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WORCESTER 
 
 IN 
 
 By JOHN NOAKE, 
 
 MKMBIf.K OF THK BKITISH ARCH^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, AND AUTHOR 
 OF " THE RAMBLER TO THE CHURCHES OF WORCESTERSHIRE." 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMAN AND CO. 
 
 AND SOLD BY THE PRINCIPAL BOOKSELLERS IN THE 
 CITY AND COUNTY OF WORCESTER. 
 
 ^ WDCCCXLIX. ,„ 
 
 J Price Five. Shillings. ^ 
 
" Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to continue always a child. 
 If no use is made of the labours of past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy 
 of knowledge"— Cicero. 
 
 KNTERED AT STATIONERS* HALT.. 
 
DEDICATED BY PERMISSION 
 
 OF 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 MAYOR. 
 R. PADMORE, Esq. 
 
 WILLIAM LEWIS, Esq. 
 JOHN HALL, Esq. 
 F. T. ELGIE, Esq. 
 CHARLKS A. HELM, Esq. 
 E. WEBB, Esq. 
 
 WALTER CHAMBERLAIN, Esq. 
 
 SHERIFF. 
 FREDERICK HALL, Esq. 
 
 ALDERMEN. 
 
 R, PADMORE, Esq 
 E. EVANS, Esq. 
 THOMAS CHALK, Es<i 
 JOHN LILLY, Esq. 
 WILLIAM THOMPSON, Esq. 
 
 J. W. LEA, Esq. 
 
 COUNCILLORS. 
 
 ST. John's WARn. 
 Mr. 1. ARROWSMITH, 
 Mr. W. ward, 
 Dr. TURLEY. 
 
 st. nicholas' ward, 
 Mr. G. ANDERSON, 
 Mr. W. S. p. HUGHES, 
 Mr. C. BEDFORD, 
 Mr. F. hall, 
 Mr. parry, 
 Mr. W. F. CORBETT. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 r, PETER'S WARD. 
 
 P. REA, 
 . JOSEPH JONES, 
 . HOOD, 
 Mr. T. EDGECOMBE, 
 Mr. S. BURLINGHAM, 
 Mr. JAMES WALL, 
 Mr. LUCY, 
 Mr. C. EVANS, 
 Mr. E. L. WILLIAMS. 
 
 Mr. J. ABELL, 
 
 Mr. J. H. SANDERS, 
 
 Mr. W. COWELL, 
 
 Mr. JOSIAH STALLARD, 
 
 Mr. henry WEBB, 
 
 Mr. G. MOUNTFORD, 
 
 Mr. W. D. LINGHAM, 
 
 Mr. J. DAVIS, 
 
 Mb. W. price. 
 
 Mr. J. FIRKINS, 
 Mr. J. W. BEVINGTON, 
 Mr. JOHxN hughes, 
 Mr. G. GRAINGER, 
 Mr. G. SPARKS, 
 Mr. H. M. DANIEL, 
 Mr. W. RENNICK, 
 Mr. J. GOODWIN, 
 Mr. T. kinder. 
 
 RECORDER. 
 J. BUCKLE, Esq. 
 
 POLICE MAGISTRATE. 
 C. SIDEBOTTOM, Esq. 
 
 UNDER SHERIFF. 
 W. S. P. HUGHES, Esq. 
 
 CORONER. 
 J. B. HYDE, Esq. 
 
 TOWN CLERK. 
 J. HILL, Esq. 
 
 CLERK OF THE PEACE. 
 T. waters, Esq. 
 
 R. PADMORE, Esq. 
 EDWARD WEBB, Esq. 
 CHRISTOPHER H. HEBH, Esq 
 ROBERT BERKELEY, Esq. 
 RICHARD TEMPLE, Esq. 
 WILLIAM ACTON, Esq. 
 JOHN DENT, Esq. 
 
 J. H. CLIFTON, Esq. 
 
 Ti G CURTLER, Esq. 
 
 W. DENT, Esq. 
 
 F. HOOPER, Esq. 
 
 M. PIERPOINT, Esq. 
 
 R. YAPP, Esq. 
 
 J, M. GUTCH, Esq. 
 
 TREASURER. 
 Mb. JOHN PALMER. 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN. 
 Mr. JAMES ABELL. 
 
\ 
 
 " Nor rough, nor barren are the winding ways 
 Of hoar antiquity, but strewn with flowers." 
 
NE of the principal sources of information with regard 
 to the history and social progress of our provincial 
 towns has been most unaccountably neglected — I 
 allude to local records. The task of examining and collating 
 these documents, with a view to a national history, yet remains 
 unattempted, the labours inseparable therefrom having scared 
 the most enthusiastic antiquary. Authors, for the most part, 
 prefer the pleasure derived from the erection of their literary 
 monuments on the foundation of other men's labours to the 
 more costly one of purchasing original materials by the sacrifice 
 of a life of toiling research. They would be the architect of 
 a stately edifice rather than the humble stone-getter. But 
 without the drudgery of the quarryman, the sublime and time- 
 defying structures, planned by science and religion, would have 
 been unrealised. So the history of our country, and of the habits 
 and customs of our forefathers, cannot be rendered complete 
 till the records of corporate towns have received that careful 
 examination which in truth is due to their importance ; and if, 
 in presenting this little work to the public — not only of Wor- 
 cestershire, but my countrymen in general, whom it equally 
 concerns — I may be ranked with the obscm^e and subterranean 
 delver, whose individual labours are comparatively insignificant. 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 yet shall I at least have the satisfaction of not being absolutely 
 an idle spectator while the historian, the poet, and the man of 
 science, are raising their gorgeous temples of undying fame far 
 above me. 
 
 The selections which I have made from the documents to 
 which I have had access refer chiefly to the domestic and social 
 condition, the municipal polity, and the general progress of civi- 
 lization, in the capital of Worcestershire, for the last three or 
 or four centuries. I do not profess to write a history of Wor- 
 cester, but to furnish new materials for incorporation in a 
 future history. Those materials are as yet but so many isolated 
 chapters of notes, strung together by such observations as are 
 necessary for the general reader to understand them. The 
 matter which I have collected is, however, almost entirely new, 
 for no historian of Worcester seems as yet to have troubled 
 himself with an examination of the first and most authentic 
 sources of information, namely, the corporation records. It is 
 true that some of the divisions of my subject include details 
 which prima facie may appear unimportant, if not tedious to 
 the general reader ; but, if so, I would refer him to the judicious 
 observation made by the celebrated author of the last published 
 history of this country : 
 
 " Readers (says Mr. Macaulay) who take an interest in the progress 
 of civilization and of the useful arts will be grateful to the humble 
 topographer who has recorded these facts, and will, perhaps, wish 
 that historians of far higher pretensions had sometimes spared a few 
 pages from military evolutions and political intrigues, for the purpose 
 of letting us know how the parlours and bedchambers of our ances- 
 tors looked." 
 
 It has been also well remarked by another author : 
 
 " Let not the antiquary be deterred from following up his dehghtful 
 occupation by the jeers of the ignorant or the scoffings of the utili- 
 tarian. It is true that many an object he handles may be intrinsically 
 of little interest or value ; but when taken as forming a part of a vast 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 series, as being a link in a chain, or rather a net-work of evidence, the 
 preservation and knowledge of which is of importance to the com- 
 munity, it becomes of relative value, and is not to be neglected. 
 Just as the entomologist, the botanist, and the chemist, may be sup- 
 posed to be wasting their time in examining the tissues of a beetle's 
 wing, or a flower's petal, or the ultimate composition of some evan- 
 escent gas ; so the archaeologist may sometimes be exposed to ridicule 
 for amassing illegible coins, or for hunting after Avorm-eaten and 
 damp-disfigured manuscripts. Nevertheless, each of them is working 
 usefully in his special province; each is doing something towards 
 forming a great whole ; and though the results of their labours may 
 not be immediately evident, yet in time they come to be duly appre- 
 ciated. The dihgent and enlightened antiquary may have his exer- 
 tions little noticed, but he has the consolation of reflecting that he 
 is always a servant of his country and mankind." 
 
 I have here to express my cordial obligations to the Mayor of 
 the city, R. Padmore, Esq., the Very Rev. Dr. Peel, the Dean, 
 J. Dent, Esq., the High Sheriff of the county, the Right Hon. 
 Lord Foley, the Hon. General H. B. Lygon, M.P., Sir J. S. 
 Pakington, Bart., M,P., J. H. H. Foley, Esq., M.P., and O. 
 Ricardo, Esq., M.P., whose very liberal patronage encouraged 
 me to present this work to the public ; to those gentlemen of 
 the city and county who have already become subscribers ; to 
 T. Wright, Esq., M.A., the accomplished author of the Bio- 
 graphia Britannica Literaria, and many other works illustrative 
 of English and Irish history, for his prompt and valuable 
 literary assistance ; to J. M. Gutch, Esq., for his presentation 
 of a copy of the ancient plan of Worcester, a lithographed 
 impression of which is prefixed to this work ; to J. Knight, Esq., 
 for his valuable suggestions ; to J. Hill, Esq., Town Clerk, for 
 his courtesy in permitting me at all times to inspect the corpo- 
 ration records ; and to Mr. George, of the Town Clerk's Office, 
 for the personal assistance which he so cheerfully rendered ; 
 likewise to J. Parker, Esq., for permission to inspect the books 
 of the Clothiers' Company ; to J. Hall, Esq., for the loan of 
 the Ironmongers' Company's records ; to Mr. Davis, of the 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Foregate, for ditto, belonging to the Merchant Tailors' Company ; 
 and to Mr. Burlingham, for ditto, of the Glovers' Company. 
 
 In conclusion, I have to solicit the indulgence of my readers, 
 to whom many imperfections of style, language, and arrange- 
 ment, will be too obvious. This work would probably never 
 have been obtruded upon their patience, but for the great and 
 unexpected favour with which my first production, The 
 Rambler to the Churches of Worcestershire, was received. 
 And, in the hope that my present effort will not be less wel- 
 come to my friends and fellow citizens, 
 I remain. 
 
 With every sentiment of gratitude, 
 ^ heir obliged servant, 
 
 J. NOAKE. 
 
 Worcester, July, 1849. 
 
 P. S. Should any of my readers possess records, documents, 
 or traditionary information, relative to one or more of the 
 subjects embraced in this book, by kindly acquainting me with 
 the same, they will enhance the value of the second edition 
 (should my undertaking meet with that success), and my 
 obligations will be duly acknowledged. Any well authenticated 
 corrections will be likewise acceptable. 
 
Cntihtiti 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Corporation Records . 1 
 Charters ... 4 
 Constitution of Corpo- 
 rations ... 12 
 Clothiers, and other 
 
 Trading Companies . 17 
 
 Fairs and Markets . 47 
 
 Coining of Money . 48 
 
 Corporation Feasts . 51 
 King James II at the 
 
 Catholic Chapel . 59 
 Catherning . . .61 
 Bonfires ... 62 
 Perajmbulations . . 63 
 St. John's Procession 63 
 Visitations of Property 65 
 Gifts and Entertain- 
 ments .... 67 
 Municipal Report . 73 
 
 Sanatory . . .91 
 State of the Streets 98 
 Description of Frontis- 
 piece . . . 104 
 Morals . . . 106 
 
 Fraud . . . 106 
 Tippling . . .107 
 Ballad Singers . 107 
 Affrays . . . 108 
 j Bull Baiting . . 109 
 I Cock Throwing . . 109 
 I Instruments of Punish- 
 I MENT .... 110 
 The Prison . . 112 
 The Sabbath . . 113 
 Lecturer at Cathedral 113 
 Persecution . . .115 
 Police ... 118 
 Social Customs . 120 
 
X 
 
 Bells 
 
 Bargains and Wages 
 Mendicants . 
 Orphans 
 Attorneys . 
 Plays and Pageants 
 Sports and Festivities 
 May King, &c. 
 
 HOK-DAYS 
 
 Mountebanks 
 Jack-o'Both-Sides 
 
 contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 120 
 
 The Butts and Bowling 
 
 137 
 
 122 
 
 The Waits 
 
 138 
 
 123 
 
 Elections . . . 
 
 142 
 
 124 
 
 Civil Wars 
 
 164 
 
 124 
 
 The Old Walls 
 
 158 
 
 126 
 
 Ceremonials and Royal 
 
 
 135 
 
 Visits 
 
 161 
 
 135 
 
 Olla Podrida 
 
 192 
 
 136 
 
 The Good Old Times 
 
 203 
 
 136 
 
 Advertisements . 
 
 205 
 
 137 
 
 
 
-<^0 0<g-O- 
 
 RECORDS OF THE CITY. 
 
 OCAL municipal records in a few instances reach to 
 the twelfth century, but usually they are not older 
 than the fifteenth or sixteenth. Those belonging to 
 the Worcester Corporation, now in the possession of the town 
 clerk, extend no further than the year 1522. These valuable 
 memorials of the past are in a good state of preservation, partly 
 owing to the judicious care of C. Sidebottom, Esq., who, when he 
 held the office of town clerk a few years ago, caused the books of 
 the Chamber Orders, &c., to be carefully collected, arranged, 
 and bound, and an index to be made, which is highly useful 
 for reference. 
 
 The books which I have examined are the Book of Charters, 
 the Chamber Orders, the Chamberlains' Accounts, the Book of 
 Ordinances, the By-Law Book, and the Oaths Book. The Book 
 of Charters is a modern copy, but the originals are still in the 
 possession of the town clerk. The Order Books commence with 
 1522, having but few omissions of consequence till the year 
 1660, when, for several years, there occur loose sheets, bad 
 writing, and frequently an entry of officers' names only without 
 minutes. The volume containing the years 1669 to 1684 
 
2 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 appears to be a rough draft only, the original being missing. 
 The Chamberlains' Account Books commence with 1542. The 
 volume from 1600 to 1623 is missing. With this exception, and 
 some great irregularities in the accounts about the year 1753, the 
 omissions are but trifling up to the present time. The volume 
 commencing 1713 has received through its cover a bullet, which 
 penetrated nearly to its centre. The Book of Ordinances is of 
 vellum, the others I have mentioned being of paper. It con- 
 tains, first, the ordinances of Edward IV, " made by command 
 of the king and with the consent of the citizens, at a Yelde 
 Marchant holden on Sunday (!) in the feasteof the Exaltacion 
 of the Holy Cross." These ordinances are followed by those 
 made in the 12th year of the reign of Henry VII, which include 
 most of the former, with alterations and additions required by 
 the progress of the times, and particularly as regarded the cloth- 
 ing trade, which had then arrived at greater prosperity. The 
 enacting of these ordinances also took place on a Sunday. 
 The By-Law Book commences early in the 1 7th century, and 
 shows the erasures, amendments, and new laws, made from time 
 time. The order for making the Book of Oaths was issued in 
 1679, but the only book of that name at present in existence is 
 dated 1 723. The penmanship in the older books is generally of 
 a beautiful character, small, round, clear, and compact, as though 
 the scribes valued not their consumption of time m comparison 
 with their credit in caligraphy, nor had dreamt of an age of 
 steam to come. The mode of writing numbers, or sums of 
 money, was by Roman numerals, until about the year 1566, 
 when Arabic figures first make their appearance, though very 
 sparingly used for some years ; and they were not carried out 
 into columns, and added up, as in the present day, until the close 
 of that century. No wonder that, prior to this time, the progress 
 of arithmetic was slow, and the clerk of the audit found his task 
 somewhat difficult. That functionary made a regular annual 
 
RECORDS OF WORCESTER. 
 
 3 
 
 charge for paper and counters : the latter being pieces in the 
 shape of money, which he formerly used for counting or making 
 calculations with. To this system the introduction of Arabic or, 
 as some say, Indian numerals, put an end. Shakspeare alludes to 
 these 'counters in Othello, a. i, s. 1 — " This counter-cast." And 
 again in Cymheline, a. v — It sums up thousands in a trice : you 
 have no true debtor and creditor but it : of what 's past, is, and to 
 come, the discharge. Your neck, sir, is pen, book, and counters." 
 Again, in Acolastus, a comedy (1540) — " I wyl cast my counters, 
 or with counters make all my reckenynges." The unnecessary 
 use of ciphers (for example, "00^ OP 02^") was not abandoned 
 till about a century ago, since which time the style of writing 
 gradually approximated to the rapid, economical, irregular, and 
 less painstaking mode which prevails in the present day. 
 
 In addition to the above-named records, I have examined the 
 books of some of the ancient trading companies, besides other 
 original documents. 
 
 B3 
 
*' Lex jubet ea quae facienda sunt" — Cicero. 
 
 0 describe the charters of a city is to write, in epitome, 
 the history of the land ; for in order to render inteUi- 
 gible the various grants, restrictions, and privileges, 
 by which the local government of a city has been regulated 
 from the earliest period embraced in existing records, it is 
 necessary occasionally to glance at the altered conditions of 
 the state, and the social changes constantly going on among the 
 people, illustrating the general subject by the particular instance. 
 Both a lack of space and of the needful qualification to treat 
 of so grave a matter, demand, however, from me the utmost 
 brevity in this section of the book. 
 
 Although the Romans occupied this island for nearly five 
 hundred years, and left behind them abundant proof of their 
 advanced civilization,* some relics of which are to be seen to this 
 day, the Romano-British records are so scanty, that we know 
 but little indeed beyond conjecture of the social condition of the 
 people during that long and most important era of our history. 
 There is no conclusive evidence that Worcester was a Roman 
 station, although it is not likely that its advantageous position 
 for the purpose of fortification could have been overlooked. 
 
 * Nennius tells us there were thirty-three beautiful cities, connected by 
 excellent roads, which remained in occupation for centuries after the island 
 had been abandoned by our rulers ; and the lioman It'merartf, quoted by 
 Richard of Cirencester, mentions ninety-two cities, of which thirty-two 
 were celebrated. 
 
CHARTERS. 
 
 5 
 
 Worfarnis, "first Chrysten Kynge of Medle England," of his 
 " kinglie affeccon," is said to have granted the first charter to 
 Worcester, by which he made it a city. Offa and Edgar enlarged 
 and confirmed its privileges. In these Saxon times the revenue 
 of the king was collected in each municipal town by the borough- 
 reeve, or port-reeve, an officer not chosen by the king, but who 
 was the elective head of the municipality. The office of the king 
 itself was not positively hereditary. And herein was the differ- 
 ence between the comparative freedom of the Saxon institutions 
 and the despotism and tyranny of the Norman times — a differ- 
 ence as between "the principle which recognized the nation 
 at large as the original proprietor of the soil, and that which 
 rests such absolute proprietorship exclusively in the Crown." 
 Florence, a monk of Worcester, and Habingdon, a collector 
 of Worcestershire antiquities, give the names of the Saxon 
 viceroys of Worcester. 
 
 The Norman Conqueror placed over each town a bailiff of his 
 own election, and often farmed these bailiwicks out to the 
 highest bidder. These officers — aliens in blood, language, and 
 feeling — rendered themselves so obnoxious, by their extortion, 
 to the free spirit of the Saxons, that the latter prevailed with 
 the cupidity of the Conqueror in obtaining charters by which 
 they themselves undertook to pay even a greater annual rent 
 than had been before received into the king's exchequer, on 
 condition of the removal of these bailiffs. This is what is called 
 fee-farm rent — which degrading relic of the feudal times still 
 adheres to us like the old man to the shoulders of Sinbad ; the 
 fee-farm rent paid in the past year (1848) for the privileges exer- 
 cised by the Worcester Corporation under the Crown, amounted 
 to £24. Is. 8d. We have no authentic account of the government 
 of Worcester under William and his son Rufus ; but it is sup- 
 posed that Henry I and II each granted it a charter, the city 
 to be governed by a constable. The first charter we have 
 extant is that of 
 
6 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 RICHARD I. 
 
 It is dated November 12, 1189. Coeur de Lion generously 
 grants "to our burgesses of Worcester, that they and their 
 successors may hold of us and our heirs the town of Worcester, 
 for the rent of £24, so that they render not the aforesaid rent 
 but at the Exchequer." This earUest existing charter of the 
 city presents a striking contrast to the more modern acts and 
 deeds of regal and legal personages, being so small that when 
 folded up it may be put, seal and all, into a waistcoat pocket. 
 
 HENRY III. 
 
 This weak prince (whose good deeds were usually wrung 
 from him by compulsion) granted to the city of Worcester a 
 charter, dated March 17, 1227. The Norman "rental" is 
 herein increased to £30 — one half to be paid at Easter and the 
 other at the Feast of St. Michael. The government was 
 invested in two bailiffs chosen out of the corporation ; and no 
 king's bailiff or officer to intermeddle in the city. It granted a 
 Guild Merchant, and that no one who was not in the guild 
 should be allowed to make merchandize in the city ; and any 
 bondman having remained in the city a year and a day, and 
 done scot and lot, to be free from his lord. It likewise granted 
 to Worcester citizens exemption from tolls throughout England. 
 By a charter from the same king, dated February 23, 1256, he 
 granted to the city to have the return of writs and other 
 privileges. 
 
 EDWARD III. 
 
 July 12, 1331, and April 2, 1376. Confirm the charters of 
 Henry. Citizens not to be impleaded without the walls of the 
 city, and the king's justices to hold their sessions in the city 
 and not elsewhere in the county. This was a great concession 
 towards civic independence. 
 
CHARTERS. 
 
 7 
 
 RICHARD II. 
 March 29, 1395. This grants to the baihffs of the city to be 
 justices of the peace of labourers and artificers," but not to 
 hear cases of felony without license ; conferred the power of 
 attaching persons failing in their pleas, but with an exemption 
 for the bishop and his tenants. Citizens to have to their own 
 use the chattels called Maynocure " (belonging to outlaws, 
 felons, and fugitives.)* 
 
 PHILIP AND MARY. 
 1554. The citizens to have a certain market, with a house, 
 and other customs and Hberties to the same guild pertaining. 
 Body corporate to consist of two baihffs, two aldermen, two 
 chamberlains, and citizens. Ancient rent to be paid to the king. 
 
 And further we will, and by these presents ordain, and of our 
 more abundant grace grant, that for ever hereafter there be 24 
 men of the better and more worthy citizens who shall be called 
 capital citizens and counsellors, and also 48 other men of the 
 residents of the more worthy and discreet of the citizens, to be 
 called capital citizens of the number of 48." Power to elect all 
 officers. The sergeant-at-mace to carry the gilded mace, with 
 the king's arms, before the bailiff, in all parts of the city, includ- 
 ing St. Michael's and St. John's. The aldermen's staff (a silver 
 mace) to be carried before the aldermen. But when the king 
 and queen shall visit Worcester, a special reservation that the 
 maces be carried before them, their heirs, and successors, as far 
 as the limits of the county. Court of Record every week, with 
 an exemption of John Bourne, of Battenhall, and heirs.f Three 
 
 * ** Mainour:" to be taken with mainour is to be taken with the stolen 
 articles in possession. 
 
 t At the Dissolution , Sir John Bourne obtained grants of Battenhall and 
 other manors which had belonged to the Priory. He was one of the secre- 
 taries of state under Queen Mary, and a great enemy to the Reformation 
 and the Protestant bishops. His nephew, Gilbert Bourne, was made a 
 prebend of Worcester in 1541, and as he was preaching at St. Paul's, 
 
WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 markets per week, and four fairs yearly, with a Court of Pie- 
 poudre.* Power to collect tolls during the fairs upon all mer- 
 chandize sold or bought within and without the liberties of 
 the city for seven miles round, with an exemption for John 
 Bourne. No person in England to take tolls of Worcester 
 citizens (except in London) on pain of being brought to the 
 former city, till he have made satisfaction. Articles of food to 
 come under the assize and assay. Power to raise militia. No 
 stranger in the city to buy of another stranger, unless for their 
 own families, and not to sell again ; but great men and nobles" 
 exempt from this restriction. No citizen to be retained in the 
 service of any nobleman or other person living out of the city, 
 nor wear livery, on pain of losing his freedom. Two M.P.s to 
 be chosen. Bailiffs, &c., to have custody of orphans' property. 
 Power to collect tolls for the repair of bridges, gates, and 
 defence. In the above charter the peculiar constitution of the 
 body corporate of Worcester, as it was afterwards developed, 
 first appears. 
 
 JAMES L 
 
 October 2, 1 622. Worcester to be a city and county of itself. 
 Its government transferred from a bailiff to a mayor, with six 
 aldermen, and citizens. In case of the king coming to Worces- 
 ter, the mayor to carry the sword, and four aldermen to carry 
 maces, before him. The mayor, &c., to be justices of the peace, 
 to inquire into certain offences, in which " witchcraft, enchant- 
 ment, and sorceries by magic art," were included. f County 
 
 London (155'{), he asserted that Bishoj) Bonner had been unjustly deprived, 
 which so oltended some of his audience that a pistol was fired at him, and a 
 dagger thrown, which stuck in the pillar of the pulpit ! 
 
 * This was a Court for the settlement on the spot of disputes at the fairs, 
 and was called "jPie-powder" because justice was done to any injured person 
 before the dust of the fair was off his feet. Some say it was meant for a " court 
 of pedlars," from the old French, x>icd pulderaux^ '* a travelling pedlar." 
 
 t James prided himself on being a Malleus Mallificarum, " The hammer 
 of witches." 
 
CHARTERS. 
 
 9 
 
 Court to be held monthly. Rents, services, and sums of money, 
 reserved to the king. 
 
 The only remaining charter is that of 
 
 JAMES II. 
 
 The Stuarts were notorious for their attempts to undermine 
 the constitution, and to obtain packed parliaments, by limiting, 
 selectmg, and interfering with the corporate bodies, who had 
 been constituted the sole electors of parliamentary representa- 
 tives, thus virtually disfranchising the burgesses. Charles II, 
 and his weak and bigoted brother James, pushed this arbitrary 
 system to an extremity. Commissions were appointed to 
 "regulate" the corporations, which regulation consisted in 
 ejecting every member who would not support the wretched 
 policy of the sovereign. The franchises of London and other 
 obnoxious corporations were seized, and others (among which 
 was Worcester) were surrendered to the king. Even the 
 judges prostituted their influence to aid this unconstitutional 
 encroachment. It was said of Jefferies, on the northern circuit, 
 that " he made the charters, like the walls of Jericho, fall down 
 before him." Charles granted new charters, calculated to 
 engross to himself still greater patronage and influence ; and 
 James II condescended, in the year 1684, to confer a charter 
 upon Worcester, in which he not only diminished "the com- 
 pany of the 48" to 32, but reserved a power to himself to 
 remove, at any time, the mayor, recorder, sheriff", town clerk, 
 aldermen, or any of the corporation, by a simple declaration in 
 council, without further process. In 1 637 (the year of the king's 
 visit to Worcester) the removal of the mayor and corporation, 
 and the election of a new mayor, &c., are duly notified in the 
 records. But the career of this the last of the ill-fated Stuarts 
 was nearly at an end, and too late he attempted to regain popu- 
 lar favour, by issuing a proclamation to restore corporations to 
 
10 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 their ancient rights. The Revolution followed, and the charters 
 of Charles II and James II were laid aside. James's procla- 
 mation, for the restoration of ancient rights, was brought to 
 Worcester on the 7th of October, 1688. At that time, of the 
 old corporation which had been ejected, 5 out of the 24, and 7 of 
 the 48, were dead, whose places were accordingly filled up. 
 Ill December of the same year, when the Prince of Orange had 
 landed in this country, and rendered openly apparent his design 
 on the Crown, the Worcester corporation adopted the following 
 resolution : 
 
 " We, the Mayor, Aldermen, SheriflP, and Common Council, and 
 Citizens of the City of Worcester, whose names are subscribed, do 
 declare, that to our utmost endeavours, in our several stations and 
 places, we will aid and assist his Highness the Prince of Orange, and 
 all those that shall oppose the desperate attempts and conspiracies of 
 the Papists and their adherents ; and to the hazard of our lives will 
 preserve his Majesty's most sacred person, uphold the Protestant 
 religion by law established, and maintain the ancient laws and 
 hberties of this kingdom." 
 
 This declaration was made at a period when to speak out 
 more plainly would probably have cost the Worcester cor- 
 porators their heads. They, therefore, wisely qualified their 
 detestation of James's miserable policy with an assurance of 
 protection to his " most sacred person." 
 
 From this brief outline of the charters of our city we are 
 presented, in epitome, with the most prominent points of the 
 progressive state of English society. The municipal organiza- 
 tion and the free and liberal spirit of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty 
 stand out in bold contrast to the serfdom and tyranny established 
 by the Conquest — antagonistic elements, of which Harold and 
 William were the types. We find the people first awaking from 
 the paralysing influences of that event when Simon de Montfort 
 led the national resistance to the tyranny of Henry III, and 
 obtained a representative parliament, with also local government 
 
CHARTERS. 
 
 11 
 
 and trading privileges. This was strictly the origin of corpora- 
 tions in the modern sense of the word ; for the guilds, or trading 
 companies, into which the whole communities of large towns 
 had been divided, first began, at the latter end of the reign of 
 Edward III, to choose certain persons to be a council to advise 
 with the bailiff and aldermen ; and thus gradually was super- 
 seded the Saxon " folk-mote," or assemblage of the whole people 
 in the common hall, to discuss municipal matters — a proceeding 
 which, if we are to judge from public meetings even of the 
 present day, must have been attended with a greater show of 
 public Hcense than of intrinsic advantage or convenience. In 
 London, the liverymen (i. e.^ the freemen who belong to the 
 trading companies) still elect the mayor and other officers. We 
 then trace the development of municipal independence until it 
 was undermined by the Stuarts, and, after repeated struggles, 
 regained by the strong arm of popular right. The consideration 
 of the Reform Bill and Corporations Act brings us up to our 
 own time, but the important effects of those measures may be 
 perhaps best estimated by a comparison of Worcester as it now 
 is, with Worcester as it was in " the olden time," and such it 
 will be my object to afford in the following pages. 
 
Cnnstitutinti nf (Dtt CnrpnratinnB. 
 
 ** O domus antiqua, quam dispari domino dominaris!"'— Cicero. 
 
 HE election of their principal officers took place 
 annually, on the Monday after the Feast of St. Michael 
 (September 29). At the time of the visit of the Muni- 
 cipal Commissioners these annual elections were on the Monday 
 after St. Bartholomew's Day. With reference to this custom 
 Brand* observes that — " It has long been and still continues the 
 custom at this time of the year, or thereabouts, to elect the 
 governors of towns and cities, the civil guardians of the peace 
 of men, perhaps, as Bourn supposes, because the feast of angels 
 naturally enough brings to our minds the old opinion of tutelar 
 spirits who have, or are thought to have, the particular charge 
 of certain bodies of men, or districts of country." The appoint- 
 ment of auditors did not take place till the week after Ailhal- 
 low Day (All Saints, or November 1), probably because the 
 chamberlains' and other accounts were made up to that day. 
 
 All the meetings of the body were made with reference to 
 some festival or saint's day, and it is probable that some of those 
 days were likewise commemorated by attending the service of 
 the church, and wearing suitable livery. In the chamberlains' 
 accounts, early in the reign of Elizabeth, occurs this entry ; 
 
 * See Bolin's excellent edition of Brand's Popular Aniiquities^ just 
 published. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF OLD CORPORATIONS. 
 
 13 
 
 " Item — recovered of Thos. — for a fo* leitui-e for not wearing 
 
 his linsey gowae upon St. Sieven's day, 2M'^,'' 
 
 St. Stephen, being the first martyr for Christianity, was held 
 ill especial remembrance long after the Reformation. In 1574 
 the corporation made an order that " The ancient meeting of 
 St. Stephen's day be henceforth kept in the council chamber," 
 instead of the Trinity-hall; and in 1587 the meeting was alto- 
 gether discontinued. 
 
 The annual election day was commemorated by plentiful liba- 
 tions at the hall, and a sermon at St. Helen's church. In the 
 year 1540 the following order was made : 
 
 " Hit ys agrede that the pson that hereaftr shal be chosen into the 
 nmber of the xxiiij* do pay no more to thosse that doth electe hym 
 but onli appottell [two quarts] and not above, and they to have the 
 pottell appesse that be at the eleccon and noo other." 
 
 No doubt the corporators of those days (who were themselves 
 the electors) deemed this restriction, of two quarts per man, a 
 most meritorious instance of self-denial. At all events this 
 furnishes us with something like a clue as to what was con- 
 sidered a measure of moderate drinking three centuries ago. 
 The first notice of the election sermon occurs early in the reign 
 of Elizabeth : 
 
 " To the parson of St. Helen's, money due for an old custom for 
 preaching the eleccion sermon in his church, 2^." 
 
 St. Helen's has been, from time immemorial, considered the 
 mother church, which (as the cathedral belonged to another 
 corporate body, the dean and chapter) was considered, 
 par excellence, the church of the corporation. Hence, notwith- 
 standing the latter body attended the cathedral on all other 
 state occasions, it is probable, from the above, that St. Helen's 
 
 * The number 24, it will be remembered, represents the "prime and 
 modern capital citizens and counsellors," and 48 the "capital citizens" 
 bimply (see the chapter on Charters). The 48 probably acted as assistants. 
 
14 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 was selected at the time of the election. In the year 1723 the 
 chamberlains were ordered to " wait on the Rev. Mr. Thomas 
 and return him the thanks of the whole body for preaching the 
 election sermon, and to request him to print the same and in 
 1729 the fee to the preacher had increased to a guinea. 
 
 The sergeants, at their election, were instructed " duly to give 
 their attendance with good and due reverence to the bailiff, from 
 morning till night, as well wholy dayes as worken dayes, for the 
 honour of the seid city and the worship of the seid baills, 
 having their fees appointed and their borde with them, and at 
 no time to depart without licence of the baillies ; and that they 
 have in reverence as many as bythe of the counsell chamber." 
 The ancient magnates were exceedingly jealous of their dignity: 
 many by-laws were framed for the punishment and expulsion 
 of obstinate members and avengement of insults ; and in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, one John Butcher suffered six days' impri- 
 sonment " for calling Messrs. Baylies ' hedge* baylies.' " 
 
 A great "cofar" (or chest), having five locks and keys, which 
 for caution sake were kept in the custody of several individuals, 
 was the receptacle of the corporate muniments, &c., and it was 
 appointed of old that the bailiffs, aldermen, chamberlains, " and 
 a lernyd man w* them, making feith to keep hur counsell, shall 
 goo to the seid comj^n coofur at the feeast of Seynt Mychell 
 tharkangell next following," to see that the deeds, rents paid, 
 &c., were correct, and then the keys were to be delivered up to 
 their successors ; also that " two worshipful and full discrete 
 persons of the 24, and sadd and discrete persons of the 48, be 
 elected to sete with the auditors in tymo of the audyte as jugges 
 [ j udges] to hear the accounts ; and the circute of the franches 
 [perambulationsjt be done yearly the morrow after the election 
 day." 
 
 * A term of contempt. 
 
 t *' At the Reformation, wlien all processions were abolished by reason 
 of the abuse of them, an order was made for retaining the perambulation 
 of the circuits of parishes" — Wlicatley. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF OLD CORPORATIONS. 
 
 15 
 
 The revenues of the corporation were derived from the fines 
 on renewals, fines paid on the admission of freemen and new 
 members, from fees, occasional rating, and rents of property, 
 which, up to the period of the Municipal Act in 1835, were con- 
 sidered by the corporation as strictly personal property. The 
 average revenue at that period was estimated at £2,000 a year. 
 In 1611, the Longdon estate, valued at £10 per annum, was pur- 
 chased for the poor. Extraordinary sums were sometimes raised 
 from the 24 and 48" and sometimes by special taxation, in 
 which case the collectors were 'usually ordered "to take care of 
 the poor." In the time of Elizabeth, one Thomas Haywood 
 was elected husbande for the citie as long as this house think it 
 good." The onerous duties of this official must not be estimated 
 in connection with the modem interpretation of the word husband, 
 as I suppose nothing more was meant than that he should be a 
 collector of the corporation's rents, &c., and to manage them 
 honestly and well. About the year 1625 it was ordered — 
 
 " That the sheriflf of the city do always pay the fee-farm rent to the 
 king, also the yearly rent to the bishop, and the town clerk's fee," to 
 defray which he was to receive " the toll and custom of the city and 
 the yearly benefit of St. John's faire, and yearly to bring his quietus 
 for the discharge of his accounts in the chamber." 
 
 Before the existence of standing armies, one of the principal 
 duties of corporations was to furnish troops for the service of the 
 king whenever occasion required. The corporation of Worcester 
 were instructed to harness a certain number of men, and to 
 appoint a wise, grave, and sad person of their number to be 
 captain." A portion of the troops was raised at the cost of the 
 corporation, and the rest allotted proportionately to be provided 
 by the seven wards (St. Andrew's and St. Clement's parishes 
 then forming two wards). It was a special instruction that the 
 "harness" for these soldiers should "be made to fit their bodies," 
 at the peril of all who had a finger in the transaction. 
 
16 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The most distinctive features of the old, as compared with 
 new corporations, will be further detailed in the course of this 
 work. They kept a cook, and ate, drank, and smoked, at the 
 public expense, on all public occasions, whether of business or 
 pleasure. Their love of ceremonial was great, and in their 
 polity and practice they exhibited an esprit de corps which 
 reminds one of a family compact, or well cemented fraternity. 
 They attended the burial of their deceased brethren ; they had 
 plays performed in their hall, and the company of waits 
 attended at their table. They coined money and elected 
 members of parliament. They were themselves self-elected, 
 and rigidly excluded all dissenters. They provided a bull for 
 baiting, and a ducking-stool for scolds. They had the power of 
 assize and assay ; the rights of citizenship, and of trade and 
 commerce, lay at their mercy ; and not a barrel of ale, brewed 
 by publican or sinner, but was subject to a visit from their 
 inquisitorial taster. They kept a bowling green for their own 
 diversion, and invested their own and the public money in 
 lotteries. All this, and much more, I shall be enabled to prove 
 and to illustrate. The only instance of an attempt at self- 
 reformation, which the corporation records exhibit, is the 
 following order, dated 1582 : 
 
 " Whereas the acts of the yeld are now for the most part out of use, 
 being repugnant to the laws of the realm, yet as the greater part of 
 them are learned and discreetly penned, ordered, that a competent 
 number of the 24 and 48 do weekly assemble in the council chamber 
 and deliberately consider of such acts as are consonant with the laws 
 of the realm, to be renewed and practised in this city as occasion 
 shall be offered." 
 
 For a more technical description of the constitution and 
 powers of the old corporation see the Report of the Municipal 
 Commissioners in another part of this work. 
 
*' Hence charter 'd boroughs are such public plagues ; 
 And burghers, men immaculate perhaps 
 In all their private functions, once combined, 
 Become a loathsome body, only fit 
 For dissolution, hurtful to the main. 
 Hence merchants, unimpeachable of sin 
 Against the charities of domestic life, 
 Incorporated, seem at once to lose 
 
 Their nature." The Task. 
 
 -j^ROM the most remote antiquity, fixed and stringent 
 regulations were laid on trade and commerce in this 
 
 country. The freemen of a city or town had alone the 
 right to trade there, or to have a voice in the affairs of the 
 borough ; but there was some show of justice in this when they 
 who enjoyed these privileges exclusively supported the local 
 burdens. No stranger or temporary resident in a town could 
 possess a vote, or a right to pursue his trade there, but at the 
 same time he was free from regular taxation. The freemen 
 themselves were sworn to dwell in the city ; or if absent for a 
 twelvemonth, to be disenfranchised and their names posted up 
 in the Tolsey, for not paying scot and lot. Freedom was secured 
 by birth, marriage, or a prescribed apprenticeship to a trade 
 under the auspices of a guild or trading company. It was also 
 acquired by the payment of a heavy fine, as likewise by favour 
 or for services rendered. Public men and successful com- 
 manders were often presented with the freedom of cities ; and 
 in the year 1705 Thomas White was admitted a freeman "for 
 
18 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 making a handsome effigie of the queen, to the Mayor's liking." 
 In the ninth year of EHzabeth, one Thomas Anthonye was 
 admitted a freeman of Worcester on account of his being an 
 expert workman as a smith, of which craft the city was then 
 destitute. Nathaniel Treherne, merchant, was admitted, 1655, 
 he having promised to bestow upon this city a silver sword, 
 to be borne before the mayor," and the scribe adds, that 
 "it appeared to be a very considerable sword." I have 
 already alluded to the guilds and their connection with the 
 ruUng corporate body. The increase of population, and the 
 progress of wealth and the arts, induced the subdivision of the 
 general community into these trading companies, into which 
 fraternities the inhabitants were enrolled. Each had the power 
 of making by-laws for the regulation of its particular trade, and 
 had its common property and a hall for the transaction of 
 matters pertaining to the craft. The hall of the Holy Trinity 
 (an ancient religious establishment) which, after the Dissolution, 
 fell into private hands, was granted to the clothiers' company 
 (9 Jac. R.) This edifice contained a number of large rooms, 
 which were assigned separately to the trading companies, 
 according to their importance. The following chamber order 
 was passed in the thirty-first year of Henry VIII : 
 
 " Hytt ys agreyd that all occupacons wtin thys cytie that dothe 
 assemble at the Trynety-hall shall yeld and paye yerly unto the 
 Clarke of the Trynety ifor the tyme beynge, fFor makynge clene the 
 howsses and other thyngs,iiijdsterlynge; and alloccupacions off the seid 
 cytie to have theyr assemble w*out any confdyceion or int^ppcion ; 
 and the shoemakers to have ffor they^ assemble the chamber there 
 ov*" the prlour." 
 
 It appears that some and probably all the trades paid an 
 annual acknowledgment to the clothiers' company for the use 
 and occupation of a portion of the hall, while the kitchen was 
 open to each and every company for the purpose of cooking. 
 
 Towards the close of the last century the trading companies 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 19 
 
 declined, owing to the gradual admission of strangers to trade 
 in the city — a virtual breaking up of the very foundation of those 
 companies — and the Trinity-hall, (which had long ceased to be 
 of much use to the companies, their meetings being almost always 
 held at inns, while the hall was let to other parties, and occasion- 
 ally used by the players, and also to hold the assizes), was sold by 
 the clothiers in the year 1796, for the sum of £185, to the late 
 Mr. Tymbs, who sold it to Mr. Freame ; and the late Mr. T. 
 Garden, treasurer to the company, invested the money in the 
 Funds ; the hall was then partly pulled down and modernized, 
 and is now occupied by Messrs. Freame (sons of the last named 
 purchaser) as warehouses for the cabinet and upholstery depart- 
 ments of their business. The only portion of the old edifice now 
 remaining is the hall used by the cordwainers. The original 
 door of this room is standing, and bears faint traces of the words 
 " Cordwainers' Hall" painted on it. The ceiling is divided into 
 compartments by beams, which are very rudely moulded at the 
 edges ; the floor remains firm and good, but the walls are hid 
 with modern paper. The principal hall was a lofty and spacious 
 room with a dais at one end, having seats on it with a canopy 
 over the centre seat. The carvings taken from the Trinity -hall, 
 at the time of its being dismantled, were sold, as I am informed, 
 for no less than £180 to some parties in London, although the 
 builder had been permitted to take them away as lumber. 
 
 I now proceed to give some account of the nature and regula- 
 tions of the various trading companies, premising that a descrip - 
 tion of the plays and pageants in connection with the trades will 
 be found in the chapter devoted to " Plays and Pageants." 
 
 THE CLOTHIERS' COMPANY, 
 
 of " Weavers, Walkers, and Clothiers," w^as in existence in the 
 time of Henry VI, and subsequently incorporated by Henry VIII, 
 as also by Elizabeth. Under the latter charter, dated 23rd Sep- 
 
 C2 
 
20 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 tember, 1590, the company is still governed. The great pro- 
 sperity of this manufacture in the time of Henry VIII may be 
 estimated from the observation of Leland, who says — " The 
 wealthe of the town of Worcester standeth most by draperinge, 
 and no towne in Englande at this present tyme maketh so many 
 cloaths yearly as this towne doth." It had formerly employed 
 8,000 persons, but at the time of Queen EHzabeth's visit that 
 number was reduced by one-half. The queen's charter, however, 
 so restored the trade, that soon afterwards 6,000 persons were 
 employed here, and twice that number in the neighbourhood. 
 This corporate body was not only the most important and influ- 
 ential of all the ancient trading companies in this city, but as being 
 the only one now remaining — the last relic of a system departed 
 for ever — it claims the first and foremost consideration in this 
 chapter. The charter of Elizabeth constituted the company 
 " one body corporate and pohtick, by the name of master, war- 
 dens, and comonalty," to be able to plead and be impleaded, 
 purchase and sell land and other property and rights, and to 
 have a common seal ; there were to be one master and four 
 wardens ; these officers to be chosen alternately, and equally, 
 from the weavers and walkers ; the commonalty, or assistants, 
 were to be thirty in number. The company to have a council- 
 house, powers of convocation, and to enact laws for the regula- 
 tion of the trade, with power to fine and imprison. The annual 
 meeting to be held on " the Fryday next after Penticoste," when 
 the master and wardens were to be elected ; and the oaths were 
 subsequently administered. Queen Elizabeth also granted the 
 company a royal flag, with her arms, and a flag with the arms 
 of the company. 
 
 By the ancient regulations of the clothiers, prior to the reign 
 of Elizabeth, wool was weighed, bought, and sold, in the " Yeld- 
 hall," certain pecuniary advantages in the fees for weighing 
 being afforded to citizen buyers. The latter commenced buying 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 21 
 
 at ten of the bell," but strangers not till eleven, on certain 
 pains and penalties. In this trade the truck system prevailed 
 as far back as Henry VII, when heavy penalties were laid upon 
 those clothiers who paid their workmen in " mercery, vitayll, or 
 by other means, and not in silver, that hath ['rowen to the grete 
 hurt of the pore coman'ltie." The workmen were allowed to 
 make a certain quantity of cloth for the use of their own fami- 
 lies, but not to sell it to the injury of the drapers' craft, except 
 under certain restrictions. Searchers were appointed, whose 
 duty it was to inspect every piece of cloth made, to see that the 
 manufacture was " good and sufficient, according to the fineness 
 of the *yern.' " The article of wool was not allowed to be sold 
 to any female, unless she was a widow, but men only were 
 deemed competent to transact business ! 
 
 The regulations laid down for the guidance of the trade were 
 very numerous and minute ; but the moving principle of this, 
 as of other trading companies, was to prevent the admission of 
 any person to trade in the city who had not served seven years 
 to his business, or was a " foreigner " {i. e. not a freeman). 
 In the present instance a ^' foreign " weaver was not even 
 allowed to fetch yarn out of the city ; and no foreign journeyman 
 was to be employed before a citizen, without the consent of the 
 master and wardens, bringing a testimonial with him of the 
 usual servitude, and likewise paying 8d. to the poor. Appren- 
 tices and journeymen who left their employ without due leave 
 were struck out of the roll, and deprived of all the advantages 
 of membership. Perjured persons were likewise to be turned 
 out of the company. The funerals of deceased members were 
 attended by the whole company, on pain of fine. No one was 
 allowed to go to law with another, but the master and wardens 
 decided any dispute. There was a quarterly subscription for 
 distressed members ; and masters who neglected to pay wages 
 were fined. Weaving in harvest time was strictly prohibited. 
 
22 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 in order to give the poorer workpeople a chance of assisting at 
 the ingathering of the crops. The company had power to levy 
 an assessment on each loom in the city, when required to pay 
 off dehts, or to meet any emergency. The meetings were and 
 are still held quarterly ; and the company regularly attended 
 the mayor, corporation, &c., in procession, on the 29th of May, 
 stipulating not to pay more than half-a-guinea each company 
 (weavers and walkers) for drums and ribbons. On one 
 occasion, however, I observe the sum of 50s. was granted for 
 that purpose, on a coronation day. In the 13th Car. II, an act 
 or charter was passed " for the better suppressing of the abuses 
 and disorders in making and vending woollen cloths." By that 
 statute, the white cloth of Worcester was not allowed to be sent 
 to London till it had been viewed by the proper officers in this 
 city, nor was any to be sold in London, but at the " Worcester- 
 hall in Blackwell-hall," under a penalty of 20s. Factors were 
 employed, who sold the article, by commission, in London ; and 
 a special enactment was framed for their more strict regulation, 
 and "to restore Blackwell-hall to the use of the Worcester 
 clothiers." 
 
 The old books belonging to this company are still in the pos- 
 session of the high master. The " Book of Orders, Constitutions, 
 and Ordinances," appears to have been drawn up soon after the 
 granting of the charter by Elizabeth. On the inner part of the 
 cover of this book is this invocation — "Lord bles all that 
 beelong too this book." The book for the enrolment of appren- 
 tices dates from 1587 to 1635, and in it the reader is informed 
 that " This booke was new bounde in y® year of our Lord God 
 1661." The minute and order books contain, among a vast 
 quantity of routine business entries, the following : 
 
 1711. — " The trades being farr in debt, ordered that every master 
 that shall be admitted into the said society shall pay double the sume 
 that was usually paid, viz., £2. 13s. 4d., besides stamps and fees." 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 23 
 
 1715. — "At a convocation held at the Trinity Hall, by the major 
 part of the company, it was ordered that a petition be drawn, and 
 the common seal affixed thereto, and sent up to y^ House of Com- 
 mons, praying yt cocheneale may be brought in upon other bottoms, 
 &c., and to be sent to Mr. Hodgkins, with a letter of thanks to him 
 and ye merchants, for their kind present of 40 odd pounds to the poor 
 clothiers." 
 
 1718. — " The petition of the master, wardens, and assistants of the 
 incorporate company of clothiers, in the city of Worcester, sheweth, 
 that the Turky company have very often made orders and entered 
 into an agreement amongst themselves to restrain and prevent any 
 ships from going off for Turky, with woollen manufacture, under such 
 a time as they think fitt to appoint, which is a very great discourage- 
 ment to the cloathing trade, by keeping a dead stock upon hand for 
 so long a time, that it makes us uncapable of imploying the poore, 
 and that great quantities of bullion hath been sent to buy silke and 
 other com.modities, which lessens the exportation of our cloth : there- 
 fore humbly pray this honourable house to lay a restraint upon their 
 sending away buUion of any kind, and to prevent such unreasonable 
 agreements for the future in such a manner as to your great wisdomes 
 shal think meete ; and that there may be a shipping for the future, at 
 least one in twelve months, or at the liberty and choice of any 
 merchant to goe when he thinks most to his advantage — and y'^ 
 petitioners, &c." 
 
 1725. — " Ordered, that the master do not spend more than 40s. at 
 any entertainment without an order from the company, except at 
 elections of factors, when they may expend what may be thought 
 proper, so that it be done with all possible frugality." 
 
 1734. — " Whereas, very lately, some cloth, the property of IMr. 
 E. Cookesey, was feloniously stole or taken from off the tentors, in 
 order therefore that the aggressor or aggressors may be brought to 
 justice, and for detecting such villainy for the future, it is hereby 
 ordered, that the company shall be at the expense not only of pub- 
 lishing the same in the Worcester Postman, but also of printing a 
 sufficient number of advertisements (handbills) to be distributed 
 about the country, so that such number do not exceed 500." 
 
 1762. — " Ordered, that the clerk do attend the speaker, with the 
 charters, by-laws, books, and papers, as required by the summons 
 from E. Bacon, chairman to the committee of privileges and 
 elections." 
 
 1804. — It was determined to discontinue the ancient custom of 
 supping at the quarterly meetings, and to substitute two dinners in 
 the year, one at IVIidsummer and the other at Christmas. 
 
24 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The decay of the clothing trade is said to have been owing to 
 the " roguery of the manufacturers, who stretched their cloths." 
 The reason why this trading company did not totally expire, 
 after the example of others, was that a great quantity of landed 
 and other property was in its hands, most of which had been 
 left by wealthy clothiers to be distributed to the poor and lent 
 without interest to industrious young men embarking in trade. 
 It was therefore found necessary, when the clothing trade left 
 this city, that the incorporated body should be continued, if 
 for no other purpose than the administration of these funds. 
 Hence, like the masonic lodges, the clothiers' company is of 
 necessity no longer composed of members of the craft, but 
 of the elite of the gentlemen and professional men of the city, 
 to whom it offers the means of friendly and convivial reunion. 
 The first notice of any person having been admitted who did not 
 belong to the craft was in the year 1780, when one Mr. Gwinnell, 
 a cork-cutter, was admitted into the company ; but in 1801, when 
 the Rev. Mr. Bedford applied for admission, doubts were 
 expressed as to the propriety of electing a clergyman into what 
 is considered a trading company, and on a ballot the application 
 was negatived. The following is a list of the present members : 
 
 John Parker, Esq., High Master, elected 1834. 
 
 Francis Hooper, Esq. 
 John Dent, Esq. 
 H. B. Tymbs, Esq. 
 Matthew Pierpoint, Esq. 
 J. H. Clifton, Esq. 
 Mr. James Chamberlain. 
 William Dent, Esq. 
 Dr. Maiden. 
 
 Sir Edmund H. Lechmere. 
 Mr. John Brooke Hyde. 
 
 Charles Sidebottom, Esq. 
 Mr. William Stallard. 
 Mr. J. M. Allcroft. 
 John M. Gutch, Esq. 
 Mr. Thomas Hyde. 
 Richard Yapp, Esq. 
 Mr. Thomas Leonard. 
 J. W. Isaac, Esq. 
 Dr. Nash. 
 Mr. John Tymbs. 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 25 
 
 Mr. William Powell. 
 John Owen, Esq. 
 Mr. J. W. Lea. 
 Mr. Robert Allies. 
 Thomas G. Curtler, Esq. 
 Mr. Alfred C. Hooper. 
 
 Mr. H. D. Garden. 
 
 Mr. Gervase Clifton. 
 Mr. W. S. P. Hughes. 
 Mr. Thomas Barneby. 
 Captain Lavie. 
 
 Mr. William Barnes. 
 
 Mr. William Stallard, jun. 
 
 The vacancy occasioned by the lamented death of Sir 
 Anthony Lechmere is not yet filled up. 
 
 On the occasion (in March last) of the appointment of J. Dent, 
 Esq., as high sheriff for this county, it having been many years 
 since that a member of this company had been elected to that 
 high office, the company went in procession with the sheriff and 
 the judges to the cathedral, on which occasion they carried new 
 and handsome flags, bearing the royal arms of Queen Elizabeth 
 and those of the company. Mr. Dent was elected a member of 
 this company in 1818, and, with the exception of F. Hooper, 
 Esq., is the oldest member of the body. 
 
 The charities and benevolences placed at the disposal of the 
 company were, as I have before stated, very great in amount, 
 and consisted, for the most part, of sums to be lent to industrious 
 young clothiers, without interest, and also for the distribution of 
 coats and bread to the poor. The bread was usually given away 
 on Good Friday, and the coats at other times ; the recipients of 
 the latter being expected to attend the quarterly meeting next 
 after the gift, and to return thanks. One of these donors 
 (Alderman John Nash, who made his will in 1661) desired that 
 it should be publicly read every year, for ever, on the first Tues- 
 day in Lent, by the town clerk, who was to have 5s. for his pains. 
 But I suppose that, like the great bulk of the charity property, 
 this is lost, owing partly to the fact of young tradesmen, to 
 whom sums of money had been lent, having failed, together with 
 their sureties. By the regulations, as they at present stand, the 
 
26 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 company still continue the following distributions: — In con- 
 formity with the will of Francis Chetle (who appears to have 
 been a warden in the years 1695 and 1696), a good cloth coat, 
 as well to the company's beadles as to poor and approved objects, 
 at the Michaelmas quarter meeting ; five guineas annually to the 
 Infirmary, and two guineas to the Dispensary ; 52s. in bread to 
 the poor, recommended by the high master, on Good Friday. 
 The sum of 40s., usually paid by the Worcester corporation on 
 St. Thomas's Day, in portions of half-a-crown each, to sixteen 
 poor descendants of clothiers, was discontinued under the Muni- 
 cipal Act. In the year 1841 the company possessed a funded 
 property of nearly £1,600 in the Three per Cents. 
 
 Among the relics of antiquity in the possession of the master 
 are the following : — The charter of Elizabeth, on vellum, beau- 
 tifully emblazoned with the great seal of England, attached by 
 a twisted silken cord, and enclosed in a box of equal antiquity. 
 Two green silk flags, bearing date 1540 and 1541, and inscribed 
 
 Henry VIII by the grace of God King of Ingland and of 
 France, Lorde of Ireland, Defender of the Faythe, and imme- 
 diately under God supreme Hed of the Church of Ingland." 
 A double silver seal, dated 1655, with a ring attached for a 
 string to put round the neck of the high master when he gives 
 his toasts ; at one end of the seal are the arms of the city, and 
 at the other the weavers impaling the clothiers. Two very 
 ancient yard measures (one much shorter than the other, by 
 the bye), borne by the beadles when in procession. A parch- 
 ment document — " The original By-laws by Act of Henry VI, 
 legalized by two judges of assize," its border most splendidly 
 emblazoned. Another curious document, being a receipt from 
 the Herald College for fees paid for registering the armorial 
 ensigns of the company at the visitation in 1682. Two pro- 
 cessional shields, covered with hides. On one are painted the 
 weavers' arms — azure, on a chevron argent between three 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 27 
 
 leopards' heads Or, each having a shuttle of the last, as many 
 rose gules seeded of the third, barbed, vert. Crest, on a wreath, 
 a leopard's head Or, ducally crowned gules; in his mouth a 
 shuttle of the first ; supporters, two wiverns with wings indorsed 
 ermine purfled Or, on each wing a rose gules, seeded or barbed, 
 vert. Motto — " Weave truth with trust." The arms were 
 granted in 1487, confirmed 1590; supporters granted in 1616, 
 approved 1634. On the other shield are painted the cloth 
 workers' arms — Sable, a chevron ermine between two habicks 
 in chief argent, and a teazle in base slipped Or. Crest on a 
 mount vert, a ram statant Or (or rather proper), horns Or ; 
 supporters, two grifi&ns' tongues and claws gules. Motto — 
 " My trust is in God alone." The last of the interesting objects 
 belonging to this company is a pall, formerly used at the funeral 
 of deceased members. It is composed of alternate stripes of 
 embroidered velvet and tapestry. The embroidering on the 
 velvet consists of fleurs-de-lis, eagles, double-headed, displayed ; 
 pine apples [query, teazles], and angels with expanded wings, 
 standing on wheels [query, St. Catherine]. The tapestry con- 
 sists of figures of saints and passages from scripture history ; 
 at the sides are four shields of arms or devices, emblematical of 
 the manufacture of cloth.* It was suggested by Miss Agnes 
 Strickland, during her recent visit to Worcester (when the 
 author had the pleasure of pointing out to that distinguished 
 lady some of the few antiquities of the city) that this pall might 
 be a mortuary cloth used at Prince Arthur's funeral ; that the 
 embroidery is Spanish; that the pine apple, or teazle, is a 
 pomegranate; the purple^ the imperial colour; and that the 
 wheels are Catherine wheels, introduced into the arms through 
 Prince Arthur's marriage with Catherine of Arragon. Mr. 
 Gutch states that this opinion is strengthened by a MS. of the 
 
 * The altar cloth in Winchcombe church bears a close resemblance to 
 this pall. 
 
28 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 time in the College of Arms, published in the Antiquarian 
 Repertory, which details the particulars connected with the 
 arrival of Queen Catherine in England, the pageants at her 
 marriage with Prince Arthur, and his decease, six months 
 afterwards, at Ludlow, including the offering of palls of cloth of 
 gold to the corse by the lords mourners. 
 
 THE CORDWAINERS 
 
 were incorporated by Henry VII, in 1504. It was ordained by 
 the mayor, &c., " as by the whole consent of the fellowship of 
 cordwayners and corvisers," that yearly, at the Trinity-halJ, 
 should be chosen, "by the election of most voices," on the 
 Tuesday next after St. Martin's day, one master and two 
 wardens, and three other discreet persons to be associated 
 with them," to aid and counsel them on all matters connected 
 with the trade. All to be present at every congregation of the 
 said company, on pain of 3s. 4d. These officers to yield up to their 
 successors " a true reckoning and accompte of all money, amer- 
 ciaments, duties, profits, arrearages, books," &c. The " beddle" 
 to summon the masters to assemble four times a year " to dis- 
 cuss all matters touching the common wealth of the fellowship, 
 and of offences or faults of the society, and to redress and 
 reform misdemeanours." Every apprentice of the said occupa- 
 tion, having served his whole term, and desiring to become a 
 master, " being of good name and fame, and sufficient in cun- 
 ninge or knowledge," to be admitted on paying 3s. 4d. for the 
 use of the fellowship. None to presume to carry on his trade 
 as a master unless he had served seven years, on pain of 40s. 
 for every offending month, and other punishments. " And that 
 no master shall take any apprentice known to be a thiefe, or 
 one of evill conversation, and bee not born out of the obeysance 
 of our Sovereign Lord King Charles, his heirs and successors." 
 When a lad had been on trial for a month, the master was 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 29 
 
 bound to produce an indenture, to be shown to the master and 
 wardens of the craft, which was then sealed, and signed with the 
 goaCs head* The lad's master to pay 2s. 6d. for the seal, and 
 the apprentice to be afterwards enrolled (before the mayor and 
 aldermen). There was a clerk to the fellowship, who drew up 
 all indentures and other legal documents. An irregularity 
 prevailed with regard to the election of officers in this and other 
 companies, for while in some they were nominated by the mayor 
 and aldermen, and took their oaths of office before them, in 
 others they were elected either by the votes of the particular 
 fraternity or by the retiring officers, before whom they also 
 took the oaths. The master and wardens possessed the power 
 of inflicting imprisonment and fines, the latter being spent on 
 the poor of each " mystery," and on the ordinary expenses of 
 the company. 
 
 THE BUTCHERS 
 
 were incorporated by James I, in 1604. From very early times 
 they were restricted in the sphere of their avocations to two 
 places — from the Guildhall door to St. Helen's church, and from 
 St. Nicholas' churchyard to the Cross. \i any imprudent knight 
 of the cleaver wandered in the pursuit of his business beyond 
 these limits he was pounced upon. An instance occurs in the 
 37th of Elizabeth : 
 
 " Item — of Henery Clarke, haberdasher, for suffering the bootcher 
 to sell flesshe before his shoppe, 6^ 8^." 
 
 Orders were also issued "to make their stallys and bords 
 close unto their shopps, after the use and ordre in London." 
 The " foreign" [country] butchers were admitted into the city 
 only by sufferance, and then allowed to tarry and sell their flesh 
 but up to a certain hour in the afternoon. A price was fixed 
 
 * This was probably the company's mark or seal. I believe that the 
 leather used by the cordwainers (Cordovan leather) was made of goats' skins. 
 
30 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 upon tallow, and no butcher was allowed to sell it to a ^'stranger," 
 nor was any citizen permitted to convey it forth of the city, on 
 pain of severe penalties. Any barker [currier] might buy hides 
 of a butcher on any day in the week, but to strangers they were 
 not to be sold or bought at the doors or in the streets, but only 
 at the market place at " Allhallow Well," on the market days, 
 and that, too, within certain limited hours. Butchers not to 
 slaughter their cattle and pigs in the streets. It is a curious 
 fact, that butchers and shoemakers who had served the office 
 of bailiff (or mayor) were not permitted ever after to carry on 
 their trades again in their own name in this city. The restric- 
 tion does not appear to have been applied to any other trade. 
 
 BARBERS AND TALLOW CHANDLERS. 
 Green says that the first-named formed a fellowship very early, 
 and were incorporated with the last in 1677. I think, however, 
 that the word is an error, and that it should have been "barkers" 
 [curriers.] No chandler was allowed to sell more than 12 lbs. 
 of candles in one week to any "forriner ;" and a special injunc- 
 tion was made against melting tallow near any fore street." 
 
 GLOVERS, PURSERS, POUCH MAKERS, AND 
 POYNTERS, 
 
 were incorporated 1497, and united with the 
 
 TANNERS, SADDLERS, AND PEWTERERS, 
 in 1664. This is on the authority of Green ; but the chamber 
 books declare that the tanners, pewterers, and plumbers, were 
 incorporated with the glovers and whittawers in 1643, on paying 
 £5 to the corporation. By the old documents belonging to this 
 company, still in the possession of Mr. Burlingham of this city, 
 I find that in 1561 the company was denominated "glovers, 
 poche-makers, and pursers;" in 1661 its ranks included the 
 somewhat heterogeneous mixture of " glovers, whittawers, 
 tanners, pouch-makers, pursers, sadlcrs, pewterers, braisiers, 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 31 
 
 and plummers;" and in 1696 and 1737, mention is made 
 only of " glovers, tanners, pewterers, and sadlers." The 
 documents above alluded to, which Mr. Burlingham has kindly 
 allowed me to inspect, consist of — 1. Confirmation by the judges 
 of assize (dated 1561) of the by-laws and regulations allowed 
 for this company by the Worcester chamber. This deed is on 
 parchment, having a small metal-bound seal, the impression on 
 which is defaced, and is signed by Edward Saunders, chief 
 baron, and Thomas Carns, sergeant of assize. Chambers (one 
 of our local historians) has made some ludicrous errors with 
 regard to this deed, and among the rest he states (quoting the 
 language of the document), the learned judges have "set their 
 seals upon it in arnest;" when, upon a closer inspection, he 
 would have found that the words in question are " geven in o'' 
 circuyt." 2. A copy of laws made or allowed by the mayor 
 and corporation in the year 1661. The document is dated in 
 the 14th year of Charles II, or "1661." This of course was 
 blinking the period of the Commonwealth. Sir R. Hide and 
 Sir Wadham Windham, as judges of assize, ratified these laws. 
 3. A deed or agreement, dated 1696, and signed by thirty-six 
 members of the company, consenting to and enforcing certain 
 penalties upon all who omitted regular attendance at the quar- 
 terly meetings. These fines were afterwards a prolific source of 
 income. 4. A book, commencing about 1570 and ending 1662, 
 containing names of members admitted, apprentices enrolled, 
 the balances of cash handed over to each new steward yearly, 
 and the business transacted at the meetings, which were held 
 generally at the Mercers' Hall, but occasionally at some " mug 
 house." There is nothing noticeable in this book, except the 
 fact therein proved, that for more than two centuries ago the 
 glovers of this city had occasion to cry out, with the man in 
 the fable — " There 's nothing like leather." The following 
 order was made by the company in the year 1642 : 
 
32 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 " Att this assemblie it is ordered by the stewarde, the associate, 
 and the rest of the company then present, that noe masters of the 
 company of glovers within this citty, nor any of their journeymen, 
 servants, or apprentices, nor any other person or persons by their 
 meanes, consents, or procurement, shall att any tyme or tymes after 
 the makinge of this order, shall not cutt nor make, nor cause to be 
 cutte or made, any gloves or half gloves, or cutt fingred gloves, of 
 lynnen, cloth, ov f ustian (!), uppon payne of forfeitinge for every such 
 defaulte the some of sixe shillinges and eight-pence, to be payde to 
 the stewardes for the tyme beinge, for the use of the said felloeshippe. 
 And if any jorneymen doe make any breache of this order, being 
 lawfully warned by their master not so to doe, that then noe such 
 journeymen makinge defaulte shall from henceforth be ymployed in 
 any worke by any master of this company." 
 
 Among the ancient rules of this guild was one prohibiting the 
 use of sheepskins for saddles, shoes, &c., as is presumed, on 
 account of their scarcity. 
 
 The glove trade at the commencement of the present century 
 was in a flourishing condition, but has recently much fallen off. 
 In the year 1825, 30,000 persons were employed in the leather 
 glove trade in this and parts of the adjacent counties. The 
 introduction of French gloves, and the general use of silk, 
 thread, and worsted, have, however, much reduced the trade ; 
 and it is estimated that at present the number employed 
 (including the country sewers) is less than 8,000, and the 
 master manufacturers of Worcester have decreased from 140 
 to less than 40. 
 
 CURRIERS 
 
 were ordered to keep within doors, and not carry on their craft 
 in the streets ( !) and peculiar pains were taken to prevent the 
 nuisances experienced in the various processes of preparing 
 skins for manufacture. With regard to 
 
 BRAZIERS AND PEWTERERS, 
 they (strangers), having hawked their ware within the city, " to 
 the grete disceyte of the kyng's liege people, both in ther ware 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 33 
 
 and wyght of the same," were prohibited from selUng except 
 on Saturdays and fair times in the Yeldhall, paying 2d. for their 
 standing on the former occasion, and 4d. on the latter, as also 
 did the glovers and yremongers, the drapers and " lynnyngmen." 
 
 BAKERS 
 
 were incorporated in 1 528. The most strict surveillance was 
 kept up over the crafts of baking and brewing, as to the limita- 
 tions of time and place for the purchase of grain and flour. In 
 1622 an order was made that " all barley and malt should be 
 sold in the market, and not at the key-head ; and all persons 
 buying barley to carry to Bewdley by water, in great quantities, 
 be restrained in that behalfe." The stewards of the bakers' 
 craft received from the corporation every Saturday the assize 
 and weight of the bread for the following week, regulated accord- 
 ing to the price of corn. The mayor and aldermen attended, at 
 monthly or fortnightly intervals, at the Tolsey, in the Corn Mar- 
 ket, for the purpose of weighing bread, butter, and other articles ; 
 and the chamberlains' accounts are swollen with the charges for 
 ale, meat, and tobacco, consumed by his worship and his com- 
 peers in their inquisitorial capacity. No baker was allowed to 
 have more than one person for one house to buy corn at any one 
 market day. In the time of Elizabeth they were strictly con- 
 fined to the statute of Winchester, and sold their bread at a Id. 
 per loaf. No baker who had given up business was allowed to 
 take to it again on prospect of benefiting by the increased price 
 of corn. No person to make Wichbold cake. The cakes of any 
 " forriner" found in the city to be forfeited ; and no innholder 
 to take in foreigners' cakes or buns to sell. There was actually 
 an order made in 1641, constituting it an off'ence for the Wor- 
 cester bakers to make " spiced bread or short cakes" inasmuch 
 as it " enliaunced the price of butter." How oddly would this 
 sound in the ears of the present generation ! Similar regula- 
 tions were enforced agamst 
 
 D 
 
34 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 BREWERS. 
 
 In the time of Henry VII grievous complaint was made of the 
 said brewers, for having impoverished the husbandmen, and 
 enhanced the price of wood, by their great malt-making, and 
 they were then confined to the use of but one kiln each. In the 
 following reign an order was made that no person should buy 
 barley in open market for malt, unless he bought as much malt 
 and sold it. In the first year of Edward VI an order was made — 
 That from the fest of All Saints to fest of Purificac'on, neither 
 bakers nor brewers shall buy noo woode by the cobbull lodde," on 
 certain pains. The increased use of wood in the preparation of 
 various manufactures, and the consequent scarcity of that use- 
 ful article, was at this time a source of complaint throughout 
 the country. 
 
 The price of ale was fixed by the corporation — admirable con- 
 noiseurs in such matters. A document of the same date as the 
 last-mentioned is as follows : 
 
 *' It is enacted by the auctorite aforesed, that every brewer from 
 henceforth do make but one manner of alle, and that it be good and 
 wholesome, upon peine of dyflO-enchessynge, after the ratt of one penny 
 a gallon of the best, and three gallons for a penny of the other sorte; 
 and that no citizen nor other do feche no alle at St. John's nor els- 
 where above thees p'ces" on certain pains. 
 
 These prices were changed and fixed from time to time 
 (according to the price of malt) by the council chamber, or the 
 "grand enquest at the lawday," on which inquest not more 
 than two brewers were permitted. The corporation aletasters 
 in those days must have been men of large experience, for no 
 brewer was allowed to go on with the process of " tonnyng " 
 until he had put a sign at his door, whereby the taster might 
 know when and where to " drop in " to receive his drops and 
 fee. The quaint phraseology of the times described these 
 tasters as " sadde and discreete persons," ordained to see that 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 35 
 
 the ale be good and sweet. Of the sadness and discretion of 
 these functionaries I have, nevertheless, strong doubts. These 
 two attributes do not usually run together, for the sadness of 
 the morning is generally occasioned by the lack of discretion on 
 the previous night. The aletasters laid their informations, as to 
 any defaults, weekly ; and, singular enough, the corporation, not 
 being content with the critical acumen of their own officers, 
 became tasters themselves, and laid heavy penalties on any 
 brewer who sold his ale before ''the baill% aldermen, and 
 champs had tasted hit, seen hit, and disposid hit to sale after the 
 goodness of hit." In the time of Philip and Mary the aletaster 
 was disfranchised if he refused to serve the office. The follow- 
 ing was the aletasters' oath : 
 
 " You shall resort to every brewer's house within this city on their 
 tunning day, and there to taste their ale, whether it be good and 
 wholesome for man's body, and whether they make it from time to 
 time according to the prices fixed — So help you God." 
 
 ANCIENT INNS. 
 Among the ancient hostelries were the Bush, the Rein Deer, 
 the White Horse, the Talbot in Sidbury, the Lion, the Bull, 
 the Bear in Hylton Street, and the Saracen's Head (these are 
 mentioned from two to three centuries ago), the Trinity Inn, 
 the Talbot at the Cross, the Globe, the Woolpack, the White 
 Hart, the Cardinal's Hat, the White Lion in the Corn Market, 
 the Griffin, the Bell, the Antelopp, and the Swan in High Street. 
 The Stag Inn, at Worcester, is also mentioned at the time of 
 Charles II, by M. Jorevin, {Antiq. Rep, ii, 59), who says : 
 " According to the custom of the country, the landladies sup 
 with the strangers and passengers, and if they have daughters 
 they are also of the company, to entertain the guests at table 
 with pleasant conceits, where they drink as much as the men : 
 but what is to me the most disgusting in all this is, that when 
 one drinks the health of any person in company, the custom of 
 
 D2 
 
B6 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 the country does not permit you to drink more than half the 
 cup, which is filled up, and presented to him or her whose 
 health you have drunk." He also speaks of tobacco, which 
 it seems the women smoked as well as the men. All inns were 
 protected from the competition of strangers — that proscribed 
 race not being permitted to hoist a sign-board ; and, indeed, it 
 was not till a house had been formally accepted as an " auncient 
 inn" that a freeman was permitted to draw his ale for the 
 million. In the year 1650 occurs an item of " 12*^, p** for cutting 
 down the signs of unlicenced alehouses ; " also, " Paid Sampson 
 Bourne for three sealed potts, to measure the alehouse-keepers 
 potts, 9^ 6^ ; " and in the by-law book " it is desired that 
 Mr. Maior and Aldermen will take some care to see the abuse 
 of small measures, and the new and evil use of Cannes^ to be 
 reformed." Hops were first mentioned in the year 1674. 
 
 MERCERS, GROCERS, HABERDASHERS, AND 
 UPHOLSTERERS, 
 were incorporated 1545 ; and the 
 
 APOTHECARIES 
 were united with them in 1663. This union of companies pro- 
 bably took place, in some instances, in consequence of the 
 similarity of the trades and the identity of their interests, and 
 in others by reason of the members of any particular craft in 
 the city not being sufficient in number, of themselves, to 
 constitute a guild or company, 
 
 CARPENTERS AND JOINERS 
 were incorporated by Charles II, in 1661, and the 
 
 BRICKLAYERS 
 in 1 713. It appears that the masons were a fellowship separate 
 from the latter, and were not erected till 1 739. Here is the by- 
 law which regulated the 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 37 
 
 TILERS, CARPENTERS, AND MASONS: 
 
 *^Also, that no tylers, called hilliars of the citie, nor non other man 
 within the citie dwelling, compell, charge, ne make no tiler stranger 
 coming to the citie, to serve at his rule and assignment, but that he 
 may take by the day with the partys that he workith, accordynge to 
 the statute or bett chepe yf they two so can agree; and that the tylers 
 of the citie set no parliament among them, to make any of them to be 
 as a master, and all other tylers to be as his servants and at his com- 
 mandment, but that any tyler be free to come, to goo, and to worke 
 with eny man as ys before rehersed, in peyne of W and losyng of his 
 franchis of him that this rule disobeith, whereof half to the baillies, 
 and halfe to the comens, as often tymes as the case shall so require : 
 and that every tiler makyng tyle and bricke, and syllyng hit into the 
 city, sett his proper marke upon his tyle, and well anele hit, that he 
 so hit to kepe lenkyth and brode, in peyn of 20^ half to the baillies, 
 and half to the comons, as often tymes as eny tiler is so founde in 
 defawte ; and that no carpenter ne mason take more by the day than 
 the lawe wult, upon peyn of pynnishm^ according to the statute there- 
 fore late made and provided : that every carpint' not being a master 
 of the said crafte, may hereaf pache, clowt, or repare any olde house 
 within this citie or lib'te of the same, and make eny thing else, so it 
 be no new framed work, when he is called upon by eny cytesan, with- 
 out eny agreement made with the stewards of the said crafte for the 
 same." 
 
 In the year 1740 a complaint was made that the masons and 
 carpenters, employed in building houses in Worcester, had built 
 beyond the old standard, and encroached on the old foundations, 
 to which offence was attached the penalty of being disfranchised 
 from their freedom. 
 
 THE TAILORS AND DRAPERS 
 of Worcester were a fellowship in the time of Henry VII, and 
 incorporated by Edward VI, in 1551. At that time the company 
 consisted of "Tailors, Drapers, and Hosiers;" in 1634 they 
 were styled " Drapers, Tailors, Hosiers, Skinners, and Tawyers;" 
 in the following century, " Drapers, Tailors, and Furriers," 
 constituted the company ; and subsequently it took the higher 
 sounding name of " Merchant Tailors' Company." In the 
 
38 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 seventeenth century some of the master tailors were described 
 as bodice-makers. The annual meeting of the company was 
 held on the Monday after the feast of St. John, at the " nether 
 chamber or parlour over the south side of Trinity Hall,'' and 
 by the terms of their feoffment (1599) they also enjoyed "free 
 ingress and egress to the great kitchen, to dresse their meate 
 and to do their necessaries when they do keep any dynner or 
 feaste there, without interrupcon or denyall, paying 20^ yearly 
 to the company of weavers, walkers, and clothiers." Their 
 by-laws, deeds, minute books, flags, &c., are still in the possession 
 of Mr. Davis, tailor, &c., Foregate Street. The earliest by-laws 
 are dated 1551. After making the usual regulations against 
 the admission of tradesmen into the city who had not become 
 free and allowed by the said company, either by a seven years' 
 servitude or otherwise, all journeymen who could not produce 
 their indentures were ordered to be taken before the mayor for 
 summary punishment. No master was permitted to finish work 
 that another master had cut out, or forfeit 3s. 4d. ; and no jour- 
 neyman to take work to be done out of his master's house. No 
 master to engage a workman in the employ of another, without 
 formal discharge by the latter. It was also ordered — 
 
 " That hytt shal be lawful to the saide drapers and their appren- 
 tices to make women's hoses, as they heretofore have used, w^out 
 greeing w* the saide taylors." 
 
 Another regulation — worthy even of the enlightened age in 
 which we ourselves live — was made, to the effect, that if any 
 tailor should spoil a garment or purloin the cloth, the stewards 
 and assistants were to hold a kind of inquest over the mutilated 
 remains of the material, and award such satisfaction as they 
 might deem equivalent to the damage. One other extract from 
 these laws will suffice to show the nature of that bond of union 
 which cemented together the ancient trading fraternities : 
 
 "Item — if it fortune any of the said fellowship to be married 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 39 
 
 within the said city or suburbs of the same, upon request made to the 
 said wardens by the same person married, the wardens, by their 
 beadle, shall admonish every master of the said fellowship to come 
 at a time and place appointed, to accompany the same person or 
 persons to the church, and there to offer with them, upon paine 
 to forfeit, every of them, being absent without reasonable cause 
 to the said use, 12^." 
 
 The secret charm of this fellowship — like that of the corpora- 
 tion itself — consisted in an unlimited amount of eating and 
 drinking. The stewards' accounts give proof of a melancholy 
 extent of morning tippling. It is painfully ludicrous to meet 
 with whole columns of sums disbursed at various inns in the 
 city, or on " streaming day," and here and there a solitary item 
 of "Gave a pore taylor 4^." An action is recorded by the 
 company against one William Taylor, in which the gravamen of 
 the offence seemed to he, not the fact of his objecting to pay the 
 legal amount required for admission into the company, but his 
 non-payment of the usual fee of 50s. for a breakfast, to celebrate 
 that event ! Taylor, however, was not to be coerced, for he 
 threw down his 3s. 4d. in their hall, and dared them to do their 
 worst. The result is not recorded. 
 
 All actions (it appears from these records) were brought in 
 the name of the city chamberlains, who were secured from 
 loss by the company. The punishment of fine and distraint 
 was in the hands of the company itself. The minute book com- 
 mences with the year 1638. About the middle of that century 
 the sign of the cross was abandoned by those who could not 
 write, and a rude kind of initial or some symbolical mark 
 substituted. [Was this owing to the spread of Puritanism ?] 
 At the same period the clothiers filed a bill in Chancery, with 
 the view of ousting the tailors' company from their room in the 
 Trinity-hall, but did not succeed. The tailors sometimes let 
 their room for twelve months, taking care to have the rent pre- 
 paid. An entry occurs in the year 1667, of one Edward 
 
40 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEiN TIMES. 
 
 Thornton, " declaring in the public hall, that the two stewards 
 for the time being had breake op his box and stoule of seid 
 box, twenty pounds of his seid Thornton's money." In the 
 year 1810 the company followed the example of one of our 
 ancient corporations by investing their money in a state lottery, 
 and the same year was marked by a strike for wages. The 
 masters declared they would not be dictated to, as the prices 
 were high enough, and they must protect the public against any 
 increase of them ! They, therefore, agreed not to employ any 
 journeyman who should " stick out ; " and the author of a hand- 
 bill (printed by Mr. HoU), who signs himself " An Impartial 
 Observer," protests stoutly against this " daring combination," 
 alleging that the men could earn 20s. per week, besides the 
 enjoyment of a " Saint Monday," but that they were now greedy 
 enough to require the same wages, together with the opportu- 
 nity of worshipping two saints in the week. The company held 
 its last dinner at the Bull's Head, April 20, 1837. The ancient 
 flag belonging to the company still exists, although old age has 
 reduced it to a loop'd and window'd raggedness." It contains 
 at the two extremities the national and city arms ; and the 
 centre is occupied with those of the company, supported by two 
 dromedaries, and the crest, a lamb (indicative of the fleece). 
 The motto is Concordia parvce res crescunt, 
 
 THE IRONMONGERS 
 
 were incorporated in 1598. One of the minute books belonging 
 to the " Company of Smiths, Ironmongers, and Cutlers," is still 
 in the possession of John Hall, Esq., to whom I am indebted 
 for the opportunity of inspecting it. The book, which appears 
 to have been previously a kind of scrap book, belonging to 
 some private gentleman, who copied therein excerpta from 
 classical and other authors, commences with the year 1753, 
 and contains a copy of the ordinances by which the fellowship 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 41 
 
 was bound. The election of warden, or steward, to manage the 
 affairs of the company, was appointed for the 24th of June ; also 
 an under-stew^ard, to act with or officiate for the head steward, 
 and two associates to assist the stewards. The meetings were 
 quarterly ; absentees fined 6d. The junior member to be the 
 beadle, to summon the members, &c., and for his services he 
 received perquisites, and was authorized to carry the flag in 
 public processions, being at the same time allowed a knot of 
 coloured ribbons to garnish his person. Young men who had 
 served a regular apprenticeship were admitted on paying 40s. 
 Indentures were to be enrolled in the company's books. A box 
 with three locks and keys was kept, and when the cash amounted 
 to £b it was put out to interest. No master was allowed to 
 employ the servant or journeyman of another master, unless the 
 man had previously left his employ ; and, what was an excellent 
 feature in the institution, no man in the trade was allowed to 
 bring an action against another of the craft till the cause of action 
 had first been heard by the stewards, who should do their utmost 
 to reconcile the parties. The meetings were held at inns, to 
 which their patronage appeared to have been very fairly and 
 equally extended, scarcely three meetings having been held con- 
 secutively in one place, and nearly forty inns (many of which are 
 still in existence) being mentioned in this book. The minutes 
 consist chiefly of enrolments of indentures, orders for the reco- 
 very of forfeitures, and the prosecution of non-freemen for ply- 
 ing their trade in the city. The specimens of orthography here 
 to be seen are not of a first-rate order, one of the members 
 almost invariably spelling his Christian name without the final 
 letter, and another setting down the learned associates as " Ass- 
 Schoiates." In 1 755 an order was made for a dinner on the 
 29th of May, and to repair the armour and purchase two pistols. 
 This of course had reference to the procession on that day, in 
 which the man in armour bore a conspicuous part. In 1776, 
 
42 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Messrs. W. Hall and A. Edmonds, the stewards, were instructed 
 to prosecute a pedlar, one Vasey, to recover £4, forfeited under 
 the by-laws, the pedlar having removed the case out of local 
 jurisdiction to the Court of King's Bench. An ordinance or 
 by-law was made by the corporation in 1785, enjoining, that as 
 many who were not freemen were found vending goods and fol- 
 lowing trades in the city, a penalty of £20 should be recoverable 
 in every one instance, the parties to be prosecuted in the names 
 of the chamberlains; one-third of the penalty to go to the informer 
 and two-thirds to the poor ; but that any person, whether free- 
 man or otherwise, might be allowed to sell food. In 1792 
 the blacksmiths agreed to give their best workmen 13s. 6d. per 
 week, and the whitesmiths 12s. 6d., and no more. Towards the 
 close of the century intervals of two or three years occur in which 
 there are no entries. In 1810 the cutlers are no longer men- 
 tioned in the fellowship. After a long interval of silence the 
 following minute is made on the 30th of April, 1821: — "It 
 being the intention of the worshipful mayor and corporation to 
 revive the old custom of celebrating the 29th of May, by the 
 different trades accompanying his worship* to attend divine ser- 
 vice at the cathedral, we, the company of smiths and ironmongers, 
 approving their loyal intention, do agree to attend his worship 
 in a body, with our man clothed in armour, and other emblem- 
 atical devices of our trade." At the same time the company 
 expressed its determination to maintain with greater energy 
 the privileges of its charter (which the mayor was requested 
 to search for). Messrs. Walter Benton and T. B. Jones were 
 then stewards, and Mr. John Hall secretary. The sword was 
 produced " in good condition" by Mr. Matthews, and the 
 armour being repaired, it was ordered that Edward Breeze 
 should be allowed 5s. to enact the military knight. The com- 
 pany also went in procession to the cathedral on the coronation 
 * F. Hooper, Esq., who revived the trades' pageant on the 29th of May. 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 43 
 
 of George IV. About this time might be seen the traces of 
 that pubUc feeUng which a few years after had expanded to a 
 strength sufficient to carry the Municipal Act. In several 
 instances, when the minutes involved a recognition of the spirit 
 of monopoly, the names of Edmonds, Mathews, Weaver, Hardy, 
 and others, were found (as dissentients) under the head " Would 
 not sign." There is no entry subsequent to the year 1822. 
 
 THE COOPERS 
 were incorporated in 1726. 
 
 BARBERS, BOWSTRING MAKERS, WAX AND 
 TALLOW CHANDLERS, 
 were also a company, for about the year 1738 I find that their 
 laws were submitted to the consideration of the corporation by- 
 law makers. The company of wax chandlers was in a flourish- 
 ing state in the days of the Romish church, when candles were 
 so frequently used at their festivals and vigils. 
 
 PARISH CLERKS 
 were a fraternity by prescription, as were also the 
 
 FISHERMEN. 
 At the present time (1849) the Worcester fishermen are need- 
 lessly complaining of the wholesome regulations made with 
 regard to the fence months, which they ought to be aware are 
 calculated to increase largely the supply of that delicious fish, 
 the Severn salmon, and thereby to improve and extend their 
 own occupation. They should also be made acquainted with 
 the restrictions which existed in the time of Henry VII. It 
 was ordained " that no fisher citesen by no fysh of no foreyn*" 
 comyng to vitell the citie till that the commons be served, and 
 that strange vitellers sell hit themself and none other fysher for 
 them," on pain of 20s. No forestalling or regrating was allowed, 
 and innkeepers and cooks were likewise charged "to bye no 
 manner see fyshe ne fresh wat^ fyshe in som' byfor 7 of the 
 
44 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 bell, and in wynt^ byfor 8, nor to forstall no geese ne pyggs." 
 Every " fresh fysher" paid 1 d. a day for " selling his vittell at the 
 king's bords also Jd. to the sword bearer for every salmon 
 sold ; and if any fish was brought to the city to be sold, the 
 aldermen took with them two fishmongers, who were duly 
 sworn " to see that all such vitells be able and seete for man's 
 body," with the alternative of heavy penalties, and the " corupt 
 and defectyve vittell" was given to prisoners and poor men! 
 Fish were not to be sold at inns or hawked about, but at the 
 king's boards only. These were probably standings erected in 
 Fish Street, as, in the 36th year of Henry VIII, an order was 
 made " for the keepyng of fishe shopps only in St. Alban's 
 parish." Not only was a rigid scrutiny kept upon all fish 
 brought to the city, but none was allowed to be sent away until 
 the city had been duly supplied. No member of the corpora- 
 tion was allowed to retail any fish if he were not " contributory 
 wyth the fishmongers' crafte," excepting " rede heryng, spratt, 
 and schell fysche." But any inhabitant not being of the council 
 house " may in lentin tyme syll white heryngs, barrellide and 
 not waterid, rede heryngs," &c. 
 
 TRADING EXCLUSIVENESS. 1 
 
 It will ere this have been remarked, that the principal energies 
 of each corporate body, as watchers over the trading interests of 
 the city, seem to have been directed against the inroads of 
 traders from other places. I have many illustrations in store. 
 In the time of Edward a duty was levied on " packsmen," to be 
 gathered by the innkeepers at whose houses they put up. In 
 1 659, pedlars and chapmen were allowed to open their standings 
 in the city only on fair days ; and a few years afterwards there 
 was a great outcry against Scotchmen for selling cloth at 
 Worcester fairs, and taking the opportunity of committing 
 "pettite larceny;" the constables were therefore empowered 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 45 
 
 to take the names and addresses of all such Scotchmen ! a 
 measure that would be scarcely comprehensive enough for the 
 thieves and vagrants of the nineteenth century. An instance 
 of the extraordinarily arbitrary selfishness of the ancient code 
 of municipal law occurs in a chamber order of about the year 
 1 640, when the porter of Severn bridge was ordered to arrest 
 every trow or barge laden with wood or coal, and the owners 
 " to sell the same to the freemen, according to the ancient law 
 of the city, and not to forriners, without special licence." Self- 
 ishness and a shortsighted policy are conspicuous throughout 
 both the trading and social regulations of past ages. In 
 tracing these records it is a source of grief to see the large 
 amounts expended at various times during the last two centu- 
 ries on the opposition to the improved navigation of the Severn 
 and Avon, as being injurious to trade ! The severe restrictions 
 on all classes of tradesmen were not less reprehensible. For 
 the slightest default or irregularity their purprestures* were 
 pulled down, and they themselves disfranchised ; nothing was 
 to be sold or purchased but through the particular channel 
 cut out by the corporation; and even that every-day, every- 
 hour necessary of life — water, was only to be had of the water 
 bailiff at a place then called " Bitter's Slip while the poor 
 "forriner," alack! he was not permitted even to become the 
 purchaser of one of the city miskins ! I may conclude this part 
 of my subject in the words of the Municipal Commissioners : — 
 " The fines to which non-freemen are liable for trading in the 
 town, and the price set upon the purchase of the privilege to 
 trade, are considered to operate injuriously, not only on persons 
 commencing business with small capitals, but also on the ownei^s 
 
 * A purpresture is any encroachment upon royal or public property by 
 individuals. The instances above alluded to were booths or stalls for the 
 exhibition of goods for sale, which booths, though they must have incom- 
 moded traffic in the narrow streets of those days, were nevertheless tolerated 
 by the corporation on the usual condition — cash in hand. 
 
46 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 of houses, for which it is supposed there would be a greater 
 demand, if the privilege of trading were exempted from this 
 charge." 
 
 ARMS AND MOTTOES OF TRADES. 
 
 In the Dineley MSS. (now in the possession of Sir Thomas 
 Winnington, Bart.) it is stated that in the old Town-hall of 
 Hereford city are chambers for the several corporations or 
 guilds, with their arms and proper verses of scripture and 
 devices over their doors. 
 
 The Skinners have the representation or painting of Adam 
 and Eve, and these words — " Unto Adam and his wife did the 
 Lord God make coats of skins, and clothed them" — Gen, iii, 21. 
 
 The Tanners this — " Send therefore to Joppa, and call hither 
 Simon whose surname is Peter ; he is lodged in the house of 
 one Simon, a tanner" — Acts x, 32. 
 
 Butchers. The motto — " Omnia subjecisti sub pedibus oves 
 et boves" — Psalm viii, 6, 7. [" Thou hast put all things under 
 his feet, all sheep and oxen."] 
 
 Glovers — " They wandered about in sheepskins and goat- 
 skins, being destitute" — Hebrews xi, 37. 
 
 Bakers — Give us day by day our daily bread" — Luke xi, 3. 
 
 Cloathiers or Cloath Workers, whose arms are — Sable, 
 a chevron ermyne in chief, two crabits argent, in base a brazel 
 Or, with supporters. The crest hath this motto — " My trust is 
 in God alone;" besides about their chamber these verses — I 
 suppose set up by one John Lewis, once master of the company 
 here, in old English character, such as it is : 
 
 " Cloathing doth other trades exceed as faer 
 As splendid Sol outshines the dullest star ; 
 By it the poor do gain their livelihood, 
 Who otherwise might starve for want of food. 
 
 Farmers by it make money, and do pay 
 Their landlords duly on the very day ; 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 47 
 
 The cloathiers they grow rich, shopkeepers thrive, 
 The winter's worsted, and man kept alive. 
 
 Advance but clothing, and we need not sayle 
 To Colchis against dragons to prevayl ; 
 Or yoke with bulls to gain the Golden Fleece, 
 As Jason did who strayed so far to Greece. 
 
 Promote the staple trade with skill and art, 
 The Fleece of God will satisfy your heart ; 
 Concenter that the weavers may go on, 
 John Lewis swears by Jove it shaU be done." 
 
 The Skinners were incorporated in the first year of Edward 
 III, and made a perfect fraternitie 18th Richard II. Their 
 motto is the same as that of the Goldsmiths — " To God only be 
 the glory." 
 
 THE FAIRS AND MARKETS 
 
 were, till within a few years past, held in the public streets of 
 the city. Early in Elizabeth's reign, the great fair was held 
 alternately, at the " Grass Cross" and at St. Helen's, after the 
 subject had been put to the vote in the chamber. From the 
 earliest records I find that the chamber were invested with, 
 and exercised the power of, fixing and changing the localities of 
 fairs and markets. These were frequently shifted, except the 
 Corn Market and the Mealcheapen, the former of which was 
 considered the most important of any, and here was a bell. In 
 1690, an item occurs of five shillings charged for a new stone 
 for the bellman. The holding of the cattle markets in the 
 streets was notoriously inconvenient ; and no greater proof of 
 the lazy suff*erance of the grumbling John Bull need be afforded 
 than the fact, that an annoyance was complained of for three or 
 four centuries at least before its removal took place. In the 
 time of Henry VII occurs the following by-law : 
 
 "And over that hit is ordeined that the salt market be from 
 hensfurth kept at the well of Allhallow as it was of old tyme usid, 
 and on that where it is used at the market of catell ys kept within 
 
48 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 the Erode Street of the seid city to the noyance of the king's people, 
 so that no man b'nneth may passe or repasse by the same street, 
 wherefore hit is ordeined, that from this yeld following all Walshe 
 catell comyng to the market to be sold be brought in Dolday, and all 
 English catell in Anger [Angel] Lane, and in the old gayle yf Anger 
 Lane will not suflSce, for safegard of children and other the king's 
 liege people." 
 
 In 1594 the Garden Market was removed to Broad Street and 
 AUhallow Well. In 1611 the Cabbage Market was in Baxter, 
 or Bakers', Street (now the Shambles). In 1640 the Horse 
 Fair was held in Foregate Street. In 1739 the sum of thirteen 
 shillings was paid to the Hereford and Gloucester printers for 
 advertising the Worcester Cheese Fair. It would seem that 
 every trade and occupation had its assigned locality for a 
 market. Sieves and ropes were exposed for sale in New Street, 
 " hearbs" near St. Swithin's church, dishes in Church Street ; 
 butter, cheese, and fruit, at the Cross ; the Ironmongers' Market 
 was removed in 1 579 from the Grass Cross to St. Helen's church, 
 and the parishioners were ordered to erect a market place for 
 them there ; and Habingdon mentions in his time the existence 
 of Huxter Street (now Little Fish Street), Goosethrottle Lane, 
 Cheese Cheaping, Bakers' Street, Glovers' Street, Shoemakers' 
 Street, Needlers' Street (now Pump Street), &c., as instances of 
 localities deriving their names from the occupations of their 
 inhabitants; to which may be added Salt Lane, Gardeners' Lane, 
 Tallow Hill, and Lich Street, or the street of death, through 
 which corpses were carried to the churchyard of the cathedral. 
 Cooken Street is described as " Cucking Street" in an old plan of 
 the city now in the possession of the corporation, and hence I 
 infer that it was the street down which the "cucking stool" was 
 carried to " duck" scolding women and others in the river. 
 
 THE COINING OF MONEY 
 at Worcester, as being connected with its trade and com- 
 merce, nmst be briefly alluded to under this head. Coming 
 
TRADING REGULATIONS. 
 
 49 
 
 being a prerogative of the Crown, the counterfeiting of the 
 king's coin in early times constituted the crime of high 
 treason, and the various laws on this subject were not repealed 
 till the time of William IV. Many towns, bishops, and abbots, 
 had the privilege of coining money. There were two or more 
 mints at Worcester, each coiner paying 20s. to the Crown for 
 the use of the dies, which he received from London. The 
 earliest Worcester coin is one of ^thelstan, about the year 935. 
 It is said there are no public coins of Worcester extant of 
 any date between the thirteenth century and the time of the 
 Civil Wars. The existence of several country mints led to 
 irregularity and fraud. The coiners at Birmingham were at 
 various times obnoxious to the city of Worcester, and frequent 
 charges were incurred for crying down Birmingham halfpence. 
 Tradesmens' brass farthings and tokens, which were originally 
 intended for the accommodation of trade at a time when the 
 currency was very limited, also occasioned much fraud and 
 evasion. During Charles's contests with his people a large 
 amount of money was coined by the king's friends in different 
 parts of England; and from 1648 to 1672 several towns and 
 private persons coined small pieces in brass and copper for the 
 greater convenience of change. In 1666 the Worcester chamber 
 ordered " that the chamberlains demand security of all persons 
 that shall set forth brass farthings or halfpence, for the re-taking 
 of such as shall be brought to them." And in the following 
 year the chamber made an order " that the sum of £50 be dis- 
 pensed on making farthings for the necessary exchange, and 
 that the chamberlain shall from time to time exchange them 
 for silver as often as they shall be thereunto required, and to 
 keep a stock in hand for that purpose, and that all other far- 
 things and halfpence be called in by proclamation." An order 
 to the same effect was subsequently made, but in stronger terms, 
 occasioned by the excessive number of halfpence put in circula- 
 
50 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 lation by divers persons in the city. Specimens of no less than 
 thirty-five of these tokens, coined by Worcester tradesmen, are 
 yet extant. In 1670 mention is made of a petition to his majesty 
 for pardon "for putting out farthings in this city." This 
 evidently has reference to the arbitrary and unconstitutional 
 trickery of King Charles in depriving cities and towns of their 
 ancient charters and privileges, which (as in the case of London) 
 were restored on petition. The following entries have reference 
 to the same subject : 
 
 1671. — " For exchange of the city farthings, £41. 14s." 
 
 " To Mr. Streete's man, for his paines in the business about the 
 farthings, and drawing a petition." 
 
 1673. — "To Greg, for carrying the farthings from the hall, 3'^." 
 
 " To Mr. J. Higgins, to buy farthings, £20." 
 
 1699. — " A petition to the House of Commons " to put a stop to y^ 
 further coyning of copper money under the comon scale of this citie.** 
 
 SNUFF. 
 
 I have no other circumstance to mention, in connection with 
 the trade of the city, except that in the last century the article 
 of snuff was manufactured by Mr. John Douglas, in Frog Lane, 
 also by Mr. Wall (father of the late banker), and by the late 
 Alderman Hall ; but the trade ceased here in 1819, and was 
 purchased by a gentleman of Bristol. Snuff- taking in England 
 is said to have originated in the capture of vast quantities of the 
 article in Sir G. Rooke's expedition to Spain, in 1702, when the 
 prize of the forces was sold in England, and gave rise to a habit 
 which now yields an enormous return to the revenue. 
 
 The carpet trade, which has long since left this city, and the 
 porcelain, vinegar, lace, and other manufactures still carried 
 on here, do not claim a notice in this book, as I have nothing 
 to state with regard to them beyond what has been already 
 published in the histories. 
 
Cnrpnrntiati fmb. 
 
 Drink, and be mad, then ; 't is your country bids! 
 Gloriously drunk, obey the important call ! 
 Her cause demands the assistance of your throats ; — 
 Ye all can swallow, and she asks no more"— rp^^ Task 
 
 ** Qu'il faut manger pour vivre, et non vivre pour manger" — Moliere. 
 
 ^^j^^HE love of feasting and excessive drinking seems to 
 ?Ji^l have descended to us Englishmen from that ancient 
 ^^^59^^ Teutonic family whose blood still flows in our veins. 
 Before the introduction of Christianity the Scandinavians (the 
 inhabitants of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark) used to hold 
 regular drinking bouts, at which he who drank the deepest, or 
 emptied the largest horn at a single draught, was regarded 
 as the hero of the festival. The first missionaries, unable to 
 abolish the custom, instead of the false deities and warlike 
 heroes to whom that people had previously drunk, substituted 
 the true God, Jesus Christ, and the saints ; to whose honour 
 they devoutly drank for many ages. Through the influence of 
 the clergy, these meetings were gradually changed into public 
 confraternities or guilds, under the patronage of some saint ; 
 and in the twelfth century these convivial guilds had become 
 powerful corporate bodies, and the guild-brethren were pledged 
 to aff'ord each other mutual aid and protection, especially in 
 judicial affairs. Mr. Blackwell, in his notes on M. Mallet's 
 Northern Antiquities^ observes, that it will not be necessary 
 
52 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 to inform the guild-brethren of the city of London that their 
 worshipful companies are the lineal descendants of the old 
 Scandinavian drinking bouts, for they seldom fail to show the 
 public that this is a fact which they are perfectly aware of. 
 One of the statutes of these guilds, found in a MS. of the 
 thirteenth century, will give us an idea of the sobriety of the 
 times. It is as follows : 
 
 " Si quis pro ebrietate ceciderit in ipsa dome conviyii, vel antequam 
 propriam curiam intraverit, oram [a small piece of money] persolvat." 
 
 Not less remarkable are the statutes of another confraternity 
 instituted in honour of St. Olave, King of Norway, among which 
 we find these : 
 
 " Quicunque potum suum effundit latius quam pede velare poterit, 
 VI denarios persolvat. Quicunque dormierit in banco convivii in 
 conspectu fratrum, oram persolvat. Quicunque ebrietatis causa in 
 domo convivii vomitum fecerit, Dimidiam Marcam persolvat." 
 
 To those who are acquainted with the history of the North- 
 men, and with the fact that a great portion of this island was 
 overrun and occupied by them repeatedly up to the close of the 
 eleventh century, it will not appear strange that many of our 
 habits and customs prevailing even at the present day may be 
 easily traced up to this source. Thus the modern English 
 clubs are evidently the offspring of the guilds of our northern 
 ancestors. A most interesting volume might be written on this 
 subject, but my intention at present having reference only to 
 municipal delectations, I shall confine myself thereto. 
 
 Both the high and low bailiff, as well as the sheriff, were 
 expected to give their feasts annually. The chief magistrate 
 probably defrayed the cost of his banquet from the annual 
 grant made to him by the corporation for " the keeping a more 
 splendid table in his mayoralty." These grants increased from 
 £40 in 1722 to £150 in late years. Yet it appeared by the 
 lleport of the Municipal Commissioners, that upon an average 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 53 
 
 revenue of ^2,000 a year, at the time of their visit, no less than 
 £265 was expended yearly on dinners and wine. Before the 
 period when those grants or salaries were introduced it is likely 
 that the high bailiff was repaid only the expenses of the feast, as 
 in the early part of the reign of Elizabeth we find an entry : 
 
 " to the high bailiflf for his dinner in excesse, and to recover 
 of hym." 
 
 In the latter end of the same reign an item appears : 
 
 " The low bailiff to be excused from making a banquet, and to pay 
 £3 to the high bailiff." 
 
 In the 5th of Ehzabeth the chamberlains were formally dis- 
 charged from the liability of furnishing a feast, and were to pay, 
 in lieu thereof, 40s. a piece, one half to go to the treasurer's fee, 
 and the other to the reparation of the city walls. 
 
 To show that the municipal feast was a peremptory necessity 
 — an institution in which the corporate body had a prescriptive 
 right, as dear and as sacred to them as Magna Charta or the 
 trial by jury — the following may be adduced : 
 
 1664. — " Ordered that the grand feast to be kept by E. Cooksey, 
 the maior, in respect of the present calamity of the plague upon this 
 nation shall be omitted for this yeere onUe." 
 
 1684. — "Item — that Sheriff Swift, having omitted to keep his usual 
 feast, shall make a feast for the whole chamber before he be elected 
 mayor." 
 
 1740. A complaint is made by the four sergeants that the 
 sheriff has not entertained them in the customary manner, and 
 the sum of £10 was divided between them as "compensation 
 and satisfaction." 
 
 Perhaps in no one feature were the habits of ancient corporate 
 bodies more dissimilar to those of the present day than in their 
 public gustative celebrations. The most insignificant matters 
 of business, as well as public and national events, were made an 
 excuse for potations " long and deep." Equally indifferent as to 
 
54 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 whether it was at the proclamation of a new sovereign or the 
 decease of an old one — the news of peace or war — the Gun- 
 powder Plot or the Restoration — the inspection of corporate 
 lands or the supervision of the repairs of the town ditch — a 
 conference about a new act of parliament or the framing a 
 by-law on the size of quart pots — the governors of the city in 
 those days, however much they may have differed among each 
 other on political and social questions, agreed to drown in the 
 bowl all those minor considerations, and the chamberlains' 
 accounts for many years are to a great extent made up of such 
 items as the following : 
 
 " Spent at the venison eating at the Crowne . £00 17 4** 
 For ale sent for by Mr. Mayor when the governor 
 was at the hall conferrmg about the bull worke 
 (1643) . . 00 00 12- 
 
 "Spent by Mr. Maior and aldermen at Claines 
 (1685), when they went to procure teems for 
 hauhng pebbles to mend the Foregate . . 00 03 00 " 
 
 " For eating [the charge is for eating!] of a buck 
 at the Talbott at the Crosse, sent by Mr. B. 
 Berkeley, more than was collected . . 04 10 06 " 
 
 " For beare and tobacco spent that time . . 00 04 10" 
 
 The first mention of tobacco occurs in the year 1643 (about 
 fifty-seven years after its first introduction to this country by 
 Captain Greenfield and Sir F. Drake). It was evidently at that 
 time esteemed a most especial luxury. 
 
 " Item — for one ounce of bacca which Mr. Maior sent for to spend 
 upon Colonel Sandys, and for tobacco pipe, eighteen pence." 
 
 From having been at first but sparingly introduced, "the weed" 
 gradually became a potent favourite (the women smoking it as 
 well as the men), and regularly figures as one of the most 
 important elements of the chamberlains' accounts, while even 
 the parliamentary representatives of the city in those days were 
 not ashamed of "blowing their Broseleys" with their consti- 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 55 
 
 tuents, before going to or after returning from town. Here 
 are instances ; 
 
 1655. — "5s for a pottle of sack and an oz. of tobacco sent to Mr. 
 Collins at Christmas, before his going up to London." 
 
 " For wine, sugar, and tobacco, spent on Mr. Collins at the Globe, 
 on his return from London, 11^ 10^." 
 
 " For wine, sugar, and tobacko, spent when Mr. Maior and Master 
 Aldermen went to drinke with Captaine Collins before his going to 
 ParUament, 1^ 7' 4*^." 
 
 I would give a trifle to have seen the learned and discreet 
 burgesses taking their last instructions in political wisdom, 
 conveyed in dense clouds of smoke, from the lips of his worship 
 and his corporate brethren ; or, more amusing still, the explana- 
 tions of the worthy M.P.s on being " hauled over the coals " at 
 their return. No doubt the party often experienced the valuable 
 assistance derived to their profound consultations by the use of 
 the soothing weed. What nation or people, to whom tobacco was 
 known, has not felt and practised the same ? No Turk settles 
 a bargain till he has first smoked a chibouque, — no Dutchman 
 comes to market without it.* 
 
 The habits of the ancient Worcester corporation will here 
 again bear a comparison with those of the northern countries. 
 Tacitus tells us that it was in their carousals the Germans con- 
 sulted together on their most^important concerns, but that on 
 the morrow they reconsidered the resolutions of the preceding 
 night, supposing "that the proper time to take each other's 
 
 *An Universal Dictionarp (1743) says that "tobacco is sometimes taken 
 in long pellets and put up the nose, where it is found to produce very good 
 effects, to attract a deal of water, unload the head, resolve catarrhs, and 
 promote expectoration. Some have left this tobacco in their noses all 
 night, but this is found to occasion vomiting next morning." A bull of 
 Urban VIII excommunicated those who took tobacco in churches ! In the 
 time of James I it was prohibited to be taken in alehouses as being too 
 great an incentive to drunkenness. How sadly has " the weed " been 
 libelled ! Let me rather deem it- — 
 
 The old man's solace and the student's aid — 
 The dear concomitant of nappy ale — 
 The sweet prolonger of a harmless tale." 
 
56 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 opinions was when the soul was too open for disguise ; and to 
 determine, when it was too cautious to err." The following items 
 show what was the practice in Worcester in this respect : 
 
 1661. — "For wine, sugar, and tobacco, spent at the general 
 meeting when Mr. Maior and Aldermen met about the petition to the 
 king, and setthng the miUtia, and other things, 1^ 5^ 0^.'' 
 
 1691. — "Expended when Mr. Maior and Aldermen discoursed 
 Mr. Savage about Mr. Salwey's debt, 3^." 
 
 1725. — "Ale, pipes, and tobacco, when Mr. Maior, Town Clerk, and 
 several of the Chamber, met about procuring the Turnpike Act, 14^ 10'^." 
 
 But we must not yet lose sight of the history and growing 
 importance of tobacco as a convivial agent : 
 
 1659. — " Paid Mr. Maior Ashbie for a pound of Spanish tobacco, 
 6s 8 d." 
 
 The price of the article seems to have been much reduced in 
 1685, when, on the occasion of the coming down of the new 
 charter (James II), there were purchased, 
 
 " Six pounds of best Virginia tobacco, 12s . 2 gross of best glazed 
 pipes and a box with them, 3^ 4*^ ; also more for tobacco at that 
 time, Is." 
 
 In the entertainments given to Sir John Pakington, the Earl of 
 Plymouth, the Duke of Shrewsbury, also his Majesty's Com- 
 missioners of Taxes, and many other distinguished guests of the 
 corporation, wine, sugar, ale, pipes, and tobacco, were exten- 
 sively used ; but it is gratifying to witness, amidst this whole- 
 sale consumption, that some regard was had to economy, and 
 the salvation of the city funds, by making the dirty pipes 
 perform double duty, as frequent entries occur of a charge of 
 6d. per gross for burning the pipes ! 
 
 The " buck eatings " mentioned above were solemn feasts or 
 saturnalia devoted to venison alone, and were altogether indepen- 
 dent of the bailiffs' feasts. The neighbouring nobility and gentry 
 would occasionally forward a buck, as a present to the corporation. 
 The baihff or mayor, having given due instructions for the baking 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 57 
 
 of the same, invited every one of his brethren to partake on a 
 day named. The expense of baking and trimmings," including 
 wine, &c., was subscribed for by all present as far as their 
 money lasted, but it would seem that almost on every occasion 
 they "outran the constable ;" the public funds being afterwards 
 charged with heavy sums for " more than was received of the 
 company present" at the feasts. Many of the corporation, 
 however, not liking the principle of voluntary contribution, 
 absented themselves altogether from these expensive dinners, 
 being of opinion that if in their corporate capacity they were 
 called upon to eat and drink for the public good, the- public 
 ought to pay for it entirely. To obviate this state of things, an 
 order was issued about the year 1641, setting forth that — 
 
 " Whereas by a chamber acte it was heretofore enacted that the 
 expenses of eating venison sh^ bee paid by every of the 24 and 48, 
 whether they were present or absent, by every of the 24, 2s, and 
 every of the 48, 12^, it is nowe ordered, that the said expenses shall 
 hereafter be disbursed by the severall and respective treasurers of 
 each company, if they have soe much in stocke, and if not, then 
 what is wantinge shall bee suppUed by the sev'U psons of the several! 
 companies according to the foresaid p'portions." 
 
 This seems to have had the desired effect, for there occur 
 no more complaints about absenteeism. In the year 1700, 
 a bonfire was lighted to commemorate the acquittal of the 
 famous Whig Lord Chancellor Somers from impeachment.* 
 His lordship returned the compliment by the gift of a fat buck 
 and wine to the Worcester corporation, to which they added 
 186 lbs. of beef, neats' tongues, rabbits, " salletting," ducks and 
 chickens, 21 lbs. of butter at 5d. per lb., "cabbage and cabbage 
 
 * This great man was bom at Worcester in 1650, and, tradition says, at 
 a house (now pulled down) adjoining the east side of the cathedral, near to 
 the spot where once stood the old church of St. Michael. The somewhat 
 whimsical charge of being the accomplice of a pirate was brought against 
 him, and it was likewise alleged that he had exercised partiality in giving 
 and withdrawing the commission of the peace. On both these charges his 
 innocence was completely proved. 
 
58 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 t 
 
 nett," bacon, lemons, fruit, and 3 lbs. best tobacco at 2s. per lb. ; 
 and the "waytes" were also paid 6s. for their services on the 
 occasion. This was probably one of the grandest buck-feasts 
 mentioned in these records. It should be added that the 
 corporation had their own cook, a regular salaried officer, and 
 whose situation, by the bye, could have been no sinecure. 
 
 To show the various and incongruous objects which his wor- 
 ship and brother municipals deemed worthy of commemoration 
 through the agency of feasting, may be instanced a charge of 
 Is. lOd. for "beare and tobacko" when "the gentlemen" viewed 
 the town ditch in 1661; £3. 13s. for a supper at the George 
 in 1659, with Is. paid to the cook and servant maids; 6s. 8d. 
 "spent when Mr. Maior watched with the constables at the 
 Town-halle upon the death of the Lord Protector ;" for ^^beare 
 and tobacko," for " the gentlemen which watched " with 
 Sheriff Vernon at that time, 12s. 8d. Captain Collins seems 
 also to have been a member of the " watch committee" on 
 that occasion, and as Cromwell's funereal ceremonies were 
 conducted with great state in the metropolis for two or three 
 weeks, the event was celebrated in Worcester, for three 
 nights, by a corresponding display of loyalty, so far as the 
 consumption of liquors and tobacco was concerned; but when 
 the new Lord Protector was proclaimed, the corporation also 
 did not hesitate to mark that accession — on the principle 
 that " a living dog is better than a dead Hon" — with the dis- 
 bursement of £4. Os. 6d. for wine, and 10s. to the " waights." 
 There is a charge of 5s. lOd., in 1668, "when the mayor and 
 aldermen went to put Foregate Street in repair;" proclaiming 
 the peace in 1674, 2s. 6d., with 3s. for tobacco and pipes ; when 
 the mayor, &c., dined at the Deanery, the butler 5s., the cook 
 5s., and the doorkeeper 2s. 6d. ; lOd. for ale and tobacco " when 
 tlie maior staid for the judges ;" ale drank at "discharging of 
 the great gun upon news of the peace (of Ryswick, 16.07), 2^;" 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 59 
 
 *^paid Mr. Lathropp for oysters, pickles, and wine, drunk 
 November 5 (Gunpowder Plot), and money given to the waites, 
 41 2d J " " for wine, tobacco, and edibles dranck and had by 
 the compy of the 48 on 5th Novb'', 1702, and for faggots, 
 71 13^ 2<i;" in 1725, "p^ at the coffee house for coffee drams 
 and wine when the mayor, &c., went to and returned from 
 college, Nov. 5;" in 1732, "p^ for ale at the Earl's Post 
 (corner of Copenhagen Street), 1» ; and p*^ John Brooks at a 
 meeting there 5^;" in 1708, " p<^ for ale drank by the aldermen 
 and others at the examination of the souldier that cursed the 
 Queene, 3^;" for ale and tobacco at the workhouse (!) in 1729, 
 for the city surveyor, 2s. lO^d. ; "paid for tripes and oysters 
 when the treasury was opened, 3^ 2"^ "cards and tobacco" 
 are charged Is. lid. in 1737 ; "spent at Haynes's, in 1741, 
 consulting about a new town clerk, 5^ ; " also eighty bottles of 
 punch on the news of Admiral Vernon taking Carthagena, £8, 
 which dose was repeated twice in the same year. Punch is first 
 mentioned in the year 1730, sherry in 1666 (owing, perhaps, to 
 the then recent treaty with Portugal). 
 
 In the time of the Civil Wars, pipes and halberds, tobacco and 
 gunpowder, are mixed together in rich confusion in the corpo- 
 ration accounts. Indeed, the exhibition of loyalty to the prince 
 was only surpassed by the prevailing devotion to the good 
 things of this life. Undoubtedly the corporate body believed 
 the one to be a necessary consequence of the other, agreeing 
 religiously in the sentiment of the old song — 
 
 " We must be good subjects 
 When our hearts are thus warmed." 
 
 King James II probably thought otherwise when he visited 
 this city in 1687. Green, and the other local historians inform 
 us, that the king having first attended at the cathedral, to cure, 
 with his royal touch, persons afflicted with the "evil," after- 
 wards proceeded, with great solemnity, to the Roman Catholic 
 
60 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Chapel in Foregate Street, preceded by the mayor and alder- 
 men, and that his majesty asked the mayor (Thomas She wring, 
 Esq.) to go in with him, to which he replied, I think we have 
 attended your majesty too far already," and then returned to 
 the cathedral. We are told this with all gravity; and Nash 
 observes, that " this worthy magistrate, who preferred his 
 religion and duty to his country to every other consideration, 
 should have his name recorded in letters of gold." But whether 
 Mr. Shewring's conduct was based upon a veneration of the 
 Protestant creed, or on any other cause, the following item in 
 the chamberlains' accounts will probably explain : 
 
 1687. — " Paid in expenses at Green Dragon, when Mr. Mayor 
 and aldermen waited for his majesty whilst he was at mass at the 
 chapel, 2''." 
 
 One don't know, therefore, which is most worthy of especial 
 wonder — the astounding stupidity of a prince who could thus 
 publicly insult his subjects, or the ridiculous inconsistency of a 
 subject who imagined he saw more harm in wooing "the scarlet 
 lady " at the oratory than in championizing Protestantism, on 
 a Sunday, in the smoky and unconsecrated purlieus of a beer- 
 shop ! 
 
 A curious instance of the infusion of the Puritanical spirit of 
 the day occurs in the year 1658. The retiring mayor and the 
 aldermen, impatient for the arrival of the coming feast to be 
 furnished forth by the mayor elect, were in the habit of 
 going to inspect the viands a day or two before, in order to 
 assist their imagination to gloat over the luxuries then to be 
 enjoyed, and to prepare their choice of the dishes; when out 
 comes this edict : 
 
 " Ordered, that Mr. Maior and aldermen doe hereafter forbeaure to 
 goe to veiw Mr. Maior elect's presents and meats, either on Saturday 
 or the Lord's day before the sweareing." 
 
 At the same time attempts were made to render these feasts 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 61 
 
 a little more select, for an order was issued " that there be no 
 general invitation to innkeepers and alehouse keepers to the 
 mayor's feasts." 
 
 THE AUDITS 
 
 seem to have afforded periodical opportunities of feasting which 
 likewise were promptly seized, this being a standing item 
 of expense in the books. The corporation brewed their audit 
 ale themselves, and purchased malt, hops, &c., for that purpose. 
 In the year 1714 the entire expense of one hogshead of ale 
 amounted to £2. 19s. 6d., and 6s. for the cask. Under this head 
 is the following entry : 
 
 1687. — " At the audit, 1 pound tobacco, 2^ 6^ ; an apple roaster, 
 3s 6<i ; and a pair of snuffers,* 9^." 
 
 CATHERNING. 
 Frequent charges are made for apples and mending the apple 
 roaster for the audit. It is not improbable that this was in some 
 way connected with the ancient Worcestershire custom of 
 " Catherning." St. Catherine being the patroness of spinsters, 
 young people made merry on her day (November 25) with 
 apples and beer. It was the custom of the dean and chapter 
 of Worcester, yearly, on St. Catherine's day, being the last day 
 of their annual audit, to distribute among the inhabitants of the 
 college precincts a rich compound of wine, spices, &c., which 
 was specially prepared for the occasion, and called the Cattern, 
 or Catherine, bowl. At the Worcester Congress of the Archaeo- 
 logical Association (in August, 1848), the Very Rev. the Dean, 
 in reply to a question from Lord Conyngham, said that this 
 
 * A facetious friend informs me that these useful instruments were 
 invented long before the dark ages. Emunctorium was the name for 
 snuffers among the Romans, and in our own country they were used for 
 snuffing the candles in the churches, though perhaps not generally used by 
 society till a comparatively late period. The Anglo-Saxons called them 
 "candel snytels." 
 
62 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 custom was kept up to the present day. The practice at many 
 places on Christmas Eve was to roast apples on a string till 
 they dropped into a large bowl of spiced ale, which was then 
 called " lamb's wool." 
 
 BONFIRES. 
 
 In the seventeenth and a part of the following century, 
 "bonefires" were much approved of as a means of public 
 hilarity. They were resorted to on all occasions of national 
 and local festivity, but chiefly on the anniversaries of the 
 Restoration and the Gunpowder Plot. Coal and faggots were 
 regularly charged upon the city funds for that purpose, and a 
 plentiful supply of ale was handed round to the rejoicing mob, 
 while, for the greater facility of procuring it, the bonfires were 
 frequently held in the streets, in the front of some one of the 
 principal hostels, though usually the demonstration took place 
 before the Guildhall. This favourite means of festivity would 
 probably not have declined so soon but for the numerous^and 
 destructive fires which happened in this city before thatch and 
 timber had given way to less combustible materials. In the 
 year 1789 an item of 2s. 6d. appears charged for the bellman 
 crying an order to make no bonfires or fireworks on the 5th of 
 November, although for many years previously both appeared 
 to have been in high favour with the municipal authorities, and 
 to have formed regular items of expenditure. From the date 
 of that order the bonfires were banished to the suburbs, and 
 the custom yet fingers in our rural districts. 
 
 Coincident with this mode of public rejoicing, it^was the 
 custom to give ale to the prisoners, to put wine into the conduit 
 (then at the Cross), to call in the services of the " waytes," and 
 to dress up the "picture" (L e., statue) of the king at the Cross. 
 This was probably the statue of Charles I, which then stood in 
 a niche in front of the city reservoir at the Cross, and was 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 63 
 
 afterwards removed and placed in front of the present Guildhall. 
 The statue then at Sidbury gate, Habingdon thinks, was that 
 of King John; but in the chamberlains' books in the year 1628 
 a charge is made " for repairing Sidbury gate and wall, and for 
 gilding the picture of King Edgar." Both the gate and statue 
 were removed about the year 1768. 
 
 PERAMBULATIONS 
 were likewise a fertile source of popular "jollification," in which 
 hard drinking and practical joking formed the principal ingre- 
 dients. By a document, dated 1497, I find that constables were 
 sworn in and instructed how to lead the perambulatory proces- 
 sion, thus — 
 
 " Where at the furst begynyng Master Baillies and Ilich<^ Litelton, 
 recorder, byfore dyverse and many persons opynly in the yeldhall 
 deposid and swore upon a booke, Will™ Turner, Will Garewey, John 
 Roberts, John Grove, Rio. Careless, Thomas Glover, and Thomas Gold, 
 referes, that they shuld be the leaders of the perambulacon, and for 
 no fav'', love, nor affection that they owe to the citie, nor for hate ne 
 malice that they shuld owe unto the p^'ory or eny other partye, they 
 shuld not otherwise goe then they have goon and knowen to be goon 
 in tymes passed : and ov'^ that hit whas ordered that every person 
 goyng in this perambulacon shuld walk as peaseable men, having no 
 armur ne wepyn defencible, but oonly small walkyn staffs and o'*." 
 
 The exact direction and limits of the city boundary were then 
 pointed out. A boat or barge was hired to carry the party 
 over the Severn, and a man with a plank to help them over the 
 ditches; while the best mode was taken of perpetuating a 
 popular recollection of the line of territory by partaking 
 liberally of wine, ale, beef, and tobacco, at various stages of 
 the route, and distributing ale and money to poor women and 
 others at St. Mary's Steps, in Edgar Street. 
 
 PROCESSION TO ST. JOHN'S. 
 One of the grand events of the year was the annual procession 
 of the bailiff (or mayor) to St. John's, which is a village divided 
 
64 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 from the western side of the city by the river Severn. In this 
 ancient pendicle (which, in spite of the Municipal Reform Act, 
 retains even to the present day the esprit de corps derived from 
 old recollection of its privileges and importance, and revives a 
 shadowy grandeur by the yearly election of officers whose pro- 
 ceedings afford at least profit to the tapsters and fun to the 
 local journals) an annual fair was held upon the Friday pre- 
 ceding Palm Sunday, and upon that day did the civic dignitaries 
 of Worcester, attended by their customary officers, walk in 
 procession through the village, over which, however, notwith- 
 standing this parade, they possessed no authority, it being 
 situated without the limits of their jurisdiction. The custom 
 was of a remote origin, and is said to have originated in an 
 agreement with the prior and convent and the baihffs and 
 aldermen, that if the latter would not obstruct them in laying 
 and keeping down the pipes by which they brought Henwick 
 water to the cathedral, the corporation might bear their mace 
 within the bounds of the sanctuary and also of St. John's, which 
 belonged to the convent. The pipes were every where torn up 
 during the Civil Wars. The constable having " cried the fair," 
 the party would adjourn to the Swan or Bell (both noted houses 
 two centuries ago) and there run up a pretty score for the city 
 funds. Not content with this, his Worship and Co. would some- 
 times cause their august bodies to be conveyed thither (a 
 distance of only a few hundred yards) in a vehicle, for in 1732 
 occurs an item of 9d. " p*^ turnpike for coach to St. John's ffair." 
 From the before going premises, however, it is probable the 
 coach was employed in coming from the fair, the civic party 
 being then unquestionably in a more unfit state to "do the 
 locomotive" on their own account. The potations were repeated 
 also on arriving in the city, for in 1658 is a charge made for 
 " wine spent at St. John's faire, and after the return of Mr. 
 Maior, aldermen, and constables therefrom." It was at length 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 65 
 
 deemed advisable to compound with his worship for a fixed 
 annual sum for this purpose, and accordingly £5 was granted to 
 him yearly, besides certain charges for the constables. 
 
 VISITATIONS. 
 
 The periodical journeys of the corporation to inspect their 
 distant property were events likewise considered as calling 
 for a marked and decided celebration in accordance with the 
 most approved custom of the day. There were lands at 
 Longdon, a school at Kempsey, and a school, hospital, &c., 
 at Gloucester, which required this municipal visitation. The 
 school at Gloucester was probably charity property, of which 
 the corporations of those days being trustees, generally acted 
 on the good and fundamental maxim, that charity begins at 
 home," bestowing a good per centage of the funds on their own 
 "inside lining," and the bulk of the patronage on themselves 
 and favourites. The Worcester corporation were probably 
 the appointed visitors of the school at Gloucester, of which 
 the corporation of the latter city would be the trustees, who, 
 perhaps, in their turn acted as visitors for similar institu- 
 tions in our own county. This reciprocal kind of inspection — 
 according to the* old Scotch adage, " claw me, claw thee" — was 
 ludicrously inconsistent with modern notions of the fitness of 
 things. Some of the chamberlains' items of expense incurred 
 in visiting the school at Gloucester are startling, and will serve 
 to throw some light on the manners and habits of the period. 
 In the year 1699 were made the most extensive " disbursements 
 in visiting the school and hospital at Gloucester, and viewing 
 the causey there." A barge was hired from Upton, and a 
 plentiful supply of good things was stowed away on board : a 
 prime " rib of ox beefe" was roasted for the occasion, which, 
 with other garniture, including " bread, cucum'", ale, wine, 
 candles, tobacco, pipes, Slc, taken on the barge to eat and use 
 
 F 
 
66 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 going down/' amounted to £3. Is. 5d. The party took their 
 own plates,* and a tablecloth was hired, which was afterwards 
 charged for as having been spoiled, but by what means the 
 otherwise minute and painstaking historiographer is silent. 
 Then follow these items : 
 
 s. d. 
 
 " Fetching the flags from Bewdley and putting them up 1 10 " 
 " Paid the ringers at Tewkesbury going down . .50" 
 
 " Ale on board sent for 0 8" 
 
 Do given to watermen 3 6" 
 
 The watermen were kept on board wages while at Gloucester. 
 Gifts were presented to the school boys and hospitallers, also to 
 the prisoners and poor of Gloucester ; the ringers and waits 
 were handsomely fee'd, and the two corporations hob-a-nobbed 
 together in alternate visits at the Guildhall and the "New Beare." 
 In order to accommodate so large a conflux of the collected 
 wisdom and jollity of the two cities, mine host of the Bear was 
 fain to take down a partition in his great room. The bill on 
 
 that occasion was — 
 
 " Pd the maister of the inn £13 6 8 " 
 
 "Vintners' bill 32 10 10" 
 
 "Cook's bill 9 6 8" 
 
 " Crabs and lobsters 0 6 0" 
 
 Nothing daunted at this enormous outlay, a supply of wine, 
 
 brandy, ale, tobacco, and pipes, was taken on the barge at 
 
 Gloucester, " to be used and spent in coming up," which cost 
 
 the further sum of £\. 10s. 6d., besides a supply of bread, 
 
 cheese, and cider, at the Lode, Tewkesbury, probably for the 
 
 ringers of that town. It seems likewise that the bells of all the 
 
 steeples in Worcester hailed the return home of the corporation, 
 
 it being thought, most probably, that the less they absented 
 
 themselves from home the better it would be for the public 
 
 purse. Seven or eight years afterwards a sum not exceeding 
 
 * This probably means the corporation plate. In the year 1760 an entry 
 was made of 10a. paid for plate duty. 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 67 
 
 £40 was allowed the mayor "for his journey to Gloucester, 
 with such other of the chamber as shall think fit to goe, to see 
 after the free school and other business there ; " and in the 
 year 1728 an order was made 
 
 " That Mr. Maior visit the charity at Gloucester, and that such of the 
 members as have a mind may goe, and to find their own horses, and 
 that the expense be paid by the city." 
 
 It was, however, reserved for the year 1787 to witness the 
 acme of civic extravagance in Worcester, for we then find an 
 order — 
 
 "That a bowling-green be made in and upon the gardens near 
 St. Martin's Gate, and in the possession of Messrs. Hopley and 
 Hanbury, for the use and amusement of the corporation." 
 
 This was the origin of the green which is still in existence at 
 the back of the Pheasant Inn, New Street. 
 
 GIFTS AND ENTERTAINMENTS. 
 To be constituted a member of the "24" or "48" was 
 evidently a thing to be desired in those days, when that august 
 and self-important body made ducks and drakes of the public 
 money without any fear of the condemnation of public opinion. 
 Not less profuse were they in hospitality and bountiful gifts to 
 all the great men with whom they were in any way connected. 
 The judges, bishops, recorders, &c., were treated chiefly to 
 claret, sack, and loaves of sugar (which latter article was much 
 used in making sack). In 1626 the singular donation of twelve 
 cheeses, carriage paid, was made to Sir T. Coventry, the lord 
 keeper of the great seal of England, and at that time recorder 
 of this city ; the cost was 22s. In 1630 wine and sugar were 
 given to Mr. Tombes, a lecturer, at his first coming to this city, 
 and a like present " to a preacher that was recommended by 
 Dr. Benson to the citie, and who preached twice at All Saints." 
 In 1657 wine and sugar were "sent to the minister that 
 
 P2 
 
68 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 preached at the college the first humiliation day after the 
 beginning of the accountant's office." This was one of the 
 many fast days proclaimed during the canting period of the 
 Commonwealth. The priest, it seems, was compensated by an 
 abundance of sack for his advocacy of the principle of fasting 
 and humiliation. Here is another specimen : 
 
 1658. — "For a pottle of sack given to four ministers who 
 preached and prayed Dec. 27, on the fast day, 4s." 
 
 In 1650 the Chief Baron Wilde was treated to a lamprey pie 
 and salmon, and subsequently the following entries occur : 
 
 " Twelve lampries to make fower pies presented 
 to the Lord General and to the Lord Chief 
 
 Baron £01 09 00" 
 
 " To Luke Hodges, for materials and making the 
 
 said pies 01 06 06" 
 
 "Eight lampries to make two pies presented to 
 
 Mr. Lechmor and Mayor Salloway, (M.P.s) . 00 18 08" 
 " Ed. Reddinge for meale, butter, biscuits, and 
 
 his labour for making them . . . . 00 11 00" 
 " Carriage of the s'^ pies to London . . . 00 12 00 " 
 
 Twelve shillings (nearly equal to £10 of our present money) for 
 carrying a few pies to London ! 
 
 Members of parliament, too, regularly received a filHp from 
 their constituents on new year's day. 
 
 1641. — " Payed for two pyes and for capons sent 
 to Mr. Aid. Cowcher and Mr. Aid. Nashe, the 
 citizens for the Parhament, as a New year's 
 gift 03 02 06" 
 
 For the costly presents made to the Stuarts and the officers 
 of the armies during the Civil Wars : see the chapter devoted to 
 that subject. 
 
 In the year 1666 the expense of £10. 14s. Od. was incurred 
 by the chamberlain under the head of " Mr. Gratrix's entertain- 
 ment ; " and in a side note it is explained, that "this was an 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 69 
 
 Irishman famous for helping and cureing many lame and 
 deseased people only by stroaking of their maladies with his 
 hand, and therefore sent for to this and many other places." 
 Ifc appears that this fortunate individual (who seems to have 
 been an ancestor of the mesmerisers of the present day) was 
 entertained with great state and hospitality at many of the 
 citizens' houses. In 1698, £10 was expended on a piece of 
 plate to Mr. John Hughes, the chamberlain, for his great care 
 and pains in repairing the bridge. This is the earliest instance 
 I remember to have met with of the now hackneyed and every- 
 day compliment of presentations of plate. 
 In 1726 occurs this item : 
 
 " Paid Mr. Osman, confectioner, for biskets, &c., to treat Sir John 
 Pakington's daughters, when they came to see the hall [then newly 
 built]. Is 6<i." 
 
 It seems that no person who had the remotest claim on the 
 hospitality and benevolence of the civic body was allowed to 
 depart out of " the faithful city" without experiencing it to the 
 full. The following are instances : 
 
 1572. " Item — given to heal a poor lame man, twelve-pence." 
 
 " Item — to Samuel Purzett, towards the healyng of his thombe and 
 hurt of the same, in withstanding of the pytchers at Mr. James' com- 
 mandment, then being lowe baylie, 10^." 
 
 (Temp. James I.) " For money geven to a poor man who had been 
 taken by a Turk, 2^." 
 
 1625, " To Davie Done, a pore schoUer, 2^6^." 
 
 1634. "Item — to John Hichcope, towards the losse of his sowe that 
 was burnt, 13H<^." 
 
 1649. "To a pore minister, by order of the mayor, IS^." 
 
 Admirable beneficence this, which can at once estimate the 
 claims of seedy literature and divinity, and the value of over- 
 toasted bacon! I find an item in 1577 of two oxen having 
 been " given to the Bishop on coming to this city, being the 
 Lord Vice-President of the Queen's Council in the Marches." 
 
70 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The bishop reciprocated on frequent occasions, by inviting his 
 worship and his coadjutors to dine at Hartlebury, and this prac- 
 tice is recorded on the books up to the middle of the last cen- 
 tury ; the corporation invariably taking something short " at 
 Ombersley, to enable them to complete the journey without 
 exhaustion. The first mention of a turnpike tax in this neigh- 
 bourhood was in one of these Hartlebury journeys, in 1726.* 
 The prelate, however, was not the only party favoured with 
 visits : 
 
 1732. — " Spent at Mr. Habberley's, at a meeting about the exhibits, 
 2s6d ; at receiving the exhibits, l^." 
 
 There is also a charge of 5s. (in 1780) " for seeing the menage- 
 rie at Croome" (the Coventry family having kept a small zoolo- 
 gical garden till within the present century); and in 1778 an entry 
 of 5s. " p^ for seeing the Irish giant, per order of the Mayor" ! ! !f 
 
 RETRENCHMENT. 
 
 I have now enumerated a tolerably lengthy catalogue of civic 
 festivities and extravagancies. Let us next examine the causes 
 
 * The first Turnpike Act was passed soon after the Restoration of Charles 
 II, under which a small toll was laid on part of the road from York to Lon- 
 don, for its necessary repair. Some of the best roads were in those days 
 almost impassable at certain periods of the year. When Prince George of 
 Denmark visited Petworth, it is recorded that he was six hours going nine 
 miles. Oxen and teams of farm horses were frequently necessary to drag 
 carriages from out of the mire. Hence even the gentry but seldom stirred 
 from home. The Turnpike Act was, however, for a long time viewed as an 
 unconstitutional innovation, and many a gate fell beneath the vengeful arm 
 of Rebecca and her daughters. The first Turnpike Act in Worcestershire 
 was passed in 1713, for amending the road from Worcester to Droitwich, 
 which had been previously almost impassable for wheel carriages, and the 
 salt was carried on pack horses, consequently the trade was very confined, 
 as appears by the corporation books, where an entry is made of a reward 
 given to a certain trader for extending the salt trade as far as Gloucester ! 
 Thus, for want of that facility of communication which we now possess, the 
 inhabitants of a given town were deprived of some of those very necessaries 
 oi life which, in a spot but a few miles distant, were a positive drug. 
 
 t The skeleton of this Irish giant (O'Brien) is now in the College of Sur- 
 geons, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, and is more than eight feet high. 
 
CORPORATION FEASTS. 
 
 71 
 
 of their decline. The Civil Wars proved a ruinous tax upon 
 the loyalty of Worcester, and the loans which were raised here, 
 added to the great injury done to trade and property (as I 
 have elsewhere shown), had the effect of crippling the energies 
 of the city for many years, which were further depressed by 
 a subsequent engagement in expensive law suits. In 1655 I 
 find an order : 
 
 " That the chamberlain is not to spend more than £5 on any one 
 thing without special consent 
 
 but this mandate was afterwards rescinded in favour of a hand- 
 some cushion which cost £7 ; and in 1706 it was ordered : 
 
 " That for the space of three years next ensuing there be no public 
 money allowed to be spent upon any thanksgiving or rejoicing day 
 exceeding the sum of 20* at any one time," 
 
 and even this sum was to be exclusively applied to the then 
 favourite diversion of a bonfire. Marlborough's victories were at 
 that time coming thick and fast upon the English nation, when 
 Blenheim and Gibraltar were in every one's mouth. Nothing 
 therefore but a miserably low exchequer would have excused so 
 shabby an order as the above. In 1 71 1 the accounts of Mr. John 
 Floyer and Mr. Simon Parker, the chamberlains, were overhauled 
 for an excess of £1 02. 10s. 8d. expended upon wine contrary to the 
 chamber orders ; and although, by the auditors' recommenda- 
 tion, the amount was ultimately paid, a determination was 
 evinced to keep a stricter eye for the future on such extra- 
 vagant irregularities. In 1736, in consequence of the injury 
 done to chairs and tables that had been lent out of the hall, it 
 was ordered that henceforth they should not be lent except to 
 the dean and chapter and judges. In 1737 the corporation 
 were compelled to borrow the sum of £1,000 from Dr. Attwood, 
 at an enormous interest, and some years afterwards a similar 
 sum from Dr. Thompson, on still worse terms. No wonder 
 then at such an order as the following : 
 
72 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 " That at all future entertainments of this corporation the expense 
 of the dinners shall not exceed 2s. 6d. ordinary for each person that 
 dines, and Is. for every servant attending ; and that for the future 
 there shall be no grand jury dinners at the expense of this body, nor 
 on the 5th November, nor on the 29th May, but the entertainment in 
 the evening of the latter day at the hall as usual." 
 
 This was in 1771 ; but two years before that time another 
 bold stroke at ancient customs had been aimed in the council 
 chamber : 
 
 " Ordered, that the allowance of X24 a year to the Miss Hoopers 
 for providing lodging for the judges at assizes, and the presents 
 usually sent 'em by this corporation for their services here, be no 
 longer continued, the same being, in the opinion of this body, an 
 improper application of part of the small revenue of this corporation ; 
 and that Lord Dudley and Ward [then recorder] be requested to 
 notify the same to the judges." 
 
 This, then, was the commencement of that spirit of reform 
 which at length was fully developed and carried out in the 
 Municipal Corporations Act — a statute which, like a besom in 
 the hand of Hercules, swept out an Augean stable of corrup- 
 tion and abuse unprecedented in the history of this country. 
 In the year 1836 the old dynasty became defunct; and all 
 books, papers, and records, were handed over to the new body, 
 together with an inventory of what the outgoing corporation 
 called their " personal property." How their successors will 
 have acquitted themselves in the improved management of the 
 public funds I leave for the future historian to relate. 
 
(^fli^^HE following is the Report of the Municipal Commis- 
 sioners, so far as relates to the city of Worcester, which 
 ^0^9^^ was ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 
 in 1835. Although in the course of these pages I have made 
 frequent reference to the report, and have selected one or two 
 extracts therefrom, it has nevertheless occurred to me that my 
 own treatise on the constitution, functions, acts, and revenues, 
 of the old corporation would not be complete without the addi- 
 tion of that succinct and, as I believe, in every way, accurate 
 document. I therefore present it at once, without further pre- 
 face or comment ; 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 1. The limits of the corporate jurisdiction comprehend the 
 greater part of the city of Worcester, excepting the Close, and 
 the parish of St. Michael's : they are correctly described in the 
 map annexed to the Report of the Boundary Commissioners, 
 and contain a population of about 18,600. The boundary set 
 out by the Reform Act contains a population of about 25,000. 
 
 2. The first Charter of Worcester, which is dated in the 1st 
 year of the reign of Richard I (1189), is merely a grant of the 
 whole town to the burgesses of Worcester, at a yearly rent of 
 £25. This grant was confirmed by a charter of the 1 1th year of 
 
74 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Henry III (1227), which raised the annual rent to £30, and gave 
 the burgesses a guild merchant, exemption from tolls throughout 
 England, and various other privileges and immunities now of no 
 value. By a charter passed in the 40th year of the same reign 
 (1256), the king granted to the citizens the return of writs. 
 The r2th of Edward III confirmed several former charters, and 
 granted some further Hberties ; amongst which the most import- 
 ant were, that the citizens should not be impleaded out of the 
 city, and that they should plead their own pleas without the 
 interference of the king's justices. The liberties granted by the 
 above charters were confirmed by charters of Richard II, 
 Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Edward IV, and Henry VII ; 
 and in the 1st and 2nd years of the reign of Philip and Mary 
 (1554) a charter was granted, which, after confirming previous 
 liberties, and declaring Worcester to be a city of itself, incor- 
 porated the citizens by the names of " The Bailiffs, Aldermen, 
 Chamberlains, and Citizens of the City of Worcester." In this 
 charter the peculiar constitution of the common council, as here- 
 inafter described, first appears. The present governing charter 
 
 the 19th of James I (1622), which confirms all previous char- 
 ters, and constitutes the city and liberties of Worcester a county 
 by itself, separate from the county of Worcester. 
 
 3. The title of the corporation is " The Mayor, Aldermen, 
 and Citizens of the City of Worcester and the body consists of, 
 
 A body of 24 persons, called the " Capital Citizens and Coun- 
 cillors of the City," of which body the mayor and six aldermen 
 always form a part ; and another body of 48 persons, called the 
 " Capital Citizens, of the number 48." 
 
 These two bodies united constitute the Common Council of 
 the city, which has the management of the affairs of the corpo- 
 ration, and the power of making by-laws, and all orders respect- 
 ing the funds or other concerns of the corporation. 
 
 4» Upon a vacancy in the body of 24 " capital citizens and 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 75 
 
 councillors of the city," a majority of that body, within fifteen 
 days, elect a successor out of the body of 48 capital citizens. A 
 member of the 24 may be removed by the residue of that body, 
 or a majority of them, for misgovernment, absence, or non-resi- 
 dence within the city for one whole year, voluntarily absenting 
 himself from any court or convocation of common council of the 
 city, after sufficient summons given, or for any other reasonable 
 cause. 
 
 5. Upon a vacancy in the body of 48 capital citizens, that 
 body, within fifteen days, proceed to elect a new member out of 
 the freemen of the city, nominated by the two treasurers and the 
 rest of the body in rotation. Thus, if there be only one vacancy, 
 the senior treasurer nominates a freeman ; if two, the two trea- 
 surers one each ; if three, the two treasurers and the senior 
 forty-eight-man one each ; and so on through the whole body of 
 48. The election is by ballot ; and if the person nominated by 
 the senior treasurer be thrown out by a majority of votes, the 
 person nominated by the junior treasurer is next balloted for; 
 if he be thrown out, the person nominated by the senior forty- 
 eight-man ; and so on in rotation. 
 
 It will be perceived, from the foregoing statement, that the 
 governing body of the corporation is self-elected ; and it appears 
 that no Dissenters, of any denomination, have been admitted. 
 However, very few elections have taken place since the repeal 
 of the Test Act. 
 
 6. The officers are, a Mayor, Recorder, six Aldermen, a 
 Sheriff, Town Clerk, four Auditors, two Chamberlains, two 
 Coroners, ten Surveyors, a Sword Bearer, four Sergeants-at- 
 Mace, four Mayor's Officers, and a Water Bailiff and Coal 
 Weigher, besides several subordinate officers whose duties have 
 become obsolete. 
 
 7. The Mayor is elected by a majority of the common council 
 annually, on the Monday after St. Bartholomew's-day, from 
 among the 24 "capital citizens and councillors." 
 
76 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 He acts as chief magistrate, and presides in the criminal and 
 civil courts of the city, as hereinafter described. By virtue of 
 his office he is also a commissioner under several local Acts of 
 Parliament. The privileges attached to his office are merely 
 formal, and he has no salary. The incidental Emoluments of 
 the mayor do not exceed £45 per annum, and are derived from 
 the following sources : 
 
 1st, A sum of 2s. received upon every lease granted by the 
 corporation, in lieu of capons. This amounts upon an average 
 to about £32 per annum. 
 
 2d, A fee of 2s., called " sign money," upon renewing the 
 licences of public-houses. The number of licensed public- 
 houses within the jurisdiction of the corporation is at present 
 109, so that the amount of emolument derived by the mayor 
 from this source does not much exceed £10 per annum. 
 
 3d, A fee of one guinea upon his taking an acknowledgment 
 from a married woman to bar her dower. This perquisite could 
 not at any time have been considerable, and at present it 
 scarcely exceeds two guineas per annum. It is usual, when the 
 funds of the corporation will admit of it, to allow the mayor 
 £150 towards an official dinner given to the inhabitants of the 
 city and of the county of Worcester. The expense of the 
 dinner is, in general, nearly double the amount allowed by the 
 corporation. 
 
 8. The Recorder, who is required by the charter to be a per- 
 son learned in the law, is elected by the majority of the 72 
 persons forming the common council, and hold his office during 
 their pleasure. 
 
 He is a Justice of the Peace within the city by virtue of his 
 office, and, with the mayor and alderman, a Judge of the crimi- 
 nal and civil courts. 
 
 A salary of £4 per annum which was formerly paid to him 
 has been long since discontinued. The present recorder is the 
 
MUNICIPAL RErORT. 
 
 77 
 
 Earl of Coventry. He does not discharge the duties of his 
 office in person. 
 
 9. The Aldermen are annually elected on the same day with 
 the mayor, by the common council, out of the body of 24 
 " capital citizens and councillors." 
 
 They are Justices of the Peace, and Judges in the criminal 
 and civil courts, by virtue of their office ; but have no salaries 
 or emoluments. 
 
 In consequence of a death since the last election, the number 
 of aldermen is at present incomplete. 
 
 The mayor, recorder, and aldermen (of whom the mayor and 
 recorder must be two), are, by the charter of James, constituted 
 justices of gaol dehvery ; but it is beheved that no session of 
 gaol delivery was ever holden by the city magistrates, as no 
 entry or record of such a session is found amongst the papers 
 and books of the corporation. 
 
 10. The Sheriff is elected by the common council from 
 amongst themselves, at the same time as the mayor and 
 aldermen. 
 
 His functions are of the usual kind ; such as executing pro- 
 cess, and the like, and his duties are always performed by an 
 under-sheriff. He has no salary, but his bill of cravings is paid 
 out of the corporation funds. 
 
 11. The Town Clerk, who is required by the charter to be a 
 person skilled in the law, is elected by the majority of the com- 
 mon council, in the same manner as the recorder. He also 
 holds his office during the pleasure of the body by whom he is 
 elected. 
 
 His duties are to keep the records, manage the law business 
 of the corporation, and to assist the magistrates in the adminis- 
 tration of justice. He has no salary as town clerk, but as clerk 
 of the audit he receives £3. 10s. per annum. His emoluments 
 are the usual professional charges for drawing leases and per- 
 
78 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 forming other professional business incidental to his office as 
 town clerk. The present town clerk is a barrister, resident at 
 Worcester. 
 
 12. The Auditors are elected by the common council, at the 
 same time as the mayor and aldermen : two of them are chosen 
 from the body of " capital citizens and councillors," and the 
 two others from the " capital citizens of the number of 48." 
 
 Their duties are to investigate the accounts of the revenue 
 and expenditure of the corporation. They render their audited 
 account, signed by themselves, annually to the common council ; 
 but it is not otherwise made public. They have no salary or 
 emoluments. 
 
 1 3. The Chamberlains are annually elected, at the same time 
 as the mayor and aldermen, by the common council, out of the 
 
 capital citizens of the number of 48." 
 
 Their business, which is performed by a deputy called a 
 Vice-chamberlain, is to receive the rents, and keep all the 
 accounts of the corporation. The chamberlains receive no 
 salary or emoluments for themselves, but the vice-chamberlain 
 receives £60 a year from the corporation funds. 
 
 14. The Coroners are elected by the common council from 
 the freemen of the city, and hold their offices during pleasure. 
 They have no salary or emoluments beyond the usual fees of 
 their office. 
 
 15. The office of Surveyor is not mentioned in the charter 
 of James I, nor in any of the earlier charters ; but by ancient 
 custom ten surveyors have been annually appointed by the 
 common council out of their own body. 
 
 Their duties are in general to survey the property of the 
 corporation, and in particular to value and report respecting 
 tenements when fines are taken upon renewals. They have no 
 salary or emoluments. 
 
 16. The Sword Bearer is annually elected by the common 
 council. 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 79 
 
 The functions of his office are little more than those which its 
 name imports. He receives a salary of one guinea a month 
 from the corporation, and is permitted to take to his own use 
 certain small tolls upon articles sold in the market, amounting 
 to about £50 per annum. He is also entitled to a fee of 2s. 6d. 
 from every freeman upon his admission. 
 
 17. The Sergeants-at-Mace are elected by the common coun- 
 cil, and hold their offices during pleasure. 
 
 Their business is to make arrests, and generally to execute 
 civil process. They have no peculiar privileges, but each of 
 them has a monthly salary of 25s., and is entitled to a small fee 
 upon the service of process; to a fee of Is. on admissions of 
 freemen by servitude, and to a fee of Is. TJd. on admissions by 
 purchase. 
 
 1 8. Mayor's Officers are not mentioned specifically in any of 
 the charters; but by the charter of James I, the common 
 council are authorized to appoint inferior officers : these officers 
 are at present appointed by the mayor. 
 
 They act as a part of the police of the city, and receive at 
 present 10s. a week for their services. 
 
 19. The Water Bailiff is elected annually by the common 
 council. 
 
 His duty is to superintend the navigation of the river 
 Sevren at Worcester, and also to attend to the landing of coals 
 on the quay to persons not freemen ; foreigners being liable to 
 a small toll or duty on landing coals. This was formerly an 
 office of considerable emolument, but since the opening of the 
 Birmingham Canal, the net produce of the fees does not exceed 
 £3 per annum. 
 
 20. The body of 48 capital citizens appoints two Treasurers 
 annually. Their office is honorary, but they have in succession 
 a precedence in the nomination of persons offered to the choice 
 of the body to fill up a vacancy. Formerly the junior treasurer 
 
80 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 of one year served as senior treasurer the next; at present, 
 both treasurers are elected annually, and serve the office only 
 one year. 
 
 21. Persons become Freemen of the city by birth, purchase, 
 servitude, or gift. 
 
 The first son born to a freeman after his admission is thereby 
 entitled to his freedom. If that son dies, the next son in suc- 
 cession has not the same privilege. 
 
 The service of an apprenticeship of seven years to a freeman 
 of the city entitles the party serving to his freedom. 
 
 The common council create freemen upon payment of a fine. 
 For upwards of twenty years the sum demanded has been £20. 
 There have been instances of the admission of single women for 
 the purposes of trade : the widow of a freeman is entitled to 
 trade. 
 
 The common council also confers the freedom of the city, 
 by gift, to distinguished persons and others. If the party so 
 admitted pays a fee of 6s. 8d., he is entitled to vote in the elec- 
 tion of members of parliament for the city ; if he pays no fee, 
 he has no vote. 
 
 A person entitled to admission by birth or servitude makes 
 out his claim and enrols it in the city court of record. If there 
 be any formal defect in his title, the common council exercise an 
 equitable jurisdiction of ordering his admission, notwithstanding 
 such defect. 
 
 Under the Reform Act, all freemen admitted in right of 
 birth or servitude are entitled, as well as ten pound house- 
 holders, to vote in the election of members of parliament. The 
 expense of admission, including a stamp of £1., is £1. 1 Is. 6d., 
 and it was complained to us that in the present state of election 
 procedure this charge upon admissions puts it in the power of 
 au opulent parti zan, or candidate, unduly to influence a number 
 of votes by defraying this charge. Between the 15th and 31st 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 81 
 
 of July last, just in time to get their names on the registers for 
 the present year, no less than eighty-eight persons were admitted 
 as freemen by birth or servitude, and, as we beheve, with a 
 view to election purposes. 
 
 From the year 1800 to 1831, both inclusive, 2,503 Freemen 
 have been admitted, of whom 1,856 became entitled by birth 
 and apprenticeship, 647 by purchase and gift. The average 
 number of persons annually created freemen by gift does not 
 exceed three or four. The number of persons at present enti- 
 tled to vote as freemen in the election of members of parhament 
 is 1,666, and there are about 1,000 non-resident freemen. 
 
 The Privileges of the freemen are, an exclusive right of 
 carrying on trade within the city ; a limited right of common 
 over about twenty acres of land ; an exemption from certain 
 small dues levied in the market ; and an exclusive eligibility to 
 certain almshouses, pursuant to the wills of the founders. 
 
 22. Fees on the admission of freemen are as follows : 
 
 I 
 
 BY 
 
 BY BIRTH 
 
 
 PURCHASE. 
 
 OR SBRVITUBB. 
 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 £. s, d. 
 
 Government Stamp 
 
 3 0 0 
 
 10 0 
 
 Town Clerk 
 
 0 12 6 
 
 0 3 0 
 
 Sword Bearer 
 
 0 3 0 
 
 0 2 6 
 
 Four Sergeants . 
 
 0 6 6 
 
 0 4 0 
 
 Four Servants 
 
 0 2 0 
 
 0 2 0 
 
 Petition .... 
 
 0 2 6 
 
 
 £ 
 
 4 6 6 
 
 1 11 6 
 
 The charter of James authorized the common council to 
 suspend the franchise of such citizens as refuse to exercise cor- 
 porate offices (excepting the recorder and town clerk), and to fine 
 or imprison them ; and accordingly, by a by-law, dated May 22, 
 1767, the fines to be imposed on persons refusing to serve in the 
 
 G 
 
82 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 various offices of the corporation are fixed as follows : mayor, 
 £100; alderman, £50; sheriff, £60; auditor, £30; capital 
 citizen and councillor, £60; capital citizen of the 48, £30; 
 surveyor, £10; constable, £10. 
 
 By a by-law of August 26, 1822, every person, not being a 
 freeman, who exposes goods for sale, or exercises any handicraft 
 within the city, is subjected to a fine of £5 for the first and £10 
 for the second offence. 
 
 23. The Courts created by the charter, are, 
 
 1. A Court of Quarter Sessions. 
 
 2. A Court of Record, called the Court of Pleas. 
 
 3. A Sheriff's Court. 
 
 4. A Court Leet. (Discontinued.) 
 6. A Court of Pie-Powder. 
 
 24. At the Court of Quarter Sessions, the mayor, recorder, 
 and aldermen, or any two or more of them — the mayor or 
 recorder being one — are authorized to preside, and are assisted 
 by the town clerk. Their jurisdiction embraces the city and 
 liberties, and applies to nearly all felonies, except such as affect 
 life and limb. This jurisdiction is, by a charter of Philip and 
 Mary, confirmed by the charter of James I, exclusive as to the 
 county magistrates. The fees at these quarter sessions are the 
 same as in the county at large. 
 
 In 1831, there were tried in this court 10 cases of felony, and 
 3 of misdemeanour ; and in 1832, 28 cases of felony, and 8 of 
 misdemeanour. 
 
 25. In the Court of Pleas, holden every week, the mayor, 
 recorder, and aldermen, or any three or more of them — of whom 
 the mayor or one of the two senior aldermen must be one — are 
 authorized to preside. The jurisdiction of this court extends to 
 all causes of action arising within the city and liberties, and 
 is unrestricted as to amount. The process is by capias, and the 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 83 
 
 pleadings are as at common law. A table of costs accompanies 
 this Report. 
 
 From February 1831 to February 1832, 33 actions were 
 brought in this court ; of which, 25 were settled, probably by 
 mutual arrangement ; two superseded ; and two ended by pay- 
 ment of debt and costs. In that year it does not appear that 
 any cause was removed, but causes are often removed by 
 defendants to gain time. It was stated to us by a professional 
 gentleman, practising in this court, that the business would be 
 considerable in a court properly constituted for final decision. 
 
 26. The Sheriff's Court is held from month to month by the 
 under-sheriff. Its jurisdiction corresponds with that of other 
 sheriff's courts, but the amount of business transacted in it is 
 exceedingly small. 
 
 27. The Court of Pie-Powder is held only as a matter of form. 
 
 28. The Grand Jurors are nominated by the under sheriffs 
 according to the charter, and it is said that they are taken prin- 
 cipally from the members of the common council. The Petty 
 Juries at assizes and sessions are taken according to the Jury 
 Act. 
 
 Upon trials in the court of record, the sergeants-at-mace return 
 the names of the jury, and their qualifications are according to 
 the Jury Act. 
 
 29. A Police Force of eighteen men has been formed at the 
 beginning of the present year under the management of com- 
 missioners, pursuant to the statute of 4 Geo. IV (local and 
 public). This force is in aid of the four mayor's officers, and 
 two constables from each of seven wards of the city. The old 
 watchmen have been discharged. The establishment of the 
 police appears to have had a very beneficial operation, and the 
 peace of the town is well kept. 
 
 A magistrate attends at the Guildhall every day to hear 
 complaints, and a full petty sessions is holden every Monday. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The town is lighted with gas by a company incorporated in 
 1818. 
 
 30. The Poor are managed by a body incorporated by Act of 
 Parliament in 1792, and styled " The Wardens of the Poor in 
 the several Parishes in the City of Worcester, and of the 
 Parishes united therewith." This body is composed of the rec- 
 tors and vicars for the time being; of all persons in the 
 respective parishes possessed of freehold or copyhold property 
 of the yearly value of £30 or upwards ; and of all persons in the 
 respective parishes rated to the relief of the poor in respect of 
 lands or hereditaments of the yearly value of £15, or of less 
 value if the proprietor have also personal estate of the value 
 of £500. 
 
 The contributions of the respective parishes are fixed by the 
 Act in certain invariable proportions; proportions which are 
 said now to affect the rate with inequality, inasmuch as since 
 the year 1792 the increase in wealth and population has been 
 very different in different parishes. Great inconvenience is 
 also experienced with respect to removals, and otherwise, from 
 the circumstance of a portion of the town, called Blockhouse, 
 being extra-parochial. 
 
 The poor rates of the united Parishes 
 
 amounted in 1824 to . . £2477 16 0 
 
 In 1825 2592 0 0 
 
 1826 2783 0 0 
 
 1827 2783 0 0 
 
 1828 2708 0 0 
 
 1829 3469 0 0 
 
 1830 3758 0 0 
 
 1831 3126 0 0 
 
 1832 . (Cholera.) 4692 0 0 
 
 In the parish of St. Peter, a suburb of the town included in 
 the local Poor Act, the rate amounted for the year ending, 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 85 
 
 March 25, 1826, to . . . £590 8 4^ 
 March 25, 1833, to . . . 950 13 7 
 
 The population of the united parishes and St. Peter's is 
 somewhat more than 19,000. 
 
 The persons reheved, at least in the united parishes, are 
 principally glovers. There are at present in these parishes 
 about 400 cases in which relief is administered to the labouring 
 class out of the house of industry. Only infants and very aged 
 persons are placed in the house of industry. 
 
 31. The sheriffs and magistrates have the superintendence 
 of the City Gaol, and two magistrates are appointed at every 
 quarter sessions as visiting magistrates. The gaol was built in 
 1823, and is well regulated, but insecure. 
 
 32. The Revenues of the corporation are derived chiefly 
 from the rents of houses and gardens, fines upon renewals, and 
 fines upon the admission of freemen. 
 
 Upon an average of the last seven 
 
 years, the rents and some small 
 
 tolls amount to about 
 Fines on Renewals 
 Fines on Admission .... 
 
 £2,000 0 0 
 
 £900 0 0 ^ annum. 
 700 0 0 
 400 0 0 
 
 On an average of the preceding seven years the revenue was 
 much less. Of this revenue the corporation receives about £150 
 as trustees for certain charities. 
 
 The houses and gardens appear to be in the hands of about 
 470 occupiers, and are for the most part demised for terms of 
 years at a small nominal rent, renewable at certain intervals 
 upon payment of a fine of one year's value. In that value it is 
 the custom, as in other corporations, not to include improve- 
 ments or erections made since the preceding fine. 
 
86 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The corporation, in the year 1822, were considerably in debt, 
 so much so, as to be obhged to borrow from 20 of their mem- 
 bers £50 each. These sums were paid off out of their savings, 
 in the year 1824, during which time the mayor's feasts were 
 suspended. Some time since a sum of money was also raised, 
 by mortgage of the corporation estates, for the purpose of 
 purchasing houses and land for the erecting a market-house ; 
 before which time the market was held in the public streets : 
 and the debt on the market-house, in the year 1829, amounted 
 to the sum of £5,300. The sum of £3,500 now remains due on 
 mortgage, the remainder of the debt having been paid off. 
 
 The corporation keep in repair the Town-hall, which is used 
 for the county sessions and assizes, and for other general 
 business connected with the county at large as well as the city. 
 They have also largely subscribed towards the improvement of 
 the town, and repairing churches, and annually pay to the Good 
 Friday and St. Thomas's Day charities considerable sums out 
 of their own funds. The corporation also pave the High Street. 
 
 The following is an account of two years' receipts and expen- 
 diture, and an average of seven years. 
 
 RECEIPTS OF THE CORPORATION FOR 
 
 
 
 1831. 
 
 1832. 
 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Rents, &c. 
 
 
 844 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 1007 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 Freedoms . 
 
 
 355 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 335 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Renewals 
 
 
 899 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 798 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 £ 
 
 2099 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2141 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS FOR 1831 AND 1832. 
 
 
 
 1831. 
 
 1832. 
 
 
 
 £. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1. 
 
 The Mayor,t oward his feast 
 
 150 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 150 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 2. 
 
 Mortgages and interest to 
 Wimwood paid off 
 
 821 
 
 19 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Salaries, wages, &c. 
 
 251 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 244 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 4. 
 
 Hallkeeper 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 5. 
 
 Pavier 
 
 52 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 53 
 
 17 
 
 0 
 
 6. 
 
 Annual payments to chari- 
 ties, interest of money, 
 donations, and annual 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 subscriptions* . 
 
 310 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 300 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7. 
 
 Dinners, wine, &c. . 
 
 349 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 254 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 8, 
 
 Coals, candles, and gas 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 9. 
 
 Draper, mercer, tailor, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shoemaker . 
 
 106 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 10. 
 
 Mason,whitesmith,carpen- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ter, glazier, painter, &c. 
 
 159 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 298 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 11. 
 
 Sheriff's cravings, law 
 charges, town clerk's of- 
 fice, printing, and sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tionery .... 
 
 232 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 230 
 
 18 
 
 
 12. 
 
 Processions, perambula- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tions, &c. . 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 13. 
 
 New tables and fire buckets 
 
 554 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 14. 
 
 Taxes, poor's rates, insur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ance, and sundries 
 
 83 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 
 £ 
 
 2665 10 11 
 
 1757 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 * DETAIL OF ITEM 6, FOR 1832. 
 Subscriptions and donations: 
 
 To Cholera Fund 
 To Infirmary 
 To Dispensary . 
 To New Worcester Library 
 
 Carried forward £62 10 0 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 21 0 0 
 
 21 0 0 
 
 10 10 0 
 
 10 0 0 
 
WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Subscriptions and donations continued: 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 Brought forward 62 10 0 
 
 To Worcester Race Fund 30 0 0 
 
 To Good Friday Charity . . . . 13 13 0 
 
 To St. Thomas's Day Charity . . . . 53 5 0 
 
 To National School 21 0 0 
 
 To Cholera Fund (collection at the Cathedral) . 10 0 0 
 
 To Visiting Society 5 5 0 
 
 To Worcestershire Society in London . .550 
 
 To One Year's Soup for the Poor . . . 17 0 0 
 
 To Geary's Charity, one year's Interest on £300 15 0 0 
 
 To Wyatt's Charity 15 0 0 
 
 To Norton's and Shepherd's Charity . . 15 0 0 
 
 To Inglethorpe's Charity, on £700 . . . 35 0 0 
 
 Interest on £50 left by Steward, given to poor 
 
 women in the Trinity, on the 2nd February 2 10 9 
 
 £300 8 9 
 
 RECEIPTS FOR SEVEN YEARS. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 Renewals 4825 19 9 
 
 Freedoms 3052 16 8 
 
 Rents, &c 5685 16 6 
 
 Sundries 1135 7 5 
 
 £14,700 0 4 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS FOR SEVEN YEARS. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 The Mayor annually allowed £150 . . 1050 0 0 
 
 Charities, interest, donations, annual payments 1996 11 8 
 
 Salaries, wages, &c. 1556 12 9 
 
 Pavier 384 10 8 
 
 Dinners, &c 790 6 0 
 
 Wine, &c 1056 4 10 
 
 Coals, candles, and gas 221 5 2 
 
 Mercer, draper, tailor, &c 575 12 1 
 
 Carried forward £7631 3 2 
 
MUNICIPAL REPORT. 
 
 89 
 
 Disbursements for seven years continued: 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 Brought forward £7631 3 2 
 Mason, carpenter, plasterer, smith, glazier, 
 
 painter, and repairs . . . . 2264 11 9 
 Sheriff, law charges, printer, stationer, town 
 
 clerk's office, &c 1215 1 8 
 
 Processions, perambulations, &c. . . 249 11 0 
 
 Taxes, poor rates, insurance, and sundries . 535 10 7 
 
 Paid off mortgages and debt to charities . 2132 15 1 
 
 £14,028 13 3 
 
 From the foregoing account it appears, that upon an average 
 revenue of £2,000 a year, about £265 is expended on dinners 
 and wine, and £300 on eleemosynary purposes. The sum 
 received, however, by the corporation, as trustees for charities 
 in the town, does not, upon an average, appear to exceed £150 
 a year. A detailed account of those receipts will be found in 
 the Report of the Commissioners for inquiring concerning 
 Charities. 
 
 33. The objects of the various charities in the city, with the 
 exception of those which are under the government of the six 
 masters, are nominated by the common council. That body 
 also nominates certain students at the Universities, not exceed- 
 ing 14 in number, to the enjoyment of some exhibitions of £30 
 a year, paid out of Mr. Worfield's charity. 
 
 34, The Local Acts relating to the city are as follows : 
 
 2 and 3 Anne, c. 8 ; 3 George II, c. 23 ; 4 George II, c. 25 ; 
 32 George III, c. 99 ; all relating to the hop market. 
 
 31 George III, c. 59 ; 38 George III, c. 31 ; 44 George III, c. 
 
 35 ; 48 George III, c. 49 ; 55 George III, c. 66 ; relatmg 
 to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal. 
 
 32 George III, c. — , for uniting the parishes in the manage- 
 
 ment of the poor. 
 56 George III, c. — , 57 George III, c. — , for repairing roads 
 
 leading into and from the city. 
 58 George III, c. — , for hghting the city with gas. 
 4 George IV, c. — , for better supplying the city with water, 
 
 and more effectually hghting, paving, and watching it. 
 
90 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 35. The General State and Prospects of the town depend in 
 a great degree upon the state of its principal manufactures. 
 
 Porcelain and gloves are the chief productions of Worcester, 
 but the manufacture of gloves employs the greater proportion 
 of the capital and labour of the town* Within a few years the 
 capital employed in gloving, and the quantity of gloves produced, 
 is said to have decreased nearly a third. In 1825, as we are 
 informed, there were 1 35 master manufacturers. In the present 
 year there are only 94. 
 
 Much evidence was laid before us on this subject. The 
 result upon our minds was a clear opinion, that the statements 
 as to the distress of the glove trade at Worcester were highly 
 exaggerated ; that the ordinary rate of profit is realised in the 
 porcelain manufacture; and that that manufacture has never 
 been, upon the whole, in a more flourishing condition than at 
 present. 
 
 The fines to which non-freemen are liable for trading in the 
 town, and the price set upon the purchase of the privilege to 
 trade, are considered to operate injuriously, not only on persons 
 commencing business with small capitals, but also on the owners 
 of houses, for which it is supposed there would be a greater 
 demand, if the privilege of trading were exempted from this 
 charge. 
 
 PEREGRINE BINGHAM. 
 DAVID JARDINE. 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon, 
 
 September 15, 1833. 
 
*' God made the country, and man made the town : 
 What wonder then that health and virtue, gifts 
 That can alone make sweet the bitter draught 
 That life holds out to all, should most abound 
 And least be threaten'd in the fields and groves ? " — 
 
 COWPBR. 
 
 ^ J ^-^^ those who have read the ancient historical chronicles 
 J of this country will be inclined to believe the assertions 
 of modern statisticians, that notwithstanding the enor- 
 mous increase of population, and the consequent extension of 
 the areas of towns, the rate of mortality has very considerably 
 declined, owing to the greater attention now paid to those 
 sanatory precautions which we yet hope to see more fully and 
 effectively carried out. The city of Worcester has experienced 
 its full share of plague and pestilence. In April, 1342, a 
 destructive plague broke out here ; and in 1 349, another visita- 
 tion carried off so many of the citizens that it was deemed 
 unsafe to admit interments of those who died of it in the cathe- 
 dral cemetery ; on which account the citizens obtained leave to 
 bury at St. Oswald's. In 1558, " a sore new sickness raged in 
 Worcestershire, thought to have been the sweating sickness 
 and in 1637 a dreadful pestilence, from which the inhabitants 
 took refuge in the island of Bevere (where they had once before 
 secured themselves from the cruelties of Hardicanute's army), 
 destroyed no less than 1,551 persons. The fatal gaol distemper 
 
.92 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 broke out in Worcester in 1783, and led to the erection of a 
 new prison on the most approved sanatory principles of the day. 
 In 1831-2 the cholera visited the city, but made only 79 victims. 
 It was the dread of its second approach which gave an impetus 
 to the parliamentary measures of 1848. Many other pestilen- 
 tial visitations have occurred at various periods, which, although 
 not recorded in our local history, are incidentally mentioned in 
 the corporation books. The preventive measures adopted by 
 the ruling body apparently had no reference to the improve- 
 ment of drainage, or the circulation of light, air, and water, but 
 were confined to the removal of olfactory nuisances, and the 
 establishment of some sort of quarantine during the actual 
 visitation. The porcine race seems to have been an especial 
 object of persecution. In the year 1552 the following order 
 was made by the chamber : 
 
 " Ffor pyggs sold be any citezens — Hit ys enacted by the auctorrytie 
 aforeseyde that no citezen ne inhabyter wt" this citie from hencefforth 
 doo not brynge to sell to the open m'ket no piggs, nor pyggs, to be solde 
 to any pson or psons to the inhansynge of price of pyggs, or to the 
 derogacon of the come'welth of this citie, laws, or ordin'cs of the 
 same, upon payne of 6^ for ev'ry py gge so solde contr'ie to this acte 
 and the pygge forfetede wt'all, and the p'tie so tacken in defaut to 
 remayn w*out bayle and mayne price untyll such tyme the seyde 
 penallyties be payde." 
 
 In 1602 a chamber order set forth that in consequence of "the 
 multitude of swine that go up and down the streets, every pig 
 found wandering within the liberties shall forfeit 35. 4c?./" In 
 the by-laws it was also enacted, 
 
 " That noe person doe singe, scalde, or dress swine in High Street, 
 or other streets, but in such baksides as are convenient 
 
 also, 
 
 " That every one who shall suffer their swine to go abroad within 
 the walls of this cyttie, not being lawfully ringed, shall forfeit the 
 like payne" (6s. 8d.) ; 
 
 every person to have 4d. that would pound them ; 
 
SANATORY. 
 
 93 
 
 "All ducks going in the streets to be forfeited to the seijeants 
 and in consequence of the encroachments made on the common 
 gromid in Frog Lane, Cripplegate, and in various places by 
 the city walls, an order was made "for the reformation and 
 suppression of pigs' cots there." The singeing of pigs at All 
 Saints Well is also complained of as a nuisance. In the ordi- 
 nance book {temp, Henry VII) it is enacted, 
 
 " That no person, inhabitant within the walls of this citie, of what 
 est', condition, or degree he be, have or kepe eny swene in his house, 
 stye, or otherwise, to the dishonor of the citie, and the grete rebuke 
 and shame of the inhabitants of the same, but oonly a boore in his 
 stye, and the said boore ther to remayne, and not to goo at large, in 
 peyn of forfetyng of hit, half to the bail, and half to the comons, as 
 oftentyines as eny such boore ys found within the citie in eny of the 
 strets at large ; and yf eny person aft' the fest of the nativity of our 
 Lord next comyng kepe eny swyne contrary to the ordinance, and 
 true prove ys made thereupon by dew enformation or otherwise, that 
 he forfeit for evy tyme 6^ S'^, haf to the baill. and half to the comons : 
 and that the chamb^ for the tyme being, at the tyme of their accompts 
 be hooly charged with the paym* of the forfetts, and no peny be 
 abreggid of that as shall belong to the comons, as they wull answer 
 for hit at their perill." 
 
 The city of Worcester was not the only place where porkers 
 had made themselves obnoxious, as I find by the following 
 copy of the " Ladies' Petition to the Mayor of Bath, on the 
 Nuisance of the Pigs in the Streets. 1801." 
 
 " Most wise and worshipful Lord Mayor, 
 Oh ! hsten to the ladies' prayer ; 
 Let mercy in thy bosom reign. 
 And let not beauty plead in vain ! 
 
 In Saturn's reign — those golden days, 
 The theme of ancient poets' praise — 
 Free roam'd the flocks o'er hill or wood. 
 And sought at large their nat'ral food ; 
 The gods would come from regioKs upper, 
 And shake down acorns for their supper ; 
 And you may learn, from Homer's line, 
 Ulysses' swineherd was divine ; 
 
94 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 uEneas, by a pig conducted, 
 
 His wandering ceased, his town constructed. 
 
 The golden scroll of lofty Fame 
 
 Records how Bladud did the same. 
 
 Hence, by the fount that ever flows. 
 
 And fraught with health to thousands flows, 
 
 Thy splendour, bright Bathonia, rose ! 
 
 Respected pigs ! they merit well 
 Appropriate meads of Asphodel ; 
 Or, rather, be they duly led 
 To stubbles fair, with corn bespread — 
 Or where bright acorns strew the ground, 
 And beech-nuts fall in show'rs around. 
 But, ah ! it grieves our hearts to meet 
 The straggling herd in every street ; 
 They grunt, and strain their oblong eyes — 
 No food upon the pavement lies. 
 Shrill cries of dismal woe they utter. 
 And roll amidst the foulest gutter ; 
 And rush, while madness fires their brains, 
 To scrub against our muslin trains ! 
 
 Then hear us, O puissant Mayor, 
 And please the pigs, and grant our prayer ! 
 Provide them some commodious stye. 
 Where the dear things at ease may lie ; 
 Nor more through streets, unfriended, stray, 
 O'erthrowing ladies in their way ! " 
 
 But the reason of the multitudes of pigs and ducks being found 
 in the streets no doubt existed in the collections of filth and 
 garbage found at almost every door. In 1627 occurs an order 
 for the suppression of "miskins" in Powick Lane and the 
 Trinity, but the latter seems to have stood its ground ; for 
 about sixty years afterwards it is spoken of as "an extreme 
 nuisance, which for a long time hath been, but now more than 
 ever was." The book of ordinances, before quoted, orders that 
 no person "cast intralls ne fylthe of bests dong, dowste, ne 
 corruption of his house, over Severn bridge," and makes certain 
 regulations for the carrying on of obnoxious trades with the 
 
SANATORY. 
 
 95 
 
 least offence to the public. Tallow chandlers were instructed 
 not to melt their tallow in any " fore street butchers, glovers, 
 barkers, and saddlers, were also specially forewarned, and 
 leather was not to be hung out to dry in the streets, nor was 
 fat to he poured down them except at night! It seems that the 
 town ditch, " Anger Lane," Dolday (or Dole-dale), " the olde 
 gayle," the " key," and the " slypes going down to Severn," were 
 used as depositories of filth, until places without the gates were 
 appointed for that purpose — namely, at Dighs, at St. Martin's 
 Gate, the gravel butts, the " loode in Sevarn," and " in the 
 common ground beyand Sevarnbruge yf hit be no flude." These 
 dunghills were turned to public advantage, and in the chamber- 
 lains' accounts they appeared as regular sources of income, 
 being sometimes sold to the citizens at per load, or disposed of 
 in the mass to a party who, in return, undertook to repair a 
 certain extent of the public highway in the immediate vicinity 
 of the '^miskin." In 1576 an order was made, " that in conse- 
 quence of the cost of the highways, no dung shall be carried 
 away" until the person shall have compounded with the sur- 
 veyors. In 1644 it was ordered to expend £35. lis. 8d. in 
 bringing the water from Barbourne brook into the town ditch, 
 to avoid the nuisance of standing water and filth in that ditch ; 
 and in 1690 a curious order occurs, 
 
 " That notice be given to the bellman that no person shall sweep 
 or cause to be swept their durt in gutter, except upon eny sudden 
 raine, and so wash it down to their neighbours, to begin quarrels, 
 upon paine of 12'^." 
 
 Luxurious days were those for the pigs ! 
 
 The " soils " in front of each house, as far as the gutter, were 
 formerly considered to belong exclusively to the proprietor of 
 each house, whether for purposes of cleansing or repairing ; 
 and as the gutter was in the middle of the road, the whole street 
 was thus provided for; but when foot pavements were con- 
 
96 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 structed^ and the gutters placed by their side, care was not 
 taken to alter the wording of the statute, and thus the repair of 
 the carriage-way is, in many parts of the city, a matter of dis- 
 pute even to this day. Indeed, the whole repair and management 
 of the streets requires the adoption of a more fair, economical, 
 and uniform system. 
 
 A quarantine was adopted during the visitation of the plague : 
 
 1580. — " An order for those who have the plague to stay in their 
 houses." 
 
 1649. — " Paid to Lawrence Eccles, when he was penned up for 
 fear of the plague, 15^" 
 
 The " widow keeping the Bell Inn, having the infeccon, and 
 not making the same known," was summarily punished by hav- 
 ing her sign pulled down ; and in the same year it was ordered, 
 
 " That by reason of the infeccon at this time, Mr. High Bailiff's 
 drinking, and the general feast, shall, for this time only, be forborne 
 and spared.'* 
 
 This was evidently looked upon at the time as the greatest sacri- 
 fice that could be made for the public health, and therefore 
 the reluctance with which it was done, and the specific declara- 
 tion that so great an act of self-denial was not to be used as 
 a precedent. A pest-house was built " for sicke folk" in 1 624, 
 near the Grey Friars, the present City Gaol ; and in October, 
 1648, the following order was made : 
 
 " That a letter be directed to the baylieffes of Bewdley, to intreat 
 them to forbeare to send down the coale, and also to forbeare coming 
 to our market until the infeccon of the plague be more abated." 
 
 In the following month the churchwardens of every parish in 
 Worcester were instructed to "collect contributions towards 
 those who are infected at Bewdley." The itinerant players also 
 were, on several similar occasions, fee'd not to come into the 
 city, and precautions were adopted not to lodge any diseased 
 travellers. In the by-law book is the following : 
 
SANATORY. 
 
 97 
 
 " Item — that no inholder or victualler shal refuse to hoste or lodge 
 aney pson or psons being strangers and footemen, not knowinge them 
 to be horible deseased, and paying for that they take, uppon peyne of 
 6^ 8^ for every offence." 
 
 With all their experience of destructive epidemics and other 
 diseases, some of the authorities of Worcester seemed not much 
 to have considered the relation of cause and effect, for in 1636 
 the chapel of the cathedral charnel-house (a depository full of 
 human bones) was fitted up as the college school ! But about 
 five years afterwards a complaint was made from the city of the 
 damps and unwholesome smells from the charnel-house, as being 
 prejudicial to the health of the scholars ; upon which the school 
 was removed to the refectory, where it is still held. 
 
 The greatest sanatory improvements in the city were carried 
 out under an act of parliament, at the close of the last century, 
 by a general paving and lighting f and since that time, what 
 with opening new approaches to the city, covering the town 
 ditch, removing nuisances from the streets, and likewise the 
 overhanging gable-houses, which narrowed the thoroughfares 
 and prevented the passage of a requisite current of air, with 
 many other improvements, we can scarcely form any idea, from 
 its present state, of what ancient Worcester was, although we 
 are even yet but on the threshold of real sanatory improvement ; 
 and this brings me to the appearance of the streets. 
 
 * The city was first paved by Bishop Giffard as early as 1281. 
 
 H 
 
' Gaunt, ghastly, ghaist-alluring edifices, 
 Hanging, with threat'ning jut, like precipices ; 
 O'erarching, mouldy, gloom-inspiring coves, 
 Supporting roofs fantastic, stony groves ; 
 Windows and doors in nameless sculpture drest, 
 With order, symmetry, or taste unblest" — 
 
 Brigs of Ayr. 
 
 ^^HE state of the streets, lanes, and highways, even up to 
 
 the close of the last century, was such as the present 
 generation can scarcely conceive. Let the reader fancy 
 he is passing through a number of long, narrow streets, unpaved, 
 with the upper stories of the cross-timbered dwellings overhang- 
 ing so much that the two sides of the streets seem to be nodding 
 to, and within a few feet of, each other. If it be at night, the 
 inhabitants are deluding themselves with the idea of throwing a 
 light on his or her majesty's subjects, by each householder obey- 
 ing the proclamation of the bellman to hang out a lantern at 
 his door, which nocturnal luminaries, being composed of thick 
 horn fixed in heavy metal frames, must have presented the 
 appearance of an army of glow-worms, or a Chinese feast of lan- 
 terns. This luxury is not continued beyond nine o'clock, after 
 which hour all persons of substance, or who are careful of theu^ 
 personal safety, in going home from tavern, counting-house, or 
 debauch, procure an attendant with a flaring Unk to precede 
 them. In this way only could they hope to escape a broken 
 shin from the logs of timber lying about, unpleasant contact 
 
THE STREETS. 
 
 99 
 
 with the heaps of manure deposited in front of the houses, or a 
 somersault into the saw-pits or to the tavern cellars, which in 
 those days yawned in the public streets to receive the passer- 
 by, to say nothing of the drays and waggons which blocked up 
 the passages, to the great discomfiture of all who ventured to 
 bring vehicles through the city by night. Indeed, the streets at 
 this period were so narrow, owing to the projecting purprestures 
 (booths, or shop fronts), that carts and waggons scarcely ever 
 ventured into any but the principal streets, for fear of bemg 
 jammed in ; and goods were accordingly carried on trucks drawn 
 by dogs. In 1 640 an order was made by the Worcester chamber, 
 that the bellman should call every night at the houses of every 
 one of the 24 and 48 (members of the corporation), to remind 
 them to put out their candle and lantern. In 1669 occurs an 
 item of a charge by the beadles for " candles when they went 
 about to give notice to hang out lanterns." In \ I find the 
 following order : 
 
 " That every person that keepeth a tavern, inn, or ale-house, within 
 the city, or that payeth 3^ a week to the poor of y® parish where he 
 liveth, shall every night in every year, from y^ feast of All Saints 
 to the Purification of Our Lady (unless y^ moon's shine) hang out a 
 light from six of y^ clock until nine, under y® penalty of 6^ for every 
 oflence." 
 
 About the same time 4d. is charged "for a link to light the 
 Mayor home," his worship having probably been benighted at 
 one of those jolly carousals for which he and his cloth were so 
 noted. In 1724 three large lanterns are ordered for the use of 
 the corporation, no doubt to hang in front of the hall. In 1735 
 
 " For mending the Globe lantern, 7^ Q^." 
 
 The Globe being a favourite resort of the " collective wisdom" of 
 the 24 and 48," considerable interest must have been felt in 
 the efilciency of its lantern, by which alone a fair start home- 
 wards could be looked for. Lamps, however, are mentioned in 
 
 H 2 
 
100 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Worcester as early as 1708, at which time, singularly enough, 
 the responsibility of keeping them lighted and in repair was 
 allotted to the churchwardens of each parish. The saw-pit and 
 timber in Angel Lane were frequently a source of complaint, as 
 also " the saw-pitts from Frog Gate to the Severn, whereby men 
 commonly drive or lead their cattle to water, to avoid p'rill and 
 danger," are ordered to be filled up ; and the stairs going down 
 into taverns to be enclosed. 
 
 Thatch gave way generally to tiles in the seventeenth 
 century, in obedience to an order of the Worcester cham- 
 ber, and chimneys of brick were erected in lieu of wood. An 
 ordinance, however, had been in existence ever since the 
 time of Henry VII to the effect, that " all persons having bytts, 
 be ready with their horses and bytts to bring wat blyng to eny 
 citesen when eny p'ell of fuyre ys within the citie," and that four 
 firehooks be kept, " two at the Yeldhall, the third at AUhallen 
 Strep, and the fourth about the Cardinal Hats [an inn or 
 tavern] ; also that no chimneys of timber or thatched houses be 
 suffered." An order against the use of timber and thatch had 
 also been made as early as the reign of Edward IV. Timber, 
 with lath and plaster, constituted the chief materials in buildings 
 till the fifteenth century, when bricks began to be used in the 
 better sort of houses. 
 
 The first mention of fire engines in this city is in 1641 : 
 
 " For byndynge the wheels of the engine for p'vencon of fyer within 
 this cytie, with iron bonds, and to a man half a year's pay for keeping 
 it in order." 
 
 In the year 1658 a memorial was sent to Lord Wylde, then 
 recorder, proposing to appropriate his salary to purchasing a 
 water engine, as he had promised to give it up. The great fire 
 of London seems to have excited some apprehension even at 
 Worcester, for in 1 667 an order of the chamber sets forth that, 
 " as the fire engine was too large for the backsides and lanes," 
 
THE STREETS. 
 
 101 
 
 several small hand engines be obtained forthwith. At the same 
 time it was ordered that all ricks of hay be removed out of the 
 city. In 1719, Avery Hunt was appointed to keep the three 
 engines in St. Nicholas's church in repair, at 40s. per annum, 
 " and to play them four times a year for exercise." 
 
 The old Town-hall (according to Green) was a timber struc- 
 ture, on the same site as the present hall ; it had a piazza in 
 front, and next to Cooken Street w as a range of shops, facing 
 High Street, the back parts of which commanded a view of Nisi 
 Prius Court in the Guildhall. At the south end of the piazza 
 was another row of shops, adjoining to wjjich was the principal 
 entrance of the hall, down a flight of nearly twenty steps. The 
 body of the hall was open to the roof, and hghted by a large 
 window at the north end. The courts of justice were situated 
 facing each other, at the extreme ends of the hall, and elevated 
 considerably above the level of its general flooring. Internally, 
 on the right of the Nisi Prius Court, advancing towards the 
 opposite end, was the prison, the windows of which were under 
 the piazza, and facing High Street. Nearly opposite the prison, 
 on the left side of the Nisi Prius Court, was the residence of the 
 gaoler, who occupied it as a public house, over which was a 
 chamber for the petty jury. At the north end of the piazza was 
 the mayor's court, near to the Crown bar. Through its entrance 
 the judge was enabled to pass to his seat, without going down 
 the hall steps. A large gallery was provided for auditors at the 
 trials. Over the piazza was the council chamber, lighted by a 
 series of small windows towards High Street. Near the window 
 at the north end the statue of Queen Anne was in a niche. This 
 statue is erected on the present hall. In the book of ordinances 
 an order was made, that if any one made " durs or holes" in the 
 walls, " to have knowledge of what is don in the s^ hall," he was 
 to stop up the same forthwith on certain penalties, and also that 
 no person play at " tenys" in the hall. In the year 1680 also 
 
102 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 occurs this item — " Paid 6^ for cleansing the hall of cobwebs." 
 What with the holes in the walls and cobwebs on the roof, we 
 are presented with no flattering picture of the comfort experi- 
 enced by the " collective wisdom" of the city in the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 The general appearance of the city three centuries ago is thus 
 described by Leland : 
 
 " The towne of Worcester, called in Welch Caer Argo, stand- 
 eth on the left ripe of Severne, upon a ground somewhat conde- 
 scending from the river. It is reasonably well wodded and well 
 maintained. In the wall be six gates ; the Bridge-gate on 
 Severne, having a goodly square towre over it : a posterne gate, 
 by St. Clem, church, hard by the north side of the bridge over 
 Severne; the Fore-gate, a fayre piece of worke, standing by 
 north ; Sudbury-gate, standing east, in the way from Worces- 
 ter to London ; St. Martin's-gate ; Trinity-gate, this is but a 
 posterne. 
 
 " The castle stood hard on the south part of the cathedrall 
 church, almost on Severne. It is now cleane downe, and half the 
 base court, or area of it, is now within the wall of the close of 
 the cathedrall church. 
 
 "The dungeon hill of the castle is a great thinge, at this 
 tyme overgrowen with brush wood. 
 
 " This castle fell to mine soone after the Conquest, and halfe 
 the ground of it was given to the augmenting of the close of the 
 priorye. 
 
 " There be divers fayre streetes in the towne well builded with 
 timbre ; but the fayrest and most celebrate street of the towne 
 is from the bishop's palace-gate to the Fore-gate, along by north. 
 There be two places in Worcester where the markets be com- 
 monly kept ; the one is a little within St. Martin's-gate, the other 
 is a little within Foregate. 
 
 " The cathedrall church standeth in the south syde of the 
 
THE STREETS. 
 
 103 
 
 towne. There be eight parish churches in the towne, whereof 
 St. Hellen is counted the most ancient, and it was a prebend 
 before King Edgar's dayes to the cathedrall church of Worces- 
 ter, and Bloxliam, in Worcestershire, was mother. 
 
 " And I have heard, that all the churches in Worcester, afore 
 that King Edgar sett up monks in the cathedrall church, were 
 but chapells to the cathedrall church aforesayd. 
 
 " The Blacke Friar's house, of the foundation of Beauchampes, 
 of Powick, stood in the north part of the towne, hard by the wall 
 within it ; and this ground is the highest plott in the towne, and 
 hath a fayre prospect. 
 
 " There is a fayre suburbe beyond the bridge on Severne, and 
 the inhabitants thereof much resort to St. Clemente's church, 
 cis pontem, 
 
 " The bridge is a royal piece of worke, high and stronge, and 
 hath six great arches of stone. There is a long fayre suburbe 
 by north without the Fore-gate ; and at the north-east part and 
 very end of it, is an ancient and fayre large chapell of St. Oswald; 
 which first was erected for monkes, then infected, or should after 
 be infected, with leprosie. After it was changed to an hospitall, 
 and there was a maister, fellowes, and poore folkes ; but of lat- 
 ter tymes it was turned to a free chapell, and beareth the name 
 of St. Oswald, as a thinge dedicated of ould time to him : and 
 here were wont corses to be buried in time of pestilence, as in a 
 public cemetery for Worcester. 
 
 This chapell yet standeth, and a fayre mansion-house by it, 
 much repayred of late tyme by one Parker, chancellour to the 
 Bishop of Worcester, but the lands be alienated and taken 
 awaye. 
 
 " There was a place of nunnes at the very north syde of the 
 cemetery of St. Oswald ; it was called Whilestan ( Whitstan) now 
 suppressed, the church cleane rased downe, and a farme place of 
 the residew of the buildinges. 
 
104 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 " There is a fayre suburbe without Sudbury- gate, and it was 
 an hospitall, called St. Wolstan ; some called it a Commanderye, 
 where was a maister, priestes, and poore men. Some saye that 
 it was originally of the foundation of the queene. 
 
 One Carter, a merchant of Worcester, gave, of late tymes, 
 landes unto it, and thereby renewed the ould foundation ; and in 
 this almes were divers merchantmen of Worcester, fallen in 
 decaye, and also relieved. Mauresine hath suppressed this house, 
 and now a clothier dwelleth in it. There is in this suburbe a 
 chapell of St. Godwald. What this St. Godwald was, I could 
 not certainely learne. Some said he was a bishop. 
 
 " There is a suburbe without St. Martin's-gate ; and herea- 
 boutes, in a lowe marish ground, was a place of Grey Freres, of 
 the foundation of the Earles of Warwike. 
 
 There is a chapell of St. Ursula, a little by south, without 
 the castle garth. 
 
 " The wealthe of the towne of Worcester standeth most by 
 drapering; and no towne of England, at this present tyme, 
 maketh so many cloathes yearly as this towne doth. 
 
 " I marked at Worcester, that the high crestes of Malverne 
 hilles be, to the sight, neare to Worcester, but it is six miles to 
 great Malverne priory, which standeth at the roote of those 
 hilles." 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE FRONTISPIECE. 
 
 The ground plan of the city, which forms the frontispiece of 
 this work, is a reduced copy of an old engraving supposed to 
 have been drawn in the year 1651, and which, T am informed, 
 was published in one of the editions of " Boscobel," a work by 
 Thomas Blount, a catholic lawyer, and sufferer in the royal 
 cause. The principal streets and buildings may be readily 
 traced, but it must be remembered that the bridge was then 
 situate opposite to the bottom of Newport Street, and that the 
 
THE STREETS. 
 
 105 
 
 opening of Bridge Street, College Street, and many other 
 improvements, had not been made, nor were there many houses 
 in the suburbs, a great part even of the area within the walls 
 being laid out in fields and gardens. The city was then in the 
 possession of Charles II, and the Scotch army, which sustained 
 here so signal a defeat. In the east part of the plan will be 
 seen the Fort Royal (now called the Commandery Park), well 
 fortified, and occupied by royalist troops. An active skirmish 
 is going on at the outposts, from the Sidbury Gate as far as 
 Perry Wood, at the south end of which was a strong breast- 
 work, raised by the parliamentarian army, and a battery of 
 great guns opened against the fort. Cromwell's head quarters 
 were at Judge Berkeley's, at Spetchley. The enemy carried 
 the fort, put the troops to the sword for having refused to 
 surrender, and then pointed the guns at the city, which was 
 immediately entered by the victors, while Charles retreated to 
 Boscobel, and thence, after many romantic adventures, to 
 France. The trenches at Perry Wood are still in existence. 
 The plan will be inspected with much interest by my readers 
 who are citizens of Worcester, and they will, I think, agree with 
 me, that this valuable relic of the past was worthy of being 
 preserved from obscurity or destruction. 
 
*' Pars hominum vitiis gaudet constanter" — Horace. 
 
 ' * O wad some power the giftie gie us 
 To see oursels as others see us ! 
 It wad frae monie a blunder free us 
 
 And foolish notion : 
 What airs in dress and gait wad lea'e us, 
 
 And ev'n devotion I" — Burns. 
 
 FRAUD. 
 
 'MONG the regulations against fraud and purloining 
 I find, in the by-law book, commencing early in the 
 seventeenth century, a direction that no clothier, while 
 carrying on that trade, should be allowed to take a license as a 
 victualler, for that many dishonest work-people purloined wool 
 and cloth from their masters, and disposed of it for drink to the 
 victuallers. It was likewise enacted — 
 
 " That no knitters of stockings shall be allowed but such as appear 
 to Mr. Mayor to be of good behaviour, for divers of them be common 
 locksers and resetters of yearne and woll, pilfered from the owners 
 thereof, to the great decay of the inhabitants of this city." 
 
 Rent defaulters to the corporation are frequently mentioned as 
 being in long arrears, and hostages, or " gages " as they were 
 termed, were left in the chamberlains' hands in pledge of the 
 sum due. These articles consisted chiefly of basins, ewers, 
 pans, &c., and one " brasen potte " in particular seems to have 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 107 
 
 been handed down from one chamberlain to another for so long 
 a period as to have been viewed in the light of a heirloom of 
 the corporation. There were no auctioneers or monthly sale- 
 rooms in those days. 
 
 TIPPLING 
 
 in ancient times was one of those peccadilloes which, in its worst 
 developments, was punished by the stocks — if indeed that could 
 be termed punishment which enabled the culprit to form a 
 reunion with his pot companions, and repeat shamelessly in the 
 public highway the more secret carousals of the previous night 
 — yet we find some stringent orders made against this vicious 
 habit. 
 
 1677. — " AVhereas many lazy fellers have, to the ruine of their pore 
 wifes and children, spent their time in kettle pinne alleys, shovell- 
 board tables,* and such-like unlawful sports, for the p'vncion of so 
 great evil, an order is made on Mr. Mayor and Aldermen to fine ale- 
 house-keepers 5^ in all such cases." 
 
 The churchwardens were also instructed to give in the names 
 of " all who spent their time in foleness and tipling contrary to 
 law, and to prosecute them, as also ballad singers and hucksters 
 that stop the common passages in the market places." 
 
 BALLAD SINGERS. 
 
 The unfortunate fraternity of ballad singers was for a long 
 time during the Commonwealth peculiarly obnoxious to the 
 moral disciplinarians of Worcester. 
 
 1649 — " We do order and ordain that all ballet singers shal'be 
 put out by the heels." 
 
 1653. — " It is ordered that to suppress all ballat singers, their ballats 
 shall be burnt and themselves imprisoned by the space of three 
 dayes." 
 
 * A game which once was in great repute with the nobility and gentry, 
 but at length became common in all taverns. It was performed by pro- 
 pelling flat metal weights along the board to a certain point. 
 
108 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 And the same punishment was adjudged to those who " sang 
 profane songs to the dishonour of God and religion." In the 
 ancient by-law book was this item : 
 
 " That noe pson whatever shall from henceforth be tolerated or 
 suffered to bring to this city, upon the market dayes or any other 
 dayes, aney ballets, and within this city and hberties of the same to 
 sing the same, whereupon much damage and p'iudice may ensue to 
 many of the king's majesty's liege subjects." 
 
 In 1659 it was ordered — 
 
 " That ballad singers be put in the stocks." 
 
 For many years previous to this, a " beddell of vacabunds and 
 sturdy beggers" was mentioned, whose duty it probably was to 
 hunt up these and such-like scurvy itinerants. He was " to have 
 a garment of white and blue, and a staff that he may be known 
 by." What a contrast does this present to the eleventh, twelfth, 
 and thirteenth centuries, when no festivity was deemed complete 
 which was not set off with the exercise of the minstrel's talents, 
 who was every where received with respect. 
 
 AFFRAYS. 
 
 In the book of ordinances it is enacted, that " yf any bawds, 
 receivers of servants and of men's children, scolders and chiders, 
 be within the citie, and his dewly presented and found upon the 
 law-day," to be punished according to the discretion of the bai- 
 liff. And if any citizen drew his dagger, sword, or knife, upon 
 any person, and a jury found him guilty, to forfeit 40d, and his 
 weapon ; and if he let blood in the fray, to forfeit 6s. 8d. and his 
 weapon. The forfeiture of these w^eapons is constantly men- 
 tioned in the records. By an order dated 1623 it was enacted, 
 that " before any man be admitted a freeman, he shal bring up 
 of his owne a holberte or partincet for the preservation of the 
 peace, whereunto he is sworn to keep a sufficient weapon in his 
 house." The games of " tenys, bowls, close dyte, and cards," 
 were also prohibited by this civic statute. 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 109 
 
 BULL BAITING 
 
 was an integral part of the constitution, which was not so easily 
 set aside as some other sports ; and I find, in 1697, this item : — 
 " Paid John Huntbach for a large bull-ring and staple at the 
 Cross, at 4d. per lb., 4s. 6d." Mr. Wright* says that it was 
 anciently a part of the mayor's duty to see that plenty of bulls 
 and bears were provided for baiting. Butchers were fined 
 for killing bulls that had not been baited. In some places the 
 bull dogs kept by the butchers for this purpose seem to have 
 been the terror of the town. The bull was sometimes baited 
 before the mayor's door. The brutal sport of baiting, amongst 
 others, was prohibited during the Commonwealth; but Mr. 
 Macaulay says, with much show of truth, " the Puritan hated 
 bear baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because 
 it gave pleasure to the spectators." 
 
 COCK THROWING 
 was not denounced in Worcester till 1745, when the expense 
 of 2s. 6d. was incurred for crying it down. This inhuman practice 
 was one of the peculiar sports of Shrove Tuesday, and its origin 
 has been attributed to a variety of causes : the common tradition 
 is, that the crowing of a cock prevented our Saxon ancestors 
 from massacreing their conquerors, the Danes, on the morning 
 of a Shrove Tuesday, whilst the latter were asleep in their beds ; 
 but the more probable conjecture is, that the cock was originally 
 set up as the type of our Gallic neighbours, so that each rustic, 
 while aiming his stick at the unfortunate bird, rejoiced in the 
 notion that if he was not knocking down a Frenchman it was 
 something very like it. In a hamlet near Harrow-on-the-Hill 
 the money collected at this sport was formerly applied in aid of 
 the poor rates ! as appears by a local account of receipts and 
 disbursements : 
 
 * Arch ecological Journal, 1845. 
 
110 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 " 1622.— Rec^i for cocks at Shrovetide . . £0 12 0 " 
 " 1628.— Eec^ for cocks in Towne . . . 0 19 10 
 " Out of Towne . . . . 0 0 6" 
 
 INSTRUMENTS OF PUNISHMENT. 
 
 The laws made at Worcester with the view of bridling the 
 '^mother tongue" of the fair sex may be gathered from the 
 following : 
 
 1623. — " Allowed the money for whipping of one Rogeres, and for 
 carrying of several women upon the gum-stoole." 
 
 The gum-stool was apparently the ducking-stool, or more pro- 
 perly the cucking or cuckold-stool. This was an engine for the 
 punishment of scolds and unquiet women by ducking them in 
 the water. Cooken or Cucken Street (as it is termed in an old 
 corporation map) was probably the scene of these processions 
 and "duckings" in the river. Kitcher says this machine was 
 much in use even among the Saxons, who called it "scealding- 
 stole." The punishment was also inflicted on brewers and 
 bakers transgressing the law, who were thereupon, in such a 
 chair or stool, to be ducked in stercore (some muddy or stinking 
 pond). It was anciently written "gaging stole," and in Domes- 
 day, " cathedra stercoris." The practice wase vidently the same 
 as that of " riding the skimmington" before the doors of cuckold 
 husbands, &c. 
 
 " By which hieroglyphic does appear 
 That the good woman is the master there." 
 1625. — " For mending the stocks at the Grass Crosse, for whipping 
 of divers persons and carting of other some, and for hailing the goome 
 stoole to the houses of dvs scouldinge people." 
 
 1658. — " Paid for mending the bridle for bridleinge of scoulds, and 
 two cords for the same, 1^ 2d." 
 
 A curious instrument of punishment, probably used for a 
 similar purpose as that just mentioned, may still be seen, hung 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 up with some armour, in the Worcester Guildhall. The fol- 
 lowing is from a sketch taken by me a few months ago. The 
 head was inserted in this helmet ; and the visor, which is here 
 represented as hanging down, being connected with the toothed 
 uprights, was drawn up or down by means of a key winding up 
 the end of the rod which passes immediately across the top of 
 the helmet, and which rod is furnished with cogs at the end, to 
 fit into the teeth of the uprights. The visor was thus drawn up 
 
 tightly, so as to completely darken the eyes and cover the nose. 
 The little square box, with hole, to which a screw is affixed at 
 the side, was probably intended to receive the end of a pole fixed 
 in a wall, from which the patient was thus made to stand out, 
 though certainly not " in relief." These instruments, as well as 
 cucking or cuckold-stools, were in use in nearly all towns. The 
 present specimen is probably of the date of Henry VII's reign. 
 Men and women were whipped promiscuously in public till 
 
112 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 the close of the last century, if not later. Male and female 
 "rogues" were whipped at a charge of 4d. each; in 1680 there 
 is a charge of 4d. for "whipping a wench;" in 1742, Is. "for 
 whipping John Williams and exposing Joyce Powell;" in 1747, 
 "whipping Sarah Perrons, 6d ;" and "whipping a man and 
 woman, Is.;" in 1750, " whipping a man and woman, 2s. ;" in 
 1 759, " for whipping Ehz. Bradbury, 2s. 6d.," probably including 
 the cart, which was usually charged Is. 6d. separately. Happily 
 the day is now gone by when these disgusting exhibitions v/ere 
 witnessed. 
 
 " The lash on woman's shrinking flesh, 
 Our soil yet moistened with the stains 
 Drawn from her scourgings warm and fresh." 
 
 The scene of these brutalities was in the Corn Market, as in 
 1697 a charge of 8s. was made for erecting a new whipping-post 
 there. One pair of stocks was at the Quay Head, another at the 
 Cross, a third at Sidbury Gate, a fourth at Severn Bridge, and 
 probably others in different parts of the city. The by-law book 
 contains an entry, in the year 1656, to the following effect: 
 " Whereas there hath been for some years last past a want of 
 certain instruments applying to the execution of justice upon 
 offenders, viz., the pillorie, whipping post, and gum-stoole," the 
 chamberlain is instructed to procure them. Three years after- 
 wards it is recorded that the gum-stool was set up at " Bitter's 
 Slip." The pillory was at the Cross in 1760, though it appears 
 that one formerly stood in the Corn Market, there having been 
 a charge of £4. Is. 9d. made in 1686 for setting up one there 
 and colouring it. In 1733 a new gallows was erected in Little 
 Pitchcroft. 
 
 THE PRISON. 
 The gaol and gaoler's house were comprised in the Guildhall, 
 and for some time it was the rule to make a distinction in favour 
 of "citizen" over " foreign" cnminals, by placing the former in 
 this gaol, and the latter in the prison of the Foregate : 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 113 
 
 " And that no citizen be put in comon prison, but in oon of the 
 chambers of the hall beneth furth, without he be comyttd to prison 
 for felony, mrdre, or for some heynows trespass, in the which case the 
 baillies may take siu'ety and put in baile." 
 
 THE SABBATH. 
 
 The regulations for the due observance of the Sabbath appear 
 to have been more strict during the Commonwealth than in the 
 reign of Elizabeth. About the first year of that queen's reign 
 there occurs a curious chamber order, that shops were to open 
 "only one top window on Sundays." This was a decided case of 
 huckstership dividing its affection between God and Mammon. 
 But from the years 1640 to 1660 a rigid scrutiny was established 
 against all such offences, alehouse keepers being especially 
 watched and warned. At this time occur the following orders : 
 
 " That no inhabitant shall suffer their children or servants to 
 sit idle or play at games in divine service or sermon, on paine of 
 6s 8^ ; and that no boat or barge shall go up or down the river on 
 that day on the like pain; and any person found playing at footeball, 
 stooleball, cudgells,* or other unlawful games, on the Sabbath, to forfeit 
 
 A LECTURER AT THE CATHEDRAL. 
 About this same period (or rather during a great part of the 
 century) a custom obtained of having a city lecturer or preacher 
 in Worcester, under the auspices of the corporation. In 1614 
 it was " agreed that the bailiff do further the business con- 
 cerning the preacher or lecturer to be had for the cittie." Two 
 
 * This rough game is, or was very recently, practised in Dorsetshire 
 and Somersetshire, which two counties have had their champions pitted 
 against each other from time immemorial. A stage is erected in the 
 market place, on which the combatants ascend. The former are stripped 
 to their shirt and breeches, and have their arms padded. Each holds a 
 short thick stick in his left hand to protect his head and face from blows, 
 and in his right hand is a long stick with which he acts on the offensive. 
 He who breaks the largest number of heads in the day receives a purse of 
 sovereigns. Sometimes an eye was knocked out, or the combatants were 
 otherwise disabled for life ; and yet this exhibition was exceedingly popular 
 with all classes. 
 
 I 
 
114 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 years afterwards an order was made for his yearly maintenance; 
 and in a subsequent order, it having been a question whether 
 he should preach his weekly discourse in the cathedral or in 
 some of the parish churches, the latter were selected ; but the 
 order was again countermanded, and he was instructed "to 
 preach at the college every Sunday so long as it seems good to 
 this house." The lecturer (a Mr. Kinnett) died, and one Mr. 
 Harkell succeeded him. In 1627 the chamber petitioned the 
 king for a prebend's place for the lecturer, who seems to have 
 thriven but indifferently upon voluntary contribution and the 
 crumbs of the corporation table. In 1 642 the king recommends 
 a lecturer at the cathedral, and persons were appointed to raise 
 contributions for him in every parish; and subsequently the 
 corporation also petitioned the king for a prebendal stall for 
 him, as the amount they were enabled to raise from their own 
 resources and from the parishes was not sufficient to satisfy 
 him. I suppose that owing to the unsettled state of the 
 times he did not obtain this desirable post, for in 1643 it 
 appears that Dr. Warmstry refused to supply the place of lec- 
 turer, and in 1664 it was ordered that the £4.0 granted to the 
 lecturer be discontinued, and that he must rely on voluntary 
 contributions in each ward. In the following year, however, 
 the mayor and aldermen are desired "to take care for the 
 supply of the lecturer at the cathedral church," and Dr. 
 Lawrance was accordingly requested to be lecturer, at £iO per 
 annum, to be paid quarterly, with voluntary contributions 
 besides. About ten years afterwards an entry occurs of "5^ 
 to T. Vickaredge for the minister's diet to maintain the Friday 
 lecturer at St. Swythen's," and this is frequently repeated. 
 I have in vain endeavoured to ascertain the original cause of 
 these lecturers' engagement, and the circumstances which gave 
 to the corporation a command over the services of the cathedral. 
 It should be stated, however, that a serious dispute appears to 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 115 
 
 have existed for several years between that body and the dean 
 and chapter, of which I find the following traces : 
 
 1640. — "Certain grievances were alleged (but not particularized) 
 against the dean and chapter, and a conference with them was after- 
 wards proposed, concerning the articles preferred by this city in 
 Parliament against them, and to know unto which of these demands 
 they will consent and which deny, so to have a speedy proceeding in 
 the cause." 
 
 1641. John Child's expenses are paid for " appearing before 
 Parliament about the dean and chapter." This dispute was 
 continued for several years. It was more probably occasioned 
 by some question of the boundaries of their respective proper- 
 ties than by any dispute about discipline. 
 
 PERSECUTION. 
 The corporation records afford proof of the persecution with 
 which the Quakers of Worcester were followed in the time of 
 the Commonwealth and of the second Charles. It seems that 
 when they were forbidden to enter their meeting house, they 
 assembled in Friar Street, before the gate of their house,* and 
 preached in the open air. On the 28th of March, 1661, Mr. 
 Townsend and Mr. Symonds released out of Worcester gaol 24 
 Quakers and 14 Anabaptists, upon recognizance to appear at 
 the next assizes, and in the meantime to keep the peace and 
 acknowledge Charles II. About the year 1665 we have the 
 following entries : 
 
 " Paid two soldiers for watching the Quackers, 1^ G^." 
 
 and 
 
 "Paid James Hill for a bill against the Quakers, and other expenses 
 by him laid out the last assizes, 8^ 6*^." 
 
 George Fox himself, in 1674, was confined in Worcester prison 
 for refusing to take an oath, and William Penn having exerted 
 
 * Their first meeting house was in Cooken Street. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 himself in his favour, he was removed to London in the Wor- 
 cester coach (which is the first mention of a stage coach in this 
 city). The journey was then performed in four days. It may 
 now (1849) be accomplished in five hours. 
 
 I must not leave this branch of my subject without making 
 mention of the sufferings undergone by Protestants in Worcester 
 during the progress of the Reformation. Although I would not 
 subscribe to the truth of all that was recorded by Fox in his 
 Ecclesiastical Historie, containing the Acts and Monuments 
 of Martyrs^ yet the following will at least serve to show the 
 manner and spirit of the times : 
 
 "A.D. 1546, and the last yere of King Henry VIII, John Davis, a 
 childe of twelve yeares and under, who, dwelUng in the House of 
 M. Johnson, Apothecary, in the Towne of Worcester, his Uncle, using 
 sometimes to reade the Testament* and other good English Bookes, 
 was complained of by AUce Johnson, his mistress ; which AUce being 
 an obstinate person, consulted with one Thomas Parton, and one 
 AUce, wife to Nicholas Brooke, organ maker, with certaine of the 
 Canons, and M. Johnson, Chancellor to D. Heath, their Bishop. The 
 means whereby he was entrapped were brought by the foresaid Alice 
 Brooke, who procured Oliver her son, schoolfellow with the said 
 John Davis, to feigne friendship with him, and under pretence to be 
 instructed, to see his English Bookes, and especially to get something 
 of his writing against the six Articles. Which being had was soone 
 brought to the Canons of the Church and the Chancellor. Where- 
 upon Thomas Parton, whether being sent, or of his own mind, came 
 to apprehend him, and his Uncle was forced against his will to bind 
 the poore boyes arms behind him, and so he was brought to the Officers 
 of the Town, where he lay from the 14th of August till the last of 
 September. Then was he commanded to the freeman's prison, where 
 one Richard Howborough, coming to perswade him from burning, 
 willed him to prove first with a candle ; who then holding his finger, 
 and the other a candle under it a good space, yet (as the Party him- 
 self to me assureth) felt no burning thereof, neither would the other 
 that held the candle believe him a great while, till he had looked and 
 saw no scorcliing of the candle at all appeared. Then was the childe 
 
 * This was previous to the establisliment of a press at Worcester, for Joiin 
 Oswen first printed tlie New Testament at Worcester, in 1548. 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 117 
 
 removed from thence to an inner Prison called Peepehole, where the 
 Low Bayliffe, called Robert Yould, laid upon him a paire of bolts, so 
 that he could not lift up his small legs, but leaning on a StafFe, slipt 
 them forwards on the ground, the coldness of which irons he feeleth 
 yet in his ankles, and shall so long as he liveth : with these bolts his 
 lying was upon the cold ground, having not one locke of straw nor 
 cloth to cover him, save only two sheep skins ; neither durst father or 
 mother, or any of his friends, come at him. Besides this, and many 
 great threats of the Papists, there was a madman put to him in the 
 prison, with a knife about him, wherewith hee oft times in his frantike 
 rage proffered to thrust him in. 
 
 "After this came to him one Jolyfe and R. Yewer, two Canons, 
 which had his writings against the sixe Articles, and his Ballet called 
 * Come down for all your shaven Crowne to see whether he would 
 stand to that he had written. Which done, with many great raging 
 words, not long after sate Master Johnson the Chancellor, in the 
 Guildhall, upon the poore lad. Where first were brought in his 
 accusers, and swome, then were also sworne twenty-foure men which 
 went on his quest, and found him guilty, but he never came before 
 the Chancellor. Upon this he was sent to the common Gaole among 
 theeves and murtherers, there to tarry the coming of the Judges, and 
 so to be had straight to execution. But the mighty mercy of the 
 Lord, who helpeth the desolate and miserable when all other help is 
 past, so provided for this silly condemned lad, that the purpose of his 
 hardhearted enemies was disappointed. For before the Judges came, 
 God took away Henry VIII out of this life. By reason whereof the 
 force of the law was then staled, howbeit he was nevertheless 
 arrainged, being holden up in a man's armes at the barre, before the 
 Judges, who were Portman and Marven. Which when they per- 
 ceived that they could not burne him, would have him presently 
 whipped. But M. T. Bourne, Esquire, declared to the Judges how 
 he had whipping enough. After that he had hen a weeke more in 
 prison, he had him home to his house, his Wife anointed his legs 
 herself with ointment, which then were stiff and nummed with irons, 
 till at length when Master Bourne and his Wife saw they could not 
 win him to the beleife of their Sacrament, they put him away lest he 
 should infect their son Anthony, as they thought, with Heresie. 
 
 " Thus John Davis, of the age aforesaid, in what danger he was for 
 the Gospell ye see, and how the Lord preserved him ye understand. 
 He indured in prison from the 14 day of August till within 7 dales of 
 Easter, who is yet ahve, and a profitable Minister this day in the 
 Church of England. Blessed be the Lord qui facit mii-abiha solus." 
 
118 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 POLICE. 
 
 The physical force at the disposal of the Worcester executive 
 (including the night Charleys) seems at no period to have been 
 very effective. About the year 1691 charges are made "for 
 appeasing the tumult when the poor arose about carrying away 
 the corn, and other things relating thereto." In this tumult 
 houses were broken into, the trows in the river assaulted and 
 robbed, and men were violently beaten in the streets. A spe- 
 cial commission was sent down to try the rioters. In the year 
 1730 is the following curious order : 
 
 " Paid Jasper and other porters to endeavour to quell the mob the 
 troublesome night, 5^ 6^.'* 
 
 Had this reference to the renewal of the East India Company's 
 Charter, which at that time caused great agitation in parliament 
 and the country generally ? 
 
 An ancient by-law with regard to constables sets forth that — 
 
 " By cause afortyme it hath byn used, at some seasons of wilfulness, 
 the constable of the citie to be chosen of pure malice by other old 
 constables, whereby many inconveniences have growen of the same, 
 therefore it is ordeyned that, in time comyng, the said constables, in 
 any ward, by the hie election and the lowe ellection, assembled toge- 
 der in the council chamber, the day of election shall be chosen, pro- 
 vided that the said constables shall be good, honest, sadde, and dis- 
 crete persons of the saide citie, and not of symple condition." 
 
 In 1597 the night watch consisted of eight persons, who were 
 to walk from nine till five o'clock, and the charges to be defrayed 
 by subsidy men, innkeepers, victuallers, and commoners of best 
 ability in the city. 
 
 In 1668 the night defences of the city seem to have been en- 
 trusted to one bellman, who was appointed to walk about the 
 streets from eleven o'clock till four from the first of October to 
 March 1. And it was not till 1723 that each ward had a watch 
 assigned to it, but one was made to suffice for St. Andrew's and 
 
MORALS OF THE CITY. 
 
 119 
 
 St. Clement's (each of which was then a ward of itself). Each 
 watchman was then paid 12d. a night, to be paid by the inhab- 
 itants of the wards respectively. 
 
 About the year 1680 it was complained that " for twenty years 
 past the constables of each ward have ordered a new club each 
 year, for which the city is charged 14% to the great damage of 
 the inhabitants it was therefore ordered, that every constable 
 should give up his club to his successor. 
 
 Such defective police arrangements could not have afforded to 
 the ancient rulers of this city much confidence in the arm of the 
 flesh, and hence their trust seems to have been lodged in another 
 quarter, for in the first year of King Edward, among the list of 
 city officers inscribed in the chamber order book are the names 
 of the constables for the various wards, with a brace, and the 
 following extract ffom the Vulgate — "Si Deus nobiscum quis 
 cont. nos ? " " If the Lord be for us who can be against us ? " 
 About the same time, too, I find the claims of education, as a 
 moral agent, taking effect with the city rulers, for the "baillies" 
 were instructed " to give a direct answer unto the scolemaster, 
 to ratify his levynge here ageyne, or otherwise, as they thyncke 
 best." 
 
 A regular police force was not established here till about fif- 
 teen years ago, when, under the statute of 4 George lY, a force 
 of eighteen men were appointed in aid of the four mayor's offi- 
 cers and two constables from each of the then seven wards of 
 the city. The old watchmen had been discharged. 
 
*' Time hath, my lord, a wallet at his back, 
 Wherein he puts alms for oblivion"— 
 
 Shakspbare. 
 
 BELLS. 
 
 appears to have been a custom in this city, from time 
 j immemorial, to ring the day-bell and bow-bell. The 
 ^ day-bell was the fourth bell at St. Helen's, which was 
 rung a quarter of an hour every morning at four o'clock, and the 
 great bow-bell at half an hour after eight o'clock at night, for 
 the like quarter of an hour at the least. The ringing of the 
 day-bell ceased about the year 1750, for no assigned reason. 
 The bow-bell was to be rung as well on holydays as working 
 days. The by-law book sets forth 
 
 " That the bowbell accustomed in the citie be, at the 9 of the bell 
 nyghtly throw the yere, on worken days, rongen yereley for grete ease 
 to the said citie, and the parish clerk of Seynt Ellen ther to have for 
 his fees and labour yerely, 4^" 
 
 A small yearly salary was regularly paid by the corporation for 
 this service till the passing of the Municipal Act, and although 
 the payment is now discontinued, yet still 
 
 " The curfew tolls the knell of parting day," 
 
 and the clerk of St. Helen's receives some trifling donations 
 from a few lovers of old customs who still linger among us, but 
 the amount is so small that it is not improbable the curfew in 
 
SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND REGULATIONS. 121 
 
 Worcester will, ere long, be numbered amongst the things that 
 have been.* It is also the custom here, as at Oxford and other 
 places, after ringing the eight o'clock bell, to inform the inhabi- 
 tants of the day of the month by a corresponding number of 
 tolls. A bell is also nightly rung at St. Martin's church, as I 
 am informed, for a month or five weeks before Christmas only, 
 but 1 cannot ascertain the origin of this practice. The vulgar 
 account is, that it was intended to remind the inhabitants of 
 the approach of that season of festivity, to lay in a store of the 
 necessary good things for its due enjoyment: hence the bell 
 is generally known in St. Martin's as " the plum pudding bell." 
 
 The popular notion of the curfew having originated in the 
 odious tyranny of the Conqueror has been negatived by modern 
 research. Du Cange says that the ringing of the couvre-feu 
 prevailed generally in Europe during the middle ages as a pre- 
 caution against fire ; Voltaire also takes the same view of the 
 custom. Henry I abolished his father's enactment, but the 
 custom has survived to the present day, probably as one of 
 general convenience. So late as about 1 50 years ago a fire-bell 
 was rung every evening at Vienna, as a signal to the inhabitants 
 to extinguish their fires, and to hang up lanterns in front of their 
 houses. A few specimens of the couvre-feu are still in existence, 
 some of them bearing marks of having covered the fire. 
 
 In the latter part of the reign of Henry VIII the Worcester 
 chamber made an order, 
 
 " That clarks are to ring no other than the passing bell for pore 
 people, imless for an honest householder, and he a citizen ;" 
 
 nor was the bell to be rung for " children, maydes, journeymen, 
 apprentices, day labourers, or any other pore person." It was 
 customary to ring this bell while the soul of a dying person was 
 
 * The salary of the bell-ringer at Leominster was recently raised from 
 to £5. 5s., in return for which he was to visit the church seven hundred 
 times a year and to find his own candle ! 
 
122 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 passing from the body, which not only gave notice to Christians 
 to pray for the welfare of the departing spirit, but in supersti- 
 tious times was believed to have the effect of keeping at bay 
 those demons who prowled around the bedside, anxious to take 
 possession of the soul of the deceased. In the articles of visita- 
 tion for the diocese of Worcester, 1662, is the following: ^^Doth 
 the parish clerk or sexton take care to admonish the living, by 
 toUing of a passing-bell of any that are dying, thereby to medi- 
 tate of their own deaths, and to commend the other's weak 
 condition to the mercy of God ? " 
 
 BARGAINS AND WAGES. 
 
 Some notion of the mode of striking bargains in the early 
 part of the last century may be formed from the following, 
 dated 172% 
 
 " Ordered, that in consideration of Mr. John Rustone removeing 
 the ceisterne at the Cross (and releasing his right to the ground 
 whereon it now stands) and covering the same ceisterne when 
 removed, the s'i Mr. Huston be admitted a ffreeman of this city, 
 and that the chamb'lains (out of the corporacon stock) pay the s^ 
 Mr. Ruston £10, and present his wife with a guinea, and in case Mr. 
 Ruston shall have any son borne before he can compleat the s<^ work, 
 and take up his ffreedom, that then such son shall be intituled to his 
 being admitted a ffreeman of this city at the age of one and twenty 
 years." 
 
 Labourers wishing to be hired within the city were, by the 
 ancient by-laws, instructed " that they with their tolys [tools] in 
 their bonds dailly stond at the Grassecrosse oon the worke dayes 
 within the seid citie, and be there redy to all such persones that 
 will huyre them to ther labour, in somm"* by 5 of the bel in the 
 mornyng, and in the wynter be 6 of the bel, takyng for the 
 dayes huyre according to the statute ; and that the proclamation 
 be made at iiij places assigned, three times a quarter, by the 
 beleman of the citie," on certain penalties. This custom is not 
 
SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND REGULATIONS. 
 
 123 
 
 perpetuated in Worcester, but it lingers in St. John's, in the 
 shape of two annual " mops," which frequently prove a source 
 of much drunkenness and profligacy. By the same laws it was 
 rendered compulsory that every maid servant should be engaged 
 for twelve months at least. 
 
 To give an idea of the state of wages, in the year 1672, an 
 entry in the chamberlains' accounts mentions £1. 4s. as paid 
 to six paviers for four days' work; but there are frequent 
 instances, about the same time, of 2s. per day having been paid 
 to these and such like artizans. Taking the comparative value 
 of money into account, this is treble the present rate of wages. 
 
 MENDICANTS. 
 The following are some of the principal arrangements made 
 from time to time for the suppression of mendicancy. It should 
 be premised, that prior to the Reformation there were no poor 
 rates, the charitable doles given at religious houses, and the 
 "church ale" in every parish, proving sufficient for the pur- 
 pose. There was in each parish a " church-house," to which 
 belonged all necessary cooking apparatus. There the house- 
 keepers assembled, and while dispensing their charity, made 
 themselves merry with dancing, bowling, and shooting at butts.''^ 
 Nevertheless the utmost vigilance was exhibited in Worcester 
 in the eradication of pauperism and the suppression of lodging 
 houses. In the by-law book it was a special instruction to the 
 officers, that " search be made of all inmates, and all such as it 
 maybe lawful to send away, to do so, on pain of 6^ ;" also 
 "that any person (unless lame, blind, or impotent) taking 
 lodgers, do lose the benefit of all distributions of money." It 
 was ordered in the year 1577 that "a stranger, expert in setting 
 children and idle persons to work, to be sent for and communed 
 with," also a house of correction to be set up, and poor people 
 
 * See the chapter on Sports and Festivities. 
 
124 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 set to work. In the seventh year of James I it was ordered by 
 the chamber, that persons building poor-houses in the suburbs 
 were to be responsible for the extra rates. In 1689 the fol- 
 lowing curious ordinance was made : 
 
 " Ordered, that the constables may have a writing given them to 
 instruct them how the constables of St. Peter's shall convey all crip- 
 ples that come at his end to go tln-ough this city, that he shall pass 
 them to ye constable of St. John's, of Hollow, or of y^ tithing of 
 Whistones ; and so likewise the constable of St. Nicholas and of St. 
 Clement, to pass their cripples through the city to the constable or 
 tithing-man of the constablewick of Battenhall, Whittington, Sidbury, 
 and St. Peter's, and that the other wards which shall hereby be eased 
 of the trouble and growing charge may contribute to the said three 
 wards for the same." 
 
 ORPHANS. 
 
 The guardianship of orphans in the city was formerly vested 
 either in the mayor or town clerk, who was denominated the 
 "judge of orphans." The following was the oath administered 
 to him (date 1723): 
 
 " You shall be good and true to our Sovereign Lord King George 
 and to his heirs and successors, kings and queens of Great Britain. 
 You shall, in such convenient time as you may, call before you all 
 executors and executrixes of parties deceased, and survey and view 
 all such testaments, if any goods and chattels be given therein to any 
 infants or young children. You shall commit the keeping of them 
 and their goods to their friends, taking sufficient sureties for the 
 delivery of the same goods of the same orphans, according to their 
 parents' and friends' last wills and testaments, and to do all and 
 every thing that doth belong to y^ office, as near as you may to your 
 knowledge and cunning — So help you God." 
 
 ATTORNEYS. 
 
 The profession of the law was from very early times an 
 object of suspicion and jealousy to the rulers of this city. A 
 local statute of the time of Henry VII made it compulsory 
 on attorneys to be citizens, prescribed tlieir numbers and style 
 
SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND REGULATIONS. 
 
 125 
 
 of clothing, and limited their fees to 4d. per diem, with a 
 penalty, on infringement, of permanent discharge from attor- 
 neyship. In the year 1581 the chamber made the following 
 order : 
 
 " It was agreed uppon by co'mo' consent, that the atturnye and 
 ev'ie of them shall hereafter more orderly demeane themselves in 
 theu-e pleadinge wthin the barr for theire clyents w*out any surpflous 
 and indirecte speches to be uttered not co'crninge theire causes, and 
 w^out any infppcon ether y® other whiles they are in pledinge, upon 
 peine of ev'ry one doinge the contrarye, and beinge thereof by the 
 bayliffe, aldermen, and chamberlains three several tymes in court 
 openly admonished, to be at the next chamber foUowinge removed 
 from his office." 
 
" Whose end both at the first and now was and is — to hold, as it were, the 
 mirror up to Nature, to show Virtue her own feature, Scorn her own image, 
 and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure" — 
 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 HE origin of English plays, like that of many other of 
 our ancient usages and customs, may be traced to the 
 time when the Romans introduced to this island their 
 own social habits and superstitions. Some of the early ecclesi- 
 astics of the church, with that facility with which they adapted 
 a great part of the Pagan system to the rites and ceremonies 
 of Christianity, substituted for the plays founded on the classic 
 model a simple representation or pageant, which embraced one 
 or more incidents taken from the Old or New Testament, the 
 miracles of saints, &c., by way of making the vulgar, who could 
 not read, acquainted with the doctrines of the church. These 
 were performed by the clergy on raised stages erected in 
 churches, or on scaffolds mounted on wheels to exhibit the 
 pageant through the street on festival or saints' days, and were 
 called mysteries and miracle plays. There was also at a later 
 period another kind of pageants called moralities, which con- 
 sisted chiefly of the impersonation of the vices and virtues, and 
 these were acted by strolling players, minstrels, and jesters. 
 The trading companies enacted pageants, each guild or body of 
 craftsmen undertaking a portion of the performance, and also 
 
PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. 
 
 127 
 
 the expense. Each craft had its patron saint, upon whose day 
 they held a grand pageant and procession. St. Blaise was the 
 patron of wool-combers, as being the reputed inventor of the 
 art of combing wool, and his festival (the 3rd of February) was 
 kept as a jubilee and a day of processioning. At the famous 
 Coventry show fair, as late as 1824, the saint was personified 
 in the procession, accompanied by a shepherd and shepherdess 
 bearing a lamb. At Bradford there is still a procession of 
 the wool trade every seventh year upon the 3rd of February. 
 St. Clement is the patron saint of blacksmiths, by whom, singu- 
 larly enough, the instrument of his martyrdom was supplied : 
 he was thrown into the sea with an anchor fixed to his neck. 
 St. Anthony was the tutelary genius of the tailoring craft; 
 St. Andrew and St. J oseph, of carpenters ; Saints Martin, 
 Crispin, and Crispinian, of the shoe-makers, and so forth. These 
 two last-named renowned saints, in imitation of the conduct of 
 St. Paul, supported themselves by working at the trade of shoe- 
 making by night, while they preached during the day. Shoe- 
 makers throughout the Christian world, from a very early 
 period, celebrated the day set apart for these saints with pro- 
 cessions, in which Crispin, Crispinian, an Indian prince, and 
 some other personages, whom tradition had associated with 
 their history, were represented in splendid antique dresses. 
 Sometimes a coronation was part of this ceremony, for there 
 is a notion that he (Crispin) was a royal personage, and hence 
 in some countries (Scotland, for instance), the shoe-makers 
 assumed for their arms a leather knife, surmounted by a crown, 
 and styled themselves " the royal craft." 
 
 There are accounts extant of mysteries exhibited at Chester 
 six centuries ago. 
 
 " This worthy knihte Arnway, then mayor of this citie, 
 This order toke, as declare to you I shal, 
 That by twenty-four occupations, arts, crafts, or mysteries, 
 These pageants should be played after brefe rehearsall. 
 
128 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 For every pageant a carriage to be provided withal 
 
 In which sort we purpose this Whitsontyde 
 Our pageants in three parts to devide. 
 
 Now you worshipful tanners, that of custom old, 
 The fall of Lucifer did set out. 
 
 Some writers a warrante your matter, therefore be boulde 
 Lustelye to playe the same to all the rowtte. 
 
 And yf any thereof stand in any doute, 
 Your author his author hath, your showe let be. 
 
 Good speech, fyne players, with apparel comehe." 
 
 There are but few traces of these trade pageants in Worcester. 
 Among the ordinances agreed upon at a " yelde merch* holden 
 yn the yelde hall," in the time of Henry VII, is the following : 
 
 " Pageantts. — Also hit is ordeined a substantial rule, that 5 
 pageants amongst the crafts yerly be not to much when they should 
 go to do worship to God and to the citie, and to be better and more 
 certenly kept then they have byn byfor this tyme, upon peyne of every 
 crafte founde in defaute of 40 s the oon half to be paid to the baill, 
 and the other half to the com' tresur ; and that the stewards of every 
 crafte may make levy as for ther parte, in peyn of hym that is found 
 in defawte 40^, half to the baillies, and half to the comen tresor ; and 
 that the masters in oon pageant pay eqallye, and the journeymen 
 pay as hit hath ben of olde tyme among them used, nor oon more 
 than another : and that every pageant goo in ther due ordre in pro- 
 cession and in ther pleyng ; and that the iii furst pageants pley in 
 due ordre upon Corpus Christi day, and the other ii pageants pley in 
 lyke manner upon the Sunday next following, upon peyn of that pa- 
 geant that breaketh his deu corse for every tyme to be levyed of the 
 stewards 40s in manner and forme foreseid ; and also that every of 
 the 24 go in ordre the said Corpus Christi day, and on Trinity Sun- 
 day in procession, in ther best array e, in peyn of evry man beying 
 absent and seen in the citie the same day byfor the procession, and is 
 not syke in body, forfett 20^ to the comyn tresur." 
 
 " Craftys — Watch. — Also, hit is ordeyned that all man'^ crafts 
 within the citie of Worcester that have pageants goyng to the lawde 
 and worship of God, and for profit and encresse of the said citie ; and 
 also, all the crafts that ben contributory to the same, and to the lights 
 of torches and tapurs among the s*i crafts usid, have and enjoy their 
 good, faithfull, and true approved customes and usages in susteyning 
 ther said pageants, lights, and other matters to the crafts of reson 
 
PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. 
 
 129 
 
 belonging or appertaining ; and on that hit is affirmed at this present 
 yeld that no man person from hensfm'th shall occupye ne set up eny 
 occupation or crafte within the citie, ne libertie of the same as a 
 master unles he be first sworen and admitted freeman of the said 
 cytie, and be inhabitant wtyn the same or libertie thereof, and that 
 fully performed and done, hitt shuU be lawfull to eny such person to 
 occupie or set up eny crafte or occupation without eny interruption or 
 wt seyng of eny man, so that he pay furthewith unto the stewards 
 or wardens of the said crafte that he desireth to occupy for his admis- 
 sion to the same 13s ^nd 12 lb. wex, besides all other paym'^s 
 which shall yerely growe to his charge by reason of pageants, lights, 
 and nett'yes byfor rehersed, provided allway that any app^ within 
 this citie or Ubertie of the same which hath truly served his appren- 
 tisewod by the whole term of 7 yeres, and is swoern and admytted 
 freeman as ys byfor shew'd, shall ymmidately pay unto the stewards 
 or wardens of the crafte w«^ he was app"" unto but 6« 8<i and 6 lb. of 
 wex, besides all other paym^s afore rehersed ; and yf eny such ap- 
 prent' will be free to eny other crafte then he was apprentice unto, 
 then he shall content and pay in hand to the stewards or wardens of 
 the same 13^ 4^ and 2 lb. wex, and all other yerely charges and pay- 
 ments byfor specified, provided also that the masters of crafts of every 
 pageant, and all the masters which byn contributory to the same 
 shull from hensfurth equally pay to their pageants, lights, and other 
 noa'ces byfor rehersed, no master more than another, and all jour- 
 * neymen shall in like manner pay to the same as hit hath byn byfor 
 this tyme used and accustomed, and what person that denieth this, 
 thereof notice to be made unto the baillies, aldermen, and chamber- 
 lay ns of the said city, for the time being ; they to ordre and reform 
 hit as the matter of reson shall require ; and on that hit is ordeined 
 that every crafte within this citie desiring to be priviledged which 
 byfor the yeld hath not byn admitted ne alfermyd as a crafte within 
 the same, shall pay at this yeld for his liberty and admission 6* 8^ to 
 the comon tresur, and as many as comyth aft' this yelde before eny 
 other yelds be granted, desiryng ye same shall pay lo^ 4^1 in forme 
 byfor rehers'd : also hit is ordeyned that no inhabitants A\ithin this 
 citie ne libertie of the same from hensfurth syll any ware or mer- 
 chandise at eny feyre-time wtyn the cemytory or churchyard of the 
 cathedral church of our Lady of Wurcester, in peyn of disfranchis- 
 ing ; hit ys on that aflirraed at this present yeld that every crafte 
 having the name of a pageant shall fynd oon cresset* yerly bren- 
 
 * The cresset was a large lanthorn fixed at the end of a long pole, and 
 carried upon a man's shoulder. 
 
 e: 
 
130 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 nyng to born before the baillies of the seid citie in the vigil of the 
 
 of seynt John Baptist, at the comon watche of the said 
 
 citie, and the wardens or stewards of the said crafte, and all the 
 hool crafte in their due ordre and corse, after ther going in ther pa- 
 geants on Corpus Christi day, shall wayte upon the said baillies yn 
 the said vigill at the s^ wache, in ther best arraye homeyfid, upon 
 peyn of every man so faillyng, unless then he have a sufficient deputy, 
 40^, half to the baillies and half to the comon tresur, and of the hed 
 stewards of every pageant yf they see not the due course and ordre 
 kept as ys byfor rehersed, ; whereof 20s shall be paid to the bail- 
 lies, and 4} to the common treasur." 
 
 In explanation of the allusion to watching, Stow informs us 
 that it was customary in great cities to set the Midsummer 
 watch on the eve of St. John the Baptist, and that it was per- 
 formed with great pageantry, a large armed band marching 
 through the streets, with the mayor on horseback, preceded by 
 the waits, or city minstrels, with pageants, morris dancers, and 
 cresset-lights. In some places, figures of giants and dragons 
 were also carried with them. In the Worcester chamber order 
 book for 1588 is an item — 
 
 "For amending of calyvers* and for goune powder on Midsomer ^ 
 Even." 
 
 The origin of the Midsummer bonfires and watchings has been 
 traced by some to Druidical times. 
 
 It appears that the clerical exhibitors of pageants, and the lay, 
 or itinerant, performers, frequently trenched on each other's 
 province, and thus no little jealousy was created. We have an 
 instance of this in the Worcester chamber's book of ordinances : 
 
 "And ther be from hensfurth no revells of pleys of eny persons 
 strangers, for gcdcrring of eney money within the citie in peyn of the 
 baill. yf they or eney of them suffer hit to be done, for eny time 6^ 8"^ 
 to the common tresur: and that no inhab^ within the citie geder 
 money to no playes, church ales, ne to no person dwelling out of the 
 citie or libertie of the same upon peyn of S'* for every tyme tacken 
 in defawte, half to the baill. and half to the comons, provided that 
 
 '■'f A caliver was a kind of hand-gun or arquebus. 
 
PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. 
 
 131 
 
 my man may revell, play, and disgusse for the advantage of eny 
 church, or of eny other inhabitant within the citie or Ubertie of the 
 same as often as nede shal require." 
 
 The religious mysteries were abolished at the Reformation, 
 but the secular plays, or moralities, survived for some time 
 longer, and gradually formed the basis of the modern drama.* 
 The first English tragedy (in the present sense of the word) 
 was produced in 1561, and the first comedy in 1575, which 
 were acted before Queen Elizabeth. These models were fol- 
 lowed by a variety of similar productions. Theatres sprang 
 up in different parts of the metropolis, the various companies 
 being duly licensed by the Crown, and the performances usually 
 taking place on Sundays, while other companies traversed the 
 country under the authority of a royal, patent and the commis- 
 sion of the master of the revels, occasionally also assuming the 
 name of some peer or baron, for the sake of introduction or 
 protection. We find the players at Worcester in the year 1572, 
 though it appears probable that was not the first occasion of 
 their visit. 
 
 " Item — allowed to Mr. Low Baylie for the last players, 3^ 4^." 
 
 1573. — " Ordered, that money shall be allowed to the players the 
 last somer by the auditor at the next audyte, by their discretion." 
 
 1587. — " Item — geven to the queue's players, 10^" 
 
 1596. — " For money to the queen's players and other noblemen's 
 players." 
 
 Between this period and the year 1622 occurs the following 
 by-law, from which it appears, that not only had the corporation 
 been in the habit of patronizing the drama, by allowing regular 
 
 * A house called " The Pageant House," situate near the Corn Market, 
 was, in 1682 and in the following century, held under the corporation by 
 the warden of the clothiers' company, but at the present time I cannot 
 trace any house bearing that name. The wardens of the mercers, in the 
 time of King James I, paid for their hall a rent of 7d. per annum to the 
 corporation. 
 
 K2 
 
132 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 sums, or salaries, to the actors, but that, up to that period, the 
 plays had been performed regularly in the Town-hall : 
 
 " Item — yt is ordered that noe playes bee had or made in the upper 
 end of the Town-hall of this city, nor council chamber used by any 
 players whatsoever, and that noe playes be had or made in yeald by 
 nyght time, and yf anie players be admytted to play in the yeald 
 hall, to be admytted to play in the lower end onlie, upon paine of 40^ 
 to be p<i by Mr. Mayor to the use of the citie if any shal be admitted 
 or suffered to the contrary." 
 
 1624. — " For money given to the king's players, 20% and in a suc- 
 ceeding month of the same year, 10^." 
 
 1625. — "Item — the chamberlains are allowed the money which 
 the last year, by Mr. Maior's appointment, they did give to players, 
 videlct. to the king's revelers, lo^." 
 
 1626. — " Payed and gevento the Lord Dudley's players, 10^." 
 In this year it was also ordered 
 
 " That noe plaies shall be acted by nyght in the Trinity-hall of the 
 city aforeseid, upon pain of 40^ to be p^^ to the master and wardens 
 of the company of weavers and walkers, to the use of the corporation." 
 
 But in the following year comes out this interesting statement : 
 
 " Forasmuch as we finde the glass windows in the council chamber 
 to be much broken, and the city thereby suffereth much damage, 
 ordered that no plaies nor players be suffered to have any use thereof, 
 nor any tiplinge or drinkinge be suffered there, by which means these 
 inconveniences happen, but that the chamberlains forthwith put the 
 same in repair, and the keys thereof to be kept for the city's use, on 
 pain of IQs for every time of offending." 
 
 1631. — " Given to the king's players, by Mr. Mayor's direccon, to 
 prevent their playinge in this city, for fear of infeccon, 13=* 4'^." 
 
 1632. — " Given to the king's majesty's players, beinge two com- 
 panies, to prevent their playenge in this city, by the appointment of 
 the late Mr. Mayor and aldermen, 20^" 
 
 1634. — "Item — the chamberlains are allowed 10" that was given 
 to a company of players to prevent their playing in the city, as by a 
 note under the late Mr. Mayor's hand appeareth." 
 
 As the "fear of infection" could not have been urged against 
 the admission of the players for so long a period as three or 
 four years, no plague or epidemic having raged for the whole of 
 
PLAYS AND PAGEANTS. 
 
 that time, it is probable that the rejection of them at Worcester 
 was attributable to the growing spirit of Puritanism. In some 
 towns (Banbury, to wit) where the popular movement was 
 stronger than at Worcester against public games, festivities, 
 and every relic of an older system, the return of which was an 
 object of much dread and jealousy, the poor strolling players 
 were now become obnoxious to much persecution. Prynne, the 
 unfortunate Puritan barrister, about this time published his 
 Histrio Mastix, or the Player^s Scourge, in which he coolly 
 recommends the following correction for players : 
 
 " They may be sent to the house of correction, imprisoned, set in 
 stockes, and whipped, &c. ; and if they still persist in playing after 
 these corrections, they may be burned with an hot burning iron of 
 the bredth of an English shilhng, with a great Roman R in the left 
 shoulder, which letter shall there remaine as a perpetuall marke of a 
 rogue, &c., as the several statutes more largely shew ; and if this will 
 not reforme them they may be banished, and after that, if they 
 returne againe and persist incorrigible, le executed as felons.^^ 
 
 Not only to act plays, but to witness them, was made a penal 
 offence in the year 1648; and although with the restoration of 
 the monarchy the sock and buskin were again received into 
 favour, I find no further accounts of the drama at Worcestei 
 until the last century, when, as Green informs us, the inhabit- 
 ants had no better place for theatrical exhibitions than a timber 
 building in the King's Head inn yard, opposite the Town-hall. 
 The first notice of this place having been so used is in the 
 Worcester Postman, January 4, 1717, wherein is advertised the 
 play of " (Edipus, king of Thebes, with several diverting enter- 
 tainments, particularly a pleasant scene between a drunken 
 man and his wife." About the year 1750 it seems that the 
 Trmity-hall was used for a pantomime, &c. Afterwards, for 
 some years, short interludes and plays were performed at the 
 King's Head, between the acts of concerts. Of this theatre, 
 Mr. Ward, the grandfather, and Mr. Kemble, the father, of 
 
134 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 the celebrated Mrs. Siddons, were managers, and here that 
 admired actress first drew forth the public applause. Mr. 
 Whiteley's management in 1779 was so successful that he relin- 
 quished the theatre at the King's Head, and the present theatre 
 (in Angel Street) was erected in 1780 by means of shares. 
 Mr. Henry Bennett, for many years the lessee and manager, 
 still conducts the establishment in that respectable and liberal 
 manner for which he has been uniformly distinguished ; and 
 since this gentleman's management, the following celebrated 
 artists have appeared upon the boards of his theatre : 
 
 Miss Foote, 
 Miss Ellen Tree, 
 Miss Love, 
 
 Mr. Braham, 
 Mr, Liston, 
 Mr. Betty, 
 Mr. Kean, 
 Mr. Macready, 
 
 Miss Paton, 
 Madame Vestris, 
 Madame Malibran. 
 
 Mr. Elliston, 
 Mr. Mathews, 
 Mr. Yates, 
 
 Mr. Sheridan Knowles, 
 Mr. Buckstone, &c. 
 
" Holydays were set apart to be the landmarks to distinguish times" — 
 
 Hooker. 
 
 KING AND QUEEN OF MAY. 
 
 TTH the subject of Pageants and Plays may also be 
 appropriately associated that of other public sports 
 and festivities. In Bohn's excellent edition of Brandh 
 Antiquities a description is given of the popular custom of choos- 
 ing a May queen to preside over the sports of that delightful 
 season. The antiquity of this custom is proved by a command 
 which was given at a synod at Worcester in the year 1240 — Ne 
 intersint ludis inhonestis nec sustineant ludos fieri de rege el 
 regina, nec arietes levari, nec palestras publicas." Douce thinks 
 " the introduction of Robin Hood into the celebration of May 
 probably suggested the addition of a king or lord of May." 
 The prevalence of this custom at a much later period is proved 
 by Bishop Latimer (who held the see of Worcester), for in his 
 sermon before King Edward, he says — " I came once myself to 
 a place, riding a journey homeward from London, and sent 
 word overnight into the town that I would preach there in the 
 morning, because it was a holyday, and 1 took my horse and 
 my company and went thither (I thought I should have found a 
 great company in the church) ; when I came there the church 
 
136 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 door was fast locked. I tarried there half an hour and more ; 
 at last the key was found, and one of the parish comes to me 
 and says : ' This is a busy day with us ; we cannot hear you ; 
 this is Robin Hoode's daye ; the parish is gone abroad to gather 
 for Robin Hoode.' I thought my rochet should have been 
 regarded, though I were not ; but it would not serve, but was 
 fayne to give place to Robin Hoode's men." 
 
 HOK-DAYS. 
 
 The reader is also referred to a MS. in the Bodleian, 692, 
 being an order from the Bishop of Worcester, dated April, 
 1450, to the Almoner of Worcester cathedral and others, "ut 
 subditi utriusque a ligationibus et ludis inhonestis in diebus 
 communiter vocatis Jiok-days cessent sub poena excommunica- 
 tionis." This was an order for the suppression of a festivity 
 of great merriment, called Hock-tide, and which it is believed 
 was originally instituted to commemorate a great massacre of 
 the Danes, or some other advantage obtained over them by our 
 ancestors the Saxons. There were also the Hock-cart and the 
 Hockey-cake connected with the festivity of Harvest Home; 
 and in Sir W. Scott's novel, Kenilworth, will be found an allu- 
 sion to the pageant of Hock-tide, as performed before Queen 
 Elizabeth on her visit to that place. 
 
 MOUNTEBANKS. 
 
 The chamberlains' accounts for the year 1631 contain the 
 following — 
 
 " Item — they yeald account of money by them received of the 
 mountebanks to the use of the poor, 58=^ O'^." 
 
 These mountebanks were probably riders or posturers, and 
 the sum was the price of the permission accorded them to per- 
 form their tricks in the city. 
 
SPORTS AND FESTIVITIES. 
 
 137 
 
 JACK-O'BOTH SIDES. 
 
 In the chamberlains' accounts, about the year 1653, is the 
 following curious entry : 
 
 " They (the chamberlains) pray to be allowed that was paid for 
 making clothes for Jack on Both Sides, viz. : 
 
 Ffor buttons, and bucks and eyes . , . 00 01 00 
 Ffor making the clothes 00 03 00" 
 
 This " Jack-on-Both-Sides," I think, must have been an 
 effigy or figure, dressed up for some one of the many occasions 
 for public processioning which obtained in former times. The 
 only allusion I can find with regard to it is in a tract by 
 Taylor, the water poet, entitled " Jack-a-Lent, his beginning 
 and entertainment, with the mad prankes of his gentleman-usher, 
 Shrove Tuesday, that goes before him, and his footman Hunger 
 attenduig." It is as follows : 
 
 " Of Jack-an-Apes I list not to endite ; 
 
 Nor of Jack Daw my goose's quill shall write : 
 Of Jack of Newbery I will not repeate ; 
 Nor Jack of Both Sides, nor of Skipjacke neat; 
 But of the Jack of Jackes, great Jack-a-Lent : 
 To write his worthy acts is my intent." 
 
 The singularity of the item consists in the fact of its having 
 been made at a period when all games, plays, and pageants, were 
 prohibited. 
 
 In the year 1754 the corporation still cultivated a taste for 
 public exhibitions, as we find from the following : 
 
 '* To Mr. Pinchbeck, the showman, by order of the mayor and jus- 
 tices, 11 Is." 
 
 Shooting at the butts with bows and arrows is of ancient 
 origin, and continued down to the time of Charles II, when 
 
 Paid for cloth 
 Paid for linings 
 
 Oil 08^ OG'^ 
 00 02 03 
 
 BUTTS AND BOWLING. 
 
138 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 archery was superseded by musketry. In the year 1550 a pair 
 of butts was erected " in the common ground beyond the Severn 
 and another at Hylton Cross." The place still called The Butts 
 also derived its name from this source. Bowls, or nine-pins, 
 superseded the recreation of shooting at the butts, for in the 
 year 1661 a stipulation was made with Mr. Solley, to whom 
 some land in The Butts was leased, that he should make and 
 keep in repair a bowling alley there for the recreation of the 
 citizens. Bowling was at first in great favour with the gentry ; 
 and in the parliament survey, taken about 1648, is a description 
 of the bishop's palace, as having a bowling alley attached to it. 
 
 THE WAITS. 
 
 " Where should this music be ? i' the air, or the earth ? 
 
 It sounds no more." 
 
 " But ' tis gone — 
 
 No, it begins again." 
 
 Among the principal performers in all public merriment were 
 the waits. The first mention made of them at Worcester is in 
 the year 1585, when the bayhffe and aldermen were empowered 
 "to call before them Thomas Wheler, musycian, and make 
 agreement with him for playinge the waytes of this cyttie yearly, 
 from the feast of St. Michael until the feast day of the purifi- 
 cation of the blessed Virgin Marye, for such yearly salary as 
 may be thought convenient." Entries then occasionally appear 
 of " money geven to waite players," and in the 41st of Eliza- 
 beth it was — 
 
 " Ordered that the corvisors, [choristers ?], in regard of the Bishop's 
 request, be allowed [admitted] the waights or musicians of this city, 
 and at the audit to have such benevolence or gift as they shall de- 
 serve, and to take the benevolence of every citizen of this city as hath 
 been accustomed." 
 
 But in the year 1642, a period when the least participation 
 in ancient pastimes, lively music, or other recreation, was con- 
 
SPORTS AND FESTIVITIES. 
 
 139 
 
 sidered as an " abomination to the Lord," the " company of 
 waits," as might be expected, shared in the disgrace which also 
 had befallen the poor players.* The Worcester corporation 
 ordered — 
 
 " That John Brown and his company of musycians called waites 
 be suppressed from playing at their instruments about the cytie in 
 the morning, and that they may not expect any recompense for their 
 paynes ; and that the chamberlains are desired to give notice unto 
 them of this order." 
 
 The same reactionary tide which brought back the monarchy 
 and the old pastimes of the people, under the sanction of a 
 most licentious king, also restored the waits, who became, as 
 they had been before, the servants of the corporation, and in 
 return for a regular salary, or occasional payments, were ex- 
 pected to play on all public festivities, as also at the merry 
 meethigs of the corporation. The following entries will be 
 interesting : 
 
 1688. — " Paid Robert Lucas for the waytes playing on St. George's 
 day, 5^" 
 
 1696. — " Paid the city waytes for playing before the mayor and 
 aldermen when the streamers were carried about, April 16, being the 
 thanksgiving day for the discovery of the plot, 5s." * 
 
 " To the waytes for playing at the coming of the news of the con- 
 clusion of the peace with France, 5^" 
 
 1701. — " Paid the waytes for playing to the gent, at the Old Globe, 
 Is." 
 
 About the year 1702 it was ordered — 
 
 That the waites of the city have 7^ 10^ yearly wages till ordered 
 to the contrary, to be equally divided among the nine." [This was 
 afterwards increased to £10.] 
 
 * Milton, in his Areopagitica, published in 1644, alludes to the waits 
 in the following sentence :— *' The villages also must have their visitors to 
 inquire what lectures the bagpipe and the rebec reads, even to the balla- 
 try and the gamut of every municipal fiddler ; for these are the country- 
 man's arcadias and his Monte Mayors." 
 
 t Charnock's plot to assassinate William III. 
 
140 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 1714. — " Ordered that the waites have new clokes and hatts pro- 
 vided for them by the present chamberlains." 
 
 " Paid Thomas Porting for playing to the mayor, aldermen, and 
 common council, at the Bush, March 8, by the mayor's orders, 10^." 
 
 " Paid for silver lace, &c., for the waites' hatts and clokes, 3^ ls4<i." 
 
 1719. — An order was made "to provide new hats and clokes 
 for the three city waites, who are to give security to the city for 
 their leaving the same when they quitt that service, and the 
 security to be approved of by the chamberlains." 
 
 1725. — "Paid towards the funeral of E,'^ Armiger, one of the 
 late waits, 1^ 5s." 
 
 1734. — " Paid Johns, the waits, for mending his hooboy, by Town 
 Clerk's order, 7s 6d.>' 
 
 1743. — " Paid 5^ to the waits for attending the leet." 
 
 1745. — " Paid Charles Clark and Jones's boy for playing at the 
 hall by the mayor's orders, 10s." 
 
 We have next the elevation of " Jones's boy " to the rank 
 enjoyed by his father : 
 
 1750. — " Ordered, that Thomas, son of W"^ Jones, be admitted one 
 of the waits, in the room and place of his father, deceased." 
 
 1778.—" Paid the four waits in lue of dinners, May 29, 8s." 
 
 1788. — " Ordered, that John Meredith be appointed one of the 
 waits, in the room of Crump, hereby removed in consideration 
 of the said Meredith paying 2s weekly to Crump." 
 
 About this time the ancient " company of waits" began to be 
 superseded by another order of minstrels, and mention is like- 
 wise made of a fraternity which in our own times has largely 
 increased in numbers and influence, 
 
 1792. — " Paid to the musicians by order of the mayor, for attend- 
 ing the Odd Fellows to the Town Hall, to sign the address to his 
 Majesty on his proclamation to suppress all seditious and inflamma- 
 tory writings, 1' 7^ :" [this charge including the waits.] 
 
 1795. — " For the attendance of drums and fifes on the mayor and 
 corporation to the college, with the yeomanry cavalry, 13s gd," 
 
 That the waits were superseded about this time by the "drums 
 
SPORTS AND FESTIVITIES. 
 
 141 
 
 and fifes" may be shown from the Gentleman^ s Magazine for 
 1790, in which is recorded a singular custom then observed at 
 Kidderminster, where, at the election of a baiUfF, the inhabit- 
 ants assembled in the streets to throw cabbage-stalks at each 
 other ; and it is related that the bailiff and corporation were 
 " preceded by drums and fifes, for they have no waits." 
 
* ' At last the election hastened on its way, 
 For here was come the nomination day. 
 The public-houses opening for the Blues, 
 Their floods of moral influence diffuse : 
 The Pig and Whistle, Gridiron, Tiger, Lamb, 
 Fox, Mitre, Bushel, Hop Pole, Dog, and Ram, 
 And each of seven its blameless nectar sheds, 
 To nerve the spirits of the valiant Reds : 
 The Cat and Snuffers, Checquers, Boar and Tun, 
 Three Kings, Black Boy, and thirst-exciting Sun. 
 The Hustings in the Market-place were set. 
 The Mayor looked big, the bands were made to sweat ; 
 Opposing standards filled the sky with beams 
 Of various light, and ribbons flowed in streams" — 
 
 The Election (a poem) ^ b. iv. 
 
 )RCESTER sent members to parliament from the 
 beginning. They were called " citizens," as it was not 
 formerly the general custom to select our representa- 
 tives from among strangers. The bailiff or mayor of the city is 
 sometimes mentioned as the parliament man. It was not till 
 the sixth of Edward III that the parliament assumed its pre- 
 sent form, and sat in distinct houses as Lords and Commons. 
 The following extract from the old book of ordinances will show 
 the manner of conducting elections at Worcester ; 
 
 " Also, that citesens appoyntcd for to come to the parlyament be 
 chosen openly in the Yeldhall of such as byn dwelling within the 
 franchises, and by the most voyce, according to the lawe and to the 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 143 
 
 statutes in such case ordeined, and not pr'veley ; and he that returneth 
 them in eny otherwise lose to the common tresur Cs ; and that from 
 hensfurth the citesens that shall be chosen for the parliament be of 
 good name and fame, and not wtelawed nor accombred in acco'ns 
 [accounts] as nye as men may know it for worship of the seid citie, 
 and that the said persons so chosen for the parlia^ he at hit from the 
 heginning to the end of the same, and that they be served of their wages 
 of old tyme accustomed after ther comynge home within a quarter of 
 a yere next following, and he that refuse to pay aft he is assessed to 
 the seid expense, to lose ov his sum charged to the comon tresur 20^^ 
 and the constabull that doth not his devo'^ for love of the same, to 
 lose to the seid comon tresur, 6^ 8^^." 
 
 The system of paying wages to the members — whatever may 
 now be urged against it — was probably conducive to the object 
 contemplated by the constituency of Worcester, namely, the 
 keeping them (the members) " at hit from the beginning to the 
 end of the same" (session), for a servant with a salary is far 
 more likely to stick to his duties than he is who receives nothing 
 and finds himself. The representative who pocketed his half- 
 crown per diem could not, with any feeling of probity or inde- 
 pendence, ask Mr. Speaker's leave to pair off for the purpose 
 of visiting his hounds and his shooting box. He could not 
 conscientiously bring in his bill for work and labour not done 
 and performed. It may, however, be true, that neither repre- 
 sentative nor electors were likely to possess exceedingly refined 
 notions of these delicate questions when (as I have elsewhere 
 shown) their parting vows and pledges were tendered in taverns, 
 over pots of ale, and amid the exhalations of tobacco, usually 
 paid for out of the purse of that good-natured creature the 
 public. In the reign of Elizabeth the fixed wages were 4s. a 
 day to the member while in parliament and while going to or 
 coming therefrom, with ]2d. a day for a man or servant. In 
 the year 1622 the following chamber order was made : 
 
 "And it is further granted and agreed that the wages of the citi- 
 zens of the parliament, Robert Barkeley and 3Ir. Coucher performinge 
 
144 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 that service, which service of theirs continued the nomber of one 
 hundereth threeschore and seventin dayes, besides other fees layed 
 out by them, allowinge the said cittizens, for their wages, the somme 
 of iis vi^ the daye duringe the tyme of their service, which cometh 
 unto the somme of xlvi^ v^ ,• which said sum is to be levied and col- 
 lected as anciently hit hath bin, that is to saye, halfe by the chamber, 
 and halfe by the commons of this cittie." 
 
 In ancient times some of the boroughs, from their poverty, 
 were unable to bear the expense attending the luxury of a 
 representative, and accordingly declined the privilege. The 
 city of Worcester having been much crippled during the Civil 
 Wars, was probably in a similar position, for I find that in the 
 reign of James II, Messrs. Bromley and Nanfan declared to 
 the electors that they did not demand or expect wages for their 
 services in parliament. Bribery and winebibbing were not 
 unknown at Worcester three centuries ago, several chamber 
 orders having been from time to time issued to prevent more 
 than a stipulated quantity of wine being given to each voter ; 
 and the following item, bearing date 1754, wears the semblance 
 of the modern practice of " whipping-in." 
 
 " Paid to the mayor for taking the freeholders to Hereford election, 
 £4. 2s. lOd.'' 
 
 These were no doubt Worcester freeholders who likewise 
 possessed a vote for the city or county of Hereford ; and the 
 mayor was selected as the fittest custodian of their persons, 
 votes, and consciences, while taking part in our neighbours' 
 contests. The following curious extract from the council orders 
 (with which I shall close this chapter) will afford a graphic 
 and picturesque illustration of the mode of conducting elections 
 in this city in the sixteenth century, and will likewise serve to 
 show that nomination and election were nearly the same thing 
 in the tactics of our ancient bodies corporate. It is entitled, 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 145« 
 
 «AN ELECTION SCENE AT WORCESTER IN THE 
 REIGN OF QUEEN MARY, 1553. 
 
 " At this present chamber it was declared by the bayhfFs unto 
 the whole council of the said city, both to the 24 and 48, that 
 they had of late received a precept from Henry Dingley, Esq., 
 high shreve of the county of Worcester, for the election of 
 citizens within the said city, as it hath been accustomed, for the 
 Queen's Majesty's Parliament, to be holden at Oxford, the 
 second day of April next ensuing, as on the same precept ready 
 to be shewed most plainly it appeareth, whereupon the same 
 ])aylies caused the same chamber to be holden, and called to 
 the same the said council, and further caused the bellman of 
 the said city to give warning to the rest of the commons of the 
 said city, as many as would come to come, and give their voices 
 thereunto quietly. And hereupon the said baylies and the 
 whole council together went up to the council chamber, and 
 then and there, among other communications then had, declaring 
 therein the Queen's pleasure, proceeded to the election for their 
 parts, according to their ancient custom, in such sort as here- 
 tofore used in time out of mind, and according to the tenure, 
 form, and effect of the Queen's Majesty's precept unto the said 
 baylies directed ; and then and there for the most part were 
 agreed, and did elect, nominate, and choose one John Aynesworth 
 and Thomas Hyll, gents., citizens for the said parliament, 
 being known to our wisdom able persons to supply the same ; 
 and after our quiet agreement herein, and our purpose at that 
 present finally dissolved, we departed hence quietly down into 
 thelde* hall of the said city, where were present against our 
 coming down divers of the commons of the said city, which 
 prepared themselves thereunto for the same purpose ; where- 
 upon we the said baylies and other officers there went to the bench 
 
 * A junction of two words, of which the first word was " the," was usual 
 about that time. 
 
 L 
 
146 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 and caused our brethren and all other of the council to draw 
 thereunto, and to stand together, and after they were all quietly 
 settled, caused the town clerk to stand up before them upon the 
 chequer, and there to make a proposition to the rest of the com- 
 mons the cause of their assembly at that present, and also to 
 declare unto them be what authority they so did, and the tenure, 
 purport, and effect thereof, and what was the Queen's pleasure 
 therein to be done ; as also caused him to declare unto the rest 
 of the said commons, and make them privy, that we had 
 convened of two able persons if the commons thought fit, which 
 we and the whole council finally had agreed upon above in the 
 council chamber, whereunto divers of the commons, whose 
 names are here subscribed, were very well contented with our 
 doing, and stood yarnestly with us in our election and proceeding 
 therein ; and the residue of the said commons being there present 
 cried with a loud voice — ' Collynge ! Collynge ! CoUynge !' 
 and thereupon John Rowland, high bayliff" of Worcester, stood 
 up upon the chequer and said — ' Masters, ye thing ye have 
 done this day the Queen's grace good source,*' and said to 
 them further, ' we will try the polles with you ever ye have it/ 
 And therewith one Philip Nichols, one of the commons, being 
 reputed and esteemed a busy man, swore ' be God's blode, be 
 God's side, we will have Collynge ;' and then and there declared 
 his further mind the cause he and other w^ have Collynge ; 
 whereinto they were answered by divers reasonable and gentyll 
 persuasions. And finally the said baylies went down unto the 
 nether end of the hall, and caused as many as were of CoUynge's 
 election and wylled them to come down into the nether end of 
 the hall ; and the rest that were on the other side and agreeable 
 unto the former election, done by the whole counsell and the 
 commons of the said city, to stand together up to the bar in 
 the upper part of the hall, which so did accordingly, and then 
 -f- Query, solace, or service? 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 147 
 
 the said baylies by assent did nominate and chuse one John 
 Englyce, being CoUynge's friend, to void and tell the polles on 
 both sides, which so did accordingly, to the intent to put all 
 matters out of the question, that the trouth might be known 
 who of right ought to have it, that the commons might be 
 quieted and pleased, and the right to take place ; whereupon 
 the said John Englice told first CoUyng's friends, which were 
 in number between 44 and 48, or thereabout, and after took the 
 number of the rest which was on the other side, which were 
 120 persons and above in number. The said John Englice 
 said to Messrs. Baylies — ' If the 24 and 48, being of the 
 council of the city, may give their voices as well as the commons 
 then ye have the more part a great many ; and if not, Collynge 
 (a shoe-maker) hath the more part of the commons as I think.' 
 Whereinto the said baylie after answered the said John Englice, 
 and said — ' It hath been always seen and known that the council 
 of the city hath given their voices thereunto as well as the 
 commons, and why not as well as the justices of the shire, and 
 the whole bench there doth give their voices with the freeholders 
 in like case.' So that then the said Englyce was therewith 
 persuaded. And when the commons were separated and divided 
 in two parts, and the commons on CoUyng's side perceived, 
 apparently by the estimation of their eyes and upon Englyce's 
 report withall, that the other side were of the more ^lumber, 
 and could not prevail, departed out of the hall, and so did the 
 rest ; and thereupon the baylies, with divers other of their 
 brethren, came out of the hall and sat down in their office near 
 the toUshop ; and so came unto them, after the election was 
 finished and done, the said Collynge, shoe-maker, and John 
 Englyce, again, unto the said baylies there sitting, and began in 
 communication to rip up new matters concerning their election, 
 in the presence of divers of the commons being there present, 
 minding thereby to have sown rather sedition among the people 
 
 L2 
 
148 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 than otherwise, and by their communication to put into their 
 ears that we, the said bayhe and others, had not done our duties 
 truly herein. Accordingly, by reason whereof the commons 
 being abroad in the street on both sides, what displeasure might 
 thereby ensued we were uncertain, or what parts might herein 
 be taken by reason thereof ; and for the qualifying hereof we 
 committed the said CoUynge, shoe-maker, and Englyce, to ward, 
 as lawful it was for us to do, and thereupon gently willed to 
 commons quietly to depart in God's peace and the Queen's, 
 without further business ; which whereat those persons consented 
 so to do ; and after their departure, we, the said baylies, with 
 divers others of our brethren, went forth within to our counsel 
 parlour, and there communed of the matter, and the misdemeanor 
 of the said parties which we had committed to ward ; and 
 so, finally, we thought good to call them before us, and with 
 gentleness to persuade with them, and to declare their follies 
 to them, and upon their gentyll submission to take some reason- 
 able order with them upon their amercement, as we thought 
 good therein, and to extend the extremity of their deserts ; and 
 thereupon we called the said parties severally before us, and 
 with diligence laid their loud talk and causes of their deserving 
 whereby we had just cause to punish them, declaring unto them 
 what busy persons they were, and gave them gentyll instruc- 
 tions, and bid them hereafter beware of such like ; and, finally, 
 upon their good behaving after, we enlarged them of their im- 
 pris*, and wylled them to depart quietly home ; and so they and 
 we all departed homeward to dinner. And in the street, as the 
 High Baylie was going home, there came unto him again the 
 said Collynges, and said, ^ Sir, I think ye have punished me 
 wrongfully, and ye have lost to me 10^, and if ye will give me 5^ 
 I will forgive you the rest for my wrongfull impris*.' And there- 
 upon Mr. Baylie answered again and said, ' I have lost no such 
 sum, and if I have get it as the law will.' And so the said 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 149 
 
 CoUynges went into Philip Nicholas's house, and what commu- 
 nication was between them there Mr. Baylie were uncertain, 
 but the said Philip and one RaylfF Wigfall, two or three hours 
 after dinner was done, and the election quietly done, the said 
 Philip went to Englyce, and there bought paper, and there had 
 pen and ink, and Englyce's boy to write, and so the said Philip 
 and s<i RaylfF went together from house to house, without com- 
 mission or authority, and took the names of divers citizens, as 
 well those that were not at the election as they that were there, 
 and wd have persuaded them to stand with him, and give their 
 voices with Collyng's, and w^ have had divers of them put their 
 hands to his book to agether'd together the people to a new elec- 
 tion, to the derogation, and disquieting, and disturbance of the 
 whole city, and to the breach of our election ; and if the s^ peo- 
 ple had come together again as his purpose was, what inconve- 
 nience might ensued and have growen thereby we were uncer- 
 tain, and for our parties we were able to say, that that day was 
 two or three frays within the city, and that day had like to have 
 been manslaughter. And we, the s^ Baylies, perceiving the 
 same, and the city and commons far out of order, did send for 
 the s^ Philip Nicholas and for Collynges again, he being ' Capten,' 
 as it was alleged, and committed them to ward, as lawful it was 
 for us to do, and after sent for Raylff Wigfall, and communed 
 with him of his proceeding herein, which denied to us the whole 
 matter, and so gave him instructions, and so licensed him for 
 that time to depart ; since which time we have heard more of 
 his behaviour in this behalf, as shall be reported. And after 
 all this came Edward Ekylston, and he took part with Philip 
 Nicholas and other, and reasoned strongly in his quarrel, and 
 stiffly took his part ; whereupon we committed him to ward, as 
 lawful it was for us to do. And the same day, after the election 
 was done, Richard Penryce, being Collyng's friend, met against 
 Weaver's void house, which kept a vittalling house, and then 
 
150 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 and there met with Edward Southan, which was on our side for 
 his voice, and so fell to reasoning with him of the election ; and 
 in multiplying of words they two fell by the ears, so had like 
 one to slay another, whereupon we sent for Penryce, and com- 
 mitted him to ward, upon truth heard, as lawful it was for us to 
 do. And to the same election came one Robert CoUynges, a 
 busy young man, and no freeman, perceiving the variance 
 thereof, having little respect or regard for the quietness of the 
 people, cried ' Collynges 1 CoUynges 1 ' and hurled up his cap 
 and made a great stir there, having nothing to do with the 
 election ; and so we took him and committed him to ward, as 
 lawful it was for us to do, and then and there kept all these 
 persons in such keeping until the Queen's Majesty's Counsel in 
 the Marches of Wales was by our high baylie and others 
 instructed of divers of these persons and of their misdemeanors 
 committed and done in this behalf ; and further, until such time 
 they at their own suit were delivered by virtue of the Queen's 
 Majesty's letters unto Mr. Baylie directed, and several bonds of 
 obligations, with conditions for their appearance before the 
 counsel the 22nd day of March, in due form, to the Queen's 
 use, in £41; to all which matters herein contained to be true^ 
 and everything therein contained to the circumstance of the 
 same, all the 24 and 48 and other commons whose names are 
 here subscribed will justify to the same to be true wheresoever 
 they be called. [Here follow the names.] 
 
" The gallant cavaliers, who fought in vain 
 For those who knew not to resign or reign" — Byron. 
 
 *' (For majesty's) a massy wheel, 
 Fixed on the summit of the highest mount, 
 To whose huge spokes ten thousand lesser things 
 Are mortis'd and adjoin'd, which, when it falls, 
 Each small annexment, petty consequence, 
 Attends the boist'rous ruin" — Shakspeare. 
 
 SJl^UR loyal city, it is well known ( semper fidelis ), took 
 ^ ^ an active part in the Civil Wars of Charles I and II. 
 
 The following memoranda, referring to that period, are 
 selected in order of time from the chamberlains' accounts, the 
 chamber orders, &c. 
 
 In September, 1642, the city was fortified by the Royalists ; 
 a rate producing £180 per month having been levied for the 
 cost of fortifications and soldiers. Sir John Biron (the ancestor 
 of the poet), Lord Coventry, and Sir W. Russell, commanded 
 the Royalists, and were afterwards joir;ed by Prince Rupert and 
 Prince Maurice. Lord Say, Colonel Sandys, and others, headed 
 the troops of the parliament, who defeated their opponents 
 in an engagement on Pitchcroft, and Prince Rupert escaped 
 into Herefordshire. The Earl of Essex arrived in Worcester 
 the same night, with his parliamentarian army ; the cathedral 
 and city were pillaged, and a ransom of £5,000 levied, besides 
 a guarantee entered into that the citizens should lend £3,000 
 
152 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 to the parliament. A gallows was also erected in the market- 
 place, where some of the townsmen were hung for taking part 
 with the prince. At this time I find the following entry : 
 
 *• for hoggshed of Gascoyne wine and sugar loaves given to the 
 Earl of Essex, being in this city with his army, 8i." 
 
 Essex then marched rapidly after the king, leaving behind him 
 his chief force and heaviest guns. 
 
 1643. — " Paid by force of a chamber acte unto Mr. Thos. Essex, 
 who was by the Earl of Essex at the time of his invading the said 
 city appointed governor thereto, and was given unto the said Thos. 
 Essex, at the time of his departure, to free this city from plundering, 
 401." 
 
 " Paid to T. Clarke, for the spoiling of his goods by entertaining 
 the governor Essex, 5'." 
 
 This year brought with it chequered fortunes for both parties. 
 The queen (who had been to Holland) returned home, and the 
 "Worcester corporation sent her a rich velvet purse, containing 
 £100. The " popular" cause became depressed, and the king 
 received reinforcements. Large sums of money were raised in 
 Worcester, and complaints were made that "the constables 
 appointed to raise the money for the soldiers did not account 
 for the same, but kept it themselves." The city was newly 
 fortified, and every man who bore arms, or who sent a person 
 to work in the fortifications, was excused from a portion of the 
 heavy rating which at this time fell upon the inhabitants. The 
 king at one time required £4,000 from the city, but it could not 
 be raised, and the assessors were instructed to raise as much of 
 it as they could. Three hundred workmen were daily employed 
 on the fortifications, by order of Prince Rupert. The city was 
 divided into six parts, each to work by turn, and an order was 
 made — 
 
 " That all strangers and their servants, and all ministers, as pre- 
 bends, deans, and chapters, singing men, or any whatsoever living 
 within the fortifications in the in or out countre, do work as long as 
 
CIVIL WARS. 
 
 153 
 
 the work endures, or send a man, or pay 1^ a day on neglect. Every 
 man to bring a spade, shovel, or pick-axe, or buy one." 
 
 Heavy charges are made for gunpowder, fuel for guards, 
 bricks for mending the city walls and the tower on the bridge, 
 for the chain drawn across the Severn for defence, and especi- 
 ally for provisions to the royal family : 
 
 " Paid for a hoggshed of claret, 20 galls, sack, 1 tierce of white 
 wine, presented to Prince Maurice, when at Upton, 16^ 17^ 10*^." 
 
 This dose was repeated when the prince afterwards arrived 
 at Worcester, where he ran up a pretty bill for house-keeping. 
 Lord Capell, Sir W. Russell, and Col. Sandys, fared equally 
 well. The king, having fled from Essex and Waller at Oxford, 
 took forced marches to Worcester, being followed by Waller. 
 The annexed items refer to that event : 
 
 "Paid to Chris. Barnacle for his Majesty's soldiers, when they 
 brought powder, bullets, and shot to this city, 4^ 7® 9^.'* 
 
 " To the countrymen and soldiers who came to assist when the city 
 was besieged by Sir W. Waller and his army, 3^ 18^ 8^." 
 
 " Two purses to put 200^ in, that was given by the city to his 
 Majesty, 8<i." 
 
 " One ditto to Prince Rupert, containing lOOj, 4d." 
 
 " Ditto to Prince Maurice, ditto, ditto." 
 
 " Six axletrees for his Majesty's carriage, 4s." 
 
 " To two guides for his Majesty's carriage to Bewdley, 4^ 6<^." 
 
 Charles had removed with his army to Bewdley, that he 
 might keep the Severn between himself and the foe ; and 
 Waller, supposing the king was proceeding to Shrewsbury, threw 
 himself between Bewdley and the former town ; whereupon 
 Charles suddenly returned to Worcester, and hastened through 
 Evesham to join the remainder of his forces at Oxford. 
 
 " For a reame of browne paper, tolappe gunpowder in when Waller 
 besieged the city, 2^" 
 
 " For wooden horse for the soldiers, Qs." 
 
154 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 These wooden horses were made with sharp-edged backs, 
 intended as a punishment for disorderly soldiers, who were 
 compelled to sit thereon for a certain time with or without 
 stirrups, and in some cases (as seen in old prints) with carbines 
 fastened to their feet, thus — 
 
 On June 17 of this year an order was made for £1,000, "to 
 be suddenly raised to his majesty by to-morrow night." In 
 December, the corporation "wish the governor and commis- 
 sioners to be acquainted that they desire to petition for peace, 
 but they wish to see the petition to be agreed on by the country 
 first." This, of course, had reference to the negotiations at 
 that time set on foot at Uxbridge, between the king and the 
 parHament, and the failure of which was attributable to Charles's 
 estimation of his temporary successes having induced him to 
 propose too arbitrary terms. 
 
 In 1645 Worcester was in possession of Prince Rupert and 
 Prince Maurice, the latter being at one time governor. It is again 
 complained of, that "the monthly contributions could not be 
 
CIVIL WARS. 
 
 155 
 
 raised," and the governor was accused of "having several months' 
 contributions to himself.'* The help of Prince Maurice and some 
 of his troops was even called in to compel the people to pay. 
 There were at that time 1,800 soldiers raised for the defence of 
 the city. This year the king passed through Worcester with 
 his army, from Shipston-on-Stour, towards Herefordshire, and 
 I find an entry of various items of expense incurred by " the 
 Scots king ;" the chamberlains also pray to be allowed for 
 butter pots and napkins, bottles, &c., sent to the denary, and 
 there lost." In November the mayor and aldermen " desired 
 to move the governor concerning the monthly paie, and that it 
 be mitigated or taken away in respect of the excise, and of the 
 great decay of families in this citie and in the following month 
 it was " referred to the maior and aldermen to consider what 
 presents or new year's gifts shall be presented to the Lord 
 General and the governor, Sir Martin Sandys" (an ancestor of 
 the present Lord Sandys, of Ombersley). Prince Rupert had 
 then left the city, while he moved on to join his forces with the 
 king's, at Oxford. 
 
 The year 1646 witnessed another siege of Worcester. 
 Governor Washington, who then held the city on behalf of the 
 king, having refused to surrender it at the request of Fairfax, 
 Colonel Whalley encamped on Rainbow Hill, and at that time 
 an assessment of twelve score pounds weekly for one month was 
 levied ; and if the enemy remove, the payment to cease. The 
 result of this siege is well known. The battle of Naseby, the 
 king's retreat from Oxford, and his being held in durance by the 
 Scotch army, had so chilled the royal cause, that the city was 
 surrendered in July to Major-General Reynesborougli,* who had 
 succeeded Whalley; and in that month the corporation presented 
 to the Major-General " a hoggshed of claret, a runlett sack of 
 12 galls., and six sugar loaves." 
 
 * Reynesborough was afterwards murdered in cold blood by some Cava- 
 liers at Doncaster. 
 
156 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The following notes respecting this siege, although not now 
 printed for the first time, are introduced here as illustrative of 
 the eventful times herein recorded, and of many of the ancient 
 localities of the city : 
 
 "June 2 — a great iron culverin burst at St. Martin's gate, and 
 wounded the best engineer and a matross. 11th — a cannon ball struck 
 the bishop's palace. 13th — one of the four pieces of ordnance fired 
 into the town that day killed a poor man and his wife who were in 
 bed in the Trinity. 14th — Sir Rowland Berkley's house in the Corn- 
 market was much damaged by the ordnance. 15th — Captain Hodg- 
 kins, an officer of horse, called ' Wicked Will,' for his desperateness 
 and valour, sallied out, with 16 horse, in a drunken exploit, and 
 attacked the besiegers' court of guard in St. John's, killed one, and 
 returned safe, though so drunk that he fell twice by the way, and was 
 carried over the Severn in a boat half asleep. On the same day the 
 cannon at the Key played at that guard, and killed five men at the 
 back of the Swan inn, St. John's. 24th — an iron saker broke at the 
 Blockhouse, one piece, 160 lbs. weight, fell upon the Rose and Crown 
 inn, near St. Helen's Church, and some in Broad Street ; it wounded 
 four persons. The cessation of arms, which had taken place on the 
 27th, ending on the 29th, the first cannon was fired at the besiegers 
 by the governor himself, and did execution. The cannon at the Cas- 
 tle-hill shot the steeple at St. John's. One of the culverins at the 
 Severn hit the great cannon at Rogers's Hill. July 4th — a ball from 
 Barnshall went over the College, and fell in Broad-street. 5th — a 
 smart skirmish took place, begun by the besieged, in which the 
 governor assisted ; it lasted near an hour, although one man only was 
 wounded. This skirmish is, indeed, more remarkable for the needless 
 risk the governor ran of being either killed or captured, and the town 
 consequently endangered, than for any importance it was of to either 
 party : his own horse, and that of Colonel Walsh, were wounded. 
 6th — Captain * Wicked Will' made a second sally ; behaved most gal- 
 lantly, and brought in seven prisoners. 1 0th — a shot from the top of 
 Perry Wood Hill, towards the Redhill-cross, hit the Priory gate, being 
 a long mile distant from the works. 11th — two brass sling pieces 
 were carried to the top of the tower which commands Windmill-hill. 
 12th— A ball fired from Rogers's Hill struck the Town-hall, and 
 rolled from thence to the Earl's Post, a distance of forty yards." 
 
 The city was much crippled on this occasion, the parliamen- 
 tary army exacting 25 per cent, of every man's estate, and so 
 
CIVIL WARS. 
 
 157 
 
 squeezing him, that, to use the words of Green, " he cannot 
 
 recover in an age." About the same time this entry occurs: 
 
 " Ordered — that Aid. Solly, by order of Parlt, for being in actual 
 arms ags^ the Parl^, and seducing others to doe the hke, be removed 
 from his office." 
 
 We now pass on to the year 1651. The unhappy Charles had 
 meanwhile bedewed the scaffold with his blood, and the Scotch 
 Covenanters had raised the standard of Charles II, as king of 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland. The latter marched into Eng- 
 land with his Scotch army, followed by Cromwell. The gates 
 of Worcester were opened to the former, and here he was pro- 
 claimed king with great solemnity. The city was again fortified 
 with extreme haste. An original document is now in the pos- 
 session of Mr. Page, of Salwarpe, near Droitwich, of which the 
 following is a copy ; 
 
 " Charles R. 
 
 " You are hereby required to send out of your parish thirty 
 able men, to work at the fortificacons of this city, and in regarde 
 of the necessity to beginne to-morrow morning (Monday, at five 
 o'clock) whereof you and they are not to faile as you tend'^ our 
 displeasure. Given at our court at Worcester the 24th of 
 August, 1651. 
 
 " To the constables and tythingmen of Salwarpe. 
 
 " And you are to bringe with you spades, shovels, and pick- 
 axes." 
 
 The disastrous " Battle of Worcester" followed, in which 
 Charles and his Scotch army were completely routed, the former 
 escaping in various disguises, and after many romantic vicissi- 
 tudes, into France. The corporation annals contain no record 
 of these stirring facts except the following, which is decidedly 
 of a piece with the character of that nation whose gratitude and 
 esteem the Duke of Argyle is said to have conciliated by the 
 erection of scratching posts : 
 
158 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 " Paid for pitch and rosen to p'fume the hall after the Scots, 2*." 
 
 The result of the repeated contests in which Worcester was 
 engaged at this period was most destructive, and in 1664 the 
 corporation petitioned his majesty " for reparacon for the citie's 
 losses," but with what success does not appear, except that two 
 years afterwards an entry was made of £500 advanced by the 
 company of the 24 and 48, for " one year's tax of the additional 
 act for the royal aid." So much for the gratitude of the Stuart ! 
 
 THE WALLS. 
 
 At the close of the Civil Wars the city of Worcester was so 
 dismantled of its fortifications that but few traces of them now 
 remain, except on the western side, overlooking the Severn. 
 Among the chamber orders for the year 1768 I discovered the 
 draft of a document which bears upon this point; and since 
 that time Mr. Black has published in the journal of the British 
 Archseological Association the announcement of his having dis- 
 covered the original, which is written on parchment, and sealed 
 with the common seal of the city, on a wafer between paper on 
 a parchment label ; it was found among the old miscellaneous 
 documents recently removed from the Treasury Chambers to 
 the Rolls House, and purports to have originated in application 
 then being made by the magistrates of the county to obtain 
 from the crown a grant of the site of the Worcester fortifica- 
 tions. The city hereby asserted its claim, and still remain in 
 possession. There is no account of any minute being made ou 
 the subject by the treasury board ; the document serves, there- 
 fore, at this time (as Mr. Black observes), not only as evidence 
 of right by long possession,* but it furnishes a link in the chain 
 
 * Indeed, had this been wanting, I find in the early part of the reign 
 of Elizabeth a standing order that both the old and new corporations 
 should yearly, in company, perambulate round the city walls, &c., so as 
 perpetually to transmit a recollection of their legal boundary. Also in the 
 
CIVIL WARS. 
 
 15.0 
 
 of history, relative to the external defences of the city of 
 Worcester, almost midway between the time of their disman- 
 tling and their present state : 
 
 " To the Right Honourable the Lord Commissioners of 
 his Majesty's Treasury, 
 " The memorial of the mayor, aldermen, and citizens, of the city 
 of Worcester, in council assembled, 
 
 " Showeth, — That your memorialists are greatly surprized to 
 hear that application is making to your lordships by the justices 
 of the county of Worcester, not only for a grant of certain lands 
 in the county of Worcester, but also of the scite of the ancient 
 fortifications in and about the city of Worcester, with the ram- 
 parts, fosses, ditches, and other wast grounds belonging to the 
 crown, and now (as is alleged) lying useless and unproffitable, 
 both to the crown and the publick, but capable of being improved 
 and made beneficial to both. 
 
 " Your memorialists therefore most humbly beg leave to 
 represent to your lordships, that the city of Worcester is a very 
 ancient and populous city, and a county of itself, distinct and 
 separate from the county of Worcester at large : and that your 
 memorialists and their predecessors have for several centuries 
 last past, held, used, and enjoyed divers liberties, franchises, 
 messuages, lands, tenements, commons, wasts, wast grounds, 
 soils, pourprestures, and other rights, priviledges, and immuni- 
 ties, within the said city, as well as by various charters to their 
 said predecessors granted and confirmed by several kings and 
 queens of this realm, as also by divers prescriptions and 
 customs in the same city, used and approved by the said 
 charters, from time to time confirmed and established. 
 
 " That your memorialists apprehend it is indubitable that the 
 
 ancient fortifications and walls of this city were originally built 
 
 chamber order books it is stated that the bishop had formerly remitted to 
 the corporation their "church money" to the use of the city walls, but 
 that having required a restoration thereof, a suit arose about the year 1554. 
 
160 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 by the citizens thereof for their security and defence, and that 
 the same were constantly repaired, held, and enjoyed by them, 
 until the greatest part therof were demolished at the time of 
 the civil wars of this kingdom, subject to the special power in 
 the crown to garrison troops in the said city, and to occupy the 
 fortifications for the defence thereof, as the exigency of pubUck 
 affairs and the safety of the kingdom required. 
 
 " That ever since the said fortifications were demolished (of 
 which there are few traces now remaining), your memorialists 
 and their predecessors and tenants have peaceably held, enjoyed, 
 and repaired the remains thereof, and kept in order the ditches, 
 and improved the wast lands within the said city, so that the 
 same in general are now in a cultivated state, and not useless 
 and unprofitable. And your memorialists humbly apprehend 
 and insist they have a right to hold and enjoy the same. 
 
 " Wherefore, your memorialists humbly beg leave to remon- 
 strate against any grant to be made by the crown to any persons 
 whatsoever in prejudice to your memorialists' claims and right 
 to the scite of the ancient fortifications, with the ramparts, 
 fosses, ditches, and other wast grounds within the city of Wor- 
 cester. And humbly pray that no order may be made for a 
 grant thereof. And that your memorialists may have notice 
 of any further proceedings that shall be taken in order to 
 obtain such grant, and have liberty to oppose the same, and to 
 be heard by themselves or their councel, in such a manner as 
 to your lordships shall seem meet. 
 
 "In witness whereof, your memorialists have hereto put 
 their common seal, this 23rd day of March, in the year of our 
 Lord 1768. 
 
 (L.S.) 
 
 " Indorsed : — ' Worcester. The memoriall of the mayor, 
 aldermen, and citizens of the city of Worcester, to the Lords of 
 the Treasury. 
 
 " ^ Wilmot, Bloomsbury Square.' " 
 
*' To crook the pregnant hinges of the knee"- — Shakspeare. 
 
 " Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to use them again ; 
 and so diminisheth respect to himself ; especially they are not to be omitted 
 to strangers and formal natures ; but the dwelling upon them, and exalting 
 them above the moon, is not only tedious, but doth diminish the faith and 
 credit of him that speaks ; and certainly there is a kind of conveying of 
 effectual and imprinting passages amongst compliments, which is of singular 
 use, if a man can hit upon it"« — Bacon. 
 
 ^^^HE following items, which I have collected under this 
 
 head, may serve to contrast with the form and fashion 
 ^ of the ceremonials observed now-a-days, if indeed it 
 can be said that any remain to us. The corporation as a body 
 formerly attended the funeral of every deceased member, and 
 stringent orders were made, both in the reign of Edward VI 
 and Elizabeth, that every member of the corporation should 
 assist in " bringing councillors to their burying." Fines were 
 rigidly enforced against those who attended the chamber meet- 
 ings not wearing their gowns of office; and in 1643 — a time 
 when great onus fell upon the city authorities — every coun- 
 cillor not found at his post within half an hour of the appointed 
 time was to be bound in sureties for good behaviour, or to go to 
 gaol till he could do so. Obstinate members were at other 
 times fined or expelled. There were also standing orders in the 
 by-law book to the following effect : the mayor, aldermen, and 
 
 M 
 
162 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 chamberlain, with their brethren, sat as magistrates every 
 
 Friday, and if either of them did not attend on being sent for, 
 
 he was fined 6d. to obviate the difficulty of obtaining a quorum. 
 
 " Mr. Maior, every Saboth and festival daye, is to wear his murry 
 gound and tippett, except such days as are appointed for scarlet." 
 
 Also, 
 
 " It is ordered for a cumley and decent order to be observed within 
 this city, as in other cities of good order and government, that as 
 often as there slial he any s'mon at the cathedral church, upon the 
 ringing of the college bell upon every Saboth daye and festivall daye 
 and holy daye, that Mr. Maior and aldermen, and all the gent" of 
 the 24, and all the companie of the 48, shall assemble themselves and 
 meet at the Tolsey and new walke, and at St. HeUine's walke, to 
 thend that Mr. Maior shall not go alone but by companie to the 
 cathedral church, in decent manner, for the credit and worshipe of 
 this citie, so as the said Mr. Maior and aldermen doe come toge- 
 ther before the bell cease ringing, in defaute thereof by Mr. Maior 
 and aldermen, to paye evry of them 2% and every of the 24, 1^, and 
 evry of the 48, 6^, except sickness or other lawful or urgent occasions 
 let or hinder them." 
 
 In 1649 all the chamber were requested to come in their 
 gowns every Sunday to the college or their parish church, upon 
 pain of forfeiting 2s. and Is. respectively. 
 
 In 1731 a singular order was made — 
 
 " That the poor men in Nash's and Inglethorp's almshouses do 
 attend Mr. Mayor every Sunday to church, unless they have a rea- 
 sonable excuse to the contrary, on pain of forfeiting the next week's 
 pay after such their default." 
 
 The corporation also claimed to themselves a prescriptive 
 right in a seat in each of the parish churches. This, I suppose, 
 is a custom as old as the existence of corporations themselves, 
 provision having undoubtedly been made for the accommodation 
 of the mayor at his own parish church, and for any of the ruling 
 body whenever they accompanied him. 
 
 1735. — " Ordered, that a proctor be employed to appear at the next 
 court, to be holden before the Chancellor of the diocese of Worcester, 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 163 
 
 to defend the right of the mayor and aldermen to a seat in the parish 
 church of St. Nicholas, and if the rector and inhabitants of St. 
 Nicholas agree to let Mr. Mayor and Aldermen have a seat, then 
 that the mayor have power to alter or fit up the seat, and the expence 
 to be borne by the corporation." 
 
 1738. — " Ordered, that the expence of fitting up a seat for the 
 mayor and aldermen in the parish church of St. Swithen, be paid." 
 
 The aptitude of the people of Worcester for pageant and 
 ceremonial, was confirmed by the frequent presence of royalty 
 in this city. The Norman conqueror kept his Christmas here, 
 and his example was followed by many of his successors. Henry 
 1 1 was crowned in Worcester cathedral, where he made a vow 
 never more to wear his crown ; at the same time the great 
 assembly of the nation was held here. King John was a patron 
 of Worcester, and performed his devotions at Wulstan's tomb, 
 which had then the fame of working miracles. Prince Arthur's 
 funeral was an occasion of unw^onted pageantry and magnifi- 
 cence, and the following account of that extraordinary event is 
 taken from Leland's Collectanea : 
 
 CEREMONIAL OF PRINCE ARTHUR'S FUNERAL. 
 " The corpse of the Prince, after being well cered, and 
 conveniently dressed with spices and other sweet stuffe, so suf- 
 ficiently done that it needed not lead, was chested. On St. 
 George's Day it was removed with great funeral pomp from the 
 Castle of Ludlow to the parish church, from whence on St. Mark's 
 Day the procession set forward on its way to Worcester. At 
 Bewdley it rested that night, the body being carried to the chapel. 
 At every parish church, or religious house, or order, that met 
 the corpse in procession, or had rang their bells, a noble of gold, 
 four torches, and six scutcheons of arms were presented to them. 
 From Bewdley Sir Richard Croft and Sir William Ovedall, 
 Steward and Comptroller of the Prince's Household, rode before 
 to Worcester, the gate of which they ordered to be shut until 
 the corpse arrived, when the order of procession was as follows. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 " Fresh scocheons were sett on the charre, and draught horses 
 were mended, and VI^^ new torches delivered to the VI^^ 
 torch bearers at the towne's end. That daye was faire, and then 
 the gentlemen rode two and two together, and all the other as 
 were before ordered. The order of fryers censed the corpse at 
 the towne's end, and then proceeded to the gate of the cittie : 
 at which gate were the BaylifFs and the honest men of that cittie 
 on foote. Alonge in a rowe on every side were the vicar 
 generall or chauncelor of the bishopps of that see, with a good 
 number of secular canons in graye amys with rich copes : and 
 other curats, secular priests, clerks, and children, with surplisses 
 in great number, and I suppose all the torches of the towne. 
 These went on every side of the street before the newe torches ; 
 and all of them were as many as might well stande from the 
 towne gate to the great church. The gentlemen were convayed 
 through the street on the left hand before the church yard ; 
 (Leech Street) at which gate the iiij bishops in rich copes censed 
 the corpes : and there it was taken out of the charre, and 
 convayed under canopie as before, with banners and all things. 
 Within the church yard were the abbotts and the prior with 
 his convent all in pontificalibus, that is to sale, the Abbots of 
 Gloucester, Evisham, Chester, Shrewsbury, Tewksbury, Hayles, 
 and Bordesley, the Priors of Worcester and of ... . And thus 
 with procession proceeded through the quiere to the herse, 
 which was the goodlyest and best wrought and garnished that 
 ever I sawe. 
 
 There were xviii lights, two great standards, a banner of 
 the King's armes, a banner of the King of Spaine's armes, a 
 banner of the Queen's armes, a banner of the Queene of Spaine's 
 armes, a banner of the Prince's armes, a banner of the Prin- 
 cesse's arms, two of Wales, one of Kadwalader, a bannerell of 
 Normandye, a banerell of Guien, a banerell of Cornwall, a 
 banerell of Chester, a banerell of Poyctowe, and 100 pencills of 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 165 
 
 divers badges ; also the rich cloth of Majestie, well fringed and 
 double rayled, covered with black cloth, was layed under foote, 
 which after was the fees to the officers of armes. 
 
 "At Dirige were nyne lessons, after the custome of that 
 church. The first was read by the Abbot of Tewksbury, the 
 second by the Abbot of Shrewsbury, the third by the Abbot of 
 Chester, the fourth by the Abbot of Easham, the fifth by the 
 Abbot of Gloucester, the sixth by the Prior of Worcester, the 
 seventh by the Buishop of Chester, the eighth by the Buishop 
 of Salisbury, and the ninthe by the Buishop of Lincolne. At 
 the Magnificat and Benedicius all that were in pontificalibus 
 did cence the corpes at once ; at the same tyme the vicar 
 generall, with all the seculars, sange Dirige in our Ladyes 
 Chapell. 
 
 " That night there was a goodly watche of lordes, knights, 
 esquiers, gentlemen ushers, officers of armes, yeomen, and 
 manye others. 
 
 " On the morne, by viii of the clocke, were all the mourners 
 redye at our Ladye masse, which was songe by the Bishop of 
 Chester. An abbot was the gospeller, and a prior the epistoler : 
 at which masse the Earle of Surrey (chief mourner) offred as 
 before at Ludlowe. (A piece of gould and for the masse 
 pennye.) 
 
 " The second masse was of the Trinitie, songe by the Bishoppe 
 of Salisbury. At which masse the Earle of Surrey offred, viz., 
 5^ for the masse pennye. At that masse two abbats were gos- 
 pellers and epistolers. 
 
 " The third masse was of Requiem, songe by the Buishoppe 
 of Lincolne. The Abbot of Hayles was epistoler, and the Abbot 
 of Tewksbury gospeller. 
 
 " The manore of offringe at the masse, viz. 
 
 " First, the carpet and the cushion were laid, and all tlie 
 mourners, noblemen, officers, and Serjeants of armes, went 
 
166 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 before him to the offring of that masse penney, and so conveyed 
 him againe. Then two of the officers of armes delivered the 
 cote of armes imbroidered unto the Earles of Shrewsbury and 
 of Kent, and they and the Serjeants of armes went before them. 
 The officers of armes delivered the shield to the Lord Graye 
 Ruthen and the Lord Dudley; likewise the sword, the point 
 forward, to the Lord Powys and Sir Richard Poole. After 
 that the helme with the crest to Lord John Graye of Dorsett, 
 and to the said Sir Richard Poole. Then Sir John Mortimer 
 Bannerett, Sir Richard de la Vere, Bannerett, Sir Thomas 
 Cornwall, and Sir Robert Throgmorton, Batchelors, con- 
 vayed the man of armes, which was the Earle of Kildare's 
 Sonne and heire, called the Lord Garrard, armed with the 
 Prince's owne barneys on, a courser richly trapped with a 
 trapper of velvet embrothered with needleworke of the Prince's 
 armes, with a pollaxe in his hande, the head downwards, into 
 the midst of the queere, where the Abbot of Tewksbury, gos- 
 peller of that mass, received the offring of that horse. Then the 
 said man of armes alighted, and was led with the axe in 
 his hand, as before, to the buyshoppe, by Sir Richard Croft, 
 Steward, and Sir William Ovedall, Comptroller, and from thence 
 to the vestry : but to have scene the weepinge when the offringe 
 was done, he had a hard heart that wept not. That done, the 
 three earles went up together and off red for themselves. There 
 went no officer then before them, nor carpet nor cushion after 
 them. The barons, baneretts, and batchelors, and all men that 
 would, saving those of the cittie, because of the sickness that 
 then rained amongst them, offred in our Ladye Chappell to the 
 vicar generall, who also kept the iij generall masses. 
 
 " All the offrings of money done, the Lord Powys went to the 
 queere doore, where two gentlemen ushers delivered him a rich 
 palle of cloth of gould of tyssue, which he offred to the corpse, 
 where two officers of armes receaved it, and laid it along the 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 167 
 
 corpse. The Lord of Dudley in like manner ofFred a palle, 
 which the said officers laid over the corpse. The Lord Greye 
 Ruthen offred another ; and every each of the three earles ofFred 
 to the corpse three palles of the same cloth of gould : the lowest 
 earle began first. All the palles were layd crosse over the 
 corpse. 
 
 " That done, the sermon beganne, said by a noble doctor : 
 enduring which there was a great generall dole of groates to 
 every poore man and woman. 
 
 " At tyme of St. John's gospell, Sir Griffith ap Rice offered 
 to the deacon the rich embrothered banner of my lordes amies. 
 
 ''The gospell finished, all the aforesaid prelats came and 
 senced the corpse, with all the convent standing without the 
 uttermost barres, singing divers and many anthemes. At every 
 Kurie Elyeson an officer at armes, with a high voice, said, For 
 Prince Arthur^ Soule, and all Christians soules, Pater Nosier, 
 That finished, a minister of the church tooke away the palles : 
 and then gentlemen tooke up the corpse and bare it to the grave, 
 at the South end of the high altar of that cathedrall church, 
 where were all the divine services. Then the corpse, with 
 weeping and sore lamentation, was laid in the grave : the orisons 
 were said by the Bishop of Lincolne, also sore weeping. He 
 sett the crosse over the chest, and cast holy water and earth 
 thereon. His officer of armes, sore weeping, tooke of his coate of 
 armes, and cast it along over the chest right lamentably. Then 
 Sir William Ovedall, Comptroller of his houshold, sore weeping 
 and crying, tooke the staffe of his office by both endes, and over 
 his own head brake it, and cast it into the grave. In likewise 
 did Sir Ric. Croft, Steward of his houshold, and cast his staffe 
 broken into the grave. In likewise did the gentlemen ushers 
 their roddes. This was a piteous sight to those who beheld it. 
 
 " All things thus finished, there was ordayned a great dinner : 
 and in the morne a proclamation was made openly in that cittie, 
 
168 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 that if any man could shewe any victualls unpaid in that 
 countrey, that had been taken by any of that noble Prince's 
 servants before that day, they should come and shewe it to the 
 late steward, comptroller, and cofferer, and they should be 
 contented. 
 
 " Thus God have mercye on good Prince Arthur's soule." 
 
 To pursue the subject of ceremonials, I pass on to other royal 
 visits. Those of the Stuarts, and especially that remarkable 
 visitation by King James II, are alluded to in other portions 
 of this work ; but perhaps the most interesting and gorgeous 
 reception of royalty was that given to Elizabeth in 1575, the 
 description of which, as given in the chamber order book, 
 would have made the " fashionable reporter" of the Morning 
 Post turn yellow with jealousy, had his lot been cast in those 
 days. Although this amusing document has already been 
 printed in Green's work, I shall make no apology for repub- 
 lishing it in my own, as probably many of my readers are not 
 in possession of that more costly publication : 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH'S VISIT TO WORCESTER. 
 Civ it as Wigorn. 
 
 " At a convocation and common council holden at the Geld 
 Hall of the said citie, in the Councell Chamber there, the six- 
 teenth day of July, in the seventeenth year of the reign of our 
 Sovereign Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God, England, 
 Finance, and Yerland Queen, Defender of the Fayth, &c. 
 
 " I. Inprimis, for as much as it is reported that the Queen's 
 Majestic will come to this citie, hit is agreed, that before her 
 Majestie's comyng the fower gates shall be sett in some decent 
 color, viz. in an ashe color, with her Majestie's arms both within 
 and without. 
 
 " II. Item, that every person havyng any donghills or 
 myskyns and tymber within the liberties, shall cause the same 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 169 
 
 to be carryed away within ten days next, and so shall kepe cleane 
 their soyles, and pave the same with all convenyent spede ; and 
 that every inhabitant of the Foregate Street, the Hygh Street, 
 the Broad Street, Newport Street, and so on to the bridge unto 
 the end of the liberties, the Leech Lane, Sudbury Street, to the 
 end of the liberties there, shall provide gravell for their soyles. 
 
 "III. Item, that every inhabitant within the liberties of the 
 citie shall forthwith whitlyme and color their bowses with 
 comeley colors. 
 
 " IV. Item, that the chamberlains shall set out very comeley 
 with colors the front of the Geld Hall, with gelding the Queen's 
 arms. 
 
 " V. Item, the fouer maces and the aldermans staff shall be 
 gylt on the beds, the fethers, and knotts. 
 
 " VI. Item, two pageants, or stages, to be sett forward, viz. 
 the one at the Grass Crosse, and the other in St. Alban's Street 
 end, at St. Helen's Church. 
 
 "VII. Item, Mr. Bell, as depute to Sir John Throckmorton, 
 knyght, our recorder, to be spoken with touching the oration, 
 and to be rewarded for his paynes. 
 
 " VIII. Item, the Grass Cross and the cross with* Sidbury 
 to be set in colors, together with the Kyngs pycture* at Sudbury 
 Gate. 
 
 " IX. Item, that Mr. Baylyffs, Mr. Aldermen and the High 
 Chamberlain in scarlett, and to have their horses in reddyness 
 at Salt Lane end in the Foregate Street, to meet her Majestic, 
 and to beare their maces on horseback before her Majestic, and 
 that the rest of the number of the 24 that hath been Baylyffs, 
 in Scarlett gownes faced with black satten, with doubletts of 
 satten, on foote ; and the other the residue of them in murrey 
 in grayne ; and the 48 in their liverey gownes of velvet in 
 
 * A statue was called a picture ; this was a statue of a king now un- 
 known ; it was in being when the gate was taken down. 
 
170 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 grayne, faier and comeley, with the rest of the freemen and 
 every occup'on by himself in their gowns and other decent 
 apparel on a row on the East side of the said street, and before 
 every occupation their streamers to be holden. 
 
 " X. Item, that the livery gownes of every company of the 
 chamber to be view^ by Mr. BaylyfFs and their brethren, and to 
 be comeley and decent. 
 
 " XI. Item, that Mr. Dighton being high baylyff, at the next 
 chamber after the Queens Majesties dep'ture from this city, 
 shall be by this house consid^ either with money or some other 
 recompence in cons" as well for taking upon him the charge of 
 his office for this year, as also towards his extraordinary charges 
 during her Majesties beyng heere. 
 
 " XII. Item, a fare cupp to be bought at London, for the pre- 
 senting the gyfte to the Queens Majestic, and £40 in sov'raignes 
 and angells of her own coign and stamp. 
 
 XIII. Item, that Mr. High Bayliffs shall see all officers 
 and servants of the Queens Majestic to be paid their ascustomed 
 fees and rewards. 
 
 " XIV. Item, a cupp worth £] 0 to be provided and bought 
 to present Sir James Crofte, Knt*^, Controller of the Queens 
 Majesties howse, for his councell and friendship shewed to this 
 citie. 
 
 " XV. Item, it is agreed that £212 shall be levied towards 
 the charges in receiving the Queens Majestic, as followeth — 
 
 " Inprimis, to be borrowed out of the tresury of the city £20. 
 
 " Item, to be levied by the way of tax of the chamber, viz. 
 £96, viz. of every of the 24, 40s. and of every of the 48, 20s. 
 
 "Item, of the inhabitants, com'ons, and citizens of the 
 eitie £96. 
 
 " Collectors of the 24 charge 
 " Collectors of the 48 charge 
 
 Richard Ntcolls, 
 Richard Darok. 
 Robert Crosbye, 
 Thomas Layte. 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 171 
 
 "XVI. Item, Mr. Bayliffs shall nominate the assessors of the 
 comonaltie towards their charges as followeth — 
 
 " The Assessors of every Ward. 
 
 « The High Ward £20.— John Parton, Stephen Whitfoote, 
 Thomas Ward, Thomas Harley. 
 
 "Allhallow Ward £20. — John Harte, Thomas Spencer, 
 Thomas Antony, Thomas Porter. 
 
 "St. Andrew Ward £13. 6s. 8d.--Thomas Handley, Francis 
 Nott, John Case, Thomas Yate. 
 
 "St. Suitens Ward £13. 6s. 8d.— Thomas Adams, John 
 Archer, William Blagden, John Bradshaw. 
 
 "St. Peters Ward £13. 6s. 8d.— Peter Humphreys, Will. 
 Cullambyne, Rob. Shepherd, Will. Wythe. 
 
 "St. Nicholas Ward £13. 6s. 8d.— R. Howsman, Hugh 
 Hollyngshead, Ant. Wythe, W. Jackson. 
 
 " St. Clement £3.— Hugh Chadock, Harry Kynnett, with the 
 constables of each ward. 
 
 " XVII. Item, it is agreed that there be in readiness 17 post 
 horses through the citie, and ready to shew. — The High Ward 
 4 post horses ; AUhailow Ward, 4 ; St. Andrew Ward, 2 ; St, 
 Martin Ward, 2 ; St. Peters Ward, 2 ; Saint Nicholas Ward, 2 ; 
 Saint Clements Ward, 1. 
 
 The Order of receiving the Queeri's Majestie, with a breef 
 Discourse of her contynued Manner here, 
 
 " Viz. On Saturday the thirteenth day of August, in the year 
 of our Lord one thousand fy ve hundred sevente-fy ve, and in the 
 1 7 th year of the raigne of our most victorious and sovereign 
 Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God, of England, France, and 
 Yirland Queen, Defender of the Faith, &c. the same her High- 
 ness came towards this citie from the castle of Hartlebury, 
 where she did rest the night before in her progrese, between 
 
172 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 7 and 8 of the clock in the afternoone of the same Seturday, 
 and did alight at a house near to the same citie, called Whystons 
 Farme,"'^ their to attier herself, in that respect of her wyllyng 
 good mynde to show herself comfortable to the cytyzens 
 [Elizabeth was an arrant coquette] and to a great number of 
 people of all countreys ab* her assembled. And after a little 
 space her Majestic came rydyng upon her palfrey towards the 
 said citie ; and in the confines of the liberties of the same citie, 
 beyng at Salt Lane end, Mr. Chrisf Dighton and Mr. Ilich*i 
 Sparky bailiffs of the s^ citie, Mr. Thomas Heywood and Mr. 
 John Coombs, aldermen of the same, and Mr. George Warberton, 
 high chamberlain of the citie afores*^, together with one Mr. 
 Willim Bellu, master of arts, supplying the place and roome of 
 Sir John Throckmorton, knyght, recorder of the s^ citie, together 
 with others to the nomber of 1 2 persons, who had ben baylyffs, 
 all in Scarlett gowns faced with black satten, and the residue of 
 the nomber of the 24 in murrey in grayne gownes, and all the 
 48 in violett in grayne gownes, and all other occupations 
 [Trading companies], standing on a row on the East side 
 of the Foregate Street, in their best apparell, having severally 
 their streamers holden before ev'y occup'on, and streching up 
 very near to the Foregate, and at the presence of her Majestie 
 approaching neer to the said confines of the s^ liberties, the 
 said baylyffs and all the residue afores*^ on their knees, the s^ 
 Mr. Bellue, an orator, kneeling betweene the s^ baylyffs, began 
 in grateful words and feir speeches on the cities behalf to yeld 
 up our lib'ties unto her Majesties hands, by their maces ; and 
 the s*^ Mr. Dighton kyssing his mace, delivered the same to her 
 
 * It is said to have been from the garden of this house that a large pear 
 tree in full fruit was removed and placed at the Cross when the Queen 
 visited this city, and from which she added to the city arms the black pear^ 
 in admiration, it is said, of the excellent government and order of the town, 
 by which such beautiful and tempting fruit was preserved in so public a 
 situation. I 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 173 
 
 Majestie, the w<=^ she bowyng her body towards hym rec'ed 
 mth a cheerful countenance, and sayd it was very well ; and so 
 the residue, viz. Mr. lowe BaylufF, Mr. Aldermen, in like manner 
 yelding up their maces, and the s^^ high chamberlain the alder- 
 mans staff, the which all she rec'ed, as before, and redelivered 
 the same again severally unto others ; after which done, they 
 all resorted again to their places, and all kneeling, the said Mr. 
 Bellue began his oration,* w*^^ oration doth appear verbatim in 
 the beginning of this book (so the corporation scribe declares) 
 for lack of paper. 
 
 " Bella's Oration. 
 
 " First began — I will brieflie dyvert to yo' Majesties noble 
 p'genitors, to whom this poore citie hath been especially bounde ; 
 wherein albeit I might say moche as touchyng the first founda- 
 c'on and peoplyng of the same, and how it grew up to a 
 florishing estate, and of the situat'on thereof, beyng always 
 a frontier and bulworke of bolde and obedient serviceable sub- 
 jects against the sundry invasions and undue attempts of the 
 Welshe men, who at this day, to their grett comendac'on and 
 perpetual prayse, lyve in most dutiful obedience and cyvell 
 societie w*^ us, under yo'^ Majesties most mercifull government 
 — I will for bono'' sake begyn with worthy Worfarnis, first 
 Chrysten Kynge of Martia or Medle England, who of his kinglie 
 afiect'on towards this towne, abowte nyne hundred yeres past, 
 by his charter granted and made Worcester a citie. Abowt 
 which tyme the inhib'ants here first began their marte of wooles 
 and trade of clothyng, w^^ ev'' synce and to this day is the onely 
 relief and meyntenance of this citie. After whom Offa, Edgar, 
 Henry the Second, Richard the First, Richard the Second, 
 Edward the Second, and Edward the Fourth, of like pryncelie 
 
 * I don't know whether Stenography was much in use in those days, but 
 Mr. Bellu no doubt wisely carried his speech in his pocket, to avoid the 
 alternative of his wisdom perishing with him. 
 
174 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 favc*, endowed this citie wtii sundry charters, liberties, and pry- 
 viledgs, to the great advancement of this poore com'on weale ; 
 of all whom as we are bound to make reverent remembrance 
 for thankfuU deserte^so most especially of yo^ Majesties nearest 
 and dearest progeny tors, namely, that pollytike pry nee yo' 
 Majesties gr'ndfather, Kynge Henry the Seventh, yo^ Highnes 
 father, of famous memory, Kynge Henry the Eyght ; that 
 Prince of grettest hope. King Edward the Sixte, yo^ Majesties 
 brother, and Queen Mary, yo^ Highnes dearest sister, of whos 
 grett and kyndly favo^ as this citie happelie fealte, so pleased it 
 that second Salamon, yo' Hyghnes gr'ntfather, in his kynglie 
 person, together with the Queen his wyff, the Countes of 
 Rychemond, his mother, and Prynce Arthur, yo"* Majesties 
 deerest uncle, to vysite this citie, where duryng the tyme of his 
 abode hit pleased his Highnes so thankfully to accept of the 
 poor good will and loyall affect'on of the citesyns, as at this day 
 ther remayne in regyster of record, amongst sondry comfort- 
 able speeches, witnessyng the same ; and as we have just cause 
 w'th the whole body of this realm generally to rejoyce of yo' 
 Majestic, and the unspeakable benefytts that God in his mercy 
 hath blessed us thereby, so have we specially occasion to be 
 thankfull to the same, not onlie for the confirmac'on and cor- 
 roborac'on of all our former charters, lib 'ties, and priviledges, 
 but also for that yo'* Majestic in yo' careful breaste moche 
 tenderyng the vertuous education of youth in the feare of God, 
 and with pryncelie pittie and reg^ for the needy estate of 
 Christian poore members, have not onlie granted us ther havyng 
 of a freeschole w^-^in this citie, but also graciously encreased the 
 stipend thereof, and maintenance of ten poor people for ever to 
 be relievd amongst us. A work first intended by the charitable 
 devoc'on of certen good citesyns here, and now lately enlarged, 
 augmented and confyrmed by your Highness. By thes most 
 bountyfull benefytes by yo^ Majesties noble progenitors of 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 175 
 
 worthiest memory, and by yor Hygness conferred unto us, w*=*^ 
 for avoyding perplexitie we may not particularly remember, 
 together with the painful labor, industrye, and diligence of good 
 citesyns, this citie of long tyme so increased in wealth, sub- 
 stance, and beautifull buildings, and became so fortunate 
 in the trade of clothyng, as by the onelie means thereof, in good 
 and fresh memory of man, ther wer here used and meynteyned 
 for the said trade of clothyng three hundred and fowrscore 
 great loomes, whereby eight thowsand p'sons wer' well meyn- 
 tained in wealth and abilitie, besides m^^ and their children. 
 Then florished this citie, and became populus ; then were the 
 inhabitants here no less able then reddy for service of their 
 prynce and country ; they frended with many. But why re- 
 member we the tyme past with such commendac'on of the 
 floryshing estate therof ? or why do we shewe yo' Majestie of 
 things that late wer', and now ar' not, with that greef of 
 mynde ? may we remember that Worcester, one of the most 
 ancient cities of y'' kyngdom, was some tyme wealthy, bewtifull, 
 and well inh'ited ; synce at this day yo'' Majestie shall see and 
 fynde the wealth wasted and decayed, the bewty faded, the 
 buylding ruin'd, the three hundred and fowerscore loomes of 
 clothyng comen to the nomeber of one hundred and three score, 
 and thereby above fyve thowsand p'sons, that wer' lately well 
 wrought and relieved, now wantyng the same ; so that of all 
 that was, ther' is allmost nothynge lefte but a ruynous citie, or 
 decaied antiquities, such as we see, the changes of fortune and 
 chance of tyme ; all w*'^ we wayll not with intent to crave any 
 of yo"^ Majesties liberahtie wherewith to be releavd^ especially 
 at such tyme as it hath pleased the same by paynful travel to 
 visit our city, but thereby to showe our want of hability so 
 worthelie to receave yo'' Majestie, as to yo^Hygnes p'son apper- 
 teyneth : nether bewayle we our losses to come by any other 
 meanes then by casualty of unlooked for troubles, as the breach 
 
176 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 of faytli lies in merchants, and restraint of trafyque, w<^^ 
 trafyque beyng now restored by yo' Majesties prynceley pru- 
 dense, breedyth in us an assured hope shortelie to see the resti- 
 tution of our former floreshyng estate, to the hyndrance where- 
 of there remaynth one especial apparent impedyment by the 
 nomeber of pyrates apon the seas,* and they not to be accompted 
 of, for seying yo"^ Majestie hath prepared to yo'self so mighty a 
 waye as never any of yo' noble progenytors ever had the like : 
 so may yo^ Hygness, whensover it shall seem good to the same, 
 very easily daunt and represse thos robberes, thatyo"" subjects 
 may with safety sayle with their trafyque. To the perfection of 
 this hope yo'' Majesties comyng to this citie, w*^ whos joyful! 
 presence it hath pleased God to bewtifie the same, doothe bothe 
 look, and, as it were, prognosticate unto us the reverse of all our 
 adverse fortune into a more happy and prosperous estate. In 
 the joy full dales of whos coronation thes worthy citesyns then 
 and now under yo' Majesties chief officer thereof, the whole 
 citie did so rejoyce and so effectually sygnyfie the same by the 
 p'fuse expence of their wealth, as the like is never remembered 
 to be doon, and therefore no marvaile, though their heavy 
 hartes be now in happy hope, and revived from the clowdy cares 
 of their adversities ; for due proof whereof may it like yo' 
 Highness to behold the populous concourse of the multitude, 
 the greedy 'yes cast upon yo** Majestie on every side the wayes 
 and streetes, filled w*^ companyes of all ages, desirous to have 
 the fruition of yo'^ joyful p'sence, the bowses and habitations 
 lately ryson from their rufull ruyn to a more luy vely and fi^eshe 
 furnyture ; briefly, the universal presens of all estates yelde an 
 
 assured hope, evydent token and profytt of each good thinge 
 
 worth such a prynce ; so as we may soothely say, 0 Sovereign, 
 for ourselves and the whole body of this realm, that if all just 
 
 * These were not effectually repressed till Cromwell swept them from the 
 seas, as being intolerable nuisances. 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 177 
 
 laws had not cast upon yo*" Majestie the inheritance and ryghtful 
 succession in this kingdom, we myght, my lords, in merite most 
 justlie have elected her Majestie thereunto, and have said with 
 the profitt Samuell, " Behold, see ye not whom the Lord hath 
 chosen, and how ther is not alike unto her among all the people." 
 On whom and whos most prudent and pollitique government, 
 with humble obedience we joyfully cast our cares, vowyng for 
 our parts with unfayned hartes the willing expence of our goods 
 and lyves at yoi* Majesties comandmt ; in token of which 
 bounden dutie and loiall good will to yo'" Highness, sy'th 
 our habilitie is farr inferior, and serveth not to make a 
 sufficient signyficat'on thereof, the baylyffs and cytesyns here 
 present yo'^ Majestie with this poore peece, and small porc'on 
 therein contained, most humbly beseeching yor Highness to 
 accept the same, not as the Grett Alexander accepted the 
 Sowders gyft, nor as the valiant Artaxerzes the little water, 
 gyven by the symple sotte, but as Queen Elixabeth, in whom 
 the fulnes of prynceley benygnytie is wont to accepte the simple 
 presents of her subjects, who's Highness God pr'sve in blessed 
 lyff, in roill raigne, in Nestors yeres among us. 
 
 " That a few words uttered by orato'*, with answer thereunto 
 by her Majestie, do appear in the end of this book, [the 
 chamber orders book] amonge other matters written of the 
 whole discourse of her Majesties beying here. 
 
 P 'me, EDWARD DARRIELL. 
 
 " In the ende of w*''^ oration the people cried with lowd voices, 
 God save yo'" Grace, God save yo** Majestie ; unto whom she 
 with a cheerful countenance sayd oftentimes, I thank you, I 
 thank you all. This oration being ended, and as well of her 
 Hyghness as of all the rest of the nobles and honorable and 
 others attentively harde, and by her Hyghness with a pryncelie 
 countenance specially noted and well liked of, as her gave 
 
178 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 wytness. And also for that dyvers hono'able afterwards will*^ 
 to have copies thereof, which was done accordingly. The said 
 baylyffs, aldermen, and high chamberlain making most 
 lowly abeysance and countenance towards her Highness, the s** 
 Mr. Bellu receivyng from the s<i Mr. Dighton the sylver cupp w*^ 
 its cover dooble gylt, worth ten pounds 17 and 2"^, the fairest 
 that mought be found in London, and in the same cup 40 pounds 
 in half sov'aigne, of her owne quoyne and stamp, the w^^ the 
 s^ Mr. Dighton all the time of the s^ oration held openly in his 
 hand, did present her Majestie therewith, useing or uttering 
 certen feir speeche and words to her Highnes good liking ; and 
 she receive the same, gave them thanks most heartilie. And 
 the said baylyffs, aldermen, orator, and the high chamberlain, 
 having their horses reddy by the five servants apparelled all in 
 one livery, of Turkey co'ler, mounted on horseback, and were 
 placed by one of the gent, ushers next before the lord chamber- 
 layne, bearing her Majesties sword before her, viz. next before 
 the lord chamberlain and both the said baylyffs, then the too 
 aldermen, and next before them the orator and the hygh cham- 
 berlain, the s*^ officers carrying their maces, and then her Ma- 
 jestie did ryde forward towards the Grass Crosse, with lyghtes 
 [lanterns] plentifully provided by the citizens at their doors, 
 besides the garde and others appointed by order of the house, 
 carrying staff torches : att which cross ther was a pageant or 
 stage very comely deckd by Mr. Raph Wyatt and Mr. Thomas 
 Heywood, appointed for that purpose, with three boys uttering 
 very good and dilectable matter in their speeches, the effect 
 whereof do appear in the begg'ing of this book ; whereunto her 
 Highness and the rest did give very attentive yeare, and so 
 ended, tho with gret cryeing of the people as before, God save 
 y' Majestie — She still thanked the people with cherful counte- 
 nance. . . . her Majestie to Saynt Ellyns church end, wher 
 ther was one other stage or pageant likewise deck'^ by the s*^ 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 179 
 
 p'sons. At which place her Majestie and the rest of the honor- 
 able with as good liking as before, and many merry speeches 
 and countenance proceeded from her Majestie in heering of 
 three boyes ther apoynted; the effect of whose speeches do 
 also appear in the begining of this book amongst the others be- 
 fore, with the like cryeing of the people, and her Majesties 
 chereful words towards the people as before, and so good liking 
 of the matter (as being fowl and rayny wether) she called for 
 
 her cloke and hatt and tarried the end And 
 
 from thence she passed towards the Cathedrall Church, and in 
 entering into the porch, Nicholas BuUyngh'm, the Lord Buyshop 
 of Worcester, with Doctor Wilson the dean, and prebendaries, 
 and the rest of the quyer, the byshop in his rochett, the deane, 
 and the rest in their surplesses, in the same porch saluted her 
 Majestie, and one of the scholers in the schole (Christ'^ Fletcher) 
 then pronounced an orac'on in Lattyn, wherunto she was atten- 
 tyve, and thereof took verry good liking : wch orac'on ended, 
 she on her knees heard there other service . . . for that time 
 apoynted, and made her praiers ; and after a gift geven to her 
 Majestie in a purse of crymson velvett wrought with gold, 
 being £20 in gold in it, she entered into the church with grett 
 and solompne singing and musick, with cornetts and sackbutts, 
 with a canapy boren ov"^ her; and so up into the chancell, 
 (choir) wher she diligently viewed the tomb of King John, to- 
 gether with the chapell and tombe of her deere uncle, late 
 Prynce Arther, all rycheley and bewtyfully adorned. And from 
 the church her Majestie passed towards the Byshops P'lace ; 
 and after she came into the great chamber, Mr. Baylyffs, Mr. 
 Aldermen, the s'* Orator, and High Chamberlain, kneelying as 
 she came by them, did putt down their maces ; and she bowing 
 her hedd towards them, thank'd them for her myrthe, and 
 offered her hand unto them to kysse ; w^h done, they departed : 
 and on Soneday the fouerteenth day of August her IMajestie 
 
 N 2 
 
180 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 was dysposed to ryde in her cotche or wagon* to the Cathedral 
 Church, to heer service and sermon with the noblemen and 
 others on horseback before, Mr. Baylyffs, Aldermen, and 
 Orator, and High Chamberlain, carrying their maces on horse- 
 back, and placed next before the serj* att armes ; and then the 
 lord chamberlain carying her sword before her Majestie, and 
 after her the Lord Rob* Dudley, Yerle of Ley'r, a m'r of her 
 Highnesses horses, following her with her leede palfrey in hand ; 
 and then her noble women, ladies, maydens of hon'or, and 
 the waytyng maydens, all on horseback, and the people being in- 
 numerable in the streets and churchyard, crying to her Majestie, 
 'God save y'^ Majestie, God save y'' Grace unto whom she 
 rysyng shewed herself at both sides of her cotche unto them, 
 and oftentymes saide, I thank you, I thank you all. 
 
 " And so the M"*^ of the citie standing in their scarlett gownes 
 at the end of the High Street turning into the churchyard, 
 her Majestie proceed^ into the churchyard and church with a 
 cheerful countenance, and at three several places in the church, 
 being upon the greftes or stepps, she turned herself back, 
 shewing herself unto the people, who crying God save y^ 
 Majestie, she also with a loud voice gave them hartie thanks as 
 before, and into the chancell, and being settled in her traves 
 or seate rychly decked and adorned in the upper end of the 
 chancell next to Prynce Arthur's Chapell, and hering a great and 
 
 * Close carriages were first made in England in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 and were then generally called " whirlicotes." In London they were first 
 let for hire in 1625 ; previous to which, in many places, men were forbid- 
 den to ride in them, as effeminate. The Wyldes, of the Commandery, 
 were the first persons who used close carriages in Worcester. In The 
 World Runs on Wheels is the following observation with reference to this 
 subject: '* In the year 1564, one William Boonen, a Dutchman, brought 
 first the use of coaches hither, and the said Boonen was Queen Elizabeth's 
 coachman ; for indeed a coach was a strange monster in these days, and 
 the sight of them put both horse and man into amazement. Some said it 
 was a great crab-shell brought out of China, and some imagined it to be 
 one of the pagan temples in which the cannibals adore the devil." Boonen 
 most probably accompanied her majesty to Worcester. 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 181 
 
 solem noyse of syngyng of service in the quier both by note 
 and also plaing with cornetts and sackbutts ; which being 
 finished, Mr. Doctor Langworth, a p'bendary, ther did reade 
 the p'ystle, and Mr. D"" Wilson, dean, did reed the gospel ; and 
 which ended, Doctor Bullyngham, Byshop of Worcester, did 
 preach before her Majestie and the nobles, and others being 
 present, and a gret audience ; whyche fynushed, her Majestie 
 retorned again to the palace in like order as before, &c. 
 
 " Ey'd on the Moneday morning the said baylifFs, aldermen, 
 orator, and chamberlaynes, with their brethren, for that they 
 had found grett favo*^ and wer much bound for many services 
 to Sir James Crofte, knyght, conntroller of her Majesties hows- 
 hold, and one of her Majesties pryvye councel, being at Mr. 
 Steyns, and wher he kept his howse, did go unto him, who 
 honourably entertained them, and toke them all by hands ; and 
 our orator presented him with a faier peece of gilt enchased 
 plate in man'r of tankard, with a cover, worth £6. 7s. Id. and 
 besought his honor to accept the same, as a slender token of 
 their grett good will and thankfuUness for his honourable favors, 
 which he very modestlie at the first refused, but with some in- 
 treaty he accepted the same, and promised to love them as good 
 neighbours, and friend them in anything that he co*^ do them 
 good in, that they hereafter shall hold with him. 
 
 " Apon Tuysday the 16 day of August her Hyghness did ryde 
 towards Hynlypp,to Mr. Abyngton's house to dine with a great 
 number, amongst w^^ both the baylyffs, aldermen, orator, and 
 high chamberlain did ryde in their Scarlett gownes, carrying y' 
 said maces before her Majestie in Sampsons Street, without the 
 Foregate (being a made way) unto the end of our lib'ties, and 
 turning back again, and lyghtyng from their horses, to have 
 doone their duties on their knees, and for that the wayes wer 
 fowle her Majestie [having compassion, as I suppose, on their 
 corduroys and hose] said unto them, I pray you keep your 
 
182 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 horses, and do not alight : and at her Majestie's coming home- 
 wards towards the citie, the said baylyfFs, aldermen, orator, and 
 high chamberlain mett her Majestic as before, without the citie, 
 about 8 of the clock in the yevenyng, and so did bear their 
 maces before her Majestic unto the palace gate, she ryding on 
 horseback, her cotche being p'sent, and fowle weather, with a 
 cheerful pryncely countenance towards her subjects — praying 
 for her Majestic ; the w^^ turning her horse on every side, and 
 commfortable speeches to her subjects — did give very hartie 
 thanks divers and oftentymes, every howse in the street having 
 both candles in lanterns, torches and candles burning on every 
 side, besides a great number of staff torches carried on every 
 side of her by her garde, w^^ all gave a marvelous light. 
 
 "And on Wednesday the 17th day of August Mr. Baylyffs, 
 Mr. Aldermen, and orator, with certon of their brethren did go 
 to the Lord Robert Dudley, Yerle of Lyeyster, and Ma'^ of the 
 Queens Majesties horses, being in Mr. Dr. BuUynghams house, 
 a prebendary of the s^ church, and the Sd our orator declared 
 unto the s*^ yerle, my lord, * Mr. BaylyfFs and their brethren are 
 come to see yr honor, and to bydd y^ honor very humbly welcome 
 to this citie, and in token of their poore good wills they have 
 brought to yr honor too gallons of Iprocras, beseeching you 
 to bear youre honorable favor towards this citie and there- 
 upon the yerle took them all by the hands, and thanked them 
 hartelie, and said as followeth : ' I assure you tis a citie that I 
 love with all my harte, and if I may any way do it good, you 
 shall fynde me willing and reddy,' and so bade them all farewell. 
 
 "And on Thursday the 18th day of August Mr. Baylyffs, 
 Mr. Aldermen, and orator, with other their brethren, come to the 
 Yerle of Warwick, to wellcome his honour with the like pre- 
 sent ; to whom the orator spake in effect as before to the Earl 
 of Leyf^ : and he likewise gave them great thanks, and took 
 them all by the hands, and said this is a proper citie, hit is pytty 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 183 
 
 it shulde decay and become poore, and for my part I will devise 
 some way to do it good, and so very hartelie bade them fare- 
 well. And the same day they did the like to the Yerle of 
 Sussex, lord chamberlain, for that he came but att night, and 
 being in his bede and somewhat diseased, sent them very hartie 
 thanks by his secretary ; but they spake not with hym. And 
 likewise the same day they saluted Sir Will. Ceysill, knyght, 
 lord treasurer, for that he came likewise but the nyght before, 
 lying in the deanes howse, who came unto them and did take 
 them all by the hand, and thanked them all for their gentle 
 curtesie. 
 
 " And the same day after dinner her Majestie rode to Hallow- 
 parke, being Mr. Abyngton's, on her palfrey, and being on 
 Hynwyckehill she viewing Prytchcroft and all the fields adjoin- 
 ing the citie, and the com'ons ther did agree to kepe several for 
 her horses and the horses of her whole trayne and retinue, and 
 turning her palfrey, marvelled to see such a number of horses 
 together ; whereunto it was answered by her footemen and 
 others, cytysyns being present, that it was a common grounde, 
 and kept severall for her Majesties horses and of her retynee 
 and trayne ; for the which she gave the citie grett thanks. 
 During which tyme of her Majesties abode here ther were pas- 
 tured by credible reports above 15 hundred horses and geld- 
 ings, without paying anything therefor (saving several rewards 
 to watchmen, who kept them day and nyght) w^^ was but 2d. for a 
 horse for 400<* horses. The noblemeiis horses wer pastured 
 in several pastures by themselves, neer unto the citie. And 
 thanks be to God, amongst the said grett nomber of horses and 
 geldings, not one horse or gelding was either stolen, strayd 
 away, or peryshed. And after her Majestie came to Hallow 
 Park, she hunted, and with her bow she kylled one buck and 
 struk another buck, w<=^ beyng recovered, she called for Mr. 
 Abyngton, asking hym how many bucks be kylled ? and he said 
 
184 
 
 WORCESTEH IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 too bucks. And then said she, lett one of the bucks be brought 
 to the one bayUfFs house, and the other buck to the other bay- 
 liffs house, with a better good turn. W*'^ bucks were brought 
 to the bayhfFs bowses accordingly. [To be dealt with, no 
 doubt, in that summary manner which I have described and 
 fully set forth in the chapter entitled " Corporation Feasts."] 
 And on Fryeday the 19th day of August, in the afternoon, her 
 Majestic rode to Battenhall Park, intending to hunt ther ; but 
 for that she found the gr.me very scarce, she returned again 
 without hunting at all. And that wher her Majestic was 
 apoynted by her ge'stes to have departed from this ... on 
 Wednesday the 17th day of this August, for the good liking 
 that her Majestic had of this citie, of the people, and of the 
 place, she tarried her until the Saterday, the twentyeth day, 
 and abowte three in the clock in the afternoon her Majestic 
 disposyng to ryde away, the baylyffs, aldermen, orator, and 
 high chamberlain rode before her Majestic in scarlett, and in 
 their places, carrying their maces as before at her receaving, 
 throughe . . . the streets beyng replenyshcd with people 
 cryeing to her Majestic, and praying for her ; and also she 
 cheerfully and comfortably speaking to the people, and thanks 
 gcvyng with a lowd voice ; and having a way made up the 
 stuble fyldc beynd the barne beyonde the cross at Tewkesbury 
 lane cnde, towards Battenhall Park, the freemen of the citic 
 stoodc arow in their gownes, or best apparel, and above them 
 the 48 in their gownes of violet in grayne, and then some of 
 the 24, not having been bayliffs, in murrey in grayne, and all 
 the rest that had been bayliffs in scarlett, stretching to the top 
 of the hill there ; at wch place the baylyffs, aldermen, orator, 
 and high chamberlain alighted, and kneeling, the orator spake 
 these words — ' Most gracious Sovereign, beyiiig some what more 
 then the uttermost confynes of our strayt liberties, to our no 
 little grecf, without your Hyghnesses further commandmt, we 
 
CEREMO^IALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 185 
 
 are to leave your joyful! presence, most humbly beseeching yor 
 Highness to pardon all our defects of dutie happened either for 
 want of abilitie, or through ignorance ; and we humbly thanke 
 your Majestic for your pryncely favor towards us, beseeching 
 you to continuey our good and gracious Sovereign, and no sub- 
 jects shall more hartelie pray for yo' Majestic long to live, and 
 Iiappelie to rayne over us, than we.' Then said her Majestic, 
 ' xM'rs, I thank you all very hartely for y^ paynes, and I thank 
 you for the greet cheer you made to my men, for they talk 
 greatlie of it ; and I pray you com'end me to the whole citie, and 
 thank them for their verry good will and paynes, and I assure 
 you, you all pray so heartily for me, as I feare you will by y' 
 prayers make me lyve to long ; but I thank 3'ou all ; and so 
 God be with you ! ' and so departed with teres in her 'yes ; 
 and the people with a lowd cry sayd, ^ God save y^ Majestic ! ' 
 and so proceeded towards Battenhall, and through Battenhall 
 Park, through made ways, with a great trayne both before and 
 behynd , and so to Elmley Bredon, wher she lay that nyght, 
 and on Soneday all day ; and so Mr. BaylifFs and Aldermen 
 on foote, with their brethren and the whole chamber, returned 
 together to the Toll Shop, and from thence departed home to 
 their howses with grett joy, that her Majestic, with the rest of 
 the nobles, the traine, with the officers of the house, and her 
 men, had given the citie so good reporte of good liking of this 
 citie, and of their interteynment by the citesyns. 
 
 "And on Moneday, at the uttermost p'te of the countie, 
 between the Elmley and the Castle of Suydley, in the presence 
 of the shreeve, being Mr. Edmond Colics, Esquire, and other 
 gentlemen of the shere, ther taking their leave, and recognisyng 
 their duties, and of the gent, of Gloucshire ther receiving her 
 Majestic, she said to the Lord Buyshop of Worcester, ' My 
 lord, I wold talk with you.' Who alighted from his horse : to 
 whom, after some private talk had by her Majestic unto him. 
 
186 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 she sayd, ^ My lord, I pray you comend me hartelie to the 
 baylifFs of Worcester, and to their brethren, and to the 
 whole cite ; and I thank them hartely for my good inter- 
 teynment, and for the good chore they made my men.' And 
 then said the lord bishop, ^ Hit may please yo'^ Majestie, so 
 it is, their trade is not so good as it hath been, for the meyn- 
 tenance of their ly vyng, but their poor good wills and hartes your 
 Majestie hath.' And then said she, 'I perceive that very well, 
 and I like as well of them as I ham liked of any people in all 
 my progressive tyme in all my lyff.' The wch comfortable 
 commendations and sayings of her Majestie towards the citie, 
 when the lord byshop retorned back to this citie, callyng for the 
 baylyfFs and others of their brethren unto hym, his L. utterd 
 unto them the said pryncely and loving speeches of her Majestie, 
 praying them to utter the same to the residue, and so will I as 
 I meet with them. 
 
 " The Noble Men^s Names attending her Majestie at Worcester, 
 
 " Sir Will. Cecill, Knyght, L. of Burghley, and L. Treas'' of 
 England. — The L. Thomas Ratclyff, Yerle of Sussex, L. 
 Chamberlayne to the Queens Majestie. — The L. Ambrose 
 Dudley, Yerle of Warwyk.— The L. Robt Dudley, Yerle of 
 Leyc^ and M' of the Queens Majesties Horses. — Sj" Francys 
 Knolles, Knyght, Thresurer of the Queens Majesties Howshold. 
 — S"* James Crofte, Knt, Controller of the same. — Sir Thomas 
 Smythe, Kt, chief secretary to the Queens Majestie. — Mr. 
 Francys Wallsyngham, Esquire, the other Secretary to her 
 Majestie. — S"^ Edward Sutton, L. Dudley. — S'^ Charles Howard, 
 L. of Effynh'm, and Lord Chamberlayn in the absence of the 
 E. of Sussex. — The Lord Harry Seym'r, sone to the Duke of 
 Som'sett, dec'ssed. — The Lord Straynge, sone and heyre ap- 
 parent to the Yerle of Dudley. — Sir Thom^ Sackvile, Knyght, 
 Lord Buckhurst, 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 187 
 
 " Byshupps. 
 
 " Doctor Bullynham, Byshup of Worcestr. — Doctor Sto rye, 
 Buyshopp of Hereford. — Doctor Cheyny, Buyshop of Glouc^ — 
 Doctor Bentan, Buyshopp of Lychefild and Coventree. — 
 Doctor Freak, Buyshopp of Rochester, Almoner to the Queen's 
 Majestic, and elected Bp. of Norwych. — Doctor Wilson, one of 
 the Ma^^ of the Court of Request (Dean of Worcester). 
 
 " Vadies of Honor, 
 The Lady Marques of Northampton, widow, late Wyfe to 
 late Marques of Northampton. — The Lady Countess of Sussex. 
 — The Lady Countes of Warw'. — The Lady Vere, sister to the 
 Yerle of Oxford. — The Lady Bourser, syster to the Yerle of 
 Bath. — The Lady Howard, wief to L. Dudley. — The Lady 
 Hunsdon, wief to . . . S — Cary, Lord Hunsdon. — The Lady 
 Cobham, wief to the Warden of the Fyve Ports. — The Lady 
 Stafford, widow, late the wyff to Sir Will. Staff, dec'd. — The 
 Lady Patchett. 
 
 " The Accompts of Mr. Christ, Dighton, Hygh Bayly ff. 
 "Inprimis, his Receipts, as appeareth by £. s. d. 
 
 his bills, as by his bills annexed more 
 
 at large appeareth . . . . 198 16 4 
 " Inprimis, for a gylte cup with a cover 
 
 geven unto the (Queens Majestic, weying 
 
 29 oz. and 3 qrs. at 7s. 4d. the ounce 10 18 2 
 " More in gold with the same cupp given to 
 
 her Majestie 40 0 0 
 
 Item, a can cupp gilt, geven to Mr. Coun- 
 
 troUer, Sir James Crofte, w"^ 20 oz. 
 
 and \ a quarter, at 6s. 8d. the ounce 6 8 1 
 " Money given in rewarding to the (Queens Majesties Officers. 
 " Inprimis, to the harbengers, . . . 0 20 0 
 Item, to too serj'ts at armes . . , 0 40 0 
 
188 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Item, to the eight footmen as they say in £. s. d. 
 
 respect of the fy ve maces offered to the 
 
 Queens Majestie, ys their fee. . . 5 0 0 
 
 Item, to the trompeters . . . . 0 10 0 
 
 Item, to the cotchmen and Utter men . 0 30 0 
 Item, to the way men, viz. the makers of 
 
 ways 0 10 0 
 
 Item, to the ordynary messengers of the 
 
 Queens chamber . . . . 0 40 0 
 
 Item, to the Yerle of Leycesters musecians 0 6 8 
 
 Item, to the yomen of the male . . 0 10 0 
 Item, to Osland brynger of the sword into 
 
 the Hb'ties 0 10 0 
 
 Item, to Mr. Gascoyne, post ma'" . . 0 20 0 
 Item, to the knyght marshall for his fee 
 
 ] 3s. 4c?. and to his men Qs. . 0 20 0 
 
 Item, to the Clerk of the markett of the 
 
 Queens howshold . . . . 0 40 0 
 
 Item, to his men 0 6 8 
 
 Item, to the gentlemen of the bottles . 0 20 0 
 
 Item, to the black garde . . . . 0 20 0 
 
 Item, to the Queens Majesties bakers . 0 7 0 
 
 Item, to the officers of the boylinghowse . 0 6 8 
 
 Item, to the Queens musecians . . 0 40 0 
 
 Item, to the postmasters man . . 0 2 0 
 
 Item, to hym that carried the sword furth 
 
 of the hberties 0 10 0 
 
 Item, to the Queens Majesties porters . 0 10 0 
 Item, to M. Morall, for 6 cote clothes for 
 
 fyve serjts and the bellman . . 4 5 6 
 Item, given to them that brought the too 
 
 bucks, killd at Hallow Park by the 
 
 Queens Majestic, to both the baylyffs 
 
 bowses 0 10 0 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 189 
 
 Item, to Mr. Lupton, for his pajTies for and £. s. d, 
 devising and instructing the children in 
 their speeches on the too stages . 4 0 0 
 Item, to his man for waiting . . . 0 10 0 
 Item, to George Warberton, for Luptons 
 charges, his wief and man, and their 
 horses . . . . . . 0 33 4 
 
 Item, to Mr. Heywood, for entertayning of 
 the six children on the too stages, with 
 125. to the children for their labour, 
 and for hurt done upon silk borrowed, 
 as appeareth by his bill . . . 0 31 7 
 Item, to John Davies, for all his payntyng 
 at the Toll Shop, and otherwise, for the 
 citie, as appear'^ by his bill . . 16 0 0 
 Item, to Mr. Bellu, the orator, in consideration 
 of his journeys to Mr. Controller, to the 
 Court at Kyllyngworth, and his paynes 20 0 0 
 Item, to Mr. Dyghton, for Mr. Bells diet 
 and his too men for 12 days, and his 
 
 horse meate 0 44 0 
 
 Item, to Mr. Dyghton, for Iprocras* geven to 
 the lords and others of the privie councell, 
 and other charges, as appeareth by his bill 8 4 5 
 " Charges leyd out by the Chamberlains. 
 " Item, paid to George Warberton and John 
 Edwards, chamberlains, for their bill of 
 ^ charges leyd out for the citie, against the 
 
 Queen's Majestie comyng to Worcest^ 14 lo 0 
 " Which said several sums, together with divers others 
 several sums, amounteth to £173. Bs. 4c?. as appeareth by his 
 bills and receyts deUberately examined, and all things allowed, 
 * A liquor used at the king's table. The price 3*. M. the pottle. 
 
190 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 ther remaynetli in Mr. Dyghtons hands £25 ; which £25 
 together with £5 ys allowed to the said Mr. Dyghton, as 
 appereth in the next chamber. 
 
 " Money rece'd and borrowed for the Use of the Citie as 
 
 followeth hereafter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 " Ressevid of 23 of the 24 at 40 shil^' the 
 
 
 
 
 pece, amounting to ... . 
 
 46 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 viz. that there is unpaid Mr. Dedicott. 
 
 
 
 
 Resseived of the companies of the 48, after 
 
 
 
 
 the rate of 20s. the pece 
 
 48 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Ressev'd and borrowed out of Mr. Yowls 
 
 
 
 
 money in the treasire .... 
 
 42 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Resseved and borrowed out of the cor- 
 
 
 
 
 porations money out of the treasire 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Ressevd of Richard Hemyng for 
 
 
 
 
 the company of m'rcers 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Ressevid of the occupazance of 
 
 
 
 
 the drapers . . * . . 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Ressevd of the wevers 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Ressevd of the brewers 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Ressevd of the chawnlers . 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Resseved of the shomakers 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Payd Ressev'd of the walkers 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 " The som' am* to i C liiij ; the rest unpaid £ 1 22. 
 
 " Res' of Mr. Gibbs of Mr. Youls money, 
 beyng leyed out for wood, and which 
 was at the begining deliv*^ to Mr. Fleet 
 and Mr. James 7 0 0 
 
 Rec. of Mr. Chamberlens for one whole 
 yeres rent of Mr. Yowles land, due at 
 Mich'as 1579 yeare . . . . 8 14 4 
 " The sum of all these bills £137. 14s. 4d. 
 
CEREMONIALS AND ROYAL VISITS. 
 
 10] 
 
 " Money received of the constables as followetli. 
 of Roger Streete and Rich^ Wellyn, con- £. s. d. 
 stablesof Sent Andrews warde, in money 9 8 6 
 
 R^ of ThOg Ashwyn and George Wells, 
 
 constables of Fetters, in money . 7 10 8 
 
 R^ of Edmund Barbar and yes fellow 
 Richard Hemyng, constables of All 
 Hallow ward on account of theyr charge 13 7 2 
 of Edw. Qycke and Will. Wylkyns, 
 constables of Saint Marten, on acco* 
 of theyr charge 7 6 5 
 
 R*^ of Simond Backe and Robert Wythe, 
 constables of Sent NecoUys ward, on 
 account of their charge . . . 5 8 0 
 
 Rd of Homfrey Gest and John Prosser, 
 constables of the Hye ward, on account 
 of their charges . . . .13 5 4 
 
 R^ of Francis Nott, constable of St. 
 
 Clemens, on account of his charge . 0 19 0 
 
 "Som' am* £54 17 2 
 57 5 8 
 
 "R*^ of Gervthe Chanlor and his fellow 
 HomfrayToms,sterayeres of the walkers 
 for these walkers ar nott of the 
 chamber, as appeareth by another bill 
 hereunto annexed . . . . 3 16 4 
 «£61 2 0 
 
 " Som' of all the resseyts in both these bills, as appeareth 
 more at large, is i C 98/. 16^. 4c?. 
 
 "Some of the whole charges £173. 8s. Od. 
 " So resteth clere the sum of £25. 8s. Od." 
 
*' This fierce abridgment 
 Hath to it circumstantial branches, which 
 Distinction should be rich in" — Shakspeare. 
 
 TSCELLANEOUS subjects, not immediately connected 
 with any of the foregoing, may, perhaps, more properly 
 be arranged in the following isolated form, according 
 to date : 
 
 Early in the reign of Elizabeth an entry occurs of 16s.,'* which 
 the citie owes to St. Andrew's, unpaid for the rood-loft." These 
 rood-lofts — the gallery dividing the nave from the chancel of a 
 church, and on which the figure of our Saviour on the cross was 
 raised — had been almost everywhere pulled down at and subse- 
 quent to the Reformation. The corporation had probably pur- 
 chased the gallery to have it erected in the hall for municipal 
 purposes. In 1686, the sum of £2 was incurred for the erection 
 of " a new pulpit " in the hall. A pulpit is not necessarily for 
 ecclesiastical purposes : it may have been a mayor's chair or 
 throne. A " chequer " is mentioned in the chapter on " Elections," 
 which was probably a dais or raised platform wherefrom to 
 address the people. Checker, or Exchequer, also means a court 
 or hall for the trial of causes. The two law courts of the Wor- 
 cester Town Hall were then at each end of the hall, facing each 
 other. 
 
OLLA PODRIDA. 
 
 1.9 
 
 1563. — "The High Cross over against the toll shop" was 
 ordered to be taken down, " at the charge of the neighbours, and 
 the sitting place and stones remaining to be laid within the 
 Guildhall at the like charge." The High Cross had been defaced 
 some years before. Ten years after the issuing of the above 
 order, Thomas Rudge appears on the books as making a demand 
 of 40s., " which he lent towards building the high cross." In 
 ancient days there were civil, devotional, and road crosses 
 erected. Besides that above mentioned, there was one at the 
 cathedral (which, with the images of Our Lady, was burnt in 
 the churchyard, 1560) ; another at the Grass Cross (taken down, 
 1578) ; and crosses at Lowesmoor, Red Hill, Sidbury Gate, Bath 
 Road, Whitstanes, &c. The public pageants and processions 
 began and terminated at these crosses. 
 
 1564. — Alderman] BuUingham and Andrew Walton were or- 
 dered to view the coal-pit at Pensax belonging to the dean and 
 chapter, and make a report. This pit appears to have been 
 afterwards worked by the advance of a loan from the corporation, 
 and^ frequent charges are made by the town clerk and others 
 " for riding to ye coal-pit at Pensax." It should be observed 
 that till within a comparatively recent period the state of the 
 roads was such as to prevent the carriage of heavy commodities, 
 except during a very limited period of the year, and that no 
 pressing necessity existed for the general circulation of coal 
 until the disafforesting of large tracts of country had rendered 
 wood full scarce. It is probable that the condition of the high- 
 ways at first made it necessary to obtain supplies of coal from 
 the nearest available workings, without regard to the quality of 
 the commodity ; and hence the citizens of Worcester seem to 
 have been long dependant on the pits at Pensax for their sup- 
 plies, until increased facilities for transit had opened to them 
 more distant fields. An inferior sort of coal is procured at 
 Pensax to this day. 
 
 o 
 
194 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 1568. — It was agreed by the chamber — 
 
 " That thirty lotts shal be put into the lottery, and divided into 
 three partes — viz., one parte from the 24, the second from the 48, and 
 the third from the treasury ; and the advantage or the loss thereof 
 likewise to be divided in the same three partes, and that they shal 
 pass in the name of William James, and that the treasurer of both 
 the companies and the chamberlains shal collect and bring in the 
 same before Wednesday next." 
 
 Let the reader in his imagination transfer these events to the 
 present day, and in lieu of the grave and reverend seigneurs of 
 1568, let him picture Mr. Alderman Thompson, Mr. Southan, or 
 Mr. Price, consenting, with their brethren of the council, to the 
 investment of a few hundreds of the borough fund in Oxford, 
 Worcester, and Wolverhampton, or some other scrip, to be 
 purchased in the name of Mr. Padmore, our worthy mayor, and 
 the dividends (when gotten) to be divided between the soup cha- 
 rity and the roasting of an ox in front of the Guildhall. This 
 effort of the imagination could scarcely prove more ridiculous 
 or unlikely, according to our present view of things, than the 
 actually recorded facts of former years. But hush ! let us pass 
 our judgment with humility ! It may be reserved for the men 
 of a future generation to castigate our vices, and to laugh at our 
 follies, though we ourselves cannot perceive them. Time is the 
 mirror which flatters no man. 
 
 1570. — ^''Paid to Mr. Darnell the fee of a certificate for not 
 eatynge fleshe, 4^." The keeping of Lent and the fish days of 
 the Romish church was continued in England down to the time 
 of Charles I, and was enforced with great rigour under Elizabeth, 
 partly with a religious feeling, and partly from policy, in the 
 belief that it was necessary to encourage the fisheries, as they 
 were the cradle of the navy. Queen Elizabeth used to say that 
 she would never eat flesh in Lent without obtaining license from 
 her little black husband, as she called Archbishop Whitgift. In 
 the twenty-second year of that Queen's reign an entry was made 
 
OLLA PODRIDA. 
 
 195 
 
 in the register of St. Martin's Church, Worcester, of a licence 
 granted by John Wilkinson, the parson, to Thomas Heywood, 
 to eat meat " for the time of his sickness, and no longer." Those 
 however who possessed the means, might purchase the indul- 
 gence for any length of time in proportion to the length of their 
 purse. The Archbishop of Canterbury (8th of Charles I) 
 licensed the Earl of Northumberland, with his countess and any 
 eight of his guests, to eat flesh on fast days for the term of his 
 life, he paying 26s. 3d. per annum for the privilege. 
 
 1572. — " Item, paid to Samuel Purzett towards the healyng of 
 his thombe and hurt of the same in withstanding of the pytchers 
 at Mr. James's commandment, then being low baylie, 1 0^" I 
 have been unable to discover who these pytchers" were, or 
 whether the noun is common or proper. 
 
 1577. — ^''The channel of the Severn to be scoured and new 
 cast, that the water may be brought to the keys." 
 
 1584. — " Received of John Harrys for marrying with Thomas 
 Phyllyps wife, being a free woman, 13^ 4^." This payment 
 was always made to the corporation in acknowledgment of 
 the advantages to be derived from a matrimonial connection 
 with the widows of Worcester — a favoured class of ladies, to 
 whom Queen Elizabeth, on her visit to this city, made a grant 
 of "free bench;" by which they enjoyed for their lives the 
 freehold lands left by their husbands, in preference to any claim 
 by creditors or others. 
 
 1594. — " Ordered, that half a fifteenth [tax] be levied towards 
 the relief and re-edifying of Stratford-on-Avon." 
 
 1597. — "Mr. Low Baihff to bear the charge of one subsidy 
 dinner in lieu of not keeping the law day after Christmas." 
 
 1618. — The corporation gave £20 to the new organ at the 
 college. This instrument was destroyed by Essex's army during 
 the Civil Wars. 
 
 1624. — The "new churchyard in Angel Lane" was first set 
 
 02 
 
196 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 forth this year. It had formerly been an orchard belonging to 
 the Black Friars, situated at the back of their monastery. 
 
 1653. — The corporation instituted a suit against several par- 
 ties for compensation respecting digging of cinders in Little 
 Pitchcroft. These were iron cinders, or scoriae, which had accu- 
 mulated there in Roman times, and had remained ever since. 
 The cinders so found were valuable, inasmuch as the Romans, 
 not being acquainted with the best means of extracting the 
 metal, left their cinders but half used, and, wherever found, they 
 are eagerly taken for the purpose of re-smelting. Andrew 
 Yarranton, of Astley, a great traveller and writer, in a work 
 pubhshed in 1698, says — 
 
 " About twenty-eight years since Mr. Yarranton found out a vast 
 quantity of Roman cinders near the walls of the city of Worcester, 
 from whence he and others carried away many thousand tons or 
 loads up the river of Severn unto their iron furnaces, to be melted 
 down into iron, with a mixture of the Forest of Dean ironstone ; and 
 within one hundred yards of the walls of the city of Worcester there 
 was dug up one of the hearths of the Roman foot-blasts, it being then 
 firm and in order, and was seven feet in the earth ; and by the side of 
 the work there was found out a pot of Roman coine, to the quantity 
 of a peck, some of which was presented to Sir Dugdale, and part 
 thereof is now in the King's Closet : by all which circumstances it 
 clearly appears that the Romans made iron in England, and as far 
 up the river Severn as the city of Worcester, where as yet there are 
 vast quantities remaining." 
 
 Some suppose these remains to have been Saxon, and that 
 the Romans could not have been so ignorant of the arts as is 
 implied in the above statement. 
 
 1661. — A lease of certain land is made to Alderman Solley on 
 condition that he will make " the holy well in The Butts as it 
 formerly was, and rail it round." This place derived its name 
 from the game of shooting at the butts — see the chapter on 
 " Sports and Festivities." 
 
 1674. — "Paid to Smithe, for keeping a woman with child, by 
 Mr. Mayor's orders, 6« 8^." 
 
OLLA PODRIDA. 
 
 197 
 
 1699. — TheForegate was ordered to be pulled down, to build 
 the workhouse. St. Martin's Gate was not pulled down till 
 1754, and Sidbury Gate in 1768. 
 
 1705. — £15 given towards building an episcopal church at 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 1711. — £20 given towards building a new church at Bir- 
 mingham. 
 
 17*20. — " to a sword-bearer for a horse to ride to Lord 
 Coventry to wish him joy on the birth of his son, Lord Deer- 
 hurst, 2^" 
 
 ] 736, — " In consequence of the injury done to the corporation 
 property, no tables and chairs to be lent out from the hall except 
 to the dean and chapter and the judges." 
 
 1739. — An order was given to the representative of the city 
 to concur with the members for London in promoting a bill to 
 restrain the number of placemen in the House of Commons. 
 
 1740. — " A great number of dragoons having quartered in the 
 city of late, and the dryness of the weather having occasioned a 
 scarcity of grass for several miles round that very little was 
 mowed, and old stocks being exhausted, it will be impossible for 
 the innkeepers to get stock for the next winter : ordered, that 
 the Hon. T. Winnington, our recorder, be requested to use his 
 interest to prevent dragoons being quartered here next winter." 
 
 1743. — "Paid the bellman, for crying down football kicking, 
 2^6^^;" and 1772, "Paid for proclaiming not to throw snow- 
 balls, 2« 6^." 
 
 1745. — " Paid to Frank Rea his bill on the rebels raising the 
 siege of Stirhng Castle, 8« 8^." 
 
 1748. — "For wine and entertainment at Mr. W. Hooper's 
 house during the time the books of the corporation were inspect- 
 ing by order of the Speaker of the House of Commons ; and to 
 Mr. T. Cornewell, London carrier, for the carriage of the s^ 
 books to and from London." 
 
198 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 1754. — "Paid half expenses at balls at y^ last musick 
 meeting, 9i 8^ 4^." 
 
 1771. — The freedom of the city was presented to Mr. Crosby, 
 Lord Mayor of London, and to Mr. R. Oliver, one of the alder- 
 men, " for their courage and activity in vindicating the laws of 
 their country against the pretended privilege of the House of 
 Commons." * 
 
 1775. — The Worcester corporation sent up to the King a 
 warm address in favour of legislative authority, and denouncing 
 the American rebellion. 
 
 THE PLAGUE OF 1637. 
 
 Since the before-going part of this work was at press I have 
 received, through the kindness of Dr. Turley, an ancient 
 printed pamphlet of elegiac verses, relative to the plague in 
 this city in the years 1637 and 1638 ; and as it may prove 
 interesting at this juncture of the second approach of the 
 cholera, I here reprint it. 
 
 4< Worcester's Affliction : exhibited in Elegiac Verse, written on 
 Occasion of the Dreadful Plague of Pestilence, which begun 
 in the City of Worcester on the 3rd of June, 1637, and 
 continued till the 9th of April, 1638. To which is pre- 
 fixed a Table of the Number of Persons that died 
 monthly in each Parish, in the City and Suburbs, during 
 that fatal calamity. The whole collected and written by 
 Philip Tinker, Gent., and now first printed from his 
 original manuscript. 
 " Total Number of Deaths, in the several parishes, from the 
 
 Dreadful Plague at Worcester, since the known beginning 
 
 * The Lord Mayor, Crosbie, was sent to the Tower for a breach of privi- 
 lege, committed in resisting an assumption of arbitrary authority. ('See 
 History of England.) 
 
OLLA PODRIDA. 
 
 199 
 
 thereof, June 3, 1637, 'till its period, April 9, 1638 :— St. 
 Alban,24 ; All Saints, 167 ; St. Andrew, 236 ; St. Clement, 38 ; 
 St. Helen, 142 ; St. Martin, 50 ; St. Nicholas, 182 ; St. Peter, 
 99 ; St. Swithin, 93 ; The Pest-Houses, 405 ; The College, 4 ; 
 St. Michael, 65. 
 
 " Buried of the Plague in St. John's Parish . . 26 
 Ditto at St. Oswald's, or the Tything ... 20 
 Total of the Dead within the Liberties . . . 1505 
 
 Total within and without the Liberties . .1551 
 
 mmmmmmmmmmmm 
 mmmmmmmmmmm " memento morl mmmmmmmmmmm 
 
 ^ [Here is a rough wood cut of a skull and cross bones, ^ 
 ^ on a black ground.] J 
 
 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmi 
 
 "ELEGIAC VERSES ON THE PLAGUE OF 
 PESTILENCE. 
 
 " Whoe'er thou art that this sad Verse shall read, 
 Or view* the sadder Numbers of the Dead ; 
 Read not without a Tear, or grieving Heart, 
 For Sin that caus'd, griev'd weeping Wor'ster's Smart ; 
 Lest thou alone be fomid relentless dry. 
 Whilst Wor'ster in a brinish Bath doth lye. 
 
 " Heav'n pierc'd, Heav'n's King provok'd with loudest Cry 
 Of daring Sin, looks down with sparkling Eye, 
 And in just Anger threatens swiftest Death 
 To all that breathing breath'd 'gainst Heav'n their Breath. 
 This to effect, a dreadful Pestilence 
 He sends, to purge and punish Man's Offence ; 
 
 *' * See the prefixed Table." 
 
200 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 Which swift Depopulator spreading, sweeps 
 Whole Housholds to the Grave — the Marble weeps. 
 Because it restless is ; — the Ground relents, 
 Because the Spade so oft her Bowels rents : 
 Nor Parish, Street, nor scarce a House is free 
 From Death, or Plague, or Sense of Misery. 
 
 " Here groans the Husband on the sickly Bed, 
 From whence but now his Wife was taken dead ; 
 There lies a Daughter struggling hard with Death, 
 And there a Son parting with sigh'd-out Breath. 
 The late-born Infant sucks with weary Jaws 
 The Breast of tainted Mother, and thence draws 
 His own Destruction, thence for Life his Fate, 
 Not knowing Death upon the Nipple sate. 
 Some see whose Care their dying Friends attends, 
 Now sound, now dead, interr'd before their Friends. 
 In longest Day then could we scarcely meet 
 Two or more Persons in the longest Street, 
 Excepting such to Grave with Dead that went, 
 Or such as were half dead to Pesthouse sent. 
 Then was the Sight, I'd almost said the Name 
 Of Wor'ster Men, in Hatred made the same 
 As direful Plague ; their Journeys oft in vain ; 
 The best was shunn'd, stov'd off, turn'd back again : 
 Nor Friend of Friend could Entertainment have, 
 Tho' fainting he Relief with Tears did crave. 
 
 " Men harden'd so, Complaints to Beasts he makes, 
 The Sky for House, the Field for Bed he takes ; 
 Such is the Power, so great the Tyranny, 
 Yea such the Envy of this Malady, 
 As that the choicest Friends it separates, 
 The next of Kin ally'd — the dearest Mates. 
 
OLLA PODRIDA. 
 
 201 
 
 To add to these our Griefs, more Ills, less Good, 
 
 The Country's Fear detain'd our daily Food ; 
 
 Had not some rare Cornelii of our Age 
 
 Then sent their Alms, here had been Hunger's Rage. 
 
 I would, but weak's my Muse to set them forth. 
 
 Themselves have well exprest the Marks of Worth. 
 
 Nor can I wonder that such Fear possest 
 
 The Country Swain, when from the City's Breast 
 
 Her dearest Children wean'd themselves, and sought 
 
 Another Nurse — and Nursing dearly bought : 
 
 Nor will I much condemn their hasten'd Flight ; 
 
 Such as remain'd, without Disturbance, might 
 
 Of Customers, at Door or Window stand 
 
 With Eye as idle as their empty Hand, 
 
 To view the Corses borne to their dark Cells, 
 
 Or reckon up the dreadful Passing-Bells 
 
 Hourly proclaiming that all Flesh must dye 
 
 By this or such deserv'd Calamity. 
 
 " The Weaver and his Shuttle took their Rest, 
 The Loom and Lath their wonted Knocldng ceast. 
 Because Man's Life more swift than Shuttle fled. 
 And heavy Lath of Sickness brake the Thread : 
 The Web was cut from Tree whereon 'twas bound. 
 And many were the Ends that fell to Ground. 
 Truth 'tis, to make a Coffin or a Grave 
 Was here the greatest Work that Man could have : 
 Nor Work, nor Word to make sad Souls rejoice, 
 * Stand in ! — Keep back ! — Shut Door ! ' — was all the Voice. 
 
 " Music was then exil'd — the Singers mourn'd — 
 Our Songs of Praise to Lamentations turn'd ; 
 Nor better Tone than Groans of him that dies, 
 Or Sounds of dead Mens' Knells, or Children's Cries 
 
202 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 For Loss of Parents, or the Widow's Plaints 
 For Husband's Death and her ensuing Wants ; 
 And, in the Close, the Wonted solemn Rites 
 Of Fun'ral — due to meanest mortal Wights — 
 Are quite extinct, and buried in our Fears, 
 The Man his Wife, or Wife her Husband bears 
 To his last Bed of Rest, — whilst in another 
 The last-left mourning Son lays in his Mother ! 
 
 " In this extremest sad Catastrophe, 
 The Mourners Bearers and Attendants be ; 
 Nor can they sooner to their Home return 
 But they for Others make new Cause to mourn. 
 Till that our Golgotha is grown so small 
 That there no Room is left for Burial. 
 Seven Times the pallid Moon grew new and old. 
 Whilst more or less did this Affliction hold. 
 
 " But will the Lord in Storms himself invest ? 
 Shall Earth no more with Mercy's Sun be blest ? 
 He that the Heav'ns measures with a Span, 
 Measures the Griefs of poor dejected Man : 
 He will not sure resolve on constant Wrath ; 
 In Midst of Judgment He Compassion hath : 
 View but the Table well, and you shall say 
 He turns our cloudy to a Sun-shine Day ; 
 And if you would God's End and Purpose know, 
 Thus punishing the Sons of Men below. 
 This hath he done to cleanse the running Sore 
 Of sickest Soul, that Man may sin no more." 
 
" A FIG for the ' good old times,' 
 Of which some love to sing ; 
 A fig for the dogg'rel rhymes 
 From grumblers' brains that spring. 
 
 ** In these ' good old times,' say they, 
 * Men were as men should be ; 
 They fared on the best each day, 
 And lived right jollily.' 
 
 " Though many fared well each day. 
 The millions were oppress'd ; 
 And 't is surely false to say 
 The people then were bless'd, 
 
 '* And never again, let's pray, 
 May might alone be right : 
 The sun of a better day 
 Now sheds its glorious light ! " 
 
 Y readers, who have followed me through the foregoing 
 pages, will scarcely require the aid of elaborate argu- 
 ment to convince them of the advantages of the times 
 in which we live as compared with the days of our forefathers. 
 Mr. Macaulay truthfully observes — 
 
 " It is now the fashion to place the golden age of England in times 
 when noblemen were destitute of comforts, the want of which would 
 be intolerable to a modern footman ; when farmers and shopkeepers 
 breakfasted on loaves, the very sight of which wonM raise a riot in a 
 modern workhouse ; when men died faster in the purest country air 
 than they now do in the most pestilential lanes of our towns ; and 
 when men died faster in the lanes of our towns than they now die on 
 the coast of Guiana. We, too, shall, in our turn, be outstripped, and, 
 in our turn, be envied." 
 
204 
 
 WORCESTER IN OLDEN TIMES. 
 
 The picture I have drawn of the moral, social, and physical 
 condition of the city of Worcester, for the past three centuries, 
 is no exaggeration, but a sober and truthful reality, which at 
 once supplies an answer to those morbid libellers who have no 
 faith in the spirit of progress, or whose visions of the past con- 
 stitute their only perceptions of beauty. The examination of 
 details such as I have now published — and which are probably 
 of a similar character to those embraced in the records of other 
 cities and important towns — will afford the truest estimate of 
 the progress made by the English people in civilization, physical 
 comforts, morals, and religion. These pages are so many land- 
 marks, by which we may measure the advance we have made 
 and calculate our course for the future. We who live under 
 the mild sway of a limited monarchy, and enjoy the blessing of 
 religious toleration, may indeed look back with astonishment 
 and gratitude upon the times when our national liberties were 
 trodden under foot by princes, for whose crown and dignity our 
 citizens shed their choicest blood ; and when nonconformists 
 found it necessary to purchase the connivance of the agents of 
 government by presents of hogsheads of wine and of gloves 
 stuffed with guineas. The monopoly of exclusive trading — the 
 assize and assay, the barbarisms of cock-throwing, bull-baiting, 
 and whipping of women, the gum-stool and the pillory — have 
 one by one disappeared. The days when the churches of the 
 land were desecrated with superstitious pageants and mysteries 
 are now numbered with the past. Our local governors no longer 
 invest the public money in lotteries, in monstrous feasting, or 
 in a periodical rustication with mine host of " The New Beare," 
 at Gloucester. Our roads now are not sloughs, over which 
 the country gentlemen pass but once, or perhaps never, to town, 
 during the existence of a long life ; and although in our own 
 time we have heard of Rebecca riots, yet were they occasioned 
 not by any fancied interference with the vested rights of the 
 
THE GOOD OLD TIMES. 
 
 205 
 
 pack-horse and the waggon, but by the conviction that even the 
 benefits of a turnpike act might be purchased at a price too 
 exorbitant for the profits of trade and commerce to bear. The 
 streets of our city — once occupied by sawpits, timber, and heaps 
 of dung — the delight of errant pigs and ducks, and the nucleus 
 of disease — also attest the advancement of the times. The right 
 of way is not now vehemently contested by drivers, nor is the 
 night pedestrian likely again to risk his neck or his ribs by 
 falling through a tavern hole, misguided by the ignis fatuiis of a 
 horn lantern hung out at a distant door. 
 
 But here let us pause. My object is not to glorify the present 
 generation at the expense of those who, centuries ago, played 
 their parts in the busy scene of life. A beautful maxim of La 
 Fontaine has frequently been present with me — 
 
 " II fit pour nos defauts la poche de derriere, 
 Et celle de devant pour les defauts d'autrui." 
 
 Let us not, then, magnify the faults of those who flourished 
 before us, but learn to imitate them in the practice of those 
 virtues which this age seems more particularly to need. Let us 
 inculcate the devotion, the munificence, and the self-denying 
 piety, which endowed our alms-houses, schools, and colleges, 
 and raised the stately Christian fabrics of our land. May hos- 
 pitality, neighbourly feeling, and reverence to law and order, 
 still flourish and abound : but let the superficial deceptions of 
 society, pride, and the base mercenary spirit which causes an 
 intermittent fever in our social system, threatens to extinguish 
 the noblest impulses of our nature, and to discourage, if not 
 destroy, the latent spark of genius when not devoted to the 
 selfish pursuits of the age, be condemned by every honest man 
 who has an independent voice to raise, or a quill unsteeped \\\ 
 the viscous juice of adulation. 
 
 THE END. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PUBLIC 
 
 LIBRARY AND MUSIC WAREHOUSE, 
 
 46, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 J. MARSDEN, 
 
 STATIONER AND BOOKBINDER, 
 
 (SuccBssoR TO Mr. J. D'Egvillk, formerly Wheeler, 71, High Street), 
 Gratefully and most respectfully begs to acknowledge the favours conferred 
 upon him by the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and Inhabitants of Worcester, 
 and its district. A continuance of their esteemed support and encourage- 
 ment will lead to future exertions to give every satisfaction to meet their 
 wants and wishes. In the 
 
 J. Marsden always has for sale an immense stock of all the favourite 
 productions of ancient and modern masters. 
 
 INSTRUMENTS AND REQUISITES OF ALL KINDS, 
 
 INCLUDING AN EXCELLENT STOCK OF 
 
 HARP, GUITAR, VIOLIN, AND VIOLONCELLO STRINGS, 
 ACCORDIANS, FLUTES, VIOLINS, &c. 
 Which, with Other articles supplied to order, are sold at fair prices, and a 
 liberal discount allowed to professors. 
 
 THE STATIONERY comprises every thing that is novel or useful 
 adapted either for recreation or business purposes. 
 
 THE PRINTS are of first-class character, many of them offered at a 
 great reduction in price. 
 
 THE LIBRARY includes all the best works of fiction of the age, and 
 they are supplied on liberal terms. 
 
 BOOKS, PERIODICALS, and NEWSPAPERS supplied with regu- 
 larity and despatch. 
 
 A CHOICE STOCK OF BIBLES, PRAYER BOOKS, CHURCH SERVICES, PSALM 
 AND HYM2^ BOOKS, ALTARS, AND PIETAS, IN ELEGANT 
 BINDINGS, ALWAYS ON SALE. 
 
 Agent for Wedgwood's Patent Manifold Writer, Sheldon's Pocket Escritoir, 
 and other articles. 
 AGENT TO THE SCOTTISH ART UNION, 
 
 AND TO THE 
 
 NORTH OF ENGLAND FIRE AND LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
206 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 WITHEEINGTON, 
 
 FOREGATE STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 OPPOSITE THE STAR AND GARTER HOTEL, 
 
 Begs to acquaint the Medical Profession and the Public generally 
 of the county and city of Worcester, that he has been appointed 
 Sole Agent for this neighbourhood for the sale of Messrs. 
 Longdon and Tabberer's 
 
 NEW LATERAL 
 
 ELASTIC SURGICAL STOCKINGS, 
 
 KNEE CAPS, ABDOMINAL BELTS, &c. 
 
 for Varicose Veins, Sprains, Weakness, Phlegmasia Dolens, 
 Dropsy, &c. 
 
 They are made on an entirely new principle, and have 
 received the highest recommendations of the most eminent sur- 
 geons, as giving the best and most permanent support; they 
 can be drawn on with perfect ease, require no lacing, and, when 
 necessary, can he washed in warm water without injury. 
 
 They may be had in three qualities — cotton, thread, and 
 silk, and will be found considerably cheaper ( from 25 to 40 per 
 cent,) than those made on any other principle. 
 
 W. H. HOPKINS, 
 Ciirn'er anU Eeatfter Cutter, 
 
 34, BROAD STKEET, WOECESTER. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 207 
 
 TO PERSONS ABOUT TO MARliY. 
 
 VINCENT COOK, 
 CALIFORNIA HOUSE, BROAD STREET, 
 
 WORCESTER, 
 
 Is pleased to introduce the following lines to his extensive 
 circle of very worthy patrons : 
 
 Gentle pair ! ere Hymen binds you 
 
 In his fetters soft but sure, 
 Pray bethink you, have you any 
 Good substantial furniture ? 
 Love 's a fickle God, they tell us. 
 
 Giddy pated, lightly led ; 
 Therefore it were well you found him 
 In a comfortable bed. 
 Olive branches soon will blossom 
 
 Round your table, two and three. 
 And that table should be made of ' 
 Good and strong mahogany. 
 If the cares of life should gather— 
 And we all must look for cares- 
 Sorrow falls extremely lightly 
 In the midst of rosewood chairs. 
 Few that walk can scape a stumble, 
 Thus hath said the prophet king • 
 But your fall will be a light one 
 On a Brussels carpeting. 
 We can keep your little children 
 From collision with the grate ; 
 We have wardrobes, we have presses, 
 At a reasonable rate ; 
 Mirrors for the queen of beauty. 
 
 Basins of the purest stone, 
 Ottomans which Cleopatra 
 
 Might have envied on her throne. 
 Seek us ere you taste with rapture 
 
 Love's first draught of filter'd honey 
 And you '11 find the safest plan is. 
 No DiscouKT and reax)y money ! 
 
 Plagiarius. 
 
 p 
 
208 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 EDWIN GARDNER, 
 
 MALTSTER, 
 
 CORN AND SEED FACTOR, 
 
 22, CEOSS. 
 
 o Agent for the West of England Fire and Life Insurance Office. 
 
 OFFICE— SOUTH PARADE. 
 
 LONDON ROAD, WORCESTER, 
 
 Is enabled, from fifteen years' practical experience, to teach 
 the art of writing Shorthand. One quarter's tuition will be 
 sufficient for the purpose. 
 
 TERMS, A GUINEA, PREPAID. 
 
 SAYER & BARNETT, ^ 
 GROWN FAMILY HOTEL AND COMMERCIAL INN, 
 
 BROAD STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 POSTING, HEARSE, AND MOURNING COACHES. 
 
 EXTENSIVE STABLING AND LOOSE BOXES. 
 
 LOCK-UP CO AC/I HOUSES. 
 
 IQ" Orders received for Horses to meet the Trains at Spetchley punctually 
 attended to. 
 
A D VERTISEMENTS. 
 
 209 
 
 FISHER'S 
 
 CITY AND COUNTY 
 
 FASHIONABLE HAT AND CLOTHING 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 US gITUAK {DIPF®§]ITS ITME ©LID 
 
 WOECESTEE, 
 
 Where the pubUc may be supplied with clothing of every description, 
 either made to order or ready to wear. In this establishment, 
 
 ECONOMY, FASHION, & DURABILITY, 
 
 ARE COMBINED. 
 
 NEW STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 Begs to thank the public and his friends in general for their kind, 
 support since the opening of the Bowling Green, and hopes, by strict 
 personal attention, to merit a continuance of their favoiu-s. 
 
 PUIEl IEt®MIi JSIESWEB ALIgSo 
 PRIME STOUT, PORTER, CIDER, &c. 
 
 N.B. WELL AIRED BEDS, 
 GOOD STALL STABLING. 
 
210 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 ME. JABEZ JONES, 
 
 Successor to Mrs. Henry Shelton, 
 
 SUPERIOR PIANO-FORTES FOR SALE, HIRE, OR EXCHANGE. 
 
 WILLIAM BOUENE, 
 
 PLUN/IBER, GL-AZIER, 
 
 SiWSls All imiAMlllAl 
 
 PAINTER, 
 
 GILDER, PAPER HANGER, &c. 
 
 CHARLES JONES, 
 
 (Late Harris and Co.) 
 
 TEA DEALEE AND GEOCEE, 
 
 3, CROSS, WORCESTER. 
 
 H. & T. DAYIES, BROTHEES, 
 
 (Late Batclielor), 
 
 Caflors anlr fflraperss, 
 
 62, BROAD STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 FROM £3. 10s. PER SUIT. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 211 
 
 J. M. SKARRATT, 
 
 WATCH AND CLOCK MANUFACTUEEE, 
 
 FURNISHING SILVERSMITH AND JEWELLER, 
 
 No. 2, BROAD STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 ELKINQTON'S ELECTRO PLATE. 
 
 BY APPOINTMENT TO 
 
 GEORGE SPARKS, 
 
 7, BROAD STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 O 
 
 o w 
 
 GENEEAL FURNISHING WAREHOUSE 
 
 FOR EVERY DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 CHINA, GLASS, EARTHENWARE, &c. 
 
 jEirNErsrs and bettbidge^s 
 
 PAPIER MACHEE GOODS, 
 
 PLATED GOODS, &C. 
 
 ]L®HB®H MABl WAS FI[.®WSiaS5 
 
 WITH MATERIALS FOR MAKING THEM. 
 
 JTustreceiTed, a large supply of the mucb-admired Bohemian 
 Olasses, Water Jugs, and Ooblets, <fcc. 
 
 G. R. respectfully informs Families about to remove their establishment 
 that they may be acooraraodated with experienced Packers at moderate 
 charges. 
 
212 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 JOHN DAYIS, 
 
 TAILOR, 
 
 FEENCH TROUSEE & LEATHEE BEEECHES MAKEE, 
 
 22, FOREGATE STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 Respectfully informs the Sporting Gentlemen that he has always 
 on hand a Stock of Buck and Doe Skins for Gentlemen's Hunting 
 Breeches, for fit and workmanship equal to any house in London. 
 
 MOD£RAT£ CHARGES. 
 
 W. H. HOPKINS' 
 
 WiKElSf 11 iWAlllllS lAIl, 
 
 34, BROAD STREET. 
 
 Applications addressed as above will meet vAtli prompt attention. 
 
 VINEY'S 
 NEW TOOTH BRUSH. 
 
 This Tooth Brush has the advantage of thoroughly searching into 
 the divisions of the teeth and cleansing them effectually. The hairs 
 are also warranted not to come loose. Also a large assortment of 
 ivory, satin, and rosewood hair brushes, of the best Russia bristles, 
 and the largest stock of very fine Smyrna Sponge, to be had only at 
 
 VINEY'S PERFUMERY WAREHOUSE, 
 
 26, CROSS, WORCESTER. 
 
 Established for Thirty Years. 
 
 N. B. Tlie Tooth Brushes are all stamped " Viney, Worcester:' 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 213 
 
 GENERAL PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
 SIDBURY PLACE, WORCESTER. 
 
 JOHN STANLEY, 
 
 ORNAMENTAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTER, 
 
 ENGRAVER, &c. 
 
 Respectfully tenders his sincere thanks to the inhabitants of Worcester 
 and the neighbourhood for the many favours he has received since his 
 commencement in business as above, and, in soliciting a continuance 
 of then* future patronage and support, begs to inform them that his 
 Office is replete with new and elegant designs in Types, Borders, and 
 Ornaments, and also Presses of the most improved kind, and having 
 had upwards of twenty-three years' practical experience at the busi- 
 ness in Worcester, feels confident he is enabled to execute 
 
 EVERY DESCRIPTION OF PRINTING 
 
 in a style that cannot be excelled, at the lowest prices, and with the 
 utmost expedition. 
 
 Cirntlar^, Cartf^, antr Mill unis Mhoitt ^tK^i 
 
 Executed in a very superior style. 
 
 PRICE LISTS, DESCRIPTIVE BILLS AND PAMPHLETS, 
 BOOK GATAI.OO'trES, 
 
 CLUB ARTICLES, ETC., CORRECTLY EXECUTED. 
 
 -o^O O^o- 
 
 FACTORS', WINE, AND OTHEE LABELS, 
 
 Prmted in every var iety of Style and Colour. 
 -o^o— 
 
 J. S. bag's to inform the Odd Fellows* and other Societies that he has the 
 diflFerent Arms, Emblematical Ornaments, Crests, Signs, &;c., and that he 
 can get up this class of work in the first style. 
 
 POSTINO ANI> HAND Bllil^i^ 
 
 Printed at a few hours' notice, and, when required in large quantities, 
 at remarkably low prices. 
 
 LITHOGRAPHY, BOOKBINDING, 
 ^ntr |aacf)ine Ruling. 
 
 Postagre Stamps, IlnTelopes, aud I^etter and Kote Papers. 
 
214 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 HENRY WHITING, 
 
 UMBEELLA AND PAEASOL MANUFACTUEEE, 
 
 87, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 AGENT TO THE GUTTA PERGHA COMPANY. 
 
 MACINTOSH AND CO.'S INDIA ROBBER FABRICS. 
 
 HATS AND CAPS. 
 
 THE BEST AND CHEAPEST EVER SOLD 
 
 ARE TO BE HAD AT 
 
 CHAPLIN'S 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 FRENCH AND ENGLISH HAT MANUFACTORY, 
 
 79, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 Where every article in the trade is kept, and rendered at such prices 
 as must satisfy the most economical. 
 
 Orders from the country, enclosing size round the head, depth of 
 crown, width of brim, &c., in inches, will insure a good fit^ and be 
 I)romptly attended to. 
 
 CAPS OF ALL KINDS IN PROFUSION. 
 
 LIVERY HATS. GOLD AND SILVER LACE. 
 
 ALL NOVELTIES AS SOON AS THEY APPEAR. 
 OB8GRVC: ! CHAPIiiaf, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 H. MOUNTFORD, 
 
 75, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 RICH BRIDE CAKES, FUNERAL BISCUITS, 
 
 POTTED AND STEWED LAIMPRONS AND LAMPREYS. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 215 
 
 STRATFORD'S 
 
 PUBLIC NEAVS ROOM AND CIRCULATING 
 LIBRARY, 
 
 (Established upwards of half a century,) 
 
 Is regularly supplied with all the London Daily Papers, and numerous 
 Weekly and Provincial Journals, Magazines, &c. 
 
 TERN/lS : 
 
 j^^r £1 1 0 
 
 Half-year . . . . 0 13 0 
 
 Quarter . . . . .080 
 
 Month . . . . 0 4 0 
 
 Two Weeks . . . .030 
 
 One Week . . . .020 
 
 EVERY ARTICLE CONNECTED WITH THE 
 
 ;BD)©II§IiILMM(B ASB MATimmBJ miJEEM 
 
 ON THE BEST TERMS, 
 
 PRINTING, ENGRAVING, BOOKBINDING, 
 
 Patent Medicines and Stamps. 
 
 Ami) AT THE MtrSIG SAOCOOIT, Mmn STREET, 
 
 AN EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF 
 
 CABIMT, COTTAGE, PICCOLO, & SQUARE PIANOFOETES 
 
 AND HARPS, 
 
 BY THE BEST MAKERS, FOR SALE OR HIRE. 
 ACCORDIONS, CLARIONETS, FLUTES, VIOLINS, ETC. 
 
 A constant supply ofmew Music, Songs, <fec., received weekly 
 ft-om^lLthe first Pulblishers:,in liOndon. 
 
 mmm ^ih\pm, m©m, mio) mumo 
 
 FINE ROMAN AND ENGLISH STRINGS. 
 
216 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 LADIES' SCHOOL, 
 
 No. 2, THE CROSS, WORCESTER, 
 
 CONDUCTED BY MES. AKD MISS BIELEY, 
 
 WITH ASSISTANT TEACHERS. 
 
 A school in which the happiness of the pupils is consulted in con- 
 junction with an efficient general education. The moral, physical, and 
 intellectual advantages of the mode of training adopted by Mrs. 
 Birley have been acknowledged by the parents of those pupils who 
 have, for nearly twenty years, been submitted to her care. 
 
 Terms may Ibe known on application. 
 
 DANCING AND MUSIC TAUGHT BY MISS BIRLEY. 
 
 THE MISSES TURNEE, 
 
 TEACHERS OE THE PIANO-EOETE, SINGING, 
 
 AND THOKOUGH-BASS, 
 ST. SWITHIN STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 STONE & MARSHALL, 
 
 ^lEOUSSIR MAKEISS, 
 
 15, ST. NICHOLAS STREET, WOKCESTEB. 
 
 LIVEEIES ON THE MOST MODERATE TERMS. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 217 
 
 PAPER HANGING WAREHOUSE, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 17, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 J. MASON, 
 
 HAM(&irn(S UDECORATOR, 
 
 Begs to call tlie attention of the Nobility, Gentry, and Public in 
 general to his extensive assortment of English and Foreign Paper 
 Hangings, from the commonest made to the most elegant Patterns in 
 Crimson, Flock, and Gold, including several new, chaste, and beautiful 
 designs of 
 
 FAFERING FOR DBAWirTG ROOSHS^ 
 
 PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL PANELLING, IN OAK, MARBLE, «&c. 
 The Trade and Builders supplied on liberal Terms. 
 Berlin and Fancy UTeedleworb; mountecl in a superior Style, 
 combining Eleg-ance, Utility, and Economy, 
 
 Hassocks, Ottomans, and Camp Stools, "Window Seats, Vesper and 
 other Chairs; Cheval and Pole Fire Screens; Wire-Gauze Window 
 Blinds, Venetian Shades, Roller and other Sun Blinds, warranted of 
 the very best quality, and fixed to run with ease and freedom. 
 
 Rich Merino Damasks, Silk, Float, and Orris Lace, Deep Fringes for Window Cornices, 
 Bullion and Fancy Fringes. 
 
 Families furnishing, or forming new Establishments, may have their 
 own materials made up into Bed and Window Furniture, at moderate 
 charges, in the most modern style. 
 
 GILT WINDOW CORNICES AND MOULDINGS FOR ROOMS. 
 
 BRASS AND MAHOGANY WINDOW POLES AND RINGS. 
 
 Bell Pulls, Ottoman and other Tassels, Blind Lines, Silk Welting Cords 
 and Gimps, Gilt and Brown Leather for Doors. 
 
 JFIITIS WOOIL, MAIEIS5 Ara JFILOCK MATTBESSISS, 
 
 CHAIRS, SOFAS, AND MATTRESSES, TAKEN TO PIECES, CLEANED, AND 
 RE- STUFFED. 
 
 Venetian Shades Re-painted and Taped. 
 PATENT FliOOR CliOTHS FOR HAI^LS A]¥D PASSAGES. 
 COFFIN (VIAKER AND UNDERTAKER. 
 
218 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 6, EDGAR STREET, 
 
 WORCESTER, 
 
 CONDUCTED BY MRS. DOWARD. 
 
 THE FIRST FASHIONABLE 
 
 CLOTHING AND HAT ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 WAS OPENED IN 1838, BY 
 
 J. FISHER, 
 
 the present Proprietor, and has gradually extended under the great 
 prejudice with which it has been weighted. It has become now a 
 Fashionable Resort for Gentlemen contracting by the year for their 
 Three Suits per annum at the following Scale of Prices : — 
 
 Three Suits of Clothes, Fine Quality ... £8. 
 
 Ditto, Superfine ditto 10. 
 
 Ditto, Best ditto 12. 
 
 COPY THE ADDRESS, 
 
 FISHER, CITY CLOTHING AND HAT DEPOT, 
 
 Opposite Old Bank^ Worcester. 
 
 OPPOSITE THE CROWN HOTEL, BROAD STREET, 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 DEALER IN SEVERN SALMON. BARREL OYSTERS IN SEASON. 
 
 A REGULAR SUPPLY OF ALL KINDS OF FISH FROM THE FIRST 
 FISHERIES AND MARKETS IN THE KINGDOM. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 210 
 
 BerrolD'si Wlovtt^Uv Sournal, 
 
 To which was added, at Christmas, 1846, the circulation and business of tlie 
 WORCESTERSHIRE GUARDIAN. 
 
 MESSES. DEIGHTON & CO. 
 
 Avail themselves of this opportunity to inform the Clergy, and those who 
 may be about to pubhsh, that 
 
 PLAIN AND ORNAMENTAL PRINTING 
 
 can be executed in the best style, at the shortest notice, and on the most 
 REASONABLE TERMS, at the abovc Office, their Establishment having recently 
 been completely furnished with an extensive and well-selected assortment of 
 
 NEW AND MODEEN TYPES, 
 
 EXPRESSLY ADAPTBP FOR THE PRINTING OF 
 
 CLASSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL WORKS, PRIZE ESSAYS, 
 POEMS, SERMONS, &c. &c.; 
 
 And, from their long acquaintance with the first Publishing Houses in 
 London, they are enabled to execute 
 
 W(o)(Q)[D) [LflT[H]@(l[^A[p[K]V^ 
 
 IN THE BEST POSSIBLE STYLE OF THOSE ARTS. 
 
 TO SOLICITORS.— Law Forms, Conditions of Sale, Notices, &c. 
 printed with expedition, either on parchment or paper. 
 
 TO AUCTIONEERS.— Posting Bills, Book Catalogues, Litho- 
 graphic Plans of Estates, &c., on the shortest notice. 
 
 TO THE PUBLIC. — Address Cards, Circulars, Pamphlets, 
 Invoices, Labels, &c. promptly executed in a correct and tasteful manner. 
 
 BERROW'S WORCESTER JOURNAL, 
 
 The only Conservative newspaper published in the county, was established 
 in the year 1709, and is published every Wednesday Evening, by Deighton 
 and Co., at their Office, 53, High Street, Worcester ; is forwarded the same 
 evening to any part of the United Kingdom, and in addition to a general 
 circulation in the counties of Hereford, Stafford, Salop, Warwick, and 
 Gloucester, by post, is distributed with the utmost expedition by newsmen, 
 who proceed directly from the Office to Stratford-on-Avon, Upton and Tewkes- 
 bury, Stourbridge and Dudley, Droit wich, Hanbury and Bromsgrove, 
 Stourportand Kidderminster, Pershore and Evesham, Feckenham, Redditch 
 and Alcester, Martley and Clifton, Bromyard, Malvern and Ledbury, Witley, 
 Tenbury, and Ludlow, Bewdley and Cleobury Mortimer, and through the 
 intermediate villages. 
 
 *** Berrow's Worcester Journal is strictly a Family Paper, ?nd 
 carefully excludes from its columns all advertisements or other matters having 
 an immoral or objectionable tendency. 
 
220 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 ABOVE TWENTY-ONE YEARS IN LONDON. 
 
 HAD LEY, 
 
 In returning thanks to his numerous Patrons for past favours and 
 kind recommendations, respectfully solicits those Ladies and Gentlemen 
 who wish to keep, procure, or do really value, a good Head of Hair, 
 and have not yet experienced the advantages of his system of Hair 
 Cutting, to favour him with a call, R. Hadley feeling assured they 
 will never regret augmenting his present practice, which now averages 
 near 400 Hair Cuttings per month. 
 
 In every case, either Ladies or Gentlemen, where the Hair is fallimj 
 off, you should consult R. HADLEY before yielding to the rash act of 
 Shaving the Head, which, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, may be 
 dispensed ivith by his mode cf Cutting, and a good Head of Hair 
 preserved to old age. 
 
 R. Hadley also solicits an inspection of his Ornamental Hair, 
 which ranks equal to the first Houses in London, with a good Stock 
 always on hand. 
 
 ALSO A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF COMBS, BRUSHES, PERFUMERY, &C. &r. 
 
 Its- Tooth Brushes, with the Bristles Warranted not to come out. 
 72, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 LATE OF 45 AND 57, BURLINGTON ARCADE, BOND STREET. 
 July, 1849. 
 
 G. YEATES, 
 
 CHINA, GLASS, EARTHENWARE, AND GENERAL 
 
 48, mOH STRGKT, WORCEISTKR. 
 
 BREAKFAST, TEA, DINNER, DESSERT, & TOILET SERVICES. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 221 
 
 FREAME, 
 
 UPHOLSTERER AND CABINET MANUFACTURER, 
 
 BY APPOINTMENT, 
 
 TO HER MAJESTY QUEEN ADELAIDE, 
 
 AND MANY OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY OF WORCESTER- 
 SHIRE AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTIES. 
 
 AN INSPECTION OF THE SPACIOUS WARE-ROOMS, 
 
 No. 11, ST. SWITHIN STREET, 
 
 (Six doors from the Cross,) 
 Is respectfully solicited, where is always displayed a most extensive 
 and general assortment of Superior and Fashionable Furniture, all of 
 warranted quality, and marked in figures at the lowest prices. 
 
 Several suites of Furniture in Rosewood, Walnut, Mahogany, &c. 
 from very choice new designs. 
 
 FREAME'S ORIGINAL CARPET WAREHOUSES 
 
 Contain an immense stock of all descriptions of Carpets, Druggets, 
 Hearth Rugs, Floor Cloths, &c. &c. in new and splendid patterns. 
 
 DAMASKS, TABARETS, TOURNAYS, CHINTZES, &C. 
 
 In every variety of style and quality. 
 
 TlSIg STOCK m PAFEE MAM^SIMGS, 
 Consisting of many thousand pieces, affords great facility for selection. 
 The patterns are new, and include some beautiful designs in French 
 and decorative papers. 
 
 FUNERALS CAREFULLY CONDUCTED. 
 
222 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 RAVEN AND BELL HOTEL, 
 
 WYLE COP, SHREWSBURY. 
 
 S. HAITWARD 
 
 Returns his sincere thanks to his friends and the public for the liberal 
 patronage he has received during the last seven years, and informs 
 them that it is his intention to continue the above old established Hotel, 
 and trusts that, hy strict attention to the comforts of his visitors, and 
 moderate charges, to merit a continuance of the support which hitherto 
 has been extended towards him. 
 
 HOT AND COLD BATHS ALWAYS READY. 
 
 An Omnibus to and from the Railway Station in time for every Train. 
 
 Phaetons, Gigs, and Horses, for Hire. 
 
 CONCENTRATED 
 
 FLUID EXTEACT OF JAMAICA GINGER. 
 
 This Extract of Ginger is particularly recommended to all cold, 
 phlegmatic, weak, and nervous constitutions ; its efficacy is certain in 
 affording relief in Heartburn, Indigestion, Loss of Appetite, Sensation of 
 Fulness, Pain and Oppression after Meals, also those pains of the Stomach 
 and Bowels ivhich arise from gouty flatulences; also in Cholera Morbus, 
 Clwlics, Spasms, Cramps, and Hysterical affections, likewise in Sciatica 
 and Chronic Rheumatism, This Concentrated Extract warms and in- 
 vigorates the whole system, and will be found on experience a happy 
 substitute for those spirituous cordials which at the moment they seem 
 to revive are insidiously undermining the very principles of life and 
 health ; in short, as a domestic remedy, or a remedy for the traveller 
 by sea or land, nothing can be more convenient or efficacious, as a few 
 drops in water forms a tea of any strength, or taken in ale, beer, 
 porter, cider, or wine, corrects their flatulent tendency, which debars 
 so many persons from partaking of these beverages. 
 It is an excolleut addition to Soda or otlicr mineral Waters. 
 
 SOLD IN BOTTLES, AT TWO SHILLINGS EACH, BY THE PROPRIETOR, 
 
 J. MALPAS, 
 
 63, HIGH STREET, WOKCESTEE. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 223 
 
 THE WOROESTEESHIRE CHRONICLE 
 
 AND 
 
 PUBLISHED AT TWO O'CLOCK ON WEDNESDAYS, 
 
 AT 
 
 COPENHAGEN STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 Is largely circulated throughout Worcestershire and the adjom- 
 ing counties, especially in the populous coal and iron mining 
 districts. It has consistently supported Liberal principles 
 and advocated the rights and liberties of the people. The 
 News Department is most efficiently conducted, agents and 
 correspondents being engaged in all the principal towns of the 
 district. Considerable attention is paid to railway matters, and 
 information supplied from original and authentic sources. In 
 the Hterature of the day — original sketches— reviews of new 
 works and magazines— selections, &c., the Worcestershire 
 Chronicle will be found abundantly supplied. 
 
 Parliamentary Debates carefully coudensed, and full and 
 accurate reports furnislied of all public meetings. 
 
 In consequence of the large and increasing circulation of the 
 Chronicle, it will prove a most desirable medium for general 
 advertising, and likewise for railway notifications. 
 
 RROPRIETORS : 
 
 MESSRS. KNIGHT AND ARROWSMITH. 
 
224 
 
 ADVERTISEMExNTS. 
 
 POWELL AND SONS, 
 
 BY APPOINTMENT 
 
 (fhuttn IBotDager. 
 
 WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS, 
 
 CROSS, WORCESTER. 
 
 FINE IRISH PORTER AND INDIA PALE ALE, 
 
 IN CASKS AND BOTTLES. 
 
 Sole Agent to Ooding & Co., Brewers, liondon. 
 
 Agent to the Protector Life Assurance Office. 
 
 JOHN JEREMY, 
 
 REIN DEER INN, 
 
 EEIAL & AMUCTLTTOAIL HiDTEIL, 
 
 MEALCHEAPEN STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 Respectfully informs commercial gentlemen and his friends generally, 
 that he has succeeded to the above establishment, and hopes, by 
 studying the comfort of his guests, to secure a share of public patronage. 
 
 A PRIVATE QUOIT AND BOWLWG GROUND 
 
 Is kept in the rear of the premises. 
 
 MALTSTER AND B R I C K M A K E R. 
 
 Jiriclcworks at Norton juxta Kemj^sey. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 225 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE MARTS, 
 
 66, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER, 
 
 AND GREAT MALVERN. 
 
 Begs to call the attention of his friends and the public to his 
 great variety of * 
 LADIES' AND GENTLEMEN'S 
 
 CLOGS, &e., 
 
 of the first fashion, made of the best materials, and by the most 
 experienced workmen, and possessing the attractive advantages 
 of economy, gentility, stability, pliability, and utility. 
 
 O. A. also respectfully informs the visitors and inhabitants of 
 Malvern and its vicinity that he has recently opened a shop in 
 that charming watering-place, at 
 
 ITT COTTA©E, GHraCK ST3aEET, 
 with a large and well-assorted Stock of Ladies' and Gentlemen's 
 Boots and Shoes, of first-rate quality and workmanship, war- 
 ranted of his own manufacture, at very reduced prices. 
 
 AffiTICtE IW Ms T2EABE M&Bi: TO OKBSB 
 OJJ THE gHOlETEST UOTICS. 
 
 :N-r FOR -THE AMERICAN OVERSHOE. 
 
226 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 T. B. BURROW, 
 SADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER, 
 
 70, BROAD STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 AGENT TO THE LONDON UNION FIRE AND LIFE OFFICE, 
 Established A.D. 1714. 
 
 The general stock at 70, Broad Street, comprising Ladies' and 
 Gentlemens' Saddles, Riding and Driving Whips, Canes, Rugs and 
 Horse Clothing, Railway Wrappers, Spurs, Brushes, Sponge, &c. &c., 
 is well selected, and will receive continued augmentation as novelties 
 are introduced. 
 
 Manufactured in the First Style at the Shortest Notice. 
 
 THOMAS COX^ 
 
 AUCTIONEER, APPRAISER, 
 
 ESTATE, HOUSE, AND COMMISSION AGENT, 
 
 CABINET MAKER & UPHOLSTERER, 
 
 General ^iU 9i&mvmtt Companp. 
 
 AUCTION MART, 
 No. 5, MEALCHEAPEN STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 AGENT TO THE CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND 
 
 l^.B. — Appraisements made for Administration ; Executorship 
 Accounts Accurately adjusted; all kinds of Goods warehoused for 
 fcjule by Auction or Trivate Contract. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 2-27 
 
 THE BEST MEDIUM FOK ADVERTISEMENTS IN GENERAL 
 
 IN THE 
 
 COUNTY AND CITY OF WORCESTER 
 IS 
 
 KstaMislied in 1T04. 
 
 The Worcester HERAiiD has been for years at the head of the 
 Worcestershire Press, having a circulation nearly double that of amj 
 other paper published in the County; and contains a complete digest 
 of the news of the week, with ample details of interesting local events. 
 The Heraed is entirely independent of political party, and circulates 
 among all classes and individuals of every shade of opinion. 
 
 AGRICTJLTTIRAL AND COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE 
 
 Forms an important feature in its columns, and besides the principal 
 Markets of the week the 
 
 ARE REPORTED BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. 
 
 THE HERALD IS PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY EVENING AT 
 72, SIOM STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 NICHOLSON, 
 
 BUILDER, 
 
 PALACE YABD, WORCESTER. 
 
228 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 MILLINERY AND DEESS ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 2, CATHEDRAL YARD, 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 MISS LOCKE, 
 
 Klllllll AEW laiiS SAME, 
 
 No. 9, FOREGATE STREET, 
 
 NEARLY OPPOSITE THE STAR HOTEL., 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 J. B. READ, 
 WORCESTER. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 22f) 
 
 INSURANCES AGAINST FIRE 
 
 ARE EFFECTED ON THE LOWEST TERMS 
 
 BY THE 
 
 BIRMINGHAM FIRE OFFICE, 
 
 UNION STREET, BIRMINGHAM. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1805. 
 
 WORCESTER COMMITTEE OF SUPERINTENDENCE. 
 T. Newman, Esq., Catharine Hill, 
 Mr. Thomas Hughes, Bridge Street, 
 Mr. George Dicks, London Road, 
 James Nash, M.D., High Street, 
 J. P. Sheppard, Esq., Foregate Street, 
 G. J. A. Walker, Esq., Norton Villa. 
 
 The business of this old-established Office has been successfully 
 conducted on the principle of charging moderate rates of premium, 
 and dealing in a prompt and liberal spirit with all Losses by Fire. 
 
 As some evidence of the desire of this Office to contribute in the 
 most effectual manner to the security of the Insured and the Public, 
 it may be mentioned that this Company maintains no less than twenty- 
 seven First Class Fire Engines, all stationed in the Midland Districts, 
 of which the following are the 
 
 ENGINE STATIONS IN WORCESTERSHIRE. 
 
 WORCESTER . . . STANLEY PUMPHREY, Agent. 
 
 KIDDERMINSTER 
 STOURBRIDGE 
 DUDLEY . 
 REDDITCH . 
 
 JAMES BATH AM 
 G. W. PRESCOTT 
 BROWN AND ROBINSON 
 W. T. HEMMING 
 
 AGEN-rS. 
 
 Worcester and ilfafeem— STANLEY PUMPHREY, No. 25, Cross. 
 
 Alcester — Mr. Jos. Overbury 
 Bewdley— G. Griffiths 
 Bredon — Mr. Joseph Lloyd 
 Bromsgrove — John Cordell 
 Bromyard — James Davies 
 Cheltenham — Benj. Thomas 
 Cirencester — Josiah Newman 
 Droitwich — J ames Enness 
 Dudley — Brown and Robinson 
 and John Leadbitter 
 
 Pivesham — H. Burlingham 
 Gloucester — John Fowler 
 Hereford — Thomas A'Court 
 Kidderminster — Jas. Batham 
 Ledbury — John Burden 
 Pershore — William Goodall 
 Redditch — W. T. Hemming 
 Stourport — John Lane 
 Stourbridge — G. W. Prescott 
 Studley — John Richards 
 
 By order of the Directors, 
 
 WILLIAM SUCKLING, Secretary. 
 
230 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 JOHN HAD LEY, 
 
 GOAGH & HARNESS MANUFACTURER, 
 
 Butltjer of ©wCages on tJje most ^pproijeti jprfnnple, 
 LONDON ROAD, WORCESTER, 
 
 AND EVESHAM. 
 
 HOP MARKET HOTEL, 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 mum mmmuYE^ 
 
 Begs to inform the Nobility, Gentry, the Commercial World, and the 
 rublic of the city and county of Worcester, that he has taken to the 
 above old-established Hotel, and having expended a considerable sum 
 of money on the Improvement and Enlargement of the Premises, he 
 is now enabled to offer every comfort and convenience to those 
 numerous Friends who have for many years patronized the Hotel. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 231 
 
 I. AND J. MOSES, 
 
 ( Late R, Lillington,) 
 
 GLOYE MANUFACTURER 
 
 TAILORS, WOOLLEN DRAPERS, AND OUTFITTERS, 
 
 31, CROSS, WORCESTER. 
 
 I. and J. M. beg to remind the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and 
 the Public generally, that they have just received an extensive 
 addition to their stock of Drapery Goods, consisting of the 
 choicest productions of the British and continental markets, 
 with every advantage to the public that taste and capital can 
 secure, and they confidently anticipate— when their mode of 
 business, punctuality, and the economical advantages of their 
 establishment are more general known — a great accession to 
 their already extensive trade : while as Tailors, Outfitters, 
 &c., their numerous patrons may rely upon every effort being 
 made to render the tailoring department second to none out of 
 London. 
 
 Travelling Trunks, Bags, Portmanteaus, Umbrellas, Parasols, 
 Shooting Coats, over Coats, Cloth Driving Coats, Cloaks, Rail- 
 way Wrappers, and Aprons. 
 
 ! W.B. L.IVE:RI£S AafD M01JRMIIVO EXECUTED ON THE 
 SHORTEST JVOTICE. 
 
 Patent Parama Aprons, Macldntosli and Go's Single and Double 
 Teocture Water and Air-proof Articles, 
 
232 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 HAMBLER; 
 
 COOK AND CONFECTIONER, 
 
 AND H. R. H. THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 67, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 SOUPS, JELLIES, ICES, CREAMS, &c. &c. 
 
 RICH BRIDE CAKES. 
 
 POTTED AND STEWED LAMPREYS AND LAMPERNS. 
 Men Cooks sent to alllparts of the Country, 
 
 DEJEUNES, FUBLTC DINNERS, ETC. ETC., COMPLETELY FURNISHED IN THE 
 FIRST STYLE ON MODERATE CHARGES. 
 
 PLATE, GLASS, ETC., LENT ON HIRE. 
 
 BY APPOINTMENT. 
 
 THE 
 
 aUEEN DOWAGER. 
 
 E. STEPHENS, 
 
 44, COPENHAGEN STREET. WOKCESTER. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 233 
 
 LINGHAM, BROTHERS, 
 
 HIGH STREET, 
 
 LOCKSMITHS, AND BELL-HANGERS, 
 
 HER MAJESTY QUEEN ADELAIDE, 
 
 Respectfully solicit the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and the Public in general, 
 to inspect their well- selected Stock of Bright and Black Grates, Fenders 
 for all kinds of Rooms, Bronzed Tea and Coffee Urns, Sheffield Cutlery, 
 Plated and Metal Wares, in great variety ; Shower, Hip, Vapour, Slipper, 
 Open, and Sponging Baths; Bronzed and Ormolu Lamps, for Oil and 
 Candle ; every Utensil requisite for Kitchen use, including Ranges, on the 
 most approved principle, and Sham Stoves, with many other Articles, too 
 numerous to specify. 
 
 All Goods are warranted of the very best materials ; and in soliciting 
 public patronage, they pledge themselves to offer their Goods upon as 
 advantageous terms as any house in the city. 
 
 Every kind of useful and decorative Iron Work, in Cast and Wrought 
 Metal, Balconies, Verandahs, Fan-lights, and Weather Vanes ; Garden, 
 Lawn, and Park Rolls; Iron Door-frames for Plate Closets; Iron Chests, 
 both Wrought and Cast, fitted with Locks complete ; Conservatories and 
 Hothouses carefully constructed to any design, and heated upon the most 
 approved plans for effect and economy. 
 
 AGENTS FOR MIIiNER'S FIBIS PROOF DEED 
 BOXES. 
 
 SMOKY CHIMNEYS EFFECTUALLY CURED. 
 
 Jobbing Smiths' and Tinmen's Work executed with neatness 
 and despatch. 
 
 Experienced Workmen sent to any part of the Kingdom. 
 
 BY APPOINTMENT TO 
 
 BOTTEI^'S GAS METE]R§p 
 
 WARRANTED CORRECT. 
 
 N.B.— GENUINE SPERM AND OTHER LAMP OILS. 
 
234 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 LONDON AND DUBLIN 
 EXTRA STOUT, 
 
 Qi\i?i=if mmsk mm E^m, 
 
 AND BURTON ALES, 
 
 Of every description, in Casks and Bottles, fine in quality and 
 condition, and at prices which will place them within the reach 
 of all classes. 
 
 VAULTS— No. 7, FOREGATE STREET, 
 
 OPPOSITE THE STAR HOTEL, 
 
 C. T. COLLINS, 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
 THE CITY 
 
 MOURNING AND GENERAL ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 73, HIGH STREET. 
 Where every article connected with Mourning is sold at 
 the same small rate of profit as other goods. 
 
 FUNERALS TO ANY EXTENT 
 
 Conducted on the most economical principle. 
 
 DAVIS AND IIAYNES, 
 
 PROPRIETORS. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 235 
 
 FLEXIBLE MINNOWS AND BAITS, 
 
 For Salmon, Trout, Pike, and Perch. 
 
 Athlone, March 9th, 1849. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I herewith enclose a post office order, which I hope will 
 arrive safe. Your baits are certainly the best I ever saw, and most killing, 
 being nearer the natural fish than any other flexible ones, there being others 
 here, by other makers, which have not by any means been so successful. 
 I have now killed salmon, trout, and jack, so that I have tried them on 
 everything at present in season. You are at perfect liberty to make any 
 use of my letter in any way you think proper. 
 
 I remain, yours truly. 
 To Mr. W. Flinn. T. B. BARRON. 
 
 Captain of the 4th Light Dragoons. 
 
 The ''Flexible "Minnow and Gudgeon, invented by Flinn, of Worcester, 
 is one hundred per cent, superior to all other " Flexibles," which are only 
 bad imitations of it. Flinn's bait is a sure killer of predacious river fish. 
 — Bell's Life. 
 
 Fish Bait. — We have inspected several specimens of bait invented and 
 made by Mr. Flinn, of this city. The flexible minnow, and the larger bait 
 for pike and salmon, are excellent imitations of the finny tribe, and have 
 besides the merit of great durability : one specimen we saw carried on its 
 back and sides many indentations from the teeth of its voracious but dis- 
 appointed pursuers, yet the bait was not in the slightest degree torn or 
 injured. — Worcestershire Chronicle, Feb., 1848. 
 
 Angling. — As southerly winds begin to prevail, the brethren of the 
 "contemplative art" will begin to enjoy by anticipation their accustomed 
 rural rambles by the side of the murmuring brooks, and their contests with 
 the gallant and beautiful trout ; and to those of them who are fond of 
 trolling, we would recommend an artificial minnow, invented and made by 
 Mr. Flinn, of this city, which is the closest imitation of the natural fish we 
 ever saw. The body is made of an elastic composition, upon which the 
 teeth oT the trout will have no effect : and from its close resemblance to 
 nature we are sure the bait must be a killing onQ.^Worcester Journal. 
 
 Angling. — Mr. Flinn's Flexible Minnow we have no hesitation in pro- 
 nouncing equal, if not superior, to any artificial bait in the world for trout, 
 pike, or salmon. — Worcester Herald. 
 
 23; BROAD STREET; WORCESTER. 
 
236 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 FAMILIES, 
 
 Whose consumption of Teas and Groceries is large, are 
 respectfully apprized, that they may be supplied with every 
 article in the trade from 
 
 No. 1, BROAD STREET, WORCESTER, 
 at the same rates as from any of the Metropolitan Establish- 
 ments, and their orders delivered by van, kept specially for 
 this class of trade, to any place within twelve miles, free of any 
 charge whatever for carriage. 
 
 CHARLES THOMAS COLLINS, 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
 ]¥.B. Samples and Price liists forwarded cost free on 
 application. 
 
 W. GEORGE, 
 
 CABINET MAKER & UPHOLSTERER, 
 
 Am HITIMIKDIE ID1(D®?.AT®S5 
 
 91, HIGH STREET, 
 
 TWO DOORS FROM THE GUILDHALL, WORCESTER, 
 
 Desirous of a share of public favours, begs to call the attention of families 
 furnishing to his genuine Stock of Cabinet and Upholstery Furniture, 
 manufactured with the best quality of wood and workmanship, made from 
 the newest design and under his own inspection. His Stock of 
 
 from the commonest to the richest drawing room, in endless variety, con- 
 sisting of upwards of 6,000 pieces. Superior Carpets, Druggets, Door Mats, 
 and every article connected with the trade, can be supplied as cheap as at 
 any house in the city. All goods warranted. 
 
 NEBOL-EWORK nTAS-TE FULLY MOUNT-ED. 
 
 THE TRADE SUPPLIED, 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 237 
 
 CLOTHING ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 39, HIGH STREET, WORCESTER. 
 
 LEONARD GREENBANE, 
 
 HATTER, HOSIER, AND HABERDASHER, 
 
 Takes this opportunity of thanking his friends and the pubhc 
 for the kind patronage with which he has been favoured since 
 his removal from Foregate Street, and assures them that he is 
 now enabled to offer the very best articles (home-made) in the 
 above branches of business, and hopes, by a constant attention 
 to all orders entrusted to his care, and by the most moderate 
 scale of charges, to merit a continuance of their favours. 
 
 QUALITY IS ALWAYS A TEST OF CHEAPNESS. 
 
 DAVIS AND HAYNES, 
 
 Lmm mAmm, mlk mEmm% mmEm, 
 
 HABERDASHERS, GLOVERS, &c. 
 
 -o^O — O^^o- 
 
 Importers of Irish Linens, French Cambrics, Damasks, Bonnets, 
 <tc. &c, dec. 
 
238 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 LONDON AND AVORCESTER 
 
 RAILWAY CONVEYANCE. 
 
 H. AND J. WEBB 
 
 Beg to inform the Public their Trucks leave London for Spetchley 
 
 EVERY DAY, 
 
 as usual, and all Goods, on arrival at Spetchley, are conveyed to 
 Worcester without delay. 
 
 LONDON RECEIVING HOUSE, 
 
 NEW INN, OLD BAILEY. 
 
 H. and J. Webb's Waggons leave Worcester at noon, for the 
 undermentioned towns : 
 
 TENBURY, 
 LUDLOW, 
 KNIGHTON, 
 BISHOP'S CASTLE, 
 CLUNN, 
 
 BROMYARD, 
 LEOMINSTER, 
 KINGTON, 
 PRESTEIGN, 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 For particulars apply to H. & J. Webb, Angel Street, Worcester. 
 
 Printed for Knight and Arrowsmith, Worcester. 
 
NEW WORKS 
 
 In miscellaneous and GENERAL LITERATURE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 AGRICULTURE & RURAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Bayldon on ValuingRents, etc. - - 6 
 Crocker's Land Surveying - - - 9 
 Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopaedia - - 15 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture - 18 
 Self-Instruction for Farmers, etc. 18 
 (Mrs.) Lady'sCountry Companion 18 
 Low^s Breeds of the Domesticated Animals 19 
 Elements of Agriculture - - 19 
 On Landed Property - - - 19 
 On the Domesticated Animals - 19 
 Parnell on Roads ----- 24 
 Stewart on Tr-uisfer of Landed Property 29 
 Thomson on Fattening Cattle, etc. - 30 
 
 ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Ball on the Manufacture of Tea - - 5 
 
 Braiide's Dictionary of Science,etc. - 7 
 
 Budge's Miner's Guide ' ' ' * o 
 
 Cartoons (The Prize) - - . - ' ° 
 
 Cresy's Encycl. of Civil Engineering - 9 
 
 D'Agincoiirt's History of Art - - - 9 
 
 Dresden Gallery |^ 
 
 Eastlake on Oil Painting ~ " " i? 
 
 Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual - - Ij 
 
 Ferer^isson on Beauty in the Arts - - 11 
 
 Gwilt's Encvclopajdia of Architecture - if 
 Havdon's Lectures on Painting & Design 
 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - - 1/ 
 
 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - 15 
 
 Loudon's Rural Architecture - - - 18 
 
 Moseley's Engineering and Architecture 2d 
 
 Parnell on Roads ----- 24 
 
 Porter's Manufacture of Silk - • ' \l, 
 
 ,, Porcelain & Glass 1/ 
 
 Reid (Dr.) on Warming and Ventilating 25 
 
 Rohner's Musical Composition ■ - 26 
 
 Steam Engine (The) , by the Artisan Club 5 
 
 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, etc. - - 31 
 
 Wood on Railroads ----- 32 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Andersen's (H. C.) Autobiography - 5 
 
 Bell's Lives of the British Poets - - 1? 
 
 CoUins's Life of Collins - - - - 8 
 
 Dunham's Early Writers of Britain - 17 
 
 ,, Lives of the British Dramatists IJ 
 
 Forster'sStatesmen of theCommonwealth 17 
 
 ,, LifeofJebb - - - . 17 
 
 Foss's Judges of England - - - 11 
 
 Gleig's British Military Commanders - 17 
 
 Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Correspondence 12 
 
 Humphreys's Black Prince - - ? 14 
 
 James's Life of the Black Prince - - 15 
 
 ,, Eminent Foreign Statesmen - 17 
 
 Kindersley's De Bayard - - - - 15 
 
 Leslie's Life of <'onstablc - - - 16 
 
 Mackintosh's Life of Sir T. More - - 20 
 
 Maunder's BiographicalTreasury - - 21 
 
 Roscoe's LivesofEminent BritishLawyers 17 
 
 Rowton's British Poetesses 
 Russell's Bedford Correspondence 
 Shelley's Literary Men of Italy, etc. 
 
 Eminent French Writers 
 Southey's Lives of the British Admirals 
 ,, Life of Wesley - - - 
 ,, Life and Correspondence 
 Taylor's Loyola - - - - 
 Townsend's Twelve eminent Judges 
 Waterton's Autobiography and Essays 
 
 Pages 
 
 32 
 
 BOOKS OF GENERAL UTILITY. 
 
 Acton's (Eliza) Cookery Book - - 5 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing - - - 6 
 Cabinet Lawyer (The) - - - - 7 
 Donovan's Domestic Economy - - 17 
 Foster's Hand book of Literature - - 11 
 Hints on Etiquette - - . - 13 
 
 Hudson's Executor's Guide - - - 15 
 „ On Making Wills ... 15 
 Loudon's Self Instruction - - - IS 
 (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - 18 
 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge - . 21 
 Scientific and Literary Treasury 21 
 Treasury of History - - 21 
 ,, Biographical Treasury - .21 
 Natural History - ' • - 22 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties - - - 24 
 Pocket and the Stud - - - .25 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 25 
 ,, Collegian's Guide . - - 25 
 Reader's Time Tables - - - - 25 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 Riddle's Eng.-Lat. and Lat. -Eng. Diet. - 26 
 Robinson's Art of Curing, Pickling, etc. 26 
 ,, Art of Making British Wines, 26 
 Rowton's Debater - - - - - 26 
 
 Short Whist 27 
 
 Suitor's Instructor (The) - - - 29 
 Thomson's Management of Sick Room - 30 
 Interest Tables - - .30 
 Webster's Encycl. of Domestic P'conomy 32 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 32 
 
 BOTANY AND GARDENING. 
 
 Ball on the Cultivation of Tea _ - 5 
 Callcott's Scripture Herbal - . . g 
 Conversations on Botany - - - 8 
 Drummond on Natural Systems - - 10 
 Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual - -11 
 Henslow's Botany - - - - - 1/ 
 Hoare On the Grape Vine on Open Walls 13 
 ,, On the Roots of Vines . . - 13 
 Hooker's British Flora - - . - 13 
 Guide to Kew Gardens - - 13 
 Lindley's Theory of Horticulture - . 18 
 ,, Orchard and Kitchen Garden - 18 
 ,, Introduction to Botany - -16 
 ,, Syi opsis of British Flora - - 16 
 Loudon's Hortus Britannicus - - .19 
 ,, Hortus Lignosus Londinensis - 19 
 Encyclopcedia of Trees & Shrubs 18 
 ,i Gardening - 18 
 
 London: Printed by M. Mason, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row. 
 
CLASSIFIED INDEX 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants 
 , Suburban Gardener 
 , Self-Instruction for Gardeners 
 (Mr.) Amateur Gardener - 
 Repton's Landscape Gardening, etc. 
 Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide 
 Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - - - 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Blair's Chronological Tables - 
 Bosanquet's Chronology of Ezra, etc. 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History 
 Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology - 
 
 Pages 
 
 - 12 
 
 - 20 
 
 - 25 
 
 - 29 
 
 - 30 
 
 - 31 
 
 COMMERCE AND MERCANTILE 
 AFFAIRS. 
 
 Banfield and Weld's Statistics 
 Gray on Money - - - " 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary of Commerce 
 Reader's Time Tables - 
 Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant - 
 Thomson's Tables of Interest - 
 VValford's Customs' Laws 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND ATLASES. 
 
 Butler's Ancient and Modern Geography 7 
 
 Atlas of Modern Geography - 7 
 
 Ancient Geography - 7 
 
 General Geography - 7 
 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales • - 9 
 
 Erman's Travels through Siberia • - 10 
 
 Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 11 
 
 Hall's Large General Atlas - - - 13 
 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary - 20 
 
 Mitchell's Australian Expedition - - 22 
 
 "urray's Encyclopiedia of Geography - 23 
 
 irrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat - - 24 
 
 HISTORY AND CRITICISM. 
 
 Bell's History of Russia - - - - 17 
 Blair's Chron. and Historical Tables - 6 
 Bloomfield's Translation of Thucydides - 6 
 ,, Edition of Thucydides - - 6 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt - - - 7 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - - 8 
 Cooley's Maritime and Inland Discovery 17 
 Crowe's Historv of France - - - 17 
 De Sismoudi's Fall of the Roman Empire 1/ 
 Italian Republics - - 17 
 Dunham's History of Spain and Portugal 17 
 Europe in the Middle Ages - 17 
 History of the German P^mpire 17 
 „ Denmark, Sweden, and Norway 17 
 ,, History of Poland - - - 17 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction - - 10 
 
 Eastlake's History of Oil Painting - 10 
 Eccleston's English Antiquities - - 10 
 Foss's Judges of England - - - 11 
 Foster's European Literature - - - 11 
 Fergus's United States of America - 17 
 Gibbon's Roman Empire - - - - 12 
 Grant (Mrs ) Memoir and Corespondence 12 
 Grattan's History of Netherlands • 17 
 
 Grimblot's William 111. and Louis XIV. 12 
 Harrison On the English Language - 13 
 Haydon's Lectures on Painfingand Design 13 
 Historical Pictures of the Middle Ages - 13 
 Humphreys's Black Prince - - - 14 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 15 
 Keightley's Outlines ol History - - 17 
 Kcmblc')- Anglo-Saxons in England - 15 
 Laing's Kings of Norway - - - 16 
 Lindo's Jews of Spain and Portugal - • IS 
 Macaulay'fl Essays - - - - 19 
 
 History of Ejigland - - 19 
 
 Pages 
 
 Mackintosh's History of England ■ - 17 
 ,, Miscellaneous Works - 20 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo- 
 graphical, and Statistical - - 20 
 Maunder's Treasury of History - - 21 
 Milner's Church History - - - 22 
 Moore's History of Ireland - - 17 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 23 
 Mure's Ancient Greece - - - 23 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History - - 17 
 Passages from Modern History - - 28 
 Ranke's History of the Reformation - 25 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 
 Rome, History of - - - - - 17 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - - - 26 
 Russell's Bedford Correspondence • 6 
 Scott's History of Scotland - - - 17 
 Sedgwick's France - - - - - 27 
 Sinnett's Byways of History - - - 28 
 Southey's Doctor, etc. • - - - 29 
 Stebbing's History of the Christian Church 1 7 
 ,, Church History - - - 17 
 Stephen's Essays . . - - - 29 
 Switzerland, History of - - - -17 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - - - 28 
 Taylor's Loyola ----- 30 
 Thirlwall's History of Greece - - - 30 
 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - - 31 
 Turner's History of England - - - 31 
 Welsford's Mithridates . - - - 32 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 32 
 
 JUVENILE BOOKS. 
 
 Amy Herbert - - - - 
 Callcott's Home among Strangers ■ 
 Gertrude _ - - - - 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena 
 Howitt's Boy's Country Book - 
 
 Children's Year 
 Laneton Parsonage - 
 Mackintosh's Life of Sir T. More 
 Marcet's Conversations — 
 
 On Chemistry . - - 
 
 On Natural Philosophy 
 
 On Political Economy 
 
 On Vegetable Physiology - 
 
 On Land and Water - 
 Marryat's Masterman Ready - 
 Privateer's-Man 
 Settlers in Canada 
 Mission ; or, Scenes in Africa 
 Passages from Modern History 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading 
 Twelve Years Ago - 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers 
 
 ,, Management of Children 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - 
 EUiotson's Human Physiology 
 Holland's Medical Notes - 
 Latham On Diseases of the Heart - 
 Pereira On Food and Diet 
 Thomson On Food - - - - 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Barnes's Electoral Law of Belgium 
 Cartoons (The Prize) 
 
 Colton's Lacon 
 
 De Jaenisch On Chess Openings 
 De la (iraviferc s Last Naval War - 
 De Morgan On Probabilities - 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Dresden Gallery - _ - - 
 Dunlop's History of Fictiou - 
 
TO Messrs. LONGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Field On Prison Discipline 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena 
 Graham's Knglish - - . . 
 Grant's Letters from the Mountains 
 Hooker's Kew Guide 
 Hewitt's Rural Life of England 
 
 t, Visits to Remarkable Places 
 
 Student Life of Germany - 14 
 RuralandSocial Life of Germany 14 
 >, Colonisation and Christianity - 14 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - ' . 15 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 18 
 Macaulay 's Critical and Historical Essays 19 
 Mackintosh's 'Sir J.) Miscellaneous Works 20 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 20 
 Necker DeSaiissure's on Education - 23 
 Pascal s Miscellaneous Writintrs - - 24 
 Plunkett Oa the Navy - ... 25 
 Pycroft's Collegian's Guide - - - 25 
 „ Course of English Reading . 25 
 Remembrance of Bonchurth - - - 25 
 Kich s Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 Kichter's Levana - - . _ . 26 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 
 Rohner's Musical Composition - , - 26 
 Kowton's Debater - 
 Sandford's Parochialia 
 
 Seaward 's Narrative'of his Shipwreck - 27 
 
 bouthey s Common-Place Book - - 29 
 
 . .» Doctor, etc. - . - - 29 
 
 Suitor's Instructor (The) - . - 29 
 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - - - 28 
 
 Thomson on Fodd of Animals, etc. - - 30 
 
 U alker's Chess Studies - - - . 32 
 
 Welsford's Mithridates ... 30 
 
 WiUonghby's (Lady) Diary - . . 32 
 
 Zumpt s Latin Grammar - - . - 32 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. 
 
 Callow's Popular Conchology - . . g 
 
 Doubleday's Butterflies andMoths - 10 
 
 Gray and Mitchell's Ornithology - - )2 
 
 » Accipitres - - 12 
 
 tt-irby and Spence's Entomoloo-y . . 15 
 
 Lee's TTaxidermy - - - - 16 
 
 ,» Elements of Natural History - _ ]6 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History 22 
 
 Stephens' British Beetles - - - 29 
 
 Swainson on the Study of Natural History. 17 
 
 >« Animals - - . - I7 
 
 Quadrupeds - . . I7 
 
 „ Birds - - ... 17 
 
 Animals in Menageries - 17 
 
 Fish, Amphibia, and Reptiles 1/ 
 
 Insects - - . 
 Malacology - - - , 
 Habits and Instincts - 
 Taxidermy - _ _ , 
 Tarton's Shellsof the Britishlslands 
 Waterton's Essays on Natural History - 
 Westwood's Classification of Insects 
 
 NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. 
 
 Callcott's Home among Strangers - - 8 
 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction - . - ly 
 
 Hall's Midsummer Eve - - - 12 
 
 Lady Willoughby's Diary - - - 32 
 
 Landor's Fountain of Arethusa - - 16 
 
 Madame De Malguet - . . -20 
 
 Marryat's Masterman Ready - . - 21 
 
 ,, Privateer's-Man - . - 21 
 
 „ Settlers in Canada - - - 21 
 
 „ Mission; or, Scenes in Africa - 21 
 
 Senior's Charles Vernon - - . - 27 
 
 Southey's Doctor, etc. - - - . 99 
 
 Twelve Years Ago ----- 31 
 
 J2&23 
 
 ONE VOLUME ENCYCLOP/EDIAS 
 AND DICTIONARIES. 
 
 Blaine's, of Rural Sports - - - 
 Brande's, of Science, Literature, and Art 
 Copland's, of Medicine - - . - 
 Cresy's, of Civil Engineering - 
 Gwilt's, of Architecture - - - _ 1 
 Johnson's Farmer ----.] 
 Loudnn's,of Trees and Shrubs - - 1„ 
 of Gardening - - _ - Is 
 of Agriculture - 
 of Plants - - . . . 
 of Rural Architecture 
 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 
 
 »» Dictionary of Commerce 
 Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography 
 lire's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines - 
 Webster's Domestic Economy 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets 
 Chalenor's Walter Gray - - _ _ 
 Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts 
 Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated 
 Gray's Elegy, illuminated 
 L.E.L.'s Poetical Works 
 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis . 
 Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome - 
 Mackay's English Lakes - 
 Montgomery's Poetical Works 
 Moore's Irish Melodies - 
 
 ,, LallaRookh - . _ .... 
 Poetical Works - - . .2" 
 Kowton's British Poetesses - . . 2t 
 Shakspeare, by Bowdler - 9- 
 
 Songs, Madrigals, and Sonnets '. 
 Southey's Poetical Works - . . 2I 
 tt British Poets - . . .0^ 
 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated - . 3t 
 „ with Notes, by Dr. A. T. Thomson 30 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 Banfield and Weld's Statistics _ - 5 
 Barnes's Electoral Laws of Belgium - 5 
 Gray s Lectures on Money - - .1'; 
 M'Culloch's Geographical, Statistical, and 
 
 Historical Dictionary . - - 20 
 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce - 20 
 „ Literature of Polit. Economy 20 
 ), On Succession to Property - 20 
 On Taxation and Funding - ^0 
 n/r ^Statistics of the British Empire 20 
 
 Marcet s Conversations on Polit. Economy '^O 
 looke s Histories of Prices - - . 31 
 Twiss's (Dr.) View of Political Economy 31 
 
 RELIGIOUS AND MORAL 
 WORKS, ETC. 
 
 Amy Herbert, edited by Rev. W Sewell 5 
 Barrett's Old Testament Criticisms - , 6 
 Bloomfield's Greek Testament - - fj 
 College and School ditto - 6 
 Lexicon to Greek Testament 6 
 
 Bunsen's Church of the Future - . 7 
 
 Burder's Oriental Customs • - . 7 
 
 Burns's Christian Philosophy - - . 7 
 
 Christian Fragments - - _ 7 
 
 Callcott's Scripture Herbal ... § 
 
 Conybeare and Howsou's St. Paul - _ 3 
 
 Cooper's Sermons - - 3 
 
 Coquerel's Christianity - - . ~ ^ 
 
 Dale's Domestic Liturgv . - . 9 i 
 
 Dibdin's Sunday Library . . . - 9 i 
 
CLASSiri:^D INDEX. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Discipline " " ,C " " 
 
 Ecclesiastes (illuminated) - - ' 
 
 flngUshman's Hebrew Concordance - 10 
 
 Greek Concordance - 10 
 
 Etheridg-e's Acts and Epistles " " ^1 
 Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 11 
 
 ,, Life of Bishop Jebb - - - H 
 From Oxford to Rome - " „ ' „ ' 
 Gertrude, edited by the Rev. W. Sewell - 12 
 Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week 13 
 
 Home's Introduction to the Scriptures - 13 
 
 Compendium of ditto - - 14 
 
 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - 15 
 
 Jebb's Correspondence -with Knox - - 15 
 
 Translation of the Psalms - - 15 
 
 Kip's Christmas in Rome - - - 15 
 
 Knox's (Alexander) Remains - - - 16 
 
 l>aneton Parsonage " " ' " " 
 
 Letters to my Unknown Friends - - lo 
 
 Maitlaiid's Church in the Catacombs - 20 
 Margaret Percival 
 
 Maxims, etc. of the Saviour - - - 22 
 
 Milner's Church History - - - - 22 
 
 Miracles of Our Saviour - - - 22 
 
 Moore on the Power of the Soul - - 23 
 
 on the Use of the Body - - 23 
 
 „ on Man and his Motives - - 23 
 
 Morell's Philosophy of Religion - - 23 
 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 23 
 
 Nenle's Closing Scene - - - -23 
 
 Parables of Our Lord - - - - 24 
 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties - - - 24 
 
 Pascal's Letters, by Pearee - - - 24 
 
 Pitman's Sermons on the Psalms - - 25 
 
 Ranke's Reformation - - - - 25 
 
 Rest in the Church 25 
 
 Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - - 25 
 
 Sandford On Female Improvement - - 27 
 
 On Woman - - - - 27 
 
 's Parochialia - - - - 26 
 
 Sermon on the Mount (The) - - - 2/ 
 
 Shunammite (The Good) - - - - 27 
 
 Sinclair's Journey of Life - - - 28 
 
 ,, Business of Life - - - 2/ 
 
 Sketches (The) 28 
 
 Smith's (G.) PerilousTimes - - - 28 
 Religion of Ancient Britain 28 
 
 „ Sacred Annals - - - 28 
 
 (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck - - 28 
 
 Soames's Latin Church - - - - 28 
 
 J?olomon's Song (illuminated) - - - 28 
 
 Southey's Life of Wesley - - - 29 
 
 Stebbing's Christian Church - - - 17 
 
 Reformation - - -. - 17 
 
 Stephen's Church of Scotland - - 29 
 
 Sydney Smith's Sermoiis - - - 28 
 
 Tate's History of St. Paul - - - 29 
 
 Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret - - 30 
 
 ,, Lady Mary - - 30 
 
 Taylor's (Jeremy) Works - - - 30 
 
 (Isaac) Loyola - - - 30 
 
 Tomline's Introduction to the Bible - 30 
 
 Turner's Sacred History - - - 31 
 Twelve Years Ago ----- 31 
 
 Walker's Elementa Liturgica - - - 31 
 Wardlaw On the Sociiiian (Controversy - 32 
 
 Wilbcrforce's View of Christianity - 32 
 
 Wiilougtiby's (Lady) DWry - - - 32 
 
 Wilson'sLandsof the Bible - - - 32 
 
 Wisdom of Johnson's Ranibler, etc. - 15 
 
 Woodward's Sermons and Essays - - 32 
 
 RURAL SPORTS. 
 
 Blaine's Dictionary of Sports - - - 6 
 
 Ephemera on Angling - - - - K) 
 
 Hawbuck Grange - - « - - 13 
 
 Pages 
 
 Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen - 13 
 Jones's Norway Salmon Fisher - - 15 
 Loudon's(Mrs,) Lady's Country Companion 18 
 Pocket and the Stud _ - _ - 25 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - 29 
 
 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, 
 AND MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Baker's Railway Engineering - 
 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 7 
 
 Brewster's Optics ----- 17 
 
 Conversations on Mineralogy - - 8 
 De la Beche on theGeology of Cornwall, etc. 9 • 
 
 Donovan's Chemistry - - - - 17 
 
 Farey on the Steam Engine - - - 11 ^ 
 
 Fosbroke on the Arts of the Ancients - 17 ' 
 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 12 - 
 
 Herschel's Natural Philosophy - - 17 ; 
 
 ,, Astronomy - - - - 17 
 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - - 17 ! 
 
 Humboldt's Cosmos - - - - 14 
 
 Hunt's Researches on Light - - - 15 
 
 Kater and Lardner's Mechanics - - 17 , 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopff dia - - 17 
 
 Hydrostatics and Pneumatics - 17 [ 
 
 and Walker's Electricity - 17 
 
 Arithmetic - - - - 17 ! 
 
 Geometry - - - - 17 
 
 Treatise on Heat - - _ 17 
 
 Low's Chemistry ----- 19 
 Marcel's Conversations on the Sciences 20,21 
 
 Matteucci On Physical Phenomena - 21 
 
 Memoirs of the Geological Survey - - 22 
 
 Moseley's Practical Mechanics - - 23 
 
 ,, Engineering and Architecture 23 
 
 Owen's Comparative Anatomy - - 23 & 24 
 
 Peschel's Physics - - - - - 24 i 
 Phillips's PalaeozoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc. 24 
 
 Mineralogy, by Prof. Miller - 24 ■ 
 Treatise on Geology - - "17. 
 
 Portlock's Geology of Londonderry - 25 
 
 Powell's NaturarPhilosophy - - - 17 
 
 Ritchie (Robert) on Railways - - 26 ' 
 
 Steam Entwine (Ure), by the Artisan Club 5 i 
 
 Thomson's School Chemistry - - - 30 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Borrer's Campaign in Algeria - 
 Costello's (Miss) North Wales 
 Coulter's California, etc. 
 
 Pacific - - - - 
 De Rtrzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Dunlop's Central America 
 Erman's Travels through Siberia - 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy 
 Jones's Norway Guide - - - 
 Kip's Holydays in Rome 
 Laing's Tour in Sweden 
 Mackay's English Lakes 
 Marryat's Borneo - - _ - 
 Mitchell's Expedition into Australia 
 Nozrani in Egypt and Syria - 
 Parrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat 
 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck 
 Von Orlich's Travels in India 
 Wilson's Travels in the Holy Land 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE 
 
 Pocket and the Stud _ _ - . 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - 
 Thomson on Fattening Cattle 
 
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12 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 GERTRUDE. 
 
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14 
 
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 MAUNDER.-THE TREASURY OF HISTORY: 
 
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22 
 
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 MILNER (REV. J. AND I.) — THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF 
 
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 23 
 
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 Egypt a base Kingdom : Jerusalem trodden down of the Gentiles. 
 
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24 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 
 
 25 
 
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26 
 
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 ROBINSON (JAMES).-THE WHOLE ART OF CURING, PICKLING, 
 
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 SANDFORD («EV. J0HN).-PAROCHIALIA, 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSES. LONGMAN AND CO. 27 
 
 SANDFORD.-WOMAN IN HER SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC CHARACTER. 
 
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 SANDFORD.— FEMALE IMPROVEMENT. 
 
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 SEAWARD.— SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE OF HIS SHIPWRECK , 
 
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 SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS: 
 
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 SELECT WORKS OF THE BRITISH POETS: 
 
 From Ben Jonsou to Coleridge. With Biographical and Critical Prefaces by Dr. Aikin. 
 A New Edition, with additional Selections, from more recent Poets, by Lucy Aikin. Medium 
 8vo. 185. cloth. 
 
 *,* The peculiar feature of these two works isy that the Poems included are printed entire 
 without mutilation or abridgment. 
 
 SENIOR.—CHARLES VERNON : 
 
 A Transatlantic Tale. By Lieut. -Colonel Henry Senior. 2 vols, post 8vo. 21*. boards. 
 •* There are very few readers whose taste is not consulted in these volumes. We pay them 
 a high compliment when we say that we read them at one refreshing draught. They treat of 
 love, prosperous, then unhappy, and/inally prosperous again ; of seajights and land/ights— 
 of being almost sold to slavery, and thence redeemed by braving terrible perils; oj bold 
 adventures in escaping throiigh surroundi?ig enemies; of ll'est Indian conflagrations and 
 unsparing hurricanes; of descriptions of Creole andriegro life ; of the idleness and cruelty 
 of Colonial owners and consumers ; of the forced labour and ill-treatment of the producers ; 
 and finally, the Author, transplanting his literary progeny from trans- to cis- atlantic 
 localities, causes them to terminate their adventures happily in Somersetshire and Hamp' 
 *Aire."— Observer. 
 
 THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. 
 
 Intended as a Birthday-Present, or Gift-Book for all Seasons. Printed in Gold and Colours, 
 in the Missal Style ; with Ornamental Borders by Owen Jones, Architect, and an Illuminated 
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 SHAKSPEARE, BY BOWDLER. 
 
 THE FAMILY SHAKSPEARE , in which nothing is added to the Original Text ; but those 
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 Bowdler, Esq. F.ll.S. New Edition. 8vo. with 36 Illustrations after Smirke, etc., 21«. 
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 SHORT WHIST: 
 
 Its Rise, Progress, and Laws ; with the recent Decisions of the Clubs, and Observations to 
 make any one a W^hist Player. Containing also the Laws of Piquet, Cassino, Ecarte, Cribbage, 
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 By Mrs. B ***** Foolscap 8vo.3«. cloth, gilt edges. 
 
 THE GOOD SHUNAMMITE. 
 
 From the Scriptures— 2 Kings, chap. IV. 8 to 37- With Six Original Designs by A.Klein, 
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 SINCLAIR.— THE BUSINESS OF LIFE. 
 
 By Catherine Sinclair, author of "The Journey of Life," "Jane Bouverie," "Modern 
 Accomplishments," Modern Society,'' etc. 2 vols. fcap. Svo. 10*. cloth. 
 '* The book, without being of a directly devotional character, or belonging to the class of 
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 and entertaining anecdote serve as handmaids to religions instruction. H e have seen many 
 pompous treatises containing not half the talent or a tithe of the knowledge compressed into 
 these unpretending little vo/f<»»e*."— Britanjiia. 
 
28 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 SINCLAIR.— THE JOURNEY OF LIFE. 
 
 By Catherine Sinclair, author of *' The Business of Life," ** Modern Society," "Jane 
 Bouverie," etc. New Edition, corrected and enlarged. Fcap.Svo. 5s. cloth. 
 
 SINNETT.— BY-WAYS OF HISTORY, FROM THE TWELFTH TO THE 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY. By Mrs. Percy Sinnett. 2 vols, post 8vo. 18*. cloth. 
 
 THE SKETCHES; 
 
 ThreeTales. By the Authors of '*Amy Herbert," "The King's Messengers," and" Hawk- 
 stone." New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. with six Plates, 8*. cloth. 
 
 THE RELIGION OF ANCIENT BRITAIN HISTORICALLY CONSIDERED: 
 
 Or, a Succinct Account df the several Religious Systems which have obtained in this 
 Island from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest: including an Investigation into 
 the Early Progress of Error in the Christian Church, the Introduction of the Gospel into 
 Britain, and the State of Religion in England till Popery had gained the Ascendancy. 
 By George Smith, F.A.S. New Edition. 8vo. 7«. 6flf.cloth. 
 
 SMITH.-SACRED ANNALS: 
 
 Or, Researches into the History and Religion of Mankind, from the Creation of the World 
 to the Death of Isaac : deduced from the Writings of Moses and other Inspired Authors, 
 copiously illustrated and confirmed by the ancient Records, Traditions, and Mythology of 
 the Heathen World, By George Smith, F.S.A. etc. author of "The Religion of Ancient 
 Britain," etc. Crown 8vo. 10*. cloth. 
 
 PERILOUS TIMES: 
 
 Or, the Agressions of Anti-Christian Error on Scriptural Christianity: considered in refer- 
 ence to the Dangers and Duties of Protestants. By George Smith, F.A.S . Member of the 
 Royal Asiatic Society, and of the Royal Society of Literature. Foolscap 8vo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 SMITH (JAMES).— THE VOYAGE AND SHIPWRECK OF SAINT PAUL: 
 
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 SMITH (SYDNEY).— SERMONS PREACHED AT ST. PAUL'S CATHE- 
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 of St. Paul's Cathedral. 8vo. Us. cloth. 
 
 THE WORKS OF THE REV. SYDNEY SMITH. 
 
 Comprising the Author's Miscellaneous Writings, and Contributions to the Edinburgh 
 Review. New Edition, with Additions. 3 vols. 8to. with Portrait, 36«. cloth. 
 
 SOAMES— THE LATIN CHURCH DURING ANGLO-SAXON TIMES. 
 
 By tlie Rev. Henry Soarnes, M.A., Editor ot Mosheim's Institutes of Ecclesiaitical 
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 SOME PASSAGES FROM MODERN HISTORY. 
 
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 THE SONG OF SONGS, WHICH IS SOLOMON'S. 
 
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 SONGS, MADRIGALS, AND SONNETS: 
 
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 " The pieces an; prettily chosen^ without esception ; and it is altogether a book of songs 
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^^T^T^^n^.JJl^^^^'^^-THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 
 
 LAIE ROBERT SOUTHEY. Edited by his Son, the Rev. Charles CuThbert Souu!cy, M A 
 
 ( In preparation. 
 
 ^°%™¥^o^OK°^^'^'^^--J^^.^'^'^^ MR. SOUTHEY'S COMMON 
 
 ' • L-'" the press. 
 
 SOUTHEY-THE DOCTOR, ETC. 
 SOUTHEY.-THE LIFE OF WESLEY, 
 
 Notes hv f."^ Pf"8^.'-«s« Of Methodism. By Robert Southey, Esq. LL.D. New Fdition with 
 ^^f Jo m'\^^slev bv^he'/l^^^^ Coleridge, Esq., and Re^lark? on the Life aJd Char'aTte^ 
 SnntW A ^ ^ i^J^^ Alexander Knox, Esq. Edited by the Rev. Charles Cuthbert 
 
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 ^^?o^S- ^^.PK™^y'^ COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS: 
 
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 ^""spouJmfv ''u^^^ '^f^^V' SPECTACLES FOR YOUNG 
 
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 These lively sketchfs answer to their title very well. Thev hare the r^rr^^n^^ / 
 
 STEEL'S SHIPMASTER'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 Ed.tion rewritten throughout. Edited 'by Graham W lhLre^^^^ .^^^^ 
 
 ^s:t.^''^"^:o:^8.?^ci^tlf ^2^:^ b^;^^^^^ ~ ^-T^M^^i 
 
 ^^luSF^rr^ll^^? ECCLESIASTICAL BIOGRAPHY, AND ON OTHER 
 
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 Revised and corrected by the Author, the Right Hr.Tii^'Lls'stepheS^K.^'.B^^^s';:!;; 
 
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 ^'^i^om?h^-R~7^^ '^^^ CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 From the Reformation to the Present Time. Bv Thoma*: stpniwl.r fu ? . r^, 
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 STEWART.-THE MEANS OF FACILITATING THE TRANSFER OF LAWn- 
 
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 "^"rmrlHiJ^^'^ INSTRUCTOR IN THE PRACTICE OF THE COUNTY 
 
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TAYLER (REV CHARLES B.>- MARGARET; 
 
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 THIRLWALL.— THE HISTORY OF GREECE, 
 
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 THOMSON'S SEASONS. 
 
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 THOMSON'S SEASONS. 
 
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 THOMSON.-SCHOOL CHEMISTRY ; 
 
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 formerly in the Medical Service of the Honourable East India Company. Foolscap Svo. 
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 THOMSON.— EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON THE FOOD OF ANIMALS, 
 
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 THOMSON (JOHN).— TABLES OF INTEREST, 
 
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 Days ; with Interest at all the above Rates, from One to Twelve Months, and from One to 
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 THOMSON. -THE DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT OF THE SICK ROOM, 
 
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 TOMLINE (BISHOP).— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE: 
 
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 ■n 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 31 
 
 ™w!??-7"^"^ HISTORY OF prices; 
 
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 [February 28, 18-19. 
 
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0NWERS.TYOF»LUNO.S-URBANA 
 
 Q42 47 N663W C001 
 Worcester in olden times.