, hardy herb, and for winter and fpring ufe 
 mould be (own in Auguji and September, and again in 
 February and March, and once a month all fummer, 
 for it is to be eat quite young. The plants lhould- 
 grow about three inches diftance: Thisruftic vegetable 
 ufed to be much in requeft, though now rarely cultivated.- 
 
 Cress, there are three forts of, plain, curled, and 
 broad leaved; the former of which is much ufed as a 
 Jalladherb, with mufiard, rape, radijh, &c. The curled 
 and broad leaved forts mould be thinned to half an 
 inch afunder; but the plain is to be fown thick. The 
 curled makes a pretty garnijh. In the cold months, 
 tnis fallad herb (as others) is fown on gentle hot -beds, 
 giving plenty of air ; and as the fpring gets up, on 
 warm borders, or under hand-glajfes. The London 
 M 5 market
 
 eaO OF HERBS, cCC. SECT. XVI, 
 
 market gardeners fow it juft within the glaffes which 
 cover their cauliflower plants, &c. In fummer it 
 mould be fown in fhady cool ground, and daily.watered; 
 or it may be fown in the raoft funny fh nation, if 
 hooped over, and fhaded with a mat. Break the mould 
 fine, and draw level mallow drills, and cover only a 
 quarter of an inch. It may, however, be fown at 
 broad call, the ground being firft raked very fmooth, 
 and the feed juft covered with fine fitted mould. Let 
 it be fown (on an average) once a week, and cut 
 young. If that which is fown in open ground, at an 
 early feafon, be covered with a mat, it will forward the 
 germinal ion. The American crefs is much like water 
 crefs, only more bitter. It anfwers well as a :vin:er 
 and early fpring fallad, being fown in Augaft, at broad 
 caft, or rather thin in drills. The plants being cut, or 
 the outfide leaves pulled off, fhoot again. 
 
 Dill is a very ftomachic herb, whofe leaves and 
 feed veffels are put among vegetable pickles, particularly 
 cucumbers, to heighten their relifh. The ftem, leaves, 
 and feed, are alfo ufed in medicine; leaves fometimes in 
 foups and fauces. Sow it either in autumn, or early 
 in the fpring, at broad caff, or in drills, a foot afunder, 
 thinning the plants to about eight inches. It iheds 
 feed freely, and comes up at fpring. 
 
 Fennel (the common fort) is an hardy perennial 
 herb, of the fame family as dill, the ufes of which are 
 well known, it may be fown either in fpring, or 
 autumn, and the plants ought to be kept near half a 
 yard afunder; or it may be propagated by flips from the 
 roots of old plants. It mould be constantly cut down 
 to prevent feeding, which would cover the ground in 
 a tronblcfome degree. Sweet fennel is an annual, cul- 
 tivated for its feeds in medicine. 
 
 Fin ochio is a fort of dvjarf fennel, very aromatic ; 
 
 ihe bottom of the thick Italks of which, being earthed 
 
 up about three weeks, when neaily full grown, five or 
 
 Jix inches to blanch, arc ufed in foup and Jail ads, or 
 
 % lliced>
 
 SECT. XVI. OF HERBS* &C. %5\ 
 
 fliced, and eat alone with oil, vinegar, &c. Sow it 
 thick in March, in drills, about two feet af nder, an 1 
 repeat the fowing every month till Mid-July, as it 
 orefently runs for feed. Thin the plants to feven or 
 eight inches. It likes a dry foil. In a warm fituation 
 fome may be fown in February; the laft crop in June 
 mail be in a like fituation, and will not be ready before 
 winter; at the approach of which, protect it from fro it 
 with dry litter. 
 
 Hyssop is ufed fometimes in a culinary, but more ia 
 a. medicinal way. There are white* blue, and red 
 flowered forts of it: but the blue fpiked is that com. 
 monly cultivated. The parts for culinary purpofes are 
 the leaves, and young .{hoots; and the flower fpikes are 
 cut, dried, and preferved for medical ufes, for which it 
 is an excellent herb. As hyjjbp is a woody- evergreen 
 perennial, growing about a foot high, it may be planted 
 for an edging of the kitchen garden. It is propagated 
 by feed, and rooted flips, in March, by cuttings in 
 April, or young Hips in June, or July. A poor dry, 
 or fandy foil, bell fuits it. The plants may be nine 
 inches, or a foot afunder, as an edging, but ihould be 
 near two feet from one- another in a bed, as they foon 
 get large. 
 
 Lavender (the common) is, for its pleafant 
 aromatic fcent, found in moil gardens, and makes a 
 neat perennial edging in large ones. It is propagated 
 by cuttings, or young flips, in April and May, fei a few 
 inches afunder, in a ihady fituation, ai*l good foil; and 
 when rooted, planted out where they are to grow. The 
 flips mould be occafionly watered, and as a mat would 
 cover a great many, might be ihadcel wiiea the fun is 
 hot upon them, for a fortnight or three weeks, to 
 forward their rooting. But though raijed in a good 
 foil lavender likes a poor- and dry one bell to abide in> 
 Set the plants at a foot diftance from one another. Ia 
 a rich moifl foil, they are apt to die in the winter; but 
 in a dry hungry one, they rarely do. All plants the- 
 
 M-6 ' more
 
 £££ OF HERBS, &C. SECT. XVI. 
 
 more luxuriantly they grow, the more likely they are 
 to be cut off by fevere weather. 
 
 Marigold has its varieties-, and fome forts bear 
 very fine double flowers; but the common (ingle kind 
 as belt as a pot-herb, being molt aromatic. All fingh 
 lowers are preferable to the double of the fame kind 
 for medicinal, or other ufes, as po (Telling a itronger 
 eiTence. Sow marigolds in fpring, and let plants of 
 the (ingle fort (land a foot afunder, but the large double 
 wider. They will grow in any foil, and are in flower 
 moll part of the year. The time of gathering them for 
 drying is towards autumn, when they are mod plentiful. 
 Take care that they are not put up in their paper bags 
 Yaw, or damp, and keep them in a very dry place. 
 This flower is a valuable ingredient in broths and 
 foups, however it may have got into difufe. It fows 
 itfelf abundantly, and will bear tranfplanting about 
 May, fo that there will feldom be occafion to fow. 
 
 Marjoram is diftinguifhed into pot, winter, and 
 'knotted forts ; the two former perennial, and the lad 
 annual. They are all occaflonally ufed for culinary 
 purpofes, but the knotted w chiefly cultivated as a 
 fweet companion of our flowers. The propagation of it 
 is by parting the roots of the perennial forts in autumns 
 or fpring, and by fowing the annual kind in March, or 
 April, on a warm border, and light dry foil. The 
 annual fort mould (land at fix inches diifance, and the 
 perennial at nine 01 ten. The knotted fort, if planted 
 in pots, and houfed, may be preferved in the winter, 
 cutting down the flower items. This kind is fome- 
 times ufed tor medicinal purpofes, and fhould be drawn 
 tip by*ihe roots, for drying in the (hade; or at lead with 
 but little fun. 
 
 Mint is a falutary herb, of which we have two 
 forts, the /pear and the pepper ; the former for culi- 
 nary, and the latter for medicinal purpofes. There is a 
 little variety in tiie /pear, as broader and narrower 
 
 leaved.
 
 sect. xvi. er herbs, &c. zss 
 
 leaved, and alfo variegated forts, white and yellow, but 
 thefe are considered only as ornamental. 
 
 Mint is propagated -by pieces of its roots, or rooted 
 flips, in the fpring, fet an inch or two deep, and eight 
 afunder, on beds four feet wide. Cuttings will quickly 
 ftrike root in any of the fummer months. It delights 
 in a moifl foil, and new plantations of it (particularly 
 cuttings) mould be well watered in a dry time. Mint 
 is to be had young all winter, and early in fpring, by 
 means of a gentle hot-bed, on which it mould be fet 
 pretty clofe; and for a fucceflion, make a new planta- 
 tion every three weeks, as the roots will perifh in about 
 that time. Or it may be conveniently planted mpots, 
 and placed in any bed, and fo Shifted from one to 
 another, if occafion. Do not let this, or any other 
 herb be badly dried, or preferved, as is too common a 
 cafe. For prefent ufe, gather only the young leaves and 
 fhoots. 
 
 Mustard is much ufed as a fallad herb, gathered 
 quite young, and the zvhite is the garden fort, the black 
 being cultivated in fields for its feeds to make flour of. 
 It is managed as crejs, which fee, p. 249. 
 
 Nasturtium, there is a greater and lefs fort of, 
 both cultivated for their unripe berries to pickle, their 
 flowets for fullads and gam ijh, and as a, garden orna- 
 ment \ but the large is that chiefly cultivated for culi- 
 nary purpofes. Being climbers ; they mould have 
 fomething to lay hold of, as an arbour, or biuih wood, 
 or nailed up with fhreds to a wall. They ar,e of free 
 growth, and flower abundantly for a long time, even 
 till the froft comes. Sow an inch deep, in dniis, in a 
 light foil, and warm fituation, in April or luoner, if on 
 a gentle heat, to forward them. It is befr to fow in a 
 few fmall pots, holding each two plants, 11cm which 
 they may be turned out whole (before they get too big) 
 in May; though fometimes they tranfplant without 
 earth, about the roots, very well. Give them plenty 
 pf air while under cover, or they will be drawn up 
 
 weak.
 
 2tf* OF HERBS, &CV SECT. XVi; 
 
 weak. A frefii, but poor, foil, is better than a rich 
 one, which makes them too rampant, and lefs fruitful. 
 See Lift S,.Se£c. 19, and Obfervation. 
 
 TUc double ncjlurtium, is confulercd merely as a fine 
 flower, but they are a beautiful garni fh. It grows from- 
 cuttings: Plant thefe in pots, in June, and place them 
 on a little heat, and they will foon take root. Or if 
 the pots are plunged in a warm border, and covered 
 cloje with a handglafs . it may be fufficient. Gently 
 water them when, the mould gets quite dry. This 
 plant is tender, in winter requiring a ftove; yet it 
 ilourifhes all fumrner in open ground, flowering moll in 
 a poor foil. 
 
 Parsley we have a plain and a curled kind of; and 
 though the former is moftly ufed, yet the latter is 
 equally proper as ^pot-herb, and it makes a good garnijh; 
 hemlock cannot be miftaken for it, as- for the- plain fome- 
 times it has been. There is, however, more ofeffence 
 in an equal quantity of the plain, than of the curled; 
 hut it. is only ufing rather more of the latter, which, i£ 
 not fuffe.ed to feed, will Iluid three years. To produce 
 the curled fort very fine, ( 3- to* garni Hi) the plants 
 mould be thinned to three or tour inches afundcr ; and 
 it may be own either at broad call, .of in drills about 
 nine incaes afunder, as the common fort is. Parfley is 
 fometimes fown early in autumn, to have it young for 
 the winter and fpring; but the ufual time is early in. 
 i'pring, and one lowing may be fufhcient for the- year: 
 Gut it down often to get rid of the old, and young will 
 fpring .up. Cutting down parfley mould never be ■ 
 omitted about the end of SeptemJ?er, that it may be had 
 good through the winter ami fpring. This herb will ' 
 bear tranfplanting. For Hamburg parfley, fcep.irf/ey 
 in the laft feQion, p. 23Q. 
 
 Penny-royal is -a pot and medical herb of the 
 mint fpices. There is an upright and a trailing fort of 
 it; but the latter is that chiefly ufed: This is propa- 
 gated by rooted branches, of winch it affords plenty,
 
 SECT. XVI.' OF HERBS, Sec. ' 
 
 as it fp reads fait ; ' and it will grow, in the fummer 
 months from flips, or cuttings. Set them a foot 
 afunder in fpring, or autumn, and in a ftrong moid foil 
 it will molt, flourifti. If, however, it is furTered to 
 mat thick, it is apt to rot. As this herb is often wanted 
 in whiter, let it have a fomewhat iheltered fituation. 
 If cut for preferving in winter, the time of flowering 
 mull be obferved, and it mult be very> carefully dried 
 and' kept as it is apt to mould. 
 
 Purslane is alow growing fucculent herb, of a 
 cold and tender nature, ufed chiefly in fummer fallacls*. 
 but fometimes for culinary purpofes. The forts are the 
 green and golden, but the former is preferred, and is 
 hardieft. This plant will not .iucceed in the open 
 ground till towards the end of May, and then ; it muft 
 have a warm border. In March or AbriU it fa fown on. 
 a gentle heat; for which purpofe the lining of a hot- 
 bed may do. Sow in drills- four inches apart, cover a 
 quarter of an inch, and let the foil be light and rich. 
 In dry weather, water it twice or thrice a week. The 
 end of the young moots only are ufed, and when cut- 
 down it fpring3 again:. It is ufual to fow it three or 
 four times in the fummer, in cooler places, as ih^ 
 weather, gets hot. 
 
 Rape, or colejeed, is fown foraj/<z/;Wherb, to be eat 
 while in the feed leaf, with milliard and crefs; and is to 
 be treated as they are : it is ftomachic, and fome perfons 
 are fond of it when boiled. 
 
 Ramp ion is a jallad and culinary root, in but little 
 requeft. Sow it thin in April and May, and leave the 
 plants at lour or five inches diftance, for autumn and 
 winter ufe ; Draw it young. 
 
 Rocombole is a coot much like gatrfick, producing 
 fmall bulbs at head, as well as root-: is chiefly medicinal. 
 The cloves may be planted in autumn or fpring, two 
 inches deep, and four afunder. Treat it as garlick, 
 which fee, It is. fometimes ufed as a mild fubititute 
 
 for
 
 25 r £ , OF HERBS, &C. SECT. XVI, 
 
 fqr gaarljck, , The feeds are eatable as well as the 
 clpves.' 
 
 Rosemary we have the varieties, plain, filver, and 
 gold firiped. The plain is a ufeful medicinal herb, 
 which mould be found in every garden. It is propa- 
 gated by fuckers, layers, flips, or cuttings, in the 
 fpring, fetting the two laft where they have not much 
 fun; and when rooted, towards autumn, or in the fol- 
 lowing fpring, allot the young plants a ftation rather 
 warm, and fheltered, as rofemary is apt to fuffer, or die, 
 in" fevere winters, efpecially the variegated. 
 
 Rue is a medical plant, propagated in fpring, by 
 feec], flips, or cuttings*. It ftands many years, but 
 Ihould be prevented feeding, and pruned down oc- 
 cafionally, to keep it in a neat bufhy trim, of moderate 
 height, and ftrong growth. 
 
 Sage. there are feveral forts of, but the common red 
 is that ufed chiefly for culinary purpofes, and the green 
 both for thefe,. and medicinally for tea, &c. There is a 
 narrow leaved green fort, called tea fage, ox J age of 
 virtue; but the broad leaved green is reckoned by fome 
 better, not being fo heating, and unpleafant to the 
 tafte. The variegated forts of .fage are only confidered 
 as ornaments in t! fLwer garden', or fhrubbery. Sage 
 is propyg ted by flips or cuftings of the laft year's 
 fhoots, v\ April ox May, chufmg ihofe that are fhortand 
 firong; or of the young fhoots in ti-e early part of fum- 
 mer, fet in to an inch ; from the top, and about four 
 inches (iifhmce, in fome fhady place. Thefe, if they 
 fpindle tall in the fummer, Ihould be pinched down 
 (in time) to about rhree inches, in order to form bufhy 
 heads. They will be well rooted in Augujl y when they 
 i-'.OwM be planted a foot afunder, in a funny and fhel- 
 tered fituuuon* from the N. and E. that they may ftand 
 fevere winters, which they will the better do, it the foil. 
 is raihcr poor. 
 
 S amp h I R E is by fome greatly efleemed fom pickle, 
 ivfing its leaves, which are fometimes added. to ja'laJs, 
 
 and.
 
 SfCT. XVI. Or HERBS* &C. Wf 
 
 and oceafionally ufed medicinally. It is perennial, and 
 propagated by parting its roots, or by feed fowtf ift 
 April. It is fomewhat tender, likes a cool fituation, 
 but yet prefers a fandy, or a, gravelly foil: Let it have 
 plenty of water. Some have found it to do bed in potj t 
 fet for the morning fun only. 
 
 Savory we have a fummer and a winter kind of; 
 the former is annual, and the hiter perennial ; and both 
 are ufed as medicinal and culinaryherbs, but the fummer 
 fort is that moftly cultivated for medicine. The annual 
 is propagated from iced in March or April, fown thin 
 and (hallow, in drills, eight or nine inches afunder. 
 The perennial is fometimes propagated from feed, but 
 more ufually from rooted flips, or cuttings from the 
 top, in fpnng, as alfo from fide Hips. The annual fort 
 fhould grow at fix inches 'distance in the drills, and the 
 perennial be allowed a foot. Summer favory, gathered 
 for drying, is beft drawn up by the roots. 
 
 Smallace is a fort of wild parfley, found inmoHl 
 places, and was formerly much cultivated in gardens, 
 and ufed in foups vadjalladt, and medicine, as a warm 
 herb. Sow it in fpring as parfley. 
 
 Scurvy s Grass (the Dutch, or round leaved) is 
 fometimes cultivated in gardens for its excellent medi- 
 cinal properties. Sow it in autumn, or fpring, but bed 
 early in the former. Though it will grow in any foil, 
 it fhould have a moift one. 
 
 Sorrel is an acid, perennial plant, much relifhed 
 by fome as zjallad, often ufed as a pot-herb, and fome- 
 times as a medicinal one: Though found common 
 enough in the fields, it is much improved by garden 
 culture. The round leaved fort, commonly called the 
 Rvmhn, is reckoned the more grateful acid, and en- 
 creafes in the ground apace. Sorrel is generally pro- 
 pagated by parting its roots, either \n fpring or autumn, 
 and if propagated from feed, (which produces the finefl 
 plants) it ihould be fown in March. The plants of the 
 common forrel fhould be fix or eight inches afunder, 
 
 and
 
 #8 OF HERBS, &C. SECT. XVf, 
 
 and the other a foot, or fifteen inches. Common forrel 
 likes a cool moift foil, but the Roman a dry one. Cut 
 it down at the latter end of the year, and cover it over 
 "with a little mould, firft fhirring the foil. 
 
 Succory is a fallad, pot, and medicinal herb, but 
 not much cultivated. To be good, it muft be well 
 blanched as endive, of which it is a wild fort. Sow it 
 in March for autumn and winter ufe. 
 - Tansey is a culinary and medicinal 'herb, of which, 
 betides the common, there are curled leaved, and vari- 
 egated forts; but the former only is proper to be ufed 
 medicinally. It is perennial, and propagated by rooted 
 flip's, in fpring or autumn, fet at eighteen inches dif- 
 tance, in beds, four feet and a half wide ; and will grow 
 in any foil or fituation. 
 
 Tarragon is a perennial pot and fallad herb, 
 "which is much admired by fome, for its peculiar high 
 ■warm flavour.. It is propagated fometimes from feed, 
 but moftly by rooted, or other flips, fet in fpring, or 
 autumn, at fix or eight inches diftance, and may be by 
 cuttings in the fummer months.. The moots die down 
 towards winter, but the roots are hardy, and increafe 
 apace. If wanted in winter, it may be dried a* other 
 herbs are, or forced as mint, in order to have ft green. 
 When the flems begin to run, cut them down, in order 
 to produce young f hoots, for the tender tops only are 
 to be ufed ; and that not too freely, as it is an herb that 
 heats much. 
 
 Thyme is zpot-he?b, of which there are commonly 
 cultivated a broad and a narrow leaved fort, but the 
 former moftly. There is a fort called lemon thyme r 
 that is admired for its flavour, and another called Jihtr 
 thyme, which, with the Jlriped, are confidered rathe'r as 
 merely ornamental. It is heft to raife the common 
 forts from feed, though root branches, on account of 
 their trailing nature, may be ufually had from old plants. 
 Slips will giow, if fet in a light rich foil, in a (had/ 
 fituation, or kept moift by watering, Loofening the 
 
 earth
 
 SECT. XVI. OF HER3S,-&C. 259 
 
 earth under, and drawing it 'up about old plants one 
 year, will produce plenty of rooted branches the next. 
 The plants fhould grow at fix or eight inches diftance. 
 If propagated from feed, let it he fown thin in March, 
 and covered lightly. Slips are heft made in April. 
 This herb makes a neat edging when planted clofe. but 
 it is a great impoverimer of the ground. Keeo it low. 
 
 ToMATUM or love apples, we have red, ivhite, and 
 yellow fruited ,* and of the red and yellow, a cberry-Jhaped 
 fort. The firft, or large red, is that commonly cul- 
 tiv-^tedy-and it ferves for ah ornament in the garden, as 
 well as of ufe for the table, in a pickle made of the green 
 fruit, and when red in foups, <8cc. It is alfo iorne- 
 times pickled when red, (i. e. ripe.) At the end of 
 March, or beginning of April, it mud. be fowil in a 
 moderate hot-bed; and being foon thinned, let the 
 plants grow two or three inches high, and be pricked 
 in f'mall pots, to turn into the cold ground towards the 
 end of May ; or if not long and weak, keep them under 
 cover a little longer. Give them a funny fituation 
 againft a wall, for regular and timely training, or fup- 
 port them by iticks. They take up much room, and 
 in rows mould be three yards aiunder. If planted out 
 upon holes of hot dung, it would help . their fpeedy 
 rooting, and forward them much for ripening their 
 fruit, which in bad "feafons they fometimes fail in. 
 They require much water in dry weather. 
 
 Wormwood is a ufeful medicinal herb; and com- 
 mon as it is in many places, in others it is not to be 
 met with wild. Befides the common, there is a Roman 
 wormwood — both are efficacious ; fome preferring the 
 one, fome the other. They are commonly raifed from 
 flips and cuttings, in any of thefommer months, or from 
 feed fown infpring. 
 
 SECT.
 
 C S6Q \ 
 SECTION XVII. 
 
 
 OF FRUITS, 
 
 THERE is a variety (and of fome a great one) of 
 each kind of fruit, and the difference of talks 
 makes it impoffibleto pronounce upon their particular 
 merits. With refpecl to fruit, there are provincial 
 prejudices in favour of fome, and of apples in par- 
 ticular; fo that in one county, a fort fhall be generally 
 known and admired, and in another, not be heard of. 
 
 In aflifting the young gardener in his choice of the 
 principal fruits, only a few forts will be named; fucrf 
 as have obtained almoft an univerfal credit. It would 
 be well if the number of fome kinds (as \n peaches J were 
 reduced; for their multiplicity occafions a great uncer- 
 tainty, and their fhades of diitin&ion are hardly disco- 
 vered by the belt judges. Nurjerymen s catalogues 
 furnifh large lifts. 
 
 Of the fame fort of fruit there is often a perceptible 
 difference, owing either jointly or feparately to the 
 flock, ftate of the tree, foil, fituation, management, 
 and feafon. Bad planting, by cramping the roots, &c. 
 will often induce fickiinefs, and of courfe a $ood plant' 
 made to produce fmall, ill-flavoured fruit, and thus it 
 will appear to be not itjelf. So that when the bejb 
 method is taken to procure good fruit, (or fuch that 
 pleafe us) which is by grafting, or inoculating from the 
 very tree we have admired the fruit of, our expecta- 
 tions may, in a mcafure, be difappointed by a variety of 
 cucumitunces. 
 
 Nurse-
 
 SECT. XVII. OF FRtflTS. 5<3i 
 
 Nurserymen, it is often faid, are not to be de- 
 pended upon, for if they have not the fort you want, 
 they will fend you one they have; and this may fome* 
 times be the cafe, as they may think, it of little confe- 
 quence if you have one that is good. But the cafe 
 js, there is a great confujion in the names of fruit, by 
 accident, ignorance, carelefthefs, &c. New titles have 
 been arbitarily impofed on old fruits that have happen- 
 ed to vary a little ; and did: in&ions made without a 
 difference, of which circumftance Mr. Evelyn com- 
 plained in his day, faying, " The difcriminating the 
 i'everal kinds of fruit, by their characlerijlical notes, 
 from the leaf, tafte, colour, and other diftinguifhing 
 properties, is much wanting." But as Mr. E. obferves, 
 the ability for this is only attained by long and critical 
 obfervation. Dr. Hill (in his Eden y folio) profefTes to 
 have given great affiftance in this matter. " Under 
 the feftion of fruits t (fays he) we (hall give their proper 
 names and defcriptions, by which every one will 
 know by what names to call thofe he fees." I doubt 
 it; and that an intimate acquaintance only can do it. 
 
 Diiappointment frequently originates with the pur- 
 <hafei\ who having met with a fruit to his mind, in- 
 quires the name, and is told a wrong one, and that, 
 perhaps, of a bad fort ; the nurferymen then comply- 
 ing with his order, is blamed. A reduction of the 
 number of forts, to thofe in which there is an evident 
 difference, with more care on the part of thofe who 
 raife, and thofe who buy trees, in all refpe&s ; and par- 
 ticularly that of preferving the true name, feems necef- 
 fary, therefore, in the affair of fruit trees. 
 
 The choice of fruit trees mould be fomewhat govern- 
 ed by foil and fituation ; (which has been obferved) for 
 that fruit which fucceeds in one, will not in another. 
 Later fruit may be planted in light foils than in ftrong 
 ones. Some forts grow fmeft in a cool, others in a 
 warm foil, and fome fituations are too bleak, either for 
 early or late fruit, though the afpeft, and all other cir- 
 i cum-
 
 *& OF rRUITS. SECT. XVII. 
 
 cumflances,. may be good. In planting fruit trees, par- 
 ticularly thofe of the wall, much dijeretion is neceflary 
 to avoid dilappointment. 
 
 As fruit trees are fo readily purchased, few people 
 care to raije them ; but thofe who may be difpofed this 
 way, will find inftruclions in the feclions nurfery and 
 grafflng. The purchafer muff attend carefully to the 
 planting, for which work directions have been given 
 in the lections of the formation of a garden, and that on 
 planting. For the training and pruning of fruit trees, 
 ample rules are laid down in the fection, On pruning: 
 fo that nothing need be faid of their cultivation here, 
 making proper references. 
 
 Apples, as the mofl ufeful fruit, it will be proper to 
 provide as many trees of as there may be found due 
 room and occafion for ; taking all care to procure good 
 forts of the two kinds; i. e. for eating raw, and drejjed; 
 and to have a proper afjortment of tliejummer, autumn, 
 and winter fruits. 
 
 For the firfl feafon, jenneting, common codlin, margarct 
 apple, and fummer pearmain. Second, gitden pippin, 
 }hll and pifp en, golden rennet, tvhite cahille, and A 
 ccdlin. Third, nonpareil, golden rujjct, Wheeler's r 
 winter pearmain, Kent ijh pippin, ri If lone pippin, rnargilie, 
 Norfolk beefing, and the John apple. There are, no 
 doubt, other apples very good; but, perhaps, thefe 
 have as much merit as any. With refpecf to ra'ifng, 
 ■planting, pruning, <kc. fee pages 30, So, &c. 6&, &c. 
 79, &c. 97, &c. 156, li'O. 
 
 The gathering of apples, and other fruit, from Hand* 
 ards,is often badly performed, damaging the branches, 
 .and breaking the fpursofF; let this bufinefs, therefore, 
 • be properly attended to, particularly in young trees ot 
 good forts. Do not pinch, or bruife, fruit in gather- 
 ing, for even the hardy apple may fuffer. 
 
 As to the keeping of apples, thofe which continue 
 long for ufe Ihould be fufrered to hang late, even to 
 JSlwembcr, if the froit will permit, for they muft be 
 
 well
 
 SECT. XVII. 0? FRUITS, &C\ 56* 
 
 well ripened, or they will fhrink. Lay them on heaps 
 till they have Jwcaied a few days, when they mull be 
 wiped dry. Let them then lay iingly, or at lead thinly, 
 for about a fortnight, and be again wiped, and immedi- 
 ately packed in boxes and hampers, lined with double 
 or treble meets of paper. Place them gently in, and 
 cover clofe, fo as to keep air out as much as poflible. 
 Preferve them from frojl through the winter. Never 
 ufe hay for the purpofe. 
 
 Some of the choicejl table forts of apples may be 
 treated as directed for the beft pears. 
 
 The baking apples need not be packed, but either 
 kept fingly on the floor, or (helves, or in heaps covered 
 over, when they have fweated a few days longer than 
 the others, and' have been wiped dry ; yet thefe, if 
 packed, will certainly fland-a better chance of keeping 
 the longer. Remove all decaying fruit as foon as 
 difcovered, and fuffer no damp or mulfy ftraw to re- 
 main in the room : Ufe that of wheat or rye. 
 
 Apricot is a fruit fomething between a plumb and 
 a peach, partaking of a middle nature, both in growth 
 and tafte. 
 
 ■ The early majculine, Bruffels, orange, Turkey, Breda, 
 Smd Moor park, or Anjon, are the common and belt wall 
 forts ; but the Turkey, .and the Moor-park , though ex- 
 cellent fruits, are idle uncertain bearers. The Dun-more 
 Breda (excellent) is ripe in September. 
 
 Gather apricots a little before ripe, or they will Iofe 
 
 that fmartnefs which recommends them. With refpect 
 
 to thinning the trees of young fruit, when too full, fee 
 
 _ page 146. Particulars as to ra'ifmg, pluming, &c. fee 
 
 pages SO, 37, 71, 90,-103, 105, 129, &c. 
 
 Berberry (fometimes called fiperidge) is a pretty 
 fruit, ufeful as a preferve and garnijh ; a handfome ihivb, 
 which makes a profitable, and alio ufeful hedge, for by 
 tea on of its thorns it is almoft impregnable. 
 
 Be fides the common red- fruited, thesis a jlonelefs 
 red, preferred for preferves. See Lift 5, feci. 19. Of 
 raifing this fhrub,-&c. fee pages 76, 165. 
 
 Cor-
 
 £$4 07 FRUITS. SECT. XVII- 
 
 CORNEL; i. C. Cornelian cherry. The fruit ufed to 
 be by many preserved to make tarts, and a medicinal 
 preparation was alfo made of it, called rob de corn is. 
 See cherry, Lift 2, fe&. 19. 
 
 Cherry : The forts may be the earty May, May- 
 duke, (ripe in June J white, red, and black hearts, bleeding 
 heart, bigeroon, Turkey, trade/cants, and morella; to 
 which may be added, the yellow Spanifi, and white Swifs, 
 ripe in Angufl. 
 
 In gathering cherries, take care not to pull the fruit 
 fpur off, which is a very common thing. If they are 
 properly ripe, they will part eafy from the tree. See 
 pages 31,37, 85, 90, 103, 157, 160, 163. 
 
 Chesnut is not a garden fruit, but the manured, 
 or Spanijh fort, in an open fituation, produces good 
 nuts about Michaelmas, and may be kept all winter, it 
 covered clofe from the air, See page 75. 
 
 Currant, we have a fmall red and white, with a 
 larger of each, called Dutch currants, the Champaign?, 
 or pale red fort, and the black. There are currant trees 
 with variegated leaves, and a fort with a goofeberry 
 leaf. Seepages 31,38,76, 106, 159, 163. 
 
 Fig is a fruit, the forts of which that are mofily 
 planted without doors in England, are the common larjfr 
 Hue, early dwarf blue, early dwarf white, and large ivhite. 
 The firftkind is thehardieft; but yet do not always 
 ripen well with us abroad. See pages 29, 30, 74, 103, 
 105, 151, &c. 
 
 Filberd, we have a white zn&red fort of, and the 
 latter judged mofl agreeable in flavour. Other nutt 
 are the Spanijh, £ob, and hazel in variety. The firft is 
 a large nut with a thin fhell, and the fecond is a large 
 one with a thick fhell, but both are good. There is a 
 nut near two inches long, but it does not kernel well. 
 See pages 37, 71, 76, 158. 
 
 Gooseberry, there are many forts of, fcriftng front 
 their propagation by feed, differing in their time 
 of coming in, fize, colour, &c. The large forts of 
 goofeberncs (weighing from ten to fifteen penny- 
 weights)
 
 iter. xvn. •"• iiu'its. IW 
 
 weights) have been much run upon, yet' there are 
 fmall ones better tailed . The names at .lea ft of the 
 forts are numerous, (above 009) but thoTe that hive 
 been long commonly cultivated are, the early black, 
 Jmail early red, fmooth green, hairy green, common and 
 large white, hairy and fmocih red, ironmonger, Cham- 
 paign?, yellow, amber, and tawney. Seepages 51, 38, 
 76, 106, 159, 163. 
 
 Grape. The only forts likely to fruit well in open 
 culture, are the black July, white and black fzveet water, 
 black mufcadine, and black clujler. See pages 29, 31, 
 75, 103, 105, 147, &c. 
 
 Medlar, we have an apple and pear fhaped fort of; 
 but this fruit is little cultivated, and not crood till rotten 
 ripe. The forts are, the German, the Italian, and the 
 Englijhi or Nottingham medlar. Gather at the begin- 
 -ning of November, lay fome on ft raw, and cover with 
 ftraw ; and others (to forward their ripening) put in a 
 box, on a two inch layer of frefh bran, moiftened well 
 frith foft warm water; then ftrew bran between them, 
 -*id cover two inches thick, which moiften alio, but 
 not fa wet as before: Proceed thus, layer upon layer; 
 atffd a week, ten days, or a fortnight, will do the bufi- 
 :*.js. See pages 37, 75. 
 
 The chief value of the medlar (as alfo'of the fervice) 
 \% its late coming in for table ufe, when there is littte 
 r fruit to be had : Few like it. 
 
 Mulberry, there is a black, a white, and a red 
 fdrt of; but the former is the one generally cultivated 
 tor fruit, being as fuch the beft. The white fort of 
 mulberry is that cultivated for fecdingjilk worms. The 
 red fort is the common mulberry of Virginia, hardy, 
 and fucceeds here. 
 
 The mulberry tree fhould h?ve a grafs plat under it 
 for ihc fruit to fall on : tor thofc thus picked up will 
 be fuperior to what may be gathered* See pages 32, 
 37, 75 j 157. « 
 
 N Necta-
 
 t$€ OF tRLMTS. SECT. XVII. 
 
 . Nectaf.ink is much like the peach in all refpefrs, 
 only that it is fmaller, has a hnooth fkin, and ot firmer 
 fleth. The Neivington, red Roman, temple, and murry, 
 are good forts, to which the curious, in a good fitua- 
 tion, may add the early nutmeg, the late green, or 
 P. ierborough, and the -white Italian. 
 
 In gathering nectarines and peaches, never pinch them 
 to try whether they are ripe ; tor when fo, the touch 
 will difcover it, and uhenthorough ripe (as they fhould 
 be) thev will come from the tree with great eafe. See 
 pages uk), SO, 71, DO, 103, 105, U K J, ckc. 
 
 Nut, fee Filberd. 
 
 Peach (in general) fucceeds better than the necla- 
 rine, as to bearing and ripening. There .s a great 
 variety of peaches under cultivation m England, but 
 on the Continent the number is much greater. The 
 following may be recommended : The early Ann, early 
 Ncwington, early purple, the red and white Magdalen s, 
 the two mignons, noblejj'e, admirable, old, or late iXeiv* 
 ington and Catherine. 
 
 Peaches cannot be too ripe, (fee neclarine) fo that 
 thofe which drop are by many reckoned the beft ; and 
 'hole whofe flefh adheres to' the iionc (called pavies) 
 are by fome thought the more delicious. The noblejje 
 and admirable part from the itone. See pages 29, 00, 
 71, 90, 103, H)s !£9„ &c. 
 
 Pear, there is a great variety of, cluHed into Jammer, 
 autumn, and zr/w/Vr fruits. The jummer. fo£s may be 
 the green chijji'l, Catharine, Jargonelle, and jummer 
 Bonchretian. The autumn, brown buerrc, bergamots y 
 [wans egg, and dean pear, or St. Michael. The 
 winter St. Germain, crefan, winter bonchretian, colmar, 
 ■A\\c\chaumonttlle. Thele all come in for eat ing regu- 
 larly, the full in July, and the lad continues on to 
 June. Baling pears, Parkinjon's -warden, the union, or 
 Uvedales St. German, cadillac and black pear of \Vor> 
 ciQer, good to Midfummer. m 
 
 Gather
 
 SECT. XVII. OF FRUITS. 2G7 
 
 Gather pears of the fummer forts rather before thcjv 
 are ripe, as when thoroughly {q they eat meally, and 
 will not keep well above a day or two ; even wheft 
 gathered as they ought to be, in a week, or lefs, thejr 
 will go at the core: They mould not, however, be 
 gathered, while they require much force to pul! them 
 off. Autumn pears mud alfo not be full ripe at the 
 time of gathering, though they will keep longer than 
 thofe of the fummer. Winter pears, on the contrary, 
 fhould hang as long on the trees as they may, fo as to 
 efcape fro/l> which would make them flat in flavour, 
 and not keep well. Generally they may hang to the 
 middle of Ottober on full Jlandards, a week longer on 
 dwarfs, and to the end oi the month on walls \ but yet 
 not after they are ripe. 
 
 The art of gathering, is to give them a Jiff, fo as 
 to prefs away the (talk, and if ripe they readily part 
 from the tree. Thofe that will not corne off eafy, 
 ihould hang a little longer; for when they come hardily 
 off, they will not be fo fit to ftore, and the violence 
 done at the footftalk may injure the bud there formed 
 for the next year's fruit. 
 
 Let the pears be quite dry when pulled, and in hand- 
 ling avoid pinching the fruit, or in any way (in the 
 leait) bridling it, as thofe which are hurt not only 
 decay themfelves, but prefently fpread mfe/tion to 
 thofe near them : When jufpecled to be bruifed, let 
 them be carefully kept from others, and ufed firfh 
 Gather in mallow bankets, and lay them in gemly. 
 
 Houfe pea.s in a diy a ry room, «r firtt thinly for a 
 few days, and then put them in heaps to fweat ; in 
 order to which, a blanket thrown over them will help. 
 The fermentation mult be watched, and when it feems 
 to have paffed the height of fweaiing, wipe the fruit 
 quite dry with fine flannel, or clean foh linen, and 
 jhre them. 
 
 The Jloring J3 thus: Thofe to be ufed firfl, lay bv 
 
 fmgly on fheives, or on the floor, in a dry fbuthern 
 
 N x' room,
 
 f6B OF FRUITS. SECT. XVII. 
 
 room, on clean dry, mofs, or fwcet dry ftraw, fo as 
 not to touch one another. Some, or all the reft, may 
 be ftored as directed tor apples : for thev wiH thus keep 
 very well, having firft laid a fortnight fmgly, and then 
 nicely culled. But the mod fuperior way is, to pack 
 in large earthen, or China jars, with very dry long 
 mofs at the bottom, fides, and alfo between them, if it 
 might be. Prefs a coat of mofs on the top, and then 
 flop the mouth chfe with cork, or otherwife, which 
 mould be refined over, with about a twentieth part of 
 bees-iuax in it. As the object is effectually to keep out 
 air, (the caufe of putrefaction) the jars, if earthen, 
 may be fet on diy /and, which put alfo between, ro .nd, 
 and over them, to a foot thick on the top. In all 
 clofe ftoring, obferve, there fhould be no doubt or the 
 foundnefs of the fruit. Guard in time hom froft thofe 
 that lie open. Jars of fruit mnft be foon ufed after 
 unfeahng. See pages 31, 37, 44, 71, 74, S2, 89, 90, 
 95, &c. 103, 153, 160. 
 
 Plum, of the many forts the following are good: 
 Green and blue gage, Foiberingham, zvhite and blue pcr- 
 drigon, drop d'or, la roche Corbon, la royal, and St. Co* 
 iharine. The imperial, or red magnum Ionian, andzc/>//£ 
 magnum honum, are chiefly ufed in tarts, and tor fweeu 
 meats, as is the WenUvorth. The rarly white primor- 
 dian (not a choice truit) is valuable for its coining in 
 the beginning of July ; and the imperairice tor not 
 coming in till Oclober. Dam/on and bullace plum, black 
 and white, very late in the feafon, for tarts, and a fine 
 acid preferve. See pages 51, 37, 71, 74, &«, 90, 103, 
 15 H, and 160. 
 
 Quinck, we have the cerumen apple, and pear Jhaped, 
 and Portugal pear Jhaped^ This fruit cannot be eat 
 raw, but Tor murnieiade, and baked in pies, Sec. the 
 houlewife finds it ufeful. The Portugal is moftly 
 cfleemed. Quinces may hang till N:ve?nber. The 
 npe ones only are of value, which after fweating a few- 
 days,
 
 SECT. XVII, OF FRUITS. 26§ 
 
 days, mull be laid fingly (at fome diftance from one 
 another) on a ihelf. See pages 37* 74, 103. 
 
 Raspberry, the kinds are red and white, and of 
 each a twite bearing fort, i. e. producing fruit in fum- 
 mer and autumn. Of the red there is a prickly wooded 
 fort, and a fmooth one, called the cane, and fomrtimei 
 the reed rafpberry ; and the large Antwerp, of a yellow 
 white, fometimes called the Middletcn Rafp, 
 
 Gather this fruit carefully, and not long before 
 wanted ; lay no great quantity together. Rafpberriea 
 prefently lofe their flavour, and tend to decay. See 
 pages S8, 55, 77, 106, 16-t. 
 
 Service, (fweet) or forb apple, is rarely cultivated 
 for fruit, as it requires a warmer climate than England 
 to ripen it. In fact, it never ripens on the tree. It. 
 is gathered late in autumn, in a very an (fere flate, and 
 laid by on ffraw to decay, when in about a month it 
 becomes agreeable to eat. The trees are hardy, and 
 the curious often plant them, merely for the Angularity 
 of their leaves and fruit. This tree is fometimes 
 trained, on a wall, or efpalier, as pears. There is a 
 vaiietv, as the apple, the pear t fhaped, &c. See lifts 
 of trees, 1, 2, Sea. 19. 
 
 Strawberry : Of this fine flavoured fruit, beau- 
 tiful and fragrant, we have the following forts : Red, 
 ivhite, and green wood ; red and white A i pine : fearlet ; 
 Carolina; hautboy; red and green pine -apple ; Chili , 
 oi forts; with fome feminal varieties, as feveral of thc- 
 hauthoy, and one in particular of the Carolina, called 
 the/>/«^y7f//6^ilrawberry. There is alfo a ftraw berry 
 with one leaf, a variety of the wood an I prolific. 
 
 Gather itrawberries regularly as they ripen, with a 
 bit ot their (talk, and never lay many together to prefs 
 upon one another. The frefher they arc, the finer 
 eating; for this fruit, as the rafp berry, is quite n^u^ht 
 when dale. Seepages 58, 51, 55, 77, 111, 1G5. 
 
 Walnut, there are feveral forts of, -as early and 
 
 late,Jmall and targe, thick and thin Jhellcd r &c. TV<J 
 
 N 3 only
 
 270 ©F FLCWtRS. SECT. XVIII, 
 
 only need be named, the early oval thin (helled, and the 
 common rounds or royal walnut. All the others feein 
 to be only feminal variations from the Lift, which is 
 juflly reckoned the befl fruit. Procure trees from feves 
 to ten years old, as they feldom bear till about twenty 
 yea.-* of aA'« See pages 76, 10ii. 
 
 SECTION XVIIf. 
 
 OF FLOWERS. 
 
 Flowers, the fole luxury which Nature knew, 
 In Eden's pure and guiltlefs garden grew ; 
 Cay without toil, and lovely without art, 
 They fprung to cheer the fenfe, and glad the heart. 
 
 Barbauld. 
 
 FLOWERS, as to their cultivation, are clafTed into 
 annuals, biennials, and perennials. . Annuals are thofe 
 that are {'own and flower, and generally die within a 
 year. Biennjpts are thole that are fown one year, and 
 flower and generally die the next; though fome of thele, 
 by (owing early, and forwarding by a little heat, will 
 blow the fame year. Perennials are thofe that do not 
 flower the year they are fown, but the next, and con- 
 tinue to hve years afterwards, fome fewer, fome more : 
 Oi this clafs there is a great variety, (perhaps fifty to 
 one of the lad) moftly fibrous rooted, fome flefhy, 
 fome bulbt . , and fome tuberous, &c. Moll of the 
 perennials aie annual in their ilaiks. which die down 
 
 to
 
 SECT.XVlU. OF FLOWERS. 27i 
 
 to the ground in winter, znd frcfh (hoots rife in the 
 fpring. But, ftri&ly fpeaking, all of each clafs are not 
 annual, biennial, and perennial ; for fome of the annuals 
 come (though more weakly) a fecond, or. a third year, 
 as Chineje holybiek and Indian pink, and a few others, 
 ''which die abroad) would live through the winter if 
 houfed. Of the biennials, the fame rmy be faid of the 
 Jlock July-flower, fweet William, and wail flr.ver; only 
 the former of thefe plants does not always live through* 
 the winter. All are to be fown, or propagated, as they 
 are claffed, in order to have a certain and fine blow. 
 Of the perennials, fome do not flower well above three 
 or four years, as the hchhock, &c. for which a fowihg 
 fhould of courfe take place the year before they are 
 wanted: A few may alfogo off the fecond year, having 
 perfected only one blow. See pages 4 1, 42,55, 5 0,59, 
 €4. 65, 69, 110. 
 
 What iweets are thefe which gratefully diffufe 
 
 Their fragrance round ? . — ■ 
 
 -'Tis the/sitWj 
 
 The incenfe of the garden's breath, that fheds 
 This balmy fweetnefs. — — 
 
 I'o the fmell 
 
 How grateful, not le s pieafing to the eye 
 
 The bloom of opening flower^. — Kind Nature here . 
 
 In nice proportion all her favours deals ; 
 
 Thofe gales around the blifsful garden pours, 
 
 Neither tQO ftrong the organs to ppprefs, 
 
 Nor yet fo faint the fenfes to elude. 
 
 See in what various tints the flowery tribes 
 Their feverai beauties (hew, and court the eye 
 With new delight, diftinguihYd each from each 
 By different hues — how wife the bounteous hand 
 Of that indulgent power! tho' perfect ail 
 His works, who yet on all the charms beftows 
 Of novelty to (hew 'em {till more fair. 
 
 New comb. 
 N 4 1 . of
 
 £7.2 V} M.OWLRi. bICT. XVIII, 
 
 1. OF ANNUALS, 
 
 Annual 'flowers are ufually divided into three claflea, 
 i. e. tender, Id's lender, and hardy. 
 
 In the lilt, feci ion 19th, the tender annuals are 
 marked 1, the left tender 2, and trie unmarked are 
 hurdy. 
 
 To this ///? of flowers might be added others, and 
 forr^e. poflihry that are pretty j but many of the annuals 
 introduced for variety's fake in large gardens, planta- 
 tions, &c. are weed-like, dull, and rambling, and per- 
 haps a few among thofe here mentioned may not be 
 fufheiently Qnuiriunicd (as, for inllance, the whites \ 
 where there are other colours oi the fame flower) to 
 give general fatisfaction; for a gay appearance is cer- 
 tainly the firft objecl in the cultivation of flowers to 
 adorn our, walks. There are rare plants, and others 
 admirable in their ftruclure and properties, which make 
 no mew ; but thefe are rather fubjects for the curious 
 botanijl, and he will defervedly think them worthy of a 
 place in his garden. 
 
 Some flowers are both beautiful and fragrant; but 
 many have only one of tliefe properties to recommend 
 them. Some are cultivated chiefly for the beauty or 
 elegance oflheir leaf, as the tricolor, ice plant, pal ma 
 chri/li, and the curled mallow, and fome that bear 
 pretty and ,fweet flowers, are meanly furnifhed with 
 leaves, as the yellow Julian. Others oht; in a place in 
 the garden, neither for fragrance, or flower, or leaf; 
 but merely for the (ingularity of the fruit, or feed 
 veffel, as the egg plant, Jnails, caterpillars, hedge hegs, 
 bonis, and others. 
 
 In the given lift, fome of the tender annuals may 
 
 occahonally be confidered as lejs tender; as Amaran- 
 
 thus, coxcomb, aid tricolor, baijams, double, as well as 
 
 Jingle, and jlramonium; only they will not be fo forward 
 
 aud fine Some of thofe alfo among the lefs tender may 
 
 be
 
 SECT. XVIII. OF FLOWERS. 273 
 
 be.fown as hardy, for a late blow, as China- offer, Indian 
 pink, love lies bleeding, French and African marigold, 
 princes feather, ten week Jhcks y and J wed Julian. Some 
 among the hardy annuals may advantageoufly be treated 
 as the lefs tender, to enfure their termination, or to 
 bring them forward, as belvidere, Inu.an corn, (the large 
 fort of which muft be forwarded upon heat) mignonette* 
 yiajlurtium, and perjicar ia. 
 
 The Culture of each Clafs follows, 
 
 1. OF ANNUALS. 
 
 About Mid -March is a general good time to fow 
 the tender (and in fhort all] forts, though the curious 
 and fkilful being well furnifhed with proper frames, , 
 &c. may begin a month fooner; the end of March, or 
 beginning of April, is, however, not>too late, and will 
 (perhaps) better fuit a young gardener than if he fowed 
 earlier. In order to fucceed in this bufinefs, there 
 mould be provided fine dry and rich earth, good ftable 
 dung, frames and lights, or roomy hand-glafTes, and 
 mats to cover. 
 
 A moderately ftrong hot-Beef, for a one light frame, 
 may be prepared, and the violent heat being certainly 
 over, the feeds either fown thinly in drills, two or 
 three inches afunder, on five or fix inches of mould, of 
 lefs on a weak bed. May fow alfo in pots, plunged to 
 the rims. Cover the feeds from a quarter to half an 
 inch, or more, according to their fize. Some of them 
 will appear in a few days, and others will lie a fortnight 
 or more, according to the circumftances of their parti- 
 cular nature, age, and the heat or moiflure they meet 
 with in the bed. 
 
 Thin the plants a little in time, and foon after to an 
 
 inch, and then again to two, afunder. By no means 
 
 let them be crowded, which would draw them up weak^ 
 
 N 5 and
 
 274 OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVIi:. 
 
 and occaGon a crooked growth; whereas a robuft and 
 ereel ft at v. re is the beauty of any plant. 
 
 Water, jufl warm, mult he gently given them, (not to 
 beat them down) as they may appear to need it, and air 
 (particularly in a full fun) as much as they can be 
 thought to bear, a little at firft, and by degrees more, 
 for this is eifential to their health and ftrength. 
 
 The feeds may alfo be fown in pots, and plunged at 
 the back part of a cucumber or melon bed. A bed may 
 be got ready toprick them into when grown a little, or 
 into pots placed in the like manner; and where only 
 a few are cultivated, this method is adviieable, (to fave 
 trouble) not beginning too early. 
 
 Provide another bed by one month from the fowing, 
 to fet the plants out in ; and having fix inches depth of 
 mould, place them five or fix inches afunder, allotting 
 tho/e to the warmeft part of the bed which were longelt 
 coming up, and which are of cuurfe the weakeft, as 
 globes, &.e. or they may be put out in fmall pots ol five 
 niches diameter: Place the talleit behind. Let th* 
 mould be warmed through before planting. There had 
 better be too little, than too much heat; but if the bed 
 gets over cool,.-//** it, or cover round with If raw, as 
 direcled in the management of hot-beds, page 174. 
 
 If not fown till the beginning of April, this fecond 
 bed may poiTibly go through the bufineis, with proper 
 management to keep up its heat, and covering well on 
 nights; but a third bed is commonly necelfary, in order 
 to fucceed well, and bring the plants on iorward and 
 fine. In this bed, it being covered over with four or 
 *ive inches of mould, the plants mould be in fmall pots, 
 one in each, and plunged an inch deep, clofetoone ano- 
 ther. As the bed gets cooler, the pots are to be earthed 
 higher, till up to the rims in mould; but il planted 
 Without pots, the diftance mould be eight or nine inches 
 afunder. 
 
 More water and air is necelfary as the plants increafe 
 in fize, and every time they are {Luited, let it be care- 
 fully
 
 SECT. XVIII. OF FLOWERS. £75 
 
 Fully, with fome earth about their roots ; though a 
 warm bed will foon make them ftnke, if without mould. 
 Let them be {haded from fun a few davs; i. e. till 
 rooted in their new habitation. As thefe tender 
 annuals do not rightly bear the full open air till Mid- 
 fummcr, give them refolutely as much of it as poifible 
 in the frames, (by degrees) even to taking offthe glailts 
 in the middle part of fine mild days. Keep up a heat 
 in the third bed as long as can be, that the plants may- 
 continue in a growing Hate, and not get Hunted by cold 
 at bottom. To this end, a fourth bed, for fome of the 
 forts, as globes, coxcombs, &c. would be a greater advan- 
 tage as to fize, efpeciallv if the weather is unkind. 
 
 It is hardly necellary to hint that the beds muff be 
 larger, and frames deeper, every time the plants are 
 fhifted. As the firft frame was a one light, let the fe- 
 cund be a. two light, and the third a three light, which 
 may be raifed upon bricks, or boarded round the 
 bottom, as occafion may require. From the fmall pots % 
 let them be tranfplanted into bigger in time, or (as 
 foon as they can fafely be] into warm borders, where, 
 if covered with haud-gJaiies, fet on bricks for a while, 
 it would fecure them from unkind weather, till got a 
 little hardened. In this changeable climate ot England, 
 there is hardly any knowing when tender plants may be 
 expofed fafely; vet too much houfing and covering h 
 to be avoided' as much as poilible. Many flowers w?li 
 need fuppert. See page 55. For the method oi/hififtg 
 plants irom pots, as into bigger, or to the open ground, 
 fee page 184. 
 
 Some of the tender flowers in pots may be plunged 
 to the rims in the ground, to keep their roots -cool, and 
 for the fake of being conveniently covered $ in which 
 cafe, it is proper to put a bit ot tile underneath the pot 
 to keep out worms, which otherwise would get in. 
 
 Good/eed irom tender annuals will not be well had, 
 
 but irom February fown plants. Skilful gardeners. 
 
 lowing early, and having plenty df dung and drawing 
 
 N 6 frames
 
 276 OF FLOWERS. SLCT. XVII!. 
 
 frames, produce furprifmg plants of the tender annual 
 clafs; {o that the globe amaranthus has been raifed to 
 three, and the giant coxcomb, and tricolor, from three to 
 five or fix feet high.* Tender flowers defigned to gather 
 feed from, fhould begin to have fome protection of 
 glafs about Mid-Augujl, at leaft on nights, till they are 
 fully ripened in September. 
 
 Scoop trowels, ot two or three fizes, will be found 
 very ufeful in the fhifting of flowers in general, but 
 particularly of the hot bed fort; and as they fhould be 
 clean from dirt when ufed, fo alfo mould they be free 
 from ruft, by which they will work much pleafanter, 
 and more fuccefsfully : In fhort all garden tools were 
 better kept bright, as well for ufe as neatnefs. Before 
 a trowel is ufed, in the removal of a plant, it is a fafe 
 way to cut ft rait down round the root, and to the 
 bottom, with a large, clean, and not verv blunt knile; 
 fo will the trowel take all up whole, and the fibres will 
 uot be lacerated, or barked : But attempt not to take 
 up more earth in a ball than is likely to hang together, 
 left all drop by its weight. Tranfplant (if poiliblej 
 always in moiif, or cloudy wether. 
 
 A [mall watering pot, (i. e. from two to three quarts) 
 •with a finely pierced rofe, is alfo necefTary, to give 
 rcireihmerit without bending down the plants, or har- 
 dening the furface ot the earth. The form of many a 
 good flower is fpoiled in its infancy by rough watering,, 
 and particularly capficums ; to avoid which c/i\ t what- 
 ever pot is ufed, let it be only half full. 
 
 The petting of plants is often carelefsly, but ought 
 to be moll carefully performed, that as little check as 
 poflible may be felt by the roots* Fill the pot one 
 third, half, or more, full, (as the cafe may require) and 
 then make a hole in the middle, adapted in form to re- 
 ceive the plant, with its ball of earth ; and be furedo it 
 right at firil, fo as not to be too high, or too low, for 
 once put in, it will not be fafe to take it out again, left 
 the mould drop from the roots. Do not prefs the ball
 
 SECT. XVIII. OF FLOWERS. £77 
 
 of earth, (as fome do) but only juft fatten the Ioofe 
 mould that is put round it. If the foil is light, prefs 
 that a little which is firit put in at the bottom. If a 
 plant that is to be potted be -without mould about its 
 roots, raife a hillock [at a proper height) in the middle 
 of the pet, to lay the roots on and round : It mull 
 always be avoided planting in the pots too deep, becaufe 
 fo much of the pot is loll as is above, except the fort is 
 apt to flrike root above, as baifams. In all t ranf planta- 
 tions ^ it is proper to fhorten fome of the roots, and tho 
 moil draggling are to be c ho fen for the purpofe; fo that 
 when it is done with a ball of earth, fome of the ex- 
 ternal fibres muff be cut off, if it was not done by taking 
 up, which it generally is when the plants are any thing 
 large. 
 
 Annuals in pots will require water every day, in very 
 hot weather, and in moderately fo, every other; but 
 thofe in the open ground will do twice as long (or 
 more) without water being given them. Some forts 
 will need more water than others, as egg plants and 
 baljams, than coxcombs and tricolors. This matter, and 
 a variety of others, will be learned by obfervation, 
 without a talent for which, no one can poiTibly become 
 a good gardener. The moil exa£l directions will not 
 t ike in every cafe, and rules will be of little avail, 
 wheie the mind is not in diligent exercife. 
 
 In general, potted plants require water according to 
 the weather, their fituation as to the fun, the fize ol the 
 pots, the fulnefs of the roots, the quantity of leaves, 
 and the particular nature of their Jubilance, as fuc- 
 culent or not: The fmaller pots muil have it the more 
 frequently. The earth alfo in which plants grow makes 
 a great difference, as fome forts of foil retain moiilure 
 much longer than others. It may bz&qiicjlion whether 
 pots ol annual flowers Handing in pans, ihould have 
 water conflantiy kept in them, or only watered (in due 
 time) on the top, till it runs through: Both practices 
 re iollowed by .good gardeners; but the latter 1 think 
 
 bed;
 
 278 OF FLOWERS. SLCT. XVIII. 
 
 bed ; as keeping the young fibres at the bottom always 
 fodden can hardly be right: WithreTpeft to perennials, 
 (except of an aquatic nature) it muft be wrong. Let 
 pots of flowers in Ae fummer be placed pretty much 
 in the flmde and Jhelter but not by any means be under 
 trees, or a roof. A fituation where they have only the 
 morning fun till eleven or twelve o'clock is the beft ; 
 and f'ome perfons are fo envious in this refpeel as to 
 have awnings for the purpofe, and temporary reed fences 
 to keep off the wind, to which flowers (o. rticularly of 
 the tender kind) fhould not be wholly expofed. 
 Annuals, or even a few perennials, may be put in 
 covered places, when nearly in full blow, for the lake 
 of their ornament; but the latter fhould not be conti- 
 nued longer than while the prime fhow lafls, fork will 
 make them weak and crooked. 
 
 It is advi fable not to pot more hardy plants than 
 neceflary, as they occafion much trouble, if properly 
 managed; and after all, will not be fo fine as thole 
 growing in the open ground. Some things are too 
 tender for open culture, and by potting they are con- 
 veniently protected hy frames, or bv houjhig, and fome- 
 times (imply plunging them in the ground, dole againft 
 a warm wall, in winter, where a little protection may be 
 eafily given them. Oihcrs it may be defirable to pot, 
 for the fake of moving them into particular places, 
 when mblciv, and to have fo me ready to put into the 
 ground, where others are gone off, fo as to keep certain 
 favourite borders and walks always well furnilhed; but 
 do not have too much to do in this way. 
 
 Afcond lowing of tender annuals ihould take place 
 three or four weeks after the firft, according as that 
 -was made, late or early ; for their beauties are certainly 
 defirable, as long as the feafon will permit us to behold 
 them, and they are the ficrt/Fi chief dependence in the 
 autumn, when, if he is emulous to do well, he may make 
 a noble creditable fhew. See/;/? 7, in next fecfion, with 
 the obfervations. 
 i The
 
 sect, xvni. of r LOWE as. 279 
 
 The less-tender annuals fhould have a flight 
 bed (about two feet thick) made for them at Mid- 
 March, or a little after, beim* fown and managed as 
 directed for the tender forts. When they are one or two 
 inches high, (according to their nature) they muft be 
 taken up with a fcoop trowel, fo as to keep a ball of 
 earth about their roots, and either tranfplanted on an- 
 other bed, about one and a half foot thick of dung, 
 or into the cold ground ; the fmall kinds at tour or five, 
 and the larger at fix or eight inches afunder, in a good 
 well broke foil. Let them be immediately watered and 
 kept moiif, and fhaded from fun till well fettled. Here 
 they may grow till their leaves begin to meet, when they 
 fhould be cut between their roots with a good knife, and 
 lifted up neatly with a fcoop trowel, to be potted or 
 planted where the}- are to flower : If thisbufinefs is done 
 Weil, they will receive hut little check in their tranfplan- 
 ♦ation. Spindle rooted plants (asjlccksj ihould be moved 
 where they are to blow, as young as may be; but fibrous 
 rooted ones may be ffhfted much older. 
 
 Plants will flag a little even when' removed with a 
 large ball of eaith ; becaufe fome of the fibres of the 
 roots are either broke or cut, and a plant is chiefiy fed 
 by the youngeft and moft extreme parts of the root. If 
 polTible, let all fummer tranfplanted flowers be Jhuded 
 from fun, by garden pots, (raifed a little) or otherwife, 
 till they have itruck frefh roots, which thev will foon 
 do; but uncover on nights. This will occafion fome 
 trouble ; yet the advantage attending it makes it very 
 advifable, if not ahfolutely necellary, and efpecially 
 when the plants are moved with none, or very little 
 mould about their roots, 
 
 A hot-bed for thefo, as it is moderate, may be covered 
 with hoops and mats, and do very well, or rather better 
 than frames and glafs; for it often happens, that annuals 
 
 are
 
 £80 OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVIIT. 
 
 are kept too clofe, by which they become weak, and 
 get (hinted when planted out in the free air, which, by 
 over-nurfing, is made as it were unnatural to them. To- 
 wards the end oi April, dmoft any of them will come 
 up under hand-glajjes, or even without, on a warm 
 border, in a light and rich foil ; but they will blow late, 
 and be not near fo ftrong. The Chinefe hollyhock, 
 though it will certainly come up well at this late fow- 
 ing, will be hardly able to make a fhow before winter. 
 Thofe flowers of this clafs, however, that have been 
 mentioned to be occafionaliy confidered as hardy, may 
 be thus treated for a. fecondb\o\v. 
 
 Other modes of cultivation are, that a few of the 
 lefs tender forts may be fown in pots, and placed (not 
 plunged) in any hot bed that is in work tor other 
 things ; but they mull not be kept clofe, or hot, which 
 would draw them up weak : This plan may do for 
 them a little while, and a lliglit heat may be got ready 
 to prick them out upon, when air may be given them 
 freely, and by no means keep them clofe. 
 
 Again, both this clafs of annuals, and the former, i£ 
 not very early fown, do exceeding well, (or rather belt) 
 when on hot beds, under hand-glajes, or paper ligkts y 
 particularly baljann. 
 
 What was laid of tender annuals apply here, as to* 
 kh\ water, and co-ver, but more freedom in the p, eient 
 eafe is to be taken. If any are under mats, the cover 
 mull be removed on days, except the weather he bad ; 
 or it may be only turned back, and half off, to let the 
 fun and light in from the font h. Never let either the 
 feeds or plants of annunls really want water when the 
 weather is dry. See page 55. See Lijl 3 in the next 
 Section, with the obfervations. 
 
 The hardy annuals have fome little difference in 
 their temperature, • Though all may be fown from the 
 
 middle
 
 SECT. XVIII. OF FLOWERS. 281 
 
 middle to the end of March, as the beft average feafon, 
 fome may generally, with fuccefs, be fown at Mid- Fe- 
 bruary, as candy tufts, cornbottles, lark/purs, bawhvecd, 
 lavatcra, label's catchfty-, lupines, diva rf lychnis, nigella, 
 Jweet peas, poppies, mulberry Might, oriental mallow^ 
 perficaria, fun-flower, annual f nap dragon, Venus' 's look- 
 ing-glafs, and navel-wort, virginian, or annual flock > 
 and winged peas, with fume others. 
 
 But nature feoms evidently to direct an autumn fow- 
 ing, for many forts which are then flied (fome always, 
 and others often) £ome up at fpring, and thefe make 
 the fined blow, and produce the beiifeed for propaga- 
 tion. A number, (all the above forts) therefore, might 
 be fcattered on the furface of the ground at random, 
 not immediately as foon as ripe, but kept a little while 
 to harden : This however is not a common practice, as 
 gardeners like to have their borders at liberty to fpring 
 chefs before they fow their annuals. 
 
 For the j'pring lowing, (about Mid-Manh) the 
 ground being deep dug, and well broke, make hollow* 
 (by drawing the mould afide) of from fix to twelve 
 inches diameter, or more, according to the fizeof the 
 garden, as large ones mould have the biggeft patches. 
 Sow thin, and cover according to the fize of the feed, 
 from a quarter to an inch deep. Take out mould 
 enough to leave the patches fomewhat hollow, wiuca 
 will ferve to fhow where they are fown, and to receive 
 the rain, or occafional watering. It may be proper alfo 
 to put a bit of flick in the center of each, as a mark, that 
 the feed may not be difturbed. If the plants come up 
 crowding, be hire to thin them foon, and leave only a 
 number fuitable to their ufual fize of growth ; as one 
 of the behidere, cornbottle, perficaria, and J un -flower ; 
 two of the lavatera, oriental mallow, mulberry-blight,' 
 &c. three larkfpurs ; and four of lefs plants. Annuals 
 are very often fown too thick, and fuffcred to fhtnd tot 
 clofe for flowering, and that altogether not by negw 
 kc% but choice ; yet a few lho:V fliong plants with 
 
 fine
 
 ■Itt OF * LOWERS. SECT. XVIII. 
 
 fine full flowers, are furely better than many tali 
 dangling weak ones. 
 
 A JecGnd, or even a third, fowlng of hardy annuals 
 may be made, at two or thiee weeks between, to con- 
 tinue tbe blow, efpecially of thofe that come early, 
 and are foon off: Mid- May is not too late. The lark- 
 Jpur, for initance, will make a long {how with us, by 
 autumn, and early and late jpring plants ; in fhort of 
 every flower that blows mjummer, there may be three 
 fowings, and two of thofe that come early in autumn, 
 in order to a full fucceflion. 
 
 - Harrfv annuals do not in general tranf plant well, fo 
 fhould be fown where they are to remain, and they 
 mull have a good foil in order to fuccefs. Take care to 
 fow the tallejl growing texts behind, and the loweft ia 
 Jront, and to form the patches at a fufficient diftance 
 from one another, that the ground may be flirred and 
 raked between them. A garden may be too full of flow- 
 ers, which it certainly is, if the earth is notfeen diftinclly 
 round about them : tor when that is clean and frefh, all 
 things growing in it appear more lively : It is, as it were, 
 the back -ground of a picture. A few hardy annuals 
 may be fown in pots, letting them where they have only 
 the morning fun, and when in flower, they will ferve 
 to put into any particular place, for ornament, or be 
 turned out into the open ground, where fomething 
 may be wanting. 
 
 2. OF BIENNIALS. 
 
 There are but a few of thefe, and the principal fort* 
 will be found in the lift of them, next Jccthn, where 
 obfervations will be made on particular plants. 
 
 Thefe are to be /own in drills, or in beds, at broad- 
 
 call, the latter end *i March, or beginning of April, 
 
 where they have only the morning fun, and the ground 
 
 ; J fliould
 
 JLCT. XVIII. OF FLOWERS. 583 
 
 fliould be coo), or kept fo by occafional watering : 
 The beginning of May, however, is not too late. 
 
 Thin the young plants on the feed beds a little, foon 
 after they appear, to about an inch, and again to three 
 or four inches afunder, and keep them well weeded. 
 They may either thus remain till autumn, to be planted 
 out where they are to blow : or if they grow too ftrong 
 and crowding, let every other be drawn in Jurnmer, 
 (chu'fing a moift time, if poflible) and planted out 
 wider into nurfery beds for ufe in autumn, or the fol- 
 lowing fpring: The latter feafon will do for final 
 planting, though the former is belt, as the roots get 
 eltablifhed in the ground ; when if moved in the fpring 
 they meet with a check. It is belt, if poflible, to 
 tranfplant with earth about the roots ; but ihorten all 
 itraggling fibres, and cut off dead and rambling leaves. 
 In jevtre winters, thofe moved in autumn (it not very 
 «?arly) are fometimes killed, and therefore a few may be 
 referved to fpring, in cafe of fuch an accident ; when 
 being moved with good balls of earth, they will not be 
 much checked. If planted late (as November) let them 
 have fine well broke earth about the roots, ^and lay 
 mofs, old bark, or fmali Hones round them for protec- 
 tion from froft. Some of the Peremiials might form 
 another clafs, and be called Biennial-Perennial, &c» 
 from their uncertain continuance. 
 
 3. OF PERENNIALS. 
 
 This clafs (as has been obferved) is very numerous* 
 and the plants are propagated, many of them by their 
 roots, according to their nature, as fibrous, bulbous, &c. 
 fome by layers, fuckers, offsets, flips, cuttings, and a 
 few by yW only. All forts (bearing feed) are occa- 
 fionally propagated this way, for ?iezu varieties, or to 
 produce fiver plants, as thofe from feed generally prove, 
 with rdpect to fbength, fymmetry, and flowers. It 
 
 happens,
 
 C8* OF FLOWER*. &I.CT. XVI IT. 
 
 happens, however, when propagated from feed, that 
 though fometimes a better, -more frequently a lefs beau- 
 tiful flower is produced of many forts ; and this is the 
 realon why the other modes of propagation are fo much, 
 adopted, by offsets, &c. as thus they come identically 
 the fame with the mother plant. Another obltacle 
 againft fome forts being fown is, that they are feveral 
 years before they come to bear, as ail bulbous, and tu- 
 berous rooted flowers. 
 
 The Dutch have made themfelves famous by their 
 patience and perfeverance in raifmg bulbs and iubers r 
 and fbw every year fome of each kind, which pays them 
 well, when they meet with an eminently good flower. 
 A new foil of anemone, auricula, carnation, ranunculus , 
 and even a polyanthus, will frequently fetch a guinea, 
 and a tulip, or a hyacinth, fometimes ten. 
 
 To ratfe bulbous and tuberous rooted flowers, they 
 fhould be fown in boxes (fuppofe three feet long, two? 
 wide, and fix inches deep) of light rich earth, about 
 the middle of Auguji, or September, and fetting them in 
 a funny fheltered place not under cover. Sow anivmhei 
 and ranunculujes a quarter of an inch deep ; irifes, coU 
 chicums, and cyclamens, half an inch ; and tulips, frit- 
 tiilancs, and hyacinths, "near an inch deep, giving water 
 in a div time, fo as ro keep the mould fomewhat moiff, 
 but not wet. A little hay may be kept over the feeds 
 till the plants appear, which perhaps will be fpring 
 with fome. Sowings may take place alfo in March \ 
 ox April, removing the boxes in May, to where they 
 may have only the morning fun. Thin them a little, 
 if they come up thick, and when the Hulks die, put on 
 halt an inch of fine mould ; and after the decay of the 
 leaf ne.vt fuu.r.e., they rrarfl be planted out in nurfery 
 beds, (latter cud of Jivg uft) two, or three inches afun- 
 der, (according to their nature) and fome will blow 
 the following year, as the anemone and ranunculus, &c. 
 though the hyacinth will he four, or five, and the tulip 
 feven or eight firiL Thefe mull be removed from 
 
 the-
 
 SECT. XV I II. O? FLOWETvS, 285 
 
 the firft nurfery bed to another, (as foon as their top* 
 are decayed) and planted at fix inches diftance; and 
 ever after treated as blowing plants. Keep them very 
 clear of weeds, particularly the feedings ; which protect 
 in fevere weather from frofi, or heavy rain, by mats 
 and hoops. A reed hurdle, or fomething elfe, put up 
 at the N. E. end, to break off the wind when it is harfh, 
 will be proper. 
 
 Fibrous rooted, &c. perennials, if propagated from 
 feed, are to be treated as biennials ; but they are mollly 
 "increafed (as obferved) other ways, with lefs trouble, 
 and chiefly by parting the roots in autumn and fpring, 
 or by rooted flips or offsets, fhortening their flraggling 
 fibres. Many of them have creeping roots, and in- 
 creafefo faft, that it is neceflary to take them up every 
 three or four years ; and a removal of this fort is proper 
 for moft perennials, in order to greater neatnefs, and a 
 fuperior cultivation ; for though large tufts look hand- 
 forae, they may be too bulky, and fome kinds are apt to 
 rot (as bachelor s buttons) when thick, the ftalks and 
 lowers come Weajt, and the leaves, toward the bot- 
 . turn yellow. 
 
 In the next feci ion, is a lift of the moft common, 
 ornamental, or curious perennial flowers, (eafy of ciilv 
 tivation) having fibrous and flejhy roots, of which not 
 ail the forts are named, but thofe only which feemed 
 moft worthy for feiection. 
 
 The general culture of bulbous and tuberous roots is, 
 to take them up annually, foon after they have flowered ; 
 when their leaves and ftalks turn yellow and decay,' 
 then the root is at re/1, and its fibres die. When firft' 
 taken up, lay them covered in dry ground for a few 
 days, and then clean and harden them in the fun, (if 
 not exceeding hot) when they mart be ftored in a dry' 
 place, till wanted : damp is apt to rot them. Never 
 put many together, or into earthen veffels for keeping 
 them, left they mould and ficken. 
 
 It
 
 236 OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVIII. 
 
 It is not abjolulcly ncceflary to take bulbs and tubers 
 Up every year, as every feeond or third mav do ; but 
 it is the common practice of gardeners to do To, be- 
 caufe it gives an opportunity to remove the offjets for 
 propagation, and the mother bulbs are thus llrengthen- 
 ed, as alio from the renewed foil they meet with by a 
 frefh plantation. Some people fuffer bulbous roots to 
 remain many years without taking up;. but then they 
 cramp and ftarve one another* and arc apt to go off 
 from their original beauty. 
 
 Bulbs and tubers may be either replanted immediately 
 on being taken up, or kept out of ground during their 
 natural periods ot reft ; or for fome forts even longer, 
 as Anemony and Ranunculus, for feveral months. Au- 
 tumn flowering bulbs are to be taken up in May, if their 
 leaves are decayed. 
 
 Spring flowering bulbs mould be rephnted in Sep- 
 tember or Oflober ; thofe ot t\\efu?mncr in Oclober, or 
 November-, and thofe of autumn in July or Augujl. A 
 little before, or after, is not very material ; only when 
 they are put in too foon, the Spring ones come fo for- 
 ward as to be liable to be damaged in fevere winters, 
 and fprings ; and when kept out of the ground too long, 
 the buibs fpend themfelv.es fir ft in making roots. Tha 
 Jcaly bulbs (as lilies) fhould not be kept out of the 
 ground above a month or fix weeks. Thofe that 
 flower in fummer, may be put in the ground at different 
 times, as early and late in autumn, and early in the 
 new year, (not later than February) to obtain a fuc-t 
 cefhon of blow. If any are put in at the end of February 
 or beginning of March, the)' fhould remain two years 
 for increafe. This is a common practice with the 
 anemone and ranunculus ; but when planted in winter* 
 the foil mould be a dry one, or made fo, by digging in a 
 good quantity of fine fea-coal afhes, and coarle, or drift 
 land ; elfe they are apt to rot, if much wet falls, before, 
 they have ftarted iibres, .efpccially when followed by 
 
 fharp
 
 SECl*. XVIII. UF FLOWERS. 23, 
 
 fharp froft. They m ry be protecled from wet by 
 mats, and from froft by peas haulm; or wheal ftraw. 
 
 Offsets of bulbs, arid weak tubers, mail be planted 
 a month before the fuil-fizcd roots ; and as they are not 
 expected to flower the firft year, mould be di'pofed ot 
 in mirfery beds, (rather clofe) where they may grow 
 a year, or two, according to their ftrength, as fome 
 will be this time, or longer, before thev flower. Thofe 
 taken from fcaly bulbs, will not endure to be out of 
 ground, and muft therefore be planted alraoft imme di- 
 ately. Bulbs token up out of feafon, i. e. when they 
 have remained fo long in the ground as to have ftraek 
 out frefh roots, mould be removed with balls of earth, 
 for though they may live without this care, they will 
 be exceeding weak ; it is therefore neceflary exactly to 
 obferve the proper feafon for removal. 
 
 The foil that bell fuits bulbous 3nd tuberous roots in 
 general, is a fandy loam ; but mofl of the forts are not 
 very nice. The ground for them mould however be 
 well dug, even two fpades deep, that their fibres may. 
 (hoot freely, and wet be completely drained from them, 
 when much of it falls, This -work, fhould be done a 
 week before planting, that t-he ground may fettle. In 
 a light foil, roots of the ranunculus have been found to 
 Ilrike a yard deep, which may admonifh, that in a clay 
 bottom, it is proper to lay a body of itones there, (fup- 
 pofe at eighteen inches) that too much moifture may 
 not be' detained to ficken the roots. 
 
 The depth at which bulbs fhould be planted, muft be 
 according to their fize, three or four inches deep, from 
 their top. Tubers alfo according to their fize ; ane- 
 mones and ranunculujes at two, or two and a halt' 
 inches, &c. Some bulbs will come up even when a 
 foot below the ground, as crown imperials, and crocufes % 
 at fix inches, or more ; fome perfons, therefore, plant 
 them deeper than the above rule, in order to be able to 
 Air the fur face of the ground without damaging them, 
 but it is not advifable. 
 
 The
 
 C88 OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVlll- 
 
 The proper difpofttion of bulbous and tuberous roots, 
 is either in beds (a trifle rounded) of from three to four 
 feet and a half wide, for the curious forts ; or in patches, 
 to form clufters of three, four, or five, agreeable to the 
 room they require. There mould be only one in a place 
 (generally) of the white, or orange lily, crown impe- 
 rial, and fuch like large bulbs. 
 
 In beds, the fancy forts of bulbs, and tubers, may be 
 fet in rows, eight or nine inches afunder, and from 
 five to feven inches in the rows, according to their 
 fize. The diftance of four inches apart is, however, 
 by fome florifts, thought fufficient for anemones and 
 ranunculujes ; but certainly more were better, where a 
 ftrong blow is a firft object. Hyacinths mould be 
 planted at feven, or eight, though they are more com- 
 monly fet at fix inches. Tulips mould be at eight, or 
 mne, though fix is often all that is allowed them. 
 
 When planted, if rain does not come in about four 
 clays, beds of bulbs and tubers fhould be watered, to 
 ftc them growing, that they m»y not mould and rot. 
 
 Though bulbs may be planted by a dibble, (taking 
 care that the earth docs not lay hollow about the 
 WDOts) a better way is, to draw drills, and place them 
 in, giving them a gentle prefiure into the ground, and 
 covering neatly up. A little heejand mav be ilrewed 
 along the bottom of the drills, under hyacinths, anemo- 
 nes, and ranunculujes, if the foil is not a dry and light 
 one. The beft way of planting bulbs is, however, to 
 draw the mould off the bed to a fufficient depth ; then 
 lay the furface perfectly level ; give a watering ; and 
 when the top is a little dry, mark it out into proper 
 iized fquares ; then place a bulb in the middle of each, 
 and carefully cover up, (o as not to throw them on their 
 iides ; Give the whole a little prefiure with the back of 
 a fpade to fatten the mould. 
 
 B'j'lbs and tubers in beds, may conveniently be pro- 
 tect cL when in flower, from rain and fun, by an awn- 
 ing, which will continue them in perfection of blow 
 4 much
 
 SECT. XVI It. OF FLOWERS. f?&9 
 
 blow much longer than if always expofed. When tbefe 
 flowers, in beds, firlt break ground, it the weather is 
 fevere, they may then have an awning of mats, or cloth, 
 ©ccafionally over them; or a little peas haulm, or 
 wheat Jtrazv, laid thinly on, juft to proteft them in 
 their tender flate a little ; this regards particularly 
 nights, for on days a cover mould not remain on in to- 
 Feruble weather. But before the (hoots appear above 
 ground, valuable beds of tbefe flowers mould be fhel- 
 tered from having much wet, 'even all through winter) 
 as moifture gives f'rofl fo great power. If a body of 
 inow lies on, it mould not be fuffered to melt there 
 when it thaws. 
 
 Spring flowering bulbs may be brought forward br 
 planting them in pots, or in water-glajjes, and letting 
 them in warm rooms, or hot-beds ; and thus, even in 
 winter, we may have ornaments and fweets that court 
 our admiration. The great variety of hyacinths and 
 polyanthus iiarciffits, furnim us amply in "this way ; but 
 ether early bulbs .may alfo be thus forwarded. Pots, 
 placed in a light warm kitchen window, may be brought 
 forward to make their blow in the parlour; or if placed 
 in any window, open to the fouth, it will forward them. 
 Tbefe fhould be potted in October, and have a light dry 
 foil, occafionally giving water. Bulbs may be put in 
 glaffes at this time, and once a month after, to February, 
 tor a fuccefTion. Let the bii)b juft touch the water, 
 which fhould be foft, and replenifheu fo often as to keep 
 it up-to the bottom of the bulbs. Let it be completely 
 changed about once a week. ; and if a bit of nitre, the 
 fize of a pea, be put in each time, it will ftrengthen, 
 the blow. 
 
 Though bulbous flowers are propagated plentifully 
 by root offsets, yet fome are increafed from little bulbs 
 formed on the fides or tops of the /talks y as the moly 
 tribe, and the bulbiferous lily. Thefe fhould be taken 
 off in Auguft, dried a little in the fun, and then planted 
 in nuiftfrv beds as offsets. 
 
 O Bulb's.
 
 £30 OF FLOWERS. SECT. XVI IT. 
 
 Bulbs, propagated from offsets, produce a flower ex- 
 actly like the parent ; and varieties are only to be oLh 
 tained from Jecd, which never produces flowers quite 
 like the original the feed came from. 
 
 Let feed be faved only from choice flowers, be 
 thorough iipe, and being hardened a little in the fun, 
 may be fowed foon after, in pots, or boxes, of good 
 light earth. See p<:ge 284. Perfons of leifure and cu- 
 riofky, would do well to amufe themfelves in this way, 
 that we may not be fo much indebted to foreigners, for 
 a fupplv of new flowers. 
 
 An obfervation may be here made, that the fame 
 bulb (as is often thought) does not always continue ; 
 for fome are rcneived' every year, as the tulip ; and 
 ethers the fecond, third, &c. ; fo that when taken up 
 to remove offsets, the principal bulb of the tulip, &c. 
 which is commonly eiteemed the old one, is, in fafib, 
 a new formed one, though (perhaps) not lefs in fize, 
 and it may be bigger. 
 
 As many Shrubs (i. e. woody plants) are propa- 
 gated in a view principally to their f ewers, they will 
 properly enough be confidered a little here, as to their 
 propagation. See feftion 9. 
 
 The deciduous Jhrubs that are moil ufually cultivated 
 for their ornamental nature, will be found in the Hits 
 of the next feelion; and their modes of propagation are 
 denoted thus : — h. budding — c. cuttings — g. graff — 
 /. layers — r. roots— -f. feeds — ~fl. Hips — -fu. fuckers — by 
 r. reots, includes offsets. 
 
 Of the various methods of propagating trees and 
 (lirubs, that by feed is the bed, where it can be adopted 
 (as. has been obferved) and the feafon is autumn or 
 Jpring. If in autumn, it may be earlier, or later, as 
 the feeds ripen ; for foon after they are ripe is the moft 
 proper time to commit them to the earth, covering the 
 
 fmuller
 
 SECT. XVIII. OF FLOWER*. *9i 
 
 fmaller feeds from half to a fuJi inch ; kernels, nuts, &c. 
 from two to three inches, according to their fize. Any 
 fort that it is doubted will ftand the winter in feed-beds, 
 may be fown in pots, or boxes, fet in a garden frame or 
 houfed in fevere fro ft s. If in fpring, (as it is a good 
 rule to fow a little at both feafons, and fome tender forts 
 require the latter] the feed mull be carefully kept from 
 damp and vermin, and put into the ground towards the 
 end of February or early in March. The feeds of fome 
 of the more delicate forts will require to be [own, at 
 this fee (on, on a flight hot-bed ; and if a few of mofl. of 
 the forts were thus treated, it would be a good method, 
 to infure their germination, and to forward them. Let 
 fpring fown feeds be watered occafionally, according to 
 the weather, to keep them moift. The earth they are 
 fown in fhould be. moderately light, dry, and rich, 
 and formed into beds of four-feet wide, either in drills 
 or at hroad-caft, firft drawing earth off into the alleys, 
 to cover with. See p. 69, 7 1 . 
 
 America?; trees and fhrubs do very well in this cli- 
 mate, but the young plants are generally tender, and 
 fhould have fome protection, one, two, or three years, 
 till they get woody, and inured to the climate. 
 
 Tor grafting and budding, (as fome fhrubs are propa- 
 gated this way) fee the feclion On Grafting ; and for 
 the propagation by fuckers, cuttings, layers, 8cc. fee 
 fe&ion 5 ; about fuckers, fee pages 64, 111. Thofe 
 trees, or fhrubs, from which cuttings of (he fame yearns 
 growth may be had in June, or July, may be greatly 
 helped to firike root, by covering them chfe with a 
 hand-glafs ; (as directed for the arbutus, lift 5, feci. 19) 
 and it a glafs were put over layers, that are difficult to 
 firike, it would help them. 
 
 This mode of propagation is particularly adapted to 
 fome forts of evergreen fhrubs, which emit fibres more 
 fceeiy from the youngejl wood. If year old wood is 
 ireated thus, the cuttings may be fet early in fpring; 
 or glades may be put over thofe put out in autumn, 
 
 O 2 ' But
 
 29$ LISTS OF TREES, &C SECT. XI*:. 
 
 But fpring cuttings, treated as the arbutus, is the furefl 
 method to make difficult forts ftrike root. 
 
 It may prove an ohfcrvation of fome ufe, that trees 
 and lhrubs raifed from feed grow the largeft, from 
 layers generally lefs, and from cuttings the lealr. 
 Where budding can be pra&ifed, it is preferable to 
 grafting for the propagation of lhrubs. 
 
 Y or planting and managing lhrubs, &c. fee fection 9. 
 Y or pruning, lee page ICG. 
 
 SECTION XIX. 
 
 LISTS OF TREES, SHRUBS AND FLOWERS. 
 
 %* The names of the choiceft forts of fruit trees, 
 will -be found in fection 17. 
 
 THE modes of cultivation are here directed by the 
 letters, as in laft feclion ; adding m. for ?noifi, 
 w. for wet, and d. for dry. Thofe not marked are to 
 be underftood as (pretty much fo) indifferent as to foil, 
 and indeed thofe marked otherwife may grow in a con- 
 trary kind, and often do, though not fo flourifhingly, 
 or fafely as to extremes of heat or cold. 
 
 The time of flowering is annexed to thofe trees and 
 lhrubs that are thus at all ornamental, and the more 
 ordinary heights they are found to attain are denoted 
 in the arrangement \ a circumitance hitherto much 
 wanted, as ufeful and neceffary to be known, in order 
 to a right difpofal of them. Thofe of a naturally low 
 growth have been, fometimes, planted behind mjhrub- 
 
 beries,
 
 fsCf. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. .CS3 
 
 bcries, Sec. and the taller forward ; but yet this unfor- 
 tunate circumftance.mufl: be Unavoidable to every inex- 
 perienced planter, who has no other guide, than that 
 this. is a ;w, and that is. a fintb, which are Vague, in- 
 definite terms' as to Mature. 
 
 The sohurs of the Bowers are generally mentioned, 
 as agreeable to be known, and of ufe in the difpofal pi 
 trees and fhrubs at planting, to diverfify the fcene with 
 more propriety. In a few inftances the flowers, either 
 as to time or colour, are not noticed as being too infigni- 
 ficant to be ornamental, though the fruit, or foliage, 
 or both are. 
 
 Such objervatiofUy as may be thought moft ufeful 
 and neceflary, wilt follow each lift ; but as neither all 
 the forts, nor the varieties of each fort, could be enu- 
 merated in fuch a work as this, fo alfo the minutia of 
 propagation, &c, is more than could be comprehended, 
 or expected : Folio volumes (fo copious is the fubjectj 
 have left a variety of plants unnoticed, and much un- 
 faid refpe&ing cultivation. For ordinary ufe, a greater 
 enumeration, or more enlarged particulars, would in- 
 deed have made the book lefs valuable. If the fele&ion 
 and information is good, (and pains have been taken 
 in the buQnefs) thole for whom this book is deugned, 
 will have no reafon to complain. 
 
 The names of trees, fhrubs and flowers, are in many 
 cafes various, as fometimes a jcientijic name prevail*, 
 and at other times a trivial '; and of neither is there a 
 perfect agreement, for of both there is often more than 
 one. The object therefore here has been, to give that 
 name by which each is fuppofed belt known. Different 
 plants are fometimes called by the fame name, and a 
 nice difcrimination is made by botanills, according to 
 fewer, leaf, Sec. ; but thefe are no farther noticed than 
 neceflarv. Such defcriptions are given of each, as can- 
 not (it is hoped) fail to identify the fort, when applied 
 for to any nurferyman. 
 
 O 3 In
 
 C04 LISTS OF TREES, &.C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 In the following lifts of trees, the larger are marked 
 with an aflerijtn ; and in the lifts of Jhrubs and fl&wers, 
 discrimination of Sze is made by figures, each being 
 divided into four forts, as to height; the loweii are 
 marked No. 1. But it is ever to be understood, that 
 the fail, and other circumffances, will make a differ- 
 ence, as to ftature ; fo that the greater may become the 
 lefs, and the lefs the greater. 
 
 Where Sec. is affixed to forts, it means that there 
 are others ; and where it is added to the time of flower- 
 ing, it fignifies of more than one month's duration. It 
 is the nature of fome things to keep in blow nearly all 
 furmner; to encourage which, and to ftrengthen the 
 plants, dead or dying flowers ihould be fpeedily take*! 
 ofF, as they occur. See page 56, 
 
 ****** 
 I. 
 List of deciduous trees, ufually called for eft, or tim* 
 ler trees, ferving both for ufe and ornament : 
 
 Abele, is the white poplar; A/pen the tremulous poplar 
 
 * Alder y common, hoary leaved, American, &c. e. l.f. w. 
 
 * Afh, common, and American white, red and black,/. 
 
 * Beech 3 common, and American purple leaved,/. /. d. 
 Birch , com. white, Virginian, and Canadian, Scc.f. l.fu, 
 
 * Chefnut, edible Spanifh, and common horfe,/. May. 
 
 * Cjprefty deciduous, or Virginian fwamp,././. w. 
 
 * Elm, fmall and broad leaved, wych, or Scotch, Scc.f l.fu. 
 Hickery Nat, fmooth white, and rough barked,/. 
 Hornbeam y common in variety, as to leaf,/. /. 
 
 * Lime, common, red-twigged, black American, Sec, I. c.f. 
 
 * Larch y common red, white and black American, Scc.f, 
 
 * Maple, greater, Norway, and Italian, l.f.fu. May. 
 ■ Sugar, plain tree, mountain, -Sec, ditto 
 
 for other forts, fee the lifts 2 and c. 
 
 Medlar com. German, Nottingham and Italian,/. /. May 
 Mountain afh is fometimes a forell tree, fee next lift 
 
 * Nettle tree, as next lift, grows large, and is a foreft tree 
 Nut tree, common hazel, or any orchard fort, l.fu.f. 
 
 * Oak
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 295 
 
 * Oak Englim, American forts, Spanifh, Italian, Szc.f. 
 
 * Plane, Eaftern, Weftern, middle or Spanifh,/. /. c May 
 
 * Poplar, white, black, tremulous, and Carolina, c. l.fn. m. 
 
 * Service tree, the wild or maple leaved,/. /. June 
 
 * Sycamore, is the great maple, which fee. 
 
 * Walnut, the common, or royal, and black Virginian,/. 
 
 * Willow, white, or filyer leaved, purple and fweet, &c. 
 
 %* For underwood amongft foreft trees, the ufual forts, 
 are alders, ajb, beech, birch, hazel, hornbeam^ fallow, 
 willow, and fometimes the wjch-tlm, common maple, poplar, 
 iiiidj^camore. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR TREES. 
 
 Alders, cuttings of it grow readily, and may be thick 
 truncheons a yard long, pointed, and thruft intofolt 
 ground half way, or into a hole made with an iron bar. 
 This- is the way alfo to propagate poplars, willows, and 
 fallows; alfo elders. There is a dwarf alder. 
 
 AJh, the American forts do not grow near fo large 
 as the common Englifh, For the ornamental aihes, fee 
 the next lift. 
 
 Birch is reckoned the worft of timber, yet the wood 
 has its ufes in feveral particular bufinefTes. The 
 American forts grow much larger than the Englifh. 
 The tree is of that accommodating nature, that it will 
 grow in any foil or fituation, wet or dry. It is well 
 known, that a wine is made of its fap, by boring holes 
 in full grown trees in fpring, before the leaves come 
 out : from a number of trees a great deal may be col- 
 lected. Without being unpleafant, (if properly made) 
 birch wine is relifhed by many, and is reckoned very me- 
 dicinal in fcorbutic, and other complaints.* There is 
 
 * It has been the wim of the author to fpeak of the me- 
 dical properties of many plants that have occurred in -this 
 work, but room could not be allowed it. The procefs, &c. 
 of birch wine, with the properties of moll plants A .will be iound 
 in Mcjrick's Family Herbal, 8vo, a good book. .-...-. 
 
 O 4 ~ ' '"' a- me-
 
 296 LISTS OF TREES, oCC SECT. XIX'. 
 
 a method of catching the liquor, by putting into tl.«- 
 holes (deeply bor^d) faucet* cf elder. See next lift. 
 
 Chef nut, ornamental. See the next lift. 
 
 * A7//;, the wveh is the quickdt grower, and will 
 Ilouriih in any (oil ; but the broad leaved is reckoned 
 the beft timber, and the fmall leaved the mod orna- 
 mental ; it fhould have a good foil. The wycb is cafily 
 raifed from feed, (town direftly after it is ripe} but the 
 other forts are propagated from fuckers, or layers, or 
 graffing on the wycb. In order to obtain fuckers, and 
 {hoots for layers .Jlools are to be formed by cutting down 
 fome young trees, almoft clofe to the ground. Trees from ' 
 layers are better -than from fuckers. Obferve, that 
 whatever is to be propagated by layers, or fa 
 mdk'mg /tools is the way to procure -them* 
 
 Hornbeam-, the common fort will grow very large in. 
 fome foils, but the Virginian (flowering yellow) will' 
 hardly-reach thirty feet, and xhz hop not above twenty; 
 The hornbeam featliers down lower and thicker th.m 
 any other tree, and the property of holding its decayed 
 leaves on all winter, adapts the common fort for a 
 fcreen from winds. See page 111. 
 
 Nut tree, as timber, will be beft propagated fronv 
 nuts, either to remain where fown, or planted out 
 while" young,- -keeping the : ftenis t-rimmed up, free ot 
 (hoots, to about five or fix feet, (according to ihc 
 and then to form a head, topping the leading (boot for 
 the purpofe, which will occasion feveral branches to 
 proceed from the upper eyes ; and this is the way to 
 form all forts of trees to good heads. 
 
 Oak.*l\\e,EvgUJb produces the beft wood, but the 
 
 American Corts art- the fa{kft growers, though they do 
 
 not attain to the fize of the Englijb. A cool (trong 
 
 f< i! ptBdsees Oehaiuficaneft trees m 1 * uigfaeft timbfe •. 
 
 ipt hi a! < 'hrce or n/.i vv ; 's LI before' 
 
 fol the old* they are, th* more check 
 
 i receive' aftd ; i is a tree that does not trair'plant 
 
 well. Hence all the care-; fhould be taken that can be 
 
 in
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. C?7 
 
 in the bufinefs. See feifion 10. But oaks fucceed bed 
 without removal, having a tap, or downright root,: 
 which is frequently broke in taking up : Ail trees 
 would probably thus come finer, if it was convenient, 
 The confequence of preferving the tap has been iuf- 
 peeled ; but it is certainly Nature's direction, for rather - 
 than give up the point, the tap of the oak will make, 
 its way downward, in a direct line, through tViehardeft. 
 foils. Seepage SO. 
 
 Poplar to propagate by cuttings, fee alder; bvX 
 younger and {mailer cuttings. for this treedo better, as 
 thofe of one or two years old, and half a yard long ; 
 The black poplar does not fucceed well by truncheons. 
 
 Walnut, when planted for timber, mould be young, 
 and the tap root, if poflible, preferred whole. The 
 black Virginian grows more ereel, but the other makes 
 tlie largeft tree, and beft wood. The white Virginian 
 is the bicker y nut. All thefe make the bed tr^ees, when 
 grown from feed without trail fplanting. 
 
 JVillow and fallow, to propagate by cuttings, fee 
 alder. 
 
 *** Of all the frreft trees here mentioned, the ajbf 
 the beech, the elm, and the oak, are the principal ; and 
 to plant thefe, and others, is a work of the moil com- 
 mendable, and eventually of the molt profitable kind, 
 See pages 78, iU, 119, &c. 
 
 II. 
 LjSf of large deciduous trees, confidered chiefly a3 
 cmamental, for. pleafure grounds, &c. 
 
 * Acacia, triple thorned, fewer thorned, &e./V L c.fu. Jul/ 
 
 * sljh^ 'Caiabrian manna, and large flowering, f+.g r. Apr. 
 — '— weeping and variegated, \vh. and yel. leaved, b. gr, 
 
 ; ( dwarf flowering (i'mall white bunches)/. £/v May 
 
 * Bach) whit^j and yellow fferioedJeaYed, b.%r t ;»„ 
 
 v O 5 Birchy
 
 £98 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 Birch, weeping or pendulous twigged, /. I. fu. 
 Buckthorn, common purging berried, I. fu. c. May- 
 
 * Catalpa (tree bignonia) or trumpet flower, c. l.f. Aug. 
 Cherry, the bird, common and Cornifh, &c.f, b. gr. May 
 Cornelian, male cornus, or cornel, /. c. l.fu. Apr. 
 
 * Chef nut, fear, and yellow flow, itrip. leaved,/', b.gr. May 
 Date-plum, or pcrfimon, is the / ifham in below. 
 
 * Elm, pendulous twigged and variegated leaved, l.gr. 
 Frangula, alpine and berry bearing alder,/, c. l.fu. June 
 Gleditftn is the acacia above, which fee. 
 
 Hor?>bca?n, variegated, hop, and oriental, gr. f. I. 
 Labumham, com. broad and narrow leaved,/, c. I, May 
 Larch, or the deciduous pine, fee laft. lift. 
 
 * Lime (or linden tree) with variegated leaves, /. c. gr. 
 Magnolia, umbrella, glaucous leaved, Sec./. I. c June. d. 
 Maple, fear. flowering, and mountain, l.f.fu. May 
 
 Cretan or Levant, and Tartarian, ditto. 
 
 Mountain ajh, or bird's fervice, pi. andftrp./. /. May 
 
 * Nettle tree, black, and purple fruited, /. l.fu. May 
 
 * bloach leaved of both forts, gr. May 
 
 * Oak, ftriped, and red leaved Virginian, b.gr. f 
 Pifhamin plum, or date, European, l.f.fu. May, d. 
 
 % I*iflachia nut, or com. turpentine tree, &c./. /. May 
 
 * Poplar, with variegated or ftriped leaves, c. I. gr. 
 
 * Robiura, com. or falfe acacia, wh. flow./, c. l.fu. June 
 for other forts, fee the following lift 
 
 * Service tue, or forb apple, true, and baftard, /. /. May 
 Tacamahacca, or balfamic poplar tree, c. l.fu, 
 
 * Tulip tree, fometimes called lily flowered,/, l.fu, July 
 Vibumham, or meally way-faring tree, f I. c.fu. May 
 American forts, and ftriped, b.gr. in. May 
 
 » Willow t Weeping, mining leaved, and yel. twigged, c. 
 
 ^* Thefe ornamental trees are proper to plant at the back 
 of fhrubberies, Set. and here and there one on the flcirts 
 and fronts of woods, or plantatiofis of timber, and along 
 the boundaries of grounds. Here they will appear to great 
 advantage; but more fo, if planted Jingfy in detached 
 iituations : Molt of them are good wood for timber, 
 ferying one purpofe or other. 
 
 ^ OBSER«
 
 SvECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, 8cc. 299 
 
 OBSERVATIONS OX PARTICULAR TREES. 
 
 Buckthorn, if railed from feed, fow early in autumn, 
 as foon as the berries can be procured, and perhaps 
 fame may come up the following fpring, but moil of 
 them will lay another year. This is the cafe with 
 other feeds, as fweet briar, &c. See page 73. 
 
 Catalpa mould grow fmgly, that it may have its 
 natural wide fpread, and, if poflible, let it be on a plat 
 of grafs, where it will appear to great advantage. It 
 is very hardy ; but as it comes out late, it is advifable 
 to give it a favourable afpeft. 
 
 Maple, of the Jcarlets, there are the Virginian and fir 
 Charles IVagers, both very ornamental, but the latter 
 moil: fo. The Mountain hath mining leaves, and con- 
 tinues late in autumn. 
 
 Magnolias are to be. conhdered as rather tender, 
 efpecially young plants. The glaucous leaved is of 
 the lowed growth, (about ten feet) but all are elegantly 
 ornamental with their white flowers : There is alio a 
 blue flowered one. Let them have a dry foil, as all 
 tender plants mould, as well as a warm fituation. 
 
 Mountain ajh produces its white flowers in May. Its 
 foliage is pretty, and its fruit of red berries is one of the 
 greateft ornaments of autumn, coming very early, and 
 hanging all winter, if the blackbird, &c. will let them 
 alone. As it deferves the moft confpicuous inuation, 
 it will be proper to plant fome near thehoufe, and moil 
 frequented places, where birds may be diilurbed irom 
 their too frequent vifits. 
 
 Pijhamin, or date plum, is chiefly cultivated here as 
 ornamental for its mining leaves ; its fruit is, however, 
 eat by fome, like the medlar and /orb, in a flate ot de- 
 cay. Houfe young plants in pots the fir it winter : Al- 
 low this tree a dry foil and inciter. 
 
 Pijlachia, this is the hardieit of three forts. Treat 
 
 it as a tender plant, whilff. young, for three or four 
 
 Q 6 years,
 
 3 <V> iftl t •.<; b V : f r V. £ s , *& b : s fcC t . -x 1 g : 
 
 year:-, and 'let. it hav3 finally a lh'eitered filiation \'m n 
 wind, andadryloih ' ' 
 
 Tulip free' is tender whilft young, but afterwards 
 veiy hardy ; is uncertain in flowering, !>ut handfome 
 in its. leaf and growth, and lias been ufed. to be plantecj 
 finely on lawns, &.C. It is a native of Virginia, where 
 it attains to fo vail a fize, as to be from twenty to thirty 
 feet in girth, though here it keeps pace only with an 
 ordinary elm. 
 
 Virburnham, or way-faring tree, is very p r ettv, in 
 its hoary leaves, and white flowers, fucceeded by fruit 
 in autumn, in bunches of red berries. The American 
 forts grow not near fo high, but they rarely ripen their 
 berries here. The variegated fort does not grow fo 
 large as the plain, which is the cafe with all lrnped 
 plants. See next lift. 
 
 ****** 
 IIL 
 
 List of fmaller deciduous trees, or Jh rubs of tree 
 growth., ornamental for pleafure grounds. 
 
 * -Almond trie, facet and bit. red and wb-flow./. b, April 
 
 * . oriental filver leaved, /.. b. April 
 
 Amorpba, or baftard indigo, pur., flower,/../. June 
 Andro?neda, tree fort,, or Carolina forrel tree, /,.//./.. 
 
 * Apple, Siberian and Virginian crabs, /. gr.. May 
 
 * — , — Tartarian crab, beautiful large fruit, gr. May 
 
 * • j double flow. Chinefe fPyrusJpeclabilisJ gr. May 
 
 American, very fmall or berry crab, /. gr. May 
 
 Aralia, thorny, or Angelica tree, yel. flow./, r. Aug. 
 
 * Azarole thorn, Virginian cockfpur, Sec./. I. b. gr. May 
 
 * Azederacb, com. bead tree, or paternoftcr nut, /. July 
 Berberry, red, white, and black, fee p. 263, c . l.f.fu. May 
 Benjamin tree, or benzoin gum, yel. flow./ /./. April 
 Bignonia, fee trumpet flower in this lift. 
 
 * Bladder nut, five and three leaved forts,./,/*/.'/, e. May 
 ■ ■»■ ■ fend) fee colutea 
 
 Bncktb»m >
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TKEIS, &CV $^ 
 
 Buckthorn, fea, European and Canadian,/, c. I June 
 Caragana, or Siberian robinia, yel.flow. c. i.f.fu. May 
 Cojbiobury bujb, or bafturd cafline, wh. flow./. /. Auguft 
 
 * Cherry, com. double white and blufh flow. &.|r. May 
 weeping or pendulous branched,/, b. gr. May 
 
 * Mahaleb, or perfumed cherry,/. £. gr. May 
 
 ffiinquapitt) -'dwarf Arifertcan cheftnut, or oak,/. wr. May 
 Clematis, (a climber) fee rttrgiti's bovver. 
 
 Colutea, com. or tree bbdder fena, yel. How./. /• July 
 
 * Date plum (pifhamin) Virginian, /./../*. May, d. 
 
 * ' Dogwood, or bloody twig, com. and Virginian, c. /./.June 
 
 * Elder, bl. wh. gr. and red berried and ft riped, r. /./. June 
 Gueldre rofe, often called fnow-ball tree, c.l.fu. May^ 
 
 * Hawthorn, com.doub.fcarl. berried, Sec. b.grj. Ma> 
 « Ghifhnbury, blows in the winter,/, b. gr. 
 
 Virginian thornedand thornlefs, /./.£. ^r. May 
 
 * Judas tree, com. and Canadian, pur. red, wh./. May • 
 Kidney. bean tree, Carolina, (a climber) blue,/. July d. 
 
 * Lilac, com. purple, blue and white flow./. Ju. I. May 
 AMkr, woolly leaved, pur. ft. red fruit, / /. b.gr. May 
 
 * Nettle tree, eaftern vel. flow, and bloached,/. /. c.grMay 
 
 * Qleafier, narrow leaved, or wild olive, /. c. June </. 
 . Peach, doub. blolT. as a ftandard,. no fruit, b. April 
 
 * Pear, doub. bloff. harm baking fruit, b.gr. May 
 Plum, doub.bloiT. and ftriped leaved, b.gr. May 
 Privet, deciduous, plain and ftriped, /.>. /. c. June 
 Robinia, or rofe acacia, fear. flow./, c, l.fu. May 
 ihrubby quaternate leaved, yeh l.f.fu. June 
 
 * S>i*a£ tree, nar. broad, and ftriped leaved,/, b. c.gr.Arr. 
 
 * Stewartia, or Malacodendron, white flow./. /. /. r.June 
 Sumach, tanners, wh. fl. andftag's horn, red, l.fu./. June 
 
 Carolina feariet, and Canadia tcA^Scc. ditto 
 
 Tamarijk, French, with pale red flowers, c. .l.f. July 
 Venetian, (cotinus) pur. flow. I'.fu.f. Ju'y 
 
 * Trumpet flower, (bignonia) fcarlct and yellow, c. /. /'.July 
 Vibumham, American forts, white flow./. /. c.fu. July 
 Virgin's bower, entire leaved,, doub. pur. flow. /. c. Aug, 
 
 . 1 Angle pur. blue, red ftriped, b. c. July 
 
 ■ fee clematis, in the next lift 
 
 * Whits ham, or white leaf tree, wh. flow./. /.//.May 
 
 
 OBSER-
 
 502 LISTS -OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 OBSERVATION'S 0*N PARTICULAR TREES, &C. 
 
 Andromeda tree is tender,, and mufl therefore have a 
 fkuation accordingly. It was always a part of the green- 
 houfe furniture, but does fometimes. abroad ; and it is 
 very well to try what- may be done with the hardieji 
 green-houfe plants. 
 
 y'lpple, thefe crabs produce rather flender wood, and 
 therefore mould not be in a crowded, or fhady fkuation, 
 but rather, as much as poifible, in detached fingle 
 plants. The fruit of the three firft makes fuperior tarts, 
 ancj *Jie latter an e x eel lent preferve ; and the. fruit of all 
 of them may be introduced in the defert, when full ripe. 
 Allow the double flowering apple a good fkuation, to 
 preferve its charming crimfon blow as long as pofliblc. 
 
 Azederaeh confider as tender ; its ioliage is beautiful, 
 flowers white, and fruit yellow". 
 
 Cajhiobury hujh mull have a fheltered fkuation, par- 
 ticularly the young plants, which mould be protected 
 for two or three winters. 
 
 Spindle tree (fometimes called prickwood) is very 
 beautiful with its leaves in autumn, tor which (as many, 
 other plants) it is chiefly confidered as ornamental, its- 
 flowers making no (how. The feed lies two years be- 
 fore it comes up. 
 
 Stewartia, a fine ffirub, a little tender whilft young. 
 Lasers require two years 'to ftrike. Cuttings manage 
 as direcied for arbutus. Seeds are imported from Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Trumpet floiver, fometimes called fcarht jaj mine, is a' 
 trailing plant, and therefore requires training to a wall 
 for fupport ; or having fomething to climb on it will 
 proceed much in the way of an honey fuckle. It is rather 
 tender, and muft have a good fkuaiion, but when 
 properly mariaged is a great beauty. Prune it to a 
 few eyes, precifely upon the principle of a vine. The 
 fhoots will ftrike into cracks of the w T alls and mount 
 high where there is room. See Catalpa, lait lift. 
 
 List 

 
 SECT. XIX, LISTS OF TREES, &C. 535 
 
 ****** 
 
 IV. 
 
 ' List of the lower deciduous trees and woody plants, 
 called Jhrubs, cukivated for ornament : 
 
 2 Almond, dwarf, ling, and doub. red fi. f.fu. h. gr. April 
 2 dwarf, with leaves hoary underneath, ditto 
 
 3 All fpke tree, Carolina, or pompadore, /. May d. 
 
 i AUjfon, prickly and hoary leaved, wh. /. fu. c. July d. 
 
 4 Alihea fruicxtyix. red, white ftrip. fl. &c- l.fu.f Sept. 
 3 Amelauchier, dwarf bl, fruited medlar, /. /.///. b. gr. May 
 
 2 Andromeda* ihrubby, wh. yel. red and pur. fl. / I. fu. July 
 
 3 Aratea, herbaceous Canada and Virginian, r.f. June 
 
 4 A-za!:a 3 American honeyfuekle, wh. red, fear. /. r. July 
 4 Bladder fena, Pocock's early deep yellow, /, /. June 
 4 oriental, or the blood red,/. /. July 
 
 3 ihrubby Ethiopian fcarlet, /. Aug. d. 
 
 fee colutea in the lait lift, and below 
 
 4 Bramble, doub. bloffomed, and wh. berried, /. Ju.f. 'May 
 4 Briar, fw. fing. doub. femi. pink and fear. /./v. I. June 
 
 2 Broom, com. Englifh, Dyer's, and dw. Portugal,/* r. May 
 
 3 large Portugal, and upright, Montpelier, />.June 
 
 2 wh. flowered, trailing and upright, /. r. June 
 
 2 Buckthorn, dwarf purging berried, /. /. c. May 
 
 3 long leaved dwarf ditto,/. U c. May 
 
 4 Button tree fcephelanthu.s) American, / /. c. July 
 
 2 Clematis {virgin's bower) upright wh. blue, r. f. June 
 4 oriental, climbing, yel. flow. /. c. May, &c. 
 
 4 Ca?idleberry mjrtle, wh. flow, blue berried,/, l.fu. June m, 
 
 3 dw. Carolina, br. leav. c. 1. f.fu. Ju.m. 
 
 4 Chafe tree, nar. and br. leaved, pur. and wh. /. c» Sept. 
 
 3 Cherry, cevm. dwarf, and dw. Canada bird,/. £.,gr. May 
 
 4 Clethra, alder leaved, full of wh. flow./. /.//. July, &c. 
 
 1 Ccnonilla Juncea, or rufh-like Spanifh,/. June 
 
 3 Coioneafter, (a medlar) dwarf quince, /. /. b. gr.May 
 
 4 Corecpfis, two American forts, yel. flow. <^f. July, Sec. 
 
 2 Cmquefoilfhrub, (potentilla) com. yek flow.y«./. f. June 
 
 i ! grandiflcrus, and filvery, yel. fl. r./ June 
 
 j _-__— w h, flow, upright, and trailing, r.f. June 
 
 3 Qrfjfci
 
 304 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 
 
 3 Cytiftts, bl. bafed, and feflile lcavedj/. r. /. June, d. 
 3 £&&Tj dwarf, wh. flow. ariS black fruity/, r. July 
 
 3 GV//r, the fwect willow, or Dutch myrtle, r. June iu. 
 
 2 Germander tree, wh. yel. and pur. flow./, r./. July, </. 
 
 4 //^xc'//.>0r//,goofe berry leaved, yel. fruited,/. May 
 
 3 Hamamefii (witch hazel) Virginian,/. /. flow. in. winter 
 4. Honeyfuckle, climbing Kng. wh. and red, c, /./. June, &c„ 
 
 4 • climbing Dutch red, early and late, -ditto 
 
 4 climb. Italian, wh. red, and yel. c. /. /. May 
 
 4 erect fly, wh.. flow, and red berry, ditto 
 
 ^ , — _. erect alpine, red flow, and red berry, ditto 
 
 ^ 1— erect acadian f die rij ilia) yz\. /. c. /. fu. May 
 
 — ■ there are two climbing ftriped leaved forts 
 
 3 hjdrangea, Virginian white flowering, r.fu. Aug. m, 
 
 3 Hypericum frutex, br.and nar. leaved, l.fu.c. .June 
 
 4 John's wort, (linking, inodorous, and Canary,//./. Jurie 
 j '- — ._i ar ge flow, fomewhat tender, fu. Aug. 
 
 4 I tea, Virginian, full of white flowers, /. /. July, &c. 
 4 Jafmin, wh. fl. plain, and wh. and yel. ftrip. /. c. June 
 4 ! — trailing yellow flowered, /. c.fa. June, &c'. 
 
 2 eiecl dwarf yel. flowered, /. c.fu. July, &c. 
 
 4 Ivj, deciduous five leaved, or Virginian creeper, c. l.f, 
 4 Mafttwu tree, com. ilirubby lavatera,/. c. June, Sic. 
 
 3 . three and five lobed fhrubby, do./, c. Juns 
 
 3 Medlar, dwarf alpine, red fruited,/. /. b.gr. May 
 3 Canada, fnowy, purple fruit, ditto 
 
 fee amelanchier and cotoncajlcr 
 
 z Mezereon,wh. purp. reds and crimfons,/. Feb. Sec. 
 2 Orobus, or bitter vetch, purp. and blue, f.r. Apr, Sec. 
 
 4 Perfian lilac, blue and. white flowering, f.fu. I. Juno 
 2 Poifon oak, common, white flowered* r! /./. July 
 
 4 i;Jb, or varniih tree, ditto. 
 
 5 Purflane tree x fea, two lbrts, c Aug. 
 
 4 Pomegranate, ling. doub. and ftrip. flow. /. £. in July •■ 
 4 Rafpberry, common fweet flowering, purple. /«» July ' " 
 
 2 Rt/t harrow, com. (hrubby purp. flow. /.May, &c. ^ 
 2 Rhododendron, alpine, and Mount Baldis^i'ed,,/ c. r. Sept." 
 
 2 1 — ^ {ciTugin<:ous leaved,. red flow. /tc._r. Aug. 
 
 2 Robima- dw. quaterpafe leaved, yel, now./ r. /./v. May 
 
 AV-5.- The ; /talv/? /er/.c are, dwarj" 'Scotch fmgle red*.-- « R 
 dwarf common : fmgle white. ^Qwarf Tcnfilvaniaa E^e*
 
 '.tcr/xix.' lists of' trees, &c.' SCS'- 
 
 and double red. — dwarf, burnet leaved Tingle red 
 ftriped. — rofe de meux.— crimfon Burgundy, and d v. ;tr.t 
 blufh Burgundy. 
 
 Middling hsi'hts. — Cinnamon, fmgle and double, red— 
 common red and white, fingle and double, and femi.doublo 
 — monthly red, blufh, white and ftriped — maiden's blum 
 double — virgin pale red thornlefs— -mofi pro vent e double 
 red— role of the world, fcmi. double ftriped — velvet, double 
 and fe mi -double. 
 
 Taller ford are, — Provence red, blufh, and white double 
 — damaik white, red, and blufh. femi double — York and 
 Lancaster femi-double variegated — Auftrian fingle, yellow, 
 and another fingle, red one fide, and yellow on the other-—. 
 double yellow. 
 
 Tallejl forts are, — Apple bearing, fmgle ar.d double red 
 — royal red — Frankfort, purple red — great burnet teaved, 
 fmgle red — Carolina and Virginia fingle red— mu&, fingle 
 and double white. 
 4 Scorpion Jena, com. large, yel. flow, c, /./. June, &c, 
 
 2 m common dwarf, ditto 
 
 4 Snowdrop tree, or fringe tree, white flow,/, /. June 
 
 3 Spirea frutex, com. willow leaved, pink,/«. /. c. June 
 3 ■ downy leaved red, ar.d wh. flow, ditto 
 
 4 -. — guelder rofe leaved, wh. flow./w. /. c. Julj 
 
 3 , Siberian and Spanifh, wh, tL.fu. L c. May 
 
 3 Sumach, myrtle leaved, white flowered, fu, I. June 
 Suv. driver, tickfeeded, fee core r >pj1s 
 
 4 ^J ri ' ! g^y l a fg c P' ain ^nd ^ r *- leaved, wh. :. l.fu. May 
 2 __ dwarf double-flowered, white ditto 
 
 4 Tamarifk^ German, very pretty, red fl. c. LJ. July, ? <c , 
 
 ■ for ether forts fee laft lift 
 
 Toxicodendron, fee petfen oak ar.d c/h 
 Treetrejbd, black bufe, (/ ' cundut clujli) fee cytifus 
 2 Tutfc:i, or park leave!, (like St. John's ivortj fu.f. July 
 2 Vetch, wood, drfylvan, wh. many flowered./, r, Aug, 
 4 Virginian Jilk, variety, pur. flow, a climber, e\ I. July 
 2 Wiil*w herb, or French willow, pur. &c. r. /'. July, m, 
 
 $ + fee loofeftrife, lift XI. 
 
 %* As it is common to -p 1 in t low herbaceous perennial 
 flowers in the from of {hrubberies, &c. * {q. amengft ;he 
 flirubs, fome of the loftier forts ~may properly be, Though 
 
 an r.
 
 306 LISTS OF TREES. JECT. XI*. 
 
 annual in ftalk, as the tall aconites, or monk/hoods^ afters, 
 e-verhtjhf/g jun-fio e wer, Sec. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR SHRUBS. 
 
 All-fpice-tree muft have a warm and dry part of the 
 fhrubbery. The whole plant is aromatic. 
 
 Aralia, thorny, rs propagated by pieces of its large 
 roots, and perhaps many other plants might be fo : In 
 this way, the pyramidal campanula fucceeds. 
 
 Azalea likes cool ground, and rather fhady ; muft be 
 fheltered as to winds, and in this climate mould rather 
 have a dry healthy foil, £<.-// cool by occafional watering 
 during fu-mmer. It is a very beautiful fhrub. 
 
 Candleberry myrtle is fo called, from the Americans 
 procuring a wax from the berries of this plant to make 
 candles of. It is rather tender, yet likes (as many 
 American plants do) a moift foil; let it be well fhekered 
 from bleak winds. 
 
 Clethra is an elegant fhrub, flowering all fu-mmer and 
 even winter; it prefers a moift foil. 
 
 Coronilla is too tender to abide fevere winters, but in 
 general will do, with a little attention: Its flowers are 
 very pretty, of a bright yellow. There are other forts 
 more tender, which muft be potted for protection from 
 frofts, by houfing them. 
 
 Cytifus, deciduous and evergreen, there is a variety 
 of, and all very ornamental, with their yellow flowers. 
 They are rather too tender for the open ground, and 
 the hardier forts here mentioned, if tried abroad, muft 
 have a dry warm fituation. Seedlings Should be houfed, 
 or well protected in frames for the firft winter, but not 
 kept too clofe. 
 
 Germander tree treat as tender, for though it will live 
 abroad, it is moftlv a green -houfe plant. 
 
 Hydrangea confider as rather tender, and pot fome: 
 it can hardly be kept too moift at the roots. 
 
 Mallnv tree manage as the cytifus, though it is not 
 
 quite
 
 S£CT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &:. 307 
 
 quite To tender. AW feedl'mgs that can be brought up 
 in the open air, make much finer plants. The tender 
 Torts mould be put out in nurfery-beds, and occajiomily 
 protected by covering, and ibme potted to \>o. occafionally 
 houfed. 
 
 Poijon trees, even the touch of the leaves of thefe 
 plants will afteft the (kin, but the fap is very (even 
 dangeroufiy) acrimonious. 
 
 Pomegranate muff have a good fouth wall, and rich 
 foil. The double fort mould be occafionally mated in 
 fevere froft. In very favourable fituations (however) 
 they have fucceeded in ejpallers, dwarf, half, and even 
 full flandafds. The beft feafon for planting the pome- 
 granate is in fpring, when juft beginning to moot. It 
 is rather *rude of growth, and muft therefore have 
 timely training. The principal pruning mould always 
 be in autumn, and from time to time all llraggling, fu- 
 perfluous growths taken off, that moots may be encou- 
 raged to put out flrong blofToms, in the fullnefs of 
 which the great merit confifls. Thefe bearers fhould be 
 fix inches, or rather more, afunder. The mode of 
 flowering is at the ends of the young moots : nothing 
 equals this plant in finenefs of blow. The double fort 
 is more commonly planted; but the fmgle flower is very- 
 beautiful, and its fruit, which will ripen in fnug fa- 
 vourable fituations and feafons, makes a fine ihow alfo, 
 efpecially when burft. Both flowers and fruit are of a 
 very fine fcarlet. 
 
 Rofe claims precedence of other mrubs. In its 
 varieties it fhould be planted in all fituations ; but the 
 Provence more particularly. This fhrub, in moil (if 
 not all its forts) does belt in a cool ftrong foil. 
 
 The order of blowing may be reckoned thus : Cin- 
 namon, (fometimes called the May-rofe) monthly damafk, 
 burnet, Scotch, Penfylvanian, apple, 8cc. Then the iatefr. 
 rofes we have, are thofe of the monthly again, and the 
 mujk. Occafionally every fort may bear a few late 
 ones, but chiefly, the Provence. To encourage this 
 
 " fhrub
 
 308 LISTS Of TREES, &C SECT. XIX. 
 
 fhrub to treat us in the latter parr of the year, pulling 
 off the fir ft rofes, as fopn as they begin to. decay, is a 
 means; but to pull off all the buds, at the ufual time of 
 blow, from a tew trees, is a more certain. method. A 
 more Aire way frill, is to top the new moots towards 
 the ehd'of Maw or prune down to two or three eyes ; 
 Thefe m-mcruvres {uould be particularly exeteifed on 
 the moithly forts. Tranfplanting rofes in fpring, is a 
 means to effect a middle blow ; and if into a . North 
 border, and cool ground, this may be done late iri 
 April, or even in 'May, (ocrafionally 'watering) pruning 
 at the fame time fhort. Early jotts are obtained by 
 being trained again ft a fouth wall. The monthly thus 
 planted, and haying glafs (as the light of a cucumber 
 frame) put before it will lometimes come *s early as 
 theetid of April, or beginning of May. It is a good 
 way to put mofs round the roots of thefe wall trees in 
 March, to keep the ground warm, and at trie fame time 
 moid, which helps us to both forward and large rofes: 
 In dry and hot (ituations water often. 
 
 To difpofe rofe trees to bear forward, the not fuffering 
 any flowers to blow the prefent year, and pruning fhort 
 in July, or Augujl, is a me-ms from which much may 
 be expected, especially if there is any artificial warmth 
 ufed in the fpring to force them. With a view to 
 this fomegood brulhy rooted, low growing plants, may 
 be potted fn autumn, not fuffered to bear the next 
 fummer, and being pruned down (as above) will force 
 well the next fpring. Rofe trees potted for an ordi- 
 nary blow, mull not be in too f mall pots, nor placed in 
 a warm titration, except early in fpring, and muft be 
 kept cool by frequent watering. 
 
 As to the propagation of rofe trees, many will feud 
 forth fuckers enow, and thofe that do not, fhould be 
 layered, by Hitting (as carnations ) or budded; but may 
 be two years before they root. See page 66. Seine 
 will come by cuttings, but uncertainly, as the hurgundy 
 &c. The China ev$rgreen y or cverbhiving rojc, takes 
 
 well
 
 SECT. XIX. .LISTS OF TREKS, &C. 305 
 
 well bv cuttings; but feldom will do abroad, except in 
 the fummer months, and therefore is not in this lift. 
 There are two colours, pale and deep red : It grows 
 low, and rather weak. The burnct, apple, or any other 
 fort producing good feed, may be propagated that way; 
 but it is a flow way, the feed feldom coming up till the 
 fecond year. The double yellvw rofe blows indiffer- 
 ently, but when fair, the flowers are very beautiful. 
 Plant it again ft an eaft wall, and in dry, but ftrong 
 ground : I fufpeft an infeft makes it fail. 
 
 Snow-drop tree is confiderably ornamental. Layers 
 will be two years in rooting. If raifed from feed, 
 ['imported) fow it as foon as it arrives, in pots, or boxes, 
 and houfe before frofts come. If they come not up 
 the firft year, fet them on a gentle heat the following 
 fpring, and they will foon appear. Shelter the feed- 
 lings in a frame, or a green-houfe. 
 
 Tut/an grows wild in woods, and will therefore do 
 well m the fhade, as among trees. Every fhrub, or 
 plant, that u;///flouri(h in luch a fituation is valuable; 
 and a gardener's attention will be well employed to 
 difcover them, by trials, &c. The St. John's wort, 
 and St. Peter's wort, (allied to tutjan) may be planted in 
 the fhade. 
 
 IVilloiv herb,.** its roots run much, fhould fome of 
 it be put in large pots; and as it loves moiiture, may be 
 fet in the fhade, and kept well watered. 
 
 List of evergreen trees , fome of which; are conii- 
 dered as foreft, or timber trees. 
 
 * Arbor r vita i common American and Chinefe,/. /. if* 
 Andromeda, or Carolina forrel tree, /. l.fu. July, m, 
 ^rbutuiy com. and fear. fl. fing. and doub./. /. c. in, Nov, 
 
 ■ — oriental, broad leaved,, d. 
 
 Bay
 
 S 10 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 Bay tree, common, doub.fl. and ftriped leaved, /.////. d. 
 Box tree, broad and narrow leaved,/. /.//. c. See lift 6. 
 
 * Cedar of Libanus, Carolina, and Virginia,/. 
 
 • Phoenician, Lycian and Bermuuian,/. 
 
 Cork tree, ice the article oak 
 
 * Cypn-fs large common upright, and male-fpreading,/. 
 
 Portugal pendulous, ox goc cedar, J. 
 
 the lower upright, or pvramidcai fhaped, /*. 
 
 * Fir, fpruce, Norway, American forts, tec. f. Sec Pint* 
 * filver, (i.e. the pitch fir) and balm of gilead,/. 
 
 * hemlock, and va.ieg.itcd balm of gilead,/. 
 
 Hdh, feveral plain, and many variegated forts,/. /. gr, b. 
 — 1- Dahoon, and Yapon, or S. fea tea tree*, ditto 
 7uxiJ>er, Swedifh, and two Spanifh forts,/. 
 
 '-_ fee cedar, Virginian, (i. e. the red) &C. 
 
 Laurd, com. cherry bay, and ftriped forts, /. c.f. fu. 
 
 - Portugal, reddifli wood, bright leaves, ditto 
 
 Maple, evergreen Cretan, l.'cifu. 
 
 * Magnolia, or laurel leaved tulip tree, /./. *. Auguft 
 
 * Oak (ilex) common evergreen, br. and nar. leaved,/. 
 
 * — Montpelier, or holly leaved oak, /. 
 
 * — cork tree, broad and narrow leaved,/. 
 
 * — Molucca, or the American live oak, ,'. 
 
 * — fcariet bearing, or the kermes oak,/. 
 
 * Pine tree, wild Scotch pine, commonly called />,/ 
 
 * pinaller, (lone, mountain Siberian, /. 
 
 * Weymouth, torch, or Virginia fwamp,/. 
 
 * Carolina fwamp, or prickly coned, Sec./. 
 
 Privet, common evergreen, white flower,/, fin /.June 
 
 * Pyracantha, or evergreen thorn, red berry,./. /. c. May 
 Savin, large upright Portugal. See next lift, ./. /. c. 
 Spindle tree, American plain and ftriped evergr./. /. c. 
 Strawberry tree, fee arbutus in this lift. 
 
 Ye-xv, fti'ort, narrow, broad, and ftriped leaved,/. 
 
 » # « Some of thefe, though they attain, in a courfe of 
 years, confiderable height, may be occafionally considered 
 as large Jhrubs, inftcad of trees, and planted accordingly: 
 Skilful pruning will help to keep large fbrubs down, and 
 
 lead others to mount, 
 
 OBSER-
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &.C. 311 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR TREES. 
 
 Andromeda tree mould have a dry foil, and iheltered 
 fituation : protect firil winter after planting. 
 
 Arbor vita:, though both forts are in eftunation, yet 
 the Ckinefe is moil ornamental. Naturally they are 
 of Urge growth,, and hardy, yet fometimes the Chincfe 
 fort is kept in pots, as an agreeable companion {tor 
 feveral years) of other exotic evergreens. 
 
 Arbutus may be propagated from the firft young 
 fhoots of the fummer, planting them in pots, and put- 
 ting them in a moderate hot -bed, (rather of bark) 
 covering clofe with a hand-glafs that is air tight; and 
 thus mod tender (hoots of woody plants, which are 
 found difficult to ftrike, may (moft probably) be made 
 to grow, as the bay, celaftrus, cyprejs, &c. They may 
 be tried on a warm border, keeping the earth cool, 
 and the glafTes clofe. If the cuttings are planted jufi 
 within the glafs, watering well round the outiide will 
 reach them, and thus they need not be uncovered: If 
 the glafTes are taken off for watering, it is not (how- 
 ever) material, if they are carefully fixed clofe again. 
 As foon as the cuttings appear clearly to grow, air mult 
 be given them. See next lift. 
 
 Bay, the common plain fort is rather tender, and 
 requires a fituation iheltered from bleak winds; but 
 the variegated and double flowered forts are tenderer 
 flill ; and as they rarely fucceed well abroad, they are 
 commonly confidered as green-houfe plants. 
 
 Cedar, the Bermudian, is tender whilfl young, and 
 fhould have a favourable fituation afterwards. 
 
 Fir, there is a variety of each fpecies, denominated 
 from the number of leaves, and the fhape and colour 
 of the cones. The balm of gilead, and hemlock, forts, 
 are the lowefl growers. To get the feed from the 
 cones, lay them before a good fire, fo as not to 
 fcorch them; anil if they come not out well, after 
 
 heating
 
 SIS LISTS OF TRIBES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 heating this way, bore a hole up the middle, and drive 
 fomething of iron in to fplit them open. 
 
 Oak, the evergreen forts are excellent timber, and 
 very ornamental in pleafure grounds: See page 27. 
 The red excrefcences upon the kerm'es oak, are occafi- 
 oned by infefts making infertions in the bark for depo- 
 fiting their eggs, which caufing an extravasation of (ap, 
 it there cYmdenfes, and forms the little granulous fub- 
 ffances, ufed for fcarlet dying. 
 
 Pine, there are feveral other forts of lefs eftimation. 
 
 The Weymouth and torch pines are the loftieft, and the 
 
 Carolina fwamp the loweft growers. To get out the 
 
 feed, obfeive what is faid above, as the pine cones are 
 
 harder to open than the firs. 
 
 Pyracantha requires fome fupport of flakes, pales, 
 or wall, though it may be trained as a ftandard bufh, 
 or form an hedge impregnable. It is very pretty when 
 in full fruit; but it fo often mifTes being fo, through 
 bad pruning, that it is got much out of repute : See 
 page 1 69. It does belt in a dry poor foil, and an 
 eanern afpecr. Young cuttings, in June, will flrike, 
 being potted in good earth, and fet in the lhade till 
 autumn and then plunged in the ground under a warm 
 wall. See observations on the Arbutus above. 
 
 ****** 
 VI. 
 
 List of low evergreen trees and Jhrubs. 
 
 3 Adam's needle com. and Virginian, pur. and wh. /". r. 
 
 4 AlaterhuS) large, variety in leaf, pi. and ftr./. /. Feb. 
 j lower growing, ditto 
 
 i Arbutus, trailing, or U<va Urf.c.JI. /. Nov. 
 l Andromeda , box leaved, Canada,/.///, c. July m. 
 4 Box. tree, white and yel. itriped, c. I. See lait lift, 1 
 
 j dwarf, plain, and Itriped leaved,/'. /. c. /. 
 
 Briar, fw. erergr. doub. red and yel, ft.j'u. /. b. May 
 4 2 \ l Bughjs
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 313 
 
 i tytgUfs evergreen trailing br. leaved, blue/. May 
 
 2 Butcher's broom , common, knee holm, or holly,./, r. 
 
 2 br. leaved, or Alexandrian laurel,/ r, 
 
 f . , — ^_ ] on g leaved, or Alexandrian bay,/, r. 
 
 3 Urge, or mining leav. Alexan. bay,/ r. 
 
 3 Celaflrus, or ftafFtree (Baftard Euonymus)/ /.July 
 
 3 Ci/ius, poplar leaved, gum, &c. feveral, wh./ c. May 
 
 4 Clematis, evergreen, or Spanifh climber, c . /./. Nov. 
 
 3 Cjii/us, hairy evergr. Spanifh, yel. fl./. c. June, &c. d. 
 2 Aultrian, large and {"mall flow. yel. ditto 
 
 2 Furze, com. yel. and white flowered,/ April 
 3 French, yellow flowered, ditto 
 
 4 ijr::u:dfei tree, ivy leaved, oleander, eve. wh. fl./.Y. c. 
 
 4 Harm's Ear cr Ethiopian Hartwort, yel./. r. July 
 
 i Heath, com. Englifh pur. wh. and vel. flow. /, r. /". July 
 I ftyfapftdm. and ftriped leaved, (fee p. 25 1 ) /*./. r. June 
 
 5 jtrujakm /age, yellow and purple now. r. /. r. June 
 
 4 Jny? s tall plain, wh. and yel. ftrip. c. 1././. Sep. fr. Jan. 
 
 I -com. dwarf black and yellow berried, ditto 
 
 1 Germander tree, yel. wh. and purple How././ 7 , c. July, V. 
 
 1 7&>y* tail, i"hr ; iibby, the greater and -lefs, ./«. r. July 
 
 4 /a i?/fr, common fhrubby Englifh, yd. flow./ April 
 4 thneyfifclle, evergreen fcarlet trumpet, c. /./..June 
 4 Kahida, broad leaved, pale red flow. /". /#. /. July 
 
 3 -* .narrow leaved, bright red flow, ditto 
 
 2 ■ hairy leaved, redduh purple flow, ditto 
 
 1 . glaucous leaved, pink flower, ditto 
 
 I La vender cMtm, com. and rcfemary , (fee p. 25 1 ) yel. r. f. ] u . 
 1 _ f e3) com# ar ,d forubby Siberian, bl. r./l. c, 
 
 4 _ French, (ftsechas) yel. flow. r./l. c. June 
 
 3 Laurt'Jlimis, com. br. andnar. leaved, /./. c, Aug. &c. 
 
 3 , hairy, mining, and ilripcd leaved, ditto 
 
 4 Moon-trefoil, (medicago) fhrubby, yel. flow. May, ; 
 4 Pbillyrea, mock privet, or privet leaved, / /. March 
 
 - ftriped, bo ■•; leaved, bay, rofemary, ii:c. do. 
 
 1 Perizii»k!e, trailing and upright, blue f 3 . /. c'./u. Feb. &c 
 1 doub.fl. and white and yel. ftriped-, ditto 
 
 2 Pur/lane tree, (feafilverjrkaves,) com. and Spanifh, c. 
 
 2 Ragnuert, common Tea, hoary leaved,/. .-.June, &c. d. 
 4 Rhododendron, large, or laurel leaved, red ft./. /. Aug. 
 
 3 __ dwarf, or the Pontic rcfe bay, f % /. Aug. 
 
 P 4 £/-.
 
 314" LIST OF. TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 4 Rofe, common muflc evergreen, wh. flow. /. fu. Aug. 
 4 Rofemary, com. plain, and variegated, c. l.Jl. June, d. 
 3 Rue, broad, narrow and ftriped leaved, c. l.JI. June 
 3 Aleppo, broad and narrow leaved, ditto, d. 
 
 3 Savin, common plain fpreading, and Tariegated,/. /. c, 
 
 4 Smilax, or rough bind- weed, wh. fl. red fr. /. r.f. June 
 
 I Widow avail, (cneorum) a trailer, pi. fl. c. l.f. May, &c« 
 I Wormwood, fea, or lavender leaved, and Roman,y/. r. 
 
 * # * If the tenderer forts of thefe fhrubs are judicioufly 
 planted, they may fucceed abroad, and are worth the 
 trial, as their place may, at any time, be eafily fupplied 
 by fome (hrub from the nurfery. While young, for a 
 winter or two, in feverc weather, a few bufhes laid 
 round, and a little peas haulm on the top, would fave 
 many a curious exotic, when they are nearly hardy enough 
 to endure our climate. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR SHRUBS. 
 
 Adam's needle (yucca) is fomewhat tender, and fhould 
 be out of the way of cutting winds. 
 
 Andromeda tree is too tender for the open ground in 
 general, but has furvived abroad, our ordinary winters, 
 being in a favourable fituation. It naturally likes a 
 moift foil : but keep the roots dry in winter. 
 
 Ciflus, all the forts are rather tender, but if brought 
 up as hardy from the fowing as may be, and planted 
 in a dry foil, fhelter and fun, will Hand ordinary win- 
 ters abroad in the fhrubbery, and prove delightful or- 
 naments : Cuttings do not make fo fine plants as feed- 
 liogs, but are hardier. 
 
 Cityfus, Spanifh, mud have a dry warm fituation. 
 
 Germander tree, though generally conhdered as a 
 green-houfe plant, it is anerted, by fome, will endure 
 ordinary winters abroad, with proper management. 
 Rifk of experiment in thefe cafes, or the trouble at- 
 tending, fhould not be minded, for if a (hrub will live 
 abroad, it is furely much better there; and it has been 
 
 found
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C 315 
 
 found that feveral things will do fo, which have been 
 ufcd to be houfed, even in ftoves. 
 
 Groundfel free, 01 ploughman's fpikenard, mull have 
 a fnug fituation abroad, as hard frofts are apt to cut it ; 
 and it it is potted and houfed, it muft have a great deal 
 o.t air, as it only needs protection in fevere weather. 
 This is an argument for trying all things abroad, of 
 which there is a chance of doing well, for they cannot 
 have the air they require in a green -houje, where are 
 fo many plants of a tenderer nature. 
 
 Hares-ear is a handfome fhrub for thejoutb front of 
 a plantation ; — fomewhat tender. 
 
 Honexfuckle, evergreen, allow it a {heltered fituation, 
 and let it be as much as pofhble in fight. 
 
 Moon-trefoil is a very beautiful evergreen, flowering 
 from May to October ; but as it is tender, muft have a 
 dry warm (filiation, and then a little attention of cover 
 in fevere frofts may fecure it. 
 
 Philhrea in all its varieties, though rather a rambling 
 grower, is confidered as one of the {landing ornaments 
 ol our inrubberies ; yet it has beauty in neither flawer, 
 nor trait, as is the cafe with fome other plants, (parti- 
 cularly' evergreens) being retained only for their foliage. 
 The //W/Vy/ fort mould have a (heltered fituation, as 
 indeed is, in a meafure, neceiTary to all "darkgated 
 plants, as their ornamental nature, in this refpeet, is 
 the coufequence of hereditary weaknefs. 
 
 Refipinkh is a pretty under lhrubby evergreen, if 
 properly kept up to the lower part of pales, or a wall, 
 or the larger fort may be trained to a low flake, or 
 even kept as a little bufli. It is ve*y well to confine 
 the roots (being apt to runj by flaty (tones, or tiles ; 
 4 It fucceeds well in (hade and moiilure. 
 
 PurjJane tree, the Spanifh is not fo hardy as the 
 common fort, but will generally furvive our winters, 
 in good Iheltered fituations. 
 
 Ragwort, this fort (as all the others) ufed to be 
 houfed in winter ; but will ftaiid abroad in a warm, 
 
 P 2 (hei.
 
 SIS LISTS OF TREES, Sec. SECT. XIX. 
 
 flickered, dry fituation, and its hoary leaves are very- 
 ornamental, though there is no great beauty in its 
 flowers. When raiferi from feed, it is apt to get 
 greener in leaf, and therefore it will be bell rai fed 
 from cuttings, which mould be taken from the whiten: 
 plants. A likenefs to original plants is frequently lofl 
 from propagation bv feed, but is afiu redly maintained 
 from cuttings and layers. 
 
 jRofe, this fort will need fupport, ^>eing rather trail- 
 ing ; train it to a fheltered wall. 
 
 Rdfemafy will not do in all fituations. See page 256. 
 
 Savin variegated leaved is beautiful : grows flow. 
 
 Smilax, as it is trailing, or climbing, is commonly 
 planted to run up the trunks of trees, &c. It may be 
 trained to tall flakes, and mould be planted in fight, as 
 in the front of plantations. There are feveral forts of 
 it, and the bay-leaved Virginian has black fruit. 
 
 * * # * * 
 
 VII. 
 
 The Flowers in the following lift of annuals are 
 numbered (as the fhrubs were) agreeable to their moil 
 u'fual heights. The time of flowering is not mention- 
 ed, becaufe that will vary, according to the time oi 
 fowing, management, and feafon ; very few before, or 
 after 'June and July. Many of the forts continue 
 longer in flower than a month. 
 
 TENDER ANNUALS. 
 
 4 Amaranthm tree, tricolor, and bicolor 
 
 3 globe, purple, red, white, and ftriped 
 
 4 coxcomb, com. large red, fear. yel. &c\ 
 
 2 com. dwarf coxcomb colours, as ditto 
 
 3 — fpike flowered coxcombs, a variety 
 
 3 Balfams, double, red, fcarlet, and purple ftriped 
 
 3 Rrc-Lvallia, fproading, and upright, blue flowered 
 
 2 Calceolaria^ or flipper-wort, winged leaved 
 
 4 Capfitum %
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREE,, &C. S17 
 
 4 Capftcumty red, yellow and white podded 
 
 3 Ckome, prickly italked, and five leaved 
 
 4 Coluten y or fcarlet African bladder fena 
 
 4 Convolvulus) fcarlet, (ipoma-a qaamoclit) a climber 
 
 3 Eggplant) white, yellow, red, and prickly fruited 
 
 2 Hurtbte, or fpreading branching >///'?/«.* /»W 
 
 i Ice plant, or diamond ficoides, wh. and yel. flowered 
 
 4 Indian fat, or flowering reeds fear, red, yel. 
 4 Pentapatei phcenicic,) fcarlet flowered 
 
 3 Pbjfaft*, or winter cherry, angular and downy 
 
 4 Senfitivey or Double Memofaj— &t kufM plant* 
 4 Si&, or Indian mallow, heart leaved, pink 
 
 2 Spigelia-JutfiJmia, or American Worm Grafs, red 
 4 Stramonium) or thorr, apple, double purple, tec. 
 
 %* Some perfons cultivate the frpenti.ne cucumher) or 
 mden, as a curiofuy of the fummer, the fruit being pro- 
 duced from one to two yards long, under good manage- 
 ment ; but it is to be remembered it will take up much 
 room. 
 
 As to the fpirting (or wild) cucumber) though it may be 
 mentioned here, it is very hardy, fo as to fow itfclf. in 
 autumn, come up in fpring, and will abide as a perennial. 
 Sow in Mnnb) and allow it two yards fquare. This is 
 merely propagated for drorrjiou ; for if the fruit is touched 
 when ripe, it burfls and throws its feet id contents to fame 
 fliiTance, perhaps (wittily) over the clothes of the adven- 
 turer, and perfumes him. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 
 
 Amaranthus, the tree fort, grows larger than the 
 others, £nd bears purple flowers. The tricolor and bico- 
 lor are i'o called, from the former having the leaves of 
 three colours ; i. e. a bright red, yellow and green ; 
 and the latter of two, a deep red and purple ; and it is 
 for thefe, and not the flower, that they are cultivated. 
 The flowers of the globe tons have the peculiar property 
 of retaining their torm and colour a long time (years) 
 when gathered. Clear the feed of this flower Irom its 
 
 P 3 downy 

 
 S 18 LISTS OF TREES, &C SECT. X I X , 
 
 downy covering before (owing, as a means oi forward- 
 ing the germination. 
 
 Balfam, when double, and well marked, is a very 
 fine flower. The plain coloured red and white, femi- 
 double and fingle ones, are not of much account with 
 the curious, but may be put out in ordinary borders to 
 make a fhew. The/W of this flower mould be nicely 
 (a.vetl from the fullelt bloffomed, and diitinclly flriped 
 forts, that have not grown near fmall, or lelf-coloured 
 ones. The plants felected for feed, ihould be protected 
 fiom the wet and cold, after Mid-Auguji, by putting 
 them under. lights, or in agreen-houfe window, where 
 they may have the full fun. 
 
 Calceolaria, the flower of* is efteemed only for th« 
 curiofity of. its flipper fhape. The blow may be con- 
 tinued all fummer, by planting cuttings. 
 
 Capfuums are ufually ranked in the lefs tender clafs, 
 and though they are in nature fo, yet to have them fine, 
 and to fruit in time, they fhould be brought forward, 
 by being treated as balfams, &c. at leaft in fituations 
 far north of London. They are grown for the beauty 
 and ufe of their pods, which are variouily fhaped, as 
 long, heart, cherry, &c. See p. 248. 
 
 Clcomc is a very tender annual, (has been long coia> 
 fidered as a Jlcve plant) but may come under the cul- 
 tivation of the ordinary floriit, by continuing it longer 
 in a frame, as fuppofe to Mid- July, or later, if the lea- 
 fon is then unkind ; and then plunging the pots in a 
 warm border. When autumn approaches, a hand-glafs 
 may be kt on forked flicks over this, or any tender 
 plant, and thus preferve it longer. 
 
 Colutea is a perennial fhrub of fomewhat tender na- 
 ture, that hardly fucceeds abroad. Though the feed 
 will come up on cold ground in high fpring, yet by 
 fowing it as one of this clafs, it may be brought for- 
 w id enough to produce its beautiful flowers the fame 
 an iinui. See li/ls- IV. and X. In this lafl lift it is 
 confidered as a biennial as it may be houfed the firlt 
 
 winter,.
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C 3l9 
 
 winter, and turned out into open ground the following 
 fummer, and fuffered to die. 
 
 Egg plant muff have a dry foil, and warm foliation, 
 but yet plenty of water in hot weather. The bloftbm 
 is not linking, but the fruit is often as large as a fwan's 
 egg, and with common management will be as big as a 
 hen's. This plant requires, however, to be fown for- 
 ward and fhould be brought on by a third hot-bed, if it 
 might be. 
 
 Humble plant is one of the Jcnfii'ves, the property of 
 which is to clofe its leaves, or drop them upon being 
 touched. The common fenfitive plant will grow to 
 eight ieet in nhot-houfe, (which is its proper place;] but 
 the humble plant is {presiding, and feldom reaches more 
 than a flature of two feet; for its tower growth it is 
 therefore more proper for our purpofe here. It is 
 called humble from its receding and dropping fo com- 
 pletely when touched, foot-ftalk and all, as it making a 
 bow. The humble plants are diilinguifhed from the 
 common upright growing fen (itives, as the latter only 
 clofes the leaf, without dropping the flalk. 
 
 Ice plant trails and fp reads wide on the ground, 
 makes no {'hew in its flower, but is beautifully covered 
 with chryftal drops, mining like diamonds when the fun 
 i*-on it; or as the frozen drops of Icicles. It is not nice 
 in its culture, or weather, though it fhould not be put 
 out too young. The belt way is to plant one in a pot 
 ot fix or itxt^n inches diameter, without arty thing at 
 bottom over the hole; and keeping it in the frame till 
 it gets too big for the pot, plunge it in the ground a 
 little over the rims. Thus the plant will not be too 
 luxuriant, but yet futhciently nourilhed, (lor it has 
 imall roots) and will flower f'ooner, and ripen the feed 
 better for this treatment. 
 
 Indian Jhot mull be fown forward, and brought on 
 by different hot-beds to blow the jame year, being 
 rather a tender hot-houfe perennial. 
 
 V 4 L£S*
 
 f£Q LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 LESS TENDER ANNUALS. 
 
 3 Alkekengi, or winter cherry, angular and downy 
 
 3 Amaranthus, trailing, or pendulous flowered, red 
 
 ^ bloody leaved, with erett flowers, purple 
 
 3 upright, reddifh purple flowered 
 
 3 After China, doub. wh. red. pur. brown, ftriped, &c. 
 2 Balfam yellow, noli me tangere, or touch me not 
 
 2 .S^/?/, common fweet red and purple flowered 
 
 i dwarf, or buih Bafil, a variety in leaf. See p. 247 
 
 Capfzcums, fee the laft lift, and pages 24.8 
 2 Carthamns, or common baftard faffron, yellow 
 
 2 woolly, or diflafT flower, yellow 
 
 2 Cerinthe, or honey wort, great and fmall, pur. and yeU 
 
 4 Chryfanthemnm, doub. wh. and yel. plain and quilled' 
 4 Convolvulus major, pink, purp. and deep purple 
 
 1 Geranium, African trailing, variegated flower 
 
 4 Hollyhock, Chinefe, Angle and double variegated 
 
 2 JacGbea, purple, red, and white flowered 
 
 I India, or Chinefe pink, flng. and doub. ftriped varioufiy 
 4 Indian corn, dwarf, red, yeJ. wh. and variegated 
 
 Love-apple, or tcmaturn, fee page 2^9 
 
 Love lilies bleeding, fee amaranthus trailing 
 
 1 Mignonette, fee obfervation, next lift 
 
 4 Marigold, African, pale and deep yel. pi. and quilled 
 
 3 , French, yellow and crimfon ilriped, velvety 
 
 2 dwarf forts of both African and French 
 
 4 Marvel of Peru, white, yel. red, purp. and variegated 
 Nafurtium, yel. and orange flow. July, fee p. 253 
 
 1 Nolana, Peruvian dwarf, a trailer, blue flower 
 
 4 Palma Chrifti, large and fmall, a variety in italk 
 Pcrficar'uiy i'ee next lift 
 
 2 Poppy, Mexican, or prickly poppy, yellow flower 
 Princes Feathery fee amaranthus upright 
 Scabious, fomctimes made an annual, fee biennials 
 
 2 Stock, com. ten week, red, fcarlet, purple and white 
 
 I dwarf French fine fcarlet, and ditto 
 
 , Prutfian, or wall-flw>wer leaved, ditto 
 
 1 Sweet
 
 r 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. • S21 
 
 2 Sweet Julian, yellow, purple, red and white flowered 
 
 4 Tbiaecv, common broad and narrow leaved Virginian 
 
 3 Xeratttbemum, or eternal flower, wh. violet and purp. 
 
 5 Zmnia j yellow few flowered, and red many fowered. 
 
 %* The feeds of mod of thefe flowers will come up in 
 cold ground, (if not fown too early) but are forwarded by a 
 little heat, fo as to have them much earlier, and a finer 
 blow, producing iced, which laie plants will not. The 
 forts that moil require a little heat are, after y bajil, geranium} 
 hit apple 3 marvel of Peru, palma Cbridi) jellozv Julian^ and 
 ziukia . 
 
 The gourd may be added to this elafs ; but to fucceed 
 <zc-!L it mould have a good- fouth wall to be trained againft, 
 and it will take up a good deal of room there. Sorts nu- 
 merous, as to fize, fhape and colour. The common pumphm 
 (fee page 237) is the hardieft j. and the- waned orange goutd 
 is the preuieit- 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON" PARTICULAR FLOWERSv 
 
 After, to come forward and fine, fhould have a fe- 
 cond (iigjit hot-bed to prick a few out upon, and indeed 
 this would be a great advantage to any of the other 
 forts. Thofe not thus- forwarded, wili make a fecond' 
 blow. Thtflripecl forts are much the prettieft', yet the 
 plain ones make & good fhew, and do very well for 
 lhrubber.ies. &.c. particularly the Jupcrb white and red-. 
 Ji is a good way to plant a few afters, or any {low er* 
 designed for feed, in beds by themfelves, in a way of 
 niirfery, as in. the heft borders- it is -much nearer to have 
 all decaying flowers pulled off lcgoarly.,. as foon as 
 their beauty is- over : Pull up all bad flowers (as foon as 
 ever they are difcoveredj from amougitfuch feeding 
 plants-, or they, will: be contaminated.. 
 
 Balfam, yellow, or touch -me -not, is more frequently 
 fown m cold ground, (as others-- of this lilt, carthamus y 
 ca-inihe, Mexie an poppy, jprin&St feather,, and xeranthe- 
 8ttasj.but.it is worth while to afford the ailiftance of ai 
 Utile heat,. This flaw.ex is- fufrkiently ornamental to 
 E S merit!.
 
 S2t LISTS ©r TREES, &C. SECT. XIX'. 
 
 merit a place in the garden- but is chiefly curious for 
 the elaftic property of its feed pods burflingwith force, 
 when juft pre fled between the fingers, throwing the 
 feeds to a diltance. 
 
 Chinefe hollyhock mould be brought forward (efpeci- 
 ally norchwards) to enfure a timely blow. See p. %iti. 
 
 Chryfanthemum, to preferve fome of the fined doubles, 
 plant cuttings, or flips, the beginning of September, in 
 pots, and houfe them before November, leA the froff. 
 come; and they will generally furvive the winter, and 
 flower much earlier, though not fo fhong as thofefown 
 in fpring. 
 
 Convolvulus major will need fupport* by a wall, (take, 
 or otherwife, to be trailed, or run up, as a fcarlet bean. 
 The deep blue fort is called convolvulus nil, or anil. 
 The major convolvulus makes a good fhew, and may; 
 be fown in April, in the places defigned to flower;' 
 but it is the befl way to fow three or four feeds in a 
 frhall pot, which being placed on a gentle heat, will be 
 much forwarder and finer, and maybe turned out whole 
 (when about three inches high) into open ground; tor 
 this flower (as manv other annuals) does not tranf- 
 plant well: Nil will not do without heat to bring 
 it up. 
 
 India pink is now brought to blow much more double 
 and variegated than formerly, and it is a very neat, 
 engaging flower, lailing a long time. Prick the plants 
 out when quite fmall," (for they readily ftrike) that they 
 may not be "drawn up weak, and It t them grow in 
 fengle detached plants, in a dry light foil, and they 
 will be ftrbng. If cut down as foon as the principal 
 blow is over, they will ftand another year. 
 
 Marigold, the African, growsilrongly erecl:. There 
 is a variety in the form of the flower, and the quilled 
 forts are moftly admired . The French fort grows 
 weakly fpreading, but there are beautiful varieties of it 
 from feed, which fhould be carefully faved from the 
 jnoit double flowers, having had no fingl ones growing 
 
 near
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. S.C5 
 
 near them. The fmeLl of thofe commonly fown is 
 unpleafant; yet there are fweet-fcented forts. 
 
 Marvel of Peru is confidered as an annual, yet is na- 
 turally perennial in root — as our climate makes it an- 
 nual, lithe roots of thofe growing abroad are taken up in 
 Oclcber, and dried a few days, they may be packed in 
 dry fand r and kept in a dry place (from froft) till 
 fpring i when potted and placed on a gentle heat, they 
 will lhoot, and come forward. 
 
 Pa/ma Chrifti, the large leaved (often a foot broad) 
 will grow from feven to ten feet high, according to 
 culture, as early fown, &c. AsMt is valued for its 
 noble ftature, and ample foLLge, fome gardeners bring 
 it forward as a tender annual, in order to pioduce a 
 giant \ but it is not advifeable. The fniall leaved grows 
 to about four feet high, and is an agreeable plant in the 
 leaf, in other refpects than fize. 
 
 Najlurtmm is impatient of froft; hence it has been 
 confidered in this clafs, to have it flower early. Late 
 fown plants,, if potted and hcu fed, will blow in winter, 
 and live round to fpring. Cuttings of it will grow. 
 The dwarf fort is preferred by fome for flower borders, 
 but is not fo fforiferous as ihe large. There is a double 
 kind, fee page 254. 
 
 Stock, ten week, (beautiful and fragrant) is the mod 
 important annual flower we have. Every one admires 
 it, and its abfence is always- felt. It therefore merits 
 every attention, to raife fine double flowers, to have ( 
 them early, a continued fuccefhon, and as late in the 
 feafon as poflible. 
 
 There mould befiur lowing* of this flower in the 
 year. Let the firji be early in the fpring, (as Mid- 
 February, or beginning ot MarehJ on a gentle heat : 
 and being foon thinned a little, they Ihould be pricked 
 out in about a fortnight upon another moderate hotbed, 
 at four inches afunder, Where they may grow till this 
 diflance is thought too crowding; but the beft rule is, 
 to give them their final ftaiion as fooa as they have ac- 
 quired fvx or eight leaves. 
 
 PS The
 
 S£4 LISTS OF TREES, &C, SECT. XIX. 
 
 The fecctfd (owing mould take place on a little hea>, 
 when the firft plants are pricked out; and let this Tow- 
 ing be prefently thinned to an inch afunder; prick the 
 plants out in the full ground, (or on a moderate hot- 
 bed, if you wiih to forward them) at fix inches a'.under. 
 Here they may grow till either put out with eight 
 leaves, or ftand till their Jtower buds appear, which fhew 
 plainly whether they will be double or fingie; the 
 double having full round buds, and the fingie long then 
 ones. But if every other is drawn with eight leaves, 
 the reft will do *the better, and may be taken up with 
 large bails of earth; concerning the method ot doing 
 which, fee page 279. Or, every other being taken up 
 from the bed, trie reft may remain to make a grand fhew 
 in flower. All the (ingle ones not wanted for Jeed y 
 fhould be pulled, or cut up; then thofe left for the 
 purpofe will more certainly produce good feed, i. e* 
 apt to come double. 
 
 The third fowing is to be upon cold ground, in a 
 warm border, or rather under a hand-glafs, the begin- 
 ning of May. Let the plants be thinned in time, lb as 
 not to draw one another up weak, and pricked out at 
 four inches, as foon as may be, as to ihowery weather, 
 for flocks will fafely tranfplant very young; and when 
 they have eight leaves, let them be planted where they 
 are to blow. It is a good way (in lurnifhing borders) 
 to plant three or four ftocks together, at four or five 
 inches from one another, and thoJe that prove fingie, 
 may be cut out as foon as difcoverecL 
 
 The foitrth lowing is defigncd for plants to be pre-- 
 ferved through the winter for zfpring blow, and Ihould 
 be made either the laft week in July, or before the 
 middle of Augujl. Plant fome clofe under a fouth 
 wall, and pot others for houfmg in (only) kxeie 
 wether. it two or three plants are put in a pot,, the 
 fingie may be cut away from the double. as loon as 
 difcovered. 
 
 The French ftock is very floriferous, and moft apt 
 to come double. The P ruffian is fometimss called the 
 
 Jca~
 
 SECT. XiX. LIST^OF TREES, &C. 6£5 
 
 fea-green flock, 10 diitinguifh k from the others, which 
 are fomewhat hoary leaved. 
 
 To fave fetd that is moft promifing for double, 
 mark thole flowers which have five or fix leaves, by 
 tying a bit of thread round them. A f ingle flowering 
 plant tint has double ones growing near It, produces 
 good feed ; but thofe fmgle flowers that come out 
 kefere the double' ones appear, it is proper to take off, 
 as alfo all the late flowers, which if they, ripen their 
 feeds at all, would be weak ; and a plant having but 
 few pods to ripen, will certainly produce the boldeft 
 feed, and of couiie the largelt plants and flowers may 
 be expected from it. Be fure that the feed ls rife before 
 gathered, and that it is kept dry y in their pods, clofe 
 tied in paper bags. 
 
 Sultan, the yellow is the fineff. flower, and has a 
 very agreeable nmfkv fcent : but it is the tendereff ,. and 
 will hardly fucceed well without theafliflance oi heat ta 
 bring the feeds up: It will come, however, if fown 
 under a fmalf hand-glafs, that is air tight,, on a warm 
 border. The yellow produces much finer flowers,, ii 
 pricked out upon a fecond flight hot- bed _ 
 
 Zinnia-, the colours of this flower are dingy, but yet 
 agreeable. Some gardeners chufe to treat it as the 
 balfam \ but a moderate- hot-bed will produce the 
 plants forward enough to ripen theiF feeds. Zinnia is, 
 however, rather impatient of cold.. In May may fow 
 in open ground for a late blow. 
 
 IX. 
 
 HARDY ANNUALS. 
 
 2 Adonis, pheafant's eye, or bird's eye, red and veil nv 
 
 1 Am thyfiea, the flower is a pretty amerhyit blue one 
 i Ahjp.n, fweet-fcented, white flowering 
 
 2 Balm, Moldavian, blue and red flowered 
 Maljam, ycltow, fee iaft lift> and obfervatiorv 
 
 2 Befoidcre
 
 SIC) LISTS'OF TREKS, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 2 Eel-vidcrey annual, fummer, or mock cyprcfs 
 2 Borage, variegated leaved, purp. and red, fee pnge 247 
 I Campion, dwarf vifcous, or dnvarf lychnis purple 
 1 Candy~tiift y common white, red, crimfon, and purple 
 l -bitter, and fweet-fcented white 
 
 1 Caterpillar Flint y four fort?, yellow., fee page 272. 
 
 2 Catchjly, Libel's, red, purple, and white 
 Cerinthfy or honey-wort, fee lad liil 
 
 2 Clary, annual pink, purple, and white topped 
 
 j Convolvulus minor, blue, white* and ftriped 
 
 4 Cyanus, or ccrn-bottles, blue,, red,, pur. wh. and {trip. 
 
 Ue'vil.in-(.-buJh, or Fennel Flower, fee mgella 
 
 I Geranium, annual red muik, and a fhowy blue and pur. 
 
 1 Erigerou, or Canada flea wort, white 
 
 2 Haw.kiLeed, (baftard) red, pale, and a deep yellow 
 
 1 Heart's Safe, or panfey, large Dutch, &ca variety 
 4 Indian corn\ dwarf, or maize, yellow flow, red fruit 
 
 2 Ketm'm, bladdt r, or flower of an hour, yellow 
 
 4 Lark/pur, tall, unbranched, branching, and rocket 
 
 2 dwarf rocket, as of ditto, a variety 
 
 3 ■ Neapolitan^ branched and fpotted 
 
 2 Lathyrus, joint-pedded, blue flowered 
 
 3 Laih.'tera, or Cretan mallow, red, white, and purple 
 
 2 _ , three month's Syrian, pale red flower 
 
 j Lupine, fweet-fcented, yellow flowered 
 
 3 ■ common, two blue forts, and a white 
 
 4 hairy giant blue, and rofe coloured 
 
 fcarlet, fee pea 3 Tangier 
 
 Lychnis, dwarf annual, fee campion 
 
 4 Mallyw, curled leaved Syrian, and Chinefe, pink 
 
 ■ - Venetian, fee kctmia 
 
 Cretan and a Syrian, fee lavattra 
 
 3 Marigold, giant, or large common double 
 
 2 Large cape, hybrid, or mongrel 
 
 ! dwarf cape, leafy, and naked italked 
 
 1 Mignonette, (trailing) or fweet-fcented refeda 
 
 3 Mulberry bligfrt, or ftrawberry fpinach, red fruit 
 
 j dwarf plain, and variegated leaved 
 
 Najiurtium, fee obfervation, laft lift 
 >2 Nigella, blue, white, and yellow, fingleand double 
 Normandy tuft \ i.e. red candy tuft, which fee 
 
 4 Fea y fweet, purple,, fcarlet, white and black
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. S£t 
 
 4 Pea, pink and white, or the painted lady 
 4 Tangier, fometimes c&Ietf fta'rkt huphii 
 
 2 blue flowered, or cultivated lathyrus 
 
 4 crown, rofe, or cape-horn, pink and white 
 
 i winged, or winged podded lotus, red flower 
 
 4 Perflcaria, oriental, red flowered, fee pages 273, 28? 
 4 Peppy, tall, double purple, fcarlet, carnation, &c. 
 
 2 dwarf, or corn poppy, double, a variety 
 
 2 prickly Mexican, or yellow flowered 
 
 3 chelidonium, or horned fcarlet poppy 
 
 Scabious, fee next lift, and the obfervation 
 
 1 Snails, hedge hogs, and horns, yellow, fee page 272 
 
 2 Snap- dragon, annual Sicilian, white flowered 
 
 1 Stock, dwarf annual, or Virginian red and white 
 4 Sua -flower, large double, pale, and full yellow 
 
 2 dwarf double ditto 
 
 2 Toad-flax, or three leaved antirhinum, yeLHue, &c» 
 1 Whitlow graft, white, and yellow flowered 
 I Venus' s looking glafs, blue, white, and purple 
 1 ■ navel wort, common, and Portugal, white 
 
 Xeranthemnm, or eternal flower, fee laft lift 
 
 * # * There will not need many obfervations on the 
 flowers of this clafs. Directions refpefting their culti- 
 vation will be found in the laft fe&ion. It was there 
 faid, that May was not too late for fowing thofe annuals 
 that come quick into flower : — the feafon may be extended' 
 (for late blows) to fome, through June, or even the be- 
 ginning of July, as annual flock, cauay tuft y convolvulus 
 minor, corn botths, heart* s ea/'e, yell&ui lupine, 7nignonetit y ' 
 Jhceet-pea, and phcafanf s eye. But, if dry weather, the 
 feeds muft be watered to bring them up > and the plants 
 alfo to brin? them forward. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 
 
 Behidere is admired for its beautiful regular growth. 
 The autumn fown feed make far the fineft plants, and 
 as felf-fown ones often come up, they mould be pre- 
 ferred. This flower is adapted for potting, and thus 
 it looks well. See pages 273, 281. 
 
 Ketmia,
 
 $21 hi S T S OF f IV B F. S , SlC, S-EC T . X I X.. 
 
 Kchnia, the flower fade* in a very fhort time, when 
 the fun is aut ; but the plant produces a great number, 
 in long fucce&on. 
 
 Larkfpur is feldom permitted to attain its utrncft 
 perfection, not ai4owihg.it/aona enough. The I 
 forts, ftiould be from a foot to eighteen inches ai under, 
 and the dwarf half this alliance. See page %8>fL Pull 
 up all fingles. See page 5.9- 
 
 Mrgnoneth is fomew; at tender, and is often fown oh 
 heai, esrly in the fpring, to obtain forward plant?, foY 
 pricking out into pots, boxes, or bafkets, tobehoufed 
 in windows, Set. As it does not tranfplant well, take 
 it up with a little earth about the roots; and, if con- 
 venient, put the pots, &c. on. a little hear,, till. rooted'. 
 Summer fown plants, if houfed in. winter,, become 
 Biennial ;, cut them down firil.. 
 
 Mulberry blight r or more properly hlite ; i. e. the 
 herb blitum,. whofe fruit refembles a red unripe mul- 
 berry. It is alfo called ftrawberry Jpinach, from the 
 leaves being like thofe of the prickly j'pinach, and the 
 fruit like a fcarlet ftrawberry. The plant mult he 
 imported by a wall, pales-, or flicks, or the weight of 
 the fruit jjiot eatable) will bring them to the ground.. 
 It looks beff, and is very handfome, when trained,, 
 which it mould be, juft as a fruit tree, fullering no (idc 
 (hoots to remain on. The feed is- near a month com- 
 ing up, which makes autumn fown plants valuable, in 
 order to have the fruit forward and fine. Some perfons* 
 fow it in i^nng upon a flight hot-bed, and prick the- 
 plants out where tlie) are to grow ; but to fow forward,. 
 in their proper place (not to be tranfplantc I) generally 
 does very well; as it will then decorate the autumn, 
 when other things begin to fail. 
 
 Sfcek, annual, if fown about Mid-Augift', for aru 
 edging, or m little patclies, will make a pretty early 
 fpring blow, as it is very hardy : A light foil fuits it; 
 beft, This little flower is commonly fpoiled by being 
 differed to grow thick, winch makes it trail, and ram- 
 ble
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREKS, &C. 5\?9 
 
 ble too much. Four in a patch, about four inches a- 
 funder, is fufficient. 
 
 X. 
 
 List of biennial flowers. 
 
 z Catnpiot, rofe, red, wh. and dr. and doub. crimf. July 
 
 2 — . Spanim vifcous, red flowers, July 
 
 2 Portugal, whitifh green flowered, ditto, July 
 
 2 Canterbury bells, blue, purple, and white flow. June 
 
 z variegated, and double flow. June 
 
 2 Carnation •, (or gilliflower) a great variety, feeobferv. 
 
 z Chehne, forking; penciled, American, purple, Sept. 
 
 2 Clary, garden, a Variety in leaf, pur. fee page 249, June 
 Cduteciy fee Jena, bladder, below 
 
 3 Gnat's Beard, greater yellow flowered, July 
 
 3 thneyj'uckU , French, red, wh. and ftr. flow. June, d. 
 
 3 Honefiy, fatin-flower, or moon-wort, pur. and wh. May 
 2 Lion's tail, Virginian, or monarda punctata, yei. July 
 
 4 Mallo-xv, tree, (proving fomctimes biennial) pur. June, d. 
 z vervain, ditto, red, and white, June, d. 
 
 2 Milk vetch., fox- 1 ail, (often biennial) ycllo v, /. June, d. 
 
 ^ Mullein, branching, phiomoide and iinuated,, yel. June 
 
 2 Ptujh?r.an, (a biennial-perennial} violet and pi./. Sept. 
 
 2 P y/, common, horned podded, yellow flower, July 
 
 4. rrimr.jc, tree, com. hairy and fmooth-flenVd, yel. June 
 
 2 Rampicu, (fee p. 255} a large bluebell flow. June 
 
 4 Rudbeckia, three lobed Virginian, yel. (low. July, d. 
 
 3 Scabious, pur. black, red, wh. and itrip. flow. June 
 3 hen and chicken flowered, purple, June 
 
 3 ftarry, Spanifh and Montpclicr, purple, July 
 
 4 Sena, bladder, (coiutea) Ethiopian fcarlet, Augull 
 
 i Srap.dragon, red, pur. wh. yel. and variegated, June 
 
 2 red, Sec. with variegated leaves, June, d, 
 
 3 Stock, Brompton, fcarlet, biulh, and white, May 
 
 3 queen, red, blufn, and white, May 
 
 3 Twickenham, purple flowered, May 
 
 3 fhrubby, white, tinged and fpot ted, May I 
 
 4 large red Dutch, and Patagonian, May 
 
 2 Sweet
 
 830 LISTS OF TREES, &C, SECT. XIX. 
 
 2 Siiutet William, fingle and double, a variety, June 
 
 2 — mule, or fw. Wil. pink, doub. red, June 
 
 a broad-leaved ftrip. and red flow. June 
 
 2 Wall-flower, large, ycl. and bloody, fing. and double 
 
 i .. — white, and dw, ycl. ling, and double, May 
 
 2 winter and early fpring, fingle yellow 
 
 %* Several biennial flowers, if fown early, or brought 
 forward upon a little heat, will blow the fame rear, 
 only later, as French honejfuckle, honcfly, fcabious, [enna t 
 and flocks; but it is not generally deferable to attempt 
 this, as they do not come fo fine and ilrong, when made 
 annuals of. Thofe juft named, of courfe, though fowa 
 late the preceding year, will blow the next ; but fome 
 of the biennials, in this cafe, will not blow the next year, 
 as Canterbury Bells, a few of which, though fown at their 
 proper feafon, may ftand over for the fecond year. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 
 
 Ccwrpion, though a perennial, fhould be confidered 
 as biennial, in order to a timely fupply ; it fometimes i» 
 of no longer duration. The double (as bearing no 
 feed) is propagated by flips from the roots ; and it is a 
 very fine flower. Pot lome. 
 
 Carnation is feldom confidered as a biennial, though 
 in fact it is fo, as much as feveral others, ufually de- 
 nominated of this clafs ; for, after the firfl: blow, the 
 plants become ftragglmg, and flower weakly; it is, 
 therefore, that they are always layered, &c. to con- 
 tinue them. The plain, deep red,, or clove fcenud 
 carnation, is the original, and an eftablilhed cultivated 
 fort. The roll are clafled tinder the heads, flakes, 
 bizarres, picquctees, and painted ladies t according to 
 their colours, fhipes, fpots, and pouncing*. Yov layer- 
 ing, and raifing carnations, fee the end of this lection. 
 
 Chelone, the feed of this flower is befl fown as loon 
 as ripe, in autumn ; and coming up in the fpring., they 
 
 may
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS Of TREES, &CT. SSI 
 
 may be planted in the borders, in June and July, and 
 will flower die fame feafon. 
 
 Goat's Beard, the young fhoots are eat (as thofe oi 
 Jalfafy) like afparagus at fpring. 
 
 'Primrofe tree, makes a pretty (how, but produces fo 
 much feed, that it becomes rather a troublefome weed 
 to fome people. Cut the flower (terns oft, or pull up 
 the plant, before the feed pods are ripe enough, to fhed 
 their numerous contents. 
 
 Rudbeckia, or American fun- flower, this biennial 
 fort is called hardy, but Ihould neverthe'efs have a dry 
 fheltered fituation. The narrow leaved dwarf perennial 
 (about three feet) fometimes proves biennial, and mav 
 be fown as fuch, a little every year, by thofe who 
 would extend their culture of flowers. 
 
 Scabious has been noticed in the two lad lifts as an 
 annual, which it becomes, if fown early ; and fome 
 gardeners make a point ot doing it on a little heat to 
 forward them. As a biennial, ic fhould not be fown 
 too foon ; but if forward plants are tranfplanted in 
 June, it will prevent their flowering till next year, 
 when they will come very fine and itrong, and this is 
 the way to produce good ieed. 
 
 Sena, bladder, or Ethiopian fcarlet colutea, is rather 
 tender, and the fcedling plants mult be potted and 
 houfed, or flickered by a frame from (harp froit s. 
 This flower is properly a perennial, (fee lilt IV.) but 
 as u is apt to he cut oft" in fevere weather, it is here 
 conhdered as biennial, and may take its chance atter 
 the firft flowering. It is fometimes made an annual of. 
 Sec colutea, hit VII. 
 
 Snap dragon we confider as biennial, it not blowing 
 fo handfome afterwards. The variegated (as all (tripes 
 are) is tenderifh ; this mult be propagated from cut- 
 tings, as indeed the plain may be, though the fined 
 plants come from feed. This flower is of longeft con- 
 tinuance in a poor foil, and will grow and flouriih out 
 of tracks in old walU. 
 
 Stcc^
 
 ffig LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX» 
 
 5/of^, or flock gilliflower, is apt to get too rampant 
 Hn fome fcafons) before winter, and when killed by 
 fro ft, it is chiefly owing to this circumfiance ; for no- 
 thing ftands fcvere weather well, that has grown very 
 freely. Hence it ufeel to be the cnilom of ilorills- to 
 traufplant them feveral times in the Cummer ; (even at 
 every full moon) but to keep them down, and hardy, 
 by this means, tends directly to weaken the blow, if 
 not to kill the plant. 'The mod reasonable method in < 
 this bufiaefs is, not to fow too earl)', (or before the 
 fiiit week in April) to thin them, and to prick them 
 out in time, that they may not be drawn up long 
 logged; and by no means to let tliem have a dungy 
 foil to grow in, or a very rich one. Prick them out 
 the fir Jr. cool weathei 1 after they have fix leaves, at fix 
 or eight inches afunder, where let them remain till 
 A'igujr, choofihg a fhowery time, (rather about the 
 middle) to plant them out where they are to blow ; 
 but let not this be into a moill foil, or damp fituation : 
 It is a good way to mix half fand in the mould that 
 lies about the (hanks above the roots ; and when wet 
 and fro ft comes, to lay coarie, or dritt fand, round 
 about them, three or four inches high, which remove 
 at fpring. Some of the weakcit plants may remain in 
 the nurfery bed till fpring, which putoutin cool ground, 
 for in f'uch a foil they blow bell, though they do not 
 frand the winter well in ire Stocks blow much finer 
 in a ihowery iummer than in an hot one. It will be 
 a great advantage to thole moved at fpring, to Ikve 
 balls of earth to the roots, though they do not well 
 retain it. To difpofe theiri to it, ami make them fi'ficr 
 to tranfplant, they may be cut round m autumn, with 
 a long knife, five or lix inches deep, and about three 
 inches from the item, making one ILmting cut under 
 the root, at fix inches depth, to cut ihote afunder that 
 itrike directly down. This is a practice that would 
 aufwer in molt things that arc to be removed at fpring ; 
 and if not, it would generally be of fervice,.as the cut- 
 ting
 
 "SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 333 
 
 ting off the end of a downright root, occafions it to 
 throw out feveral others of a more fibrous nature. 
 
 Sweet William for bearded pink) is diftinguifhed 
 into broad and narrow leaved forts. This flower 
 comes very diverfified from feed, fome plain, others 
 beautifully ftriped, and a few double, perhaps one in 
 thirty or forty. But the (ingle ones are generally fo 
 ornamental, that the want of doubles is not much la- 
 mented. The double forts are propagated from layers, 
 as carnations. The fweet William is perennial, but 
 as the plants ceafe to be handfome (and in fome cafes 
 die) after the firft blow, it is neceflary to raife fome 
 every year for ordinary ufe. 
 
 ]Vall-jiGwers, raifed from feed, produce fome doubles ; 
 but the chance is not great for fine ones, which are 
 to be continued from flips or cuttings in May, June, or 
 July, plant them in a rich foil, and (hade till rooted. 
 The double white wall-flower is tender, and mould be 
 potted for houfing, as indeed other good forts of this 
 flower mould be, and generally are. 
 
 XI. 
 List of fibrous rooted perennial ficwet^, 
 
 z Adonis, or perennial pheafant's eye, yel. r. /. Aug. m, 
 3 Acanthus, fmooth and prickly wh. and pink,/, r, July, d. 
 3 Agrimony, the large, or odoriferous yellow,/, r. July 
 
 3 . hemp, common wild, red,/, r. Auguft, m, 
 
 z > fpotted (talked American, purple, ditto 
 
 3 lower Fennfylvanian and Virginian, wh. ditto 
 
 4. Canada, or tall purple flower, ditto 
 
 4 talleft Pennfylvanian, white flowered, ditto 
 
 1 Alyjfon, rock, Cretan, and prickly, yel. and wh./. t. May 
 1 Anthemii 9 or fea camomile, a trailer, white,/. July 
 
 3 ■ ox eye fort, yellow, white and red, r. June 
 
 t AmhjlliSy double, pur. and fear, trailing,/, r, June 
 
 4 Arum
 
 534 LIST* OF TREES, &C. bECT. XIX. 
 
 4 Arum, dragon, common fpotted flalked purple, r. June 
 I Afarabacca, Virginian vein leaved, Ac. purp. r. May 
 
 Afpkodely or king's fpear. See the next lift. 
 
 After, a variety, fccfanucrt below. 
 i Aurictda, or bear's Car, fee ob/trvation end of lift, 
 i A<vens, com. alp. yel. and marih, pur. Sec./, r. Mar, «r» 
 
 3 Bachelor's button, fing. and doub. red and wh./. r. May 
 — blue, fee cjanus 
 
 i ZW-w, grandiflorus, purple, red and white, r. June 
 I Barre7i~Mort i alpine (epimedium) red, r. yiz.\ , Jhade 
 
 Bear's breech, fee acanthus 
 I Bear's earfamcle, of Matthiolus, fine red, r. June, ^. 
 
 1 Bear's foot, or hellebore, greenifh flower,/, r. Feb. 
 
 2 Betony, com. Danifh, oriental, pur. red, wh. /. r. July, #r, 
 
 4 Bee larifpur, common and great How. blue,/, r. July 
 2 Bloodnxiorty or bloody ftalked dock, white, /. May. 
 
 2 Borage, oriental perennial, blue flower,/, r. May, d. 
 i Bugle, com. pyramidal blue, red and wh. r. May, ^. 
 2 Buglofs, com. (fee p. 253) blue, wh. and red,/. June 
 
 1 oriental trailing, and Virginian, yd. /'. May, d. 
 
 2 Burnet, com. (253) and agrimony lea v. red,/. >-. June 
 4 Bryony, common white flowered, red berried, /. May 
 2 Cacalia, alpine purple, a. variety in leaf,/, r. June 
 
 Calamint, Hetrurian, fee £<?/#? grandifiorus. 
 4 Campanula, pyramidal, or fteeple flow, blue, /'. JI. Aii£. 
 I grandiflora, and Carpathian, purp./. r. July 
 
 . fee Tkraatwort. Campion, fee laft lift. 
 
 r Candy Tuft, round leaved perennial, wh. r. r. June 
 
 j Cardinal floixer, fcarlet, blue and violet,/, r. C, Aug. d. 
 
 Carnation, is properly a biennial. See the lait lift. 
 2 Catchfly, or vifcous campion, doub. red and wh. r. June 
 4 Centaury, great pur. and woad leaved yel./. r. June 
 
 2 Chelate, Virginian, &c. wh. blue, red and pur. r. Sep 
 4 Chervil, perennial, or fweet fern, white,/. June 
 
 1 Chrijhnas tofe, or black hellebore, white, 7. January 
 
 4 Clan, Indian blue, and glutinous yellow,/", r. June 
 
 3 Columbuu, com. plain, ftriped and fpotted, /. r. June 
 
 3 _ ; feathered, (thali&rum) wh. and pur. ditto 
 
 2 mountain, or alpine, large blue,/, r. May 
 
 1 — Canada dwarf early, red with yel./. r. Ap. 
 
 Codoo fewer, or mcadw pitiky fee ragged robin 
 
 4 C
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 33$ 
 
 4 Coreojfls, verticillate, yellow, a long blow, r, July 
 
 i Cowflip, double yellow, and double fcarlet, r. May 
 
 i American, or Meadia, purple,/, off). May 
 
 2 Crowfoot, meadow, double yellow flowered, r. May 
 
 i mountain, double white flowered, r. May 
 
 2 Cyamis, mountain, or perennial blue bottle,/, r. June 
 
 I Daijy, wh. red, fear, variegated, coxcomb, <i~c. r. April 
 
 1 globe, (globularia) a fine blue flower, r. June 
 
 3 ox eye, American and Montpelier, wh./. r. July 
 
 Michaelmas, fee flarwort tradefcants 
 
 2 Dodartia, oriental, deep purple flower, r. May 
 L>:decatheon, fee cowfiip American 
 
 2 £>5§"'j &?/^, willow leaved, purp. and wh. &c. r. July 
 
 (Afciepias) Virginia orange offs. July 
 
 3 Dragon's kead, Virginia purple flowered,/, r. Auguft 
 2 hy flop leaved, blue flowered,/. June 
 
 3 Etjngo, or fea holly, Amethyftine, and Ruffian,/. July 
 2 maritime Engliih, and aquatic American, ditto 
 
 2 Eternal flower, pearly, or white everlafting, r, June 
 
 3 Fc-i'trfc-Lv, two doub. fl. and a curled lea v. wh./. r. c. June 
 
 4 Figwort, Spanifh, elder leaved, red andgr./. r. fl t c. July 
 4 aquatic variegated leaved, ditto 
 
 4 Flax, perennial Siberian blue flowered,/. June 
 
 3 Fox.gh-ve, pur. red, wh. and iron coloured,/, r. June 
 
 2 great and lefs yel. and Spaniih purp. ditto 
 
 American, fee monkey flower 
 
 3 Fraxindla, white and purple flowered, /. r. Jane 
 
 3 French honeyfuckle, Canadian, red, wh. pur./. June, </• 
 
 ^ fenfltive, branched, yellow, ditto 
 
 i Fumatory, difFufed, brandling, yel. and wh./. June 
 
 2 upright American, purple, ditto 
 
 3 Gentian, great yellow, and purple flowering,/. July 
 
 i afciepias Ieav. and crofs-wort, blue,/, r. May 
 
 I Gentianella, fine azure blue flower,/, r. May 
 
 1 Geranium, [Englijb) blue, pur. red, black, r. May 
 African, or tender forts, fee cbfervation 
 
 2 Globe flower, European, and Afiatic, yel. /. r. May, m» 
 
 4 Globe thiflle, great blue and white flowered,/. June 
 
 2 lefs, deep blue, and v/hite flowered ditto 
 
 3 Golden Rod, common Mexican and American, r. Auguft 
 — tall late blowing American, r> September 
 
 9 Gclden
 
 $36 LISTS OF TftEES, &C. SECT. XTX. 
 
 Golden Rod, New York, flefhy leaved, evergr. r. Oft. 
 
 . loweft, or dwarf Pyrenean, r. Auguft 
 
 2 GoA/v locks, German, a bright yellow flower, r. c. July 
 j Hawkwecd ', (or grim-the-collicr) orange col./. r» July 
 i great yel. or French goat's beard,/. June 
 
 Hedge Mufllard, fingle and double, fee r*f&/ yellow 
 4 Hellebore, (veratrum) wh. black, and yellow, /. r. May 
 2 Helouias, two forts, wh. and cream col./. */". July 
 I Hepatka, red, blue, wh. and ftr. fmg. and doub. r. Mar. 
 i Heart's eafle, or tricolor violet, yel. pur. wh. r. April 
 
 /£?r£ ben net (geum) fee ctfitoM 
 4 /£r£ Chriftopher, com. and long fpiked, white,/. June 
 4 Hollyhock, com. doub. wh. yel. pink, red, fca: &C../1 Aug. 
 
 - — — fig-leaved, or palmated, a variety, ditto 
 
 - Chinefe, or painted lady, fee lift VIII, 
 
 I Ladies mantle, com. fringed, Alpine, &c. r. /. May 
 I Ladies f mock, double pur. and double wh. r. May, -•. 
 I Ladies flippers, yellows, purples, red, Scc.f. r. May, ;/?. 
 I Ladits finger, (Anthyllis) fear. doub. fl./. June 
 I Lavender-flea, great, &c. wh. and blues, r. fl. c. julr 
 
 1 />//>• of the valley, wh. red, ftr. fmg. and doub. r. Majr, w 
 
 2 Lion's foot, fmg. and doub. blue flowered,/, r. June, d. 
 
 2 Lion's tail, fear, and pur. fl. pi. and ftr. leaf, r.fl. c. 
 
 i London pride, or none-fo-pretty, foot ted flow. r. May 
 
 3 Looj'eflrife, common great yellow flowered, r. June. 
 3 willow-leaved, white Spanifh, ditto 
 
 2 . — ; — , .ciliated Canadian yellow, ditto 
 
 i —money-wort, or herb two-pence, ye!, d.: 
 
 . fee *t)ill*w herb, lift IV. 
 
 2 Lupine, perennial Virginian blue flowered,/. June 
 
 1 Lungwort, common, blue, purple, and red, r. fl. May 
 
 2 _ Virginian, blue, red, pur. and wh. fl. r. fl. May 
 
 3 Lychnis, fing. and doub. fear, pink, and wh./. r. r. July 
 * , Chinefe, fine orange-coloured flow, ditto, </. 
 
 2 Lychnidea, red, pur. blue and wh. fw. feeuted, r. r. Jojjf 
 
 Mad-wort, fee Aiyflbn 
 l.Malloto Virginia, fmooth and rough leaved, wh./. r. June 
 i Marjk Marigold, doable flowered yellow, r. April, mi 
 2 ?/Jaj}er-ivort great black rooted, yellow, r. June 
 a :■:, .. , common and Mowpetter, yd. r.f. June, .-,. 
 
 Hkbmh^n d^ijj^ \%fte*u*rt tradfl:ants t which fee
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. SS7 
 
 1 Milkwort, com. and bitter, blue, red, wh. Sec./, June, d. 
 3 Milk vetch, goat's rue-leaved, and oriental, yel./ Julv 
 
 i , (Anthyllis Montana) purple, trailing,/. July 
 
 2 Monkey flower, or American fox glove, blue, r.f. July 
 
 3 Marina, pur. wh. pale and deep red,/, off. June 
 
 3 Mttgwort, iilv. fir. and gold dr. pur. r. June 
 
 4 Mullein, yellow, purple and iron coloured, r. f. June 
 i myconic borage leaved, trailing, blue, ditto 
 
 1 Navelwort, perennial trailing, blue flowered, r. c, April 
 Orchis, biennial, fee next lift 
 
 O rob us, fee vetch, bitter 
 
 2 Orpine, the greater, purple and white, Jl. c. July, d. 
 
 i the leiTer, (anacampferos) a trailer, pur. ditto 
 
 i true, (telephium) white flowered,/. r.Jl. a July 
 
 4 Ox-eye-dcify, American and Montpelier, white, r. July 
 2 corymbus flowering, white, ditto 
 
 Pa/oue flower, fee next lift. 
 4 Pojjl on flower, com. palmated blue rayed, c. /. /. ///. July 
 4 Pea, everlafting, red, fear. pur. and large fl./. r. June 
 
 P&ony, being tuberous rooted, fee next lift 
 i P/#y£,- common, red, white, plain and fringed, diimalk 
 
 i red cob, white cob, painted lady 
 
 i maiden, or matted, and grey leaved mountain 
 
 i pheafant's eye, Sec. s great variety 
 
 3 Plumbago, or European leadwort, blue, pur*-Wh. r. Oct. 
 i Polyanthus, a great variety in flower,/, r, April 
 
 2 Poppy, oriental fcarlet, and Welfh yellow,/, r. June 
 
 i Primrofe, white, red, fcarlet, doub. yel. Sec. r. Mareh 
 
 3 ■ tree, the larger, (perennial) yel./. r. June 
 
 2 Ragged A bin, or meadow pink, double red,/, r. May 
 
 4 icW, Portugal, or Spanifh, variegated leaved, offs. 
 
 2 Reft harrow, common purple, with red flowers,/. May 
 
 3 Rhubarb, com. and weaved leaved Chinefe wh./. June 
 
 4 ■ palmated Chinefe, and large Tartarian, Sec, 
 
 2 Rocket, fing. and doub. wh. pur. and red,/, c. r. June 
 
 2 double yellow, or double eryfimum, r. June 
 
 4 Rudbeckia, jagged leaved Virginian orange, r. f, July 
 
 2 ■ dwarf hairy, yellow, purple, Sec. ditto 
 
 i Rujh, fweet flowering, pink, wh. and pur. r. July tv. 
 
 1 Sanguinarea, Canada, (puccoon) fing. and doub. wh. r. 
 
 2 Sarraceua, or fide-faddle flower, pur, and yel./. r. July 
 
 Q 4 $e<w-*»ortg
 
 3;>& LISTS OF TR1LES, &C. IECT. XIX. 
 
 4 Strw-<vjort, New York and Maryland, pur. flow. r. June 
 
 3 Saxifrage, p)'ramidal, often called ledum, Tee next lift 
 i {potted hairy, and ftrawberry, wh. ditto 
 
 i — ladies cufhion, a low trailer, wh. off. May 
 
 ! golden, two forts as to leaf, yellow, r. July 
 
 double flowered, granulated, fee next lift 
 
 4 Scabious, perennial Alpine, blue flowered, //. c. r. July 
 
 2 oriental, filvery, and grafr, leaved, /'. July 
 
 3 Sadlcap, tallcft, or nettle-leaved, purple, /. June, d. 
 
 2 ■ Alpine, violet, and white flowered, ditto 
 
 2 eaftern, germander leaved yellow, ditto 
 
 Sea pink, fee lavender and thrift. Sea, Cale, fee p. 241. 
 
 3 Sena, wild, or Marilandic, (eafiia) r.f. July d. 
 
 1 Sifyrinchium, Virginian and Bermudian, blue, r.f. June 
 
 fee iris, next lift 
 
 1 Sueeze-xvort, double flowered white, r.f. July, ?n. 
 
 l hoary yel. and filvery leaved wh. r.f. July 
 
 3 Soapnwrt, double flowered, purple, and fcarlet, r. July 
 1 Soldanella, purp. blue, wh. and fringed, r. March, m. 
 3 Solo/nan's leal, many flow. fw. fcented, Sec. r. May, m, 
 
 3 Sophora, oriental, fox-tail-like, blue, r.f. July 
 4 four- winged -podded, yellow, /•. June 
 
 1 tirjftorious Virginian, trailing, yel. r.f. July 
 
 Speedwell, fee veronica 
 Spider ibort, fee next lift 
 
 1 Starwort, dwarf alpine, purple flowered, r. c. June 
 
 2 — dumofus, bulhy white flowered, r. c. Aug. 
 
 2 . fea, or tripolium after, blue, r. c. July 
 
 ^ . flax leaved blue flowered, r. c. Auguft 
 
 4 L New England, violet coloured, r. c. Sept. 
 
 4 tiadefcants, a pale blue Power, r. c. October 
 
 ^ Catefbv's pyramidal Virginian, blue, r. c. No\ , 
 
 2 — Italian, large bright blue flower, r. 1. Nov. 
 
 1 S/ocJc, dwarf Ih rub by, or window flow. red,/. June 
 1 Stone crop, fmall and great, trailing, yellow, c. r. July 
 poplar leaved, upright, pinkilh, ditto 
 
 4 Sun /lower, many flowered, com. double, Sec. r. July 
 3 S-vrillo'w-'wort, common wh. black and yellow, /. >*. June 
 1 Tbnft, greater and fmaller, red, fear, and wh.y7. r. June 
 3 Throat. i.vort, great, double wh. blue and pur. r. June 
 
 4 giant, blue, white, red and ftriped, ditto 
 
 « Throat* 

 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 3J9 
 
 2 Throat -wort) dwarf, fmall fine blue flower,/. June 
 ^ Toad flax, a variety yd. pur. and wh.fl. c. r. July 
 i — dwarf Alpine purple flowered, ditto 
 
 3 Valerian, common red and wh. mountain red,/, r. June 
 
 2 ■ Greek, pur. wh. and variegated,/, r. May 
 
 4 Veronica, a variety, blue, white, andblufh, r. /. June 
 i dwarf blue and wh. and Welfh blue, ditto 
 
 3 Vervain, common, and fpear leaved, blue, /. r.Juae 
 
 4 Vetch, white wood, tufted blue, /. r. July 
 
 3 bitter, (orobus) a variety, blue and pur./, r. May 
 
 2 Siberian, unbranching orobus, yd. J. r. April 
 
 fee orobus, next lift. 
 
 I Violet, com. blue, pur. and wh. fing. and doub. r. March 
 
 i Auftrian purple, and Ceniflian blue, r. April 
 
 i Alpine, double red, and purple, r. March 
 
 i yellow, and grandiflorus yellow, &c. r. April 
 
 Wake robin, fee arum 
 
 JVitlotv herb, fee loofeftrife 
 I Wood forrel, common white and purple,/. June, m. 
 
 1 Worm Graf;, Maryland, (fpigelia) red flower, r. July 
 
 2 Yattvw, or mil/oil, the purple flowered, Auguft 
 ■ > ■ fee maudlin and fneeze-jjort 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 
 
 Acanthus, or hears breech, is admired for the ele- 
 gance of its leaf.* It fpreads wide, and Ihouid have 
 room allowed it, in a warm light foil, and iheltered 
 iituation ; but ftill rather a fhady, than a funny one. 
 
 Alyjjhns do beft in a dry hungry i'oft, but ihouid 
 have a favourable iituation, where they will blow 
 long and prettilv. 
 
 Aliens will grow in any cold moift fhady ground. 
 
 Auricula, from the great and elegant variety ol 
 flower and leaf ? arifing perpetually from feed, is one 
 of the fiorijVs chief delights, and to which he pay* 
 much attention in the culture. It is one ol the BrU 
 flowers, and ranks in nature with the frimrtfe and 
 pclyanthui* The forts admitted in the preterit c< 
 
 Q 2 tioiu,
 
 340 LISTS OF TREES, Sec. 6ECT. XIX. 
 
 tions, are about four hundred. The auricula, the car- 
 nation, tulip, hyacinth, ranunculus, anejmne, &c. are 
 called fancy flowers. For the propagation and culture 
 of the auricula, fee the end of this fe£tion. 
 
 Bear's car fanicle is very hardy, yet b%ng low, is a 
 proper plant to pot. It may be planted in any cold 
 place, and mould have a dry lean foil, but be duly 
 watered in fummer ; and moil things that a poor foil 
 fuits, mil ft ftill have water freely in warm weather. 
 This fanicle is about fix inches high ; that of Gfticlin 
 only four. 
 
 Be tony, as a native o r the woods, is proper to plant 
 in lhrubberies, and fhady places. 
 
 Birth-wort is tender, and feedlings of it muft be 
 iheltered by a frame in winter. 
 
 Bryony is a climber, and is proper to grow in planta- 
 tions to run up trees, &c. 
 
 Campanula pyramidal, may be propagated (as well 
 as from feeds and flips) by pieces of its root, planted 
 about an inch and half in the ground, in a fhady, but 
 not moift border. The fineit plants are produced 
 horn feed; but will be three or four years before they 
 blow. Sow a few every year in April, in a light irefti 
 foil, where the morning fun only comes. As much 
 wet in the cold feafons is apt to rot this root, it will 
 be proper to guard againft it, by fome occafional 
 covering, when there is a continuance of rain,- or fnow. 
 A few potted may be removed under fhelter. A mat 
 fet high over is a proper covering for a bed of them. 
 In the fummer they muft never want water, efpecially 
 when fpindling, or in blow. There is azuhite fort. 
 
 Cardinal floiver muft have a dry foil, and a warm 
 fituation ; occafionally alfo a little protection. They 
 are commonly potted, and fome mould at leaft be fo, 
 left thofe in the open ground be cut ofF: This flower is 
 very ornamental, but the fcarlet molt (o. 
 
 Chriftmas rofc is very hardy, but a dry warm fitua- 
 tion may be allotted 'it; and when in flower, a little 
 
 protection
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS tfF TREES, &C. 341 
 
 protection to preferve the flowers in beauty, as a hand- 
 glajs may be advifeable. A plant or two potted (large 
 pots as it fpreads* is agreeable enough, at fuch a feafon, 
 to houfewhen in blow. 
 
 Columbine comes in great variety, and the feed mould 
 be well chofen, which, when fown in fpring, is rather 
 apt to mifs. Autumn is therefore preferable; and 
 tliefe plants will from this lowing be much flronger. 
 The plants fhoukl not ftaftd above two years after 
 flowering, as afterwards they get unfightly, and plain. 
 
 CowJIip American is commonly potted, as indeed 
 fome plants mould be, as it thus appears to advantage ; 
 but it is hardy, and grows befi in borders that are fome- 
 what fhady, not having the afternoon fun. 
 
 Dragon s head mould have a moift fhady fituation. 
 
 Figwort, the plants are fomewhat tender, and may 
 be only expected to ftand through ordinary winters, 
 in a warm foil and fituation. Let fome be potted, for 
 -houfmg, left thofe abroad be cut off. 
 
 Fox -gloves do belt in a fomewhat ftrong foil, and 
 fhady fituation, and will be found a ufeful flower in 
 fhrubberies, &c. in all its varieties. 
 
 Geranium, for crane's bill, fo called from the fhape 
 of the feed veffel). the exotic forts are tender, Africa 
 being their native climate. As favourite flowers, the 
 different forts are cultivated by all defenptions of peo- 
 ple, as opportunity affords to preferve them in winter. 
 They are properly gretn-hov.Je plants. The principal 
 kinds are as follow, claffed according to their ordinary 
 height of growth : 
 
 1. Flaming, or Vervain mallow leaved, fcarlet. 
 
 Three coloured ; i. e. red, black, and white. — Ladies 
 mantle leaved, whitifh and bluifh. — Sweet-fcented mal- 
 low-leaved, white. — Goofeberry-leaved, reddifh. — Ca- 
 raway leaved, or variable geranium, red, crimfon, pur- 
 ple, white, &.c. — Vine leaved, red and white. — Night- 
 imelling, yellowifh with dark fpots, three forts. — Pin- 
 nated, or proliferous, of different colours. 
 
 Q 3 u Spear-
 
 34* LISTS 01 TRIES, &C. SFXT. XIX, 
 
 2. Spear-leaved, white. — EJeflry ftalked, or celan- 
 dine leaved, white, — Square Italked, flefh coloured. 
 
 3. Birch-leaved, reddifh. — Sorrel leaved, blufh, plain 
 and ftriped flowered, and variegated leaved. — Three 
 gout* italked, or columbine leaved, purple — Rofe- 
 fcented, a purpliih blue. — Glutinous vine leaved, red- 
 itifll purple ami white. — Horfe-moc, green leaved, va- 
 riegated, filver edged, filver ftriped, gold flriped, pink, 
 'wo fcarlets and a purple, and one large fcarlet or 
 grandiflorum. 
 
 I. Vine-leaved, balni-fcented, blue.— .Shining, and 
 mallow leaved, fcarlet and deep fcarlet. — Bmterilv, or 
 variegated flowered, \vith a pointed mallow lea 
 Mann-mallow, or hood-leaved, purplifli ; and a variety 
 of this with angular leaves. — Rafp leaved, flefli colour, 
 ipotted red. — Two coloured, purple and white. See 
 the end of this fe&ion. 
 
 Centianclla likes a cool loamy foil, and cartel n fikia. 
 lion, and fhould not be often removed, or planted in too 
 fmall pieces when it is. 
 
 Globe ficiurr, or globe ranunculus, is very ornamental. 
 The European is fomctimes called locker gowlans. They 
 both do well in a cool foil, and north border ; though 
 the name Afiatic fec.ms to direct to a dry foil, and 
 warm Gtuation. The cafe is, they are natives of 
 moift, fhadv places ; and whenever this is the cafe. \v* 
 may conclude fuch plants are organized accordingly, 
 and that they mult be accommodated by us agreeable 
 to their nature. The conjhtutkn of plants is rieceflafj 
 to be known, in order to their proper culture; and a 
 gardener cannot direcl his attention more to his credit, 
 than to make obfervations and experiments to dikover it. 
 
 Golden rod will grow in fnadej and particularly the 
 evergreen fort; but being late blowers, this circum- 
 ftance directs to a (hug flickered fit nation. 
 
 lle'.lebore, the white flowered, is the common officii 
 rial plant. A light foil and dry fituation, not fubject 
 to fuails, fuits it belt. 
 
 Hcknias
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TRi.ES, &C. SJ-.i 
 
 Helonias is a very elegant and ornamental plant 
 worthy of the moft confpicuous part of the pleafure 
 garden. It requires only the ordinary culture of per- 
 ennials. Seeds are imported from America^ as the cli- 
 mate does not ripen them here. 
 
 Hepatica is found to trar.fplant hell -when in flower; 
 but it mould never he in fmall portions, left it wither 
 away ; they never look well m fmall patches, as is the 
 cafe with all dwarf blowers. Situation and foil the 
 iame as gentianella. 
 
 Ladies Jmock, and ladies flipper, do belt in a moift 
 foil and fhade, as in a north border, where not many 
 other things do we'll. 
 
 Lily of the valley mould have a cool fituation, and 
 if not in a moift foil, give it at leaft an eafl border, or 
 where it has only a little morning fun. 
 
 Lion s foot is fomewhat tender, and to do well muft 
 have a favourable place in the garden, as to fun and 
 fhelter ; it does heft in a light, or fandy foil. Let fonie 
 be potted, it is pretty, and blows all fummer. 
 
 London pride (a faxifrage) ufed to be planted much 
 as an edging ; but it does not anfwer this purpofe well. 
 A few plants here and there in patches is belt ; by no 
 means allow it a good border : It preters a moift foil 
 and cold fituation. 
 
 Loofejlrife, the common, is found wild ; but it is a 
 fhowy plant, and where a vaiiety is wanted is very 
 adrniffable. It grows in fhady moift places, and fhould 
 be planted accordingly, in the borders of a ihrubbery, 
 &c. The fmalleft fort is a trailer. 
 
 Lupine will be beft raifed from feed, without tranf- 
 planting, as the roots ftrike down deep : If they are 
 tranfplanted, let it therefore be quite young. 
 
 Lungworts prefer a fhady fituation ; but the Vir- 
 ginian (an elegant little plant) rather one that is dry 
 and fheltered. 
 
 Lychnis, the double fcarlet is a beautiful flower, but 
 
 not apt to encreafe much at root ; recourie is therefore 
 
 Q 4 to
 
 5-1* LISTS OF TREES, &C SECT. XIX- 
 
 to be had to cuttings, which alfo are not certain in 
 (hiking root. In June, or July, take cuttings from 
 the fide Pnoots, (without flower) and let the pieces 
 planted have three, or at the moil tour eyes. Put 
 them into a good foil, fine and rich, but not dungy, 
 as deep as halfway between the fecond and thirdjoint, 
 in an eajft border : and keep them cool, but not wet. 
 A hand-glajs will greatly aflift in this bufincfs, as- in 
 all other like cafes. See pink at the end of this fecliom 
 The Chincfe lychnis is rather too tender for open cul- 
 ture ; but in a choice fituation may abide moderate win- 
 ters. It makes a good potted plant among myrtles and 
 geraniums. 
 
 Lychnidea, take the cuttings off clofe to the ground, 
 and difcharge the tops ; and plant them in pots, or 
 borders, in a place not of much fun. 
 
 Mafter-wsrt (a medicinal plant) is of no great or- 
 nament; but is commonly cultivated for borders of 
 fhrubberies, &c. as being of low growth, and hardy 
 nature. There is an alpine fort about a foot high. 
 
 Marfh marigold is a plant (as its name imports) 
 that will flourilh in a wet foil ; but yet it does not do 
 much amifs in a dry one. In default of a moift foil, 
 any plant that requires one, fhould at leafl be accom- 
 modated with a fhady fituation, and never want water 
 in fummer. 
 
 Milk vetch is fomewhat tender, particularly the 
 feecllings, which fhould be protected by a garden frame 
 in winter. Fox tail fort, fee biennials. 
 
 Monkey flower is very ornamental, and of eafy cul- 
 ture, not difficult in fituation. 
 
 Monk's hood is a poifonous plant in every part, but 
 very ornamental, and commonly cultivated. Shade 
 fuits it, and it will even grow under trees, or in any 
 damp place, where few other things will. 
 
 Morina is worthy of a confpicuous place in the 
 garden. It has a Ifrong tap-root, and fhould be tranf- 
 planted whiUl young, that it may not be damaged ; 
 
 but
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C 34o 
 
 but fowing in the place where it is to grow (as directed 
 for the lupine) is the beft way. 
 
 Mulleins prefer a light foil, but like a north border ; 
 and the borage leaved being very low, is proper for an 
 edging in a cool fhadv fituation. 
 
 Orpine, this, as all fucculent plants, fhould have a dry 
 foil and fituation, and not often watered. 
 
 PaJJion floiver fhould be planted againft a warm wall, 
 where it may have room to fpread, as it is a very free 
 /hooter. The forts are numerous, (for green-boufe 
 and Jlove) but only this well fuits open culture. In 
 fine fituations, and the fouthern parts of England, there 
 are two more, however, that may do abroad. Prune 
 it about Michaelmas, leaving the moots from two to 
 four feet long, as the ftrength of the plants, or room, 
 dictates, and a foot afunder. Before the frofts come, 
 cover the roots, a yard round, with dry litter ; and re- 
 new it with dry, when afterwards it gets much and 
 long wet. The branches alfo mould be covered with 
 a mat (a thin one, and not over clofe) before Jevere 
 iroft fets in ; but uncover as foon in fpring as may be, 
 or, in {hort, in mild weather, on days through the 
 winter, if not too much trouble. This flower has 
 been fometimes trained to a flake, in which cafe, 
 fhorter pruning mufl take place to keep it down. It 
 bears upon the young moots, which fhould be regu- 
 larly trained in. The flowers are the glory only of a 
 day, but generally a great number are produced in fuc- 
 ceffion. It takes readily from cuttings, ol about feven or 
 eight inches long, cut in March or April, and planted in a 
 good foil, kept cool by water, and fhaded from much fun. 
 
 Pink, the forts are numerous, {or feed is conftantly 
 producing new varieties, occafionally one among many 
 that vies with its famed predecellbrs in beauty, and 
 whofe fuperior excellence is not negle&ed by theferijf. 
 He gives it a name as f .ncy direfts, and it is enrolled 
 in the nurferyman s catalogue of worthies. The pink 
 (as the carnation was) might be confidered biennially, 
 the good forts being regularly layered, &c. every year 
 
 Q o for
 
 SAG LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 
 
 for increafe : They do, however, ftand on for older 
 plants, better than carnations. For propagation, &c. 
 fee the end of this feftion. There is a pink called the 
 ever-blooming. 
 
 Polyanthus produces an infinity of forts from feed, 
 and the fiori/t purfues his object of obtaining prize 
 flowers of this kind. The polyanthus delights in a 
 loamy foil, and fhady fituation. It is an excellent 
 edging flower for fhrubberics ; though fine blows are 
 not to be expected under trees, or in much wet. An 
 eetfi border is the place for producing the heft flowers. 
 For raifing them, See. fee the end of this fection. 
 
 Plumbago, though it be a native of Italy, is hardy 
 enough' to abide our ordinary winters in the open 
 ground. Afford it a dry, funny, fheltered fituation, 
 which will be a means ot preferving it, and alfo tend 
 -to forward the blow, as it is fo late : All plants that 
 produce their flowers towards the end of autumn, 
 (however hardy) fhouldFiavea favourable afpect, as to 
 fun, left winter overtake them before they can gratify 
 us with their mow. 
 
 Poppy, allow the eafiem fort a light dry foil. 
 
 Reed, Portugal, is curious for its lofty and ample 
 growth, but rarely flowers with us. It attains to ten 
 or twelve feet high, and its ilems are flrong enough 
 for walking-flicks. The variegated forts come only 
 to half the fizef, and more frequently flowers. 
 
 Rhubarb, the common ferves for fhow, and the ribs 
 of the leaves for tarts ; but the Chinefe principally, 
 and then the Tartarian for medical ufes of the root : 
 The Chinefe is deemed the true officinal rhubarb. 
 
 Rocket, (fometimes Called dame's violet, and queen's 
 gillijiower) the fingle is raifed from feed, and the double 
 from rooted (lips and cuttings. The double is rather 
 uncertain in continuance, and requires fome attention. 
 Cut the Hems down as foon as off their principal fhow 
 of flowering, which is a means to help them to get 
 ftrong and encreafe at root ; and it is from offsets 
 
 formed
 
 SZCT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 31-7 
 
 formed in the prefent year, that they flower in the 
 next. It weak, or fmall roots are planted, thev mould 
 not be fuffered to blow the firft year. To propagate 
 by cuttings, do it when the items are about eight or 
 nine inches long, (i. e. before flowering; making each 
 into two ; and plant them a Iktle more than half way 
 deep, in an eaft border, in good frefh undunged foil. 
 Keep them cool by occafional watering, and if the 
 cuttings attempt to flower, be fure to nip the buds off. 
 Cuttings of Items that have flowered, will fometimes 
 grow, but they make weak plants : A hand-giafs would 
 be of fervice over them. Sec pink at the end of this 
 ie&ion. 
 
 Rudbeckia, or American fun -flower, is a little tender, 
 and mull be accommodated accordingly. Like the 
 rocket, it is rather (feme forts at leaft) unapt to form 
 offsets ; and therefore to encourage the putting them 
 torth, (without which the plant dies) the flems may 
 be cut down to prevent flowering : That is, when 
 plants are more defired than flowers. 
 
 liufh will be proper only for places that; are con- 
 ftantly wet, by Handing water ; and in fuch a fituation 
 they will prove ornamental. 
 
 Sat racena is a native of the bogs of North America. 
 It requires therefore a moid iituation ; but is found to 
 need protection iroin our fharp fruits. The whole 
 plant is of curious formation.. It is not apt to ripen its 
 feeds here, or JO make offsets; lo that both are fre- 
 quently imported, 
 
 Saxifrage, plants are u{u'c\\\)\ potted to move into the 
 houfe when m. flower, as -indeed the pyramidal m par- 
 ticular, fhould he ; but they 'are all very hardy, except 
 the. ffrawberry fort, (not very handfomej which is too 
 , tender to enduie much wet and cold. 
 
 Senna, of Maryland,; muit have a dry foil and warm 
 
 fituation. It is annual in flalk, and. therefore the 
 
 roots may be well protected in winter : This flower 
 
 . makes, a ,y cry handfome ihq w . 
 
 .. Q 6 Solomon's
 
 318 LISTS OF TREES. &C SECT. XIX. 
 
 Solomon s ftal is in greater variety, and there is one 
 with double flowers. They all fuit well in fhady and 
 moid places. 
 
 Starworts are in general of that hardy nature, that 
 they will flower almoft any where, and increafe apace 
 from the leaft flip. They are apt, however, to lofe 
 their lower leaves, in proportion to the (hade, cold, 
 and wet, they grow in ; and the Alpine fort will re- 
 quire an open fituation, though, like the others, a ftiff 
 moift foil fuits it. There are other forts. The three 
 laft, as blowing late, and not rampant, may be planted 
 near the houfe. 
 
 Stock, this plant is rather of a biennial nature, but 
 generally of longer duration. It is proper to pot and 
 place in a window, on account of its fize, rifing only 
 a few inches. It is fweet and floriferous, and alto- 
 gether very proper for, an edging. 
 
 Sijyrir,chum y allow it an eaft border, but dry foil ; 
 and as it is a fmall flower, pot Tome. 
 
 Throatwort, the two firft forts are clafled with cam- 
 panulas. The latter, which is the proper, or mountain 
 Hue throatwort, likes the fliade, but mult have a light 
 dry foil. This, as the /nap- dragon, and fome others, 
 will grow in the cracks of walls, &c. and continue 
 longer in fuch a fituation, than a better : In moft foils 
 it proves often biennial. 
 
 Whitlow graft is a wild (medicinal) herb, that grows 
 on roofs and walls of old houfes, and rubbifh heaps; 
 but makes a pretty dwarf fpring flower as an edging, 
 &c. in a poor foil. 
 
 Worm graft is a very neat little plant, with a flower 
 bright red without, and a deep orange within. 
 
 List
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 349 
 
 XII. 
 
 List of bulbous, tuberous, and fcfiy -rooted 
 perennials. 
 
 1 Aco?nte, or winter wolf's bane, yellow flower, Feb. 
 
 2 Albuca, or baftard ftar of Bethlehem, (leaft) yel. June 
 
 3 greater, or fpear leaved, red flowered, June 
 
 4 « talleft, with fpined cluiters of wh. flow. June 
 
 2 Anemone, doub. broad and narrow leav. variety, May 
 
 2 com. wood, doub. wh. pur. blue, red, March 
 
 2 Appenine wood, doub. blue, pur. wh. April 
 
 2 yellow wood, or ranunculus anemone, April 
 
 pulfatilla, fee pafque flonuer 
 
 3 Afphodel, or king's fpear, yellow and white,/, r. June 
 
 2 . hollow leaved, and dwarf, white, f. r, June 
 i Bulbocodium, or mountain fafTron, purple, April 
 
 i Colchicum, com. flng. and doub. pur. pink, wh. &c. Sept, 
 
 3 variegated flow, and a ftriped leaved, Sept. 
 
 i . mountain, (Spanifh) red and ftrip. red, Aug. 
 
 i . eaftern, varieg. leaf, chequered flow. Aug. 
 
 4 Comfrey, oriental, blue (April) and German, yel. June 
 4 Comjlagy or fwo.rd-lily, crimf. red, pur. and wh. June 
 
 i Crocus, fpring, yellows, a variety, plain and ftrip. March 
 
 i ditto, blues, purples, white, pi. and ftrip. March 
 
 i autumnal, or fafTron, pur. blue, wh. yel. Oct. 
 
 3 Crowfoot, Alpine plantain leaved, white, April 
 fee ero-afcot, laft lift 
 
 3 . Pyrenean grafs leaved, yellow, May 
 
 4 Crown imperial, flng. and doub. reds and yellows, May 
 
 4 double crowned, triple crowned, May 
 
 4 gold, and filver ftriped leaved, May 
 
 i Cyclamen, European, fpring and autumn, pur. Wh. April 
 3 Daffodil, a variety of yellows, flng. and doub. April 
 3 ■ double yellow, with cup in cup, April 
 
 3 yel. with wh. cup, and wh. with yel. cup, April 
 
 4 tradefcants large double yellow, April 
 
 2 ■ dwarf, or fhort-ftalked yellow, March 
 
 2 Daffodil,
 
 350 LISTS OF TREKS; &CI SECT. XIX. 
 
 I Daffodil, hoop petticoat, or runVleuved yclrow, April 
 
 3 . odorous, or fweet-fccnted ilarry, yel. April 
 
 white, ice naraffus 
 
 fea, fee pancratium 
 
 1 Dig's -tooth violet, purples, red and white, April 
 
 j narrow leaved, colours ditto, April 
 
 4 Dog's-bane, (tuberous afclepias) orange coloured, July 
 
 2 Drop wort, doub. flow, and varieg. leaved, white, June 
 
 3 Fritillary, common, and Pyrenean, a variety, April 
 
 i Fnmaton, folid, and hollow rooted, red, pur. wh. April 
 
 Vil .diolus, fee C.ornflag. 
 i Hrb-tmc-h-zr, nodding, and fefille flowered, pur. April 
 
 2 Hjacmth, a great Tariety, white, red, blue, &c. May 
 
 3 tufted, for fair-haired j bl. pur. and wh. April 
 
 i Spanifh nodding flowered, red, April 
 
 ^ — | amethyitine, a deep blue colour, March 
 
 3 muik fcented, purple and yellow, April 
 
 4 monftrous flowered, or feathered, blue, April 
 
 i grape forts, blue, white and grey, April 
 
 2 lily, (yellow rooted) a blue liar flow. June 
 
 j — j Peruvian ftarry, blue and white, May 
 
 2 Italian and Byzantine ftarry, blue, April 
 
 i 1 — Englilh ftarry, ^autumn fquill) blue, Svpt. 
 
 t bell flowered ftarry, white with pur. May 
 
 Indian tuberous, fee tnberofe 
 
 3 Jonquil, (ingle, femi and double yellow, April 
 
 4 Iris, or flag, or variety, pur. blue, yel. wh. &c. June 
 4 i ftriped leaved (linking gladwin, purple, July 
 
 4 Siberian narrow leaved, blue with white, July 
 
 i dwarf Auftrian, purp. blue, red and white, May 
 
 i vernal, or dwarf Virginian, blue, May 
 
 3 fnake's head, or tuberous iris, purple, May 
 
 3 Xiphium, or Spanifh bulbous, a variety, June 
 
 I Pnjian bulbous, finely variegated, March 
 
 i bulbous Si/jriucbium, blue and yellow, June 
 
 I Jxia, large flowered, or crocus leaved, variety, June 
 i Chinefe fword leaved, yellow with red, July 
 
 4 Lily, com. fmg. and doub. wh. orange and fiery, June 
 3 ftriped flowered, purple and white, June 
 
 3 *5 ftriped leaved, of white and orange forts, June 
 
 3 « dwarf ftalkcd, orange, or red flowered, June
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. $5 1 
 
 4 Lily, Conftantinople, dependent flowered, June 
 
 4 U proliferous, or many flowered ditto, June 
 
 4. com. martagon, or Turk's cap, purple, June 
 
 4 ditto, wh. red, imperial and double, June, July 
 
 4 pompony martagons, feveral colours, June 
 
 4 Chalcedonian martagons, fcarlet and purp. July 
 
 4 fuperb pyramidal martagon, variegated, July 
 
 4 Canadian martagon, plain, and fpotted yel. Aug. 
 
 4 day, or lily afphodel, yel. and tawny red, June 
 
 i daffodil, or autumnal narciffus, yellow, September 
 
 i atamafcQ amaryllis, carnation coloured, July 
 
 ^ Gutrufiy icarlet and bcllady.ua purple, .Sept. 
 
 3 paticratium common, and lllyrian, wh. Aug. July 
 
 Martagons, fee lily above 
 
 Meadow Jaffron, fee colcljiatm 
 
 2 MoU y (flowering garlick) yel. wh. purp. and red, June 
 
 4 \- magicum, victorialis, and ducendens, pur. July 
 
 3 Xarci/fi's, poet's daffodil, variety in cup, wh. May 
 
 3 — , peerlefs, or two coloured, wh. and yel. April 
 
 3 — polyanthus, or multiflorus, ditto 
 
 2 late flowering, yellow cup, white, A.uguft 
 
 2 hoop petticoat, See. fee daffodil 
 
 2 Orchis, perennial, purples, reds and white, June, d, 
 2 biennial bee, or gnat orchis, red, June, d, 
 
 Ornithogalum, fee ftar of Bethlehem 
 i Orobus, tuberous, or wood pea, red flower, May 
 ribrous rooted, fee laft lift 
 
 4 P<eony, com. ftng. doub. reds, pur. black, white, May 
 
 4 Conftantinople, large flower, blood red, June 
 
 4 ■ Portugal fweet-fcented, deep red, May 
 
 3 — — fmall narrow leaved, red flowered, May 
 3 1 — dwarf, with a white flower, May 
 
 2 Pajquejioivir, or Pulfatilla, bl. red and wh. April 
 
 2 Siberian, or alpine yellow, April . 
 
 Pilenjoort, fee ranunculus fie aria 
 2 Ranunculus, planted leaved Alpine, white, April 
 
 2 grafs leaved Pyrenean, ftraw col. May i 
 
 3 grandiflorous, or oriental great yel. May 
 
 i . ficaria, or pileavort, double yellow, April 
 
 2 Turkey, oi turban, red, fear. yel. black, May 
 
 I ___ Per/tan, a great variety, fine colours, May 
 6 Ranunculus,
 
 55C LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 Ranunculus, fee crowfoot, laft lift 
 i Saxifrage, granulous rootedf double white, May 
 
 1 Snow-drop, fingle, femi-double, and double, white, Feb. 
 
 3 ■ great, fpring, fummer and autumn forts 
 
 4 Spider-wort, fa voy, (Bruno's lily) and others, wh. June, m, 
 
 4 Virginia, (tradefcants) blue, pur. &c. ditto 
 
 4 Squill, or common fea-onion, white flower, June, d, 
 
 4 Star ofBethlehe?n, pyramidal Portugal, white, June 
 
 4 Arabian, or Alexandrian lily, ditto 
 
 I common wild, greenifh white. May 
 
 i ditto, with yellow flower, April 
 
 3 Tooth-wort, bulbiferous, feven lobed, purple, June 
 
 4 Tuberofe, fingle and double flowered, white, July 
 
 4 Tulip, double, a variety, yel. and red ftriped, &c. June 
 
 4 parrot, or hooked-leaved, ditto, June 
 
 4 Turkey forts, ftriped, great variety, May 
 
 2 ditto, early dwarfs, a variety, April 
 
 2 wild European, fmall yellow flower, April 
 
 * # * The propagation of flowers in this lift, is generally 
 by offsets, or pieces of roots, having an eye, or bud, to it. 
 Moil of them may be raifed alfo from feed ; but this is a 
 tedious method, and not ordinarily praftifed, except by 
 curious florifts. See page 284. 
 
 Some of this lift, as moft of the bulbous and tuberous roots, 
 may be kept out of ground a long time, others a fhorter ; 
 (fee page 286) but thofe denominated flejby roots, muft 
 either be planted immediately, or at lcaft in a few days. 
 It is common to them all to be taken out of ground for 
 removal, as foon as their leaves decay, the roots then being 
 in a ftate of rejl, which is naturally longer, or (hortcr, in 
 different plants ; and if they ftay in the ground till new 
 fibres are Ihot, they are always removed with damage, if 
 not death. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON PARTICULAR FLOWERS. 
 
 Albuca is too tender a bulb to endure much wet and 
 froft, and therefore is ufually planted in pots, for put- 
 ting under fhelter (as in a frame, &c.) in winter; but 
 may be protected in the open ground, by covering with 
 a glafs, or garden-pot, towards the end of autumn, to 
 
 keep
 
 SECT. ^IX. LISTS OF TREES, Sec. S5S 
 
 keep the roots dry ; and before fharp f rolls come, 
 covering round vvith litter. By fuch a practice, feveral 
 forts of tender things that die down to the ground, may 
 be preferved abroad. 
 
 Anemone, the garden (in contradiftin£Uon to the 
 wood) we have in great variety of very fine forts, di- 
 vided generally into two kinds; i. e. narrow and broad 
 leaved ; the latter is the hardier. The full doubles 
 only are efteemed choice flowers ; but the femi-doubles, 
 and' Angles, are fhowy enough for ordinary borders. 
 The Jingle, or poppy anemonies, (fo called from their 
 form) frequently blow as early as February, or fooner : 
 and thus become valuable, for decorating the ground 
 at fo dreary a feafen. The wood kinds bear large 
 flowers ; and are very ufeful ornaments for the borders 
 of Jhrubberies, &c. at an early feafon, for which rea- 
 fon, they fho'ufd be planted in the moll frequented 
 (hady places. 
 
 Cokhicurn, or meadow faffron, flowers about Mi- 
 chaelmas, and may be kept out of ground from May 
 (or decay of the leaf J to Mid-Auguji. It is a remark- 
 able property of this flower, (not however peculiar to 
 it alone) that it makes its appearance before the leaves, 
 which grow all winter and fpring. The colchicums 
 are pretty plants for the end of the flowery feafon, 
 (OcloberJ which makes them eftimable objects near 
 the houfe, where they may be often feen. The flower 
 fometimes called fpring cokhicurn, is the bulbocodium f 
 which fee. 
 
 Cyclamen, the forts flowering in winter (PerJianJ 
 are too tender for open culture ; but clofe under a 
 warm wall, with occafional prote&ion of a hand-glafs, 
 they have fucceeded. A culture of this nature is ra- 
 ther to be attempted, as houfing (except in places where 
 they have much air) does not fuit them ; the roots 
 «ften moulding and rotting when kept clofe. The 
 colours ot the Per/tan forts are red, purple and white. 
 Let them have a light, and deeply dug dry foil, not too 
 
 much
 
 35* LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 much water, and none at all after the leaves begin to 
 decay ; for the roots then ceafing to act, would iufler 
 by absorbing much wet, the leaves not performing 
 their office of drawing it up, and difcharging it. This 
 obfervation applies to all bulbs and tubers, (in a degree] 
 though few are fo liable to rot as thefe. 
 
 Fritillary is of feveral colours, plain, chequered and 
 fpotted, white, purple, black, red, and yellow. The 
 kinds are broad and narrow leaved; and. there is a 
 large double fort, -dUxW Pcrfian, (three feet high) and a 
 dwarf Pcrjian, about half fize, both having deep pur- 
 ple flowers. 
 
 Jonquil, or rujh-leavcd daffodil, has been always 
 juftly admired for a very neat fweet flower ; but we 
 do not fo often meet with it, as might be expected. 
 The fingle kinds are the moil fragrant, and the large 
 double is fcentlefs. It is proper always tofot fome, in 
 order to bring them into the houfe when in flower, 
 for their agreeable perfume. 
 
 Iris, the four firft forts rather prefer a fhady moift 
 fituation ; but will grow any where, and are commonly 
 planted in odd fpare corners of ground. 
 
 Ixias are, for the molt part, green-houfe and Jlove 
 plants ; but thefe two forts are found hardy enough to 
 do ordinarily in open borders, in a light dry foil, and 
 warm fituation, a little protection being afforded them 
 in fevere weather. 
 
 Lily is a very ornamental and hardy flower in all 
 its varieties, encreafmg abundantly, and needing only 
 to be removed every three or four years, for the pur- 
 pofe of taking away the offsets, and renewing the foil, 
 for a fuperior blow. The whites will not keep out of 
 ground above one month, but the Grange for feveral. 
 The white will flower tolerably in fhade, but the orange 
 much better ; and as it is a gay flower, it ferves well 
 to enliven plantations. The martagons are generally 
 not nice as to. foil and fituation ; but the Jcarlet and 
 yellow forts, and Jlriped ///y, fhould have a light dry 
 
 foil,
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. '355 
 
 foil, and fun. The fmgle white lilies are very fweet ; 
 bur the doubles are inodorous, as is the cafe with fome 
 other flowers, the fragrance arifing from xhejlatnhia and 
 anthcra, which are often fmothered by numerous petals. 
 The Aiamafco, Guemfev, belladonna , and pancratium 
 lilies, are tender, and ihould have a warm, or a good 
 auricula foil, a full funny border, and well fheltered 
 fituation ; protect alfo from much wet in cold feafons, 
 and afford fecurity from fro ft. Thefe are very elegant 
 and noble flowers, and the Quernfey lily is equal to, if 
 not beyond, any plant in the flowery creation : This 
 is, however, the tendered of the four : then the bclla- 
 donna, and pancratium lily, or Jea daffodil ; the atamafco 
 is the hardieft. All of them are ufually potted for re- 
 moving into (belter ; but they may be managed (fee 
 albuca) fo as to do abroad, except in the more northern 
 and bleak parts of this ifland : They blow much the 
 finer in open ground, (all things going on well) the 
 roots having a free fcope to draw nourifhment, &c. 
 
 Orchis is rather difficult of culture : It likes a dry 
 barren foil, and the roots mould be taken up (from the 
 places it grows wild) juji as the leaves decay after 
 flowering ; and with a ball of earth about them, as 
 then the chance of fucceedingis much greater. Upon 
 removal, let them be planted directly, and remain in 
 their places for years. 
 
 Pcconv, the fingle kinds are fhowy, but the doubles 
 are nobly ornamental. Let this flower have room, 
 as it will fpread (when in full fized bunchesj a yard 
 round : and let it be planted out of the way of the full 
 fun, and of much wind, that the flowers may continue. 
 It need not be removed for many years, and. will grow 
 in any foil and fituation, even among trees, which 
 adapts it for Jhr liberies, &zc. The forts are divide! 
 into male and female ; and the former, having loft its 
 flower, produces pods, containing rich crimfon grains, 
 interfperfed with black berries, that look very pretty 
 whenburit; and may be gathered, as foon, or rather 
 
 juil
 
 35G LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX, 
 
 juft before they open, brought into the houfe, and put 
 in vials, &c. as curiofities. Let this root be removed 
 early in September, or at leaft before the month is 
 out, before new fibres are formed to the knobs of the 
 roots. 
 
 ^ Pilewort, (the double, prefers a fhady moifl fitua- 
 tion ; and is a pretty wild plant, though an humble 
 trailer. It is called fometimes the leffef celandine y and 
 alfo figwort crroneoufly. 
 
 Ranunculus, in all its forts, in very ornamental ; but 
 the Per/tan kinds are beautiful, and of ir finite variety. 
 This flower is furely left too much to the culture of 
 profefTed florifls ; for why fhould not every garden be 
 adorned with it, feeing, that a little care, and not 
 much fkill is necefTary in the management : it is hardy 
 and encreafes freely. See pages 285, 288. 
 
 Saxifrage roots of the double forts are like fo many 
 fmalJ peas, and fhould be planted five or fix together, 
 in order to form a full tuft of its flowers, which are 
 full and white like a flock. The Items, being flender, 
 will need the fupport of a light flick, which it is beft 
 to fix in the middle at the time of planting, as putting 
 one in afterwards might injure the roots. All folid 
 rooted plants are liable to be hurt by pufhing m a flick 
 too near for tying to ; more care fhould be taken in the 
 bufinefs than ufually is : The practice of placing a flick 
 at the time of planting is beft, becaufe it may then be 
 fixed clofe : and it ferves to fhow where the roots are, 
 that they may not be diflurbed before they appear above 
 ground. This faxifrage is ufually and properly potted, 
 though it does very well in borders, and makes a good 
 appearance. 
 
 Spider-wort thrives beft in fhade andmoifture. 
 Star of Bethlehem, the two laft forts, are proper for 
 the edges of borders in plantations ; and the pyramidal 
 fort is a proper flower to pot, mixing with others very 
 ornamentally : The two firlt fhould have a light dry 
 foil, and are fomewhat tender. 
 
 Su-
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, &C. 567 
 
 Squill will need a little protection from hard f rolls ; 
 but is fufficiently ornamental to reward the trouble. 
 
 Tooth-wort thrives beft in fhade and moifture. 
 
 Tubercfe, there is a dwarf ftalked, and a variegated 
 
 leaf fort of, but they are not fo worthy of cultivation 
 
 as the common Tingle and double ; of which two the 
 
 Jingle is preferable, as it blows better, and is more 
 
 fragrant. See the end of this fection. 
 
 Tulip (the Turkey) is claffed into two forts ; the 
 taller, called ferotines, or late blowers ; and the fhorter, 
 pracsces, or early blowers ; fome have made another 
 diftinclion, inedias, but it is not necefTary. The plain 
 tulips (as they generally are when they firft blow 
 from feed) are called whole blowers, or breeders ; and 
 according as they break into other colours, {tripes, and 
 variegations, (after tranfplantationsj are denominated 
 and claffed into baguettes, bybloemens, verports, and 
 bizarres. The dwarf forts blow early, as March and 
 April, (the duke van tol earlier) allow them therefore a 
 warm border and dry foil, to preferve them from froit 
 and wet, which they are rather impatient of. Thefe 
 are often potted and forced on a hot-bed, &c. or brought 
 forward by water-glafTes, in a warm room ; but an 
 incrcafe of offsets, is only to be expe£ted from open 
 ground culture, and even there thefe early forts do it 
 fparingly. Take them tip every year to remove the 
 offsets, and renew the foil ; and keep each fort feparate, 
 and plant them (o, for then they will blow together, 
 and be all of one height. There are about fifty of the 
 early forts; but the number of choice fancy tulips is 
 more than eight hundred. 
 
 ****** 
 
 The following articles are detached as moll con- 
 veniently inferted here : 
 
 Auricula is increafed by parting the roots, or flip* 
 ping rooted offsets from them; but offsets without 
 
 roots
 
 $&i LISTS OF TREES, &C SECT. XIX. 
 
 roots will fomctimcs {hike, if well managed, by fet- 
 ting them in a good foil, (in pots belt) where they 
 have but little fun, and keeping them cool by occafional 
 watering. When the roots are divided, fin Augujl) 
 let it be with a (harp knife; and cutting off any can- 
 kered part, morten alfo their ends, and let not the tap 
 part of the root be too long. 
 
 The foil for auriculas mould be a good frefh light 
 loamy maiden one, to wluch is added one third ot zvood 
 pile, or willow earth, one of fea, or any marp, or drift 
 jand ; and a quantity, equal to the whole, of rotted 
 cow dung, or in lieu of this, horje dung. This mixture 
 fhould be well incorporated, at leaft a year before, by 
 frequent turning over, which ought to be repeated once 
 a month without fail. 
 
 In winhr fome protection is neceflary; but auriculas 
 are not very impatient of froll, which rarely hurts them 
 if drv. Do not follow the cuitom of fome perfons, who 
 lay the pots on their (ides in winter to keep them 
 drv, and to cover with Itraw, &c. For a moil time 
 about Cln-ijhnas it may be allowed ; but foon aiter, as 
 they begin to if ir in the moot, it gives; the bud a twilr, 
 if they remain long in this pofture. The beit way to 
 guard from fnow, wet, and ieveic iVoil, is either by 
 frames; or plunging under 'djontb wall. Place a bit ot 
 tile at the bottom to keep out worms ; and if the foil is 
 moift, lay fome drift land, or line allies round their 
 fide 1 ?, and over the tops. 
 
 Dfrefs the pots towards ihe end of January, for then 
 the 1 Wants begin to pufh for hWer, and muit be at- 
 tended to, and ailiiled, Strip off dead leaves. Take 
 .ueh of the top mould off as can be, without dilturb- 
 ir.g, or bruifing the roots; and fill up with the a 
 a little preffeel down. If the pots are dry from the 
 (heirer aliorded them, give a little foft water in mild 
 weather, about ten in the morning, and fail not tQ 
 water duly, as the plants puih forward. 
 
 Auriculas
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS 01 TREES, &C. 55'j 
 
 Auriculas in blow fhould be protected from rain, 
 wind, and fun, and their Items fupported by little neat 
 (lender formed flicks, or ftrait ones, and tied with 
 thread ; and when out of blow, fhould be fet out of the 
 fun, but not under trees. 
 
 Shift or tranfplant auriculas every fecond year, and 
 that as foon as they are out of blow ; thofe, however, 
 that produce many offsets, or are luxuriant growers, 
 may be fhifted eve'ry year. The more common prac- 
 tice is to move all in Augujl. 
 
 To raife auriculas from the feed, in February, fill 
 boxes, or pots, with fine fifted middling compofl ; 
 fmooth the top perfectly level ; fcatter the feeds evenly, 
 and cover not more than the thicknefs of a (hilling. 
 Set the pots, &c. on tiles, or boards, under a warm 
 wall, and keep the furface moift. It is a good way 
 to mix the feed with a like quantity (or a little more) 
 ok fine wood afhes ; and to lay fome fmall pieces of furze, 
 or light thorns over. Remove them fas weather dictates) 
 to fhelter,or protect them from cutting wind, much fro ft , 
 or heavy rain, &c. and by May expect them to appear, 
 when take the furze off, and cover with a net ; let 
 them have only the morning fun, keep them moift, and 
 when they have got fix leaves, prick them out three 
 inches afunder, in boxes, or pots; and early in the next 
 ipring, plant them at fix inches afunder, and protect 
 from wet and Iroft. 
 
 Carnation is ufually propagated by layer s, (fometimes 
 by pipings or cuttings, as -pinks) about Midfummer, or 
 as foon after in the lealon as they will admit of it, 
 by their length and ftrength, and the work is thus: 
 Strip off the leaves from the lower part of the (hoot; 
 at the middle of it, clofe below the joint, cut it half 
 through by an upward direction, with a thin, narrow, 
 lharp knife, and continue the flit exactly up the middle 
 from half to tluee fourths of an inch; peg the (hoot 
 down into the earth (being before weli loofencdy as 
 low as it will bear bending, fetting the layer upright. 
 
 This
 
 36(3 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 This bufinefs muft be done with a careful hand, left 
 the layer mould fnap off. Now, or rather before, cut 
 off the ends of the longeft of the top leaves, that the 
 worms may not draw them in, and diilurb the layer; 
 The foil (fine and good) may be raifed about the 
 layers as occafion requires. Water them to fet the 
 earth clofe, and always keep it cool. In fix weeks, or 
 two months, they will be rooted, fit for tranfplanting ; 
 cut them from the old plant (at the peg) with a (harp 
 knife, and take them up carefully, that their very ten- 
 der roots may not be broken off, keeping a little mould 
 about' them, if poffible : bwt plant them not deep, as 
 they are then liable to decay. 
 
 The Joil proper for carnations, is a hazelly, or fandy 
 loam, procured from a paflure, by a fpit of about eight 
 inches depth, the turf being well broke, frequently 
 turned, and laid fo long together, as to be nearly con- 
 fumed ; then add a little lime, (or not) and one third, 
 or one fourth, of very rotten dung, {cows beft) and 
 let this be well mixed, till thoroughly incorporated, 
 which will be fome months firft ; then fcreen it, or lift 
 through a coarfe fieve. The foil for carnations mull 
 be rich ; but yet dung is found fo injurious to carnations, 
 that fome florids" depend upon a good frefh foil alone ; 
 carnations are alio (except in fummerj impatient of 
 much wet. See to them in the ivinter and give pots oi 
 them protection from great fnows and frofr, by frames, 
 or mats on hoops, fet rather high. Turf afues, or thofe 
 of any vegetable, may be mixed with a frefh maiden 
 foil, but not too freely for a compofi : A /mall quantity 
 of fine foot, or wood ajhes, may be alfo ufed. DieU 
 pots of carnations in March, as directed lor the auricula. 
 Take care not to plant too {mall pots. 
 
 To raife carnations from feed, fow thin in boxes, 
 or pots, (in a foil as above) early in April, and let 
 them have only the morning fun. When advanced a 
 little in growth, (as about Midfummer ) take the firft 
 o pportuuity of fnoifl weather, and prick them out at 
 
 three
 
 gECT. Xi\, LISTS OF TREES, &C Sol 
 
 three or four inches afunder, into open ground, and 
 give a little water. If dry weather, contrive to fhade 
 them about ten days, or a fortnight, with mats hooped 
 ever, which remove in fhady, or fhowery weather. 
 When they have grown here a month, or fix weeks, 
 for before Augujl is out) plant them in a bed, where 
 ihev are to blow, at nine or ten inches diftance, and 
 fhade., if neceflary. See January. Seed is beft faved 
 from good fcedling plants, rather than thofe long propa- 
 gated from layers, Sec. Guard againft mice in winter. 
 
 Geranium, African, (Pelargonium) is propagated by 
 feeds and cuttings. The former produces the moft free 
 growing plants. ; but as luxuriance is not defirable in 
 things confined to pots, (as geraniums muft be) and as 
 the propagation by cuttings is fo eafy and expeditious, 
 it is the mode of culture that generally prevails. The 
 young plants from cuttings are alfo hardier than thofe 
 Xromjeed. II raifed iromfced, 4bw in April J\vl a light 
 and good foil, warm border, and under a hand-glafs, 
 keeping the earth fomewliat moift ; but it is beft to make 
 ufe of a gentle hot-bed, giving plenty of air to the plants, 
 when they appear, which on natural ground will be five 
 or fix weeks in coming up, and on a moderate heat about 
 three. If raifed from cuttings, ufe lhoois of the la ft 
 vear's growth, ft rait and Ihort jointed* Plant them in 
 a fine rich foil, two or three inches, or at the moft four 
 deep, and eight or nine inches afunder, or lefs, if more 
 convenient. Or the rule may be, to plant the fhorter 
 cuttings in two thirds of their length, and the longer 
 one half; but it is an error to put them in the ground 
 fo deep as fome people do. Thofe raifed on a Jittle 
 heat will be fumciently rooted in two months to tranf- 
 plant into fmali pots ; ({hortening the longer roots a 
 little; and thofe in the cold ground will be ready in 
 three months, and fometimes lefs. A hand-glafs fet 
 over geranium cuttings (or any other) will greatly fa- 
 cilitate the buhnefs, as is directed for pinks. If trc 
 cuttings are raw i or long, take the upper part off down 
 
 R to
 
 ;;62 LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 to an eye. If a band-glafs is not ufed, lay fon e I >fs 
 round the cuttings to keep the ground cool. In gc e- 
 ral it may be proper to keep the cuttings out of g I 
 
 a dav, or two ; but the foft and fuccujent one 
 by all means, in order to dry the ends, and fo heal 
 wound, which, it" put directly in the ground, might 
 decay and rot. 
 
 The proper feafon for planting is from Mid-May to 
 Mid- July : a little earlier, or bter, may however do: 
 Some chufe to forward them on heat, in March and 
 April ; but they mull not be kept clofe. It is advife- 
 able to take cuttings from towards the top of plants, in 
 order to keep them down ; but where they can be heft 
 fpared (as to the form of the plant) is the general rule. 
 Pot them in Auguft or September, according to the 
 time the. cuttings were put in: The former time is 
 much, the bell, and June cuttings will be rooted. 
 
 The management of geraniums is, to keep them from 
 froft, and as much as may be from harft) winds % par- 
 ticularly in the Jpring ; as after being hou fed all win- 
 ter, they are then tender, and far lefs able to bear 
 unkind weather, than in autumn; when having been 
 ufed to the external air, and the colder weather 
 coming on by degrees, they are feldom hurt much, 
 but by abfplute .froft. In the Jpring, they muff be 
 brought to bear air by degrees, and the more carefully, 
 according as the tvinter has occafioned them to be 
 more or lefs deprived of the external air being let in 
 upon thero. When the weather is mild in April, let 
 them be taken out in the day, (if convenient) and put 
 in on nights ; and venture them not wholly abroad till 
 Mid- May, or after. In the jummer, they mould' be 
 placed \\\jldier and fonde ; but not under trees, or any 
 roof: The morning .an is all they mould have, for 
 more of it drie^ the mould in the pots too fajfr, and 
 fades the fkr jrs. They will want frequent waterings 
 fee page '27 >. They may take up their fumvier refi- 
 clence about Mid-May, (as directed) but the feafon 
 2 nauft
 
 SECT. XIX. LIS1S OF TREKS, &C. 36S 
 
 muft govern ; and it will not do to bring them out in 
 a harfli one, which would pinch up the leaves, and 
 deprive them of their beauty. If put clofe under -a 
 fouth wall for a week or two at fir ft, it would be pro- 
 per ; or an awning of mats might be uTed ior nights. 
 
 Shifting geraniums mould generally take place once 
 a. year, from f mailer pots into others one fize bigger : 
 This may be in the nrft mild weather in April, or May. 
 Loo fen, and take off the top mould down to the roots, 
 (without damaging them) then turn the pot up, and 
 gently make it out. It the roots adhere to the fides of 
 the pot, give the edge a tap upon the knee, or fomething 
 rife, and a little pre flu re at the hole, with the thumb, dr 
 finger, at the fame time, which will help to difcharge 
 it. Pare off the matted roots round the fides and bot- 
 tom, with a flmrp knife; and plant it in a hem. pot, 
 (or the fame again may fometimes do) putting in as 
 much fine light rich mould, or compoft, at the bottom, 
 as will raife the ball of earth, which is about the roots, 
 within an inch of the top of the pot ; then fill round 
 ;des, putting the mould by little and little in, arid 
 pre fling it down gently, make all level to the top within 
 half an inch ; finally, give a watering that fhall foak to 
 the bottom, and fprinkle fome diy mould over. All 
 f lined plants fhouid be kept rather in the /hade for a 
 week or two till ready to iinke root. 
 
 If tiny flicks are to the plants, they muff be taken 
 away firit. and replaced (if tfeceflary) again before 
 watering, or rather the next day, if the plants will 
 itand up without. This may be a proper time to trim 
 off all dangling, or too crowding fhoots ; but if cut- 
 f rigs are* wanted for encreafe, they fhouid not be frim- 
 r.cu till thefe are to be planted. At any rate, dead 
 leaves, or a n fight ly crooked parts, fhouid be difcharged, 
 md/ymmetry, in a fnug round head, provided for. 
 Geraniums are free growers, and it is always advife- 
 aMe to take off fo?ne fhoots to keep them down and in 
 S0r.au A few of the plants, that molt need it (as leafl 
 R % hand-
 
 Styb LISTS OF TREES, &C. SECT. XIX. 
 
 handfome or healthy) fhould be fro 6 rely cut, for a late 
 blow, which generally proves zfine one In confc-ouerice. 
 A judicious regular ufe of -neat flendery?/Vi/ is of much 
 advantage to geraniums, orother potted plants. 
 
 What lias been faid of geraniums, applies to all 
 thofe Exotics, called Greenhoufc Plants, in the ma- 
 nagement of which, it is a material thing not to fhift 
 frito too large pots, as the roots run directly to the out- 
 fides, and fo would be too haftily brought to require the 
 biggeft pots. Another thing is, to take off fome of the 
 top foil, not only as directed in fpring, but once or 
 twice in the fummer ; and always before houfmg in au- 
 tumn, and replacing it with a rich compofi, as one of 
 almoft all rotten cow dung, which being black, is the 
 molt fuitabieto the eye, and it is cool and nourifhing. 
 
 It is material to neaincjs, and the end of ornament, 
 (for which plants are chiefly potted) that the pots 
 fhould be occafionally warned, or fcoured, and by no 
 means fuffered to get mouldy. This is a point fo little 
 attended to, that we fometimes fee a beautiful plant in 
 a very difgufting habitation. It is equally offenfive, 
 and injurious, to fuffer the furface earth to get moffy, 
 cr caked hard by the necell'ary waterings ; to prevent, 
 which, often ftir it a little depth, and lay it fmooth, 
 which makes all look creditable. 
 
 Pinks are fometimes layered, or more ufually pro- 
 pagated by cuttings, ox pipings, about Mid/ummer ; and 
 may be alfo by flips* fet in March, April, or May, 
 with, or without roots, four inches afunder. Cuttings 
 fhould be young Prong fhoots of three or four inches 
 long, taken off'juft below a joint ; from which {trip- 
 ping the lower leaves, and cutting the top ones fhort, 
 plant them in a fine good foil, about two inches afun- 
 der, and in depth full half of their length. They will 
 ftrike rort , fo as to be fit to move, in feven or eight 
 weeks, with a little earth about their reots ; or may 
 be left to an early time in' the fpring ; but where this 
 is dciigned, they will be bed fix inches afunder. They 
 
 may
 
 SECT. XIX, LISTS OF TREES, &C. 3Gd 
 
 may be either -put in pots, or borders ,- where they are 
 to blow, or rather into a nurfery-bed, to grow a year 
 at fix inches diftance. Pipings are obtained by drawing 
 the heads of the young fhoots out of their lockets, 01 
 the length of cuttings. In both methods, pufh the (hoots 
 carefully into the earth, gently prefs tie mould about 
 them, and give a watering ; (hade alio from much fun. 
 They will ftrike more certainly, and much fooner by 
 being covered clofe with a hand-glaji, as much as 
 poflible air-tight. They muft be kept cool, by occa- 
 sional watering ; but when under glafs, they will not 
 need fo much watering or {hading, or may do without 
 any ; for though the inclofed air is warmer, it is always 
 more humid, which refreshes the cuttings with anfwer- 
 able fupply for their fupport ; and it is this moiftureand 
 warmth that facilitates the growth. When .they ap- 
 pear to be growing, the glades muft be raifed, and in a 
 fhort time removed. To raife pinks {rom feed, follow 
 the directions given for carnations. 
 
 Polyanthus is propagated by parting the roots in 
 autumn, or (for new varieties) by feed fown and ma- 
 naged (nearly) as directed for auriculas : But as this 
 flower is not fo delicate in the cultivation, it may be 
 fown in borders, where there is only the morning fun, 
 any time from Auguji to -April ; and as foon as the 
 plants are at all big enough to prick out, fet them four 
 inches aiunder; and fome time in Auguji, plant at fix 
 inches, where they are to remain for their firit blow"; 
 which fhould be attended to, in order to mark the ben! 
 flowers, dividing thefe into two forts, prime and mid- 
 dling ; and the reft, may be either planted into ordinary 
 ground in plantations, &c. or caff away; There will 
 be but few real good ones in a great many ; but the cul- 
 ture of this plant is fo eafy, that it is worth, white to try 
 for them. Some fow in pots, and boxes, in December, 
 placing them in the fun, and houfing them in fevere 
 -weather; and when the plants appear, fet them in an 
 eajl afpect, left much fun deftroy the young plants; 
 
 R 6 early
 
 366 LISTS OF TKEES, &C SKCT. XI K. 
 
 early in autumn, or fprifig, is however belter : The 
 feed mav be coveretfa little lei's than a quarter of an 
 *jnch. Both feeds and ieedling plants mould have oc- 
 cafional watering, as moifture fuits them. 
 
 A compofi for the polyanthus is a light Icam, (as the 
 iii ft (bit from the pafture rotted down with the turf) 
 and about one fourth part cow dung or wood pile earth. 
 If the loam is ftrong, a little drift land amongft it will 
 be proper. The polyanthus grows any where, but a 
 cool foil and-fituation fuits it left ; and fome compoff, 
 as the above, with an eqfl border, is neceflary in order 
 to a capital full miffed blow. 
 
 Tuberofe is blown fineft in a hot-boufe ; but if planted 
 in pots, and plunged at the back pi a hot-bed frame, 
 it fucceeds very well. This will be beft done about 
 Mid- April, as iooner they are apt to get too tall before 
 they can fafely be expofed abroad. Provide a good 
 frefh light 'earth, and uie no dung, except a little rich 
 and dungy, to lay an inch below the bottom of the 
 bulb ; fill the pots only three parts, and place the root 
 only half way, or a little more, in it. Let the mould 
 be fbmewhat moift, but give no water till the moot 
 appears, and then moderately ; at which time, fill up 
 the pot, juft to cover the bulb, which mould be but 
 barely hid, when the pot is full. The beft fhaped pots 
 for bulbous roots is, when they ftand high, and the bot- 
 toms are as wide as the top ; and the fize for the tube- 
 rofe mould be thofe of eight or nine inches diameter at 
 top, according as the bottom is for width ; for the more 
 fpace below, the lefs is required above. 
 
 As th$ Jboots advance in growth, the more air muft 
 be given ; and as freely as poffible on mild days, (hut- 
 ting clofe on cold nights, and almoft fo on moderate 
 ones. When they get too high for the frames, and 
 the (eafon is forward, with kind weather, they may be 
 plunged in the ground, clofe under a warm wall ; and 
 a covering of mat contrived to proteft them a while 
 on nights', or may do if left to take their chance. If 
 
 the
 
 SECT. XIX. LISTS OF TREES, Sec. 367 
 
 the weather is foul, they may be hoofed in a good 
 window, for a week or a fortnight, and then put in 
 the ground as directed above. Here let them remain, 
 giving occahonal watering, (and freelv in dry weather) 
 till in flower; when the houfe (allowing them light and 
 fun) will be their proper refidence, for their fine power- 
 ful fcent, and to proteft the blow, that it may the 
 longer continue. In their flowering ftate, they will 
 want much water. 
 
 The heat on which this flower is forwarded mould 
 be moderate, otherwife it will run up too fail. It 
 planted under zfouth zvall in May, covering the root 
 about an inch, and guarding againft much wet till it 
 is growing, if will do for a late blow : A hand-glajs of 
 courfe would be ferviceable, both to afM it in {hoot-. 
 ing, and fhelter it from unkind weather ; but clofe 
 covering is as much as poflibie to be avoided. Freilt 
 roots are imported every year; — the double never 
 flowers twice with us, but the (ingle may, rf kept in 
 a dry warm room. 
 
 ru SECTION
 
 368 ] 
 
 SECTION XX. 
 
 A CALENDAR. 
 
 THE general work of gardening has been pretty- 
 fully fpoken of, in the parts concerning the for- 
 mation, cultivation, and management of a garden, propa- 
 gation, &c. The particular culture of efculents, herbs, 
 fruits, and flowers, ha* been treated in the fect-ions ap^ 
 propriated to each. It therefore remains to give here 
 little more than fhort hints, by way of alii fling recol- 
 lection, and to make proper references to the pages, 
 where farther injlruclions may be found. 
 
 What is faid concerning/mfr and f owing, page 57 to 
 64, mull be attended to. It need only be farther ob- 
 ferved, that as to the feafon moft proper to do the feve- 
 ral works of gardening, it is not the fame (exafl.lv) every 
 where, as foil and Jit uatioji make a difference. — The 
 time mentioned in this calendar is, that which the au- 
 thor judges will be found moft generally right in the 
 midland counties, as the extremes of north and font): 
 make a great difference in this bufmefs, which mult be 
 allowed for. ;. 
 
 The work of gardening being very multifarious, it 
 would be a pr;i6Hce not Unworthy, even the ikiitul 
 ga-dener, to make it a rule, once a week, to confuler 
 what h to be done the following week ; and to make 
 /memorandums accordingly, numbering them in the 
 aider he would have them performed. — Thus he would 
 never be at a lofs, what to let himf It, or his labourers 
 about, awl the mortification of oniillions, or appear- 
 ance
 
 SECT. XX. JANUARY. 369 
 
 ance of negleft, would be avoided : This calendar, i c 
 is prefumed, will be found a ready and fufficient aflift- 
 ant upon fuch an occafion, the author having endea- 
 voured to make it plain, comprehenfive, and as concife 
 as poflible. 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 Let every thing be done now, that the weather and 
 circumftances will permit, (though not abfolutely ne- 
 cefTary) in order to lefTen the work of next month, which 
 when it happens to be an open feafon, is a very impor- 
 tant one in the way of gardening, m which ths lofs of a 
 fingle fine day is of confequence. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Frojl protecl things from, as they may need it. 
 Earth-up any roots bared or diftui bed by froft, 49. 
 Dung for hoi-beds fhould be duly attended to, 171. 
 Manure and soinpo.fi heaps turn frequently over.. 
 Kfpaliers, garden frames, and fuck- things, reclify.. 
 Tools, make, repair, fharpenand brighten,. 27G. 
 Fruit, onions, &c, the (lores of, look over, 263, 229. 
 BruJh-iL'ood, prepare ready for (licking peas, ike. 231, 
 Planting, trench and prepare ground for, 28, 95, &s, 
 hi ew -planted trees, protect and tie to Hakes, 89, 100. 
 Old trees dig about, and drefs with fome manure, 45. 
 Prune efpalier trees, ftandards and fhrubs, 1G0, 16C. 
 Mofs, clear trees and fhrub3 from, in moid weather, 16:?. 
 Vermin iet traps for, and oppofe all annoyances, 233. 
 JVebsandnefs of caterpillars, flugs, fnails, deftroy, 56. 
 Beds and borders, weed, ftir the ground, and rake, 49. 
 Cauliflowers and lettuces in frames, &c. attend, 2 14, 227. 
 Endivr, tie up, when dry, to blanch; and protett it, 220. 
 
 K 5 - dons,
 
 C70 JANUARY. SECT, XX. 
 
 Cions, procure for graffing, except apples, B2, 85. 
 Hot-beds, prepare for, ormake, cucumbers, &c. 169, 177. 
 Drain ground, fcour ditches, plalh hedges, <kc 
 
 sow 
 
 Cucumbers, 176. Melons, 192- PcW, 230. B:au, 206. 
 Spinach, 243. Radijbes, 238. Lettuces, 226. Ctrfs, 
 249. Mujlard, 255. Carrots, 212. The five iaft 
 on -6^// to which may be added, ;-^ and lap- 
 lettuce, 228, as fallading; towards the end of the 
 month, however, they may be fown on warm bor- 
 ders, the fallading being under clofe hand-glades. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Mint on heat, 2d 3. Cabbages at diftances as 211. 
 Trees and Jhrubs of the deciduous kinds, grape vines-, 
 currants, goofeberries, and rafpberries, it mild weather, 
 fo that the ground will work loofe. Layers may be 
 removed ; but rather prepare the ground now for 
 planting them next month, 95, &c. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Trees and firubs by fuckers, layers, cuttings, C4, &c. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Pots of, (fee December) tulips, anemonies, ranuncitlafes, 
 hyacinths, yicrcijfufcs, &c. above ground protect, 289. 
 
 Bulbous and tubetous roots now plant for a late blow, 
 or in the next month ; but preferve them if choice 
 forts from much wet, left they rot, 286. 
 
 Auriculas, if diilurbed by fro ft, drefs and protect, 358. 
 
 Carnations, and all hardy plants, in pots, protect, but 
 give them as much air zn&fun as may be, 36 1. 
 
 Flowering Jhrubs may be planted, if open weather, co- 
 vering the roots well; but it is better done next 
 month, getting the ground ready now, 107, &c. 
 
 NURSERY*
 
 SECT, XX. FEBRUARY. 371 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Vermin, guard again ft in time, on feed beds,'&c. 7-2. ' 
 Dig beds for /owing, next month tree feeds, See. 71. 
 Protect feedling trees (particular exotics J from froft. 
 Plant, or tran/plant, hardy things, cover the roots. 
 Prepare ground tor next month's planting out feedling?, 
 or ilocks for grafting another year, 72. 
 
 FEBRUARY. 
 
 When the ground can be conveniently worked, this 
 is a verv bufy month, and no time muft be loft, nor 
 hands fpared, that every thing may be done in its pro- 
 per, Or earlieft feafon. 
 
 The Icifi week is the principal, in which many thfflgs 
 are to be done, and fume full crops fown : The Jki 'If u I 
 gardener is properly aware of this, but ordinarily foe 
 month of February is too much neglected. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.- 
 
 Ground, prepare for planting and /owing, &c. 45. 
 Borders mould be ftirred, dug, or dreiled, .^9, l 33. 
 Gravel ivalks, weed, mofs, put in order, and roll firm, 54 ; 
 Turf, prepare the ground tor laying, by levelling. 
 Grafs plats and walks, clean up, cut the edges, 54. 
 Compojh and manures, turn over, and break well. 
 Hot-beds, attend regularly, and no neglccl, 179, &c. 
 Stable dung, for hot-beds, now manage properly, 171. ; 
 Cauliflowers and lettuces, fee to, as in the laft month. " 
 Earth up and proted plants from froft and wind, 49. 
 Siirh-peas, neatly, when about five inches high, &51. 
 JVeed-dnA thin ciops, as winter onions, radifhes, &c. 49, 
 Hjidivrffatend, to blanch and ridge when quite dry, £20. 
 
 R G Vermin
 
 S72 FEBRUARY. SKCT.'iX 
 
 Vermin and infecls, fee to, as mice, fnails, flugs, &c. 233 
 Birds, chiefly bull-finches, do much mifchief now. 
 Prune wall and other trees, but firft grape vines, 129. 
 Mofs.&nd canker clean trees of, moid weather, 162. 
 dons for grafting provide, 8.-?, and life them, 83, &c. 
 Edgings of thrift, a good time to make or repair, .55* 
 
 sow 
 
 Cucumbers, 178,219. Melons, 1 92, 228. ftttj fmall, 
 231, large, 232. ifrawj, the broad forts, or the 
 mazagans, if wanted early, 206. Radi/hes on 
 heat, or not, 239. Lettuces on heat, or not, 227. 
 Small jallading on heat, or on a warm border under 
 glafs, 249. Cabbages, the fugir loaf forts, 211 ; or 
 if early ones are wanted, fow the Yorkjhire fort on 
 heat, 212. Savoys, 241. Onions, 228. Leeks, 225. 
 Parjley, 254. Spinach, 243. Can-ots on heat, or 
 not, 212. Parfneps, 2 SO. &/»?, 216. Kidney- 
 beans on heat, 224. Turneps on heat, 244. Cauli- 
 flowers on heat, 214. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Cucumbers, 179, 184, Afc/^j, 19o. Cauliflowers, 215. 
 Cabbages, 211. Horfe-radijh, 221. &?£& &$i« 
 Rocombole, 255* Shalots, 243. CPiw, 248. £M 
 on heat, 253. Potatoes, early forts, on heat, and 
 warm borders, 235. F/wj, Wfl//, ejpalier, and Jlan- 
 dard fruit trees, forejl trees, and deciduous Jbrubs, 30, 
 95, 107, 11€. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Trees and Jhrubs by grafting, 83, by fuckers, layers, 
 and cuttings, 64. Sow kernels, ftones, and feeds 
 of fruit, &c, on fine well broke earth, providing 
 exotics a little heat, 7 1,. 
 
 F LOWERS.
 
 ST.CT. XX. MARCH. 375 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 See lad month, Biennials and perennials plant, 285. 
 67vh£o protefcl, &c. 119: prune and dig about, 111. 
 Carnations, &c. houfed, bring abroad on mild days. 
 Auriculas, pots drefs and regularly water, 3/38. 
 Auricula and polyanthus feed mould be Town now, 359. 
 Bulbs and tubers, plant foon and pot fome, 286. 
 Water pots, particularly woody and hardy plants. 
 Annuals, fow about laft' week, 281 ; fome in pots, 28*. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 See laft month. Sozv hardy trees and fhrubs, 71. 
 Tranfplant hardy feedlings of laft year, and flocks 
 for grafting next year, or the following, 72. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 The jfry? week in this, like the laft in February, is 
 very valuabieto the good gardener, and mujt be made the 
 belt ufeof by thofe who would have things tolerably in- 
 feafon, and well furnimed for the fummer. It is there, 
 fore proper to have no regard to the charge of nceejjary 
 afliitance. Nature now waits for us, let us notnegle6t 
 to attend upon her: This is the univerfal' feed-time. 
 See management, page 56. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Order and neatnefs are now principal objetls, 54. 
 Vacant ground, dig and apply manure where wanted, 47. 
 Borders drefs, by weeding, digging, &c. fee laft month. 
 Gravd walks, clean, roll, re-lay, or make new, 54. 
 Edgings of thrift and box, if mild, repair, or make, 55. 
 
 Grafs
 
 3Ti MARCH. SECT. XX. 
 
 Grafs plats and walks make, clean fe, mow, cut hedges, 54. 
 Herb-beds weed and drefs, fee article balm, 246. 
 Weeding in general mould be begun in time, 49. 
 Afparagus beds, weed, carefully fork, and drefs, 202. 
 Ditto, in dry weather, water as recommended, 205. 
 Strawberry beds, weed, ftir the mould, and drefs, 165. 
 Artichokes, drefs, &c. towards theend of the month, 202. 
 Compofts heaps , turn, fcreen, orfift, for pots, &c. 
 Vermin, injecls, and deftrutuve birds, fee to, 255. 
 Earth-up peas, beans, and whatever elfe needs it, 49. 
 Stick peas m time, and Hop them, or not, 231, 23;;. 
 Stakes to trees, &c. fee that they are fa ft, 100. 
 Graff now, but apples towards end of the month, 81. 
 Prune wall trees without delay, but firft vines, 148. 
 Blofloms of choice wall-tree fruit, defend, 145. 
 Prune, dig, drefs, fhrubberies and plantations, 108. 
 Hot-beds carefully attend, 180, and make new ones, 183. 
 Dung for future hot-beds, manage in worked heaps, 170. 
 Cauliflozvers-, &c. under glafs, give air freely to, 214. 
 Stir mould about ditto, and alfo lettuces, 215, 2:7. 
 Prick out cauliflowers, cabbages, lettuces, &c 214. 
 Orchards, dung, drefs, prune, or fmoak them, 43. 
 
 sow 
 
 See laft month, cauliflowers, favoys, onions , &c. Ra- 
 dices, the fpindle rooted, 239. Lettuces of forts, 22G. 
 Small Jaliads, 249. In the firit week :— Alexan- 
 ders, 201. AJjaragus, 203. Beets, 208. flan* 
 burgh parfley, 230. m &alfafy, 240. Scorx^iera, 2M. 
 Skirrets, 243. Finochio, 250. Red cabbage, 212. 
 Turnep radijhes, 259. Second week : Turneps, on 
 heat, and in open ground, 245 ; and kidney-bean on 
 heat, or a warm border, 223. Laft week : Brocoli, 
 of the early purple autumn fort, 210. Na/lurtiums, 
 253. .Capftcums, 248. Love apples, 2oi). Herbs 
 of all forts, 246, &c. Strawberries r particularly 
 alpine s, 77.
 
 LCT. XX. MARCH. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Trees arid firubs, 30, 95, 107, 112. Herbs in rooted 
 flips or cuttings, 246, &c. Strawberries, 38. A/pa- 
 ragns, 204. Artichokes, 201. Potatoes and Jerufa- 
 h:m artichokes, 222. Lettuces, 226. Cauliflowers > 
 9. 14. Other things as \a&. month. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 jFrwi and Jhrubs, by grafting, &$ ; by fuckers, offsets, 
 layers, and cuttings, 64. Herbaceous plants, by- 
 parting roots, &c. 285. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 The £#r^ kinds of flowers in pots that have been 
 
 houfed, mould be inured by degrees to the weather, 
 
 and loon left out on nights : None ihould renain 
 
 under cover more than neceffary. 
 Pot dehrahle hardy plants for moveable ornaments, 
 
 when in flower ; but not too many, 278, ^82. 
 Auriculas, if not before, drefs, and regularly water, 358. 
 Carnations drefs as directed for auriculas, '358. 
 Tulips, hyacinths, &€. of the bell forts, protect, 289. 
 Wate? potted plants duly a* the weather is, 27~. 
 Soiv annuals, 273. Biennials, 252. Perennials, 283, 
 Take up, remove ofTstefs, and divide fibrous rooted per- 
 
 enmal flowers about middle ot the month, 285. 
 Layers of carnations, pinks', &c. take up carefully 
 
 foon, and pot or plant with earth to the roots, 360. 
 Seedlings of ditto, and other things, plant out. 
 Anemones, ranunculujc s , and bulbs, may be put in 
 
 (eqfl border) the firft week, to blow late, 286, 
 
 287, &c. 
 2fo.v, thrift, dai/ies, pinks, &c, plant foon for edgings. 
 
 NUR-
 
 $76 APRIL. SECT. XX 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Remove litter, weed, ftir the ground, and rake neatly. 
 Prime into form, ihorten the leader, &c. to make a 
 
 head, &c. 69. 
 C raff's of laft year cut to a few eyes ; behead as at 94. 
 Trim/plant and fow as laft month, and do it quickly. 
 Exotics, or tender plants, fow on a gentle hot-bed, 7 1 . 
 Water give in a dry time to feeds, feedlings, cuttings, 
 
 and newly planted things ; but not over much, 52. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 If by any means the proper early fpring cropping of 
 the ground has been prevented, make no delay to finifh, 
 and to get the garden into a complete ftate ot cultiva- 
 tion. This month may be mi:d enough to invite us 
 abroad, to traverfe the walks, and view nature in her 
 Jpring attire, " all blooming cend benevolent" Let no- 
 thing therefore be met with that appears flovenly, or 
 difgufting. See page 54. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Borders, &c. weed, ftir, rake', and clean up neatly, 49. 
 Quarters alfo weed, particularly beds of onions, 49. 
 Gravel walks and grnjs plats, put in order, roll, &c. 5*4,. 
 Turf, get, lay, but water frequently if dry weather. 
 Edgings of box, &c. make, repair, trim, or cut low, 55. 
 Watering omit not where neceflary in a dry tune, 50.. 
 Pruning finiili all loon ; head down young trees, 1J0. 
 Graffs, fee to, that the claying remains fafe on, 84. 
 Bhjj'oms of wall fruits, protect in bad weather, 145.. 
 Dung for hot-beds, colle6l and take care of, 171. 
 Hot-beds, make in due time for fruiting cucumbers,. 183. 
 
 Hot-beds,
 
 seci.x-X. iUPB.iL, 377 
 
 Hot-beds, for melons, Under annuals, Sec. 194, 275, 270. 
 Afparagus, Jlrawberries, artichokes, fee la ft month. 
 Cauliflowers, flir mould about, and earth up, 214. 
 Peas, earth up, and flick before they droop. 231. 
 Beans in b-lofTom, crop the tops, and earth up firmly, 207.' 
 Weed d.nd thin all feedling crops, by hand or hoe, "49. 
 Prick out celery and plants of every kind when fit, 50. 
 Potatoes, early fort, earth up, protect from froit, 235. 
 Lettuces, tie up clofe, and ftir the ground about, 2:27. 
 Cabbages, earth up, and alfo iie up forward ones, 211. 
 Caterpillars, fnails, and Hugs, fearch often after, 56. 
 
 SOW 
 
 Ksfoon as poflible, what was omitted laft month, or the 
 preceding. Then, Salfafy, 240. Scorzonera, 24 1* 
 Pumpions and gturds, 237. Late Savoys, 241; and 
 Cauliflowers, 215. Boorcole, 209. Brccoli, 2 10. 
 Bruffels fprouts, 210. Chon- Milan, 2\&. . 6W- 
 <&wj, 218. Kidney beans, 223. Cabbages, chiefly- 
 the large fugar-loaf fox coleworts, 211, 219. Herbs, 
 culinary and medicinal, 246, &c. Naflurtiums cold 
 ground, 253. Baft I on heat, 247. 
 
 Succeffion crops, of cucumbers and melons, for hand- 
 glafres, &c. 188, 198,200. iW, large and fmall. 
 ■Beans, the broad forts. Savsys, carrots, turneps, 
 celery, lettuces, fincchio, fpinach, and radifhes cool 
 ground, fmall fallading, weekly, on a fouth border, 
 onions to draw young, 6 1 . 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Strawberries yet, but -a^/ww fucceed beil fo late, 8& 
 Affaragus! 204. Artichokes, 201. Lettuces, 2:6. 
 (hives, garlick, rocombok and Jhalots, firftweek, fee 
 February. Cabbages, early and late, 211. Cauli- 
 flowers, 215. Kidney beans that have- been raifed on 
 heat, 224. Potatoes -for a full, crop, 2j4. i Zfcrta in 
 
 rooted
 
 *78 APRIL. SECT. XX. 
 
 rooted Hips, £46, &c. Trees and Jhru fa immediately, 
 and do it in the belt manner, water, cover the roots, 
 and flake the items, 97, 107. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Trees and jlrubs, by grafting, layers, cuttings, and 
 (owing, which may yet be performed, 64, 71, 79. 
 
 Herbs, by flips, or cuttings, in a good Foil, and afhady 
 fituation, but not under trees, £46, &c. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Sow, in the fir ft week, (if not done before) annuals, 
 273, 279, £80. Biennials, £8£. Perennials, 283. 
 
 Plant, or prick out, annuals as the forts require, £7 i-. 
 Biennials and perennials of late blowers, may yet be 
 tranfplanted into borders or pots, giving an immediate 
 watering, and fhading a few days from fun, £83. 
 Carnation layers, taking them up carefully with a 
 fcoop trowel, £76. Pinks, the fame. Tuberofe, 357. 
 
 Tulips, rammculufes, anemonies, &c. of choice forts, 
 proteft in fevere cutting winds, £88. 
 
 Auriculas in bloom, fhelter from rain, wind, fun, and 
 fupport the Items by neat forked flicks, 359. 
 
 Pots of flowers, fhift, and drefs, tie up, water, &C.36S. 
 
 Crocus leaves tie up, but do not cut them off. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Weed, water, Jlir the foil, rake neatly, and clean up, 69, 
 Transplant (yet) feedlings of trees and ihrubs ; the 
 
 evergreen forts it is now a good time tor, 7£. 
 Sow (if not done before) the feeds of forefl trees, flow- 
 ering fhrubs and evergreens : but keep them cool, by 
 watering, as every thing mould be, that is fown or 
 tranfplanted fete in the ipring : Yet they rnuft not 
 . be kept fuaked with wet, 71. 
 
 MAY.
 
 SECT. XX 
 
 MAY. 379 
 
 MAY. 
 
 LET this charming month be ushered in with due 
 refpe6l, by the garden being in excellent order, to 
 which end let no help be fpared, when the gardener ia 
 not competent to perform the work himfelf : It is forne- 
 times too much for the raoft induftrious man. 
 
 We now gather vegetables that have flood the win- 
 ter, and been the care of many months, wiih fome of 
 the produces of fpring alfo ; and it is the hope and 
 fruition of reward that fweetens labour : All the fenfes 
 are gratified at this feafon. 
 
 — The foftcning air is balm ; 
 
 And every fenfe and every heart is joy ! 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Neatnefs muft be purfued, ftir the ground, rake, &c. 49* 
 Gravel walks and grafs plats, keep in good order, 54. 
 Weeds, deltroy every where, by the hand or hoe, 49, 54. 
 Water, if dry weather, new planted trees, fhrubs, and 
 
 flowers, ftrawberries, cauliflowers, &c. 40, 51. 
 Thim\\ forts of feedling crops enough, and in time, 49. 
 Prick out lettuces, celery, brocoli, booi cole, cauliflowers, 
 
 favoys, cabbages, leeks, &c. 50. 
 Earth up potatoes, peas, beans, cabbages, celery, &c. 49. 
 Tie up forward lettuces, and early cabbages, 211, 2£7. 
 Cucumber plants, give air, water, (hade, train, 185, &c. 
 Hot-beds, make tor cucumbers and melons, 173,189,199. 
 Regulate wall-trees, vines, and prune figs, 1 J;?, 149, 151. 
 Graffs attend to, and repair the claving, &c 84. 
 Thin fruit that is fuperabundant on wall-trees, 146. 
 Beans, top, when in bloflbm, and earth them up, 207. 
 
 SOW
 
 
 3$0 
 
 MAY. SECT. XX. 
 
 SOW 
 
 Najlurtiums, herbs, and tall kidney beans, firft week, 
 253, Endive, 220, zm\ purfla?ie, 255, lecond week, 
 Cauliflowers about the middle, 2\5. Celery, 2*2, 
 Pu mp io »t an d go u rds ,237. 
 
 Siticejjion crops of cucumbers' for picklcrs, 190. Melons 
 for mangoes, 200. Dwarf kidney beans, celery, ra- 
 dices, turneps, cabbages, favoys, brocoli, peas, beans \ 
 flnochio , falfafy, fcorzonera, chardons,fpinach, lettuces ', 
 radi/bes, and Jmallfallading, chiefly fir ft week. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Kidney leans that have been forwarded on heat, 223'. 
 Cucumber and melons, fecond crop, 188, 198. For- 
 ward gourds, 237. Lettuces, 226. Cauliflowers, 
 favoys, cabbages, cole-worts, 217, 2X9. Celery, if for- 
 ward, in- trenches, 217. Artichokes, 201. Potatoes, 
 234. Nafturtiums, 253. Capflcums, 248. Love- 
 apples, 259, and bafll,- 2 Yf, towards the end of the 
 month. Herbs, by parted roots, 246, &c. Trees 
 and Jhrubs may yet fucceed under good manage- 
 ment, 101.. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Herbs, culinary and medicinal, by flips and cuttings, 
 but rather the latter. For /age it is now the befl 
 time, 246, &c. See Flowers, article flips, &c. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Sow annuals of all forts, for a late blow. Scarlet bean, 
 
 fovv as a flower to run up pales, &c, 273, &c. 
 Thin f'ec-dlmgs loon, that they may not be weak, 273. 
 Prick out, or plant, the tender annuals in new hot-beds; 
 '. pots, &c. as direcled, 274, 276, :>7 8. 
 Hot-beds of flower*, manage, as to air, water, &c. 280. 
 
 BienniaU 

 
 SECT. XX. JUNE. 3JJ 
 
 Biennials zndperenniah, thin in time, and water them j 
 alfo prick out any that are forward enough ; they 
 may yet be fown, 2§2, 28 3. 
 
 Auriculas out of flower, remove out of the fun, 359, 
 
 Tubcrojes, pot on heat, or under a fouth wall, 357. 
 
 Tulips, anemouies, &c. in beds and in flower, protefr.,288. 
 
 Bulbs and tubers of dying fpring flowers, take up, 285. 
 
 Slips and cuttings of pinks, double wall-flowers ; double 
 jweet williams, double /carle/ lychnis, double rockets, 
 and lychyiidea, plant as foon as the young moots ai£ 
 forward enough, 364, 355, 343, 346, 344-. 
 
 Geraniums, plant cuttings of laft year's moots, S61. 
 
 Water feed-beds lightly and moderately in a dry time, 
 280 ; and pots of flowers regularly, 277. 
 
 Air, give to houfed plants freely, as the feafon is, 362. 
 
 l)rejs,/hift, and tie up, flowers and fhrubs in pots, 363. 
 
 Pot fome ten week flocks, mignonette, &c. 276, 278. 
 
 Support fpindling carnations, &c. and weak fhrubs, 55. 
 
 Stir the furface mould in pots of flowers, 362. 
 
 N URSXRY, 
 
 Weed, water., occasionally /hade tender feedlings, 69, 
 Seed-beds, keep cool, for without moiflure, germina- 
 tion cannot be expected 4 but give water lightly, fo 
 as not tceake the ground, 51. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 In this month the gardener begins to find {omepau/} 
 to his labour. The ground is now fully cropped, as 
 to principals, and the chief bufinefs is to fee that the. 
 various plants, according to their different ages of 
 growth, do not Jtand 121 need of the necefTary afliflance 
 of cultun, or good management. Particularly attend 
 tb trained trees, &c. to regulate them before they get 
 into diforder ;— This do once a week.
 
 382 JUNE. SECT. XX. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Weed diligently, particularly clofe crops, 49. 
 Stir the ground between open crops, and rake, 49, 
 Gravel walks, grafs plats, and edgings, fee to, 55. 
 Water, let it be duly applied where neceffary, 5 1. 
 Thin by hoe, or hand, all forts of crops fully, 49. 
 Prick sH/'thirrgs, celery, endive, favoys, hrocoli, &c. 50. 
 Caulifloivers (hewing head, break leaves over, 2ifi; 
 Earth up high peas, beans, &c. lee the laft month. 
 Tie up the leaves of garlick and rocombole, 221. 
 Blanch lettuce, white beet, and finochio, 208, 227, 250. 
 Stick peas, and top beans when in full flower, 2Sl f 
 Cucumbers, attend duly, to air, water, train, Sec. 185. 
 Melons, ditto, prune, lay tile under the fruit, 195, &c. 
 Prune wall-trees, vines and efpaliers, 129, 149, 160. 
 Blighted trees, pull off curled leaves, and water them 
 
 forcibly and frequently with an engine, 52 
 Graffs that have clearly taken, unciay and unbind, 84. 
 Bud, or inoculate, at Midfummer, or foon after, S9. 
 Afparagus, finifh cutting betore Midfummer, 206. 
 Herbs for drying, gather as directed, page2i6. 
 Seeds alfo attend to, and gather if any ripe, 59. 
 
 sow 
 
 Cucumbers, laft crop, for picklers mav do in Often 
 ground, if a good foil and funny htuation, 190. 
 Pumpions and gourds may fucceed as ditto, 257. 
 Turnep radijhes of all forts, but chiefly the large 
 white and black Spaniih lor autumn ufe, in coo\ 
 ground, 2 3d. Endive for a principal crop, 220. 
 
 Succeffion crops of celery,' brocoli, peas, broad beans, kidney 
 beans, radijhes, lettuces, J mall Jtdlading, purjlane, tur- 
 neps, cabbages, carrots, finochio, and Jpinach. 
 
 plant' 
 Cucumbers, 169. Melons, 199. Pumpions and gourds. 
 237. Najlurtiums, 25~3. Capficums. 248. Lovel 
 
 apples.
 
 SECT. XX. JUNE. S8S 
 
 apples, 259. Leeh, 225. Celery, 216. Cauliflowers, 
 
 broeoli, boorcole, -Javoys, cabbages, and fucb like 
 greens, at two and a half feet, or rather more for 
 cauliflowers ; lefs for broeoli, and cabbages if a fmail 
 fort. Seedling herbs, 246, &c. Mo : Jl weather at 
 this feafon is very advantageous for pricking out, 
 or planting, and it muft not be neglected when it 
 occurs : Water at the time of planting, and after- ' 
 wards as the weather may require. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Herbs by flips, or cuttings, in a good foil, and as cool 
 a fituation as may be, not under trees, 24 6, &c. 
 
 Layer the young moots of rofes, evergreens, or any 
 fhrub, or tree, that does not readily ftrike root from 
 older wood, or fend forth fuckers ; but make the foil 
 rich fir ft with compoft, or fhort dung, and water 
 the layers frequently, 66. 
 
 Cuttings, cr the young moots of fome woody plants, 
 may be made to ftrike root, fee page 312. 
 
 About the fecond week is the belt time to plant cuttings 
 of myrtles, which fhould be young wood and fhort, 
 about two inches. Keep them cool. 
 
 I 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Annuals, tender foits, pot and plant out into the bor- 
 ders ; thev will require a good foil, water, and a 
 little fhade at firft, and chufe rainy or cloudy wea- 
 ther for the work, 276. 
 
 Pots of flowers fet where they have only the morning 
 fun, but not under trees, or any roof, except for 
 orrament a while, when in blow, 278. 
 
 Trim* from dead parts, &c. perennials and biennials, 5 6. 
 
 Carnations, and other fpindling flowers, fupport, 55. 
 
 Geraniums, plant cuttings ot lalt year's fhoots, 361. 
 
 Water pots of flowers dulv, borders occafionally, 277. 
 
 Prick
 
 58* JVLV. SICT.XX- 
 
 Prick tut feedlings of biennial and perennial flowers, 
 particularly carnations, 360. Pinks, 364. Auriculas, 
 359, and polyanthufcs, 365, into fhady places. 
 
 Plant flips, &c. of wallflowers, &cc fee lafl month. 
 
 /^r carnations, pinks, and fweet wiliiams, 559. 
 
 Auriculas mould be fet in (hade, except for feed, 359. 
 
 Spring bulbs, the leaves being decayed, take up, 285. 
 
 Autumnal bulbs, plant at the end of the month, Z&G^ 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Weed, water, flir the foil, rah it, and clean up, 69. 
 
 Shade the tender feedlings, and late planted things, 5 1. 
 
 Seedbeds, fpring fown, keep moift, and earthed up; 
 in very hot weather, an awning of mats is advan- 
 tageous on days. Seedlings in pots or boxes move 
 into fhade, but not under trees, 
 
 Thin young plants from growing thick and weak, 49, 
 
 JULY. 
 
 Though in this month there is a ceffation from 
 the gr#at buttle, and more laborious works of garden- 
 ing, yet " its many cares" fHH find employment for tl*e 
 willing hand ; and moft aifuredly a good fuccefs in 
 the end will not be attained without perfeverance in 
 the means. Let nothing therefore be omitted, that 
 may tend to crown the gardener with credit, by a con- 
 tinued production 0$ fine vegetables, fruits, <\m\ flowers. 
 The garden now abundantly gratifies the fight, the 
 tajle, the j'mell ; and thofe who have the opportunity to 
 enjoy it, fhould be grateful to God — and the gardener. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS W0.RK. 
 
 Prepare vacant ground for cropping, and let as little 
 of it as poflible lay rude and unproductive, 47. 
 
 Weeds
 
 SECT. XX. JULY. N \ 
 
 Heed, jllr the borders, hoe between crops, &C.54. 
 fJ(j/(T cauliflowers, and whatever clfe may need it, 5 1 . 
 Gravel walks, grafs plats, and edgings, keep in order, ; i . 
 />;.v, jrto, cs:c. fliould be clipped after, or in rain. 
 Earth peas, broad and kid. beans, celery, cabbages, &c. 
 Blanch white-beet, lettuce, and finocbio, 308, 2£7; 250. 
 Stick peas, and running kidney beans in time, 25 1 , C5J 5 . 
 77-»/w all fmall crops to their due diftances, 49. 
 Prick out celery, endive, brocoli, cabbages, &c» 50. 
 Seeds, gather as they ripen, left the belt be loft, 59. 
 Herbs for drying, gather as foon as in flower, 216. 
 Take up garlick, rocambole, fhalots, 22 J, 225, 243J 
 Cucumbers and melons, attend, water, train, &c. 1S5, l^. 
 Pumpions and gourds, train, and water plentifully, 237.- 
 Artichokes, take off fmall fide heads in time, 202. 
 Waif-trees, &c. regulate, and occafionally prune, IS 2, 
 F/h# ftop, and take off the little fide flioots, 150. 
 Thin wall-trees, &c. of fuperabtindant fruit, 146, 156. 
 Bud-graff, or inoculate, fruit trees, rofes, &c. 89. 
 Blighted wall-trees, attend to, fee the laft month. 
 Strawberry Runners take off; except the firft, 77. 
 Kidney Beans, runners, train, and water if dry, 225. 
 Ants, 'flies, and wajps, take by vials of fugar water. 
 
 sow 
 
 Brocoli, firft week cool ground a little, for late ufe.ClC. 
 Endive, principal winter crop, in open ground, £20. 
 Peas and beans, early forts, may yet fow, 208, 232. 
 Kidney beans, dwarfs, firft week, fouth border, 224. 
 Carrots, a few, cool ground, firft week, and water both 
 
 feeds and roots if dry weather, 2i2. 
 Radijhcs of any kind, but chiefly the large black and 
 
 white Spanilh turnep forts, water, 240. 
 Lettuces, the hardier, or winter forts, open ground, 220. 
 Spinach, firft week, the round in' coo\ ground, and in 
 
 the laft week the prickly feeded, 243. 
 Onions , a few Welch, and Strafburgh, fecond week,228. 
 S Cokuorts,
 
 336 K'Li. ( SECT. XX, 
 
 Coleworts, firH week for winter, la ft week fpring, 2 19. 
 Turncps, any fort, both early and late in the month, jH*. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Celery at fix inches ; Leeks the fame or more. Endive, 
 lettuces, coleworts, at a foot. Cabbages, favoys, brocoli, 
 boorcole, and cauliflowers, at two feet, or a little more 
 in a rich foil, particularly the latter : Give water at 
 planting, and two or three times after, if not much 
 rain fhould fall. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Herbs, lavender, rofemary, fage, propagate yet, by cut- 
 tings, or flips, occafionally watering. 246, &c. 
 
 Trees and Jhrubs, by laying (hoots of the prefent 
 year ; i. e. of thole that are not apt to {hike from 
 older wood. Slips and cuttings of fome forts, may 
 ftrike, by the help of a l?and-g!afs, 66, 3\2. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Stir the flower borders, and rake them neatly, 54. 
 Pats of flowers, fet in fliade, and regularly water, 27 8. 
 Carnations and double fwect zvilliams, layer, 33 9, 333. 
 Pinks, plant (lips, cuttings, pipings, or layer, 364. 
 Geraniums, double lychnis, lychnideas, double wall-flowers, 
 Rockets, plant cuttings, or ilips, 34-4, 333, 361. 34-6. 
 Succulent plants (as aloes) may now be let abroad. 
 Annuals, plant out tender forts into borders, 236. 
 Ditto, quick blowers may ftill be fown, Sty 
 Biennials, thin feed beds of, prick out, water, &c. $53. 
 Perennials, ditto, particularly auriculas, 359. Carna- 
 tions, 361, Pinks, 364, and polyanthus, 365. 
 Lark/purs thin, and pull up all the (ingle ones, 335. 
 Stocks, pull up moll of the finglc ones, 332. 
 Seeds, gather very regularly as ey ripen, 56, 5 8. 
 Bulbous and tuberous roots t$ p in due time, 2$5. 
 
 2 Bulbs,
 
 S LC 1 . X X . A u g trs T . nfr 
 
 Bulbs of autumn, as jaffron crocus, plant now, 29-2. 
 FH»i plants and fiirubs, (haggling branches, &c. 56. 
 Support weak flowers and (hrubs by proper ties, 55. 
 Minionctte, fow in pots, cool place, to flower in winter. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Weed, waters/hade, young tender feedlings, <kc. 69. 
 Prune away fuckers, or fhoots from items, See. pam- 
 
 cularly thofe that have been grafFed, 9.3, 94-. 
 Thin feedlings, fliade by a mat, ckc. new planted ones ; 
 
 hut not from night dew*, water, &c 73, 5 1* 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 I\ T this month (as in fome meafure before) the 
 gardener anticipates produ&s of the future vear, and 
 lows various vegetables in autumn to Itand the winter, 
 for fpring and f'umwer ufe ; fo that, in this, and other 
 refpecrs, Augitft is in truth an important feafon, as 
 will be feen by the work directed to be done. The 
 times for the feveral fiwings mould be pretty exafUy 
 obferved in order to fuccefs. 
 
 M I S C E L L A N E O U S W OB K. 
 
 Weed, water, fiir borders, rake and clean up, 50, 5 t. 
 Walks and grafs plats, attend, roll, mow, f weep, 54. 
 Thin by hoe, or hand, young crops, in dry weather, 49. 
 Water ditto, as alfonew (own beds, regularly, 50. 
 Prick out celery, and other things as winter greens, 50. 
 Earth up peas, beans, kidney beans, celery, greens, 
 
 &c. 49. 
 Blanch endive, beet, chardon, finochio, 2$Q, 208, 218. 
 Dig, or ufe a ftrong hoe, between rows of plants, 49. 
 Vacant ground, clean, and prepare for ufe, 46, 47. 
 
 S 2 Stick
 
 . r 88 AUGUST. SECT. XX. 
 
 Stick peas, and take up the haulm of old crops, £3K 
 Stake tall plants which are flanging for feed, 5 9. 
 Seed plants fupport, and gather feed as it ripens, 59. 
 Herbs, gather tor drying j nil when in flower, 246. 
 Onions, prefs down the leaves to the ground, 229. 
 Sbahts, gartick, rocambole, take up, 249, 227, 261. 
 Grape vines, prune, nail, and keep in due order, 150. 
 IVall-trees, elpaliers, climbing fhrubs, &c. regulate, 133. 
 Infecls about wall-trees, attend to. See blight, June. 
 Wajps, &c. take in trees, by vials of fugar water. 
 Budding may yet be performed, firft week, 89. 
 Buds that have taken of former work, unbind, 93. 
 Net fruit trees up, to keep off" birds, and alfo fingers. 
 (rather fruit before the fun has fhone long upon it. 
 Mat up currants and goofeberries for late fruit, 164, 
 Strawberries, clear from runners, weeds, leaves, 165. 
 Cucumber s, pumpions , and gourds , train, water, &c. 
 Pickling cucumbers fhould be gathered twice a week. 
 Melons, prune, train, water fparingly, 195. 
 
 sow 
 
 Coleworts in the fir ft week, 219; cabbages in the 
 fecond, 2H; cauliflowers in the third, 214. Onions, 
 Welch, a full crop, and a few Strafburgh a warm 
 border, firft week, 228. Lettuces, at the beginning, 
 middle and end of the month, 226. Small fallading, 
 in a fliady place, and water it, 249. Chervil and 
 American crejs, fecond week, 248, 250. Radijh % 
 both fpindle and round rooted, 245. Kidney beans, 
 dwarf, on a warm border, firft week, 225. Spinach, 
 round fiift week, prickly third week; the former at 
 broad caft, and the latter rather in drills, 243. 
 Tumeps, firft or fecond week, 244. Carrots, ditto, 
 2 14. Herbs firft week, 246, &c. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Without delay, leeks, celery, lettuces, endive, cabbages, 
 
 coleworts, late brocoli, and boorcole, diftance as laft 
 
 month,
 
 SECT. XX. AUGUST. S%9 
 
 month, though every thing planted late, may be fo 
 much the nigher, generally fpeaking one third. 
 Strazvberries and herbs, culinary and medicinal, to- 
 wards the end of the month, that they may be well 
 rooted before winter, 39, 246, &c. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Trees and finds, by laying young Jhoois in fine rich 
 earth, and keep the ground cool about them, 69. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Decayed parts, take off, trim, and tie- to flicks, 56,57. 
 Shrubs, ditto, thin a little, and prune off fuckers, 111. 
 Edgings, or edges of box, yew, &c. may be cut, 55. 
 Water potted flowers regularly, alfo others, 277. 
 Ditto all new planted things, and fhade them, 275. 
 Annuals, hardy, fow towards end of the month, 287. 
 Minionette i plant in pots, to flower in winter. 
 Biennials and perennials, plant, laft week, 289, 291. 
 Saxifrage pyramidal, and double plant in pots, S55. 
 Geraniums, raifed from cuttings, (or feed) pot foon. 
 Ditto, pets of, &c. ftir, or frefh earth, 364. 
 Auriculas zn& polyanthus, tranfplant, part, &c. 359,365. 
 Carnations yet layer; tranfplant early layers, 359. 
 Pinks from early cuttings may be fit to move, 364. 
 Sweet Williams layer, or transplant if rooted, 333. 
 Bulbous roots, as lilies, &c.take up for planting, 285. 
 Bulbous offsets, replant them without delay, 286. 
 Bulbs of autumn flowers, plant in firft week ; fee lilies, 
 
 atamafco, Guernfey, &c. 362. 
 Succulent plants, Ihift (belt feafon) firft week, 364. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Prune fuckers, fide flem fhoots, draggling and luxu- 
 riant ones from the head ; Jlir the ground, weed, 
 water, thin Jecdlihgs, plant, fhade, &c. 69, 51. 
 
 S 3 SEP-
 
 o90 SEPTEMBER. iECT. XX, 
 
 ****** 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 -Gardens begin now to fail of their wonted 
 beauty, and therefore dying flowers, all litter, and 
 every tiling unfightly, admonifh the gardener to trim 
 his plants, and clean the ground frequently, that all 
 may be pretty if not gay. An attention oif this foit, 
 stirring the ground, and raking it, will give an air of 
 jrcjhiejs and culture highly pleating and creditable. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 See beginning of laft month, twelve firft articles. 
 Shrubs free from fuckers, dig about, &c. 111. 
 Prepare ground for planting trees and fhrubs, 103. 
 Turf, lay as a good time, beat, roll, and water. 
 Gather fruits as. they ripen, and (lore them well, 26£i 
 Grapes, tie fine ripe bunches up in gauze or crape. 
 Figs, keep in clofe training to ripen the fruit, 15 1 . 
 Cucumbers cover on nights to prevent the fpot, 190. 
 Pickling cucumbers, gather before they get fpotted. 
 Melons carefully prote£l from cold and wet, 200. 
 Cauliflowers, prick out, put fome on flight heat, 214. 
 Ditto, Michaelmas crop, if dry weather, water often. 
 Lettuces, prick out, at 4 or 5 inches, fouth border. 
 Herb-beds mould be cleared and drefTed this month, 846. 
 Nnflurtiums gather before ripe for pickling, 2h'6. 
 Onions, being dry and hard, take in, foit, &c. 253, 
 Gariich, jhalcts, and rocambole, tie up, and flore, $91, 
 Seeds, fuch as arc well dried, drefs and put up, 36, oiK 
 Beans, late, top them as foon as if) flower, 20f. 
 
 sow 
 
 Spinach, turncps, Welch onions (thick) and endive, firft 
 week, for late faring ufc. Radilhes of all forts, bin 
 
 chiefly
 
 BfcGT. ^X . .vt.PTFMKLR. 591 
 
 chiefly the large black turnep, 2 M). Small /alluding* 
 every ten days, warn; borders, or under glafs, 250* 
 'CornJaUadt 250. Chervil, 534-8, and /s/vr/, 25.7. 
 
 r L A 8 T 
 
 At diftances as before, colcivorts, endive, callages, fa- 
 i)oys\ hrqcoli, bborcole, Brufjels, fpronts, chou-mi!an, 
 and celery i alfo lettuces on dry warm ground, 22c*. 
 Herbs, pot and medicinal, from parted roots, oroff- 
 fejs, 246, &0. hhau-ts, garlick, rocambole, 249, 2^7, 
 CGI. Strawberries , any time this month, (the 
 fooner the better) drefs old beds and plants, 8$, 77, 
 105. Shrubs, begin to plant towards the end, but 
 let not the roots be long out of ground, 106. Cur- 
 rants, gof cherries, and raj'pberrics, may be planted 
 Lift week, SI, S8. 
 
 PR OP AC ATE 
 
 I ftmibs, by laying young moots, and at the* 
 end of the month, cuttings may be planted, as of 
 goof cherries , currants, laurels, honeyfaclles, &c. 66. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Remove dead ones, trim the decaying, tie up, 8cc.56,!>6. 
 Annuals, fow fome of the hardy forts^ fir ft week, 281. 
 .Biennials, plant out, referving a few for faring, 283. 
 Perennials, djtto, alio Lake up, and part old roots, 283. - 
 Pinks, from cuttings, Sec. (if well rooted) plant out ; 
 
 alfo carnations, J: .///.% <?cc. fiom layers, SCO. 
 
 Geraniums, from cuttings, pr feed, plant without delay, 
 
 iq (mail pots, flaorte,ning the rppt§, &c. 362. 
 Auriculas, dreis, ftiifr, {Tip, place in lhade, 35 9. 
 Polyanthus, plant, part roots, or low the [ccd, 3G5. 
 Bulbs of autumn flowers, plant yet in firft week, fee 
 
 bit month ; and thole of fprinu; in lait week, as 
 .cafes, early tulips, common ancmonia, 236. 
 
 S 4 Lilies
 
 392 OCTOBER, SECT. XX. 
 
 Lilies and other fcaly bulbous roots, plant foon, 287. 
 
 Offsets from bulbs mud be planted immediately, 287. 
 
 Beds for bulbous and tuberous roots, prepare, 2 ( J3. 
 
 Edgings' of box, thrift, or pinks, plant, cut, or repair. 
 
 Pots of flowers bring from fhady fituations to more 
 funny ones ; exotics, put in time under fome degree 
 of fhelter, according to their nature ; the fucculent 
 ■plants are impatient of wet, and cold, as alio varie- 
 gated geraniums ; take them in foon ; but give plenty 
 of mild air. 
 
 Minhnettt in pots for winter, place under a fouth wall. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Weedjlir the foil, clean up, and water, if dry weather. 
 
 Dig about young trees, at the end of this, or the be- 
 ginning of next month, as direHed, 79. 
 
 Prepare ground for planting, next month. Stocks and 
 feedlings, and fowing feeds of trees and fhrubs, 71, 
 &c. Cherry Stones may now be (own. Evergreen feed- 
 lings lhould be planted out, lafl week, and watered, 
 if a dry time, 72. 
 
 ***** * 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 This is the chief month of the year for planting 
 trees, fhrubs, &c. No part of it mould be loft, in 
 either working the .ground well for the purpofe, or 
 putting in the plants without delay : Early planting, 
 if the ground is fit, is of much conference. EJcuknts 
 are to have their winter quarters provided them as foon 
 as poflible in the month, as at the end of it the weather 
 is often bed. 
 
 Now the virtues of indufiry and pcrfeverance will 
 be tried to keep the grounds clean from tailing leaves, 
 tec. The garden, however, ought yet to be a fource 
 
 of
 
 SECT. XX. OCTOBER, 3§3 
 
 of pleafure, and the weather is often ftill inviting 
 abroad : Surmount impediments. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Dig, dung, trench, and drain, grcund thoroughly, 46." 
 Prepare for planting, lay open the holes for trees, 97. 
 Rake leaves off borders and quarters, fweep, &c. 54. 
 Gravel walks, and grafs plats, cleanfe, roll, mow, 54. 
 'Turf will be well laid now, but do the work foon. 
 Caterpillars, deftroy, for they do mifchief rapidly. 
 Thin, by hoe, fpinach, &c. (mall crops, by hand, 49. 
 Prick out cabbages for w»nter or fpring planting, 211. 
 Hoe between rows of cabbages, &c. and earth up, 49. 
 Blanch celery and finochio by earthing ; endive, beet, 
 
 and chardons, by tying, 217, 256, 221,208, 218. 
 Cauliflowers that are heading, break leaves over, 21G. 
 Ajparagus beds and feedlings, drefs, fecond week, 205, 
 Strawberries , if net before, drefs out of hand, 165. 
 hafpberrles, drefs, and plant ^A^sr/j- between, 165'. 
 Seeds gather regularly and lay up thoroughly dry, 5 9. 
 fruits; gather carefully, and houfe well, 262, 274. 
 Dig up, and ftore clean and dry, carrots, 214 ; potatoes, 
 
 ; parfneps, 230; 3 erufakm artichokes, 22z. 
 Drefs about currant and gooieberry bufhes, by digging 
 
 in a little manure, cutting the ends of the roots. 
 Herb-beds ihould always be drafted at this time, 24G. 
 Vines, wall-trees, &c. regulate, if not fully prune, 145. 
 Grapes bagged in gauze, fee to, left they get mouldy, 
 Shrub, See. dig about, and put in good order, 11 1. 
 
 sow 
 
 Beans, mazagan, third and fourth week, 207. Peas, 
 ditto, early forts, 2S1. Lettuces, firft week, warm 
 border, 226. Small J alluding, warm border, under • 
 glafs, 249. Radijhes, early purple fliort top, or early - 
 
 • Sandwich, may fucceed, fouth afpecl, 240. Carrots, 
 a few early horn, warm border, may be tried, 214. 
 
 S5 PLANT"
 
 394 OCTOBER. SECT. XX. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Anjou cabbage and boorcole yet plant. Rroccli, a few- 
 plants, firft week, for latcft fpring life. Coleworts, 
 firft week, 219. Cabbages, any time, chufing ftrong 
 plants, £11. Endive, fii ft week, warm border, 220. 
 Celery, firft week, open ground, for late fpring ufe, 
 £17. Cauliflowers, fettle foon, 514. Lettuces, 226. 
 Sbalots, garlick, rocambole, (dry ground) 243, 221, 
 SS5. Strawberries, firft week, 39. Wall-trees, and 
 other jhrubs, any time, but evergreens, firft week. 
 i&r£>\ rooted forts, 246, &c. Af/w/ on a little 
 heat, protecting it, c 253. Layers of trees and fh rubs 
 made laft year ; being rooted, take up well, and 
 plant immediately, 97, &c. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Trees and Jh rubs, by fuckers, 64. By /mrr; of the 
 young wood, rofes, jafmines, bay, laurel, laurufti- 
 nus, vines, figs, filberts, codlins, mulberries, See, 
 See lifts of trees and fhrubs, 66. By cuttings or flips , 
 goofeberries, currants, berberry, jafmines, honey- 
 fuckles, laurels, box, Sec. 66. See lifts, feci. 19. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 .Look over, trim, tie up, gather ripe feeds, &c. 55,56,59, 
 Geraniums, and other tender plants, drefs, houfe, 362. 
 Auriculas and carnations in pots, preferve from much 
 
 wet, and fet in funny fituations, 358, 359. 
 Seeds, or feedlings, in pots, or boxes, ditto, and fheltei 
 
 from the cutting N. E. winds, 359. 
 Annuals, felf-fown, &c. may be taken up with a little 
 
 earth, and planted where wanted, 281. 
 Biennials, plant out, but leave a few for fpring, 282. 
 Perennials, ditto, alfo flip or divide old roots, 285. 
 Bulbous ox tuberous, and flefhy roots of fpring and fummer 
 
 flowers, plant, but the earlieft firft, 285. 
 
 Minionettf,
 
 SECT. XX. NOVEMBER. 59» 
 
 Minionctte, pots of, houfe, or put under glafs. 
 Saxifrage, pyramidal and double, plant in pots, 3.5 6. 
 Edging of dwarf flowers, box, &c. plant, or repair. 
 
 N U R S E R Y . 
 
 Stir, and fork in a little fhort well rotted manure, 70. 
 Dig ground to be planted, a wee!; before it is wanted. 
 S::u feeds of trees, &c. and guard againif mice, Sec. 75, 79, 
 Tranjplani feedltngs defigned for flocks, Sec. 7.:. 
 Siu-kcrs of plums, callings oi quinces, codlin, &c. 74. 
 Prune, or drefs up, young trees and fhrubs from fuck- 
 ers, iiraggiino; f hoots, and iorm the heads, 73. 
 Dig about ditto lor purpofes as directed, 79. 
 
 NOVEMBER. 
 
 Though the loft be the better month for planting, 
 yet this is more commonly the time adopted : It can- 
 not be now proper to delay it. The leaves not being 
 all off fliould be no obftacle. 
 
 The objeft of pleafure Ihould not yet be given up ; 
 and let the gardener do all in his power to be cleanly 
 and neat, giving his grounds that proof of good cul- 
 ture, which is foefTentialto his credit. 
 
 Anticipate winter, fo as to put all in order, and fur- 
 nifh the ground early ; provide againlt frojt, left it 
 come unawares. 
 
 MISCELLANEOU S WO R K. 
 
 Wet % if it ftands any where, let it be drained off, 114, 
 Vacant ground, dig, manure, trench, or at leail hoe, 40. 
 Clear away dead plants, leaves, weeds, and all litter, 54. 
 Weed borders and crops, as fpinach, winter onions, Sic. 
 Grafs plats, cleanfe, roll, mow, and lay turf] but foon. 
 S 6 Gravel
 
 30$ NOVEMBER. SECT, XX. 
 
 Grave! walls, weed, clean, and roll hard after rain, $4, 
 
 Compefts, col left, and mix well the materials for them. 
 
 Cucumber and melon earth, (lore in dry time, 178, 195. 
 
 Earth up peas, beans, celery, cauliflowers, &c. 49. 
 
 Blanch endive, 221, cliardons. CIS, and finochio, 250. 
 
 Dig up carrots, potatoes, Jerufalem artichokes, and parf- 
 neps, but not all the latter, 222, 230. Alfo when in 
 profpeel otfrofl, fome red beet, fcorzonera, falfify, 
 fkirrets, Hamburgh parfley, leeks, turnep radifhes, 
 and horfe-radifh, all of them to be preferred a while 
 in a cellar, or longer in dry fand. See cauliflowers 
 below*. 
 
 Lettuces in frames, under hand-glaffes, Sec. attend, 226. 
 
 Artichokes, cut, fee to, when in profpecl of froft, 202. 
 
 AjparaguSy drefs beds of, and alfo feed lings foon, 205. 
 
 Rajpberries, drefs in the firft week ; fee lad month. 
 
 Hot-beds may be ufed for finall falladifig, 249^ mint, £53, 
 lettuces, 227, or for radifhes, 239. 
 
 Frcfl, confider what fhould be protected from it. 
 
 Fruit, lateft forts, gather in the firft week ; and manage 
 that already houfed, 262. 
 
 Onions, (lore of, look over to remove decayed ones, 229, 
 
 Seeds, drefs, put up clean and dry, and keep them fo. 
 
 Caterpillars on winter greens, fearch for in time. 
 
 Grubs about the roots of lettuces, fearch for, 221 . 
 
 Shrubs, prune and dig about ; fatten trained ones, 111. 
 
 Prune all trees, except figs, but cherries the firft, 143. 
 
 Figs, pull off green fruit, fatten fhoots, 15 1. 
 
 Cover the roots, and flake new planted trees, &c. 10?. 
 
 Caulifloivers under glaffes attend to, and thofe in head, 
 break leaves over. This vegetable, and brocoli, may 
 be taken up when in profpecl of frott, and planted 
 with balls of earth, or only laid in a cellar, where 
 they will keep (perhaps) a month ; but tie the leaves 
 together at the tops with ftrong bafs or a hay-band 
 before they are taken up, 216. 
 
 so\y
 
 SECT. XX. NOVEMBER. 397 
 
 SOW 
 
 Smah fallading and lap lettuce, under glafs, warm border, 
 or rather on a little beat, 227, 2^9, Raddles, pur-, 
 pie fhort top, fecond week, warm border, 2SSC 
 Carrots, early horn. 214. ikww and peas fir ft week, 
 for a principal early crop. 207, 23 1* 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Celery ytt, 217. Lettuces, 226 \ and cauliflowers vet, 
 in frames, under hand-glafles, or clofe under a fo'uth 
 wall, 514. Endive ridged, 220. Coleztorts, 219. 
 Cabbages i 211 ; and all in the firft week, though the 
 latter may be later. Mint on heat, 253. 7/W/. 
 trees, and others foon, SO, &c. 95, &c. Shrubs, de- 
 ciduous, but not evergreens, 1 17, Sec. Strawberries % 
 upon neceflity, but do it firlt week, 39. 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 See loft month, by fuckers, flips, divifions, cuttings, and 
 layers, as rofes, &c. 94, &c. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Take up dead flowers, and tie up thofe in bIow,*55\ 56. 
 Frcff, beware of, as to the care of tender flowers, 362, 
 Auriculas and carnations in pots, protect, 359, 361. 
 Seedlings in boxes, &c. place in the fun, and protect. 
 Potso'i hardy flowers are themfelves preferred, as well 
 
 as the plants, by plunging above their rims, 35 8. 
 Bulbous and tuberous roots, plant and protect, 286. 
 Biennials and Perennials hardy, plant early, 2S3. 
 Thrift, plant or repair, as foon as m y be, alfo box. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 See laft month ; and do foon what was then omitted 
 
 Cover
 
 3DS DECEMBER.. SECT. XX. 
 
 Csver the roots of newly planted things and lightly all 
 feed beds and feedlings of tender forts, 09, 69. 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 The garden is no longer a decorated fcene ; but it 
 contains many things of promifc, which demand atten- 
 tion, and winch the mchiflrious gardener will afford, 
 agreeable to the culture that each requires. 
 
 There are frill fome works of labour) and where 
 there is plenty of dung and frames, hot-beds may be 
 made ufeof, and ffrlng anticipated. 
 
 If this month be called dreary, yet Mill the face of 
 nature has charms, and invites us fometimes abroad, 
 even when covered with fnow. Froii is clearly bene- 
 ficial, it dries the path, it itrings our nerves, exhilarates, 
 our fpirits, purifies the air, and prepares the ground ior 
 future produce. 
 
 All nature feels the renovating force 
 Of 'winter, only to the thoughtlefs eye 
 In ruin feen. The froft-concoded glebe 
 Draws in abundant vegetable foul, 
 And gathers vigour for the coming year. 
 
 Thomson* 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORK. 
 
 Weed crops, &c. clean up litter, and ftil.l be neat, 54. • 
 Gravel walks, roll hard, if dry, again il wet and froft. 
 Grafs plats, cleanfe from worm calls, fweep and roll. 
 Mice traps, fet about peas, beans, cauliflowers, &c. 233. 
 Caterpillars in trees, f nails in walls, and Jlugs, fee after* 
 Tools, make, repair, grind, and keep bright, 276. 
 Seeds, look over the ilock to keep them clean and dry. 
 Fruit m& onions, examine, remove decaying, 229, $63, 
 
 Slrawi
 
 SECT. XX. DECEMBER. 399 
 
 Strati), damp or mufly, remove from ftore rooms. 
 Frofty guard againft the ill effects of ewry where. 
 Wheat jlraiv, ufeful to protect things, fee radim, 233. 
 Vegetables, before hard froftj take up, fee lad month. 
 Artichokes, ajparagus, and rafpberries, (if not before) 
 
 give their winter dreiTingto foon, 202,505, 164. 
 Endive, tie up when perfectly dry, an.l ridge fome, 220. 
 Earth up (dry) celery high, alfo cauliflowers, chardons, 
 
 brocoli, favoys, cabbages, &c. prefling the mould. 
 Cauliflowers and lettuces in frames, &c. manage, 2 14, 226. 
 Planting, prepare for, and open the holes ready, 29, 97. 
 Vacant ground, clean, dung, rough, dig, or trench, 46. 
 Banrozu, make ufe ot when froft to wheel in dung, &c. 
 Hot-beds, fee and manage the materials well for, 170. 
 Cucumbers maybe fown in the laft week, 174, 176. 
 Compojls, make, and incorporate well by turning over. 
 Orchards, prune trees, drefs, dig, or plough the foil, 43* 
 Prune wall pear trees, efpaliers, and fhrubs, 153, 160. 
 Hedges, ditches, and drains, manage as the cafe requires. 
 Drain wet from orchard, garden, nurfery, &c. 
 •Spring, have a conftant eye to, and prepare things for. 
 
 sow 
 
 Beans, £07. Peas, 231. Radices, 238. Carrots may 
 be tried as radifhes. Lettuces ditto, under glafs in a 
 warm border. Small fallad, as enfs, ?nujlard t and 
 lap lettuce, on a flight heat, 227, 249. 
 
 PLANT 
 
 Mint on heat, 253. Trees and Jhrubs of the hardy 
 deciduous kind, in open weather, covering the 
 roots and flaking ; if againfl a wall faff en them ta 
 it, 97, &c/ 
 
 PROPAGATE 
 
 Bj/L fuckers, cuttings, layers, &c. fee Oclober, 64, &c. 
 
 FLOWERS*
 
 400 DECEMBER. SECT. XX 
 
 FLOWERS, 
 
 Take care of but neither fow nor plant; yet fome 
 chufe to low auriculas in this month, 35 9. 
 
 Covering of every kind is to be w clofer, or longer kept 
 on than nccefjary, ior great clanger arifes from much 
 nurfing, when plants come to be expofed again. 
 See laft month. 
 
 Auriculas fee to, and take off dead leaves, 358. 
 
 Carnations guard againft mice and much wet, 361, 
 
 Pots of hardy flowers, to protect, fee laft month. 
 
 NURSERY. 
 
 Vroietl, as the weather may require : all new planted 
 
 tilings, cover the roots of them well, 99. 
 Seedlings of tender things may be covered lightly all 
 
 over, but uncover in time, G9, 73. 
 F'-oft -cracks in feedling beds, fill up with lifted mould. 
 Wet (much of) gives fro ft fo great hold, that it fhould 
 
 be particularly guarded againlt. 3.38, 360. 
 Vermin muft be attended to, particularly mice, which 
 
 are apt to bark, and fo kill young trees, 73. 
 
 CLOSE. 
 
 Nature attend ! join every living foul, 
 Beneath the fpacious temple of the iky, 
 In adoration join \ and, ardent raife 
 One general fong. 
 
 Soft roll your incenfe, herbs, and fruits, zti&Jtptoerfj 
 
 J n mingled clouds tOHiM, whofe fun exalts, 
 
 Whofe breath perfumes you, and whofe pencil paints. 
 
 Thomson, 
 
 INDEX
 
 L" * 01 1 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pnee 
 
 ACORNS, to manage - 79 
 Acanthus, Bear's Breech 339 
 Adam's Needle, to plant 
 Adapt foil and filiation - 
 Air, its «fe in vegetation 
 Albuca, to manage - - 
 Alders, and other aquatics 
 Alexander, culture of - 
 All-fpice tree, nature - - 
 Alvtfbn, nature of - - - 
 Amaranthus, forts ©f, &c. 
 Amaryllis Lily, 6cc. - - 
 American trees and fhrubs 
 American crelfes - - - 
 Anemone, forts of, &c. - 
 of planting 
 
 Andromeda tree - 
 Angelica, culture of 
 Animal manures - 
 
 302, 
 
 Annua 
 Annua 
 
 314 
 48 
 10 
 352 
 295 
 201 
 306 
 339 
 317 
 355 
 291 
 350 
 353 
 42 
 314 
 246 
 138 
 328 
 
 , virgin ftock - - 
 flowers in general - 272 
 tender - 190, 199, 273 
 
 feed from ditto 
 
 fecond lowing - 
 
 of fruiting, &c. - 
 of potting them - 
 
 lefs tender - - 
 
 various culture - 
 
 hardy forts - ■» 
 
 three fowings - • 
 
 autumn lowing - ■ 
 
 water often - 27 7 
 
 low thinly - - • 
 tfanfplanting 
 
 — — — hardy potted 
 
 V7G 
 273 
 275 
 27 6 
 -79 
 280 
 980 
 282 
 231 
 280 
 
 - 280 
 
 - 282 
 
 - 2C2 
 
 Annual lift of tender - - 
 
 obfervaticns - . 
 
 lift of lei's tender 
 
 observations - - 
 
 lift of hardy ones 
 
 observations - - 
 
 Pag. 
 
 - 315 
 
 - 317 
 
 - 320 
 
 - 321 
 
 - 325 
 
 - 327 
 — late lowing ■■ - - 327 
 
 Ants, Hits, and wafps - - 385 
 Apple, ornamental forts - - 302 
 
 as a wall tree - - 32 
 
 — time to graff - - - 85 
 
 wail to prune - - 157 
 
 chief forts of - - - 262 
 
 — to gather and keep - 262 
 
 - ■ ■ — baking forts, of - - 263 
 April, the buiinefs of - - 376 
 Apricot, railed - - 74, 89, 90 
 
 Breda, Bruffels - - 37 
 
 chief forts - - - 263 
 
 Apricots, of pruning - - - 133 
 
 of thinning - - 146 
 
 of gathering - - 263 
 
 Aralia, to propagate - - - 306 
 Arbor vita?, nature of - - 311 
 Arbutus, propagation, &C« - 311 
 Artichoke, o'i planting - - 40 
 . culture of - - - 201 
 
 winter care of - 202 
 
 long fucceflion - 202 
 
 Afparagus, of planting - - 40 
 
 culture of - - 203 
 
 >- management - 205 
 
 cutting of 205, 206 
 
 Atheifiu, abfurdiry of - - 24 
 Alter, China, culture, &c. - 321 
 Afh, American forts, &c. - 295 
 Auricula, culture, &c. 33 .', 357 
 Auguft, the byfine£ of - - 337 
 
 Autumn
 
 40£ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Autumn, flower fliow fur 
 Avenue?, trees for 
 Avens, the nature of - 
 Azalea, the nature of - 
 Aaederach, nature of - 
 
 Balm, culture of - - • 
 Balfain, forts and feed - 
 Basil, the culture of - - 
 Buy-tree, the nature of • 
 Bckidere, concerning • 
 Belladonna lily, &c. - ■ 
 Berberry, how raffed - - 
 ————— to prune - ■ 
 
 * — forta of, &c. ■ 
 
 Bean, forts and culture • 
 
 when dibbled - ■ 
 
 « — ■■ - of winter crops 
 
 - iucceflion crops ■ 
 
 Bear's-ear-fanicle, of 
 Beet, forts and culture ■ 
 Betony, nature of - « 
 Biennial flowers, culture 
 
 lift of -'-'. 
 
 — — — obfervations 
 
 — — a forced blow 
 Biennial perennials - ■ 
 Birch, nature of, &c. - ■ 
 Birth-wort, nature of - 
 Blighted trees, diets - 
 Bloilbms, when formed 
 to profcrve 
 
 - 278 
 
 - 116 
 
 - 339 
 
 - 306 
 
 - 302 
 
 Page 
 
 - 246 
 
 - 313 
 
 - 247 
 
 - 311 
 
 - 327 
 
 - 35.5 
 
 - ?6 
 
 - 1«5 
 • '163 
 
 - 206 
 
 - 64 
 
 - 207 
 
 - 208 
 
 - 340 
 
 - 208 
 
 - 240 
 
 - 263 
 
 - 329 
 
 - 330 
 
 - 330 
 
 - 283 
 
 - 895 
 
 - 340 
 382 
 139 
 145 
 247 
 
 5? 
 
 Borage, the culture of 
 Borders, drefs 29, 49, 138, 376 
 Boorcole, forts and culture - 209 
 Box, when to [riant - 873, 375 
 
 Edgings, ^c. cut 876, 889 
 
 how and oti to clip - 48 
 
 Branches- of plants - - - 20 
 Bryony, liiuution for - - - 340 
 Broeoli, fort? and culture - BIO 
 
 Buckthorn, of raitiui/. >\c - &$9 
 Buglofs, ilxe culture of - - 847 
 Buds of plants what - - - 20 
 Bud-grafFs, when taken - - 95 
 Bidbous r-jols, ;i caution - - 56 
 . — m ho a railed 284, 290 
 
 Page 
 
 Bulbous rootp, railing adnfed 290 
 
 ■ or high value - - SB t 
 
 > culture of* - - - 285 
 
 ■ — when to move - 352 
 
 moved late - -287 
 
 » difpofed in bed* - 288 
 
 ; protecting rheni - 288 
 
 Buruet, the culture of - - 247 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabbage, forta imd culture - 211 
 —— — —red, concerning - 210 
 Calendar, eoreprehenftve - 366 
 Calceolaria, curious - - * 3ifl 
 
 Camomile, culture of « - -248 
 Ganficuni, culture, 5cc. 318, 248 
 
 - 248 
 
 - 47 
 
 - 219 
 
 - 213 
 
 - 213 
 
 - 214 
 * VIO 
 ► 248 
 
 Caraway* culture of 
 Carrot, caution about - 
 
 forts and culture 
 
 thinning crop 
 
 a forced crop 
 
 _ winter tuning 
 
 Cardinal flower, nature 
 Carduus, culture of - 
 Carnation, culture, ice. 330, 859, 
 373 
 Cafliiobury bufh, nature of - 302 
 Candleberry myrtle, of • - 
 Campanula, pyramidal 306, 340 
 Campion, culture of - - - 330 
 Catalpa, to plant, 8cc. - - 299 
 Caterpillars, Hugs, <\c. 369, 37 7 
 Cauli'lower, culture of - -214 
 
 ■ in fuccellion -215 
 
 . - of watering - 51 
 
 Cedar, Bermudian, of - - 511 
 Celery, forts, and culture - 816 
 
 L. winter care of - - -17 
 
 Ccleriuc, its culture - - -218 
 Chardon, culture of - - - 218 
 Cherrv, as wall fruit - > - 31 
 
 how railed - - - 90 
 
 « wall, to prune - -157 
 
 ■ i ■ ■- modes of bearing -.,157 
 .. i morella, of - 31, 158 
 
 Handard, to prune - 163 
 
 forta fend gathering- 261 
 
 Chehme, culture of - - - 33 ■> 
 
 Chervil,
 
 INDEX 
 
 4UJ 
 
 Chervil, culture of 
 Cheltnut, to rail'c - 
 . concerninj 
 
 Page 
 
 - 248 
 ♦ 75 
 
 - 264 
 
 Chinefe hollyhock, of - 230, 322 
 Chiriel and law, uie of - - 162 
 Chou-de-miian, culture - ; 218 
 Chriftmas rofe, of - - - - 340 
 Chrysanthemum, culture - 322 
 Cions proper for gralfs - - 82 
 Ciitus, nature and care - - 314 
 Cives, the culture of - - - 248 
 Clary, the culture of - - - 219 
 Clafpcrs of plaufc, ule - - 22 
 Clethru, elegant (hi ttb - - 306 
 Climate, concerning - 104, 271 
 Clofe crops, duly thinn'd - - 49 
 Clumps and groupes - - - 116 
 Codlin, of railing - - - - 75 
 Colchicum, culture of - - 353 
 Colutea, concerning - 306, 313 
 jCole-.vort, culture of - - - 218 
 Columbine, concerning - - 341 
 Corupoit, for trees - 29, 45, 138 
 
 - 1?-1 
 
 - 358 
 
 - 360 
 
 - 364 
 
 - 366 
 
 lor melons - 
 
 auriculas - 
 
 carnations - 
 
 geraniums - 
 
 polyanthus 
 
 turn, ,\c. 369,371,374 
 
 Convolvulus major. 
 Coriander, cuitiu" 
 Corn failad, cultm 
 Cornel, cornelian i 
 Cow dung, on hot bed* - 
 Cowihp, American - - 
 Crab apple, §tb$ri*n,pf - 
 Cre&, the solture <.i - - 
 
 ■ Ameiican 'ort - - 
 
 Crocus, leaves :•.• up - - 
 Crop-, of changing - - 
 
 againtt thick - - 
 
 ' otciofe onrs - - 
 
 ~ how to infure - - 
 
 Cucumber, to raifc early 
 temper of bed 
 
 322 
 249 
 249 
 246 
 ' 3 
 
 - 2 , 
 - 
 
 - .. | 
 
 - 17 
 
 - 47 
 48, 49 
 
 - 61 
 
 - 176 
 
 - 177 
 
 - 177 
 I 178 
 
 - moulding bed 
 -- leed and fowii; 
 
 - pricking out - - 179 
 
 - giving «ir to - - 17 9 
 
 .- weather obfervo 180 
 
 Pace 
 Cucumber, watering duly - 180 
 
 burning 181, 183, 186 
 
 fteaming about - 181 
 
 night covering - 182 
 
 — — feed bed, time of 1H3 
 
 flopping plants - 183 
 
 ■ fruiting bed - - 183 
 
 —-how to plant - - 184 
 
 management of - 185 
 
 ; watering time - 185 
 
 00 neglect - - 187 
 
 letting fruit - - 187 
 
 ■ — of pruning - - 138 
 
 — — of fecond crop - 138 
 
 — haud-glalVd - - 188 
 
 ridged plants - 189 
 
 ,- third crop - 190, 199 
 
 1 — - oXpickiers - -190 
 
 — !— ~ feed, to lave - - 191 
 
 forts of, etc. - -219 
 
 i'piiiiag, wild - -317 
 
 — — — —- terpentine - - 317 
 Currant tree, efpaliered - - 38 
 
 — ta a I- uih - - 38 
 
 to laife - - - 76 
 
 . — walled, to prune 159 
 
 Currant tree, ihuidard, ditto J63, 
 
 — forts of, &c. - *64 
 
 Cuttings, various, to let - - 336 
 Cyclamen, culture of - - 353 
 Cytifu?, management - - 306 
 Spaaifk fort - - - 314 
 
 D. 
 
 Ic, s.Pdired - - - 13 
 
 tacts of - - 398 
 
 • i - 120, 127 
 
 • planting, of - - - 50 
 
 • :i dene - - 48, 19 
 
 Dill, tke culture of ... 250 
 
 Double hh'.ibmed trees - - 3t 
 
 DjuuMe budding, what - - 95 
 
 Dragon's head, fituation - - 341 
 
 Draining, hedging, ^c. - - 370 
 
 Drawing frames, ule - - - 275 
 
 Drili-, orcowt, (owing of - t i 
 
 Dung, Of it vpiopvr ufe - - 46 
 
 Dun^
 
 404- 
 
 TNDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Dung heaps care of - - -171 
 
 Dutch, as flower raifers - - 284 
 
 Dwarf trees* to raife - 81,90 
 
 — flocks for - 73, 74 
 
 E. 
 
 F.arfh, ufe in vegetation - - 8 
 
 Earthing up, neceiiary - - 49 
 
 Edgings of, walks to make - 34 
 
 «■ — to keep in order - 55 
 
 - — time to repair - - 395 
 
 of ftrawberries - - 165 
 
 - ■ - dwarf nocks 328, 348 
 
 ■ of a bulbous root - 356 
 
 a variety of - - - 375 
 
 Egg plant, management - - 319 
 
 Elements, confidered - - - 8 
 
 Elm, propagation, &c - - 296 
 
 Endive, forts and culture - 220 
 
 England, of its climate - - 275 
 
 Equivocal propagation - - 16 
 
 El'culents, ufefulnefs - - - 200 
 
 ■ to winter - - - 392 
 
 Efpalier fruit trees, of - - 36 
 
 pruning ditto - - 160 
 
 heading down - - 160 
 
 ■ frames, repair - - 369 
 
 Ethiopian fcarlet fenna - - 331 
 
 Evergreens, to remove - - 79 
 
 planting 106 to 109 
 
 Exotics, fow, manage, cxc. 71, 364 
 376, 392 
 
 R 
 
 Farina, damage from - - T9 
 February, bulinefs of - - -371 
 Fencing of trees - - - - 117 
 Fennel, common and fweet - L'nO 
 Fig-wort, management - - 311 
 Fig-tree, of railing - - - 75 
 
 time to plant, &c. - 30 
 
 time to prune - - 151 
 
 mode of bearing - 151 
 
 lituation for - - - 105 
 
 — forts of, etc. - - - 264 
 
 — r winter care of - - I i 
 
 - 153 
 
 - 264 
 
 Filberd, to raife, &.e. - - 
 
 walled, pruning - 
 
 Finocnio, culture of - - 
 Fir, forts, and of feeds - 
 Fire, ufe in vegetation 
 Flagging, moved plants - 
 Flora's fealt defcribed 
 Flower*, nature of - - 
 
 their beauty - - 
 
 , claii'ed in forts - 
 
 ■ difperftd about - 
 
 when too many - 
 
 conlider height - 
 
 pots, lituation 
 
 ■ watering pots 
 
 to be lup ported 
 
 when decaying - 
 
 Flower compartments - - 
 Foreft-trees, in orchard - 
 — to raife - - 
 
 Fa** 
 
 - 7 6 
 
 - 158 
 
 ■ 250 
 
 - 311 
 
 - 11 
 
 - 279 
 
 - '-'3 
 
 - 21 
 
 - 22 
 
 - 270 
 
 - 41 
 
 - 282 
 
 ■ -11 
 
 - 278 
 
 ■ 91 
 
 ■ 55 
 
 • 56 
 123 
 
 - 44 
 
 - 78 
 
 • 112 
 117 
 113 
 113 
 
 of planting 
 lea Ion and how 
 of their profit - 
 ornamental 
 care in planting 114 
 preparation for 114 
 of fencing - - 117 
 of pruning - - 118 
 finite ones 116, 122 
 341 
 
 ! — o£ trelliiiug 
 
 Filberd, fo&a of, i\c, 
 
 Fox-glove, fituation, 6cc. - • 
 
 Fritillary, concerning - ■ 
 Froft, guard againft - 49, 
 
 Fruit borders, crops on - ■ 
 Fruit trees, planting high 
 
 • of cankering 
 
 Fruit.-, forced by heat - • 
 
 great wriety of - ■ 
 
 oi chining them - : 
 
 -« advice about - - ■ 
 
 C. 
 
 Garden, formation of - - - 
 
 ■ — ■ pleaiure in ditto 
 
 « hzc and lituation 
 
 Ulceus and form - 
 
 foil, and fruit wall - 
 
 border, divii":*«ii - - 
 
 funiifliing it, &c 
 
 354 
 369 
 143 
 102 
 103 
 175 
 260 
 261 
 262 
 
 120 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 Garden,
 
 INDEX, 
 
 40/ 
 
 Garden, new, pian of - - 3 J 
 Ol' flowers only 41, 4-2 
 
 kitchen to adorn - 43 
 
 cultivation of, 4.5 to 57 
 
 foil relpected - - 45 
 
 management of 53, 56 
 
 Frames repaired - 
 
 Gardener, profeffedly - - 
 ■ a good one - • 
 
 advice to - 106 
 
 prophetic eye 
 
 Gardening, it's pfaife - - 
 
 fanctions - 
 
 mixed, of - 
 
 . rural of, - 
 
 extenlive 
 
 ornamental 
 
 — a caution in - 
 
 — general work 
 
 — a rule pbout - 
 
 369 
 129 
 277 
 176 
 - 124 
 
 - - 1 
 
 - 2 to 7 
 
 - - 41 
 
 - - 119 
 
 - - 121 
 122, 126 
 
 - - 123 
 
 368 
 
 368 
 221 
 342 
 394 
 
 341 
 3 14 
 342 
 331 
 342 
 76 
 
 - - 31 
 
 - - 38 
 
 - - 38 
 - 163, 164 
 
 - prune - - - - 159 
 
 - chief fori*, «N:c. - 265 
 
 Garlick, its culture - - - 
 
 Geotianella fituation - - - 
 Geranium, 361, 389, 391, 391 
 
 forts arranged 
 
 Germander tree, nature - - 
 Globe-flower, concerning 
 Goat's beard, concerning 
 
 Golden rod, fituation - - - 
 Gooseberry tree, to raife 
 
 matted - - - 
 
 trained - - - 
 
 huih - - - 
 
 — a.- 
 
 — standard 
 
 Gourd, it's culture - - 
 Grading, it's nature 
 
 ■ — of skill in - - 
 
 tools for - - 
 
 ■ 1- preparing ftocks 
 
 the time for 
 
 in the cleft 
 
 whip, on llice - 
 
 bark, or crown 
 
 ■ in the fide - - 
 
 on the root 
 
 — i by approach - 
 
 by budding 
 
 when taken - 
 
 -*■■■* • observations - . 
 
 79, 
 
 80 
 80 
 81 
 81 
 83 
 83 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 80 
 88 
 89 
 93 
 94 
 
 < .i 
 
 31 
 
 67 
 
 147 
 
 148 
 
 149 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 151 
 
 151 
 
 265 
 
 393 
 
 384 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 364- 
 
 17 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 515 
 
 ■i69 
 
 354 
 
 Grape-vine, to raife - - - 
 
 where to plant - - 
 
 ■ pot layered - - - 
 
 prune and when - - 
 
 mode of bearing 
 
 fumr.ier training - - 
 
 r ftoppmg bearers - - 
 
 of iidc-'lioots - - - 
 
 of leaves fliading 
 
 of dreflzng - 103, 
 
 the chief forts - - 
 
 ■ bagged grapes - 390, 
 
 Gratitude recommended 
 
 Grafs plats, managed - - 
 
 Gravel walks, ditto - - - 
 Green houfe plants - 88, 
 
 Ground, kept in heart - - 
 
 vacant, fee. to - - 
 
 furring it oft - - 
 
 Groundfel tree, nature - - 
 
 Unelder role, pruning - - 
 Guemfev lily and others 
 
 II. 
 
 Half-ftandard trees, plant - 31 
 Hummer for pruning - - - 334 
 Hare's-ear, fituation for - - 315 
 Heading, young trees 98, 130, 160 
 32 
 lit 
 342 
 340 
 343 
 343 
 40 
 246 
 246 
 297 
 138 
 168 
 315 
 296 
 221 
 41 
 
 Hedges, ot evergreens 
 
 for plantations - 
 
 Hellebore, white, foil, Sec. 
 
 — black, chr. rose 
 
 Helonias, elegant plant - 
 Hepatica, concerning 
 Herbs, pot, in berbary 
 
 nature of, fee each 
 
 ■ ! — to get for drying 
 
 Hickery nut. what - - 
 Hog-dung, beneficial - - 
 Honeysuckle, pruning of 
 
 — evergreen - 
 
 Hornbeam, forts, <Scc. - - 
 Hyri'e radish, culture of - 
 Hot-beds, a place for 
 
 1 nature and ufe 169, 175 
 
 errors, common - 170 
 
 fitv.ation for - - 170 
 
 - — r— — duug prtpaied - 170 
 Hot-beds,
 
 406 
 
 -iS r )L±. 
 
 Page 
 
 Hot -bed;, proper foe of - -171 
 
 materials for 17?, 173 
 
 . how to make - - 173 
 
 . — i — bark and leaves - 174 
 
 to encreafe heat - J 74 
 
 to decreafe it * - 175 
 
 Houfe, ornaments about * - 128 
 
 Houfed plants, licklinefs - 10 
 
 Humble, fenfitive plant - - 319 
 
 Hyacinths, of planting - - 42 
 
 Hydrangea, nature of - - 306 
 
 Hyllbp, culture of - - - 251 
 
 I. 
 
 January, lmfuu;fs of - - 
 Jammies, pruning of 
 
 Ice-plant, to manage - - 
 
 Jerufalem artichoke - - 
 
 . a fair flower - 
 
 Inarching, how done - - 
 
 India pink* culm it, &c. - 
 
 Indian mot, culture of - 
 
 Inoculation performed - 
 
 . various method: 
 
 Infects, of avoiding - - 
 
 Intermediate wall-fpace - 
 
 Jonquil, concerning - - 
 
 Iris, nature of, &C. - - 
 
 Judgement in oropping - 
 
 June, bufmefs of - - - 
 
 July, bufmefs of - - - 
 ixias, two hardy foils 
 
 - 369 
 
 - 169 
 
 - 319 
 
 - 222 
 
 - 222 
 
 - 38 
 
 - 322 
 
 - 319 
 89, 91 
 I 93 
 
 - 135 
 
 - 81 
 
 - 354 
 
 - 354 
 
 - 48 
 
 - 381 
 
 - 384 
 ♦ 354 
 
 K. 
 
 Kidney bean, forts, Sue. - - 222 
 
 _ on a hot-bed - - - 223 
 
 feed, to lave- - -225 
 
 Kitchen garden, adorned - 42 
 
 Ketmia, or hour llower - - 328 
 
 Ladv's fmoek and flipper - 343 
 Laburnham, pruning of - - 169 
 Larkfpnr, culture of - - - .'528 
 Layer roles aud evergreens 383 
 
 Pagt 
 
 Layer*, when to move, See. - 394. 
 
 Lavender, culture of - - - 25l 
 
 Leek, fin a good crop - - 46 
 
 — foits and culture - - 235 
 
 winter ftoring - - - 225 
 
 Lettuce, forts and culture - 226 
 
 winter plants - - 227 
 
 of blanching- - - 227 
 
 for fmall fallad - - 223 
 
 Light, its nature aud ufe - 12 
 
 lilac tree, pruning of - - 168 
 
 lilies', common and rare - - 854 
 
 Lily of the valley, culture - 343 
 
 Lime, to improve foil - - - 43 
 
 Line, to be freely ufed - - SO 
 
 Lion's foot, foil, &c. - - - 343 
 
 Lip.ung, what it is - - - 05 
 
 London pride, concerning - 313 
 
 Loofelirife, nature of - - - 343 
 
 Love apple, or tomatum - - JJSSj 
 
 Lungworts, concerning - - 3-13 
 Lupine, culture of ... 343 
 
 Lychnidea, of raifing - - - 3 14 
 
 Lychnis, double, culture - 343 
 
 M. 
 
 Magnolias, nature of - - - £ 99 
 Mallow tree, to cultivate - :;06 
 Mangoes, o\' unripe, melon? - 200 
 Manure, animal ones - 103, 138 
 
 for orchard - - 43, 45 
 
 Manuring a garden, of - - 46 
 March, bufmefs of - - - 373 
 Marigold, pot, culture of - 852 
 
 — - African and French 322 
 
 Marjoram, forts and culture 252 
 
 - 299 
 
 - £44 
 
 - 323 
 
 - 344 
 
 - 379 
 
 - 75 
 
 - 265 
 
 - 265 
 
 - 228 
 
 - 192 
 
 - 192 
 
 - 193 
 Melon, 
 
 Maple, the forts of, ixc. 
 Marlh marigold, culture 
 Marvel of Peril, culture 
 Matter wort, culture of - 
 May, the bufmefs of - - 
 Medlar, to raifc - - - 
 
 1 forts and culture 
 
 ripening by art - 
 
 Melon, forts and feed 
 
 of railing - - - 
 
 feed and fowing - 
 
 — — - - of air and fteaia. -
 
 INDEX 
 
 407 
 
 Page 
 Melon, of feeond bed - - 191 
 
 ! of fruiting bed - - 191 
 
 ■ proper earth - - - 194 
 
 , of planting out - - 19? 
 
 earthing, training - 19# 
 
 t of fet iruit - 195, 196 
 
 i of pruning - - - 195 
 
 ~ flopping, moulding - 196 
 
 • — lining and covering - 196 
 
 fetting the fruit - - 196 
 
 of a feeond crop - 198 
 
 of r'd-in;' out - - 199 
 
 under paper frames - 199 
 
 of a third crop - - 200 
 
 of unripe fruit - - 200 
 
 Mignonette, culture of - - 328 
 
 ■ — winter plan!.? 387,395 
 
 Milk vetch, concerning - - 344 
 Mint, forts and culture - - 252 
 Monkey fiow«r, of - - - 844 
 Monk's hood, of - - - - 344 
 Moon-trefoil, beauty ... 315 
 Morina, ornamental - - - 344 
 Mols, clear from trees - - 1G2 
 
 from gravel walks - 54 
 
 long, ufe of - - 55, 72 
 
 /Mountain afh, concerning - 299 
 Mulberry, of raifing - - - 75 
 
 wall to prune - 157 
 
 • mode of bearing - 157 
 
 — forts and culture - 265 
 
 Mulberry blight, culture - 328 
 Mulleins, culture of - - - 345 
 Milliard, culture of - - - 253 
 
 N. 
 
 Nails, proper for trees - -133 
 Nalturtium, culture, he. 253,323 
 
 : the double fort - 254 
 
 Nature, pious view of - - 14 
 Navew, culture of - - - 245 
 Neatnefs, recommended - - 54 
 Nectarine, railed - - 74, 89, 90 
 266 
 130 
 266 
 39£ 
 69 
 
 Page 
 Nurfery, Management - 69,79 
 
 . foil, laying out - 70 
 
 i young ltocks, move 73 
 
 ■ beds, and enemies 72 
 
 watering; beds - - 72 
 
 fee well to - - - 375 
 
 Nurferymen, concerning - 261 
 Nut, Spanilh, cob, &c. - - 264 
 tree, as timber, 6cc. - 296 
 
 O. 
 
 0;tk, particulars of - - - 296 
 
 evergreen forts - - - 312 
 
 October, bufinefs of - - - 392 
 
 Onion, for a good crop - - 46 
 
 forts and culture - 228 
 
 — will trasfplant - - 229 
 
 ■ -ofhoufmg- - - - 229 
 
 Orchard, form and plant . - 43 
 
 ' new, to garden - 43 
 
 prune and manage 44 
 
 Order, garden kept in - - 53 
 
 Orchis, culture of - - - - 355 
 
 Ornamenial wall trees - - 31 
 
 Orpine, management - - - 345 
 
 Overcropping, agamft - - 53 
 
 - chief forts, &c. 
 
 - of pruning 
 of gathering - 
 
 November, bufinefs of 
 Nurferj, ufefulnefj of 
 
 r 
 
 Palraa Chrifti, forts, &c. - - 363 
 
 Pan*, for pots, concerning - 277 
 
 Pancratium Lily, culture - 354 
 
 Paper frames, ufeful - - - 199 
 
 Parfley, Hamburgh, of - - 230 
 
 common, culture - 254 
 
 Parfnep, culture of - - -230 
 
 Parterres, of figured - - ■• 42 
 
 Paftion flower, of - - - - 345 
 Patches, of lowing ---<.; 
 
 Pea, forts and culture - - 230 
 
 crop, well thick «s»_- - 231 
 
 will tranlplant - - - 233 
 
 how to forward - - - 233 
 
 how to water - - - 233 
 
 enemies to it - - - 233 
 
 of flopping plants - - 233 
 
 of the rounce vals - - 233 
 
 Pea,
 
 408 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 U 
 
 Page 
 Pen, to ftand winter - - - lot 
 Peach tree, railed - 7 4, 89, 90 
 
 October torts 3d, 104 
 
 chief forts ^\c. 
 
 . ot' pruning, Cxc- 
 
 Pear tree, as wall fruit - - 
 
 ■ dwarf ftocks ibr - 
 
 how raited - - - 
 
 — wall, to prune - - 
 
 to head and form 
 
 mode of bearing - 
 
 hi miner priming - 
 
 winter pruning 
 
 thinning fruit - - 
 
 . too luxuriant - - 
 
 chief forts, &c. 
 
 gathering; hunting 
 
 Pennyroyal, culture of - - 
 
 130 
 
 31 
 74 
 90 
 153 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 153 
 156 
 1 5 (J 
 2lki 
 S67 
 254 
 
 Perenuiai flower, culture 283, 385 
 
 it* from feed - - 1 J35 
 
 ■ lift of fibrous •■ - 333 
 
 observations - - . 39 
 
 bulbou?, &sc» - - 349 
 
 ■ obfer various - - 3!v£ 
 
 Periwinkle, to manage - - 315 
 
 Peony, forts and culture - 355 
 Philkrea, forts &c. - - -315 
 
 Pile wort, concerning - - - ;;56 
 
 Pink, forts and culture 345, 364 
 
 - 3i@ 
 
 - 299 
 
 - 299 
 13, 17 
 
 - .19 
 
 - 715 
 
 - K>0 
 
 - 105 
 
 - 106 
 
 - 119 
 
 - 95 
 
 - 9? 
 
 - 101 
 
 - 115 
 
 - 118 
 
 - jg 
 
 - 34o 
 
 - 90 
 
 - 31 
 
 - J58 
 
 - UiiB 
 
 J hue tree, the forts of, Sec, 
 Pifhamin, or date plum - 
 Piftachia, nature of, eve. 
 1 hints, their economy - 
 
 . on the Deep of - 
 
 Planters, praifed - - - 
 
 — I profetliohJ 
 
 Planting, difcretion in 
 
 lea feu for - - 
 
 1 honourable- - 
 
 lection of - - 
 
 how performed 
 
 — — when late -' - 
 
 Plantations, of making - 
 
 — —of thinning - 
 
 — arranged 
 
 Plumbago, to manage 
 Plum tree, how railed 
 
 — . as wail fruit - 
 
 wall to U£UU€ 
 
 chief Ibrti, >xc. 
 
 t 
 
 Tage 
 Poifon tree, concerning - - 
 Polyanthus, culture of - - 3'6 
 Pomegranate, of - - 3 1 , 
 Poppy, ealtern fort - - - 3 id 
 Poplar, culture of - - - -'-97 
 Potatoe, forts and culture - 
 
 railing early - - 
 
 time to plant - - ft 5o 
 
 changing forts ^JG, 41i* 
 
 lroring them - - - L'3-6 
 
 in orchard - - - 49 
 
 Potted plants, concerning - 278 
 Poultry dung, to life - - - -13 
 Pricking out feedling* - - 50 
 
 chief iVafon - 388 
 
 PrimroTe tree, of - - - - 331 
 Procraftination, again;* - - 37 
 Propagation, methods - - 57 
 
 by i\>c.]<, 57 to 64 
 
 by fuckers - 
 
 by flips, vMc. 
 
 by dnilion 
 
 ■ by cuttings 
 
 by layers - 
 
 Kroner's great object 
 Pruning: of wall lives 
 
 — defiralde ability 
 
 — the ends of it 
 
 — principal time 
 ~- the times four 
 
 -- a L r eiie;ai ude 
 
 — benefit of L'oed 
 
 Puropion, culture - - 2S 
 Purllane, forts and culture 
 
 tree, Sp.ai lib - 
 
 Pyracamha, of 
 
 Quinces, of raifin' 
 
 64 
 65 
 65 
 
 66 
 67 
 144 
 \">9 
 l.V) 
 130 
 143 
 in 
 159 
 310 
 
 'J 55 
 315 
 
 32, 169, 31V 
 
 7 5 
 
 forts and houiing - 26tt 
 
 R. 
 
 Radilh, forts and culture - 2$8 
 
 of winter crops - - !^38 
 
 to force a crop - - 239 
 
 ■ ■■ — > lucccliiurj crop* - - 239 
 Ragwort*
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ragwort, to manage - 
 Rampion, culture of - 
 Ranunculus, of planting 
 
 concerning 
 
 Rape, or colefeed, culture 
 Rafpberry, of planting 
 
 - of managing 
 
 twice bearing 
 
 to propagate 
 
 forts, &c. - 
 
 .- of gathering 
 
 to prune, 6cc. 
 
 Portugal, of 
 
 Page 
 315 
 255 
 ■ 42 
 . 356 
 • 255 
 . 38 
 . 38 
 
 - 38 
 . 77 
 . 269 
 . 269 
 . 165 
 . 346 
 
 - 885 
 
 - 346 
 . 346 
 
 - 255 
 
 - 18 
 
 Reed 
 
 Reed-hurdle«, ui'eful - 
 Rhubarb, forts of, Sec. 
 Rocket, propagation, 6cc 
 Rocombole, culture of 
 R.oots, concerning - - 
 Ruiemary, forts and culture 256 
 Role china, ever blowing - 307 
 Role tree, pruning of - - - 168 
 
 to propagate - - 308 
 
 where, very pretty 32 
 
 forts arrang'ed 304,307 
 
 of double yellow 309 
 
 musk evergreen - 316 
 
 Rudbcckia, culture - 331, 3*7 
 Rue, the culture of - - - 256 
 Rural elegance, praifed - - 124 
 
 life, commended --6,7 
 
 Rum, ornamental fort - - 347 
 
 Sage, forts and culture • - 256 
 
 Sallow, and willow, of - - 297 
 
 Sallafy, culture of - - - 240 
 
 Salt, as a manure - - - - 316 
 
 Samphire, culture of - - - 256 
 
 Sarracena, nature of - - - 347 
 
 Savin, variegated fort - - 316 
 
 Savor)-, forts and culture - 257 
 
 Savoy, forts and culture - - 341 
 
 Saxifrage, pyramidal - - - 347 
 
 Scabious, culture of - - - 331 
 
 Scorzonera, culture of - - 241 
 
 Scufvy-grafs, culture of - 257 
 
 Sculpture, ornaments of - - 128 
 
 Sea-cale, or cabbage - - - 241 
 
 -««r — - as a flower - • - 243 
 
 Seafons confidered * 
 Seedling flowers, plant 
 Seeds, conoerning 
 
 how to be lbwn 
 
 — to fave well 
 
 tree, to procure 
 
 lying twv years 
 
 produce varieties 
 
 Senna, pruning of 
 
 of Maryland - 
 
 September, bulinefs of 
 Service, or forb apple 
 Shading, beneficial - - 
 Shalot, culture of - - 
 Shreds, fize and ufe - 
 Shrubs and (hrubberies 
 ■ of railing - - 
 
 40$ 
 
 Pag* 
 
 - 48, 60 
 
 - - 375 
 
 - - 14 
 
 - 61, Sec. 
 
 - - 59 
 
 - - 78 
 
 - - 73 
 - 80 
 
 - i 169 
 
 - - 347 
 
 - - 390 
 
 - - 269 
 51, 275 
 
 - - 243 
 
 - - 133 
 
 - - 107 
 71, 107 
 
 time to plant - 107, 10& 
 preparation for - - 108 
 how to plant - - - 109 
 of tender forts - - 110 
 difpofitiou of - - - 110 
 care of fuckers - -111 
 planted in gardens - 40 
 of pruning - 164, 165 
 
 Shrubberies, flowers for - ■ 
 — management of 
 
 Shrubs 
 
 167 
 
 modes of bearing 
 
 bearing times 167 
 
 heights of 
 
 ■ ■ never to (hear 
 
 propagation of ~ 
 
 cultivation of 
 
 colour of blow - 
 
 various names 
 
 deciduous forts - 
 
 1 — obfervations - - 
 
 evergreen forts - 
 
 ■ obfervations - - 
 
 tender to protect 
 
 Sifyrmchiuiu, culture 
 Skirret, culture of - - - 
 Slips, things to propagate 
 Smallage, culture of - - 
 Smilax, to manage - - 
 Snap dragon, nature of - 
 Snow drop tree, nature of 
 Soil .and lituation, adapt - 
 
 improvement of - - 
 
 for tree* « • - 99 to 103 
 
 T Soiojuaa'e 
 
 ill 
 111 
 166 
 89ft 
 292* 
 
 - 167 
 
 - 290 
 
 - 292 
 
 - 293 
 
 - 293 
 
 - 303 
 
 - 306 
 
 - 312 
 
 - 314 
 
 - 314 
 
 - 34& 
 
 - 245 
 
 - 381 
 
 - 267 
 
 - 31« 
 
 - 331 
 
 - 309 
 
 - 48 
 
 - 101
 
 410 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Soloman's foal, nature 
 Sorrel, forts and culture - 
 Sowings, proportioned - 
 
 early made 
 
 Spider wort, fituation 
 Spinach, forts and culture 
 
 fuccemon crops 
 
 Spindle tree, prickwood - 
 
 rooted plants 
 
 Spirea Frutex, priming - 
 Squrll, management of - 
 Standard fruit trees - - 
 to raife - - - 
 
 ■ pruning of - 
 
 Bfar of Bethlehem, of - - 
 Star worts, culture and foil - 
 Stems of plants, ahout - - 
 Stewartia, lhrub, nature - - 
 St. John's wort, and Peters - 
 Stocks for grafting on - - 
 
 of lowing for - - - 
 
 ■— management of - - 
 
 paradife apple - - 
 
 I Kentilh codiin - - 
 
 bv fuckers and layers 
 
 Page 
 
 - 348 
 
 - 257 
 48, 62 
 
 60, 61 
 
 - 356 
 
 - 243 
 
 - 244 
 
 - - 302 
 
 - - 279 
 
 - - 169 
 
 - - 357 
 
 - 35, 36 
 
 - 81, 90 
 1(31, 164 
 
 3S6 
 
 348 
 
 14 
 
 302 
 
 309 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 323 
 
 324 
 
 325 
 
 332 
 
 348 
 
 38 
 
 ■30 
 
 77 
 
 269 
 
 111 
 
 - . '<9 
 
 - 40 
 
 - 55 
 
 - 165 
 40, 51 
 
 - 269 
 38, 111. 
 
 1 65 
 
 1 ■ drefling time - 166 
 
 Succor);, culture of - - - 258 
 Succulent plants, abroad - - 386 
 
 ■ quince for pears - - 
 
 . fort for apricots - - 
 
 peach, nectarine - - 
 
 . for the medlar - - 
 
 Stock, ten week, 4 fo wings - 
 
 « French and Pruihan - 
 
 . to lave the feed - - 
 
 • biennial forts - - - 
 
 dwarf window - - - 
 
 Strawberry, of planting - - 
 
 . freih plantations 
 
 — 1 to propagate 
 
 forts of 38, 39, 
 
 fituation for 39, 
 
 in November - 
 
 management 
 
 protect fruit 
 
 of pruning - 
 
 of watering - 
 
 - - ■■ of gathering 
 
 ■ — as edgings 
 
 Pae* 
 Succulent plants, when move 389 
 Summer planting, of - - - 101 
 Summer-houfes, about - - 1-J3 
 Supporting fruit crops - - 55 
 
 ~ flowers by ties - 55 
 
 Sun, vivifying nature of . - 11 
 Sweet-briar, pruning of - - 168 
 Sweet fultan, culture - - - 323 
 Sweet-william, railing - - 333 
 Syringa, pruning of - - - 169 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarracron, culture of - - - 258 
 Tanfey, culture of - - - 259 
 Thinning feed crops - - 49, 64 
 Thrift, when to let - 375, 575 
 Throat wort, forts, &c. - - 348 
 Thyme, forts and culture - 258 
 Tillage,- benefit of- - - - 108 
 Tomatum, culture of - - - 259 
 Tools, make, repair, exc. - - 569 
 Tooth wort, lunation - - - 3^7 
 Touch-me-not, a ballam - - 321 
 Tranfplanting, flowers - - 277 
 
 delay n^t - 375 
 
 Trees and Shrubs, managed 54 
 99 to 103 
 
 - - 96 
 
 w 
 
 100 
 101 
 108 
 
 lis 
 
 121 
 
 46 
 
 - - 50 
 
 - - 302 
 357, 366 
 
 - - 284 
 
 - - 285 
 - 352 
 
 - - 42 
 357 
 300 
 
 foil for each 
 
 young to chui'e 
 
 young, protection - 
 
 watered and flaked 
 
 lil nation proper 
 
 ufe little dung - - 
 
 for ornament - - 
 
 of cutting down 
 
 charHCteriftics - - 
 
 Trellifes concerning - - 
 Trenching, vacant ground 
 Trowel, planting with 
 Trumpet flower, nature - 
 Tuberole, forts, &c. - 
 Tuberous roots, to wife - 
 
 culture of - - 
 
 when to move 
 
 Tulip, planting in beds - 
 
 forts and culture - 
 
 tree, lutture of, <\c 
 
 Turf, to lay, &c. - 
 
 1, 374, 376, 
 393 
 
 Turnep,
 
 INDEX, 
 
 411 
 
 Page. 
 Turnep, fbata and culture - 244 
 
 cabbage fort - - - 245 
 
 XsfKan. the nature of - - 309 
 
 U. 
 
 Vacant sronnd, foe to • - 373 
 I'nderwood, of raifuig — - 115 
 Vegetation, nature of - 3 to £5 
 47 
 56 
 175 
 201 
 ','01 
 
 Vegetables* to have i'weet - 
 
 decaying - ► 
 
 ibrts forced 
 
 — ■ — praife of - - 
 
 — i to gather -.veil - 
 
 Vermin, let traps fur - - - 369 
 
 Yiburnhani. forts ot, 6cc. - 3C0 
 
 Virginian, annual lh.ck 
 
 W. 
 
 Watts, gravel, to make - 
 
 grafs, and others 
 
 clean from moi's - 
 
 ■ forming fhady 
 
 ■ ■ — in plantations 
 
 Wall-fiower, of raiCng 
 Walk, old, ^;c. to cover - 
 tor fruit trees - 
 
 - 328 
 
 - 32 
 
 - 35 
 
 - 54 
 
 - - 121 
 
 - - 122 
 
 ■ - 333 
 • -115 
 
 - 28,29 
 
 - - 146 
 
 - - 147 
 
 ■ - 147 
 
 - - 147 
 
 ■ - ICO 
 130, 1.12 
 
 Wall irait, thinning - 
 . nnjhading 
 
 of dropping 
 
 of gathering 
 
 "Wall-tr- e , ( planting 
 
 due form - 
 
 heading down - 130 
 
 management lv3l,uc. 
 
 ( luxuriant - 136, 140 
 
 — — their health - - 135 
 
 digging about - 136 
 
 young, caution - 137 
 
 young, to form - 142 
 
 difeafed, weak - 137 
 
 kept clean - - 137 
 
 ■ ■ unthrifty - - -138 
 
 ' lull of wood - - 139 
 
 - blights on - - 139 
 
 Pane 
 Wall-trees, watering of - -139 
 
 fruitful net's - - 139 
 
 duly thinned - IK) 
 
 • to ffirnilh - 141, 140 
 
 mode of bearing lil 
 
 i much altered -113 
 
 of reviewing -144 
 
 Walnut-tree, to raife - - - 76 
 
 fort.-, &c. - 269, 297 
 
 Water, in a garden - - - 41 
 
 introduced 
 nature and *fe 
 quality of ibrts 
 
 123, 
 
 Water-glals Sowers 
 VVatering, bulinel's of- - 
 ■ what molt need 
 
 wall-trees 
 
 grape vines - - 
 
 engine for trees - 
 
 — — a^ to lea fons - - 
 
 annuals - - 277 
 
 nurfery beds - - 
 
 new pi. trees - ■ 
 
 pot, lor flowers 
 
 flower pots, «S:c. - 
 
 127 
 
 - 9 
 
 - 52 
 
 - 289 
 
 - 50 
 
 - 51 
 51, 13? 
 
 - 52 
 
 Weeding, the modes of 
 Wet places, to plant - 
 
 ■ 10 drain - 
 
 Whitlow graft, nature 
 Willow herb, nature - 
 Willow and fallow, of 
 Winter, plants abiding 
 
 the benefit of 
 
 anticipated 
 
 — — - — things to lrone 
 Worm grafs, concerning - 
 Wormwood, forts and culture if59 
 
 280 
 
 712 
 100 
 
 276 
 373 
 49 
 114 
 393 
 34S 
 309 
 297 
 251 
 398 
 395 
 396 
 348 
 
 V. 
 
 Year, concerning end - - 41 
 Yew, for diviuon hedge - - 111 
 
 7. 
 
 Zinnia, culture of - - - - 323 
 
 T 2
 
 -41* 
 
 * # # The CAtr.NDA* will be found accurately to direct, from time to 
 time, the work to be done relative to each of the foregoing articles, as 
 fowing, planting, &c. And not to fwell ihe lndn to an unnecefiafjf 
 fize, the author has brought into it the mention only of a few things from 
 the Calendar, as what is there directed has moft of it appeared in the 
 work before. The Calendar is only a help to recollection, and with a 
 glance of the eye may be feen every thing the Gardener has to do : ht 
 ji there referred back ior more ample information, if he needs it. 
 
 fjdif* The many ufes (as mentioned in this work) to which hand- 
 glasses may be profitably applied, induces to recommend rather an 
 ample furniture of them. Alfo to have plenty of garden pots of all 
 fixes, that plants may be accommodated with jure fuch a lized pot as is 
 proper for therrr. - - 
 
 i.tj To the article Potatoe, concerning Seedlings, page $36, add ; 
 — The Potatoes produced from each Seed mould be kept leparatf, 
 and two or three from each carefully boiled alio feparate, and being 
 tafted by a good judge, choice Of fort made accordingly, to be plaat- 
 td lor Propagation ; the fue, lhape and colour, being in a rueafure con- 
 tidtred as well as flavour. 
 
 Pag ft 
 
 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 tt. 
 
 line 
 
 16, thefe, read feme. 
 
 66 
 
 — 
 
 7, head, - — ■ hard. 
 
 Ml 
 
 _ 
 
 19, lie, , die. 
 
 1S7 
 
 — 
 
 25, crowed - — crowded. 
 
 134 
 
 — 
 
 36, trelly trellis. 
 
 154 
 
 — 
 
 31, turfs turl's. 
 
 U6 
 
 — 
 
 28, neat ■ near. 
 
 S85 
 
 — 
 
 4, feedings — — feedling?. 
 
 359 
 
 — 
 
 3, formed . forked. 
 
 tiXC Bottom, Uum out, — " Or for a few Plants.*' 
 
 HINTS
 
 [ 415 ] 
 
 HINTS 
 
 METHOD OF MANAGING POND-FISH. 
 
 THE quantity of Fifh to be fupplied obvioufly de- 
 pends upon the quantity of water, which fhould 
 be divided, where it conveniently can, into five ponds; 
 thefe mav be diflinguimed by the five firfl figures, as» 
 1,2, 3,4r, 5. 
 
 Number 5 is intended for Breeding, and fhould be 
 double or treble the fize of any of the other ponds. Or 
 if this be inconvenient, there may be two marked 
 Xc. 5. This pond may hkewife be the mod diilant 
 from the houfe. If the Breeding Pond fhould fail to 
 anfwer this purpose* it will at leaft-ferve as a conferva- 
 tory for Fifh of fmall fize, to be obtained clfe where : 
 and indeed frefh (tores in any cafe will be found de- 
 finable. The contents oi tlr.s pond in Carp and Tench, 
 or tne greareft part, fhould be taken out annually in. 
 September, or October, counted in braces ; and fi.crf 
 as are from five to feven inches long thrown into 
 No. 4. 
 
 The contents of No. 4, when grown one year from 
 
 the length of five or feven inches, mull be put into 
 
 No. 3* The contents of No. 3, having grown one 
 
 T 3 year
 
 414 HINTS .0-N THS 
 
 year from No. 4, muO be removed into No. 2. 'And 
 in like manner the contents of No. \i, after one year, 
 mult be removed into No. 1, which is to contain only 
 fuch Fifli as are fit for the table. It is obvious that 
 this pond, for fafety and convenience, mould be the 
 neareft to the houfe. / ,lbw 
 
 As No. 5 is to be the larger! water, fo No. 1 is to 
 be the leaft ; the reft, of fizes between the two. 
 
 The fhape of No. 1 mould be oblong, for the con- 
 venience of the net, and the lefs difturbanceof the Fifh 
 in taking out what are wanted from time to time. 
 
 A book mould be kept by the Gardener, of the num- 
 ber and fize of each kind in every pond. 
 
 Carp are fit for the table from three to feven pounds 
 each. Tench from one pound and a half to three 
 pounds each. Perch from thiee quarters of a pound to 
 one or two pounds, &c. 
 
 It is fuppofed that none of the ponds have a flrocg 
 current of very cold, acrid, innutritious water. 
 
 One acre of water upon a loam, clay, or marl, or 
 any of thefe with a mixture of gravel, has been {fated 
 to be capable of fupporting 2000 pounds weight of 
 Fifh: the number of the Fifti making that weight 
 feeing immaterial. 
 
 Carp and Tench breed mod freely in ponds, or pits 
 newly made. Tench likewife in almoft any pond?, 
 where cattle are admitted. 
 
 It is evident that Perch and Pike fhould not be ad- 
 mitted in any degree in No. 6 ; but in all the othef 
 numbers, befides their own value, they are of important 
 jfervice, provided that they are ftriclly confined to a 
 fize greatly fubordinate to that of the Carp, or Tendh, 
 for they deftroy not only the accidental fpawn of Fi(h 
 "which breed, but alfo feveral Animals, whofe food, is 
 the fame with that of Carp and Tench, as Frogs, 
 "Newts, &c. Pike above the weight of one or two 
 pounds mull not be admitted evenarnongft Carp of the 
 largeit fize and weight, 
 
 -9 With
 
 MAKACEMIMT OF POND-FISH. 41$ 
 
 With regard to the abfolute weight of Pifh, which 
 any particular pond will fupport, this can only be de- 
 termined by observation and experience ; as it depends 
 on the different degrees of nutrition in different wareis. 
 It is faid, that Carp and Tench in waters which feed 
 well, will, before they are aged, double their weight 
 in one year. 
 
 The third part of an acre in No. I would probably 
 be fuffieient tor the demand of any family. For, upon 
 the calculation above given, it would fupport near 700 
 pounds of Filh, which might be divided thus. 
 
 50 Bxace of Carp, of three pounds each and upwards. 
 
 50 Brace of Teuch, of two pounds each and upwards. 
 
 50 Brace of Perch, o\ one pound each and upward?. 
 
 Thai is, three Brace of Fifh, weighing at leafl twelve 
 pounds for the ufe of every week. 
 
 Allowing one acre for No. 5, one third of an acre 
 for No. i, and one acre and two thirds for the inter- 
 vening numbers, the whole water would be three 
 acres. Upon this calculation the ifock of No. 1 at 8d. 
 per pound, would be worth 23\, 6s. 8d. per annum, 
 and the expence annually of changing the Fifh from 
 No. 5 to 4, &c. will not exceed ll. 6s. Sd. So that 
 the value of each acre would be at loweft 7l. 6s. 8d. 
 annually. 
 
 No. l being fnppofed to be near the houfe, and at rio 
 great diflance from the garden, if the Fifh mould not 
 thrive fufhciently, which will be ken by the difpro- 
 portioned fize ot the head, and the whitenefs or pale- 
 uefs of the fcales, tbey may eafily be fupplied with 
 more food by loole peas from the garden, the fweeping 
 of the granary, worms faved by the Gardener in digging, 
 and the offal of the poultry killed for the kkchen ; or 
 by leiting down the water about two feet, in the fprirtfr 
 or fummer, where there is a fufficient fupply, *nd fowin| 
 the fides with oats, barley, rye, or wheat, very lightly 
 faked in, and then flopping the fluke again. 
 
 Jn
 
 4J# HINTS ON THE 
 
 In ponds already flocked, but not accurately/ret 
 gulated, it would be adviieable to b'-gin with that which 
 has -the itioft Pike, otherwife .with -No. 4, or what is 
 intended for No. 4, and throw all the Filh under five 
 inches length into No. 5, and the larger, according to 
 their fizes, into the other numbers : and fo on with 
 No. 3, 2, and I. 
 
 Store-Fifh procured elfewhere, if taken in fummer, 
 mould be moved in the night in clean flraw, wetted 
 occafionally after they are packed : except Perch and 
 Pike, which can only be carried in clean pond or river 
 water, ■ In moving Filh from one Pond to another, 
 they mould be fivft put into tubs of water already pre- 
 pared for them, and afterwards carried in buckets with- 
 out water. In taking Pike, or Perch, great care mull 
 beobferved to avoid railing mud in the water. 
 
 In Breeding Ponds all water-fowls, as Geefe, Ducks, 
 &c. mould be difcouraged ; and Herons carefully de- 
 ftroyed. If any white Fiih, as Roach, Dace, &x. 
 fhould be found, they are to be taken out ; and if there 
 be a fpare piece of water for large Pike, they iho.uld be 
 put into it as food for the Pike. 
 
 Eels may be put with advantage into any except the 
 Breeding Ponds, in lieu of Perch. The moil eafy 
 way of taking them is by trimmers laid over night, 
 baited with Imall Fifh, not with worms : otherwife 
 they may catch the C^rp : or a fmall thief net may be 
 baited with white Fifh. 
 
 Common fewers and drains from the laundry are pre- 
 judicial to fiih : fo are the leaves falling from trees in 
 great quantities. The ufe of grains fhould likewite be 
 avoided in large quantiues, as having little nutriment 
 whilft tiey are thus wafhed by the water. 
 
 It items better for the ufe of the table, as well as 
 more huma.e, to kill Fifh defigned for food by an in- 
 cifion with a iharp-pointed pen-knife, or pun&ures, 
 made with a pin longitudinally into the brain, about 
 half an inch or an inch, according to the fize of the 
 
 Fiih,
 
 MANAGEMENT OF POND-FISH. 417 
 
 Fifli, above the eyes. As this produces an inflanta- 
 neous effect, it would probably favethe cruel operation 
 of crimping or flaying fifh while alive ; as in the cafe of 
 Pike and Eels. 
 
 It is obvious, that this method of regulating Fifh will 
 apply with its full effect in larger fpaces-of water : it 
 will likewife apply in a confiderable degree to fmaller 
 pieces : even where the change is but from a pond for 
 the ufe of cattle to a fingle canal in a garden. 
 
 In filiations near the great inland manufactures, and 
 near the turnpike roads leading from an eafy diftance to 
 the metropolis, water may be made by this kind of 
 management, with little trouble or expence, to produce 
 a large annual rent. 
 
 *** Mr. Marfhall was favoured with this paper on 
 Pond-Fijh by an eminent literary character in the 
 Church — " A member of the free Agricultural Society 
 at St. Peterfburg;" and the bell method of breeding, 
 feeding, and prefervmg Fifh, cannot but be efteemed 
 a valuable part of Rural Economics % 

 
 C 4-18 J 
 
 PROFESSION OF A GARDENER, 
 
 HE who undertakes the profejjion of a gardener, 
 takes upon himfelf a work of fome wiportance,and 
 which requires no fmall degree of knowledge, ingenuity^ 
 and indujlry, to perform well. There are few bnfinefles 
 which may not be learned in much lefs time than that 
 of a gardener can poiiibly be. 
 
 It often happens, however, that a man who has 
 been verv little in a garden, and that only as ^labourer, 
 tvho can do little more than dig, or put out cabbage 
 plants, will call himfelf a gardener ; but he only 13 
 worthy of the name who having had much pra6lice in 
 the various parts of horticulture, poflefles a genius and 
 adroitnefs, fitting him for making experiments, and 
 for getting through difficulties that the exiilirig circum- 
 ftances of untoward feafons,' &c. may bring him into.^ 
 He mould poffefs a fpirtt of enquiry into the nature of 
 plants and vegetation, and how far art (in his way) 
 may be made fuccefsfully ufeful, or at leafi probably io. 
 The mode of growth, the pruning, the foil, the heat, 
 and the moiflure that fuits particular plants, are not to 
 be uuderltood without a native talle, and clofe applica- 
 tion of the mind. " Gardening depends more upon 
 the labour cf the brain than of the body." 
 
 There
 
 ON THE PROFESSION OF A GARDENER. 419 
 
 There are few things to be done in a garden, but 
 which require a dexterity in operation, and a nicety in 
 hitting the proper feafon for doing it. A gardener 
 fhould be a fort of prophet in forefeein<r what will 
 happen under certain frircumflances, and wifely cautious 
 to provide (by the moil probable means] againft what 
 may happen. 
 
 A man cannot be a good gardener, except he be 
 thoughtful, fleady, and indultrious ; pone fling a fupe- 
 rior degree of moral excellence, as well as genius and 
 knowledge adapted to his buhnefs. He fhould be 
 modelt in his manners and opinions. It too often hap- 
 pens with thofe who have much practical {kill, that 
 they flight what is written upon fubjects of their pro- 
 feflion ; which is a faffidious temper, that the man of 
 real merit will hardly pofTefs. 
 
 The knowledge of botany is not neceflary to. the 
 bufinefs of a practical gardener, but it might be made 
 r.feful to him, or at le.il a matter of amufement and 
 relaxation, enabling him to be refpeclably communica- 
 tive. Some knowledge in this way he will perhaps 
 not content himfelf without, if he has any tiling to do 
 with the green-houje, and hot-honfe, as manv curious 
 plants are admitted there. 
 
 The character of a gardener is here fet high; but it 
 is the goal of refpectability at which he' ought to aim, 
 who prefumes to call himfelf a profefjed one; and no 
 doubt there are many in noblemen's and gentlemen's 
 fervices, who are thus refpectable in their abilities and 
 con duel. 
 
 It remains for the employer to confider the ?nerits of 
 his gardener, and reward him accordingly. He fhould 
 reflect upon the imporrance of his garden to himfelf, 
 family, and friends; and how great difference there is 
 between one well, and one /'// managed. If the foil 
 and fituation is untoward, or the feafon crols, (which 
 in England is very apt to try a gardener's ikill and 
 patience) he fhould be ready to make allowance, as 
 
 there
 
 4 SO ON THE PROFESSION OK A GARDENER. 
 
 there is little to be done in working againft nature ; 
 and to the moft attentive and fkilful in the art of gar- 
 dening, accidents will fometimes happen, that might 
 have been prevented. M In the work of a garden there 
 is no fuch thing as always proceeding with certainty, 
 and infuring fuccefs." 
 
 A gentleman fhould confider that he who furniflies 
 him with fruits and vegetables, almoft lives in the 
 garden ; and that he cannot relax in his duty without 
 his neglect being manifejl, by ferious confequences fol- 
 lowing it. There is Away&fimcthing for him to do, that 
 muft be done now, to fow, plant, prune, drefs, &c. &c. 
 " Whoever will give himfelf the pains to trace a good 
 gardener through the feveral Itages of his employ, m 
 all feafons of the year, will find it to be one continued 
 circle of labour and toil." 
 
 A gardener is, in many refpe&s, differently fitu- 
 ated to the other fervants about a gentleman's houfe, 
 and thefe difcriminating circumftances, are what may 
 be faid (according to general eftimation) not to his 
 advantage. A gardener has reafon, indeed, to love 
 his employment, as he meets with health and tran- 
 quillity in the exercife of it; but confidering what he 
 is, and what he does, in his proper capacity, he may 
 juftly claim a fuperior degree of eftimation and re- 
 wara. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 Bye and Law, Printers, St. John's Square, Clerkenweii-
 
 )
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBANA 
 
 3 0112 051869250 
 
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 m& 
 
 
 m*Mfc 
 
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