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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 162 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY 
 DAIRY HERD 
 
 BY CASSIUS C. HA.YDEN 
 
SUMMARY 
 
 1. Tuberculosis is a germ disease and the germ must be carried from 
 one animal to another before the disease can be contracted. Page 379 
 
 2. It usually develops very slowly, and an apparently healthy cow may be 
 sufficiently affected to infect the greater part of the herd before discovered. 
 
 Page 380 
 
 3. External symptoms are not common until the disease is well advanced 
 and much damage has been done. The only safe means of detection is the 
 tuberculin test. Page 383 
 
 4. A careful test of the University dairy herd revealed over 50 percent 
 of the mature animals diseased. Page 389 
 
 5. Subsequent tests revealed few reactors and many of these did not 
 show lesions when slaughtered. Page 391 
 
 6. Twenty-three cows in quarantine for an average of two years gave 
 nineteen healthy calves and a total return of $4,436.67. Page 395 
 
 /. It is possible for animals that are too badly diseased to react to the 
 test to be in apparent good health and condition and without external symp- 
 toms. Page 401 
 
 8. On the individual dairyman, aided by the state, lies the task of eradi- 
 cating the disease. Page 404 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY 
 DAIRY HERD 
 
 BY CASSIUS C. HAYDEN, FIRST ASSISTANT IN DAIRY HUSBANDRY' 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 A few years ago a large part of the dairy herd of the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois was found to be tuberculous. Since that time efforts 
 have been put forth to rid it of the disease. The results of these 
 efforts and the treatment of the herd are here given. Believing 
 that the nature of the disease is not generally well understood by 
 farmers, and that their co-operation is absolutely necessary to any 
 successful methods of control, a simple statement of its charac- 
 teristics is included. 
 
 NATURE OF THE DISEASE 
 
 Tuberculosis is strictly a germ disease. It is caused by small, 
 living, growing bodies called bacteria or germs, and it cannot exist 
 unless these germs are present and growing in the tissues of the 
 animal. The germs can grow only in the bodies of living ani- 
 mals, unless cultivated in the laboratory, and no cow can take the 
 disease until in some way the germs have been carried to her from 
 some other animal. While they do not grow or multiply outside 
 the body, they may remain alive for a long period of time if 
 not exposed to sunlight, which kills them in a very short time. 
 They may be in the dirt and mangers of barns long after the ani- 
 mal which dropped them has been removed. This fact makes it 
 easy for another animal to pick them up and contract the disease. 
 
 The germs of tuberculosis must be taken into the body before 
 they can cause the disease. They are most frequently taken in 
 thru the nostrils, by breathing in dust, and thru the mouth, with 
 the food. After the germs have got into the body of an animal, 
 they may begin growing wherever they happen to lodge, which is 
 most frequently in the lungs, lymph glands, liver, or lining of the 
 body cavities. They may attack the joints, bones, heart, brain, 
 in fact, almost any part of the body. It is possible for an animal 
 to take in small numbers and throw them off again or destroy 
 
 x Now Chief in Dairy Husbandry, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 Wooster, Ohio. 
 
 379 
 
380 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 them, thus preventing the disease. This power of resistance de- 
 pends much upon the health and condition of the animal at the 
 time the germs enter the body. 
 
 The starting point of the disease is usually a very small one 
 and may remain so for years ; or the disease may develop rapidly, 
 destroy the organ in which it is located, break out, and the germs 
 spread thru the body in a very short time, causing "quick con- 
 sumption." The animal then loses flesh rapidly and soon dies. 
 
 FIG. 1. Cow 47. 
 
 For example, the cow shown in Fig. i produced in thirty days, 
 in the months of February and March, over 2,000 pounds of milk, 
 and died of tuberculosis in July of the same year. In the majority 
 of cases, tuberculosis develops very slowly, and the cow shows 
 no outward signs of the disease until it is well advanced. It may 
 remain at the one small point of infection until the animal dies of 
 old age or some other cause, and it is even possible for the ani- 
 mal to recover entirely. If the breeder wants a clean herd, it is 
 never safe to keep in the herd an animal which has tuberculosis in 
 any form, because the disease is liable at any time to become suffi- 
 ciently advanced to cause the escape of germs from the body. 
 Other animals are then in danger. 
 
 When a tubercular abscess breaks into the lungs, digestive 
 canal, genital or urinary organs, or the udder, and the germs es- 
 cape from the body, a cow has what is called "open tuberculosis." 
 In such cases the germs escape by being coughed from the lungs 
 
1913} 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 381 
 
 into the mouth, where they are thrown out with the saliva and 
 distributed about the manger, watering troughs, salt boxes, etc. ; 
 or when coughed from the lungs and swallowed, they escape 
 with the dung. The germs may also be thrown off with the dung 
 when the digestive tract is affected, with the urine when the genital 
 or urinary organs are affected, or with the milk when the udder 
 is affected. Frequently the germs are thrown out in large num- 
 bers, and in a short time one tuberculous cow may infect nearly 
 all animals in the herd. This may occur, and the disease become 
 well established, before the owner discovers its presence. 
 
 It is impossible to tell just when a cow begins to scatter germs. 
 She may do this for a long period of time and still be sleek and 
 fat. The disease is usually carried from one herd to another by 
 the purchase of a diseased animal or by the use of factory skim 
 milk for feeding calves. It is no respecter of breeds, nor is it 
 inherited, tho the calf may be infected by the dam before it is 
 born. 
 
 It is commonly believed that the heavy milking cow is most 
 susceptible to tuberculosis, but it should be remembered that even 
 the fattening, or lean, steer, which has no such drain on the sys- 
 tem, is by no means immune. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 A PURE-BRED HOI.STEIN-FRIESIAN Cow WITH LUNGS AND 
 GI.ANDS DISEASED. 
 
FIG. 3. A PURE-BRED JERSEY AFFECTED WITH THE DISEASE IN THE 
 L/IVER AND I^YMPH GI.ANDS. 
 
 FIG. 4. A PURE-BRED GUERNSEY AFFECTED WITH THE DISEASE IN THE 
 L<UNGS. SHE WAS UNDOUBTEDLY DISTRIBUTING GERMS. 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 383 
 
 FIG. 5. Cow 39, A PURE-BRED AYRSHIRE, AFFECTED WITH THE DISEASE. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE 
 
 There is a common belief that a cow which has the disease 
 will cough. This may or may not be true, because it depends on 
 whether or not the throat or lungs are affected. There are other 
 diseases which affect these organs and cause cattle to cough; con- 
 sequently, a cough may or may not indicate tuberculosis. Un- 
 fortunately, the disease rarely appears on the outside of the body, 
 and because of this fact it is difficult or impossible to discover 
 its presence by physical examination until it is well advanced, when 
 the animal goes down rapidly in condition and yields to no treat- 
 ment. Sometimes it appears as an enlargement of the glands of 
 the throat, causing coughing and difficulty in breathing, or as a 
 hard lump in, or enlargement of, parts of the udder. However, 
 other causes may also be responsible for the latter trouble. No 
 farmer should permit a cow which has died or been killed to be 
 buried without an examination of the lungs and the glands be- 
 tween the lungs and on the intestines, unless death was caused by 
 some contagious disease which there is danger of spreading. Fre- 
 quently such an examination would reveal the presence of the dis- 
 ease in a herd where it was not suspected. The tuberculin test is 
 practically the only means by which it can be discovered during 
 its early stages. 
 
384 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 Appearance of Diseased Organs. The appearance of tuber- 
 culous organs is very characteristic, so that the disease is easily 
 recognized after it has once been pointed out in its different forms. 
 It would be a fine thing if every farmer could readily recognize it 
 in slaughtered animals. Hard lumps or cavities in the lungs, con- 
 taining pus, enlarged glands containing pus or having a "corn 
 meal" appearance, white nodules or abscesses in the liver, knots or 
 bunches on the walls of the lung cavity or intestinal cavity, should 
 be looked upon with much suspicion and considered tuberculous 
 unless they are shown to be otherwise. 
 
 FlG. 6. COW 10, SLAUGHTERED A FEW HOURS AFTER PICTURE WAS TAKEN. 
 
 THE DISEASE WAS so GENERALIZED THAT THE CARCASS WAS CONDEMNED. 
 A DANGEROUS Cow TO HAVE IN THE HERD, AI/THO SHE SHOWED NO 
 EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS. 
 
 THE TUBERCULIN TEST 
 
 As has been previously stated, tuberculosis cannot be detected 
 easily in its earlier stage by a physical or outward examination; 
 in fact, this is impossible in the majority of cases. If a cow grows 
 thin (pines away), has a persistent cough, or swollen glands of 
 the neck, she should be considered suspicious. - However, these 
 symptoms usually appear after the disease is well advanced and 
 the cow has done great damage by infecting other cattle. For this 
 reason these symptoms are of no value except to warn the owner, 
 after it is too late, that his herd is diseased. One reliable method 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 385 
 
 of detecting tuberculosis when it should be detected is the tuber- 
 culin test. 
 
 In brief, this consists in determining the normal temperature 
 of the animal under normal conditions by taking its temperature 
 at least four (preferably more) times at equal intervals between 
 five o'clock in the morning and eight o'clock in the evening of 
 a given day. About eight o'clock in the evening, a certain amount 
 of tuberculin, varying with the size of the animal, is injected be- 
 neath the skin. On the following day the temperature is taken 
 every two or two and one-half hours. If the temperature rises 
 and subsides gradually, giving what is called a typical reaction 
 curve, with the highest temperature two or more degrees above 
 that of the previous day, the cow is considered tuberculous. There 
 are many things which may affect the results of the test, and there- 
 fore it should not be applied by persons who have not been prop- 
 erly instructed in its use. 
 
 Tuberculin is a liquid which contains the toxin, or poison, pro- 
 duced by the germ of tuberculosis, and it is made in the following 
 manner: Beef broth is made in the laboratory and carefully ster- 
 ilized, that is, all germs in it are killed by heating it to a high 
 temperature. A small mass of the germs of tuberculosis (Bacillus 
 tuberculosis} are taken from other material where they have been 
 grown, placed in this broth, and allowed to grow at body tempera- 
 ture until they have produced a large amount of poison. The 
 broth is then placed in a sterilizer and heated to a temperature 
 high enough to kill all germs, after which it is filtered thru a 
 porcelain filter which removes the dead germs. This filtered broth 
 contains the poison, but neither the living nor the dead germs. 
 After tlie broth is standardized to a certain strength, a little car- 
 bolic acid is added to keep other germs from growing if they should 
 chance to get into it. This liquid, or broth, containing the poison 
 is called tuberculin. 
 
 Some persons fear that the use of tuberculin will give 
 cattle tuberculosis. It cannot because the germs have been killed 
 and then removed. It is possible that, in case the animal injected 
 is diseased, it may cause the disease to become more active, but 
 this has not been definitely proved. If a cow is healthy, tuber- 
 culin has no effect when injected, nor afterwards, so far as the 
 best authorities have been able to determine. It does not affect 
 the milk of a healthy cow; in many cases the milk from herds 
 under test has been supplied to children and adults as usual, and 
 in no case has it been definitely shown to cause any trouble. If 
 a cow reacts, the fever produced may affect the quality of the 
 milk and it would be best to exclude the milk of such animals 
 during and after the reaction. 
 
 Accuracy of the Test. If properly applied, this test is ex- 
 
386 BULLETIN No. 162 [January, 
 
 tremely, tho not absolutely, accurate. That is to say, if a cow 
 reacts, she is practically certain to have the disease in some stage. 
 The Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agricul- 
 ture at Washington, D. C, has found that out of 24,784 cattle 
 which reacted to the test, ninety-eight out of every hundred showed 
 the disease when slaughtered. The work here reported does not 
 show as high a percentage of accuracy. This may be understood 
 when the reader recalls that a small spot the size of a pea may 
 cause a reaction, and that the test does not tell the extent of the 
 disease in the animal. So small a spot might easily be overlooked 
 in slaughter. Ninety-eight percent is a greater percentage of ac- 
 curacy than can be shown by almost any other method of detect- 
 ing disease. 
 
 Faults of the Test. (i) The tuberculin test does not always 
 pick out the worst cases, because the system of such an animal 
 is already so full of the poison that the addition of a little has 
 no marked effect. Such cases can usually, but not always, be 
 detected by -a physical examination. These are the most difficult 
 cases to deal with. Note the cases of Cows 34 and 85, page 40x3. 
 
 (2) Another time that the test may fail is when the disease 
 is in the "incubating" stage, that is to say, when the germs have 
 got into the body but have not yet begun to grow. These cases 
 can be easily detected by later tests. 
 
 (3) The third case is when the disease is a small spot and has 
 become encysted, that is, has ceased to grow and has become in- 
 cased or surrounded by a tough, thick membrane which prevents 
 the escape of the germs to other parts of the body. If these 
 places break out, they can be detected by later tests. 
 
 (4) Tuberculin may be misused by unscrupulous persons. 
 For some time after a large dose has been given, some cows pos- 
 sess an immunity, or power to resist the test, so that if a second 
 dose is given in a few days, or possibly three months, they fail to 
 react again. This resistance passes off in from a few days to 
 three months. Sometimes this "plugging" is done just before a 
 herd is to be tested for sale or shipment to another state. Such 
 wilful misuse of the test has acted to spread the disease by send- 
 ing diseased animals into healthy herds. 
 
 (5) It is possible that a cow's temperature might rise from 
 some other cause. The loss of a cow in this way should be con- 
 sidered the price of insurance against the disease. 
 
 The test is of little or no value if the information it gives is 
 not properly used. Every animal which reacts should be removed 
 from the herd and branded, so that she cannot be ignorantly taken 
 into another herd. A good cow may look sleek, fat, and healthy, 
 and it is a temptation to keep her in the herd, but she may be 
 the very one which is spreading the disease (see Cow 85, page 401). 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 387 
 
 FIG. 7, Cow 49, SLAUGHTERED AT DEMONSTRATION AT MIDSUMMER INSTITUTE 
 
 AND FOUND TO BE BADLY DISEASED. SHE REACTED 
 
 TWICE, Two YEARS APART. 
 
 Because some cows have the disease in the incubating stage and 
 others in the encysted form, the test should be repeated each six 
 months until no more cases are found, and once each year there- 
 after. It is always safe to isolate purchased animals and retest 
 them after three months. After the reacting cattle are removed 
 from the herd, the barn should be thoroly cleaned and disin- 
 fected or the disease is nearly certain to spread again, due to the 
 fact that the germs dropped by the animals removed may remain 
 alive for a long period of time. The disinfecting should be care- 
 fully and thoroly done. 1 
 
 VACCINATION 
 
 Attempts have been made to protect cattle from tuberculosis 
 by the use of "vaccine," but this method has not proved success- 
 ful and is even dangerous. Vaccination consists in inoculating 
 the animal with tubercle bacilli of low virulence, or activity. It is 
 supposed that the animal will develop an immunity, or power of 
 resistance, because of these weak germs, but with the present 
 method of vaccination there is real danger of causing the disease. 
 
 'See U. S. Farmers' Bulletin No. 480, "Practical Methods of Disinfecting- 
 Stables." 
 
388 BULLETIN No. 162 [January, 
 
 METHODS OF HANDLING DISEASED ANIMALS 
 
 When tuberculosis is discovered in the herd, rigid measures 
 should be taken to eradicate it, for the longer it remains the more 
 firmly it will become established and the more difficult it will be 
 to get rid of. Where only a few animals react, they may be 
 removed and the remainder of the herd tested every six months 
 until no more cases are found. If one-half or more of the ani- 
 mals are tuberculous, the chances are that many other members 
 of the herd have the disease in the incubating or encysted stage 
 and will react later; therefore it usually is better to treat the 
 entire herd of mature animals as if they were diseased. One of 
 two methods may be adopted : If the animals are not very valua- 
 ble for breeding purposes, it probably will be best to dispose of 
 the entire herd' by slaughtering them under proper inspection, and 
 replace them with young or tested animals. Even in buying sub- 
 ject to the test, one runs the chance of getting diseased animals 
 for the reasons mentioned above, tho this danger is much less with 
 young animals. 
 
 If it is a herd of pure-bred cows or cows valuable for breed- 
 ing purposes, it may be handled by the "Bang method." With 
 this method the cows are placed in quarantine, and the calves are 
 removed as soon as born and fed milk from healthy cows or 
 the milk of their dams first heated to a high enough tempera- 
 ture to kill all germs. Not over one or two percent of such calves 
 are diseased, and a healthy herd of young stock can soon be built 
 up from tuberculous dams. The milk from such a herd, if prop- 
 erly pasteurized, may be used for making butter. No milk should 
 be used from a cow showing any signs of the disease in her ud- 
 der, and no animal showing outward signs of tuberculosis should 
 be permitted to live even in the diseased herd. 
 
 When the "Bang method" is practiced, it is necessary to keep 
 the infected cattle entirely separated from the rest of the herd. 
 It is better if they can be kept in different barns or on different 
 farms. They should not be cared for by the same person wearing 
 the same clothes, especially shoes, because the germs may be car- 
 ried from the infected herd to the feeding floor of the other herd 
 in manure which may cling to the attendant's shoes. 
 
 If the owner is willing to put forth a very strenuous effort 
 and use strictly sanita.ry measures, he can entirely eradicate the 
 disease from his herd. The man who is ignorant or careless will 
 usually fail in the attempt. That it can be done has been shown 
 by different experiment stations and by many individuals in this 
 country. The task is not an easy one, but requires constant at- 
 tention from the time the first case is discovered until no more 
 are revealed by the test. 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 389 
 
 FIG. 8. Cow 66, SHIPPED TO CHICAGO AND SLAUGHTERED UNDER FEDERAL 
 
 AND STATE INSPECTION. THE DISEASE WAS so GENERALIZED 
 
 THAT THE CARCASS WAS CONDEMNED. 
 
 If the disease is not eradicated, it takes its toll more or less 
 regularly. Besides the occasional complete loss of an animal, it 
 reduces the productive power of others, causes sterility, and may 
 cause additional loss by infecting hogs which run after the cattle 
 or consume the milk. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS IN THE; UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 In the spring of 1906 a grade cow, purchased for experimental 
 purposes, died, and a post-mortem examination revealed a few 
 tubercular centers in the lungs. This was sufficient evidence that 
 the disease was in the herd, and it was thought best to test at 
 least the cows which were producing milk for city trade. Thirty- 
 four of the mature cows were subjected to the tuberculin test, 
 thirteen of which reacted. About ten others were not tested, be- 
 cause they were near to calving, or for other reasons. One or 
 two of the reactions were considered questionable. Five of the 
 thirteen which reacted were slaughtered and examined. The dis- 
 ease was found in each of the five reactors, but in no case had it 
 become generalized. The others appeared to be in such good 
 health that they were kept in the herd. Later they were slaught- 
 
390 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 ered, and in nearly every case were apparently not far enough 
 advanced to be throwing off the germs. One cow (No. 34), which 
 was undoubtedly badly diseased, or became so soon after, passed 
 thru this first test and probably caused much of the infection re- 
 vealed by the test made in May, 1908. 
 
 The remaining cows and a part of those previously reacting 
 were tested in December of the same year. Of the fifteen tested, 
 ten reacted, five of which had previously reacted. Seven of the 
 reactors were slaughtered at this time. 
 
 FIG. 9. Cow SI, DISEASE GENERALIZED AND CARCASS CONDEMNED 
 UNDER FEDERAL INSPECTION. 
 
 In June, 1907, the herd consisted of fifty-five females, includ- 
 ing calves. Five which were suspicious or had reacted were 
 tested at this time. Two of these reacted. 
 
 The next test was made in May, 1908. In the meantime the 
 writer had taken full charge of the herd. There were then sixty- 
 seven females in the entire breeding herd. Fifty of these, or 
 practically all that were considered old enough, were tested. Of 
 the fifty tested, twenty-six, or 52 percent, reacted and were re- 
 moved from the herd. Among the reactors were some of the best 
 cows in the herd. These, with a few others, were placed in 
 quarantine to secure their progeny and for experimental purposes. 
 The others were slaughtered. 
 
I 9 I 3] TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 391 
 
 The next test was made in the fall of 1908. There were at 
 that time fifty-six females in the herd, including seven purchased. 
 Thirty-six which were old enough were tested, and three which 
 reacted were removed from the herd. 
 
 The next test was made one year later, in the fall of 1909, 
 when there were seventy-eight females in the herd. Sixty-seven 
 were tested, and four reacted. In the spring of 1910 there were 
 seventy-two females; fifty-seven were tested, and one reacted. In 
 the fall of 1910 there were seventy-seven females; seventy-two 
 were tested, and none reacted. The following spring (1911) 
 there were eighty-eight females; of seventy tested one reacted 
 but showed no evidence of tuberculosis when slaughtered, altho a 
 careful examination was made. In the fall of 1911 there were 
 ninety-six females, ninety of which were tested, resulting in one 
 reaction. The last test was made in March, 1912, at which time 
 there were ninety-five females in the herd ; eighty-one were tested, 
 and four reacted. Despite the great loss, and with the addition 
 of a few calves from the experimental herd, the number of females 
 increased from fifty-five in 1907 to ninety-one clean females in 
 March 1912 (See Figs. 16 and 17). During this time, nineteen 
 females were added to the herd by purchase and thirty-two non- 
 reactors were sold. 
 
 The following chart shows the number of females in the herd, the 
 tests made, and the reactions and non-reactions. Each heavy line 
 represents an individual, and the length of the line indicates the 
 time during which she was in the herd. "T" indicates that a test 
 was made. A minus (-) sign after the "T" indicates a negative 
 result, or a non-reaction, and a plus ( + ) sign, a reaction. "P" 
 indicates that the animal was purchased ; all others were originally 
 in the herd or were born either in the breeding or in the experi- 
 mental herd. 
 
 A study of the chart will show that the seed was well sown 
 during the "seeding time" previous to 1908, and that the harvest 
 was reaped in M'ay of that year when 32.6 percent reacted. Of 
 the forty-seven mature cows in 1906, only three remained in the 
 herd after 1909, and only five went out for other causes than 
 tuberculosis. This shows that once a herd of mature animals be- 
 comes badly diseased, it is probably best to consider the entire 
 herd affected and treat it accordingly. 
 
 In the breeding herd 170 different females have been tested, 
 and fifty, or about 30 percent, reacted. 
 
392 BULLETIN No. 162 [January, 
 
 FIG. 10. RESULTS OF TUBERCULIN TESTS ON FEMALES IN HERD. 
 
 
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 T- 
 
 
 T- 
 
 T- 
 
 E 
 
 jr.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T- 
 
 T- 
 
 
 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 T- 
 
 T- 
 
 7- 
 
 7- 
 
 7- 
 
 7- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T* 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T- 
 
 
 T- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7- 
 
 
 T- 
 
 T- 
 
 T- 
 
 7- 
 
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 T- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T- 
 
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 $ 
 
 = 
 
 T- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1= 
 
 T- 
 
 f= 
 
 4= 
 
 4f 
 
 133 
 131 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 += 
 
 1= 
 
 
 
 f= 
 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 393 
 
 FIG. 10. Continued. 
 
 
 19 
 
 06 
 
 1? 
 
 07 
 
 19 
 
 08 
 
 /9 
 
 09 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
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 1912 
 
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 140 
 141 
 
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 145 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 L: 
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 146 
 
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 148 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 149 
 
 
 
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 154 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 _ 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ToTal 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 67 
 
 L^>6 
 
 6^7 
 
 7S 
 
 72. 
 
 77 
 
 88 
 
 ' 96 
 
 ^^~ 
 
 Tested 
 
 J4 
 
 15 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 36 
 
 _ 
 
 67 
 
 57 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 90 
 
 8/ 
 
 Reacted 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 Z 
 
 - 
 
 ,2.6 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
394 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 Bulls. Between May, 1906, and December, 1911, five mature 
 bulls and thirty-two young ones, ranging in age from six months 
 to /two years, were tested, and three reacted. Fig. 1 1 shows the 
 results of the tests made on the bulls. 
 
 FIG. 11. RESULTS OF TUBERCULIN TESTS ON BULLS IN HERD. 
 
 S.Lod 
 
 B.B.JO* 
 
 Ca/*r./t. 
 F/ora'm 
 
 I.Kep 
 
 r.C.Jok 
 
 B'l CM. 
 ft.R 
 
 /906 
 
 /907 
 
 /908- 
 
 1909 
 
 1910 
 
 /9JI 
 
 /9/Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 7> 
 
 
 
 
 
 f- 
 
 p- 
 
 T f 
 
 T- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 r- 
 
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 Total. 
 
 /; 
 
 
 
 
 Ib 
 
 /8 
 
 /"f 
 
 /3 
 
 9 
 
 /4 
 
 /S 
 
 /3 
 
 "~ /Z 
 
 Tested 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 ( 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 g. 
 
 8 
 
 b 
 
 IZ. 
 
 5 
 
 /?7C*rf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
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 1 \\ 
 
 It will be noted that only one young bull reacted. With other 
 calves, he was .fed on milk from the quarantined herd. This milk 
 was supposed to have been sterilized before feeding, but this may 
 not always have been perfectly done. 
 
 Lad, the herd bull, was kept with the quarantined herd and 
 not tested after 1906. A younger herd bull reacted in May, 1908, 
 and was also kept with the quarantined herd. 
 
 Twenty-six bull calves less than six months old and from clean 
 cows were sold without test and are not shown on the chart. Some 
 of those shown were tested individually as sold, but the tests were 
 not recorded and hence are not shown on the chart. 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 395 
 
 QUARANTINED Cows 
 
 Fig. 12 shows the results obtained from nineteen of the pure- 
 bred reacting cows which were quarantined in 1908, and four 
 others which were quarantined later. It shows the herd number 
 of the animal, its approximate value before becoming tuberculous, 
 the time in quarantine, the tests made, the findings on post-mortem, 
 and the receipts for or the value of the carcass, milk, and progeny. 
 Cows 36, 49, and 56 .were slaughtered at a demonstration at a 
 summer institute in August, 1910; hence no value is given for 
 those carcasses. 
 
 FIG. 12. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM PURE-BRED REACTING Cows. 
 
 Value 
 before 
 'ibercubr 
 
 /S>08 
 
 herd No. 
 
 /S>09 
 
 1910 
 
 Post 
 Mortem 
 
 Received 
 for 
 Carcass 
 
 /?ece/nf<? 
 far 
 riiik 
 
 Value 
 of 
 f^rojeny 
 
 Total 
 
 s /oo 
 
 ZOO 
 100 
 ISO 
 
 /oo 
 
 200. 
 
 /oo 
 
 7S 
 
 /oo 
 
 /SO 
 
 75 
 
 fOO 
 
 /oo 
 '2.5 
 /SO 
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 /so 
 
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 t7$ 
 
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 7> 
 
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 + 
 
 + 
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 + 
 + 
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 + 
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 + 
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 + 
 
 
 6 75- 
 
 43t>7 
 
 67 /O 
 
 Zl 77 
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 s.oo 
 
 25 SO 
 
 6-Z5- 
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 3731 
 44^9 
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 7 96 
 J3 /2 
 34 43 
 43 67 
 43 6/ 
 25.SO 
 /23O 
 J7J6 
 
 S 847/ 
 
 /6J7/ 
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 //344 
 9877 
 /27.8S 
 98.JS 
 6Z74 
 78&I 
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 77 87 
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 200 
 
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 J07J8 
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 35406 
 /493& 
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 T 
 
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 3 
 
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 90 
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 80 
 /oo 
 
 **-& 
 
 fr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T+ 
 
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 n- 
 
 &V 7V 
 
 
 
 
 Tf- 
 
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 b 'r. 
 
 
 
 
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 41 
 
 29 
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 ^^z 
 
 
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 S 3050 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 56837 
 
 %/9&30 
 
 */670 
 
 %45bJb7 
 
 The quarantined herd was kept in existence for about two years 
 at a cost of sixty dollars per head per year, or a total cost of about 
 $2700 for the two years. 1 The gross returns during that time were 
 approximately $4436, making a net return of $1736. It is proba- 
 ble, however, that the cost under these conditions was greater than 
 it would be in an ordinary herd. 
 
 a Cost estimated from Circular 134 of 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. 
 
396 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 FIG. 13. Cow 56, SLAUGHTERED AT SUMMER INSTITUTE. LUNGS, LIVER, 
 AND LYMPH GLANDS AFFECTED. 
 
 The reacting cows were placed in a separate wing of the barn, 
 and the passageway to the main barn was closed. Attendants 
 were not permitted to go from one barn to the other without 
 changing clothing, especially shoes. One man, with such help as 
 he needed to properly care for them, was given charge of the 
 tubercular cows. A small yard, separated from the other yards 
 by a high board fence, in which the cows could exercise, was pro- 
 vided. The feed was brought to the door from the main barn by 
 those caring for the clean herd, but they were not permitted to 
 go inside. 
 
 When a calf was born in the quarantined herd, it was im- 
 mediately removed and later placed in the clean herd. Of twenty- 
 five calves so removed but one reacted to the test later, and she 
 reacted when about two years of age. At the same time and in 
 the same barn, a bull from a clean cow reacted. Probably both 
 became infected from the same source. When the heifer was 
 slaughtered, no signs of tuberculosis were found. 
 
 This shows the possibility of securing clean calves from in- 
 fected dams. Cows 52 and 54 were not registered animals, and 
 no progeny were saved from them. Three or four calves were 
 lost by abortion, or died shortly after birth. There were no evi- 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 397 
 
398 BULLETIN No. 162 [January, 
 
 dences of tuberculosis in these cases. The value of the progeny 
 shown in the chart is based on the prices for which calves were 
 actually sold. 
 
 After all the reacting cows were removed from the herd, the 
 barn was thoroly cleaned, the floor scrubbed and allowed to dry, 
 after which the entire interior was thoroly disinfected with a 
 solution of corrosive sublimate (one-half pound to thirty gallons 
 of water). 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL, HERD 
 
 Between June, 1906, and 1910, forty-one, cows were purchased 
 for experimental purposes without being previously tested. Twenty- 
 two of these, or over 50 percent, reacted. In one group of four- 
 teen cows selected from seven herds in the northern part of Illi- 
 nois, all but one proved to be tuberculous. All the forty-one 
 except eight came from the northern part of the state and most 
 of them originally from Wisconsin. This gives some idea of the 
 extent of the disease in the dairy section and the means by which 
 it is spreading. These cows were all in apparently good condi- 
 tion, and no one would have suspected that they were diseased. 
 One of the cows which did not react was finally thrown out be- 
 cause of failure to breed and because of a suspicious cough. She 
 proved to be infected with tuberculosis in the advanced stage. 
 
 Seventy-five animals have been lost from both herds because of 
 the disease. 
 
 RESULTS OE SLAUGHTER 
 
 From May, 1906, to March 31, 1912, seventy-six animals 
 reacted; seventy-five of these, together with fifteen which did 
 not react, were slaughtered. A part of these animals were slaught- 
 ered on the farm, a part at the local packing house, and the re- 
 mainder in Chicago under federal and state inspection. The re- 
 sults are shown in Table I. 
 
 Of the seventy-six reacting animals sixty showed the disease, 
 four were doubtful, and eleven showed no lesions. Of the four 
 which were doubtful, Cow 13 and Cow 21 had diseased udders 
 and Cow 23 was afflicted with chronic scours. Cows 21, 23, and 
 17 were not carefully examined. Cows 13, 33, 61, 67, 69, 79, 
 one heifer, and one bull were slaughtered at Chicago, where the 
 inspection is necessarily hastily done. Cows 122 and 124, which 
 reacted at the last test, showed no lesions except an abscess on 
 the rumen of each, due to a wire and a nail. These were in 
 the herd previous to the May, 1908, test; and it is possible that 
 they, with others, may have carried the germs inactive in their 
 bodies during previous tests. This is a large percentage of re- 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 TABI.E 1 RESULTS OF SLAUGHTER 
 
 399 
 
 Herd 
 No. 
 
 Test 
 
 Post- 
 mortem 
 
 Herd 
 No. 
 
 Test 
 
 Post- 
 mortem 
 
 Herd 
 No. 
 
 Test 
 
 Post- 
 mortem 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 71 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 Lad 
 
 -? 
 
 X 
 
 10 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 72 
 
 -H- 
 
 X 
 
 90 
 
 No test 
 
 X 
 
 12 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 76 
 
 
 X 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 XC 
 
 16 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 77 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 XC 
 
 19 
 
 f 
 
 X 
 
 80 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 13 
 
 + 
 
 ? 
 
 20 
 
 -- 
 
 X 
 
 83 
 
 + 
 
 XC 
 
 21 
 
 -- 
 
 ? 
 
 27 
 
 -- 
 
 X 
 
 84 
 
 
 X 
 
 29 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 28 
 
 -- 
 
 X 
 
 86 
 
 -L 
 
 X 
 
 23 
 
 -- 
 
 ? 
 
 30 
 
 -- 
 
 X 
 
 87 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 17 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 31 
 36 
 
 ++ 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 88 
 92 
 
 
 X 
 . X 
 
 33 
 61 
 
 ?++ 
 
 ?+ 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 95 
 
 -)- 
 
 X 
 
 67 
 
 ++ 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 *4 
 
 X 
 
 97 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 69 
 
 + - 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 129 
 
 
 X 
 
 79 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 J 
 
 X 
 
 1002 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 Heifer 
 
 +- 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 1004 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 it 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 1005 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 Toe 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 f 
 
 X 
 
 1007 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 65 
 
 + 
 
 Not sl't'd. 
 
 47 
 
 ++? 
 
 X 
 
 1008 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 14 
 
 No test 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 1017 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 +++ 
 
 xc 
 
 Bull 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 + 
 
 xc 
 
 Grade 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 Heifer 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 109 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Heifer 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 Grade 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 1027 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 ++ 
 
 xc 
 
 Heifer 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 +++ 
 
 xc 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 122 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 ++ 
 
 X 
 
 15 
 
 ? 
 
 X 
 
 124 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 ++ 
 
 xc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +=a reaction; =test without reaction; X =disease found; ? = ques- 
 tionable; O^nothing 1 found; C = carcass condemned. 
 
 actors not showing; the disease, but when it is considered that a 
 very small center will cause a reaction, and that such a center 
 may be located in almost any part of the body, one can under- 
 stand how evidence of the disease could be readily missed in a 
 hasty and incomplete examination. It is possible that the high 
 temperature in some of these cases was due to other causes. 
 
 The fifteen which did not react were divided as follows : Cow 
 15 and "Lad" failed to react, but were subsequently placed with 
 the diseased animals for nine months and two years respectively, 
 and were not retested. This gave them ample time to become 
 diseased. Cow 90 had not been tested but was dying with the 
 disease when killed. Cow 14 was not tested, and the remaining 
 nine did not react, tho some of them were thrown out on sus- 
 picion. 
 
400 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 TABLE 2. REACTIONS OP ANIMALS WHICH DID NOT SHOW DISEASE WHEN 
 
 SLAUGHTERED 
 
 Herd 
 No. 
 
 17 
 33 
 
 61 
 67 
 
 69 
 Heifer 
 
 Heifer 
 
 122 
 124 
 
 Temperature before injection 
 
 101.2, 100.6, 102.3, 102.0 
 
 (1) 101.4, 101.4, 101.3, 102.0, 101.0 
 
 (2) 101.2, 101.5, 101.1, 101.8, 101.2, 
 100.8 
 
 101.0, 101.5, 101.4, 101.4, 101.0 
 101.8 
 
 (1) 100.8, 101.2, 101,5, 101.8, 102.2 
 
 (2) 101.2, 100.8, 101.2, 102.0, 101.2, 
 100.9 
 
 (1) 102.5, 102.0, 101.8, 102.2, 102.4, 
 102.8 
 
 (2) 101.0, 101.6, 102.3, 102.3, 102.3, 
 103.2 
 
 (1) 101.8, 102.8, 101.0, 101.6, 101.6, 
 101.6, 101.4 
 
 (2) 100.9, 101.9, 101.6, 101.7, 101.6, 
 101.6 
 
 101.6, 101.2, 101.2, 100.2, 102.4 
 101.8 
 
 101.6, 101.4, 100.8, 101.5, 101.6 
 
 102.1, 101.8, 101.2, 102.5, 101.6 
 
 Temperature after injection 
 
 101.4, 103.9, 103.9, 104.2, 103.8, 
 104.0 
 
 (1) 101.4, 101.5, 101.9, 106.0, 105.8, 
 105.6 
 
 (2) 100.8, 101.2, 104.8, 104.6, 104.9 
 
 101.7, 105.3, 104.7, 104.2, 103.7, 
 103.6 
 
 (1) 101.7, 104.6, 105.9, 105.3, 104.0, 
 102.7 
 
 (2) 102.6, 104.8, 106.8, 105.3, 105.2 
 
 (1) 102.2, 104.0, 105.5, 105.0, 104.7, 
 104.0, 103.4 
 
 (2) 102.0, 101.6, 102.4, 102.1, 102.5 
 
 (1) 102.8, 104.4, 104.6, 104.4, 103.0 
 
 (2) 101.6, 102.7, 101.4, 102.2, 102.6 
 
 103.4, 105.0, 105.3, 105.0, 104.6, 
 105.0 
 
 103.4, 104.8, 104.0, 103.1, 102.5, 
 
 101.6, 101.4 
 
 102.8, 101.8, 102.0, 102.4, 102.8, 
 
 100.8, 99.8, 103.0, 104.4, 104.8, 
 
 103.6, 102.8, 102.8 
 
 The temperature of Cow 17 increased less than two degrees. 
 Neither reaction was typical in the case of Cow 33, the tempera- 
 ture rising suddenly and remaining practically constant. Cow 69 
 and one heifer .failed to react at second test, and showed no signs 
 of the disease when slaughtered under federal and state inspection. 
 The other two, Cows 34 and 85, deserve special consideration. 
 
 Cow 34 failed to react when tested in May, 1906. At that 
 time she was not milking and failed to breed ; hence, she was in 
 excellent condition. About a year later she began to go down 
 in flesh and would have died in July had she not been killed. 
 When examined she proved to be the worst case the writer has 
 ever seen ; the abdominal cavity was one mass of tubercles, and 
 other parts of the body were badly diseased. It is probable that 
 she was too far advanced and her system was already too full of 
 the poison at the time tested to react. However, it was entirely 
 
*9*3\ 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 401 
 
 possible for her to have become infected after the test. The writer 
 believes that this cow was responsible for spreading much of the 
 infection revealed by the test made in May, 1908. A large per- 
 centage of the two-year-old heifers which were with her in pasture 
 reacted. 
 
 FIG. 15. Cow 85. 
 
 Cow 85 passed thru three tests without reacting. She was a 
 small cow purchased in northern Illinois, and was a heavy feeder 
 and milker. Up to the time slaughtered, she was in very good 
 flesh and physical condition. The only thing which would indi- 
 cate the disease was a cough. She failed to breed readily and was 
 sold for beef subject to inspection. She was found to be very 
 badly diseased. In general, cows in which the disease is too far 
 advanced for reaction show external symptoms, but the writer 
 does not believe that even an experienced veterinarian would have 
 detected the disease in either Cow 34 or 85 by a physical exami- 
 nation. These two cases emphasize the fact that mature animals 
 in a herd which is badly infected should be looked upon with 
 much suspicion even tho they do not react. 
 
 Cow 68 passed several tests successfully but had a cough for 
 two or three years. Since she was one of the animals in the badly 
 infected herd, it was thought that possibly she also might have the 
 
402 
 
 BULLETIN No. 162 
 
 [January, 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 v> 
 lH 
 
 6 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 
 
 403 
 
404 BULLETIN No. 162 [January, 
 
 disease in the advanced stage. She was not in as good condition 
 or flesh as was Cow 85. She was slaughtered but proved to be 
 free from the disease, the cough being due to some other cause. 
 
 STATE AID 
 
 Tuberculosis is probably on the increase among the dairy cattle 
 of Illinois and the only means we have of checking or reducing 
 it is by means of the tuberculin test and better sanitary conditions. 
 While the test is not infallible, it is the only method we have of 
 detecting the disease before the affected cow becomes dangerous. 
 Because it sometimes fails, it is no more wise to refuse to use it 
 than it would be to refuse to use antitoxin for diphtheria because 
 it sometimes fails to cure. 
 
 The states surrounding Illinois have passed laws to prevent 
 the introduction of tuberculous animals, and other measures are 
 being enacted to assist the dairymen in cleaning up their herds. 
 Illinois has no such laws; consequently this state has become a 
 dumping ground for diseased animals from other states. It is 
 time that the farmers of Illinois see to it that wise legislation is 
 enacted. Tuberculosis and contagious abortion are probably the 
 two greatest problems which dairymen must meet in the future, 
 and they must have aid in dealing with them. The following 
 bill, which was introduced into the State Legislature in 1909, is 
 printed here because the writer believes that it contains the de- 
 sirable features of a wise bill. 
 
 A BILL 
 
 FOR AN ACT TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN THE STATE OF ; 
 ILLINOIS, AND MAKING AN APPROPRIATION THEREFOR. 
 
 SECTION I. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois represented 
 in the General Assembly : That the importation or bringing into the State of 
 Illinois of any cattle for dairy or breeding purposes is hereby prohibited, ex- 
 cepting when such cattle are accompanied by a certificate from an inspector, 
 whose competency and reliability are duly certified to by the authorities charged 
 'with the control of the diseases of domestic animals in the State, territory, dis- 
 trict, province or country from whence such cattle came, certifying that thev 
 have been examined and subjected to the tuberculin test and are free from 
 tuberculosis. Such certificate shall be in such form as may be prescribed by 
 the Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Illinois, and shall include the tuber- 
 culin test record of the animals, and shall be made in triplicate, one of which 
 shall be forwarded by mail to the Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Illi- 
 nois, one to go to the railroad or transportation company to be attached to the 
 bill of lading for such animals, and one to be given to the purchaser. The 
 Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Illinois shall adopt such rules as they 
 may deem necessary for conducting such tuberculin test for the purpose of 
 insuring reliable results therefrom. 
 
 Sec. 2. No shipment of cattle for dairy or breeding purposes from any 
 point outside of this State destined to any point within this State, shall be re- 
 
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 405 
 
 ceived or brought within this State by any railroad, steamboat or transportation 
 company, or by any express company, or by any electric line, doing business 
 in this State, from any person, firm or corporation, or from any connecting - 
 railroad or transportation company, nor shall any such cattle be brought within 
 this State from any point outside of this State by any person, firm or corpora- 
 tion, on the hoof or otherwise, unless the same be accompanied by the certificate 
 provided for in section i of this Act, and unless the regulations restricting such 
 shipments have been fully complied with by the consignor ; and no person, com- 
 pany or corporation shall purchase or receive such animals unless the same be 
 accompanied by such certificate. 
 
 Sec. 3. Any dairy or breeding cattle imported or brought into the State 
 of Illinois in violation of the provisions of sections I or 2 of this Act, or in 
 violation of any regulation adopted by the Board of Live Stock Commissioners 
 as herein provided for, shall be placed in quarantine by said Board of Live 
 Stock Commissioners, and held until tested with tuberculin by and under the 
 direction of said board, at the expense of the owner, shipper or consignee : and 
 all expense connected with such quarantine shall be paid by the owner, shipper 
 or consignee, and together with the costs of conducting the tuberculin test, 
 shall constitute lien on such cattle. Any such cattle that may react to the 
 tuberculin test shall be slaughtered and examined post mortem under State 
 supervision as provided by law ; and no indemnity shall be allowed the owner, 
 shipper or consignee, beyond the net proceeds realized from the sale of the 
 carcass of such reacting animal. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Board of Live Stock Commissioners is hereby authorized and 
 empowered to prohibit or restrict the importation of any domestic animals into 
 the State of Illinois, whenever in their judgment such measures may be neces- 
 sary for the proper protection of the health of the domestic animals of this 
 State. 
 
 Sec. 5. Said board shall have power in like manner to regulate and pro- 
 hibit the running of any cars or boats into this State or within the State, that 
 have been used for the transportation of animals affected with any contagious 
 or infectious disease, or the condition of which may be such as to render them 
 liable to convey the infection, and to compel the proper disinfection of the 
 same. Said board shall also have power to regulate and prohibit the importa- 
 tion into this State or the carrying within this State, of hay, straw, fodder or 
 other commodities, and to regulate and prohibit the importation or carrying 
 of the carcasses, or any part of the carcasses, of any animals including the 
 hides, hoofs, bones and hair through which any live stock in this State may 
 become infected. 
 
 Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale, or to purchase, any cattle 
 for dairy or breeding purposes, known to have reacted to the tuberculin test, or 
 to be affected with tuberculosis, except for purposes of slaughter at a point 
 where adequate inspection exists, or for breeding purposes to go in quarantine 
 under the direction of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners. 
 
 Sec. 7. The Board of Live Stock Commissioners shall prescribe uniform 
 rules for the tuberculin testing of live stock, arid upon request of the o-^'ncr 
 thereof shall cause such test to be made, at the expense of the State. All such 
 cattle so tested which shall react to the tuberculin test shall become at once 
 subject to the charge and control of said Board of Live Stock Commissioners. 
 Thereupon such reacting animals shall be appraised as provided by law, and 
 shall be disposed of by said board in one of the following ways, at the option 
 of the owner to be exercised at that time: 
 
 First the owner may , elect to have such animals separated from non- 
 reacting animals in accordance with what is known as the "Bang System," and 
 retained upon the farm or premises under such quarantine regulations as the 
 board may prescribe ; or 
 
 Second he may take as compensation for such animals a sum equal to 
 three- fourths of the appraised value thereof; or 
 
406 BULLETIN No. 162 [January, 
 
 Third he may agree to receive as compensation for such animals the net 
 proceeds of the slaughter and sale thereof. 
 
 Any slaughter and sale of such animals shall be done and had by the board 
 in the manner provided by law. In any case of appraisement as provided herein, 
 where upon post mortem examination there is found to be no tubercular lesion, 
 then the animal shall be regarded as healthy, and the owner shall receive the 
 full appraised value thereof. If upon application of the test for tuberculosis, 
 there is found to exist open tuberculosis, the said board shall make such further 
 tests of such cattle as it may find necessary or expedient to repress the disease 
 or prevent infection. 
 
 Sec. 8. After any test of a herd has been made by the board and the dis- 
 ease of tuberculosis is found, the said Board of Live Stock Commissioners shall 
 have such supervision over such herd and the premises where they are kept, 
 and may prescribe such rules and regulations in reference thereto, as may be 
 necessary to prevent reinfection of such herd or the spread of disease among 
 them. 
 
 Sec. 9. It shall be unlawful for any corporation, company or person op- 
 erating any creamery or cheese factory, with milk or cream gathered from mis- 
 cellaneous sources, to return to the patrons or offer for sale either skim milk, 
 buttermilk, or whey, until the same is properly pasteurized by heating to eighty 
 degrees Centigrade (176 degrees Fahrenheit), as determined by Storch's color 
 test : Provided, that the Board of Live Stock Commissioners shall have power 
 to release any such creamery or factory from the limitations of this provision 
 when to their knowledge tuberculosis does not exist in the herds contributing 
 to their supply. 
 
 Sec. 10. The Board of Live Stock Commissioners is hereby charged with 
 the enforcement of the provisions of this Act, and is authorized and empowered 
 to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary for such purposes. 
 
 Sec. n. For the purposes of this Act the Board of Live Stock Commis- 
 sioners shall have power and authority to control and restrict the sale and use 
 of tuberculin. 
 
 Sec. 12. Any person who shall use or cause to be used by any other per- 
 son, tuberculin or any other agent upon cattle, by injection or otherwise, for 
 the purpose of preventing a proper reaction when the tuberculin test is made 
 by an intending purchaser or other person, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
 two hundred dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment 
 in the county jail not more than one year nor less than six months, or by both 
 such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Sec. 13. Any railroad, steamboat or transportation company, or any ex- 
 press company or electric line, that shall violate any provision of this Act, or 
 any regulation of the Board of Live Stock Commissioners authorized by this 
 Act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall 
 be fined not less than one thousand dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars 
 for each offense. 
 
 Sec. 14. Any person or persons that shall by himself or themselves, or by 
 his or their servants or employes, move any such prohibited animals on foot, 
 or over any ferry into this State, or shall violate any provision of this Act or 
 any regulation of the Board of Live Stock Commissioners authorized by this 
 Act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall 
 be fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars 
 
/o/j] TUBERCULOSIS IN THE UNIVERSITY DAIRY HERD 407 
 
 for each offense and shall be committed to the county jail until such fine and 
 costs are paid. 
 
 Sec. 15. All fines recovered under the provisions of this Act shall be paid 
 into the county treasurer of the county in which the suit is brought to recover 
 the same, to be used for county purposes, and it shall be the duty of the State's 
 Attorneys in their respective counties to prosecute for all violations of this Act. 
 
 Sec. 16. To carry into effect and to enforce the provisions of this Act, the 
 sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($150,000) annually is hereby 
 appropriated for the years 1909 and 1910, the same to be expended by the Board 
 of Live Stock Commissioners. 
 
 Sec. 17. Inasmuch as the health of the dairy and breeding stock of the 
 State is endangered from contagious disease known as tuberculosis among 
 cattle, an emergency exists requiring this Act to take effect immediately; there- 
 fore this Act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 
 
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN* 
 
 Q.630.7IL6B C001 
 
 BULLETIN. URBANA 
 153-1651912-13 
 
 30112019528428 
 
 
 
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