« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANALYSIS OF STOCK TONICS 
 
 BY 
 
 VALENTINE A. JONES 
 
 THESIS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 
 
 IN 
 
 CHEMISTRY 
 
 COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1921 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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"3T 
 
 •? 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 jRs tai&jy. . . .4. 1 9 k; 1 . 
 
 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY 
 
 VALENTINE A. JOKES 
 
 ENTITLED ...ANALYSIS.. .QX.SJLQ&IL XSO.C.S.... 
 
 IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 
 DEGREE OF 
 
 Infractor in Charge 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 
 
 ACKNOWL 3.DG m 3NT 
 
 The writer wishes to expres 
 appreciation to Dr. S. A. Braley fo 
 suggestion of this thesis and also 
 constant interest and helpful sugge 
 during this investigation. 
 
 s hi s 
 r hi s 
 for his 
 stions 
 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/analysisofstocktOOjone 
 
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION. 
 
 II. EXPERIMENTAL. 
 
 III. DISCUSSION. 
 
 IV. SUMMARY . 
 
 V . ACKNO WLEDG EM ENT . 
 

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 I. Introduction and Purpose. 
 
 In recent years the problem of securing an 
 adequate tonic for the most common of stock diseases has 
 attained considerable importance. At the present there 
 are a large number of so-called stock remedies on the mar- 
 ket, claiming the ability to cure various types of diseases* 
 
 The purpose of this investigation is to 
 analyse as many of the more common tonics as possible in 
 order to determine the principle and most common ingredients 
 and to establish a general system of analysis of the various 
 forms of such tonics. An endeavor was also to be made to 
 formulate a list of the substances analysed and tneir 
 medicinal value. A review of the literature failed to re- 
 veal any work wnich nad been done of tnis nature. In order 
 to establish a general system of analysis it was deemed 
 necessary to try aifterent methods of analyses and to 
 determine by experiment which method gave the most accurate 
 results in the easiest and quickest manner. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 II. Experimental . 
 
 The manufacturer of stock tonics usually puts up his 
 preparations for the market in various forms. Some are as 
 powders, mechanically mixed, others as a liquid with water as 
 the usual solvent, wnile many are pressed in the form of a 
 salt block. It was the aim of the writer to investigate at 
 least two of each type. Instead of giving the trade name of 
 the stock tonics analysed , they are labelled as Sample #1, #2, 
 etc . 
 
 Sample Si* 
 
 This stock tonic was of the powder type, mechan- 
 ically mixed, black in color and was one of the most common 
 of the powder form. A qualitative determination of the ingre - 
 dients showed that it was composed of the following substances. 
 
 1. Charcoal (ground) 
 
 2. Sodium sulphate 
 
 3. Moisture 
 
 The charcoal was determined qualitatively as insoluble matter 
 by simply dissolving a five gram sample in water and fil- 
 tering off the insoluble cnarcoal in a weighed Gooch crucible 
 and washing with water several times. The filtrate was then 
 used for the determination of the sodium sulphate. The usual 
 method of precipitation with Barium Chloride was used and 
 precipitate allowed to settle and tnen filtered through a 
 weighed Gooch crucible, dried and weigheu. 
 
 The moisture determinat ion was made in tne usual 
 
 manner by weighing out five grams and placing the weighing 
 bottle in an oven for an hour at 10b°C. 
 
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 An microscopic examination was made of tiie water 
 insoluble resiaue to determine if seeds, roots, or barxs were 
 present. Several slides were raaae with the insoluble residue 
 and on close examination the only substance that seemed to be 
 present was the charcoal. 
 
 The following results of this analysis are as 
 
 follows : 
 
 Results : 
 
 Moisture 42. 4Q% 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 48.63 % 
 
 Insoluble Matter. . . . 8 ♦ 96> 
 Total 99.99# 
 
 Calculation on a dry basis: 
 
 Sodium Sulpnate 84.44% 
 
 Insoluble Matter. . . . lb . 55% 
 
 99.99% 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 Sample #2. 
 
 This stock tonic was of the powder form. A short 
 qualitative was run with the results that the following sub- 
 stances were found; charcoal, free sulphur, sulphates, and 
 small seeds. 
 
 Quantitative Methods. 
 
 Sulphates were determined in tne usual way with Barium 
 Ohio ride . 
 
 Carbon Disulphide extraction by means of the Soxhlet 
 extractor was used for tne determination of free sulphur . 
 
 Moisture was determined in the usual way. 
 
 The insoluble matter including the seed was determined 
 by dissolving a five gram samole in water and then filtering 
 through a weighed Gooch, dried, and weighed. 
 
 Under tne supposition that the seed was a species of 
 the wormseed, an attempt was made to extract any alkaloid 
 present. The standard method of alkaloidal extraction ac- 
 cording to Autenreith and Warren was carried out. 
 
 (Autenreitn and Warren "Detection of Poisons") 
 
 After tne final step of tne procedure was finished, tests 
 with the various alxaloiual reagents such as Mercury Chloride, 
 Iodo-Potassium Iodide, Potassium Mercuric Iodode were made 
 without result. Tne method was again carefully repeated and, 
 as in the former case, a negative result was obtained. It 
 was decided that tne seed nau really no medicinal value and 
 its use was simply as a filler to give weight to the tonic. 
 

 
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 The analysis showed the following results: 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 4S.Q 8/o 
 
 Free Sulphur b . lS/<- 
 
 Moisture 6.64/<? 
 
 Insoluble Matter. ... 4b. 02/*; 
 ( charcoal , seed) 
 
 ±oo7TW° 
 
 Analysis on dry basis:; 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 4o.l7$ 
 
 Free Sulphur 6.63^ 
 
 Insoluble Matter. . . . 48 . 3 2/o 
 
 100. 12/b 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Sampls #3. 
 
 Since the fact that many of the stock tonics con- 
 tain many similar constituents, one is able to almost identi- 
 fy their composition with the eye. The next sample analysed 
 showed the presence of iron, sulphate, free sulphur and 
 silica. 
 
 Quantitative Methods. 
 
 Free sulphur was determined by extraction with Carbon 
 Disulphide in the Soxhlet. 
 
 Iron in the form of Ferric Oxide was determined as in 
 Sample $5. 
 
 The usual method of determining sulphates with barium 
 Chloride was used for Sodium Sulphate. 
 
 The percentage of Silica was obtained by the method 
 given under Sample #7. 
 
 Moisture was determined in the usual way. 
 
 The following results were received: 
 
 Free Sulphur 149b 
 
 I ron as Fe 5o /0 
 
 Sodium Sulphate- 60.11 b 
 
 Silica 11.91 b 
 
 Insoluble Matter ,... 14. 78 b 
 
 Moisture .13.66 b 
 
 Total 100.96 b 
 
 Analysis on dry basis: 
 
 Free Sulphur . 172b 
 
 I ron as Fe . . 406/* 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 69.64 b 
 
 Silica 13. 78 b 
 
 Insoluble Matter. . . .17.09 b 
 
 100.987b 
 

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 Sample #4. 
 
 The next sample to he analysed was perhaps one of 
 the most prominent of the stock tonics on the market. It 
 advertised the following compositions } 1-Sulphate of Iron 
 2-Charcoal 5-Carbonized Peat 4-Sodium Chloride 5-Magnesium 
 Chloride 6-Epsom Salts 7-Q.uassia Root 8-Tobacco 9-Gentian 
 Root. Many of these substances have a medicinal value and 
 the substance should be of high value as a tonic. 
 
 Quantitative Methods. 
 
 Percentage of moisture obtained in the usual way. 
 
 Ferrous Iron was determined by the Zimmermann-Reinhardt 
 method described in Sample #5. 
 
 Total Chlorides were determined by the Fr. Mohr method 
 described in Sample #5. 
 
 Total Sulphates were obtained by the Barium Chloride 
 method. 
 
 Free Sulphur was determined by the Carbon Disulphide 
 method of extraction. 
 
 The method of B. Schmitz?'" was used for the determination 
 of Magnesium. 
 
 (Treadwell and Hall "Analytical Chemistry" Vol.II P. 67) 
 
 A five gram sample of the tonic was weighed out ana dissolved 
 in hot distilled water. The solution was then filtered and 
 filtrate made slightly acid with dilute Nitric Acid. Crys- 
 tals of Ammonium nitrate were then added and solution heated 
 to boiling and then treated with an excess of Sodium Phos- 
 ohate. One third the volume of 10 % Ammonium Hydroxide was at 
 once added and solution allowed to stand for several hours. 
 

 
 
 
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 The precipitate was then filtered through a weighed Gooch 
 and washed with 2 >% Ammonium Hydroxide, dried ana ignitea 
 slowly over a Bunsen flame and finally ignited to a white 
 powder in a Muffle furnace. After cooling the Magnesium Pyro- 
 phosphate was weighed. 
 
 Q,uassia shavings were mechanically separated and found 
 to be present in a very small amount. The shavings were 
 macerated in a few c.c. of hot water and on testing the ex- 
 tremely bitter taste of Q.uassia was received. 
 
 and Tb d’crcc.o 
 
 Gentian,, 1 **^ found to be present in a very minute amounts 
 
 ti 
 
 and w ene not determined quan A t ati vely. The microscope was also 
 used as an aid in the detection of these three substances. 
 
 In the calculation, Sodium Chloride and Magnesium 
 Chloride , Magnesium Sulphate and Iron Sulphate were calculated 
 indirectly. Knowing the total percentage of Sulphate and the 
 percent Iron, the percent Iron Sulphate was calculated in the 
 following manner: 
 
 Be : SO4 : :#Fe : X X«/£Sulphat e used as Iron 
 
 Sulphate. 
 
 iL | __ SQ A x foFeZ/oFe SO 4 
 
 -T 6 
 
 Subtracting the amount of sulphate used as PeS04 from the 
 
 total sulohate gave tne sulphate to be used as MgSG^. 
 
 The percent of Magnesium being determined, the percent of 
 
 MgS04 was found in the following manner: 
 
 Mg : SO4 : :X:/<?Su Innate to be used as MgS04* 
 
 X* L /o of Mg. to be used as MgS04. 
 
 MgSQu x jo of Mg. to be used: ^MgS04 . 
 
 Mg 
 
 In a similar manner Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride 
 
 were calculated. 
 

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 The following results were obtained: 
 
 Moisture . 796/* 
 
 Insoluble latter (charcoal, peat, 
 
 and roots).... 4. 37 /* 
 
 Free Sulphur 1.942/* 
 
 Iron Sulphate 1.469/* 
 
 Magnesium Sulpiiate 389/* 
 
 Magnesium Chloride 83b/* 
 
 Sodium Chloride .89 . 
 
 Total 100 . 627/* 
 

 
 
 
 
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 Sample #b. 
 
 This tonic was of the salt block type. It w as lignt 
 brown in color and of a salty taste. In water solution it was 
 neutral to litmus. 
 
 A qualitative test was run to determine the composi- 
 tion. Effervesence upon the addition of dilute Hydrochloric 
 Acid proved the presence of Carbonates. On the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate and Nitric Acid to the water solution, the 
 characteristic test for chlorides was obtained. The presence 
 of the Sulphate was obtained by the use of Barium Chloride. 
 
 Iron was found on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid and tnen 
 Ammonia, and a blood red coloration with KCNS denoted the 
 ferric salt. Sulphur was found present in the free state on 
 tne addition of a little dilute Hydrochloric Acid and the dry 
 powder on a silver coin. 
 
 Quantitative Methods. 
 
 Sodium Chloride was determined by the f’r. Mohr’s method". 
 
 (Schimpf’s “Volumetric Analysis” P171) 
 
 A five gram sample of tne tonic was weighed out, dissolved in 
 
 /V 
 
 water, filtered and titrated with factor lCSh normal Silver 
 Nitrate using Potassium Chromate as an indicator. 
 
 The ferric salt was determined as follows: five grams of 
 the tonic was dissolved in dilute Hydrochloric Acid, filtered, 
 a few c.c. Bromine water added and boiled for five minutes. On 
 cooling, Ammonia was added until solution was alkaline and Ferri c 
 Hydroxide precipi tated , filtered and washed. The jerric Hydro- 
 xide was redissolved in dilute HC1 and the solution treated 
 
 • l 
 
 according to the Zimmermann-Reinhardt method# - • 
 
 (Treadwell and Hall "Analytical Chemistry" Vol.II P. 607) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 The sulphate was determined by the usual method of pre- 
 cipitation with Barium Chloride in acid solution, allowing to 
 stand twelve hours, then filtering through a weighed Gooch, 
 dried and weighed. Five gram sample was used. 
 
 Carbonates were determined using Parr's Total Carbon 
 apparatus. The Carbon Dioxide evolved on the addition of 
 dilute HC1 and subsequent heating to boiling was absorbed in 
 NaOH and c.c's absorbed noted. Barometer pressure and tempera- 
 ture at the time of the operation was also noted. From Parr's 
 Total Carbon table the factor used was obtained. 
 
 Calculations : 
 
 atomic wt . of BaH CO^ 
 
 Factor x c.c' s absorbed x 100 0 x 1QQ x atomic wt ♦ of C. 
 
 wt . of sample 
 
 % NaHC0 3 
 
 Free sulphur was obtained by extraction with Carbon 
 Disulphide by means of a Soxhlet extractor and: .then evaporating 
 off the Carbon Disulphide, leaving the pure sulphur which is 
 weighed directly. 
 
 Moisture was determined in tne usual way . 
 
 Results : 
 
 Moisture 2 3; y o 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate 97$ 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 2.73 /o 
 
 Sodium Chloride 94.98$ 
 
 Free Sulphur. 2b$ 
 
 Ferric Oxide as Fe . 9 2b/o 
 
 100.088 $ 
 

 
 
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 S ample #6. 
 
 Sample #6 was similar to Sample #5. It was of the 
 salt block type, and upon a qualitative examination the pre- 
 sence of sulphates, chlorides, free sulphur, carbonates, and 
 ferric iron was s/iown. 
 
 Quantitative Methods. 
 
 The methods used in this analysis were the same as tnose 
 used in Samole #5, so it will not be necessary to repeat the 
 details of procedure. 
 
 The results of the analysis are as follows: 
 
 Ferric Oxide as Fe 1.30% 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate 1.12% 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 8.38% 
 
 Sodium Chloride 88.03 % 
 
 Free Sulphur l.Q7/o 
 
 Moisture . . . . 68 /o 
 
 100 . oQ'/o 
 
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 Sample #7. 
 
 Sample fjl was a liquid stock tonic. It was claimed 
 to be a cure for worms, anemic condition, disability of tile 
 stomach, etc. The liquid was brownish in color, had a peculiar 
 sweetish odor and a bitter taste. It was supposed to contain 
 less than 2 /o Ferric Oxide. 
 
 Qualitative Tests. 
 
 A complete qualitative test was run on this sample 
 with the result that sulphate, ferric and feiruus salts, silica 
 and a volatile oil were found. 
 
 Quantitative Methods. 
 
 Iron was found to be present In both the ferric and 
 ferrous state. The bottle was well shaken and bc.c's were 
 drawn out by means of a pipette, placed in a weighing bottle, 
 and weignt obtained. Since ferrous sulphate is soluble in a 
 water solution, the sample was filtered, and filtrate oxidized 
 with Bromine water, precipitated with Ammonia , precipitate re- 
 dissolved in HC1 and tne Zimmermann-Reinhardt method followed. 
 
 In this way the amount of ferrous iron was obtained. The 
 ferric compound left as the insoluble matter on the filter- 
 paper was completely dissolved in HC1, and the Zimmermann- 
 Reinhardt method was also used in this determination. Total 
 sulphate was then determined by the usual method with Barium 
 Chloride. Since part of the iron was present in the sample as 
 ferrous sulphate, it was simply a matter of calculation to bb- 
 tain the percentage of Ferrous Sulphate. Sodium Sulphate was 
 also present in the tonic and by means of subtracting tne amount 
 of sulphate used as Ferrous Sulphate from the total Sulphate 
 gave the amount of sulphate present as Sodium Sulphate. 
 

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 The amount of Silicate present was determined by weighing 
 out a definite amount of the solution and filtering. The in- 
 soluble matter on the filter paper was washed into a casserole 
 and dilute HC1 added. The solution was then evaporated to dry- 
 ness on a steam bath until the Silica is completely denydratea. 
 It was then taken up with water and dilute HC1 and filtered. 
 
 The Silica and filter paper was then put in a crucible and paper 
 burned off. Sodium Carbonate was added and the mixture fused 
 for thirty minutes. The fusion was then dissolved in dilute 
 HCl and again filtered. The Silica is now practically pure. 
 
 The Silica with filter paper is placed in a crucible and after- 
 paper has been burned off, it is cooled and weighed. Then tne 
 Silica is covered with two or three c.c’s of water, a , drop or 
 so af concentrated Sulphuric Acid added, and 5 c.c. of pure 
 HF. It is then evaporated under a hood, at first slowly, and 
 after all fumes have been expelled, it is finally heated over 
 a blast lamp, cooled, and final weight taken. The difference 
 between the two weignts gives tne amount of Silica present. 
 
 The quickest and easiest method of obatining the volatile 
 oil was found to be by steam distillation. Approximately 
 seventy grams of the sample was weighed out and placed in a 
 distilling flask and steam distilled until all the volatile oil 
 came over in the receiving flask. The volatile oil was then 
 completely ext r acted -from the water solution with chloroform 
 and the chloroform allowed to slowly volatilize off leaving 
 the oil. Reference was then made to Alien's "Commercial 
 Organic" for the determination and identification of volatile 
 oils. Two methods were suggested: 1-specific gravity, 2-index 
 
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 of refra.cticn. The specific gravity was obtained by weighing 
 in a small glass tube a certain amount of the oil against an 
 exactly equal amount of water. The specific gravity of the oil 
 was found to be approximately 1.072 at 25°C. The index of re- 
 fraction of the oil was next determined and it was not easy to 
 get a correct reading, but at 25° G. the index of refraction was 
 between 3 and 4. Tne oil corresponding to this data was oil of 
 sassafrass. It was also recognized by its characteristic odor. 
 
 The small amount of free sulphur obtained was in all 
 probability due to the decomposition of tne Carbon Disulphide 
 used. 
 
 The specific gravity of the tonic was tnen obtained by 
 weighing a definite amount of the solution against an exactly 
 equal amount of water and applying tne specific gravity 
 formula. 
 
 The following results were obtained: 
 
 % by weight % by volume 
 
 Ferrous Sulphate 1.38 % 1.43 /o 
 
 Sodium Sulphate . 72 > .74 /o 
 
 Ferric Oxide ,081% .084/* 
 
 Oil of Sassafrass . 5b % . ol /o 
 
 Silica «40 % .41 / o 
 
 Free Sulphur .09 /o . 09 7/* 
 
 Water 96.7 79/<? 96 . 669/? 
 
 Total 100.00 70 100.00 /* 
 
 Specific Gravity 1.0290. 
 

 
 
 
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-IS- 
 
 Sample #8. 
 
 Many of the stock cures at present on the market have 
 for their main ingredient many species of seeds and roots. The 
 most common seeds and roots that are used are the different 
 varieties of wormseed, such as the Levant wormseed, American 
 wormseed , May Apple root, Poke root, Quassia, Gentian, Tobacco , 
 etc. The Levant wormseed contains the valuable Santonin, an 
 inner lactone with the chemical formula . However, when 
 
 the seed is added to the stock tonic, it is very nearly 
 desantoninized. Thus the seed not containing the Santonin is 
 practically worthless as far as medicinal value is concerned. 
 Some tonics advertise Santonin as the principle ingredient. 
 Santonin has a high medicinal value on account of its ability t G 
 expell all forms of intestinal worms if taken in sufficient 
 quanties. Its nigh cost prevents its use in tonics in any 
 large amounts. Accordingly, K. Thaeter's method of extraction 
 of Santonin from wormseed was used^’ 
 
 (AutSnrietn and Warren "Deflection of Poisons" P. 27b) 
 
 This method calls for the extraction of tne Santonin with 
 absolute alcohol , using the Soxhlet extractor for twelve hours. 
 The alcohol is then evaporated off and the white residue boiled 
 with lime water to form Calcium Santoninate. Filter while hot 
 and wash the residue with water. Faintly acidify the filtrate 
 with Sulphuric Acid and warm gently until Santonin crystals 
 begin to form. Then add 100 grams of Aluminium Acetate solu- 
 tion (dissolve 300 parts of Aluminium Sulphate in 800 parts 
 water; add Acetic acid (specific gravity. . 1. 04 ) 360 parts; 
 triturate 130 parts Calcium Carbonate with 200 parts water, 
 and add this mixture slowly and with constant stirring to the 
 

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 first solution, allow to stand twenty four hours, and filter. 
 
 Use filtrate . ), heat the mixture to boiling ana finally evap- 
 orate to dryness on water bath. Mix the finely powdeied resi- 
 due with three grams of MgO , moisten a little with water and 
 bring quichly to dryness. Powder the residue, dry at 10b°C. and 
 extract in a Soxhlet with anhydrous ether for five hours. 
 Santonin is deposited upon distilling the ether as a faintly 
 yellowish residue which is then dried at 100° C. to a constant 
 weight. On account of the small amount of Santonin in the 
 sample and the errors liable to be made in the working out of 
 the method, the quantitative determination of Santonin was 
 omitted . 
 
 The tonic was then tested for other chemicals. A 
 cathartic should be present to expell the worms destroyed by 
 the Santonin. Calomel (HgCl) was found to be the necessary 
 cathartic. It was decided tnat it would be best to determine 
 the mercury present as metallic mercury^. 
 
 (Treadwell and Hall "Analytical Chemistry" Vol. II P. 171) 
 Almost all mercury compounds are quantitatively decomposed on 
 heating with lime according to the equation 
 HgX + CaO = CaX + Hg + 0. 
 
 To carry out this determination, a glass tube 60cm. long and 
 1.5 cm. wide, open at both ends, is taken ana in one ena an 
 asbestos plug is placed, followed by eight cm. of pure lime, 
 then an intimate mixture of a weighed amount of substance with 
 lime, finally a layer of lime about 30cm. long and at tne other 
 end of the tube another asbestos plug. After tne tube nas been 
 filled, tne end nearest this second plug is drawn out until only 
 

 
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 4 cm. wide, and is connected by means of rubber tubing to a 
 Peligot tube. In absence of any Peligot tube, a weighed U- 
 tube was used. In the other part of the U-tube , gold leaf was 
 placed. The glass tube was placed in a combustion furnace 
 and illuminating gas passed through for a half hour. Finally 
 the tube was slowly heated, first where the 30 cm. of lime was. 
 During the whole of the operation, illuminating gas was 
 passed slowly through the tube. The mercury condensed in the 
 U-tube, but also much water from the lime and resin from the 
 seed present were collected in the tube maid rig a correct 
 weight impossible. Also a small amount of mercury collected 
 in the drawn out end of the glass tube. It was decided the 
 best thing to do in this case was to dissolve the mercury in 
 aqua regia. Accordingly, the mercury in the U-tube and that 
 in the end of the combustion tube was dissolved by aqua regia 
 and then evaporated to dryness on the steam bath. A few c.c's 
 more of aqua regia was added and solution washed with dilute 
 I1C1 into a weighed beaker. It was brought to dryness twice 
 and then weighed as mercuric chloride. The factor 
 Kg Cl 
 
 Hg'ci x wt . of HgCL, x 100 divided by sample, gave the percent 
 of mercuous chloride. 
 
 The other substance in the sample was the seed itself, 
 and a carbonate. It could not be determined v/hether the 
 Santonin was in the seed or if it had been put in and mixed 
 with the seed. In all probability, seed containing Santonin 
 was placed in the tonic and then the KgCl and NaHCOj and the 
 seed pressed together into the tablet-like samples. 
 
 The last substance to be found was carbonates. The 
 
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 amount present was found by using Parr’s Total Carbon apparatus 
 tiie details of which were given under Sample ffZ. 
 
 The results of this analysis are as follows: 
 
 Insoluble Matter 57.82 fa 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate 53.2 b/ii 
 
 Mercurous Chloride. .... ♦ , S ♦ ybyo 
 
 100. 40/* 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 List of ingredients in stock tonics analysed 
 and medicinal value of each. 
 
 1. Iron as Ferrous Sulphate. Of high medicinal value, 
 especially valuable as a blood builder, supplying the Iron 
 necessary for the blood cells. 
 
 2. Iron as Ferric Oxide. Of medicinal value, proTorably forms 
 Ferric Chloride on reaction with the HC1 of the stomach, thus 
 supplying iron to tne blood cells. 
 
 3. Sodium Sulphate or Glauber Salts. Its chief use is as a 
 laxative. Should always be given in water solution. 
 
 4. Charcoal. Used mainly as a stomach sweetner and cleanser. 
 
 5. Sodium Bicarbonate. Perhaps its chief use is as a stomach 
 sweetner, neutralizing the excess acid often formed in the 
 stomach. It is also often used as a mild laxative. 
 
 6. Santonin. Noted for its ability to expell all forms of 
 intestinal worms. Of high medicinal value when used in proper 
 amounts. It is tne chief constituent of Levant worrnseed. 
 
 7. Mercurous Chloride or Calomel. Chief use is as a cathartic. 
 It has a quick and positive action on the bowels. It is often 
 used along with Santonin or other worm destroyers to get rid 
 
 of the dead worms. 
 
 S. Fiee Sulphur. Laxative, diaphoretic and resolvent. It is 
 supposed to be rendered soluble by the alkali of the bile. 
 Supposed to be a blood purifier. 
 
 9. Oil of Sassafrass. Of no real medicinal value. Its chief 
 use, similar to licorice, is to give the tonic a pleasant 
 flavor. In large quantities, it acts as a narcotic. 
 
 10. Silica. Of no known medicinal value. Regarded simply as 
 a filler to give weight to the tonic. 
 

 
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 11. Sodium Chloride. Acts in small doses as a stomachic tonic; 
 
 in larger ones as a purgative. Its most common use, however, is 
 as an appetizer. 
 
 12. Magnesium sulphate or Epsom salts. Used Ufcainly as a lax- 
 ative. 
 
 13. Quassia Root. Has tne property of simple hitters. It is 
 purely tonic, invigorating the digestive organs, with little 
 excitement of the circulation or increase of animal neat. Use- 
 ful in failure of appetite. Also helpful in conit ipat ion. 
 
 14. Gentian Root. Excites the appetite and invigorates the 
 indigestion. Helps many stomach ailments. 
 
 15. Tobacco. Often used in tonic because of the fact that 
 intestinal worms are destroyed after eating the tobacco leaf. 
 
 Must be given in rather large amounts to have any effect. 
 

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 III Discussion of Results. 
 
 Inspection of the various analysis which were carried 
 out will show that substances like iron, salt, charcoal, free 
 sulphur, and sodium sulphate are present in the majority of 
 the stock tonics of the three types analysed. In the majority 
 of cases, the standard methods of analysis were applicable and 
 gave accurate results. Inspection of tne results will also 
 show that the ingredients of tne nignest medicinal value were 
 to be found in small quantities, while fillers which have no 
 medicinal value, such as silica, spent wormseed, or a nun- 
 medicinal seed, weie often added to give the substance weight. 
 In all cases except those in which the moisture content was 
 less than one percent, the results were calculated on a dry- 
 basis. 
 

 
 
 
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 IV Summary. 
 
 Three general types of tonics were analysed. The 
 powder type, Samples rf 1 , 2, and 2, usually contained Charcoal, 
 Iron, Tree Sulphur, Sodium Sulphate, Silica and Salt. In the 
 salt cake type, Samples #4, 5, and 6, the most common constit- 
 uents are Salt, Iron and Sodium Carbonate. The liquid type 
 usually has water as a solvent to a large percentage. Other 
 substances contained in the liquid form are similar to those 
 of the salt block and powder type. Sample #7 is a fair ex- 
 ample of the liquid type. 
 
 It has been shown that the standard methods of 
 analysis can be used in nearly all cases with accurate results 
 and a saving of time. Many of the tests are of a simple nature 
 and can be quickly and accurately applied for a rapid method of 
 analysis. 
 
 The microscope was used to a good advantage in 
 detecting and determining the presence of seeds, roots and 
 barks present in the tonic. 
 
 A list of medicinal values of the various ingredients 
 was prepared in order to obtain an idea of the substances of 
 the highest value. It was found that the substances of the 
 best medicinal value were found to be present in small ..quantities , 
 in some cases too small to be of any value as a tonic.