L 1 B l^ARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N 1 VERSITY 
 
 Of ILLINOIS 
 
 From the Library of 
 Professor Henry F. Wickham 
 
 University of Iowa 
 1 Presented in 1942 
 
 \ E m <o c 
 
 NAT. 
 HIST. 
 
 MAR 2 - 1943 
 
KQ iT ^^ L 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 
 
 The Coleoptera is the order which has usually been first described, and Westwood has 
 followed the common practice in this respect in his Genera of British Insects. This order 
 is thus characterized : 
 
 Anterior wings horny or leathery, concealing the posterior when at rest, placed parallel and 
 joined hy a straight suture. Posterior or inferior wings membranous, longitudinally and transverse- 
 ly folded. Mouth furnished with transverse jaws. Pupa incomplete. 
 
 The insects of this order are denominated beetles : they constitute the most beautiful of 
 the class, and occupy the foremost rank among the tribes. They are grouped as follows by 
 Mr. M'Leay : 
 
 1. GEODEPHAGA : containing those beetles which have setaceous antennae, with the 
 
 outer processes of the masillfe palpiform. 
 
 2. HYDRADEPHAGA. 
 
 In the fii-st division the following families are included, being the old genus Carabus 
 subdivided into 
 
 Cicindelidj:. 
 
 Carabid^. 
 
 Harpalidje. 
 
 scahitid^. 
 
 brachinid.e. 
 
 Gykinid^. 
 dyticid.e. 
 
 GEODEPHAGA : 
 
 HYDRADEPHAGA : 
 
 g The above is regarded as a normal group, and is followed by an aberrant one, character- 
 
 o ized by clavate antennae, or such as become gradually thickened towards the apex, and the 
 
 ^ external lobe of the maxilla losing its palpiform character. This constitutes the Rypophaga 
 
 of Stephens. 
 
 w 
 
 CQ 
 
 "> i M S5332 
 
32 
 
 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 PHILHYDRIDA 
 
 NECROPHAGA 
 
 BRACHELYTRA 
 
 Heteroceeid^I 
 
 Parnid^e. 
 
 Helophoridje. 
 
 HYDROrHILID^. 
 SpH^ERIDIIDiE? 
 
 SCAPHIDIID.'E. 
 SiLPHIDiE. 
 
 NiTIDULIDiE. 
 
 Engid-D. 
 Dermestid^. 
 
 Staph\linid;e. 
 
 Stenid^. 
 
 Omalid^. 
 
 PsELAPHIDJE. 
 
 Tachyporid^. 
 
 Westwood, however, in Ms work ou the British genera, adopts, in preference to the 
 foregoing, the tarsal system, and hence recognizes the following subdivision : 
 
 1. Pektameea : tarsi with five joints ; 
 
 2. Heterobiera : the four anterior tarsi 5-jointed, and the two posterior 4-jointed ; 
 
 3. Pseudotetramera : tarsi 5-jointed, the fourth exceedingly minute ; 
 
 4. PsECTDOTRDiERA : tarsi 4-jointed, the third joint very diminutive and concealed. 
 
 Cicindelidiw 
 
 The family of beetles, which are known under this name, are among the most beautiful of 
 the insect tribes : their colors are brilliant, and their markings add to the beauty and 
 elegance of the colors by contrast. In size they occupy a middle ground : tlie largest 
 scarcely exceed an inch in length, and the smallest are at least one-third of an inch long. 
 Their habits are as interesting as their colors are beautiful : their watchfulness is untiring ; 
 and though their flight is short, it is difficult to capture them. In the nature of their in- 
 stincts they agree with the carnivora among the vertebrate class of animals : they are 
 flesh-eaters ; but in order that they may captm-e and seciu-e the living insect as their prey, 
 they are qualified to give chase either on the wing or on foot, and they make war upon all 
 insects that are not too strong fur them. The cicindelidte hunt upon sandy and arid plains, 
 and seem to delight in the heating rays of the sun ; for in hot days they appear far more 
 numerous, flying and alighting upon the groiuid before us in cb-y paths, and turning their 
 heads watchfully towards us when they rest for a moment. 
 
FAMILY CICINDELID^. 33 
 
 As the cicindelse subsist solely upon other insects, or, in other words, are carnivorous, 
 they cannot be regarded as injurious to the farmer : they are rather beneficial than de- 
 trimental to his interests. Their markings, together with tlieir predacious habits, have 
 given them the name of tiger beetles. It is evident, from the prominence and size of their 
 eyes, that they are well provided with one essential power to enal>le theiii to pursue suc- 
 cessfully the means of subsistence, namely, keenness of vision. So too their jaws or man- 
 dibles are powerful : their legs, however, are long and slender, and are adapted rather for 
 quick movements than for the performance of feats of strength. 
 
 The larvae of the cicindela^ are no less predacious than the perfect animal. They are 
 represented by Westwood and others as having a large head armed with powerful jaws, 
 and capable of burrowing in the earth to the depth of a foot. At the mouth of this burrow 
 they lie in wait for their prey, which they seize and drag to the bottom to devour at their 
 leisure. To aid in ascending and descending these burrows, they are provided with two 
 hooks on the back : some observers, however, suppose these hooks may assist in holding 
 their prey, when bent in a suitable manner ; for, on entering the mouth of the burrow with 
 their prey, they suddenly slide to the bottom. 
 
 These insects, then, in all their stages, are predacious ; and inasmuch as their numbers 
 are less than those of many allied families, and their instincts are such as require a higher 
 development of locomotive apparatus, they may well be regarded as occupying the highest 
 rank in the articulated class. ^ 
 
 The CiciNDELiD,?i ai-e in general easily distinguished : their colors are usually green op 
 gray combined with a brassy or bronzed tint, with wliitish spots for ornament in combina- 
 tion with brindle spots or angulated lines, which give them all a pleasing and indeed an 
 elegant appearance. From their powers of flight, the cicindelse have sometimes received' 
 the name of Eupterinea. 
 
 The family Cicindelid.'e has been divided by Mr. Rabeis into the iollowing groups : 
 
 1. Labrum with three teeth ; thorax contracted behind. 
 
 2. Labrum 1-toothed ; thorax quadrangular, flattened above and dilated bshind. 
 
 3. Labrum one toothed ; thorax nearly cjlindricaL 
 
 1. Labrum provided with, three teeth; thorax contracted behind. 
 
 CICINDELA. 
 
 The genus Cicindela, as defined by Westwood, is diescribed as follows : The males have 
 their anterior tarsi elongated and dilated. Tlie elytra are oblong-ovate and depressed- 
 Thorax subquadrate. Internal maxillary palpi with joints nearly equal in length ; the two 
 basal joints of the labial palpi short, the third is elongate and ciliate, and the fourth 
 clavate and naked. Antenna are inserted into the anterior margin of the eyes. The head 
 
 [ ASRICULTURAI, RepOET VoL. V.] 5 
 
34 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 is broader than the thorax, and the forehead is excavated : the eyes are large and promi- 
 nent ; elytra Hat ; wings two. 
 
 The lai'vse of the cicindelae have nearly the same hal)its as the perfect insect : they 
 construct their habitations in the ground, penetrating it to the depth of eighteen inclies, 
 which labor is performed by means of their mandibles and legs. The hooks upon their 
 backs aid theni efficiently in ascending and descending their burrows : by means of these 
 hooks or appendages, they suspend themselves at the mouths of tlieir holes, and await for 
 their j^rey. 
 
 The larvfe are long, cylindric, soft, whitish grubs, and furnished with six feet. The head 
 and first joint of the body are described as metallic green aljove and brown beneath. The 
 head i§ quite large, armed with two long, sharp, and nearly vertical mandibles. Upon the 
 back there are fleshy tubercles clothed with hairs : each of these tubercles is armed with 
 a recurved horny spine. (See Plate xvii, figs. 9, 10, 11 : copied from Ratzberg, Forst. 
 Insect en.) 
 
 CiciNDELA VULGARIS. ( Plate xvll, fig. 10.) 
 
 Labrum and base of the mandibles yellowish white. Elytra marked with three oblique 
 lines, yellowish white and angulated : these lines are in the form of lunules ; the 
 one past the middle is double. 
 Length of the male f 1, of the female |s of an inch. 
 
 Say in the Tiausac lions of the Ameriiau Philosophical Society, New Series, I, 409; PI. xiii, fig. 1. 
 
 This species appears early in the spring, continuing until about the first of June : It 
 reappears in August, and continues two months, and perhaps longer if the weather is 
 favorable. 
 
 CiciNDELA GENERosA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 2.) 
 
 Color obscurely cup: .^ous above. Elytra bright purplish or subviolaceous ; lateral margin 
 entire ; humersil and terminal luniile broad and white ; intermediate band bent at a 
 right angle, and occupying nearly the centre of the elytron : at its extremity it is 
 widened, and extends nearly to the suture. 
 Length varying but little from § of an inch. 
 
 Head is varied with cupreous and violet : the front is supplied with prostrate ashy hair. 
 Labrum white ; anterior edge furnished with three teeth. Antennse, or their anterior 
 margins, cupreous. Mandibles with about | of the anterior and lateral portions white, 
 the rest black. 
 
 Trunk cupreous, varied with violet ; sides hairy ; thorax quadrate, and somewhat nar- 
 rowed behind. Elytra bright subviolaceous, deeply punctured witli green. Feet and 
 thighs bright green, above brassy. Abdomen greenish blue, hairy ; tail purplish. 
 
FAMILY CICINDEUD.E. 35 
 
 This species, like the vulgaris, has two broods in the year ; the first aj^pearing in May, 
 the second in August. It lives in sandy districts, frequenting the sea-beaches, and is one 
 of our largest species. 
 
 CiCINDELA REPANDIS. 
 
 The markings of tlie repandis resemble those of the vulgaris : the cream or yellowish 
 white of the labrum extends to half of the mandibles, and the insert is smaller ; the 
 lunules are wider and more dilated, the middle one extending to near the suture behind. 
 
 CiCINDELA PUKPUREA. 
 
 Purple. Head, thorax and elytra bordered with green combined with steel-blue and bril- 
 liant green. Thorax margined with brilliant purple ; legs purple. Lunule upon the 
 elytra obsolete. There is a cream-colored dot upon the outer angle of the shoulder, an 
 obsolete lunule liehind the middle, a spot upon the outer and posterior angle, and a 
 bar upon the margin inside of the green edge. 
 
 Length half of an inch. 
 
 Sat, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, II, 55; PI. xiii, fig. 8. 
 
 CiCINDELA PATRUELA (Bj.). 
 
 Bottle-green above, steel-blue and green beneath. Outer angle of the elytra marked with 
 two ovoidal spots, nearly united by narrow and pointed elongations ; middle marked 
 transversely by an oblique bar, posterior by a large round dot, and margin by a line 
 inside of the purple edge. The lunules may be described as broken. 
 It is rather more than half an inch in length, and nearly a quarter of an inch wide. 
 Head is bright green with bluish, naked, and finely granulated ; labrum dingy white ; 
 teeth three, with six marginal punctures. Mandibles have a white spot at base : the 
 four basal joints of the antennae green ; terminal one rufous. 
 Thorax convex, narrowed behind, granulated. Beneath bluish green ; legs green ; tro- 
 chanters purj^le. 
 It has a wide range, according to Gould ; being found in North-Carolina, and in Ver- 
 mont as far north as Biulington. 
 
 CiCINDELA GUTTATA. 
 
 Brilliant steel-blue and green. Labrum light buff rather than cream-color. Outer edge or 
 sui'face of the mandible buff; middle and outer angle of the elytra dotted : posterior 
 margin has a short transverse bar inside of the green edge. 
 Length rather less than half an inch, and i in width. 
 
 Say in Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, PI. xiii, fig. 4.. 
 
^6 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 CiciNDELA ALBiLABRis {White-lipped Cicindela). 
 Labrum white, obsijletely tridentate, rather promineut in the middle. Elytra broadly 
 punctured, with tlu-ee marginal spots and a broken discoidal baud, all white. 
 
 KiKBY ; figured on Plate I in Kicliardson's N. A. Fauna. 
 
 Body underneath green, or golden green clouded with blue ; above, black with a pui'plish 
 tint. Labrum white, prominent, armed in the middle with three short teeth, the lateral 
 ones oljtuse ; above, with an intermediate obtuse longitudinal ridge. Elytra, under a 
 powerful magnifier, covered with innumerable minute granules, and also with nu- 
 merous shallow impressions : a series of larger ones is parallel with the suture ; the 
 angular white discoidal baud reaches neither the suture, nor the lateral margin. 
 There are also three marginal white dots, one humeral, another between it and the 
 band, and one between the latter and the apex. 
 Length of the body, 6 - 6J inches. 
 
 KiRBY remarks, that though this species is common in this country, it is not noticed by 
 Say, who perhaps mistook it for C. syhafica (Linn.), "of which it maybe regarded as the 
 American representative, and witli which it agrees in its prominent upper lip and the 
 shallow impressions and markings of its elytra, as well as in its general color ; but it is 
 smaller, has a white instead of a black upper lip, with an obtuse longitudinal ridge and 
 not an acute one, terminating in tlu-ee almost obtuse short teeth instead of a longer one, 
 and likewise by the want of the silky lustre produced by granulations much more visible." 
 
 3. Labrum with one tooth; thorax nearly cylindrical, sometimes elongated. 
 
 Cicindela hirticollis. 
 
 Insect purplish gray above and brilliant green beneath. Outer anterior angle of the elytra 
 marked with cream-colored spots : there is another just behind the middle lunule, 
 followed by another near the inner margin ; posterior and outer margin marked by a 
 lunule. The lunules and spots less conspicuous than in the vulgaris or repandis. 
 Length rather less than lialf an inch ; female, half an inch. 
 
 Cicindela albohirta. ( Plate xvii, fig. L) 
 
 Insect, head and thorax brassy green ; hairs erect and white ; sides brilliant and cupreous. 
 Elytra subviolaceous. Lunules and margin white, with the intermediate recurvetl band. 
 
 Gould : Cicindel,-<e of Massachusetts, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Yol. i, p. 49; pi. iii, fig. 1. 
 
 ' The head is cupreous varied with blue and green, and densely covered with long hoary 
 ' hairs except behind the eyes j labrum white ; marginal punctures ten ; mandible 
 
FAMILY CICINDELID^. 37 
 
 ' long and dark green ; tips and teeth black, witli a white spot at base ; palpi yel- 
 
 ' lowish white ; terminal joints green. Trunk brilliant cupreous at the sides. Thorax 
 
 ' quadrate, brassy green, hairy. Elytra densely punctured.' 
 
 GocLD, Trans. Bost. 'Sat. Hist. Society. 
 Abdomen greenish blue ; tail pui'ple. 
 
 According to Gould, it is closely allied to the hirticollis, with which it has been con- 
 founded. 
 
 CiCINDELA PUNCTULATA. 
 
 Color obscore cupreous. Elytra purplish green and blue ; beneath varied with blue and 
 purple. An angular cream-colored line runs along the outer and posterior margin of 
 the elytra ; the anterior and outer angle marked with cream-color. 
 According to Gould, it has l^ut a single brood in a season, which appears about the 
 middle of July and remains till September- 
 Common in dry places, paths in fields, etc. 
 
 CiCINDELA DTToiJEciMGUTTATA ( Dejean). ( Plate xvii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Insect bronze above. Elytra with a narrow interrupted lunule, with spots near the suture 
 replacing the termination of the lunule. Head pale and obscurely bronze ; front pu- 
 bescent with cinereous hairs ; labrum white ; mandibles dark green, with a white 
 spot at base ; palpi dark green. Trunk quadrate and rather short ; feet green ; thighs 
 cupreous. Beneath metallic greenish or blue ; sides of the thorax and breast cupreous. 
 It is a common species, and appears early. 
 
 Gould in Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society, PI. iii, fig. 3. 
 
 CiCINDELA nEMOREHOiDALis ( Heutz). (Plate xvU, fig. 5.) 
 
 Hentz, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, III, 254^ pi. ii, fig. 2. 
 
 Harris, New-England Farmer, VII, 91. 
 
 C. heiitzii, Dejeak, Spec, des Coleopteres, V. 1- 
 
 Color bluish black above, or obscurely cupreous. Small humeral lunule entire ; posterior 
 one subentire ; intermediate one sinuate and angular, white. Marginal dot white. 
 Abdomen ferruginous. 
 Length variable, not exceeding half an inch : one of the smallest of the species. 
 
 Head cupreous, with two lines between the eyes ; eyes large and prominent, brown, with 
 fine strige around them ; basal joints of the antennae bronzed green, the others obscure 
 brown ; labrum dingy white, somewhat rounded before, with six marginal punctures 
 bearing hairs ; mandibles short, dark green ; second joint of labials whitish. Thorax 
 quadrate, as long as broad, obsciu'e cupreous ; marginal impressed lines greenish bine ; 
 
3.G 
 
 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 CiciNDELA ALBiLABRis {Wkiie-Hpped Ctciiidda). 
 Labruin white, obsuletely tridentate, rather prominent in the middle. Elytra broadly 
 punctured, with three marginal spots and a l:)roken discoidal band, all white. 
 
 KiRBY : figured on Plate I in Richardson's N. A. Fauna. 
 
 Body underneath green, or golden green clouded with blue ; above, black with a purplish 
 tint. Labrum white, prominent, armed in the middle with three short teeth, the lateral 
 ones ol)tuse ; above, with an intermediate obtuse longitudinal ridge. Elytra, under a 
 powerful magnifier, covered with innumerable mimite granules, and also with nu- 
 merous shallow impressions : a series of larger ones is parallel with the suture ; the 
 angular white discoidal band reaches neither the suture, nor the lateral margin. 
 There are also three marginal white dots, one humeral, another between it and the 
 band, and one between the latter and the apex. 
 Length of the body, 6 - 6J inches. 
 
 KiRBY remarks, that though this species is common in this country, it is not noticed by 
 Say, who perhaps mistook it for C. sylvatica (Linn.), "of which it may be regarded as the 
 American representative, and with which it agrees in its prominent upper lip and the 
 shallow impressions and markings of its elytra, as well as in its general color ; but it is 
 smaller, has a white instead of a black upper lip, with an obtuse longitudinal ridge and 
 not an acute one, terminating in three almost obtuse short teeth instead of a longer one, 
 and likewise by the want of the silky lustre produced by granulations much more visible." 
 
 3. Labruin with one tooth; thorax nearly cylindrical^ sometimes elongated. 
 
 CiCINDELA HIRTICOLLIS. 
 
 Insect purplish gray above and brilliant green beneath. Outer anterior angle of the elytra 
 marked with cream-colored spots : there is another just behind the middle lunule, 
 followed by another near the inner margin ; posterior and outer margin marked by a 
 lunule. The lunules and spots less conspicuous than in the vulgaris or repandis. 
 Length rather less than half an inch ; female, half an inch. 
 
 CiCINDELA ALBOHIRTA. ( Plate XVll, fig. 1.) 
 
 Insect, head and thorax brassy green ; hairs erect and white ; sides brilliant and cupreous. 
 Elytra subviolaceous. Lunules and margin white, with the intermediate recurved band. 
 
 GrouLD : Cicindelsi of Massachusetts, in the Boston Journal of Natural Historj', Vol. i, p. 49; pi. ill, fig. 1. 
 
 ' The head is cupreous varied with blue and green, and densely covered with long hoary 
 ' hairs except behind the eyes ; labrum white ; marginal punctures ten ; mandible 
 
FAMILY CICINDELIDiE. 37 
 
 ' long and dark green ; tips and teeth black, with a white spot at base ; palpi yel- 
 ' lowish white ; terminal joints green. Trunk brilliant cupreous at the sides. Thorax 
 ' quadrate, brassy green, hairy. Elytra densely punctured.' 
 
 GoDLD, Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society. 
 Abdomen greenish blue ; tail purple. 
 
 According to Gould, it is closely allied to the hirticollis, with which it has been con- 
 founded. 
 
 CiCINDELA PUNCTULATA. 
 
 Color obscure cupreous. Elytra purplish green and blue ; beneath varied with blue and 
 purple. An angular cream-colored line runs along the outer and posterior margin of 
 the elytra ; the anterior and outer angle marked with cream-color. 
 According to Gould, it has Ijut a single brood in a season, which appears about the 
 middle of July and remains till September. 
 Common in dry places, paths in fields, etc. 
 
 CiCINDELA Duoi)EciMGUTTATA ( Dejcan). ( Plate xvii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Insect bronze above. Elytra with a narrow interrupted lunule, with spots near the suture 
 replacing the termination of the lunule. Head pale and obscurely bronze ; front pu- 
 bescent with cinereous hairs ; labrum white ; mandibles dark green, with a white 
 spot at base ; palpi dark green. Trunk quadrate and rather short ; feet green ; thighs 
 cupreous. Beneath metallic greenish or blue ; sides of the thorax and breast cupreous. 
 It is a common species, and appears early. 
 
 Gould ia Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society, PI. iii, fig. 3. 
 
 CiCINDELA HJEMORHHoiDALis ( Hentz). ( Plate xvii, fig. 5.) 
 
 Hentz, Trans. Am. PliU. Society, New series, III, 254; pi. ii, fig. 2. 
 
 Harris, New-England Farmer, VII, 91. 
 
 C. hentzii, Dejean, Spec, des Coleopteres, V. 1. 
 
 Color bluish black above, or obscurely cupreous. Small humeral lunule entire ; posterior 
 one subentire ; intermediate one sinuate and angular, white. Marginal dot white. 
 Abdomen ferruginous. 
 Length variable, not exceeding half an inch : one of the smallest of the species. 
 
 Head cupreous, with two lines between the eyes ; eyes large and prominent, brown, with 
 fine striae aromid them ; basal joints of the antennse bronzed green, the others obscure 
 brown ; labrum dingy white, somewhat rounded before, with six marginal punctures 
 bearing hairs ; mandibles short, dark green ; second joint of labials whitish. Thorax 
 quadrate, as long as broad, obscure cupreous ; marginal impressed lines greenish blue ; 
 
38 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 sides hairy. Elytra bluish black or obscure cupreous ; humeral lunule nearly inter- 
 rupted in the middle, and dilated at the extremities ;' intermediate band composed 
 of two imperfect semicircles, or two crescents united at their tips ; legs long, bluish 
 green ; trochanters purple. Head and thorax metallic blue beneath ; breast green ; 
 sides hairy. Gould, Tran,s. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, p. 52-3. 
 
 Discovered by Dr. T. W. Harris on the summit of Blue hill in Milton (Massachusetts), 
 occupying the naked rock and the patches of mosses growing thereon. Its name is derived 
 from the fact, that in tlying, its abdomen spears like a drop of blood suspended to its 
 tail- 
 
 APPENDIX TO CICINDEIA. 
 
 CiciNDELA cAMPESTRis ( Liun.). ( Plate xvii, fig. 6.) 
 
 Above dull green, sometimes richly resplendent with coppery and golden reflections. 
 Elytra very finely shagreened, green,' with from three to six pale spots on each, dis- 
 posed one externally on the shoulder, three on the outer edge of the elytra, one on the 
 tip and one in the disk. Beneath green, wit li rich coppery red hues ; legs bright copper 
 
 glossed with green, especially on the tarsi ; labrum whitish. 
 
 S'TEraENS, p. 11, illustrations, etc. 
 
 This is a common European species, introduced here for the purpose of comparison with 
 ours. 
 
 Caral)id;3e. 
 
 The insects embraced in this natural family, or group, possess several characters in com- 
 mon, by which they are distinguished from the cicindelidse, and from those which are to 
 follow. The distinguishing characters, as given by systematic writers, are as follows : 
 
 ' Anterior tibiee without emargination on the inner side. Head narrower than the thorax ; 
 ' eyes rather prominent ; palpi with the terminal joints often compressed, large, and 
 ' somewhat triangular in shape ; mandibles simple, moderately long and rather thick.' 
 
 This family is divided by Westwcod into five sub-families, each embracing several allied 
 genera. With the intention of giving these sub-families a natural arrangement, Westwood 
 places first upon the list the Rrachinides, which stand near the head of the Geodephaga*; 
 and ends with the BanbidMes, the sub-aquatics, or the sub-family which links the Geo- 
 dephaga with the Hydrodephaga. The order, then, in which the several sub-families stand 
 to each other, is as follows : 
 
FAMILY CARABID^. 39 
 
 1. Anterior tibia notched on the inside. 
 
 1. Brachinides : Bombardiers. Elytra truncated behind. Tarsi of the males seldom dilated at 
 
 the base. 
 
 2. ScAKiTiDEs : Burrorvers. Elytra rounded at the extremity. Abdomen pedunculated. 
 
 3. Harpalides : Blackdocks. Elytra rounded behind. Abdomen sessile. 
 
 II. Anterior tibia without a iwtch near the tip. 
 
 4. Carabides : Dischargers. 
 
 5. Bembidjides : Suhaquaiics. This sub-family is distinguished from the four preceding by its 
 
 palpi being terminated by a minute conical joint, while the same organ in the former is 
 terminated by a joint equally large with the others. 
 
 The habits of these sub-families differ from each other in many respects. The most 
 important fact, however, which should be stated respecting the numerous species belonging 
 to this family, is that they are friendly to the farmer. Many of them live upon refuse mat- 
 ter : some devour those insects that are injurious to the farmer : hence they should not 
 be destroyed ; and not only so, but it seems even possible .to employ some species of them 
 for the very purpose of extirpating injiu-ious insects. To exhibit the mode in which this 
 may be accomplished, I copy the following communication from Prof. Haldeman, which 
 he had translated from the lifth volume of the Revue Zoologique. The facts and remarks 
 are quite important, and should be generally known, and therefore no apology is required 
 for introducing them in this place. 
 
 ' " There is," says M. Boise; iraid, " a numerous family, composed of carnivorous species, 
 most of them robust and very voracious, which may be multiplied with impunity, and 
 without fear, in our gardens. They do not, indeed, feed upon plants, which they are called 
 to protect : on the omtrary, they and their larvfe make great havoc of the herbivorous 
 insects, and at the same time of the limaces and helices," or land-snails, with and without 
 shells ; which, in Em-ope, are destructive to vegetation, but cannot be considered in the 
 light of noxious animals in America. Nevertheless we are occasionally put in possession of 
 the means to destroy them, taken from English horticultui'al works ; just as we are told 
 how to protect ourselves from insects which are not found upon our side of the Atlantic. 
 This is principally owing to the fact that the same vulgar p,ame is applied to distinct objects 
 in Europe and America. 
 
 ' The insects alluded to are the carabidse. " Well, who would believe it," continues the 
 author, " the greater part of the cultivators crush these powerful auxiliaries with a kind 
 of avidity ; whilst the butterfly, which is to give birth to numerous caterpillars, which 
 afterwards devour their plants, is the object of their admiration, and frequently even of 
 their protection. A multitude of noxious insects, after having for several years committed 
 ravages upon our property, disappeared suddenly, without our being made acquainted with 
 
40 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 the cause. In looking more closely into these matters, one might be assured, that in most 
 cases, an enemy of the insect which has disappeared, has produced the happy result. I can 
 furnish some proofs in support of this opinion. 
 
 ' " The thick foliage of a fine avenue of poplars was all at once attacked by an immense 
 quantity of the caterpillars of Bomhyx dispar. I thought of giving them the Culosoma 
 sycophanta for company ; as, like them, it passes its life upon the trees, feeding upon the 
 caterpillars which it meets, and even deposits its eggs in their nest, that its voracious 
 progeny may procure nourishment more easily and in greater abundance. Well ! this insect 
 multiplied itself with a rapidity truly astonishing ; and the caterpillars disappeared, with- 
 out those who were witnesses to the destruction having the least idea of the causes which 
 produced it." The author then gives it as his opinion that the neighborhood of the city of 
 Toulouse is so little ravaged by the Melolontha vulgaris, which is so destructive in other 
 parts of France, because the Carahiis auratus is very common in the fields, meadows and 
 gardens. It is known, he remarks, that the Carabus auratus seizes and devours the Melo- 
 lontha previous to the deposition of its eggs ; and that it is more fond of these, than of any 
 part of the insect. 
 
 ' " One would be much deceived," he continues, " in believing that it is always easy to 
 make an advantageous use of this means of destruction, a profound study of the manners of 
 insects being often indispensable to arrive at the end proposed." Here is an example : "The 
 most robust of our carabi, the Procrustes coriaceus (Linn eus), had served me admirably in 
 the centre of France to destroy the little insects which attack the plants in gardens : here 
 (in the south) this insect does not destroy the same species; and although very common, it 
 is unknown, or hardly every met with. The reason is, that in the centre, the west, and 
 probably the north of France, this procrustes is diurnal, requiring only cool and shady 
 places : with us (in the south, under a warmer climate) it is, on the contrary, essentially 
 nocturnal, and therefore destroys only such insects as are, like itself, nocturnal, or which 
 remain within its reach during the obscurity of night." 
 
 ' " In transporting into my garden twenty of the Carabus auratus, I had thought to 
 destroy the collections of Forficula (no destructive species found in America) which had 
 chosen it for the theatre of their ravages." To his great astonishment, the carabi, which 
 will actually destroy the forficuice, were either found starved to death, or left the place ; 
 and the latter continued their devastations ! The reason given is, that the forficulce are 
 essentially nocturnal, and, during the day, keep themselves hidden in crevices into which 
 the carabi cannot follow them : these latter, too, are only active dm*ing the middle of the 
 day, and in the heat of the sun. But the resources of our persevering entomologist were 
 not yet exhausted ; his next expedient being to introduce a smaller carnivorous insect 
 common in France, the Staphylinus olens, which, he remarks, " filled all the necessary 
 conditions for the destrux5tion of the Jorficula." 
 
FAMILY CARABID.^. 41 
 
 <-" You see, theu, gentlemen," says M. Eoisgiraud, in conclusion, " that it is indispen- 
 sable to study the manners and habits of destructive insects, that their instinct and address 
 may be successfully employed for the destruction of the species able to do us injury. Then 
 in place of barbarously crushing the useful species which have the misfortune to be not 
 always ornamented with the rich colors of the butterfly or the buprestis, we will endeavor 
 to protect them and propagate their race. We will find auxiliaries in them the more 
 valuable, as they increase with our adversaries, and as they alone are able to rival the 
 cunning of these ingenious enemies." ' 
 
 B r a c h i n i d c s. 
 
 The sub-family Brachinides may be knoAvn by the shortness of the wing-covers, which 
 are not sufficiently prolonged to cover the extremity of the abdomen. In addition to this 
 character, the head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The labium is often oval 
 or square, and is occasionally furnislied with two small lateral linear lobes. The penulti- 
 mate joint of the tarsi is bilobed in many of the small species : the anterior tarsi of the 
 males are, very rarely, dilated at the base. Some species are destitute of wings (West- 
 wood) . 
 
 The most curious fact connected Avith the natural history of this sub-family is the 
 means by which they defend themselves against the attack of an enemy. When pursued, 
 they suddenly discharge fi'om behind a highly volatile and elastic fluid, possessing con- 
 siderable pungency : this sudden discharge, which is accompanied with an explosion, 
 both irritates and confuses the pursuer, so that the intended victim has opportunity to 
 escape. From this singular mode of defence, these insects have received the name of 
 bombardiers. The fluid discharged is caustic, and stain > the skin yellowish brown. They 
 live under stones, logs or boards in fields. Several individuals are often found in the 
 spring together, as if their habits were of a social nature. 
 
 Genus BRACHINUS (Weber). 
 
 • Body oval, convex ; thorax narrow ; labrum transverse ; tarsi simj^le ; palpi filiform ; 
 ' claws simple.' Westwoou. 
 
 Brachinus perplexus (Dj.). (Plate xvii, fig.'/.) 
 
 Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra bluish black, fiiintly grooved. 
 
 Brachinus cepiialotes (Dj.). _ (Plate xviii, fig. 4.) 
 
 Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra blue-green, or with a reflexion 
 of green ; the metallic hues stronger than in the perplexus : body also proportionally 
 shorter, and more obtuse behind. Length about three-tenths of an inch. 
 [ AsRicuLTTjaAL Repoet VoL. V.] 6 
 
42 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Brachinl-s conformis. (Plate xviu, fig. 5.) 
 
 Head, thorax and legs brick-red. Elytra blue lustrous, or semi metallic. Abdomen dark 
 brown. Length one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 Brachinus fumans. (Plate xviii, fig. 6.) 
 
 Head, thorax, under and anterior part of the abdomen, and legs brick-red. Elytra pur- 
 plish. Sides of the abdomen lirown. Length about half an inch. 
 Found under stones, rails, etc. in June, July and August. Not uncommon in New- 
 England and New-York. 
 
 Gents CIMINDIS (Latreille). Tarvs (Clairville). 
 ' Body depressed ; thorax cordate truncate ; claws denticulated ; tarsi simple ; labial 
 ' palpi of the males with the basal joint secui'iform' (Westwood). 
 
 CiMiKDis piLosus. ' (Plate xviii, fig. 13.) 
 
 Insect dark brown, pilose ; legs light brown. Head and thorax about two-thirds the length 
 of the abdomen, which is rounded, and nearly covered by the elytra. 
 
 Genus GALERITA (Fab.). Polystichits (Bar.). 
 
 ' Body depressed ; head triangular ; thorax subcordate ; palpi long ; tarsi simple ; meu- 
 ' tum tooth triangular' (Westwood). 
 
 Galerita AMERICANA (L.). (Plate xviii, fig. 1-2.) 
 
 Head elongate, small and black or brownish black ; thorax and legs bright red. Elytra 
 blue-black, submetallic with cupreous reflexions. Length fi'om six- to seven-tenths 
 of an inch. 
 
 Genus LEBIA (Latr.). 
 
 ' Body depressed, broad ; thorax transverse, lobed behind ; penultimate joints of the tarsi 
 ' bilobed' (Westwood). 
 
 Lebia atriventris (Say). (Plate xviii, fig- 2.) 
 
 Head, thorax and legs brick-red ; elytra and abdomen glossy black. The lower and an- 
 terior pai't of the abdomen is of the same color as the thorax, and the upper surface 
 of the tarsi is black. Length one-fourth of an inch. 
 
FAMILY CARABID^. 43 
 
 Lebia smaragdula (Dj.). (Plate xviii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra brilliant metallic blue-green ; lower side glossy black. Length? 
 
 Lebia viridis (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Brilliant green above, glossy black below ; legs black. Length from three- to four-tenths 
 of an inch. 
 L. smaragdula and viridis scarcely differ either in color or size. 
 
 Scaritides. 
 
 The most remarkable peculiarity in this sub-famijy is the wide space between the thorax 
 and abdomen, by which the latter appears pedunculated : the posterior angles of the 
 former are also so rounded, that its form is lunate. The antennae are short, moniliform, 
 and the first joint is the longest ; the head is large ; the tibiffi of the anterior legs are 
 broad and dentated, having the appearance of being palmated. The mandibles ai-e large 
 and powerful, and armed with broad teeth ; labrum short, entire or dentate, sometimes 
 trilobate ; mentum tridentate, with the middle tooth strong ; labial palpi two- and four- 
 jointed. 
 
 The scaritides are carnivorous, and in this respect bear a close resemblance to the allied 
 subfamilies : some living in the ground, upon other insects or their larvse ; and some 
 frequenting the seacoast, burrowing in the sand, and living upon the dead carcases of 
 shrimps. In this State, they burrow in the ground, or live under stones. A large species 
 is found in decaying logs in North-Carolina, some ten or fifteen being frequently found 
 together in one situation. 
 
 Genus SCARITES (Fab.). Texebrio (Linn.). 
 
 ' Oblong, subdepressed ; antennae elbowed ; mandibles with strong teeth internally ; 
 ' external maxillary palpi and terminal joint of the labia nearly cylindiic ; mentum 
 ' trilobate. Antennte with the basal joint suljconic ; thorax Inroad, lunate ; body 
 ' depressed ; anterior tibine strongly palmated, the rest simple' (Stephens). 
 
 ScARiTEs suBTERRANEus (Fab.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 14.) 
 
 Color black ; thorax marked with a fine central line. Thorax and head equal the abdomen 
 
 in length, the latter supported on a short peduncle. Length eight-tenths of an inch. 
 
 The insect J in consequence of its pedunculated abdomen, appears as if bisected. It is a 
 
 liocturiial feeder, and is found quite abundantly in Central New-York. Its singular form 
 
 renders it easy to be distinguished. 
 
44 order coleoptera. 
 
 Genus CLIVINA (Latr.)- 
 ' Labrum quadrate, transverse ; mandibles short, denticulated from the base to the ajex ; 
 ' terminal joint of the labial palpi nearly cylindric ; basal joint of the antenna? stout, 
 ' the second long ; body elongated, subdepressed ; thorax quadrate ; anterior tibiae 
 ' palmated externally and at the tip' (Stephens). 
 
 CLIVI^■A LiNEOLATA (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 11.) 
 
 Color light glossy Ijrown ; thorax rounded behind and narrowed before, marked by three 
 distinct lines ; elytra marked by distinctly punctate lines, of which there are about 
 five to each elytrum. Length two- to three-tenths of a line. 
 Found under stones. 
 
 Genus DYSCHIRIUS (Panzer). 
 
 Body elongated, subcylindric at the tip ; thorax globular or globose ; tibiiB rarely pal- 
 mated. 
 
 Dyschirus globulosus (Say). (Plate xviii, fig. 15.) 
 
 Insect brown, glossy ; thorax globose, smooth j elytra punctated. Length scarcely two- 
 tenths of a line. 
 
 Harpalides. 
 
 The elytra of this sub-family cover the aljdomen ; the extremity is rounded : they are 
 also sessile, and not pedunculated. The anterior tibiae are deeply notched near their tips, 
 and, in the males, the basal joints are dilated. The mentum is emarginate, though it is 
 occasionally entire : the centre of the emargination has generally a spine. The antennae 
 are filiform ; labrum quadrate, rarely bilol^ate, but sometimes emarginate in fi-ont ; man- 
 dibles generally with one or more denticulations ; mentum deeply emarginate anteriorly, 
 the emargination simple or sometimes toothed ; body elongate. 
 
 These insects are not so voracious as those of the succeeding family, the Carabides. 
 The predominant colors are black, while a few of them are adorned with 1irilli;?nt metal- 
 lic hues. Some are apterous, and run remarkably well. Tlie Inrva, like the perfi ct insect, 
 lives beneath stones, and feeds upon other insects or their larvae. They are cylindric and 
 elongate, but slightly flattened or depressed ; and they have twelve rings, which are more 
 or less scaly : the last ring is armed with two small processes. 
 
 The sub-fiimily contains many genera, which, though i-elated to eacli othir, are not 
 readily separable into groups. Stephens divides them into three groups, viz : 
 
FAMILY CARABIDoE. 45 
 
 A. Mentum emarginate, and without a tooth. 
 
 13. Mentum emarginate : emarginatiou furnished with a bifid tooth. 
 
 C. Meutum emarginate, and furnished with a simple tooth. 
 
 Genus AGONUM. Carabis (Liu.). 
 
 • Autei-Ior tarsi with elongated joints ; mentum tooth simple ; thorax rounded ' ( West- 
 wood). 
 
 Agonum octopunctatum. ( Plate xvlii, fig. 8.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, and traversed through the middle by a 
 bronze belt ; greenish bronze below. Elytra marked with four punctures each towards 
 their inner margins. 
 
 Agonum cupripenne. (Plate xviii, fig. 9.) 
 
 Body and thorax brilliant green ; elytra brilliant bronze or green, as the light favors the 
 reflexions. Elytra faintly lined, and punctured upon the marginal line. 
 
 Genus HARP ALUS (Latr.). 
 ' Palpi, external maxillary and labial with the terminal joint fusiform and truncate, and 
 ' of equal length with the preceding, which is clavate ; labrum subquadrate, slightly 
 ' emarginate ; mandibles short ; mentum deeply notched, with an obtuse simple 
 ' lobe in the centre ; antennse with two basal joints, naked ; thorax transverse, sub- 
 ' quadrate. Anterior and intermediate tarsi of the males with three dilated joints ' 
 ( Stephens). 
 
 Harpalus PLEURiTicus (Raf ). ( Plate xix, fig. 16.) 
 
 Chestnut - brown ; sides, both of the elytra and thorax, nearly straight, obtuse behind. 
 Length half an inch. The thorax is smooth, and without punctm-es upon the angles, 
 and the male is darker than the female. 
 
 Harpalits BicoLOR. ( Plate xix, fig. 15.) 
 
 Color dark chestnut-brown. Sides rather cui-ved, and posterior angles of the abdomen and 
 el}'tra rounded. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
 The thorax is marked by a central line, which extends to the posterior margin : pos- 
 teriorly it is indented by two impressions, and sculptured like the faunns. 
 
 Harpalus faunus (Say). (Plate xix, fig. 14.) 
 
 Color reddish brown, nearly uniform. The thorax is Icniger than in the pleuriticus, and 
 
46 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 the bases of the elytra touch the sternum. The head is smaller than in the preceding 
 species. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
 The head is without punctures, except on the posterior and lateral angles, and the 
 tlioracic line does not extend to either margin. Color beneath of a light fawn. 
 
 Harpalus erraticvs. ( Plate xix, fig. 13.) 
 
 Color light brown or rufous, narrow, elongate ; thorax wider in front than posteriorly ; 
 
 elytra slightly truncate, exposing the point of the abdomen. Length six-tenths of 
 
 an inch. 
 
 The male is furnished with strong mandibles, and, in both sexes, the brown elytra are 
 
 darker than the glossy head and thorax. 
 
 Genus PANGUS (Zeigl.). Harpalus (SteiDhens). 
 
 • Palpi with the terminal joint subcylindric : thorax narrowed behind ; angles rounded ; 
 ' antennae rather short' CWestwood). 
 
 Paxgus caligikosus. (Plate X, fig. 7.) 
 
 Color black and rather dull, rather glossy beneath : the thorax has a broad transverse 
 
 elevation. Elytra marked by about eight impunctate lines ; outer border obsciu-ely 
 
 punctate : legs fui'nished with rows of reddish spines and cilia. Length eight-tenths 
 
 of an inch. 
 
 Pangus caligmosus is found sometimes upon the seedbearing tops of tall grass ; but it 
 
 is not apparent whether the vegetable, or an insect inhabitant, was the object of pursuit. 
 
 This insect is about an inch long, robust, broad, of a black color, with a large head and 
 
 quadrate prothorax which is wider than long ; the elytra with eight impressed strifie. 
 
 Genus AMARA (Bn.). 
 
 ' Oblong oval, broad, subdepressed ; head ovate ; thorax as broad as the el} tra ; wings 
 ' two ; mentum-tooth bifid ; last joint of the palpi ovate ; labrum quadrate, slightly 
 ' emarginate ; mandibles short, denticulated at base ; elytra somewhat emarginate at 
 ' the tip. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated joints' (Stephens). 
 
 Amara i.mpuncticollis (Say). (Plate xix, fig. 11.) 
 
 Color black with a strong pm-plish hue, or a cupreous lustre nearly uniform in tint. Length 
 
 about four-tenths of an inch. 
 
 The genus Amara is said to have been observed in Europe eating the seeds of immature 
 
 grain ; but the damage that insects of carnivorous fomilies are likely to do, are trifling in 
 
 comparison to the benefits they confer. 
 
FAMILY CARABID^. 47 
 
 Genus AGONODERUS (Dj.). 
 Head sulxiuadrate ; thorax subquadrate, slightly narrowed behind, elongate : the thorax 
 equals iu width the base of the elytra. 
 
 Agonoderus pallipes. ( Plate xlx, fig. 5.) 
 
 Head black or very dark brown ; thorax, elytra and legs brown : middle of the thorax 
 darker. Inner margins of the elytra darker than the outer and posterior margins. 
 
 G ENus ANISOD ACTTLUS ( D j . ) . Harpalus ( Steph. ) . 
 
 ' First tarsal joint of the male small, the foiu'th largest ; mentiun-tooth obsolete ; thorax 
 ' subquadrate or trapezoid' (Westwood). 
 
 Anisodactylus agricollis. (Plate xix, fig. 9.) 
 
 Color dark brown or black ; thorax about as wide as the base of the elytra ; sides slightly 
 curved. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Anisodactylus rusticus. (Plate xix, fig. 10.) 
 
 Color brown ; the thorax rather wider than the base of the elytra. Length nearly hall' 
 an inch. 
 
 Anisodactylus baltimorius. 
 Head and thorax dark brown ; elytra, legs and antennae much lighter, or light chestuut- 
 color. Length rather less than half an inch. 
 
 Genus CHLCENIUS (Bon.). Carabus (Lin.). 
 
 ' Palpi with the last joint ovate truncate ; mentum-tooth bifid : thorax, iu the centre, 
 ' truncate subcordate, broadest behind or subquadrate' (Westwood). 
 
 Chlcenius emarginatus. (Plate XX, fig. 6.) 
 
 Head black, with green submetallic hues ; thorax bronze, submetallic ; elytra blue-black, 
 
 brilliant : beneath black, punctate, sculptured, but confined mostly to the thorax and 
 
 anterior of the al^domen ; thorax and head above finely pimctate ; legs, palpi and 
 
 feelers light reddish brown. Length half an inch. 
 
48 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Chlcenius nemoralis. (Plate XX, ug. 5.) 
 
 Head and thorax metallic green ; elytra blue-black, rather brilliant ; legs, palpi and an- 
 tennae browu. Length half an inch. 
 This species is rather broader than the foregoing. 
 
 Chlcenius sericeus. (Plate xx, fig- 7.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, glossy black below, punctate ; legs, palpi 
 and antennae brown. Length from six- to seven-tenths of an inch. 
 
 CuLffiNius TOMENTosus. (Plate XX, fig. 2.) 
 
 Head black, dark bj-onze, punctate ; elytra dark, bronzed and faint greenish hue, tonicn- 
 tose. 
 
 Chlcenius lithophilus. (Plate xx, fig. 8.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra green, brilliant black beneath ; legs, palpi and antenufe brown. 
 Length four-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Genus TRECHUS (Clairv.). 
 Mentum transverse, tridentate anteriorly ; central tooth shortest ; head ovate ; thorax 
 cordate truncate ; angles mostly rounded. 
 
 Trechus cinctus. ( Plate xix, fig. 8.) 
 
 Small, shining brown ; head darker ; elytra rather lighter on the outer than the inner 
 margin. Length two-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Trechus conjunctus. (Plate xix, fig. 7.) 
 
 Small, shining In-own ; head black or dark brown. Length rather more than two-tenths 
 of an inch. 
 
 Genus CALATHUS (Bon). Carabus (Lin.). 
 Tarsal claws toothed ; palpi simple and rather long ; labial nearly filifin-m, the terminal 
 joint truncate ; labrum transverse, a little emarginate ; mandibles denticulated at the 
 base ; mentum with a bifid tooth in the centre of the notch ; elytra elliptic ; thorax 
 subquadrate or trapeziform ; head angular. 
 
 Calathus gregarius. ( Plate xviii, fig. 16.) 
 
 Form ovate ; antennre long filiform : head, thorax and elytra of a gk ssy brown color ; 
 margin lighter ; legs brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch. 
 
FAMILY CARABIDjE. 49'' 
 
 Genus ANCHOMENUS (Bon.). Carabus (Fab.). 
 
 ' Mentura-tooth entire ; thorax cordate, posterior angles acute ; elytra oblong, subconvex ; 
 ' head as broad as the thorax ; third joint of the antennae twice as long as the second. 
 ' Elytra rather sinuate at the apex. Anterior tarsi of the males with thi-ee dilated 
 'joints' (West. & Steph.* ). 
 
 Anchomenus EXTENSicoLLis (Staph.). (Plate xviii, fig. 10.) 
 
 Head and thorax green, submetallic ; elytra purplish bronze, submetallic ; legs light 
 brown. Length about foiu'-tenths of an inch. 
 
 DiccELus DiLATATus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 13.) 
 
 Insect large ; thorax nearly as wide as the abdomen. Head black, smooth ; thorax purple, 
 indented 'before and behind. Elytra purple, strongly marked by eight plain lines: 
 one begins in the acute upper and i >uter angle, running rather obliquely, and joins the 
 fifth from the inner margin, the two enclosing one line : outer line next the margin 
 depressed, and imperfectly punctured. Length about eight-tenths of an inch. 
 
 DiccELus ELONGATus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 9.) 
 
 Insect narrowed ; margin of the thorax and elytra nearly upon the same line, black ; head 
 and thorax smooth. Elytra marked with plain lines : line commencing at the outer 
 and anterior angle, rather oblique, and becoming more so at the posterior extremity, 
 where it coalesces with the other lines, and all together terminate in the posterior and 
 inner angle ; the dotted line of the margin obsolete. Length about seven-tenths of 
 an inch. > 
 
 Sph.eroderus stexostomus (Dj.). (Plate xxi, fig. 10.) 
 
 Insect dilated behind, narrowed before ; head smooth, shining black ; thorax smooth, 
 brilliant steel-blue, punctui-ed behind. Elytra dark purplish upon their disks, bordered 
 by rich steel-blue, punctured and lined ; lines interi'upted posteriorly. Glossy black 
 and puuctm-ed laterally beneath. Length from five- to six-tenths of an inch. 
 
 * Mr. Stephens remarks that the Anchomkni's maybe distinguislied from Calhstts bythe elongate form of the 
 thorax, and its not being punctate throughout ; and from Platinus, by its acute simple notch ia the centre of the 
 montum. 
 
 [Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 7 
 
50 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Car a bides 
 
 Constitute the fourth sub-family of the Carabid^. They are distinguished from the other 
 subfamilies by the absence of the notch, which, in the allied species, is situated near the 
 •extremity of the anterior tibite : the only approach made to it, is by the presence of a 
 slight groove in the place of the notch at the extremity of the tibia. The elytra are entire, 
 and cover the extremity of the abdomen : antennae setaceous ; labrum may be simple, 
 bilobate or trilobate; mandibles simple or merely one -toothed, rarely tridentate ; maxillse. 
 ciliated internally, and furnished with a claw at the tip ; labial palpi foiu'-jointed ; men- 
 turn large, broad, and generally produced in the centre ; anterior tarsi greatly dilated in 
 the males. 
 
 This subfamily contains many large showy insects : they are mostly apterous, and their 
 elytra are often elegantly marked with metallic spots, or set off with splendid metallic 
 hues. 
 
 The carabides run fast, and are very carnivorous in their habits : hence they should be 
 preserved, as tliey are friendly to the farmer. Some of them discharge a powerful odor 
 when taken, which is exhaled from a fluid ejected from the abdomen, and remains a long 
 time. 
 
 The Genus Carabus, the typical one of the family, contains, according to Mr. West- 
 wood, notwithstanding the restrictions to which it has been subjected, nearly 200 species. 
 By far the greater number of these species are confined to northern climes. 
 
 Genus CTCHRUS (Fab.). Tenebrio (Lin.). 
 
 Head long and narrow ; palpi with the last joint large and spoonshaped ; labrum strongly 
 bilobate ; mandibles bidentate at the tip ; antennae setaceous ; mentum quadrate, 
 toothless ; thorax truncate ; wings none. 
 
 Cychrus viduus (Dj.). (Plate xxi, fig. 14.) 
 
 Insect large, dilated behind and narrowed before : head and thorax bluish pm-ple, sculp- 
 tured on the borders. Elytra purple, marked by about fifteen strong dotted lines each, 
 which are somewhat interrupted behind and partially broken, giving them an ap- 
 proach to a zigzag form ; beneath, purplish, inclining to brown or cupreous. Length 
 from one to one and a quarter inches. 
 This insect may be known by its remarkable elongation of the head and thorax, and its 
 
 dilated elytra and abdomen, the former of which are reflected over the latter. 
 
FAMILY CARABIDjE. 51 
 
 Genus CARABUS. 
 
 Labrum bilobate ; mandibles furnished with a tooth in the middle ; mentum-tooth entii'e ; 
 thorax subcordate, emarginate behind ; palpi with the hist joint securiform ; antennae 
 linear, second joint shortest, third cylindi'ic ; wings rudimentary or none. Anterior 
 tarsi of males dilated. 
 
 Cahabus vinctus (Weber) ; C. interruptus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 11.) 
 
 Head and thorax smooth, blue-black. Elytra black, faintly bronzed, and marked with 
 
 punctiu-ed lines : the three interrupted lines are sharply elevated, and the metallic 
 
 points are reflected from these interruptions. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Carabus serratus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 12.) 
 
 Color black, with blue and purplish hues which are reflected from the margins of the 
 elytra and thorax : head and thorax plain and glossy black ; margins of the thorax 
 elevated and punctured. Elj^ra thickly punctured in about twelve rows : if taken in 
 threes, there are three rows of ovoidal parallel impressions without punctures. Length 
 seven- to eight-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Carabus limbatus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 16.) 
 
 Color black : head and thorax smooth and glossy black. Elytra pm-plish Ijlack, bordered 
 
 with blue and purplish hues, and marked by seventeen or eighteen punctured lines : 
 
 three of these lines are broken by stellate or cruciform markings. Length nine-tenths 
 
 of an inch. 
 
 Genus CILOSOMA (Web.). Carabus (Lin.). 
 Labrum bilobed ; thorax transverse, shorter than wide ; abdomen subquadi'ate, wider 
 behind than liefore ; wings large ; palpi with the last joint ovate, truncate ; labiimi 
 short broad, the upper margin setose acuminated ; mentum sublinear, rounded late- 
 rally, unidentate in the middle. Antenna, second joint shortest ; third longest, com- 
 pressed. 
 
 Calosoma scrutator. ( Plate X, fig. 8.) 
 
 Head blue-black : thorax blue-black, surrounded with golden green. Elytra green with 
 purplish reflexion and bordered with cupreous, marked with punctured lines : the 
 ridges l:)etween are transv'ersely marked with niunerous lines ; each elytrum is also 
 ornamented with three rows of distant green dots, which are not very conspicuous. 
 The whole body beneath is green, with steel-blue reflections : legs steel-blue, and the 
 thighs are punctured with fuur or five rows of dots ; tarsi and tibiee dusky. Length 
 exceeds an inch : about 1^ inches. 
 
52 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Calosoma calidum. (Plate xxi, fig. 15.) 
 
 Head and thorax black, finely punctured. Elytra ornamented by three rows of metallic 
 spots placed upon thick lines, crossed by obscure punctures. Length nine-tenths of 
 an inch. 
 Both species of Calosoma are abundant in the United States ; both feed upon other in- 
 sects, and are useful by diminishing the number of insects injurious to the farmer. They 
 are furnished with wings, are found upon trees, and feed upon the larvae of lepidopterous 
 insects : their larvse also have the habits of the perfect insect. 
 
 Genus NOTIOPHILUS (Dun.). Elaphrus (Fabr.). 
 
 Head as broad as the thorax ; eyes large ; thorax quadrate, flattened ; labrum large, 
 rounded ; palpi robust. 
 
 NoTiopiiiLus poRRECTus. ( Plate XX, fig. 13.) 
 
 Insect brown, with a uniform bronze hue. Length from two to three lines. 
 
 This insect is wider in front than posteriorly : the great size of the eyes makes the head 
 as prominent as the thorax. 
 
 Gexus ELAPHRUS ( Fabr.). Cicindeia (Liu.). 
 
 ' Antennae short ; eyes very prominent ; thorax convex ; labrum slightly trilobed ; palpi 
 ' slender' (Westwood). 
 
 Elaphrus ruscarius (Lin.). (Plate xx, fig. 1.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra bronze tinted with green, and singularly marked by dark round 
 spots encircled with green, which give the insect a tuberculate appearance ; beneath 
 green and metallic. 
 The insect's body is short, but it has the general appearance of a Cicindela. 
 
 Omophron LABiATiiM (Fab.). (Plate XX, figs. 11, 12.) 
 
 Head with a deeply notched patch of green at the base, and partially surrounding the 
 
 eyes : thorax black, with green metallic hues bordered with light brown. Elytra 
 
 variegated with black-green metallic hues, and bordered with light brown, traversed 
 
 with many punctate lines ; beneath brown. 
 
 Vai'. tessellatus, Say (fig, 12). Obscurely banded; the elytra traversed on their inner 
 margins with black : the brown is more conspicuous, and occupies a larger portion 
 of the elytra. 
 l.ength about one-fourth of an inch. 
 
FAMILY CARABID.E. 53 
 
 BeiubidiideKo 
 
 The maxillary and labial palpi in this subfamily are terminated by a vei-y minute joint. 
 The anterior tibise are always notched on their insides, near their tips. The insects are 
 small, and run with considerable speed ; they ar« adorned with metallic colors. They 
 live under stones in damp places, or in crevices in the ground ; and they are carnivorous, 
 feeding upon the larvae of other insects, and also u,pon dead animal matter. 
 
 Genus BEMBIDIUM (Tlliger). Cicindela (Lin.). 
 Thorax truncate cordate ; elytra tuliercled ; eyes very prominent. 
 
 Bembidium sicillare. (Plate XX, fig. 3.) 
 
 Head, eyes, thorax and elytra above metallic gray, bronzed with a faint purjilish in some 
 lights ; beneath, brilliant green : legs darker above. Length rather more than one- 
 fourth of an inch. 
 Sometimes very abundant on the leaves of water plants. 
 
 Bembidium honestum. ( Plate xx, fig. 4.) 
 
 Head and elytra gray bronze, duller than the preceding ; thorax blue-black ; beneath, 
 black with a greenish hue. Length about a quarter of an inch. 
 
 Bembidium inequale ( Say). 
 Eyes very large ; head, thorax and abdomen gray, metallic and bronze, uniform. 
 
 Bembidium inornatum. (Plate xx, fig. 9) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra brown. Length about one-tenth of an inch. 
 
 Bembidium tripunctatum. ( Plate xx, fig. 10.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra brown ; metallic hues absent. Length one-tenth of an inch. 
 
 Bembidium varieoatum. (Plate xx, fig. 14.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra metallic green above, when seen in some directions ; below, 
 • black and brownish : legs brown. The elytra are variegated wi(h paler patches of 
 brown, and they appear of a glossy brown when seen by direct light. Length two- 
 tenths of an inch. 
 
54 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 HYDRAMPHAGA. 
 
 The insects included in this section reside in water, and hence their legs are transformed' 
 into organs suitable for moving in this element. In addition to the transformation of the 
 legs into swimming organs, the body undergoes a change of form, becoming oval or boat- 
 shaped : in iine they are thoroughly fitted for the element in which they are to move, 
 being endowed with the means of pursuing their prey, and furnished with all the con- 
 veniences which their congeners upon the land possess. Although they subsist in water, 
 yet they are not provided in their perfect state for obtaining a supply of air from the 
 element in which they move : tliey are air-consumers, and are obliged to rise occasionally 
 to the surface to obtain a supply of air for respiration.. 
 
 The Hydradephaga are predacious beetles ; and although it is not important to the 
 farmer to know them in an economical point of view, still some of the larger kinds prey 
 upon the ova of fish, and even upon their young; and in this respect, they are not entirely 
 destitute of interest to the owners of fish-ponds. Regarded as animals which live by the 
 chase, they are truly more greedy and gluttonous than the predacious land beetles : they 
 are pre-eminently voracious and destructive. Their larvse, of course, are aquatic ; and 
 they too feed voraciously upon other aquatic insects. The perfect animal, though fitted for 
 the water, is not confined to it : it may take wing at evening, and enter dwellings, like 
 moths, being allured by the dazzling light of lamps near a window. They obtain air by 
 resting upon the surface, and raising their elytra : this brings the air more immediately 
 into contact with the spiracles of the insect. 
 
 Stephens divides the Hydkadephaga into two families, viz : 
 
 . ( loug, setaceous : embracing the Dyticid:« ; 
 
 ( short, clavate : embracing the Gyeinid^. 
 
 1. The Dyticid^ are furnished with rather long setaceous antennae ; their bodies are 
 oval, being rounded anteriorly and posteriorly ; their thorax is short and transverse, and 
 their legs are formed for swimming : the posterior ones, however, are especially adapted 
 to this end, by their great length, and by being fiu-nished with two rows of dense cilia 
 arranged along the edges, with the view of increasing the width of the oar ; the tarsi are 
 also flat in the males, and the anterior ones are more dilated than in the females. The 
 mandibles of the larva are much bent, and are pierced for the purpose of extracting the 
 juices from the animals upon which they subsist. Their respiratory organs are situated 
 behind, and consist of two segments fringed with hairs and terminating in two conical 
 appendages, between which are two cylindric perforated tubes : these communicate with 
 the respiratory organs. The larva, as well as the imago, is obliged to rise to the surface to 
 obtain a supply of air. 
 
FAMILY DYTICID.E. 55 
 
 2. The Gyrinidje are provided with short clavate antennse : body oval and convex, as 
 in the Dyticidje, but more glossy. The legs are unequal in this family : the anterior ones 
 are long, and the four posterior are short, compressed, and formed for swimming. The 
 larvae differ also from those of the DvTiciDiE, by having on each side of the fourth and 
 seven following segments a membranous conical appendage, which is flexible and bearded 
 at the sides : these appendages are subordinate to the respiratory organs, with which they 
 communicate by a small tube- 
 
 Dyticidae. 
 
 Baiipides. 
 
 Antennje ten-jointed ; posterior coxse dilated into a large shield, covering the base of the 
 legs. 
 
 Genus HALIPLUS (Clairv.). Cnemidotus (111.). 
 Maxillary palpi with the last joint very minute and subulate. 
 
 Haliplus 12-punctatus. (Plate xx, fig. 15.) 
 
 Head, thorax and elytra bufl-colored. Elytra with twelve black spots, some of which are 
 confluent ; inner margin and anal extremely black ; thorax with a lunate black or 
 brown spot on its anterior margin ; eyes black. 
 
 Haliplits immaculaticollis. (Plate XX, fig. 16.) 
 
 Insect buff-color : elytra with ten black spots, the central comparatively large, and com- 
 mon to both elytra ; thorax brown, unmaculate. 
 
 Genus DYTICUS. Dytiscus (Linn.) 
 
 '■ Anterior male tarsi patellated ; claws dldactyle ; maxillary palpi with the second and 
 third joints equal ' ( Westwood). 
 
 Dyticus HARRisiL ( Plate V, fig. 10.) 
 
 Color black softened into olive ; front or forehead luteous ; lateral margins of the thorax 
 
 luteous : upon the latter it diminishes posteriorly, and extends to the under side of 
 
 the same ; beneath, the thorax and first pair of legs are luteous : posterior legs long, 
 
 and furnished with two dense rows of brown cilia. Length one inch. 
 
 This species is rather common in small ponds of water, where the bottom is clear and 
 
 sandy : a locality where it may always be found, is at the head springs which supply the 
 
 city of Albany with water. 
 
56 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Parnides. 
 
 This subfamily is composed of insects which frequent water : their tibise are unarmed 
 and narrow, and their legs are formed for walking. They have an oval l^ody, more or less 
 convex, and the posterior part of the thorax is as wide as the abdomen or base of the elytra. 
 The antennee are short ; mandibles robust and notched at the tip, with their inner surface 
 ciliated. As they frequent the water, their entire surface, as in Paunus, is covered with 
 cilia to retain air ; or, as in Elmis, in part ciliated, for the same object. This arrangement 
 gives them oxygen when immersed in water. 
 
 Tlie two genera Parnus and Elmis are regarded as belonging to two subfamilies ; but 
 being closely related, it is sufficient for our purpose to place them in juxtaposition. 
 
 Parnis fastigiatus. (Plate xxiii, fig. 7.) 
 
 Body oval convex ; head retracted : color a drab brown ; thorax and elytra covered with 
 a coat of fine appressed hair ; legs reddish on their outer sides. 
 
 Elmis crenatisI (Plate xxiii, fig. 9.) 
 
 Body convex, angulated, punctate, acute behind ; thorax and el3'tra marked with four 
 black dots, and a faint reddish stripe upon each ; legs reddish. 
 
 Slip hides. 
 
 The wide depressed or tiat form of body is a reliable characteristic of a part of this group. 
 They are always present in putrescent animal matter : wherever a carcase of an animal is 
 decaying, or even a bone not perfectly bleached, there we find numbers of the silphides. 
 The Necrophorus, however, is much less depressed or flattened than the genus Silpha^ 
 and seems at first sight to constitute a distinct group by itself. The latter are sometimes ' 
 called sexton beetles^ from their habit of burying all the small dead animals which they 
 meet with. In this labor, they exhibit a great amount of industry and perseverance, as well 
 as a high grade of instinct in seemingly devising means to accomplish an end. 
 
 The anatomical characters of these beetles, as given by Westwood and others, are : 
 Antennse thickened at the tips ; palpi filiform and slender ; labrum transverse and 
 emarginate ; maxillte bilobed, the inner armed with a hook ; mandibles strong and exsert, 
 especially in Necrophorus ; thorax orbicular or semicircular, forming a kind of shield for 
 the head ; tarsi five-jointed, the fourlh nearly equalling the others. 
 
 Genus NECROPHORUS (Fab., Leach, Oliv.). 
 
 ' Body oblong ; elytra tnmcate ; club of the antennse large, round, four-jointed, perfoliate ; 
 *■ maxillte unarmed ' ( Westwood) , 
 
FAMILY DYTICID^. 57 
 
 Necrophorus AMERICANOS (OJ.). ( Plate xxu, fig. 8.) 
 
 Head, thorax and el3-tra l:)lack, shining ; forehead marked with a cordate yellowish brown 
 spot ; thorax brown, except a black dentate border : elytra marked with foiu- ir- 
 regular yellowish brown spots, the anterior prolonged upon the anterior margin ; 
 margin grooved, and of the same color as the spots : clul) of the antennae yellowish 
 brown, black beneath : anterior tarsi ciliate ; cilia 3fllowish brown. 
 This large conspicuous beetle presents certain variations of color and marking, which 
 indicate a diiierence either in sex or species. The yellowish brown spots described above 
 are much darker in some individuals, while the forehead mark is rounded behind, square 
 in front, and behind and between the eyes there is a rufous spot which does not exist in 
 all. The thorax is curiously indented upon its border. Length 1 J inch. 
 
 Necrophohus tomentosus ( Wb.).' ( Plate x, fig. 2.) 
 
 Black : elytra crossed by tw(j rufous bands, black beneath ; th' jrax and sides pilose ; club 
 of the antennfe black. Length about three-fourths of an inch. 
 This species is quite hairy, especiall)' upon the thoracic plate : hairs greenish. 
 Common in July in New-England and New- York. 
 
 Necrophorus pygmecs (Rich.)- ( Plate xxii, fig. 5.) 
 
 Black : elytra marked with four angular bright red spots. Length rather more than half 
 an inch. 
 The Necrophaga perform the part cf scavengers in destroying and Imrying carrion, JV, 
 tommtosus takes its trivial name from the yellow hair upon the prothorax. The family 
 Dermistid;e is also destructive to animal matter : tliey deposit their eggs in it ; and when 
 they arc hatched, they feed upon it ; but the dermestes attack and devour any animal 
 food, whether in a state of decay or not. It is supposed that the perfect animal, however, 
 prefers flowers to meat, though we always find it busy in the latter. 
 
 Genus SILPHA (Linn.). 
 
 - Broadly oval, slightly convex ; antennae gradually thickened, «lub foiir-jointed ; thorax 
 '■ often truncate anteriorly ' ( Westwood). 
 
 SiLPHA cAUDATA (Say). ( Plate xxii, figs. 3, 7 ) 
 
 Black. Elytra subquadrate, papillated ; papillae in about four rows, placed between sharp 
 ridges ; inner and posterior angle slightly prolonged ; outer angle rounded : thorax 
 tomentose. Length half an inch. 
 
 SiLPHA iNEQUALis. ( Plate xxll, fig. 6.) 
 
 Insect depressed, black : elytra finely punctiu'ed, and traversed by three or four sharp 
 slightly raised ridges. Length half an inch, 
 f Agkicultural Report — Vol. v.] 8 
 
58 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 SiLPHA NovEBORACENsis. ( Plate xxu, fig. 9.) 
 
 Body depressed : el}"tra riifous ; outer margin of the thorax light and rather bright rod, 
 black beneath. 
 
 SiLPHA AMERICANA. ( Plate XX, fig. 3.) 
 
 Depressed, black : thorax yellow, Avith a subquadrangular black spot in the centre ; elytra 
 knobby, black or broAvnish black tipped with yellowish ; outer angles truncate, or 
 rounded from the middle, and slightly notched at their inner and posterior angles, 
 forming a notch when at rest ; they are marked by four rather irregular ridges. 
 
 Genus NECRODES ( Wilkin). Silpha ( Linn.). 
 
 ' Body oblong ; elytra truncate ; club of the antennfe gradually thickened ; maxillae 
 ' without a claw' ( Westwood). 
 
 Necrodes surinamensis. ( Plate xx, fig. 4.) 
 
 Depressed, black : thorax smooth and shining ; elytra marked posteriorly with a short 
 rufous baud, and traversed by three strongly marked sharp ridges, black beneath. 
 
 Nitidiilidse. 
 
 This family has the habits in part of the silphidse, as some of them are found in putrid 
 animal matter, ot feeding upon mushrooms ; others, however, frequent flowers. They are 
 oval, broad, and much depressed ; and thej' have filiform antennse, terminating in a short 
 club of two or three joints. The thorax is transverse and emarginate : in some, the elytra 
 are short, leaving the abdomen exposed. They are small insects. 
 
 Genus NITIDULA. 
 
 ' Body oval, subdepressed ; thorax margined ; tibia compressed ; fourth tarsal joint bi- 
 ' lobed ; third joint of antenna longer than the fourth ' (Westwood). 
 
 NiTiDULA bipustulata. ( Plate xviii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Color of the body and thorax dull brown : central part of the elytra marked by a patch 
 of lighter brown ; margin light brown. Length about two-tenths of an inch. 
 
FAMILY ENGID.E. 59 
 
 Eiigidtie. 
 
 The insects of this family are allied to the Nitidclidte and Dermestida; : I'rom the former, 
 they differ by their elongate form and simple tarsi ; and from the latter, by their highly 
 . polished bodies, and more developed form of their mandildes ( Westwood). 
 
 The ExGiD.'E subsist upon wood in a state of decay, or upun fungi, in some species of 
 which many individuals may be found. I jirocured a large number of individuals belonging 
 to this family, in the gelatinous sap which was slowly oozing from a wound in the trunk 
 of a yellow birch : they are also found under the barkof trees, and never feed upon living 
 or dead animal matters. 
 
 The anatomical characters, as given for the Engid,?; proper, are : Antennje short, cla- 
 vate, ten- or eleven-jointed ; maxillary palpi equalling the lobes of the maxillie ; labium 
 advanced in front of the mentum ; laliriun transverse ; mandibles bifid at the tip ; tarsi 
 in some four-jointed, in others five. 
 
 Genus ENGIS (Latr.). 
 
 * Body long ovate, subconvex ; tarsi five-jointed, the Iburth joint short ; maxillse bilobed ; 
 ' club of the antenna; short, broiid, flattened, thr«e-jointed ' (Westwood). 
 
 Engis fasciata. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 2.) 
 
 Thorax black : elytra brick-red, traversed by a broad black belt ; posterior extremity 
 black ; inner angles of the elytra black, terminating in a partial crossbar. The pro- 
 portion of black and red upon the elytra is nearly equal. 
 These insects iidialjit fungi, or decaying wood under the l^ark of trees : they are not, 
 however, specially injurious to trees. 
 
 Genus IPS ( Herbst). 
 
 The body is oblong and subdepressed ; tibia broad and serrated ; tarsi five-jointed ; lobe 
 of the maxilla broad. 
 
 Ips fasciatus. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 4.) 
 
 Body oblong, subdepressed ; thorax and head black ; elytra black, with two yellow an- 
 gular spots upon each ; legs short ; tibia broad, subserrated ; tarsi pilose. Length 
 two-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Ips sanguinolenta. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Head and thorax black : elytra yellow, with a single round black spot near the middk ; 
 terminal extremity black ; outer and anterior angles black. Insect shining. 
 
60 ORDER COLEOPTERA, 
 
 Ips QiADRisiGNATA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 6.) 
 
 Head and thorax black : elytra black, with two yellow spots on each elytrum, shining ; 
 the jiosterior spot is somewhat oval ; upper and onter angles black. 
 
 Ips bipustulatus. (Plate xxiii, fig. 8.) 
 
 Color brown, dull : elytra marked with two large yellow dots. Length about two and a 
 half lines. 
 
 Cacujidos. 
 
 Genus CUCUJUS. Golydium ( Herbst J. 
 Antenme short, monilifornr or clavate ; basal joint short. 
 
 Crcujus cLAviPEs. ■ (Plate xxii, fig. 2.) 
 
 Depressed, flat or compressed : color uniform, inclining to brick-red ; abdomen below 
 dark, and nearly black upon the margins. Length about half an inch. 
 
 Bermestes lardaruis. (Plate xxii, fig. 5.) 
 
 Body oval, subconvex, black, with a gray bar i)assing across the anterior part of the eljtra, 
 in wliich are three dots on each elytrum. 
 
 The genus Dermestes is named from denaa. a skin, with which the larvae make great 
 ravages, eating the surface so as to cause the hair to fall off. The Dermestes lardarius com- 
 mits its depredations in houses, usually in furs, meat, pork, bacon (whence it is sometimes 
 called bacon bug)y collections of insects, etc. when stored away without protection. It is 
 about one-fourth of an inch long, nearly black ; the base of the elytra ash-color, with 
 three small black spots. 
 
 This species is active in attacking all animal collections of natm-al history : from this 
 depredator, they are best protected by arsenic. Articles of domestic consumption should 
 be preserved by preventative measures,, such as enclosing hams in canvass and white- 
 washing them. 
 
 The Dermestes vulpinus is distinguished from the lardarius, by having the elytra entirely 
 black, and the under sides and under parts covered with white scales. It is very destruc- 
 tive to hides, in which it is imported. In France, it has been observed to perforate walls 
 built of stone soft enough to be broken by the nail. It is found in America, Europe and 
 Asia. 
 
 There are several other insects which are destructive to skins, and to anatomical and 
 natural history collections : one of them is the Anthrenus rmiseorrmi {Byrr. museorvm, 
 Linn.). It is not a native of this country : it is, however, replaced hy the A. destructor, 
 
FAMILY STAPHYLINID^. 61 
 
 Melsh., which is a short oval insect about one-eighth of an inch in length, of a fuscous color, 
 and marked by several waved whitish fascise. The larva of another small and much nar- 
 rower insect, Dermophagus ^ar*a/e of Melsheimer, is also very destructive to entomological 
 collections. 
 
 Stapliyliui(la\ 
 
 The characteristics of the insects belonging to this family are, their long, narrow, and 
 depressed fmn; the shortness of their elytra, and hence the great exj osure of the ab- 
 dominal segments. Tlieir true wings are closely folded beneath ihe curtailed elytra, al- 
 though they are large when expanded. Their heads too are remarkably large ; and when 
 set out b}' their projecting mandibles, it is no easy matter to persuade oneself tliat it is 
 safe to catch them. Their antennae are not very conspicuous, but are somelimts enlarged 
 towards the exfreralty. The thorax is strong, and as wide as the first segment of the ab- 
 domen. From tlie shortness of the wing-covers, the abdomen is equally hard al)ove as 
 beneath, and is not confined by them : it therefore admits of free motion, and is employed 
 as an instrument to a?sist in f )lding and unfolding the wings. When the insect is captured, 
 a curious organ protrudes fiora tlie extremity of the abdomen, consisting of two vesicles,- 
 which are extruded at the will of the insect, and from whicli it is not uncommon to per- 
 ceive that a jieculiar vapor escapes that is by no means pleasant. 
 
 Westv.ood regards this family equal in rank to the CARAEiDiE, and susceptible of sub- 
 divisions of tlie same value : the name Beachyelytra has been generally employed in 
 denoting it. 
 
 Genus STAPHYLINUS (Linn.). 
 
 ' Body nearly glabrous ; antennse subfiliform, with the fourth and tenth joints subequal ; 
 'thorax subquadrate' (West wood). 
 
 Staphvlinls villosus. 
 Head and thorax black and glossy : back, sides, and abdomen beneath villose, or covered 
 with a dense coat of hair ; abdomen banded with greenish buff. Length six-tenths 
 of an inch. 
 
 Staphylinis cvanipenms. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 6.) 
 
 Head and thorax black and glossy ; elytra steel-blue ; abdomen hairy and black. 
 
 Staphylinis chrysurvs. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 3.) 
 
 Above an olive brown, clothed with short yellow hair ; sides and extremity of the abdo- 
 men golden yellow ; thighs black, except at their tips, and a dorsal line. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 OEDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 
 
 PENTAMERA. 
 
 DisTiNoaisHED entomologists have made two grand divisions of the pentainerous insects. 
 .Some of the femilies of tlie first division have been noticed : the second is e(^ual]y im- 
 portant with the first, and admits of subdivision into natural groups or families ; but there 
 is some diversity of opinion where the lines bounding these families shall be drawn, and 
 also respecting the best terms for designating them. 
 
 A plain and comprehensive subdivision into groups has been made by Stephens : 1 , 
 the Clavicxjrnes, which are chai'acterizcd by the antennae terminating in a solid ball, or 
 a perforated one ; 2, the Lamellicornes, with the antennae terminating in a leafy or 
 lamellated ma-^s ; and, 3, the Serricornes, having the antennae constructed so that their 
 whole length is toothed somewhat like a saw. The Clavicohxes are divided into two 
 families : the first contains those insects which resemble the Linnean Genus Byrrhus, 
 having straight claviform antennae, and called the Family Byrrhid^, Leach. The second 
 family have als" claviform antennae, but each with a distinct elbow or angle. 
 
 The Byrrhid.e are small beetles with short oval convex bodies, and generally pilose or 
 hairy : the elytra cover the body, and the legs can be folded up ; when alarmed, it folds 
 them together under its body, and then remains motionless, appearing like a seed, until 
 the danger is past. In this tiimily the antennae become gradually clavate, and the club is 
 not solid. 
 
 The second family of clavicornes takes its name from the Geims Hister : hence the 
 family name Histerid.'e, Leach. In these, the antennae, instead of being straight, have a 
 sudden or short angle in them, or are said to be elbowed. They are small insects, hard and 
 shining or highly polished, and usually black : their forms are somewhat square, but still 
 possess considerable convexity ; their legs are more or less dentate, and the two hind ones 
 are set widely apart ; the elytra are short, and hence leave a portion of the abdomen 
 exposed. Their elbowed antennae, their polished surface and short elytra, clearly distin- 
 guish them from the byrrhida^. 
 
GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 63 
 
 The Lamellicornes received their name from the structure of their antennse ; the 
 extremity being a laminated knob, composed of three or more leaflike lamina, which open 
 and sliut somewhat like tlie leaves of a book. The first division of this group consists of 
 the ScARABiDEs, tlic flrst section of which are named Coprojyhagi^ from the kind of food on 
 which they subsist : they feed upon and live in ordure, or excrements of all kinds. The 
 ancients gave the name pillvlaria to certain species which have the curious instinct of 
 rolling the excrement into balls with their hind feet, and in which they liave deposited 
 their eggs : when the ball has acquired a sufficient degree of solidity, it is pushed into a 
 hole previously prepared for its reception. 
 
 A foreign species, the Jiteuchus sacer, was an object of religious veneration and worship 
 among the ancient Egyptians. "With them it was symbolical of the world, the sun, and the 
 warrior : of the wca-ld, liMm the globular shape of its balls, and perhaps also from the 
 progeny they contained ; of the sun, from the angular projections from its head in the 
 form of rays : the six legs have five tarsi each, and hence they represented (he days of 
 the month. The idea of the courageous warrior was imbibed from the supposition that the 
 species were all males. Ihc Roman .-ohliers wore its image on their signets ; and it is said 
 that it is still a custom with the J^gyptian women to eat them, to render themselves pro- 
 lific : as the sun is the source of all fertility, so the eating of this symbol would impart 
 to them the same desirable quality. When we reflect a moment upon the attention which 
 these curii 'US insects pay to their offspring, and the intense emotion they exhibit in rolling 
 their balls, a work which they prosecute until overcome by exhaustion, it is not at all 
 surprising that the ancients should have made them symbolical of the highest order of 
 qualities. 
 
 The Coprh- curclina closely resembles the symbolical beetle of the ancients, just referred 
 to. The Genus Copris makes Its abode beneath the fresh excrement of the cow ; and hence 
 its hills of dirt are common in pastures, by roadsides, and other places where the cow is 
 kept. This insect, however, never rolls a regular ball, l)ut collects a quantity into an ir- 
 regularly shaped mass. The true jAlluhtriu belong to the Genus Geotrupes, and a few 
 other allied genera. 
 
 Ths larva of the Geotrupes resembles that of the Melolontha, being of a dirty white 
 color, soft, and, when not engaged in feeding, it lies coiled in a semicircle : they have 
 six scaly feet and a scaly head. Subsisting at first ui^on the magazine of food which the 
 mother has provided in the offal in which they are enveloped, they afterwards penetrate 
 into the earth, and feed upon roots. It requires a year or two for their perfection : they 
 are then transformed into nymphs ; and another year passes, before they are ready to 
 become perfect insects. 
 
 The Lamellicornes consist of ten fjtmilies, each presenting some peculiarity in the 
 antenna?, mandibles or maxillse, by due attention to which the student will be able to 
 determine the position an unknown insect may occupy. The first of these ten families is 
 
64 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 the LucANiD^E, taking the family name as usual from one of the most important genera it 
 contains : in this instance it is the Lzicanus dayna, an elongated stout insect,' and fiu-nished 
 with strong and projecting mandibles, especiallj- in the males. Their antennpp arc elbowed, 
 and the terminal knob is constructed after the fashion of the teeth of a comb, or is pectinate : 
 they consist of only three terminal teeth, somewhat separated from each other, but near 
 enough to come Avitliin the definition of lamelHccrn beetles (See Plate xii, fig. 7, n, o). 
 
 The second division of the L.\mellicornes embraces all tliose beetles whose antennfe 
 terminate in leaves or lamellce, consisting usually of three pieces, which fold together or 
 lie in contact like the leaves of a book. This division I'eceived the name of Petaloeera from 
 DuMERiL : it contains many insects which l)elonged to the genus Scarabatts of Linnevs. 
 The antenucT differ from tliose of the insects of the Family Lucanid^, inasmuch as they 
 are not elbowed ; and the number of joints is variable, eight, nine or fen. In some groups, 
 the males are remarkable for their appendages upon the head or thorax, either in the form 
 of horns or protuberances. Some of the largest insects belong to this division. 
 
 The habits of the insects of this division are various : some, and proliably the majority, 
 feed upon refuse matter, some upon excrement, some upon leaves, and others upon flowers. 
 Their larvte are conspicuous for their size : they are of a soft consistence, of a whitish 
 cxjlor, and furnished with strong mandibles. We find them in the vegetable mould, usually 
 coiled, or in decaying logs. They have fourteen rings, including the head, and the rings or 
 segments are transversely grooved. 
 
 From the diversity of character which exists in this great division, it has been subdivided 
 into ten families. The first is the Geotrupid.i: : their maxillary lobes are membranous, the 
 mandibles are porrected, and the elytra cover the abdomen (Plate xii, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8). 
 Their antennfe have ten or eleven joints ; and their bodies are globose, or thick and more 
 or less rounded and full. Their hal)its are peculiar : they feed upon excrement, though 
 some are said to feed upon roots. 
 
 The ScARAB^iDj^ constitute the second family of this great division. They are furnished 
 with a shieldlike extension in front, the c/ypetis, which extends over the mouth ; and their 
 autennpe are eight- or nine-jointed, with the end terminating in a three-leaved club. The 
 middle legs are inserted more widely apart than the others : the posterior legs are far 
 behind ; the scutellum is not present ; and the elytra are shortened behind, leaving the 
 abdomen exposed. The claws are minute, and the anterior tibipe are expanded and tri- 
 dentate externally, armed with a single spur. The insects feed upon excrement, and the 
 greater proportion of the family reside in warm climates. They are many of them ball- 
 rollers ; and to aid them in this work, their hindlegs are long and inserted far behind, 
 which gives them a grotesque appearance when walking. They fiy mostly liy day. ( Plate 
 xii, figs. 5, 7.) 
 
 The third family of Macleay is called Aphodiid.?:. They too are excremcnt-eafers : they 
 are oval and rounded at the posterior extremity. In this family we find the minute instead 
 
GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 65 
 
 of the large beetles, and they belong to temperate climates : the legs are placed at equal 
 distances apart ; the scutellum is distinct ; the clypeus is entire, and the antennte are 
 nine-jointed. The body is more elongated than in the former family. 
 
 The fourth family is small, or of a modei-ate extent : it is the Trogid^I': of Macleav. 
 The insects are of a medium size, ovate or giblious, a]ul the elytra are inflexed at their 
 sides. The scutellum is distinct, and the anterior tibia? are imperfectly toothed. The head 
 is deflexed ; thorax short, posteriorly situated, and the anterior angles are advanced : the 
 elytra are rugose. (Plate xxiv, figs, 1 & .3.) 
 
 The fifth family is the Dynastid^e of Macleay. The insects of the family are gigantic, 
 and the males are very strongly identified by prominences and horns upon their heads or 
 thoraces. The jaws are powerful, horny and prominent, and furnished with two teeth ; the 
 scutellum is distinct ; the antennse are ten-jointed, and the elytra are shortened behind, 
 leaving the abdomen exposed : the color is a rich chestnut-brown. The insects reside in 
 rich vegetable matter and in putrid oflal, and the family belongs to tropical regions. 
 
 The RiTTiLiD.E constitute tlie sixth family, which, for the most part, are brilliantly 
 colored. The males are destitute of horns, in which resjiect tliey differ from the preceding 
 family. The autennte are ten-jointed, club three-jointed : the mandibles are short, but 
 project more or less from beneath the coriaceous labrum ; they are also notched on the 
 outside near the tip. The elytra do not cover the abdomen. 
 
 The seventh family is allied to the preceding : it has received the name of Anoflo- 
 GNATHiD^, and is composed, like the Dynastidje, of foreign species. 
 
 The eighth family, the Melolonthid.^, constitute a well-known group, which contains 
 numerous indigenous species, with forms as delineated on Plate x, figs. 4 - C, 9. They are 
 ovate thin beetles, sometimes scarcely thicker behind than before. The labrum is divided 
 into two lobes transversely ; the mandil^les are strong and horny, the internal margin acute 
 at the apex. The clypeus is separated by a transverse suture, which runs just before tlie 
 eyes : antennae 9 - 10-jointed, terminated by a knob composed of a variable number of 
 laminae (from 3 - 7), variable also in form. The anterior margin of the mentum is notched 
 or emarginate. Some of the species are large ; but the colors are not brilliant, the surlace 
 being often pubescent and dull. The common horn beetle, or the goldsmith beetle, which 
 fly about in the evening in the months of June and July, may well represent this family : 
 they feed upon flowers or leaves, and are sometimes injurious in this way. 
 
 Passing the Glapuvrid.e, the ninth family, which are all foreign to us, we reach the 
 tenth and last family, the Cetonid^, a group which holds about the same place in the 
 scale of importance as the Melolonthidje. The antennpe are ten-jointed : the labrum is 
 concealed beneath an emarginate clypeus ; the mandibles are comparatively slender, lan- 
 ceolate ; the mentum is pitcher-shaped, and conceals the labium ; the scutellum distinct: 
 the elytra do not cover all the abdomen. The insects feed upon flowers, and hence do 
 considerable mischief : their forms are delineated on Plate xii, figs. 4 - 6. 
 [Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 9 
 
66 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 CLAVICORNES. 
 
 Byrrliidci?. 
 
 No species of this familj' have been found in this State. 
 
 Histerid^e. 
 
 HisTER coNFORMis. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 8.) 
 
 Color black : thorax bluish black, smooth, polished ; elytra without punctures, striate ; 
 stride obsolete. Length one-tenth of an inch. 
 
 -'a' 
 
 LAMELLICORKES. 
 
 LncanidcW 
 
 Genus LUCANUS (Linn.). 
 ' Depressed mandibles of the male very large ; female moderate : club of the autennfe 
 ' four-jointed, pectinated' (Westwood). 
 
 LucAsrs DAMA (Fab.). L. caprio/us (Linn.). ( Plate xii, fig. 7.) 
 
 The insect is large, dark chestnut-brown, smooth and plain ; thighs lighter : mandibles 
 
 of the male long and powerful ; female less powerful than the male. Length about 
 
 14 or 1| inch. 
 
 The male Lucanus may be recognized by its large and toothed mandibles, which stand 
 
 out so prominently in front. The female differs from the male in the smallness of its head, 
 
 which is partially concealed beneath the labrum and the oblique truncation of the lateral 
 
 maro-in of the thorax. There is a considerable variation in the size of the individuals. It 
 
 is not an uncommon species in New-York and New-England. The larvae inhabit the trunks 
 
 of decaying trees, or in wood. 
 
 Platvceras piceus. (Plate xii, figs. 10, 11.) 
 
 The Grenus Platyceras belongs to this group. The mandibles are shorter than those of 
 .the Lucanus, in both sexes : it is also a much smaller insect. 
 
 Color brown ; elytra distinctly punctate ; mandibles exsert, and each shows a strong 
 curved subcentral tooth : in the female, the mandibles are shorter and less con- 
 spicuous. Length from one-half to six-tenths of an inch. 
 Fig. 10, male ; 11, female, with mandibles, antennse and an elytrum. 
 
FAMILY GEOTRUPID.*:. 67 
 
 Geotrupidse. 
 
 Geotrupes . (Plate xii, fig. 2.) 
 
 Color brilliant steel-blue ; beneath, clothed with yellowish brown hairs. Clypeus rough, 
 
 with a central pointed tubercle (the thin edge of the clypeus is turned up in front) ; 
 
 thorax smooth and shining upon its top, but confluently punctured at tlie margins ; 
 
 elytra marked with numerous punctate ridges. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
 
 This species I have been unable to refer to its proper name. " The G. microphagus is 
 
 dark piceous above and beneath, and the legs are violaceous." 
 
 Geotrupes splenuidus. ( Plate xii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Splendent green ; purplish beneath. Thorax rather thickly punctured, and confluent on 
 the sides ; scutellum smooth, or with two or more punctures ; elytra subtuberculated 
 near the outer basal angle, angle somewhat rounded, and their surfaces are marked 
 by rounded ridges punctate in the grooves : body beneath clothed with brown hairs. 
 Length six-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Genus COPROBIUS ( Lath.). 
 
 Body ovoid ; thorax dilated in the middle ; scutellum none ; abdomen nearly square ; 
 clypeus bidenticulated. 
 
 CopROBius L.s;vis. 
 Medium size : color dull black, finely punctured ; elytral lines obsolete. The insect has a 
 submetallic hue in some lights, but is generally dull. There are about eight obscure 
 lines upon each elytrum : beneath, the body is naked, or destitute of hairs. 
 This insect is more common here than the Geotrupes. Common in June and July, when 
 they may be seen engaged in rolling a ball of dung containing their ova, and which they 
 finally bury. 
 
 Ateuchus sacer is a much larger insect, belonging to an allied genus, and is the sacred 
 Scarabmis which entered so largely into the mythology of Egypt. 
 
 All these species fulfil an important place in the economy of creation ; a fact which is 
 more obvious in tropical regions than in the north. 
 
68 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Scaraba^idtie. 
 
 Genus ONTHOPHAGUS (Latr.). Copris (111.)- 
 Bodybroadly ovate, short, depressed : last joint of labial palpi evanescent ; clypeus wider 
 than long, eniarginate ; scutelliini none. 
 
 Onthophagus HECATE. ( Plate xxxl, fig- 4.) 
 
 Small : dark brown, covered with white hairs, which give it a hoary appearance. Shield 
 rather pointed and turned up ; thorax terminated in a prominent plate, turned up at 
 the angles ; legs ciliated. 
 
 Onthophagus ovatus. 
 Rather small, ovoid, brown, smooth above ; hairs sparse upon the legs and beneath. Shield 
 marked with two parallel sharp transverse ridges. 
 
 Genus PHANiEUS (Mc). 
 Basal articulation of the labial palpi larger than the others, and dilated at its internal 
 edge : scutellum none, but its place is occupied by a small triangular extension ot 
 the thorax. Males furnished with tubercles or horns upon the clypeus, and prominences 
 upon the thorax. 
 
 Phan^us cARNiFEX. ^ ( Plate xil, fig. 5.) 
 
 Rather short, wide : elytra shorter than the head and thorax; shield with a single or 
 double prominence behind ; thorax rich purple green, and strongly sculptured ; elytra 
 rich pui-ple-green, punctated and ridged ; beneath green ; upper sm-face of the legs 
 purple. 
 The males are smaller than the females, and the clypeus is armed with a long and strong 
 horn pointing backwards : iu females, it is merely a tubercle, or may be two close together. 
 The thorax of the male presents a broad, flat, nearly semilunar punctate disk. Length 
 seven-tenths of an inch. 
 Occurs rai-ely in the vicinity of Albany : common in Maryland. 
 
 Genus APHODIUS ( III.). Copris (01.); Scarab^us (Linn.). 
 
 Terminal articulation of the palpi cylindrical ; mandibles destitute of a corneous tooth or 
 lobe ; form of the body gibbous. 
 All the species of the genus Aphodius live in the excrements of animals, where they 
 occur often in great niunbers. They are small insects, about one-fourth of an inch in lengthy 
 
FAMILY SCARABiEID^. 69 
 
 of a cylindrical form : some of the species are spotted, or variously colored. Diu-ing the 
 days of autumn they take wing in great numbers, flying sluggishly through the air. In 
 Europe, Lethrus cephalofus is said to devour the tender shoots of plants, particularly of 
 vines ; but this seems to be an exception to the habits common to the family. 
 
 Aphodius bicolor (S.). 
 Quite small, brown or black-brown ; legs and beneath light fuscous : head and thorax 
 finely punctured ; edges of the elytral ridges finely notched ; clypeus widely emargi- 
 nate. Length one-fifth of an inch. 
 
 Aphodius strigatus. 
 Small : head and thorax very finely punctured, black, smaller than the preceding, obtuse 
 at both extremities ; clypeus convex ; feet dark piceous ; posterior angles of the thorax 
 rounded. 
 
 Aphodius terminalis (S.). 
 Small, brown or blackish brown, shining : forelegs hairy ; tips of the elytra and feet 
 rufous ; clypeus trituberculate and emarginate before ; thorax marked with subequal 
 punctures ; elytra marked with punctured striae. 
 
 Aphodius copronimus (M.). 
 Quite small, light brown, shining : thorax rather mottled with darker brown, very finely 
 punctured. 
 
 Aphodius femoralis (S.). 
 Blackish lirown : edges of the thorax dilated and light brown ; elytra fuscous and lighter 
 in front ; thighs light and translucent. Scarcely one-fifth of an inch in length. 
 
 Aphodius aterrimus (M.). 
 Small : thorax black ; elytra dark brown ; brown beneath. 
 
 Aphodius serval. 
 Brown : head finely punctiu'ed ; thorax dark brown ; elytra light brown and spotted, 
 three in front, banded in the middle. 
 
 Genus COPEIS (Geoff.). Scarab^us (Linn.). 
 
 Body ovate, thick and convex ; knob of the antennse terminating in three leaves ; four 
 hindlegs dilated and truncated ; scutellum none ; articulations of the labial palpi 
 three : the first joint is cylindrical, and not dilated at the internal side.- 
 
70 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 CopRis cAROLiNus. . ( Plate xii, fig. 8.) 
 
 Body thick, obtuse ]:)ehind : clypeus round and entire before, but furnished with a single 
 notch in front of the eye, from which there is a depressed line running l)acliwards, 
 and terminating at the base of the tubercles, the middle of which is much the most 
 prominent and j^ointed. The front of the thorax rises into a strong serrated ridge, and 
 there are two lateral rounded depressions : the puncta arc fine, and the posterior part 
 is smooth, and marked with a slight central fiuTow which does not reach the elytra. 
 Elytra strongly furrowed, and punctate. The abdomen appears as if truncated. The 
 color is dark chestnut-l^rown : body bencatli clothed with reddish l^rown hairs ; the 
 margin of the thorax is ciliate. The dilatations of the tibia3 are similar to flattened 
 funnels : the tibias of the forelegs are thick, and have four strong notches upon their 
 outer edges. Length one inch. 
 This beetle is common in Virginia and Maryland, but I have not observed it in New- 
 York, though Cetonia and Phanccus, which accompany it there, are not uncommon here. 
 This insect does not roll up a ball, but makes a collection or heap of soft and fresh 
 manure, in which the eggs are deposited. It penetrates quite deeply into the ground be- 
 neath the droppings in pastures and by the roadsides. 
 
 Trogidao. 
 
 This is a family embracing but a few genera : they are ovate and gibbose, with inflex 
 elytra. The head is dellexed, the thorax short and transverse, and the surface of the elytra 
 rough. The antennre are nine- or ten-jointed, and the extremity is formed of three leaves 
 somewhat distant from each other : the labrum is coriaceous and exserted ; the labium is 
 concealed by the mentum ; ther mandibles are horny, and sometimes toothed. 
 
 This family is allied to the Geotrupid.?;. The most reliable information is that they feed 
 upon carrion, or decaying animal matter, being foimd in the carcases of dead animals : 
 they have also been found in rotten wood, and at the same time they are known to inhabit 
 sandy places under ground. Some of the family are apterous. 
 
 Genus TROX(Fabr.). Scar ab^^s (Linn.) 
 Antennse ten-jointed ; body subovate, convex ; thorax rugous. 
 
 Trox roRCATus. ( Plate xxiv, fig. iii.) 
 
 Dull brown : clypeus rounded in front, and marlced by a shallow transverse groove, 
 
 angulated in the middle, with small pointed tubercles on the line of flexure ; thorax 
 
 widely grooved in the middle ; elytra ti'aversed by a series of reticulated lines, forming 
 
 a species of networlv upon their surfaces and angles behind. Length half an inch. 
 
FAMILY MELOLONTHID^. 71 
 
 Trox capillaris. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 1.) 
 
 Brown, dull : elytra traversed by several rows of pointed or sharpened tubercles, standing 
 between the line parallel lines. Length two-fifths of an inch. 
 
 Dyiiastidae. 
 
 This family embraces the most gigantic beetles known : the genera ai-e also numerous. 
 The antennae are ten-jointed : the first is robust, conic and hairy ; the second, sub- 
 globose ; the next five are short, and the head is composed of three laminse in contact. 
 The clypeus is frequently horned, as well as the thorax : head subtrigonal ; elytra 
 truncate, leaving the end of the abdomen bare. The body is large and thick, the legs 
 strong ; tibite broad and dentate. 
 This singular family ha\ e some of the habits of the GEOTRUPiDiE : that of subsisting 
 
 upon and in the excrement of animals, and decaying refuse matter from the vegetable 
 
 kingdom. 
 
 Melolonthidae. 
 
 Genus SERICA ( Macleay). ScARABiEi-s (Linn.). 
 
 < Form ovate. Antennte ten-jointed : bajal joint the largest ; the second the next, and the 
 ' claws bifid : last joint of the palpi subacute' (Westwood). 
 
 Serica vesfertina. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 9.) 
 
 Color light chestnut-brown, uniform : body small ; wider behind. 
 
 Trichinus ( Trichiis) viridans. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 5.) 
 
 Color of the head and thorax green : elytra obscurely striped ; margins marked with dark- 
 spots ; disk ferruginous, truncate, exjiosing the abdomen, punctured and marked by 
 longitudinal lines ; abdomen hairy. 
 
 Trichinus assimilis. 
 Color black, hairy and glossy. Elytra marked near their bases with a light brownish patch, 
 from each outer angle of which proceed two white oblique lines that nearly reach the 
 margins ; and from the inner angles, two other white lines arise, which run parallel 
 with the suture, and do not quite reach the truncated extremity : there is also an 
 obscuje line parallel with the last, and aliout half as long, which may not be constant. 
 Posterior segment of the abdomen clothed with a dense coat of yellowish white hairs: 
 abdomen below shining, and less hairy than the breast. Length rather more than 
 one fourth of an inch. 
 Found in Western Massachusetts. 
 
72 ORDER COLEOPTEUA. 
 
 Genus PHYLLOPHAGA ( Harris). 
 
 First joint of the antennae largest and clavate ; the fifth aad sixth larger than the second, 
 third and fourth ; terminal leaves three or seven : maxillary palpi four-jointed, the 
 fourth long and ovate : clyi^eus divided by a transverse suture btlijre the eyes : 
 thorax subijuadfate : tibiaj somewhat dilated ; claws eejual, and armed witli a nearly 
 central tooth. 
 
 Phyllophaga querciua. ( Plate x, fig. 9.) 
 
 Large : color chestnut brown, uniform ; beneath covered with brown hairs. Abdomen 
 naked ; labriim rounded before, and punctured ; elytra punctured, and their tips 
 separated behind. Length about eight-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Phyllophaga drakii. 
 Large : color rather iigliter brown than the preceding. Labrum traversed by a line 
 dividing it into two unequal parts : rings of the abdomen finely punctured. 
 This species is rather larger than the quercina : length about nine-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Phyllophaga hirticula. 
 Noticed by Dr. Harris, is of a I)ay brown color, with punctures larger and more distinct 
 than tliose upon the quercina, and, ou each wing-cover, the hairs are arranged in three 
 lines. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
 Appears in June and July. 
 
 Phyllophaga georgicana. 
 Surface covered with short grayish yellow hairs. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
 It occurs in New- York. 
 
 Phyllophaga pilosicollis. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 7.) 
 
 Color pale reddish brown : hairs longest upon the thorax and base of the elytra. Anterior 
 edge of the head entire, rounded and deflected, puncture dilated and shallow ; la- 
 teral edge of the thorax dilated in the middle ; elytra pale, testaceovis, densely and 
 equally punctured, and covered with short procumbent hairs. Length half an inch. 
 Say. 
 
 Phyllophaga variolosa ( Knoch.). Melolwif ha variolosa CHentz). 
 This species differs essentially from the foregoing in the form and structure of the 
 antennae, the knob consisting of seven curved elongate leaves. Its color is light brown, 
 with irregular depressions upon the elytra, whicli appear like accidental flexures or in- 
 dentations made by some external force : it is clothed with long yellow hairs upon the 
 breast. The clypeus is extended and reflexed, and the sutural line is before its middle. 
 
FAMILY MELOLONTHIO^. 75 
 
 The hairs, both U2wn the thorax and elytra, are arranged in four ratlier interrupted lon- 
 gitudinal belts. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch. 
 
 This species I had not observed in the vicinity of AlJjany till this \car, 1853 : many 
 individuals have be«n taken. 
 
 It may be remarked that most of the species of this genus are much alike, although 
 generally smaller than that figured. The color varies from yellowish brown to chestnut, 
 according to the species. The breast is more or less hairy, and the elyfia are in some cases 
 sparsely furnislied with erect hairs. In the larva state they feed upon the roots of grass, 
 and probaljly of grain, and thus they commit great havoc upon pastures, whilst the adult 
 insects live upon the foliage of various plants. 
 
 These beetles are well known in the country by the name of hornbugs, and become 
 troublesome by flying into the open windows where a lamp is burning. Their projier name 
 is May beetle, a designation implying tlie time of their appearance among us. They are 
 injurious both in their larva and perfect states : in the former, by their depredations upon 
 the roots of grass and other herbage ; and in the latter, by the destruction of the young 
 and tender leaves of fruit and other trees. They are supplied with strong jaws for cutting 
 the leaves of plants, for which they are admirably fitted ; and their feet are strong, and 
 fitted fjr digging in the soil after their transformations are effected. They were formerly 
 included in the Genus Melolontha. 
 
 Maybugs have rarely been sufficiently numerous to inflict serious injury upon the 
 farmer : the Hon. Mr. Barlow, however, records an instance where they did much da- 
 mage in Madison county, in 1849 and 50 ; they ate the leaves of the cherry, elm, apple, 
 butternut, etc., shewing that they are by no means restricted to our cultivated fruit trees. 
 The most eSectual method of destroying them was to kindle fires at night in the immediate 
 neighborhood of the trees they were injuring : attracted by the light of the blaze, thou- 
 sands were destroyed with little difficulty, or at a trifling c:ist. Shaking the trees to dis- 
 lodge them, was an effectual means of tui-ning their attention to the light. They appeared 
 the last of May and first of June, and continued from eight to twelve days. 
 
 Another instance is related by Dr. Fitch in the Journal of the New- York State Agri- 
 cultural Society, where the Phyllophaga quercina appeared in great numbers and suddenly. 
 He states that on the farm of Milo Ingalsbe, an orchard, consisting of about seventy plum 
 together with many cherry trees, had their limbs stripped of leaves, buds, etc. while they 
 were in bloom : the bugs were hatched out in the course of two nights, and completely 
 destroyed all hopes of fruit for the season, even if the trees themselves survived defoliation. 
 
 The durationof the individual life of this insect is short, a week or two being the term 
 during which it lives : there is, however, a succession of individuals of the species, so 
 ihat the period which they remain is more than a month. After the pairing of the sexes, 
 
 [ ACRICULTURAL EeTORT VoL. V.] 10 
 
74 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 the male soon dies, and the female perforates the soil to the depth of a foot, where she 
 deposits her eggs : they are then abandoned, and she returns to tho siuface to remain a 
 short tiino, when she alsD perishes. The eggs are said to hatch in about f(_iurteen days. The 
 grubs are wliitisli, and provided with six legs situated near tlie head, and a pair of strong 
 jaws : their heads are brown. These are the grubs that are frequently ploughed up in old 
 fields, of a grayish white color, an inch or more in length and a quarter of an inch tliick : 
 they lie flexed in the form of a circle. They live during the summer near the surface, 
 subsisting upon the roots of plants, which they devour in large quantities : as winter 
 approaches, they descend below the reach of frost, where they become torpid. Three or 
 four seasons are spent in this way, till finally they form a ball of an oval shape, in which 
 they enclose themselves and undergo their transformation. 
 
 The ravages of this grub may be much diminished bj" allowing crows and jays to 
 frequent the grounds infested by them : indeed it is the most feasible way of getting rid 
 of thoni ; auil although most farmers and gardeners carry on an exterminating war with 
 crows and blackljirds, yet these Idackcoated vagabonds, as Wilson calls them, are l;»y no 
 "means such groat rascals as they are represented : they have redeeming qualities, and the 
 destruction of grubs and wireworms are real benefits which they confer upon the farmer. 
 The beetles themselves are devoured by skunks. 
 
 The beetles of this genus have been very al)undant at distant intervals : almost in- 
 credible accounts are given of their numbers, especially of the European species. 
 
 Am-jug the numerous remedies recommended for destroying the larva, ploughing, no 
 doubt, wuuld have the effect of throwing many of them within the reach of frost ; but if 
 done too early, they would have time to bury themselves again. The larvfe and perfect 
 insects are frequently seen when the ground is broken up in the spring ; and many are 
 then destroyed by crows and blackbirds, which follow the ploughman to gather whatever 
 may be exposed suitable for their sustenance : they are also destroyed by foxes, weasels, 
 owls, and, according to Dr. Harris, the skunk. 
 
 The f jliowing extracts arc from Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, Vol. vi, p. 
 142 - 4 : the rook is a species of crow. 
 
 ' A strong prejudice is felt by many persons against rooks, on account of their destroying 
 grain and potatoes ; and so far is this carried, that I know persons who offer a reward for 
 every rook that is killed on their land ; yet so mistaken do I deem them, as to consider 
 that no living creature is so serviceable to the farmer, except the live stock he keeps en 
 his farm, a.^ the rook. In the neighbtrliood of my native place is a rookery in which it is 
 estimated there are ten thousand rooks ; that 1 lb. of food a week is a very moderate al- 
 l:)wance for each bird ; and that nine-tenths of their food consist of worms, insects, and 
 their larvffi : for although they do consid'eriilde damage for a few weeks in seedtime and a 
 few weeks in harvest, particularly in backward seasons, yet a very large proportion of 
 their food, even at these seasons, consists of insects and worms, which (if we except a few 
 
FAMILY MEIX)L0NTH1D^. 75 
 
 acorns in autumn) forna at all other times the whole of their subsistence. Here, then, if m_y 
 data be con-ect, there is the enormuus quantity of 480000 lbs. or 209 tons of worms, insects 
 and their larvae, destroyed by the birds of a single rookerj- ; and to every one who knows 
 how veiy destructive to vegetation are the larvae of the tribes of insects (as well as worms) 
 fed upon by rooks, some slight idea may be formed of the devastation which rooks are 
 the means of preventing. I have understood that in Suffolk, and in s<:ime of the southern 
 counties, the larvfc [of insects allied to Lachnostcrna] are so exceedingly abundant that 
 the crops [of grain] are almost destroyed I>y them, and that tlieir ravagesdo not cease even 
 when they have attained to a winged state. Various plans have been proposed to put a 
 stop to their depredations ; but I have little doubt that their abundance is to be attributed 
 to the scarcity of rooks, as I have somewhere seen an account that rooks in those counties 
 are not numerous. 
 
 ■'A flight of grasshoppers visited Craveu, and they were so numerous as to create con- 
 siderable alarm among the farmers : they were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety; 
 for the rocks flocked in from all quarters by thousands and tens of thousands, and devoured 
 them so greedily that they were destroyed in a short time, 
 
 ' It was stated in a newspaper a year or two back, that there was such an enormous 
 quantity of caterpillar upon Skiddaw, that they devoured all the vegetalicn on the 
 mountain, and people were apprehensive that they would attack the crops in the enclosed 
 lands ; but the rooks, having discovered them, in a very short time put a stop to their 
 ravages. 
 
 ' An extensive experiment appears to have Ijeeu made, the result of which has been the 
 opinion that farmers do Avrong in destroying rooks, jays, sparrows, and indeed l>iids in 
 general, on their farms, particularly where there are orchards. That birds do mischief 
 occasionally, there can be no doubt ; but the harm they do in autumn is amply com- 
 pensated by the good they do in spring, by the destructive havoc they make among the 
 insect tribes. The quantity of grubs destroyed by rooks, and of caterpillars and their grubs 
 by the various small birds, must l)e annually immense. Other tribes of birds, which feed 
 on the wing, as swallows and martins, destroy millions of winged insects. Even some, 
 usually supposed to be so mischievous in gardens, have actually been proved only to 
 destroy those l^uds which contain a destructive insect. Ornithologists have of late de- 
 termined these facts to be true ; and officers would do well to consider them, before they 
 waste the public money in paying rewards to idle boys and girls for the heads of dead 
 birds, which only encourages children and other idle persons in the mischievous employ- 
 ment of fowling. On some very large farms in Devonshire, the proprietors determintd, a 
 few years ago, to try the result of offering a great reward for the heads of rooks ; but the 
 issue proved destructive to the farms, for nearly the whole of the crops firiled for three 
 succeeding years, and they have since been forced to import rooks and other birds to re-stcck 
 their farms vnth.^ 
 
76 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Areoda lanigeka. ( Plate x, fig. 4.) 
 
 Large, golden yellow and immaculate : scutellum and tliorax give a green reflexion, 
 brassy in certain lights. Elytra terminated by a rounded ridge, terminating in a pro- 
 minence behind, densely haired beneath. 
 
 It is one of the most common and beautiful beetles of this country. It takes its specific 
 name lanigcra, wool-bearing, from the dense woolly coating with which its abdomen and 
 parts beneath are supplied : it is also called the goldsmith beetle, from its beautiful color 
 above ; though this name is likewise applied to the Gymnetis nitida, which is about the 
 same size, and of a greenish color margined and varied with fulvous. It may be recognized 
 by wanting the triangular scutellum at the inner base of the elytra, this portion having 
 no apparent juncture witli the prothorax. 
 
 The Areoda is about nine-tenths of an inch long, broad oval in shape, of a lemon-yellow 
 color above,, burnished like gold on the top of the head and tliorax : the underside of the 
 body is copper-colored, and thickly covered with whitish avooI ; and the legs are brownish 
 yellow, or brassy, shaded with green. 
 
 ' These fine beetles begin to appear in Massachusetts about the middle of May, and 
 continue generally till the twentieth of June. In the morning and evening twilight they 
 come forth from their retreats, and fly about with a humming and rustling sound among 
 the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which they devour. Pear-trees are particularly 
 subject to their attacks ; but the elm, hickory, poplar, oak, and probably also other kinds 
 of trees are frequented and injured by them. During the middle of the day they remain 
 at rest irjion the trees, clinging to the underside of the leaves ; and endeavor to conceal 
 themselves by drawing two or three leaves together, and holding them in this position 
 with their long unequal, claws. In some seasons they occui" in profusion, and then may be 
 obtained in great quantities by shaking the young trees on which they are lodged in the 
 daytime, as they do not attempt to fly when thus disturbed, but fall at once to the ground. 
 The larvse of these insects are not known : probably they live in the ground, upon the 
 roots of plants.' Harris's Report, p. 22 - 3. 
 
 This insect seems to be local in its distribution, as it occurs plentifully in the public 
 squares of Philadelphia, whilst it is rare in the interior of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pelidnota punctata. (Plate X, fig. 6.) 
 
 Large, fuscoits lirown and uniform : head greenish behind, extending along the sides. 
 Sides of tlie insect marked with foiu' black spots, one upon the thorax, and three 
 upon the elytra and standing in a line ; beneath, the color is green, glossy or sub- 
 metallic. The rings of the abdomen are marked each with a single row of punctures. 
 The P.. punctata is a fine beetle, with elytra of a pale brown or tile-color, and marked 
 as described al>ove : tlie thorax is darker than the elytra; beneath, the body is brassy 
 green. Th^y fly by day, and feed almost exclusively on the leaves of the grape, and hence 
 
FAMILY MELOLONTHID^. / / 
 
 may prove injurious to the vine : still their numbers are rarely such as to render them a 
 formidable foe. The only mode of destroying them, which is recommended, is to pick them 
 off and crush them under tlie foot. The iarvte are scarcely injurious, inasmuch as they 
 live in rotten wood, as stumps of trees, and such trunks as are decaying upon the ground : 
 they may be regarded rather as beneficial, by aiding the entire destruction of that which 
 only cumbers the ground. 
 
 The perfect insect prevails during the months of July and August. 
 
 P. MACULATA, au allied species or variety, has the legs and extremity of the abdomen of 
 the same color as the upper parts. ' Tliese beetles ily by day, but may also be seen at the 
 same time on the leaves of the grape, which are their only food : they sometimes prove 
 very injurious to the vine. The only method of destroying them, is to pick them off by 
 hand, and crush thtm under foot. The larvfe live in rotten wood, such as the stumps and 
 roots of dead trees, and do not differ essentially from those of other scarabseans' (Harris, 
 p. 23). In the variety which Dr. Melsiieimer has designated imptinctafa, the spots are 
 absent. 
 
 Genus CREMASTOCHEILUS (Knock). 
 
 Thorax quadrangular, anterior angles prolonged ; first joint of the antennfe dilated : 
 mandibles terminating in a strong curved or scythe-like toolh, and furnished with 
 small spines in place of the internal lobe ; last articulation of the palpi long and 
 cylindrical : mentum a reversed heart in form ; upper angles rounded, without 
 emargination [Regne Animal).^ 
 
 Cremastocheilus hentzti. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 2.) 
 
 Color blaclc ; form quadrate, sides parallel ; upper surface punctured : elytra ridged and 
 coarsely punctured. The whole surface is clothed with procumbent hairs ; beneath, 
 they are stiff, or somewht spinous. Length one-half of an inch. 
 
 OsMODERMA scABEii. Gyviuotus s. ( lurby) ; Trichius s. ( Palisot de Beauv.). 
 
 ( Plate xii, fig. 9 ; and plate xxv, fig. 5.) 
 Color black, or very dark Irirown and brassy. Body ovate, flattened ; thorax round, dilated 
 transversely, purplish, stn mgly punctured, and marked by two rounded ridges before ; 
 elytra deflexed at the shoulders and behind; surface sculptured, and rather rough 
 than punctured ; scutellum very acute : beneath dark brown, smooth and glossy ; 
 legs long, purplish ; tibise trispinous upon their outer edges. 
 The female is larger than the male, and measures an inch in length ; the male, about 
 eight-tenths of an inch. The name Osmoderma, given by the French naturalists, is indica- 
 tive of the odor the insect imparts to the hands when handled. They fly by night, and are 
 common in New-England and New- York in the mouth of July. 
 
7^ ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Mr. Harris mentions another sj^ecies, called llie 0. ercnicola : its color is deep maho- 
 gany brown, smooth, polished ; the male has a deeper tint liefore the middle of the thorax. 
 
 Genus DICHELONYCHA ( Harris). 
 
 Labrum transverse, lanceolate ; mandibles short, trigonal, incurved, acute and toothless ; 
 maxilhB minute, linear, bidentate, teeth short ; first joint of the palpi minute, the 
 second longer than the third : antenuse nine-jointed. 
 It is m :>re quadrangular and elongated than the Genus Macrodactylus. 
 
 DiCHELONYCHA ELONGATA. ( Plate XXV, fig-l.) 
 
 Color light brown : Ijody quadrate, or with parallel sides, and the head extremity equal- 
 ling the base ; elytra punctured, and marked with a greenish stripe. Length rather 
 more than one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 Genus EUCHLORA (Macle.\y). Anomala ( Mergerle). 
 
 Euchlora c(i:lebs (Gr.). ( Plate xxiv, fig. C.) 
 
 Yellowish brown ; back part of the head, and central part of the thorax, shaded with 
 darker brown ; elytra bordered with brown. 
 Var. atrata. Darker brown, nearly black (fig. 8). 
 
 Genus HOPLIA (Illic). 
 ' Antennte ten-jointed ; claws simple, but unequal ' ( Westwood). 
 
 HopLiA trifasciata (S.). (Plate xxiv, fig. 4.) 
 
 Rufous : surface thickly covered with scale-like grains, with downy hairs ; beneath silvery, 
 
 or rather brassy. Elytra traversed transversely by three paler bars, confluent with 
 
 the darker : jjost-abdomen covered with brassy granules, similar to the abdomen ; 
 
 legs very long. Female darker than the male. Length one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 Macrodactylus subspinosa (Latr.). Melolontha s. (Fab.). (PI. v, fig. 13.) 
 Color yellow or ashen or drab, and clothed with a short dense down. It is slender before, 
 but comparatively thick, full and obtuse behind, but tapers gently from the base of 
 the elytra to the extremity of the abdomen, the point of which is exposed : labrum 
 projecting over the mouth ; thorax protuberant laterally, becoming spinous ; elytra 
 covered closely with drab-colored hairs, nearly covering the extremity of the abdo- 
 men : boneath, the abdomen protuberant and greenish ; legs long, rufous, and but 
 sparsely hairy ; joints of the tarsi dark brown, and surrounded with small spines : 
 this is more conspicuous upon the hindlegs. 
 
FAMILY MELOLONTHID^. 79 
 
 The rosebng, or cherrybug, as it is called, is very destructive. Its generic name Mucro- 
 dactylus, is deriyed from the leiiglhof thefeet ; and its specific or trivial name sulsjincsvs, 
 from an incii^ient spine or swelling upon the sides of the prothorax. It is of a dull yellow 
 color, about three-eighths of an inch long, and appears in great abundance in the spring, 
 destroying roses and the blossoms of various plants, as well as the foliage of fruit trees, 
 including the apple, cherry, plum, and that of the grape. 
 
 Dr. Harris has the credit of being the first to give a satisfactory history of this insect, 
 as published in his Report. 
 
 I have been in the habit of destroying this insect, as well as the Ericscma mali, or the 
 applctrce blight, by hand-crushing. When there is little or no grass beneath the trees, they 
 may be beaten down and crushed witli the foot ; the best time being the morning, when 
 they are somewhat torpid. They may be collected upon sheets, or in vessels wilh a little 
 water to prevent their escape ; to be subsequently burned or scalded. Plants iufcsttd should 
 be visited once or twice a day, and every effort made, by destruction of the present brood, 
 to diminish that of the next season. 
 
 Genus CETONIA (Fab.). 
 
 Antennse short, the basal joint largest and robust, glabrous ; the head three-leaved, elon- 
 gated : palpi short, last joint cyliudric tapering ; mandibles short ; clypeus quadrate, 
 entire in front ; thorax subtrigonal ; elytra sinuate at the outer margin near the base ; 
 scutellum elongate and acute ; sternum'produced and rounded anteriorly. 
 
 Cetonia inda. Scarabaus indus (^hin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 6.) 
 
 Body ovate and rather depressed, pilose above and beneath. Clypeus deflexed and trun- 
 cate : thorax subtriangular, sinuate before, centre of the sinus subdentate, broadly 
 sinuate behind for the reception of the scutel ; scutel an isosceles triangle ; elytra 
 light brown with black spots scattered over their disks and sides, margins sinuate, 
 behind truncate, exposing the al>domen ; legs hairy and lirown ; abdomen l^rown, 
 glossy. 
 The thorax is more densely clothed with hairs than the elytra ; the latter are sprinkled 
 
 with spots and dots which are nearly Ijlack, some angular, and others sinuate. Color of the 
 
 abdomen and legs nearly uniform : the thorax is also spotted beneath the hairs ; the 
 
 sinuated base is naked and fuscous. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
 
 This insect appears twice in the season ; first in March or April, and last in September : 
 
 the latter, as Dr. Harris supposes, is a newly hatched brood, as at no time during the 
 
 summer is an individual to be found. 
 
 These insects appear upon various autumnal flowers, as the goldenrod, in search of 
 
 pollen and honey, and are fond of the sap and sweet juices of trees and plants. 'J hey are 
 
80 ORDER COl.KOPTERA. 
 
 charged, however, with frequenting orchards and feeding upon the ripening fruits : par- 
 ticularly do they select the l)est peaches, which, if Ihey do not entirely devour, they 
 greatly injure liy luting them. The distinguished natur;ilist last above named mentions that 
 he has taken a dozen fi-om a single peach. 
 
 When cold weather approaches, they are supposed to secure themselves in some shel- 
 tered place, and pass the winter. The March Ijrood, as I have often observed, appear tv 
 issue directly from the ground ; and at numerous places they may lie seen in numbers, 
 flying low, and hovering over the ground like humldebees, upon which they alight and 
 are lost in the dead grass and leaves, or penetrate again into the earth. 
 
 The genera of this family are numerous, and are known as Jlcwcr beetles. The European 
 species Cetonia {Epicometis) hirta is said to destroy apricot Ijlossonis in Malta ; and another, 
 Cefonia cardui, visits beehives, and destroys the wax and honey [Revue Zoo/cgique, vii, 9{i). 
 Plates of lead, with small perforations for the bees, were put o\er the place of ingress ; 
 but the cetonife soon enlarged them : zinc was then substituted, and found to ansAver as 
 a protection. 
 
 Cetonia fulcida (Fal).). ( Plate xii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Body depressed, ovate. Head small, green above : thorax triangular and brilliant green, 
 
 margined with luteous ; its sides are also slightly dilated ; base slightly sinuous for 
 
 the reception of the scutel, which is an isosceles triangle and green. Elytra luteous, 
 
 sometimes they show a greenish tint, truncate and deflexed liehind : at the deflexure 
 
 they are prominent ; the prominence terminates an obscure ridge which runs from the 
 
 shoulders of the elytra ; the suture is also elevated, so as to form a central ridge. 
 
 Beliind, the abdomen is marked with four triangular mouldy spots : spots similar to 
 
 these extend along the sides of the abdomen ; legs luteous, glossy ; sides of the breast 
 
 hairy ; tarsi and base of the culiits brown, nearly Idack. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
 
 This insect, which is very common in Maryland, is not very numerous, as I have 
 
 observed, in New-England and New-York : it is more common in the paths in groves than 
 
 ■elsewhere. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 
 
 PRIOCERATA. 
 
 The next subtribe of pentamerous beetles is named Priocerata by Mr. West wood [Scrri- 
 cornes, Latr.). They comprise those families whose antennae are short, or only of a moderate 
 length, with an equal thickness throughout, and generally attenuated at the tip rather 
 than thickened : they are eleven-jointed, but their peculiar characteristic consists in being 
 serrated upon their inside ; hence the name serricomes hj Latreille : in the males, they 
 are sometimes pectinated. The insect has two short robust maxillary and labial palpi : 
 body elongate and narrow ; elytra narrowed behind, covering the abdomen. 
 
 The Priocerata are divided into two sections, the Macrosterni and the ^■prosferni, by 
 Westwood. The first comprises the old genera Buprestis and Elatee, the consistence of 
 whose bodies is firm, and their forms elliptic and elongate, but narrowed behind : their 
 legs are short, and either partially or wholly retractile ; and their heads are short, and are 
 received into a cylindrical excavation in the prothorax, or in front up to their eyes. The 
 pectus advances beneath the mouth, and is also produced behind to a point. 
 
 These beetles, for beauty and splendor of coloring, are among the finest of the class of 
 insects : they are rich in the metallic hues which ornament their bodies and elytra. They 
 fly swiftly, but walk slowly, from the shortness of their legs. They make their escape, 
 when in danger of being captured, by falling suddenly into the grass and weeds. 
 
 The BupRESTiD.a:, or bupestrians, have an oval form, being widest behind the thorax and 
 obtuse before, but narrower behind and frequently acute : their bodies are also wider than 
 deep, with a thorax wider behind than before. The head, according to the typical character 
 of the family, is simk into the thorax up to the eyes : the antennse are short, and serrate 
 on the inside. The thorax is widest behind, and fits very closely to the base of the elytra. 
 The legs are set widely apart, and are short, and hence their stand is firm : the soles of 
 the fourth joints of the feet are furnished with spongy cushions, and the foot terminated 
 with two claws : the scutel is small. The insects are rarely seen, except in hot sunny days, 
 when they may be found on fences, limbs of trees, or sides of houses, basking in the sun : 
 they never fly in the night. 
 
 [Agricultural Keport — Vol. v.] 11 
 
82 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Altliougli the buprestidse are among the most elegant and beautiful of the eoleoptera, 
 yet their larvae are one and all more or less injurious to fruit and forest trees. The eggs of 
 the female are deposited upon the trunks and limbs of trees, and, when hatched, tlie young 
 grubs penetrate slowly through the bark ; and as they are often many years in coming to 
 maturity, time and opportunity is given for extensive injury : it is here they undergo their 
 transformation. 
 
 Tlie larvie of this natiu'al family of insects have a very close resemblance to each other, 
 and hence a brief description of a single species will be sufB.cient to convey an idea of 
 their general characteristics. These larvse, then, are white or yellowish white, rather long, 
 narrow and somewhat flattened, and furnished each witli a small brown head sunk into a 
 suddenly and abruptly widened out thorax, conveying at first view the impression that the 
 head is very large, whereas it is only two or three of the last rings that are tlius suddenly 
 widened out and enlarged : the upper jaws are supplied with three black teeth. There are 
 no legs or other apparatus for locomotion, except two tubercles placed on the under side 
 of the second from the thorax. When drawn out of its biurow, the larva progresses by a 
 kind of wriggling motion, frequently rolling over, though not so often as the more cylin- 
 drical larva of the boring coleoptera. They are found both beneath the bark and in the 
 wood : under the bark, they lie partly coiled, or in the form of a semicircle. The pupa 
 bears a very close resemblance to the perfect insect : it is found very near the outer 
 surface of the bark, so that when the transformation is complete, the insect has only to 
 perforate a thin scale of bark to escape from its prison into open day. 
 
 The oaks, hickories and pines are the kinds of trees most usually infected with the 
 bupestrian larvfe ; and, unfortunately, our knowledge of the ways and means by which 
 these larvse may be destroyed are few and uncertain : the knife and wire are the only 
 infallible means to remove them, when once they are in possession of the premises. Our 
 preventive means, however, in the case of fruit, are more effectual ; such as scraping and 
 washing the trunk and large limbs, at tliose seasons of the year when they are known to 
 deposit their eggs. This kind of care and attention is rarely bestowed except in the spring, 
 which, so fiir as the family of borers is concerned, is perfectly ineffectual, as their eggs are 
 laid in the months of June, July and August. The perfect insect, tliough it may feed on 
 leaves, is comparatively harmless. There is, however, no provision which is so important 
 to keep in check the ravages of these and all other insects, as the preservation and pro- 
 tection of birds. The woodpecker in particular deserves the protection of the farmer, in- 
 asmuch as it is eminently successful in detecting the presence of the larvse of the borers, 
 as well as very expert in dragging them from their burrows. 
 
FAMILY BUPRESTID^. 83 
 
 Buprcstidiie. 
 
 Genus BUPRESTIS (Linn.). 
 Antennae subfiliform, serrated in l^otli sexes ; basal joint elongate, subclavated ; terminal 
 one small. Palpi, maxillary subfiliform, the terminal joint slightly tumid ; labial, 
 minute, the labrum attenuated and slightly emarginated in front. Mandibles slightly 
 bifid at the apex : maxillse small, somewhat bilobed at the tip. Head deflexed, short, 
 retuse : thorax with the posterior margin closely applied to the base of the elytra ; 
 the latter elongated, trigonate, entire or serrated : legs slender ; tarsi with the pe- 
 nultimate joint bilobed (Stephens). 
 
 A. Elytra dc7itate, and serrate at the apei. 
 
 BuPRESTis (Chalcophora) virginica (Drury). (Plate v, fig. 5.) 
 
 Form oval : color dark brown and sometimes almost black, with brassy metallic reflec- 
 tions, more distinct beneath. Surfaces, above and beneath punctured ; above, sculp- 
 tured in interrupted parallel lines. Top of the head deeply indented longitudinally ; 
 indentation linear, and extending to the front. Thorax marked by three distinct 
 eminences, one of which is central. Elytra margined, sculptured or interruptedly 
 ridged ; base coarsely plicated ; outer angle rounded and serrate ; iuuer angle ter- 
 minated by a very short spine : the under side is furnished with a short whitish down. 
 It is nearly an inch in length, and quite robust. 
 The larvae inhabit pine trees, to which they are very injui'ious. The perfect insect ap- 
 pears in June. 
 
 BuPRESTis fulvo-guttata (Harris). B. atnericana (Kirby). 
 Above black bronze ; underneath metallic, glossy, punctured. Scutellum very small. 
 Tliorax marked by waving transverse lines. Elytra granulated and ornamented with 
 six yellowish spots, but variable in number ; tops rounded : underside of the ab- 
 domen, near the extremity, thickly punctured. Length 3- to 4-tenths of an inch. 
 The forelegs in this species are without teeth. It is the B. drummondi of the fourth vo- 
 lume of the Fauna Boreali Jlmericance. 
 Found upon trunks of the white pine in June. 
 
 BupRESTis (Anoplis) fasciata ( Fab.). (Plate v, fig. 1.) 
 
 Flattened above. Color fine brilliant green, nearly of one uniform tint, punctured above 
 
 and beneath. Mandibles stout and black : eyes black, ovate : thorax has four slight 
 
 depressions : scutellum small and triangular. Elytra finely lined, and marked by 
 
 transverse yellow bands : the first is a mere oblong transverse spot, near the middle ; 
 
84 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 the largest, is an undulating l)and extending nearly across the elytrum, and the last 
 
 is a spot near the apex : the spots are surrounded with a black glossy border. The 
 
 apex has a steel-blue reflexion, and is bidentate. 
 
 This is one of the iinest beetles belonging to this family : it varies in length from four 
 
 to six-tenths of an inch. The bands are varialsle in nimilier : they are found some with 
 
 three, others with two, which is the most common, and still another variety has only one. 
 
 [ I have observed, in some of the plates, the color of the figure is too black, and the 
 
 green too indistinct.] 
 
 BupRESTis . ( Plate xxxi, fig. 11 .) 
 
 Slightly depressed, widened posteriorly and punctured. Mandibles narrow, lilack ; beneath 
 purplish green : eyes black : antennse green : head and thorax green, cupreous and 
 metallic. Elytra bordered with metallic purple ; disk green, forming a middle lon- 
 gitudinal band ; also marked with four elevated lines, truncate, and terminated at 
 the inner angle with a minute spine. 
 This beautiful species was found at Albany : its elytra are finely bordered with purple ; 
 the sutiu'al line is divided into two near the base, and is dotted between. It appears to be 
 rare, as it is the only one I have seen in any of our collections. 
 
 BuPKESTis (Chrysobothuis) dentipes (Germar). ( Plate v, fig. 2.) 
 
 Depressed or flattened, oblong oval, purplish copjier-color above ; beneath copper- colored, 
 
 finely punctm-ed. Surface covered in patches with a kind of shagreen. Thorax marked 
 
 with two elevated lines : elytra rounded behind. 
 
 This species is still less convex than the divaricata ; its metallic hues are less distinct, 
 
 it is destitute of deuticles at the apex of the wing-covers, its eyes are much smaller, and 
 
 its mouth diiferently constructed. It inhabits the different species of oaks, and is not found 
 
 about our fruit orchards or gardens. It is the B. char act eristica of Harris ( New-England 
 
 Farmer, Vol. viii, p.2). 
 
 BupREsTis (Chrysobothris) femorata (Fab.). (Plate v, fig. 3.) 
 
 Rather depressed. Color black and bronzed above, glossy and metallic beneath : upper 
 
 side the abdomen is green, punctured above and underneath. Eyes gray. Head is 
 
 marked with an elevated line, and covered with short whitish hairs in front. Elytra 
 
 rounded ; the posterior edge subserrate, or scarcely serrated. 
 
 This species is smaller than the denfipes. It has a well marked tooth inside of the thigh 
 
 of the forelegs. The elytra are rather shorter than the abdomen, and have an approach to 
 
 three pair of impressed gray transverse sj^ots. It varies in size ; not exceeding, however, 
 
 half an inch in length. 
 
 I took mauy individuals of this species in Canandaigua several years since, in June, 
 upon a black oak. The foregoing species appear to be widely distributed. 
 
FAMILY BUPRESTID^. 85 
 
 B. Margin icithmU sei-ratures. 
 
 BuPRESTis DivARicATA (Say). Cherryires BupresHs. ' ( Plate v, fig 4.) 
 
 Convex. ; greenish cupreous above, piu-plish and metallic beneath, conflueutly puuctiu'ed 
 above alid beneath. Elytra attenuate, divaricate or divergent at their tips : thorax 
 indented before the scutel ; scutel small and indented : elytra marked with lines and 
 with abbreviated elevations ; tips narrowed and prolonged beyond the abdomen, and 
 truncate and submucronate on the inner side. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
 According to Say, it resembles the liirida of Fabricius in general ajipearance. 
 
 BuPRESTis lurida (Fab.). 
 Above dull brassy ; beneath l)rassy with pm-plish hues and bright, confluently punctured 
 above and beneath. Mandibles black : eyes dark brown or black : thorax dilated 
 Defore its middle, coarsely sculptured, and impressed with grooves rather than lines. 
 Elytra coarsely sculptured, marked with wider abbreviated lines, and connected by 
 branching ridges ; behind they are slightly attenuate, projecting just beyond the 
 pointed abdomen, and terminated with two submucronate points. 
 This species differs from the former, in being destitute of lines, having fewer conHuent 
 punctures, coarseness of the markings, less attenuated tips of the elytra, and their ter- 
 mination in two short spines instead of one. The larva is described by Mr. Harris as 
 destructive to the pignut hickory : it is of a yellowish white ; long, narrow, depressed 
 in form, and abruptly widened at the anterior extremity : head brown, small, and deejily 
 sunk in the forepart of the first segment ; jaws three-toothed, black : no legs, nor sub- 
 stitutes except two small warts on the underside of the second segment of the thorax. 
 
 These grubs exist in the wood and beneath the bark, sometimes in great numbers : the 
 pupa resembles the perfect insect. 
 
 Agrilus euficollis, a member of the Family BuPRESTiD.a:, was described by Professor 
 Haldeman in the American Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science, Vol. iv, p. 200, 
 fig. 1, as follows : 'This little insect, so hurtful to the raspberry, is about three lines long; 
 black, minutely punctured, thorax and front brassy ; front with a vertical impression : 
 a wide shallow impression across the thorax posteriorly, and another at the base of the 
 elytra. In this particular case, the knowledge of the appearance of the insect is not es- 
 sential, as far as the means of preventing its depredations are concerned, although it is 
 always interesting to know whence an injui-y proceeds. 
 
 ' In its larva state, Agrilus ruficollis lives at the expense of the cultivated Rubus (rasp- 
 berry), in the heart of which the pupa may be found in the month of May, the imago 
 appearing in June. The larva bores between the wood and bark, injuring the plant, and 
 causing a wide unsightly excrescence : it next penetrates to the pith, which it traverses 
 for two or three feet, finally excavating a cavity in which it undergoes its transformations.' 
 
86 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Elateri(la\ 
 
 The most distinct cliaracters of this family are found in the form and structure of the 
 posterior part of the thorax and sternum : the sides of tlie former are prolonged into a 
 tooth, and the hitter is produced into a spine which fits into a groove of the abdomen. 
 This arrangement of parts enables the insect, when ujion its back, to spring upwards and 
 alight upon its feet : this is the only mode by which it can recover its standing, when 
 accidentally upset ; and from this circumstance these insects are called sp-ing beetles, or 
 snaphugs. Their antenute are short and filiform, and either serrate or pectinate ; the palpi 
 terminate with a triangular or reniform joint ; the mandibles are bifid at the apex : body 
 linear and depressed : thorax with the hinder and lateral angles produced into a point ; 
 the margin is also grooved for the reception of the short antennae. The sternum is produced 
 behind into a spine, which fits into a groove in the base of the abdomen. The females are 
 fiirnished with a tripartite ovipositor. 
 
 In this family, as in the preceding, the head is received into the thorax deeply, and the 
 legs and antennfe are short and slender. 
 
 The larvfe live upon the roots of vegetables, wood, etc., and are very injiu-ious to coi-n 
 and herbaceous roots. They are known in New- York and New-England by the name of 
 wireivorms, from their form and hardness : they resemble, however, a species of Iulus, 
 which belongs to the Class Myriapoda, and should therefore not be confounded M'ith it ; 
 a mistake which it is quite unnecessary to commit, as the myriapod has many feet, while 
 the wireworm has only six. 
 
 Although the elateridse, in their perfect state, are closely allied to the buprestidse, yet 
 their larvae have feet, while the larvse of the latter family are destitute of them : so the 
 enlargement or dilatation near their heads is equally distiuctiv^e ; but there is one kind of 
 resemblance common to both, for they both live several years in the larval state, and hence 
 have abundance of time to do much injury. When a field becomes infested with wire- 
 worms, the Indian corn and other cultivated crops are often entirely destroyed, and many 
 times require replanting. The larva eats either through the kernel after it is swollen, or 
 else through the young shoot. I have seen two wircworms in the same swollen kernel. 
 They atfack grass, and all the cereals ; and in consequence of their long continuance in 
 this state, the soil becomes infested with them. 
 
 Soils which are the most infested with these larvse are usually poor ; and one of the 
 most effective modes that can be adopted in the cultivation of such land, is to enrich it. 
 Another mode which aids very materially in the extirpation of the wireworm, is to plough 
 late in the fall : it is supposed that by exposing the ground freely to the action of frost, 
 the larvfe must perish from cold. 
 
FAMILY ELATERID-E. 87 
 
 Much has been said in the agrcultnral journals about the use of substances supposed to 
 be noxious to this insect, still there is no proof that any such remedy has been effectual. 
 Salt is usually relied on, but experience does not sustain its use. So far as salt contributes 
 to the amount of fertilizing matter, it will prove useful : beyond that, it is useless. 
 
 In gardens where these larvse are common, ilr. Harris recommends the English mode 
 of extirpating them : this mode consists in baiting them with slices of potatoes or turnips, 
 which are scattered over the ground at night. Earlj' in the morning the larvae are found 
 above ground feeding upon the bait, when they are collected and destroyed. 
 
 Genus ELATER. 
 
 This genus is characterized by the shortness of the antennae, which have a short robust 
 basal joint, the second and third joints small and subglobose, and with their margins 
 serrate upon their outer sides. Head small and retracted ; eyes small : thorax gene- 
 rally elongate, with the posterior angles produced : body only slightly convex, linear 
 elongate, sometimes subovate : legs short ; tarsi simple. 
 
 Elater (Alaus) oculatus (Fab.). ( Plate v, tig. G.) 
 
 Form elongate, depressed. Color black, sprinkled with gray. Head small : thorax large, 
 quadrangular, and marked by two ovate black velvety spots situated rather in ad- 
 vance of the middle. Elytra are marked with slender lines ; posterior angles rounded. 
 The underside of the body, and of the legs, is covered with a gray mealy substance. 
 
 This singular beetle is found in midsummer upon walls and fences. It is one of our 
 largest beetles ; varying, however, from 1^ to 1| inches in length : the largest specimens 
 are nearly half an inch wide. It is glossy black, powdered with white specks. The head 
 has a deep wide impression ; the prothorax is an oblong parallelogram, and the e} elike 
 spots are surrounded by a white ring. It is widely distributed, as I have found it south and 
 north. It appears, therefore, at different times in different latitudes : in North-Carolina, 
 the last of May ; in Pennsylvania, in June ; and in New-York and New-England, in July 
 and August. 
 
 Mr. Haldeman has found the larva of this beetle in ash trees in an incipient decay : it 
 is of various sizes. Mr. Harris has found the larva in old ajjple trees : it is not, therefore, 
 confined to a single species of trees. In old trees infested with them, it is recommended 
 to remove and burn them. 
 
 The larva? are of a yellowish white color, or reddish ; and, when fully grown, the largest 
 individuals measure two and a half inches in length. The head is rough, brown and broad ; 
 the mandibles are strong and curved : they have six legs, and the last segment of the body 
 is furnished with a prop foot ; and the sides are armed with hooks and short spines. 
 
88 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 ElATER ( PyROPHORUs) KOCTILUCUS. 
 
 Tliis species is noticed merely to state tlie fact that some of the spines are • phosphore- 
 scent : they constitute the fire beetles of the West Indies, and feed upon the sugar cane. 
 They resemble the oculatus in form and size, but the eyelike spots give out a strong light ; 
 so also it is emitted from the segments of the body. 
 
 Elater (Melanotus) communis (Schonherr). 
 Color light brown, hairy, subacute behind : thorax furrowed in the middle : elytra, at 
 their bases, are marked with about five sulci. Length half an inch. 
 It is common during the spring and summer months. 
 
 Elater (Melanotus) glandicolor. (Plate v, fig. 9.) 
 
 Color brown : head small ; head, thorax, elytra and abdomen covered with white or ash 
 
 gray hairs. Elytra narrowed behind ; anterior margin or base marked with 3 short sulci. 
 
 Elater ( Melanotus) cinereus. 
 Color brown; hairy. Thorax punctured, and marked by about ten obsolete cross lines*: 
 they give the appearance of a reticulated structure. Length about half an inch, and 
 is found in April, May and June. 
 
 Elater (Ludius) appressierons (Say). 
 Color chestnut-brown, but hoary from being clothed with short yellow close-pressed hairs ; 
 cylindrical, slender. Angles of the thorax prolonged : elytra finely punctured, and 
 also marked by slender lines. Length about half an inch. 
 According to Dr. Harris, the females are more robust and larger than the males, and 
 the brevicornis of Say is identical with this species. The elytra are marked by about ten 
 distinct lines each : the legs are lighter colored than the elytra, and clothed with hairs f 
 and the prolonged outer angles of the thorax are escurved. 
 
 Elater (Agriotes) obesus (Say). 
 Color reddish brown : body somewhat dilated and short : scutel rounded and hairy. The 
 elytra are punctured, and clothed in much the same manner as the foregoing. Length 
 less than half an inch. The lines of the elytra are only about seven in number, and 
 the hairs upon the upper side are arranged in lines or stripes. 
 It is found in the spring among the roots of grass, and it is observed by Mr. Harris that 
 its grub resembles the wireworm of Europe. 
 
 Elater . ( Plate v, fig. 7.) 
 
 This species was found dead : it is much larger than the appressifrmis, and of a light 
 brown color. I believe now that though it may not be a common species, still, as it is 
 faded, it will probably be a matter of doubt to what species it really belongs, and there- 
 fore I omit further allusion to it. 
 
FAMILY LAMPVRID^. 89 
 
 Lampyrid*. 
 
 The glowworms aud fireflies constitute a part of this interesting family of insects. Their 
 bodies are elongated and greatly depressed, and soft : the elongation affects the abdomen, 
 the thorax and head being very short, and the latter concealed in the former. The females 
 are sometimes destitute of wings. Theii- colors are dull, though a considerable variety 
 exists, and the markings of the thorax are vei-y peculiar, the ornamental colors consisting 
 of red and yellow combined with black. They are said to be voi-acious, and feeders upon 
 flesh, subsisting upon snails, etc. When alarmed, they fold up their antenme aud feet, and 
 remain motionless : if disturbed, they lall into the grass or leaves. They are common on 
 fences and walls diu-ing tlie siunnier and spring. Some species fly into the windows at 
 night, being attracted by the light of the candle. 
 
 The family is characterized anatomically by the difierent authors as having filiform or 
 serrated antennee, with compressed joints ; the penultimate joint of the tarsi bilobed ; the 
 parts of the mouth small : mandible small, acute and curved. 
 
 Genus LAMPYRIS (Lin.). 
 
 ' Head not rostrated, covered by thorax : females apterous : mandibles entire ' ( West- 
 wood). 
 
 Lampyris NIGRICAN.S (Kiioch). ( Plate xxj, fig. 3.) 
 
 < Brownish black : thorax with a rufous spot eaeh side within the margin ' ( Say). 
 The margin of the thorax appears wetted, and the thorax is edged with brownish. 
 
 Lampyris scintillans. ( Plate xxi, fig. 5.) 
 
 Disk of the thorax rufous, with an angular brown spot in the centre ; border yellow : 
 elytra brown, bordered witli jellow. 
 
 Lampyris angulata. ( Plate xxi, fig. 4.) 
 
 Color pale fuscous, the darker indistinctly defined. Thorax marked with an angular and 
 
 pointed patch of brown on its posterior part, and surrounded with rufous : sides of 
 
 the broAvu anterior part fui-nished with a pau- of oval yellowish spots. Elytra brown, 
 
 bordered witli yellow. 
 
 Lampyris laticornis. ( Plate xxi, fig. 2.) 
 
 Antennse conspicuous and compressed. Thorax ornamented with an oval central black 
 spot, pointed^before, aud bordered with rufous ; margin pale yellow : beneath, the 
 colors correspond to ^those above. Elytra plain dull black, black beneath. Length 
 oue-foui'th of an inch. 
 [ AGRicuLTURiL Report — Vol. v.] 12 
 
90 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Lampyris corrusca. ( Plate xxi, fig. 1.) 
 
 Thorax with a black spot, rounded at the sides, and prolonged to the anterior extremity 
 of the thorax, bordered ■with rufous and yellowish ; margin with a black narrow 
 border. Elytra black or dark brown. 
 
 Lampyris versicolor. ( Plate xxi, fig. 6.) 
 
 Body long. Thorax lined with black in the centre and posteriorly, and with oval rufous 
 
 spots on each side ; margin yellow. Elytra dark brown, margined with yellow, and 
 
 with an acute band behind, running from the anterior and outer angle to the opposite 
 
 interior angle. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 Genus DICTYOPTERA (Lt.). Lycus (Stph.). 
 'Head short : females winged : mandibles entire ' (Westwood). 
 
 Dictyoptera terminalis. ( Plate xxi, fig. 8.) 
 
 Thorax black in the middle, bordered with reddish yellow : antennse, legs and abdomen 
 
 black : elytra pale orange, terminated with blue-black, and longitudinally veined ; 
 
 inosculating transverse veinlets between and uniting them ; wings bordered with pale 
 
 orange, shaded at their extremity. Length 1 
 
 Dictyoptera reticulata. ( Plate xxi, fig. 7.) 
 
 Thorax with a central black spot, bordered with orange : antennfe, legs and abdomen 
 black : elytra orange, with two large blue-black oval spots ; veins six, alternately 
 thick and thin : wings black at their tips, and shaded blackish. Length ? 
 Both species are fui'nished with conspicuous antennae. 
 
 Teleplioridae. 
 
 Telephorus? . ( Plate xxvi, fig. 1.) 
 
 Body soft, elongate, linear : elytra covering the abdomen ; terminal joint of the laliial 
 palpi securiform ; eyes prominent. Color of the body, head, and middle of the thorax 
 black or dark brown ; middle of the elytra brown, edges rufous ; labrum and outer 
 margins of the thorax thin and rufous. Length half an inch. 
 
 Omalisus coccinatus ( Say). 
 Thorax indented : elytra orange, reticulated with longitudinal veins and a transverse 
 network of veinlets : antennse slightly rufous, and bordering upon brown or black. 
 
FAMILY CLERID^. 91 
 
 Cleridge. 
 
 Antenna subdavate, the three or four last joints being thickened : the head is more or 
 less retractile ; and the anterior parts, head and thorax, appear elongated, while the 
 abdomen is short. The thorax and body are both subrotund ; the last joint Imt one of the 
 tarsi, bifid. 
 
 The family is composed of small but beautiful insects : they live in wood, and some- 
 times in the dried remains of animals, in which ^-espect they seem to resemble the der- 
 mestidse. Others frequent beehives, and feed upon the larvae of the bee. 
 
 Genus CLERUS (Geoff.). Trichodes (Fab.). 
 
 ' Tarsi with the basal joints scarcely visible ; labial palpi terminated by a large hatchet- 
 ' shaped joint; terminal joint of the antenna acutely produced within' (Westwood). 
 
 Clerus apiarius. ( Plate ii, fig. 8.) 
 
 Color steel-blue, pubescent : elytra vermilion, with three transverse bands of deep violet. 
 
 Genus THANASIMUS (Latr.). 
 
 Antennae gradually clavate : maxillary palpi small ; labial paljii terminated by a hatchet- 
 shaped joint ; basal tarsi joint small. 
 
 Thanasimus dubius ( Latr.). (Plate viii, fig. 7.) 
 
 Color brown and fuscous, pubescent ; madibles asd eyes black ; head, thorax and base of 
 
 the elytra fuscous. Neck surrounded with a collar : thorax emarginate before, deeply 
 
 grooved transversely behind, and exserted. Elytra fuscous and strongly punctui-ed at 
 
 base, banded with rufous white and dark brown or black ; thighs fuscous ; tibia and 
 
 first joints of the tarsi dark brown. 
 
 One-third of the basal portion of the elytra is pubescent ; the remainder, or banded 
 
 portion, is clothed with close-pressed short hairs : on the undulating whitish bands, the 
 
 hair is dirty white. Length one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 This species of Thanasimus is found upon the pine, both in the living and decayed state 
 of the tree. 
 
 The larva of one of the English species of Clerus, C. apiarius, is found in beehives, and 
 is highly injiuious to the commuuity, as it feeds upon the grubs of the bees. It is an 
 European insect, and is not known in this country ; but as other members of the family 
 may have the same habits, it is important that they should be found out. 
 
92 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Ptiuidae. 
 
 The family PTiNiDiE is composed of a number of small insects, which "^re sufficiently 
 abundant at times to cause considerable damage : they are found in the woodwork of old 
 houses ; in furniture and books, diied plants, ship biscuit, wafers, grain, etc. The Genus 
 Anobium is one of these, and has acquired the name of deathicatck, from the noise it makes. 
 
 Genus PTINUS. 
 'Antennae long, slender and simple, inserted close together; eyes prominent; elytra 
 ' separated ; body oblong ' ( Westwood). 
 
 Ptinus FUK(Lijin.). 
 This is a small oval insect of a reddish brown color, one-eighth of an inch injength, 
 with the head and prothorax small and the feet and antenna long and slender. The elytra 
 are covered with hairs, and have a longitudinal stria filled with punctures. It is very 
 destructive when numerous, and is common to Europe and America : in Europe, it de- 
 stroys stored wheat. Dr. Haldeman remarks that he has found it feeding upon the corn- 
 stalks used to line cases of insects in an entomological collection, in the month of Fe- 
 bruary. It seems to be a general feeder. 
 
 Lyinexylonidae. 
 
 The destruction of ship-timber collected in dockyards, which so often happens, is fre- 
 quently effected by the Lymexylon navule, a species of insect belonging to this family, and 
 found in Europe. The cause of the damage was investigated by Linkeus, at the request of 
 the King of Sweden ; and when he discovered it, he recommended immersing the timber 
 in water during the period when the female insect would he engaged in depositing her 
 eggs. Dr. Harris describes an American species, or one belonging to the allied genus 
 Hyleccetus. 
 
 Cupes capitata. 
 Color black : head red or ferruginous, strongly ridged and transversely grooved, and 
 furnished with two prominent tubercles : thorax with three longitudinal ridges : 
 elytra strongly ridged, with two rows of punctiu-es upon the back, and three between 
 the lateral ridges. 
 
FAMILY BOSTRICHID^. 93 
 
 Bo:<;trieMd?e. 
 
 This family is distinguiahed by the eylindrical form of the insect, and by the front of the 
 prothorax, which is obliquely truncate. In this climate these insects are small, but Vvithin 
 the tropics there are some large species. They all infest forest ti-ees, burrowing either 
 beneath the bark or into the wood. The power they possess of penetrating hard substances 
 is (Juite remarkable : seasoned timber is easily cut by them, and the lead of the roofs of 
 houses scarcely presents an obstruction. At Turin, cartridges stored in barrels were eaten 
 through, and the leaden balls gnawed an eighth of an inch in depth. The Bostiichiis ca- 
 puchins., the species on which the genus was first established by Geoffroy, has been found 
 gnawing type metal, which is considerably harder than lead. Their bodies are hard, and 
 generally black or of a darlc rusty brown : the thorax is dilated before ; the antenna short, 
 and terminate in three large serrated joints. The larva' are wood-eaters also, of a whitish 
 color, wrinkled above, and furnished with six legs. 
 
 Genus APATE. Bostrichus (Oliv.). 
 Elytra spinose and retuse posteriorly : antennje with the second joint el<>ngate,cylindric ; 
 terminal joints forming a perfoliated club. 
 
 Apate basilaris. 
 Color black or dark brown : prothorax rough and punctured ; base of the elytra red, 
 punctured, and the posterior extremity obliquely truncate and furnished with three 
 teeth on each side. Length rather more than one-f mrth of an inch. 
 
 This species is found as far south as Carolina. It perforates the shagbark hickory dia- 
 metrically through the trunk to the very heart, where it undergoes its transformations at 
 the bottom of its bm-row ( Harris on injurious insects). 
 
 In Italy, the branches of the Morns ■mulficaulis are perforated by the Apute scxduitutc. 
 Many other species commit great havoc in forests, perforating the wood and burrowing 
 beneath the bark, by which the circulation of the sap is cut off. 
 
 Dr. Haldeman remarks in a manuscript note, that some strips of hickory which he had 
 employed to confine rose plants were destroyed in two years. The hickory is a tree that 
 suffers much from the attacks of boring insects ; and hoop-poles made of hickory saplings 
 are frequently destroyed, or rendered useless in a few months. Barrel hoops, made of this 
 excellent material, are often attacked, so that much inconvenience, if not actual loss, may 
 be the result. The proper remedy seems to be the immersion of the poles in water, or 
 storing them in cellars, during the deposition of the eggs. The latter mode is sometimes 
 adopted, but the former would have the advantage of destroying young grubs already 
 deposited. 
 
94 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 From the great and increasing value of the forests in New-York and Pennsylvania, it 
 becomes necessary to direct attention to these destroyers, that proper care may be taken to 
 prevent their increase. Although living trees are subject to attack, these insects have the 
 peculiarity of flocking to recently cut timber. On this account, infected trees should be 
 cut down and the bark subsequently removed and burnt, and the wood cut up and applied 
 as fuel, turned into charcoal, or immersed in water. Some European authors contend that 
 healthy trees are not attacked by these insects ; and that when the attack has been com- 
 menced, it is an indication that the tree is in a state of incipient decline. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 
 
 HETEROMERA. 
 
 This division comprehends those insects in which the four anterior tarsi are five-jointed, 
 while the posterior pair are only four-jointed. They are mostly vegetable feeders, some 
 preferring leaves, others flowers, and others farinaceous matters. There is great diversity 
 in their color and haljitat : some are beautifully ornamented, others dark and gloomy : 
 some prefer the light of day, and are found upon the wing sporting in the beams of the 
 sun ; others inliabit dark and gloomy places, retiring from day, and aiiiding in obscure 
 and unfrequented situations In these respects, however, we find elsewhere similar ar- 
 rangements and diversities. 
 
 The Heteromera are subdivided by Westwood into two sections or tribes, the first of 
 which he calls Trachelia. The head in this tribe is considerably dilated behind the eyes, 
 and then narrowed again, so that the thorax does not equal the broadest part of the head. 
 The body of the insect is also of a soft consistence, and the elytra are flexible, and folded 
 or overlapped on their inner margin. The Canthaeis is an example of this subdivision, as 
 to the character of the elytra and the softness of body and gay color of the insect. 
 
 The other great tribe or subdivision is the Atrachelia. In this tribe the thorax has the 
 width of the head, the posterior part of which is ofteu concealed by the thorax. The habits 
 of the insects also serve to distinguish them from the first subdivision : they appear in 
 dull colors, rarely fly by day, and seek concealment in darkness. Among the Atrachelia 
 we find the Genera Blaps and Tenebrio. 
 
 Tlie Trachelia comprise the Notoxidse, Pyrochroidse, Lagriidse, Horiidse, Mordellidae. 
 Cantharidfe, Salpingidae, (Edemeridse, and Melandryidfe ; in all nine families. 
 
 The Atrachelia embrace only six families, namely, the Cistelidae, Helopidse, Tene- 
 brionidse, Diaperidse, Blapsidse and Pimeliidae. 
 
96 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Pvrocliroidae. 
 
 Body narrowed in front, and flattened ; neck distinct ; tliorax suborbicular ; antennae 
 rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males. 
 
 Dejjdkoides canadensis (Lt.). ( Plate xxv, fig. 2.) 
 
 Eyes very large, nearly meeting above and below, terminating sharply beneath and rounded 
 above : thorax rufous and punctured : elytra chestnut brown, glossy, beautifully 
 punctured and long, and larger than the abdomen ; antenn?e distantly pectinated. 
 
 Genus PYEOCHROA (Fab.). Canthaeis (Lin.). 
 Antennae rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males : eyes distant. 
 
 Pyrocheoa flabellata. ( Plate XXV, fig. 4.) 
 
 Eyes in the males distant, but large : antennae pectinated : head and thorax rufous : elytra 
 
 black or dark brown, finely punctm-ed, and extending beyond the abdomen ; thighs 
 
 banded with rufous at both extremities ; antennse black, rufous at base ; last segment 
 
 of the abdomen brownish. 
 
 Cautliaridae. 
 
 The canthai-ides, or blistering flies used in medicine, are represented amongst us by the 
 allied genus Epicaita, having the same property of raising blisters. They are slender 
 soft-bodied insects, with slender legs, the prothorax narrowed before, and the head large. 
 They are at times abundant upon potato vines, whence tliey have acquired the name of 
 potato fly ^ particularly the Epicauta vittafa : it attacks the potato, convolvulus, and other 
 plants, from June to September. It may, with the other species, be collected with a muslin 
 bag having the mouth attached to a hoop ; thrown into water to prevent escape, and 
 subsequently scalded and dried for the use of the druggist. 
 
 Epicauta vittata. ( Plate v, fig. 14.) 
 
 Color black : third joint of tlie antennje longest : front of the head marked by two black 
 kidneyform spots : thorax furnished with a small labial tubercle, and marked with 
 three fuscous strips, the two lateral ones obscure ; the middle of the thorax promi- 
 nent. Elytra margined all around with fuscous border, and marked in the middle with 
 a stripe of the same color : thighs fuscous at the articulation ; lower extremities and 
 tibise and tarsi black. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
 
FAMILY CANTHARID^, CISTELID^ AND DIAPERID^, d*7 
 
 Genus CANTHARIS ( Geoff.). Lytta ( Fab.). 
 Body narrow ; wings two ; elytra elongate ; last joint of the maxillary palpi subovate. 
 
 Cantharis cinerea. 
 Insect elongated, narrow, cinereous, and covered with short dose-pressed hairs : antenna 
 dark brown. 
 The whole insect has a hoary appearance. 
 
 Cantharis atrata. ( Plate xxv, fig. 6.) 
 
 Insect jet black : legs, body and thorax shining : elytra rather dull. 
 
 Sometimes I have found great numbers of this insect devouring the flowers of the china 
 aster, in the months of August and September. 
 
 Genus MELOE (Linn.). 
 Wings none : elytra short, lapping within j autennse various. 
 
 Meloe angusticollis. 
 Insect steel-blue : head and thorax punctured ; two ovoid spaces on each side of the 
 thorax, smooth. Elytra sculptured : the two last and part of the third ring of the 
 abdomen naked. 
 
 Cistelidae. 
 
 Genus CISTELA (Fab.). Chrysomela ( Linn.). 
 
 'Ovate : thorax semicircular; mandibles biiid ; maxillary palpi subsecuriform ' (West- 
 wood). 
 
 CisTELA brevis ( Say). 
 Brown, widest near the middle : thorax terminated behind and laterally by a sharp angle : 
 elytra punctured and slightly ridged ; legs rather long, ^id paler than the body. 
 
 Diaperidae. 
 
 Genus BOLETOPH AGUS ( Fab . ) . Eledona ( Lat. ) . 
 Obtuse, ovate, convex : thorax crenated ; antennae curved, clubbed and serrated. 
 
 [Ageicultueal Report — Vol. v.] 13 
 
98 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 BOLETOPHAGUS CORMTTUS. ( Plate T, fig. 12.) 
 
 Brown, scabrous : elytra furnished ■with three rows of tubercles. Male thorax furnished 
 with two curled horns leaning forward, yellow, villose on their under sides ; labrum 
 furnished with two pointed upright horns, or pointed tubercles : thorax of the female 
 furnished with two short notched tubercles ; margin of the thorax dUated,tuberculate 
 and serrate. 
 
 Helopidae. 
 
 The colors of this family of insects are rather lively : their elytra are free, and the wings 
 are usually simple. The larva are found in wood or under the bark of trees : some, in the 
 perfect state, frequent umbelliferous flowers. 
 
 PiTHO AilEEICAMTS ( KuOCh). ( Plate XXV, fig. 9.) 
 
 Brown, darker above, and slightly brassy or submetallic ; head and thorax darker than 
 the elytra. 
 
 Tenebrionidae, Blapsidae. and Pimeliidae. 
 
 Anatomical cHARAcrEsisxics. Tarsi and tarsal claws entire ; sides of the head parallel ; 
 antennse rather short. monUiform, and inserted beneath the widened margins of the head ; 
 mandibles short, triangulai", tips bifid ; internal lobe of the maxilla often armed with a 
 corneous tooth ; eyes oblong, and only slightly elevated. 
 
 arv fUAT. HABITS. Thcsc families possess many similar habits : they avoid the light, 
 and live in damp places in cellars, basements, stables, etc., or upon the ground and under 
 stones in sandy places. The term fenebrio is derived from the latin, signifying darkness 
 ( Westwood). The colors are all dark brown or black. 
 
 In the TEXEBK10SID.E, the body is oblong ovate and depressed, or supplied with short 
 legs ; elytra free ; thorax square, and the head as broad behind as the base of the elytra : 
 the palpi are enlarged at the tip ; mentum narrowed at the base. 
 
 In the BLAPsiDi : Elytra soldered together ; wings obsolete ; legs of moderate length, 
 hence the body is less depressed than in the former family ; palpi three-jointed j man- 
 dibles bifid ; internal lobe of the maxUla armed with a claw. 
 
 In the PiiiELiiD^, the palpi filiform, and terminal joint rather dilated than hatchet- 
 shaped as in the two preceding families ; maxilla concealed in a large mentum, which is 
 fts wide behind as before. 
 
FAMILY TENEBRIONID^. 99 
 
 Genus TENEBRIO. 
 
 Body narrow elongate ; thorax quadrate ; antennae filiform and eleven-jointed, basal joint 
 ovate, second small ; palpi unequal ; legs slender ; anterior tibise curved, minutely 
 spurred at the apex ; tarsi witli entire joints heteromerous. 
 The Tenebrio resides in mills, granaries, meal-tubs, etc., upon the contents of which it 
 
 subsists. 
 
 Tenebeio molitor. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 10.) 
 
 Color black or brown : thorax darker than the elytra ; beneath dark fuscous. Head thick- 
 ly punctured ; thorax impressed on each side of the median line ; elytra obscurely 
 streaked and punctured ; legs sliining reddish. 
 Common in bakehouses, meal-tubs, etc. 
 
 Tenebrio obscurus. 
 Color blacky or dark brown and dull ; beneath brown, 
 
 Tenebrio curvipes. 
 
 Color black or very dark brown ; lighter beneath. Tibiae much curved. 
 
 The mealworm is a hard smooth shining cylindrical larva about an inch long, which 
 lives upon flour, meal or bran, and is frequently very destructive to biscuits on shipboard. 
 It is said to pass two years in the larva state, when it appears as the Tenehrio molitor found 
 in Europe and America, and probably exported to other countries. In Europe, the larvae 
 are raised in quantities to feed nightingales and other cage-birds. It is usually abundant in 
 grain-mills and granaries. 
 
 Upis pennsylvanica (Dj.). (Plate xxv, fig. 8.) 
 
 Dark brown. Elytra finely punctured in nine equal lines. 
 
et: 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued). 
 
 PSEUDOTETRAMERA. 
 
 Bmcliidae. 
 
 Genus BRUCHUS (Linn.). 
 Antennae filiform, slightly and gradually thickened at the tips : elytra oblong quadrate. 
 
 Bruchus pisi. ( Plate ii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Insect small and hairy, ovoid, gray : head black ; thorax gray or mottled, with a central 
 posterior whitish spot ; elytra gray or mottled, with small inconspicuous dots or spots 
 posteriorly ; posterior abdomen with two black oval spots, and two just beneath the 
 ends of the wings ; scales black. 
 The female peabug deposits its eggs in the tender peapod, when the pea is soft and im- 
 mature ; and when the larva is hatched, it feeds upon the matter with which it is sur- 
 rounded, until it has attained its full growth, when it bores a gallery to the surface, merely 
 leaving the sm-face skin untouched, ready to be pushed off by the head of the perfect 
 insect when ready to make its exit in April. An infinity of the young grubs are destroyed 
 in preparing green peas for the table ; but whether the epicure finds any difierence in the 
 taste of pure and infected vegetables, we are not informed. 
 
 Seed peas more than a year old do not retain the living insects, and should therefore be 
 preferred in planting new districts : if these cannot be had, the seed may be immersed 
 in scalding water for ^ short time ; a process which does not appear to destroy the ger- 
 minating power of leguminous vegetables, if carefully performed. This is proved by the 
 fact that seeds of the locust tree will grow in a single season, if boiling water be poured 
 over them and allowed to stand until it has become cold. 
 
GENUS CALANDRA. 101 
 
 Genus CALANDRA. 
 'Antennae geniculated and nine-jointed, inserted near the base of the rostrum : the club 
 is biarticulate ; rostrum elongate, rounded, slightly dellexed and bent ; thorax elon- 
 gate, narrowed in front, depressed, the base and apex truncate ; elytra shorter than 
 the abdomen ; body subdepressed ; legs rather short ; tibia armed with an acute 
 spur ; tarsi reflexed, the penultimate joint slightly bilobed ' ( Stephens). 
 
 Calandra granaria (Clairv.). (Plate ii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Color pale ferruginous : head finely punctate ; thorax strongly punctate ; elytra deeply 
 striate and punctate ; legs ferruginous. 
 
 This insect is an European species, but has been introduced here in samples of wheat 
 received from France. Many bottles of sample wheat were entirely destroyed, although 
 perfectly closed so that nothing could get in from without. It is called the Corn vjeevil. 
 
 I suppose this introduction of this insect, which was accompanied with another, the 
 Silvanus surinamensis, is only a single instance of its occurrence in this way. When it was 
 observed that the specimen grain was destroyed by these imported insects, Mr. J. E. Gavit 
 volunteered to describe and illustrate the insects for publication in the Transactions of the 
 Agricultural Society of this State. I am permitted to republish this valuable account, 
 furnished by the gentleman referred to ; as too much publicity cannot be given to a matter 
 so interesting to the wheat-growers of this country. 
 
 Mr. Gavit, in his communication to the Secretary of the Society, states, that ' in the 
 specimens of wheat furnished me, I find two beetles : one the true corn weevil of Europe, 
 Calandra granaria (Clairville) ; the other, Silvanus surinamensis, the weevil most com- 
 monly found infesting the granaries of this State. 
 
 ' The former of these received the name of Curculio granarius from Linn^us, but is now 
 called Calandra granaria. It is somewhat depressed, and varies in color from a deep pitch 
 to a chesnut tint. The head is semi-globose, produced anteriorly into a longish smooth 
 cylindrical snout, which is shortest and stoutest in the males : it is slightly cm-ved, and 
 sparingly punctured with two lines extending almost from the base of the head to the 
 apex, forming two deep channels before the eyes, where the rostrum is dilated. Eyes black, 
 vertical, ovate, finely granulated and depressed. The antennae are nine-jointed : the basal 
 joint being long, stout and clavate, it forms an angle with the remainder ; the terminal 
 ones forming an oval, conical, little shining club, pubescent at the tip. Thorax twice as 
 broad as the head, oval, a little truncated : the surface is coarsely punctui'ed with oval 
 points. Scutellum minute and oval. Wing-covers exactly equal to the thorax and head, 
 being ovate-truncate, and not covering the apex of the abdomen : there are nine deep 
 punctured channels down each, producing short pale bristles ; and the two raised furrows 
 on each side of the suture have a line of long punctures. The six legs are punctured, 
 
102 . ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Strong and stout, especially the anterior and posterior pairs. The thighs are stout : they 
 all have a hook or claw at their extremities. The tarsi are reflexed and foui'-jointed, spongy 
 beneath, basal joint subclavate, second ovate, third broader and slightly bilobed, fourth 
 clavate and furnished with two minute claws. Length nearly two lines. 
 
 ' This insect seems early to have attracted the attention of naturalists. Leuwenhoek 
 closely observed its economy, and his observations were published as far back as 1687 ; 
 but to Olivier, however, are we indebted for the most accurate and full account of its 
 habits jiublished in the Encyclopedic Methodique. All subsequent writers appear to have 
 based their descriptions on his observations. No insect is more formidable to man than this 
 little pest, since it attacks the principal basis of his food ; and they are sometimes so nu- 
 merous in a heap of grain, that they destroy it altogether, leaving nothing but the chafl'. 
 After the sexes have paired, the female makes a hole in the grain of wheat with her ro- 
 strum, and deposits an egg. These holes are not perpendicular to the surface of the grains, 
 but oblique, or even parallel, and are stopped with a species of gluten of the same color 
 as the corn. Olivier says there is but one to each grain : I, however, have repeatedly 
 found two, one in each lobe, and these larvse as plump and well conditioned as those who 
 had the good fortune of a kernel to themselves. From the egg is hatched in due time a 
 small footless grub (fig. 6), which, during its growth, eats out the entire contents of the 
 grain, and, when lodged in the grain, is perfect!}- sheltered from all injuries from the air, 
 because its excrements serve to close the aperture ; so there is no use in stirring the grain, 
 as nothing can incommode it. It is very white ; has the form of an elongated soft worm, 
 and the body is composed of nine prominent rounded rings : it is nearly a line in length, 
 with a yellow rounded head provided with organs (fig. c) proper for gnawing the grain. 
 When the larva has eaten all the flour, and is arrived at its full growth, it remains in the 
 envelope of the grain, where it is metamorphosed into a nymph (fig. o), of a clear white, 
 and transparent : the proboscis and antennse can readily be distinguished ; but it gives no 
 sign of life, except when disturbed, and then but a slight movement of the abdomen. 
 Eight or ten days after, the perfect insect eats its way out. In general, that which serves 
 as nutriment to insects in their larva state is unsuited to the perfect form. To this the 
 calandra is an exception ; for scarcely has it issued from its nymph state, than it proceeds 
 to pierce the envelope of the grain, to establish itself anew therein. I have frequentl}' 
 watched the perfect insect feeding upon the farina of the grain, having pierced the skin 
 and buried the proboscis to the base. It is often found, however, lodged in the interior of 
 the grain (fig. c) ; and its black color does not announce its recent issuing from its state of 
 nymph, since it is of a straw color at the time when it has just left its sheath : neverthe- 
 less we must doubtless believe that it occasions much less injury in this state, than in that 
 of the larva. 
 
 < The Calandra has no sooner issued from its envelope of nymph, than, like the majority 
 of insects, it is in a state of pairing for the reproduction of its species, and this act ever 
 
GENUS CALANDRA. 103 
 
 bears strict relation to a certain degree of heat : if it be under 50° Fahr., it is insufiBicient 
 to afford them force or vigor to desire copulation : if the weather be cold, they remain in 
 a lethargic state, and are incapable of injury ; if -wai-m, they pair very frequently. The 
 deposition of eggs commences sooner or later, according to the season or climate : the 
 female deposits them in all months, when the temperature is up to a suitable degree, 
 ceasing to lay when the mornings grow cold. 
 
 ' From the moment of pairing to the appearing of the perfect calandi'a, there is an in- 
 terval of forty or forty-five days. By this we may see that a year must produce many 
 generations, which multiply still more in very hot climates. According to a table for the 
 calculation of their increase, it results that the siun total of each generation added to- 
 gether is G045, procecLling from a single pair diuing five months, from the end of April 
 until the middle of September, while the mercury continues above 65° Fahr. We are 
 therefore no longer astonished if enormous heaps of grain are destroyed by these insects. 
 The injured kernels may be known by a very simple process : if several handfuls of the 
 grain be thrown into water, those will swim upon the sui-face which have Ijeen robbed of 
 their farinaceous substance by the destroyer. 
 
 ' It is not upon the sm-face of corn heaps, but some inches beneath, that we find these 
 insects ; and there, unless dislodged by shaking with a shovel or sieve, they will remain 
 so long as the weather continues warm, living, pairing, and depositing their eggs. When 
 the mornings begin to freshen, all, both young and old, retire to clefts of walls and the 
 flaws of wood and floors. They are sometimes found behind tapestry, chimnies, in fine 
 every place affording a warm retreat. 
 
 < It has been supposed seriously that these insects remain lethargic during the whole 
 winter, and return in spring to their abandoned grain-heaps, recommencing the deposition 
 of their eggs ; the cold incapacitating them for the exercise of the functions necessary for 
 the multiplication and preservation of their species. Based upon the knowledge of this 
 fact, is the substitution of cold as a remedy. It has therefore been proposed to have a 
 ventilator, the effect of which would be to keep in a granary a degree of air sufiiciently 
 cold to reduce these insects to the above lethargic state. A general and constant rule among 
 insects is, that those which have paired perish shortly after, and do not pass the winter 
 except in the egg or larva state. It is doubtless rare that even those which have not been 
 exhausted by fulfilling the intentions of natiu-e, can survive the winter rigors. Mr. Gay- 
 lord, however, in his prize essay published in the Society's Transactions for the year 1843, 
 says, of some specimens of wheat that he had received from the Patent Oflice, in which he 
 found weevils, that "selecting some pure flint wheat kernels, all perfectly soimd, we 
 enclosed a dozen of these weevils with the wheat in a large phial to prevent their escape. 
 The phial was wrapped in paper, and placed where it would not be distiu-bed except for 
 examination. Opening it occasionally for more than a year and a half, I found my weevils, 
 with the exception of one or two, all living, and appearing to enjoy themselves much on 
 
104 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 the wheat, a large portion of the kernels of which they had hollowed out." This would 
 imply that they survive two seasons at least, and those I have in my possession sustain this 
 assumption. 
 
 ' Many and various modes of exterminating this foe to man have been tried. We first 
 hear of fumigations with herbs of strong and disagreeable odor ; but this seems useless, as 
 it does not incommode the insect, while the grain receives a fetid and disgusting scent. 
 The fumes of sulphui' are pronounced equally inefficient. All these fumigations are still 
 less adapted to the destruction of the larvae, as the smoke cannot penetrate among the 
 grain, and their perfectly closed envelope secures them from all such annoyance. Olivieh 
 recommends the following, as one of the most effectual and least expensive modes of 
 destroying them. At the return of spring, when tlie calandrse are observed to spread in 
 the heaps of winter-stored grain, it will be necessary to form small heaps of five and six 
 measures, and place them at a suitable distance from the large heap : this stir with a 
 shovel. The insects, who are singularly fond of tranquility, seek to escape, and, seeing 
 another heap of grain alongside, they take refuge therein. When all are thus collected, 
 boiling water is brought and poured over them, stirring it from time to time with the shovel 
 to secure its penetration through the grain while hot. All these insects then die, being 
 burned or suffocated at the moment. The grain is then spread for the purpose of drying, 
 and afterwards sifted to separate the dead insects. 
 
 < It is necessary to perform this operation early in the spring before the deposition of 
 eggs, the generation existing being only dangerous in giving birth to its successors. This 
 method may be performed on a large scale as weil as a small one, without occasioning any 
 considerable expense. 
 
 ' Other experiments have proved that a sudden heat of 75" Fahr. is sufficient to destroy 
 these insects, without burning them ; and a simple efficacious method is mentioned in the 
 Tennessee Agriculturist, quoted by Mr. Gaylord in his essay. " If a hogshead, with one 
 head removed, be inverted over a fire until thoroughly heated, and then immediately filled 
 with wheat and reheaded, all weevils in the grain will be killed, and the grain may be 
 kept in safety till wanted for use." 
 
 'A gentleman in Madeira has established a heated room, with hot water pipes, in which 
 he receives as many as eight hundred bags of grain at a time : these become heated through 
 at about 135° Fahr. ; and the wheat, when resifted, is perfectly cleaned, making quite as 
 good bread as before, the seed also losing nothing of its vitality by this process.* 
 
 ' The French " lay upon the grain, fleeces of wool which have not been scoured : the 
 oily matter attracts the insects among the wool, when they soon die, from what cause is 
 not exactly known."f 
 
 • Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Vol. 1. t London Lit. Gazette, July 1, 1825. 
 
GENUS CALANDRA. 105 
 
 < One essential point in all storehouses for grain is, undoubtedly, IVequent whitewashing 
 and thorough ventilation, as there appears to be much testimony corroborative of this great 
 preventive to the ravages of this minute destroyer. 
 
 ' A correspondent of the London Mark-lane Express, in speaking of the corn weevil 
 says : " Some years ago, we found a house overrun with weevils : after numberless at- 
 tempts to destroy tliem, we were led to observe that they were almost entirely on the south 
 wall (our rainy side), and that they appeared to breed in incredible numbers in an un- 
 usually damp spot or corner. Taking the hint, we cased the wall on the outside with slate, 
 and made the house in every respect perfectly dry, and in a short time the weevils died 
 oflF and disappeared. Since adopting this precaution, we have not the least trouble, and 
 have only been reminded that such an insect exists when an accidental spot of damp has 
 appeared to generate them again. We think ourselves, therefore, entitled to say, that these 
 insects require moisture ; and that if the grain and granary, as both ought always to be, 
 are dry and healthy, weevils will not long remain. This plan bears the merit of costing 
 less than nothing, because the injury that wheat sustains directly from damp is more flian 
 equivalent to the expense of keeping premises dry, leaving its indirect influence in the 
 generation of weevils out of the question." ' 
 
 SiLVANus suaiNAMENsis. ( Plate ii, fig. .3.) 
 
 The following is Mr. Gavit's account of this insect : 
 
 ' The insect accompanying the Calandra^ and usually found in granaries in this country, 
 is named Silvanus suriiiamensis, the corn silvanus. This insect was named by Linn^eus, 
 being sent to him from Surinam by one of his pupils. Fabricuts, from its infesting stores 
 and warehouses, called it Jl?wbiu7Ji frumentarium, and subsequently Drrmw^w scxde7ifafum., 
 from the spines on the side of the thorax. Linn^eus's name, liowevcr, has the right of 
 priority. 
 
 ' S. surinamcnsis is only one line and a quarter long, and very narrow : it is flat, of a 
 rusty brown color, thickly and coarsely punctured, and sparingly clothed with short de- 
 pressed yellow hairs. The head is large and subtrigonate : the nose appears truncated, 
 })ut it is semicircular in front, and conceals the mouth, which is composed of an upper 
 and under lip, and two little horny jaws, maxillse and palpi. The antennae stout, straight 
 and pubescent, nearly as long as the head and thorax, and eleven-jointed ; the basal joint 
 stoutish, the terminal ones forming an elongated club (fig./). The eyes are black, small, 
 and coarsely granulated. The thorax is perfectly oval, and a little wider tlian the head at 
 the middle. There are tliree ridges down the back, forming two broad channels, and on 
 each margin are six teeth. Scutellum minute ; the wing-covers long, elliptical, and broader 
 than the thorax, with four slightly elevated lines down each : between them are double 
 i-ows of punctiu'es, and a series of little shining yellow bristles : beneath are two ample 
 
 [ AcRICULTUR.iL RepORT VoL. V.] 14 
 
106 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 wings. Legs short ; thighs stout; shanks clavate ; tarsi five-jointed, three first joints short,, 
 fourth exceedingly minute, fifth clavate and terminated by two small claws. 
 
 ' The larva (fig. g) is a little depressed yellowish white worm : it is composed of a 
 tolerably large head, with two pointed jaws and two little horns, and of twelve transverse 
 segments ; the tail is somewhat conical, and it has six conical articulated legs. 
 
 ' The pupa (fig. h) is of the same color ; the head is bent down ; the thorax is sub- 
 orbicular, with three ridges ; the elytra wrapped over the sides, and striated : abdomen 
 with distinct segments. 
 
 ' Mr. Curtis, from whom the above description is derived, says that " this insect appears 
 to be naturalized in England and Scotland, lying under the bark of trees*." I have found 
 it in sugar, and in boxes containing dried figs in great numbf is. It appears to be spread 
 all over the habitable globe, probably carried in vessels with grain and dried fruits. 
 
 ' This is the insect, as I am informed by that excellent entomologist, Dr. Fitch, that 
 infested the mill of Mr. Rich of Shoreham (Vermont), mentioned in the Cultivator of 
 December 1846, on which Mr. R. tried various experiments of fumigation, but found 
 nothing so satisfactory as hot water, whitewashing, and general cleanlinc:rS. A ccrrttpon- 
 dent of the same journal, in noticing Mr. Rich's experiments, speaks of a remedy he never 
 found to fail : placing sassafras root among the grain infested by them. He is evidently 
 dealing with the rice weevil, Calandm oryzce (Linnjeus), an insect exceedingly like the 
 grain weevil in habits and appearances.' 
 
 Attelabidiie. 
 
 BreuUiides, 
 
 Genus BRENTHUS (Fab.). 
 
 Thorax ovoid ; body rounded or subcj lindrical ; antennae inserted at the base of the snout, 
 just before the eyes. In the males the mandibles are strong and prominent : the fe- 
 male is provided with a gently curved snout, terminated with a much smaller pair. 
 Thorax and head as long as the body or abdominal portion. 
 
 Brenthus septentrionis (Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 4.) 
 
 Males with distinct mandibles : females provided with an elongated snout. Color brown, 
 
 polished. Head small ; eyes prominent ; elytra ridged and punctured in lines, and 
 
 marked with yellowish patches of lighter brown. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
 
 The whole insect is liighly polislied. A few years ago, I found great numbers of them 
 
 u^jon a recently felled lilack oak in Canandaigua. 
 
 * ' I have since met with them in the same situation.' 
 
FAMILIES ATTELABID.*; AND CURCULIONID,«. 107 
 
 Attelabidos. 
 
 Genus ATTELABUS (Lin.). 
 Broad : elytra subquadrate ; antennae eleven-jointed ; head not narrowed behind the eyes. 
 
 Attelabus pubescens ( Say), 
 Yellowish brown, pubescent ; body short. 
 
 Attelabus similis ( Kirby). 
 Head and legs steel-blue : body cylinilrical ; thorax, conical, rufous ; elytra rulbus, punc- 
 tured. 
 
 Attelabus anilis. 
 Small : head, thorax, abdomen, and extremity of the elytra steel-blue ; elytra with rufous 
 upon the shoulders. 
 
 Cai'ciilionidtW 
 Phjilobides. 
 
 Genus PHYLLOBIL'S ( Schox.). Curcdlio (Lin.). 
 
 Oblong-ovate, squamose : tibia rounded; rostrum short: two and three joints of the 
 antennse elongate. 
 
 Phyllobius T.ENIATUS ( Say). 
 Gray or hoary, acute behind, widest near the extremity : elytra punctured, with four 
 darker lines, and darker upon the top of the thorax. 
 
 Genus HYLOBIUS (Germ.). Curculio (Lin.). 
 Oblong-ovate, winged : rostriun much longer than the head ; second antennal joint eloa- 
 
 Hylobius. r.^LEs ( Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 6.) 
 
 Brown, covered with close-pressed hairs ; hairs gray, in imperfect oblique hands across 
 the elytra : puncturesof the elytra pai-allel ; antennse angulated ; rostrum furnished 
 with an antennal groove. 
 
108 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Genus PISSODES (Germ.). 
 Antennje situated a little in advance of the middle of the rostrum. 
 
 PiSSODES STROBI. 
 
 Brown, with two hoary patches on the posterior extremity of the elytra and upon the 
 middle of the thighs ; somewhat hoary beneath. 
 
 The Rhyncophoea, as they are termed, constitute a very extensive group of coleopterous 
 insects ; some of which, as already seen, have acquired the popular name of weevil. Many 
 species are destructive to grain and the seeds of leguminous plants. The larva of the large 
 Sphenophorus palmarum of the tropics lives in the trunk of palm trees ; and the palmetto 
 (Chammi-ops palmetto) of our Southern States is inhabited by an allied species, the Spheno- 
 phorus zimmermanni of Schcenherr, which is the lai'gest member of the family known to 
 inhabit the United States. 
 
 Hylobius pales is a common member of a genus which destroys pine trees, by burrowing 
 beneath and loosening the bark. In April and May, it may be seen in considerable num- 
 bers upon wooden fences : it is brown, marked irregularly with small whitish spots. 
 Towards the south, this species and Hylobius picivorus, which is larger and more robust, 
 destroy pine forests entirely, leaving the dead standing or fallen trees as monuments of 
 the mischief which a small insect can commit when sufficiently multiplied. 
 
 The female of Pissodes nemorensis of Germar, according to Dr. Harris, pierces the 
 leading shoot of the white pine for the purpose of depositing its eggs ; and although a pine 
 tree may recover by sending up a lateral branch in the vertical direction, it will require 
 three or four years to pass through this process, and the growth in consequence be retarded. 
 This insect is named Pissodes strobi by Dr. Harris, on the strength of a name given to it 
 by a Mr. Peck in an agricultui'al journal ; which of course can have no weight, because 
 such publications are unknown or inaccessible to naturalists who are not farmers, and 
 seldom circulate beyond the boundaries of the district in which they are printed. It is too 
 much to expect an entomologist in London, Calcutta, Berlin, Paris, or the city of New- 
 York, to purchase an extensive series of expensive volumes to enable him to find descrip- 
 tions of half a dozen insects said to be contained in them, and which should have been 
 made known through some other channel. 
 
 Genus BALANINUS ( Germ.). Curculio ( Lin.). 
 ' Rostrum nearly as long as the body, which is subtriangular : anterior tibiae minutely 
 ' hooked : antennae inserted behind the rostrum ' ( Stephens). 
 
FAMILY CURCULIONID^. 109 
 
 Balaninus rectus (Say). (Plate ii, fig. 5.) 
 
 Color brown, mottled with lighter patches upon the thorax and elytra. Snout longer 
 
 somewhat than the body, and curved at the extremity, slender, elbowed : antenuse 
 
 inserted below the middle, very slender. Rather less than | inch in length. 
 
 This nut vieevil inhabits the chinquapin nut, and renders useless almost the whole crop : 
 
 the nuts, after being kept a week, are always wormy. It may be the nascicus of Say, but 
 
 seems to be smaller. 
 
 RHYNCH.ENUS (CoNOTRACHELus) NENUPHAR. Plum WeevU. ( Plate ii, fig. 7.) 
 
 Color brown, usually dark and somewhat variegated, and variable in individuals, rough 
 
 and warty : thorax uneven ; elytra interceptedly ridged, arranged transversely in 
 
 three rows, the most prominent in the middle ; abdomen thick, deep but short ; thighs 
 
 toothed. 
 
 It appears from the numerous accounts that have been published, that the mature insect 
 may appear as early as the last of March, and continue until the first of August ; remain- 
 ing, therefore, for a longer period than most of the injurious beetles. 
 
 The habits of this species are peculiar and interesting. It deposits its ova in most fruits, 
 as the plum, cherry, aj^ple, quince, and even in the fruit of the hickory. It is also sus- 
 pected of inserting its eggs into the tender limbs of plum and cherry trees : it is not 
 known, however, whether those black excrescences are caused in this way, although it is 
 not improbable. I have found some three or four different grubs in these excrescences, 
 some of which belonged to a dipterous insect. 
 
 The plum weevil inserts in each fruit a single egg, having in the first place bitten a spot 
 upon its surface ; and although there may be scores of the insect upon the tree, it is very 
 rare to find more than one wound upon a plum or cherry. The grub produced from the 
 egg is small, and destitute of feet j and when mature, it falls to the ground and imme- 
 diately buries itself in the soil : the next spring it appears in the perfect form at the usual 
 time, when the different kinds of stone fruit are setting. 
 
 Among the remedies which have been proposed for diminishing the numbers of the 
 plum weevil, there is none so promising as the practice of shaking them from the tree early 
 in the morning and late in the evening, collecting them upon sheets, and committing them 
 to the fire : the fallen fruit should also be subjected to the same treatment. When the tree 
 is suddenly jari'ed, the insect folds up its legs, falls to the ground, and simulates death. It 
 is easily captured, especially in the morning and evening, when it is stiff, and indisposed 
 to take flight or attempt to escape. Strong-scented odors seem also to be disagreeable to 
 this insect, as it is rarely found upon trees situated near the hogpen. 
 
 For a full history of this insect and the remedies proposed against it, see Harris's 
 Massachusetts Report on injmious insects, pp. 65 - 70. 
 
110 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Genus ITHYCERUS(Sch(enherr). 
 
 Ithycerus noveboracensis (Schcenherr). ( Plate xxxiii, tig- 1 •) 
 
 CuKcuLio NOVEBOiiACENsis (Forstcr) ; 
 Rhynchites corculionides (Herbst) ; 
 Pachyrhynchus schcenherri (Kirby). 
 According to Kirby, this species belongs to the Faniily Pachyeiivnchid.t^ : its charac- 
 ters, as given by this distinguished entomologist, are : 
 
 ' Labrum subemarginate ; mandibles armed with two teeth at the apex ; labium nearly 
 square ; palpi conical ; antennsE short, inserted into a roundish lateral cavity near 
 the apex of the rostrum ; joints eleven, scape short, etc. Body ublong pear-shaped. 
 Rostrum nearly as wide as the head, sul:icylindrical, a little wider at the tip, ridged 
 between the eyes and antennge : eyes round, prominent; prothorax subcylindrical, 
 rather narrowest anteriorly ; antepectus not emarginate, nor lobed. Coleopteia oldong, 
 depressed at the apex : thighs clubbed, unarmed ; tibia? unarmed ; penuKimatc joint 
 of the tarsi liipartite. Its antenna: are straight, or only curved, not elbowed. 
 ' Color gray, covered with a whitish pile ; ground black : knob of the antennae brown. 
 Rostrum rather thick, widened anteriorly, having three ridges between the eyes and 
 termination : two divergent, from an impressed angular line between the eyes ; and 
 the other proceeding directly from that line upon its middle, and which terminates 
 anteriorly in a short Ibrk, or near the emargination of the labrum, though it is sepa- 
 rated fr(jm this fork by a slight interception, which is just beyond two hyphen-like 
 lines by its sides. Anterior part of the rostrum naked, and impressed with coalescent 
 dots. Eyes brown. Thorax subcylindrical, marked with three rather obscure whitish 
 longitudinal bands : punctures coarse and coalescent. Elytra have nine rows of 
 punctures, and at the base a part of a tenth row. The alternate spaces between the 
 dotted lines have small black quadrate spots : on the sutural space, or ridge, they 
 are smaller and more obscure than upon the others. These quadrate black spots are 
 placed upon the four whitish longitudinal stripes, which are quite obscure. Beneath 
 gray : legs gray. Length of the female, five-eighths of an inch ; of the male, half 
 an inch.' 
 This Cdrculio has the habit of many of the species of this family. It devours the tender 
 leaves and blossoms of fruit trees, and h;is been known to do great injmy to the apple 
 and pear. It sometimes attacks the base of a j'oung shoot, and eats it to the pith : at other 
 times, it feeds upon the leaves of the cherry and plum. Its strong notched mandible fits it 
 admirably for work of this kind. 
 
 The only way to rid a tree infested with this insect, is to shake it suddenly in the 
 morning or evening while the insects are stiff and cold, and collect them uj on sheets sprrnd 
 Jieneath : the insects, and the fi'uit that fall, should be put into boiling water. 
 
FAMILY CURCUUONID^. Ill 
 
 This species has a wide range : it is found in Canada, Northern New-Yorl:, Wisconsin, 
 and Massachusetts. 
 
 The following remarks of Prof. Haldeman are highly appropriate in this place : 
 
 'Among rhvncophorons coleiijitcra, the Genu'; Balamms is rcmarkal:)lo_ fi^r having a 
 very long sleuder snout, frequently exceeding the body in length, and bearing a pair of 
 antennpe as slender as a hair. Chesnuts are frequently found infested with a iieshy grub, 
 which feeds upon the interior, and iills the cavity with its castings in the shape of dust. 
 This is the lavva of Bahninus nascicus (Say). It is densely clothed with short hair mottled 
 with ferruginous. An allied but smaller species is found in tlie larva state in the nut of 
 the Castanea pumila, or chinquapin. These larva; are very difficult to raise to the perfect 
 state when the attempt is made, and it is probable that many perish from various con- 
 tingencies. 
 
 ' Conotrachchis nenuphar (Herbst), subsequently named Rhynchan us argula by Fabricius, 
 is very destructive to the fruit of the plum, which the larv?e inhabit, and cause to fall 
 prematurely. This damage is so great in some sections, that not a single plum can be 
 raised to maturity. When the fruit falls, the grubs penetrate into the ground ; so that to 
 check their increase, it is advisable tu collect and destroy these (as by boiling and feeding 
 them to hogs), including such upon the trees as present a dwarfed, imperfect, or gummy 
 appearance. Paving the ground around the trees is said to answer an excellent purpose, 
 and it is well known that plum trees flourish well Avhen planted in pavements. This is a 
 small rough insect of a brown color, irregularly marked with white, black and yellow ; 
 and the snout is held upon or near the breast. It is said by Dr. Harris to have been raised 
 from the black warty excrescences found upuu the smaller branches of plum and ciierrv 
 trees. The Rev. D. Ziegler of York (Pennsylvania) has shown me specimens of the butter- 
 fly which destroys ths psach-tree [Egeria exifiosa), raised from these excrescences, which 
 differ from those taken from about the root of the tree in being considerably smaller : the 
 two forms have not, however, been rigidly compared. 
 
 ' The Genus Sitophills includes a numbtr of small insects called weevil, which are 
 destructive to stored grain, as wheat, rice and corn ; and under circumstances favorable to 
 their increase, great quantities are destroyed or depreciated in value. The use of salt, and 
 kiln-drying, have baen recommended as preventatives. The latter process maybe per- 
 formed in an economical manner by erecting a stove with a vertical pipe fifteen or twenty 
 feet in height : around this pipe, and al>out three inches from it on every side, a second 
 one of wood is to be placed ; and whilst the heat from the fire passes through the inner 
 oue, the grain is to be passed through the cavity between the pipes, and at such a rate as 
 to prevent it from being injured by too high a temperature. Tlie moisture will be more 
 effectually driven oft' if the outer pipe is made with open j<^iints, because otlierwise it must 
 rise through the whole column before it can escape, and much of it will condense and be 
 
112 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 carried down the pipe again. The corn weevil is named Sitophilus oryzee from having been 
 first discovered in rice, a vegetable which it seems to have accompanied to distant portions 
 of the globe. Infested grain may be detected by its loss of weight, which renders it easy 
 to separate and boil or grind as feed upon the farm. Mills and barns sometimes swarm with 
 these insects ; and in this case multitudes may be collected and destroyed by sweeping 
 them from the posts, walls and floors. ^ 
 
 ' Phyllohius tmniatus may be taken as an example of a leaf-inhabiting rhyncophorous 
 insect. Schcenherr, the great authority upon these insects, removes it into a new genus of 
 which it is the only representative. It is found upon the leaves of the Anona triloba, or 
 papaw, and is perfectly harmless.' 
 
 ScolytidiTe. 
 
 The ScoLyTiD.E are small obscure insects, inhabiting wood : they have a short rostrum ; 
 the head is globular, and is concealed in the thorax ; the body is oblong or cylindric : 
 their colors are dull. Among these destructive wood-eaters is the 
 
 Genus HYLURGUS ( Lat.). 
 
 Body cylindrical, obtuse before and behind : head concealed in the thorax ; antennae 
 terminated in a clubform mass, consisting of three or four joints : the tibiae are armed 
 with a tooth. 
 
 Hylurgus terebrans (01 iv.). 
 Pubescent : head rounded, and sunk in the thorax ; antennae short. 
 
 Genus TOMICUS (Lat.). Bostrichus (Erichs.). 
 
 Funiculus five-jointed ; club four-jointed, tunicate ; labium triangular. 
 
 Of this genus, several species have been described by Mr. Say and Dr. Harris. They 
 are small brownish beetles, with the elytra toothed at their apices, appearing as if a piece 
 was bitten out. 
 
 TOMICUS EXESUS. 
 
 Color dark chestnut brown, and somewhat hairy : thorax ovate, rough before ; elytra 
 strongly punctured in rows ; apices excavated, the edges toothed on the outer side. 
 Length between one-fourth and one-fifth of an inch. 
 This small and obscure insect is found under the bark of the pitch pine tree, where it 
 excavates numerous zigzag and parallel roads. It greatly injui-es forests in this way ; cut- 
 ting off the circulation of the sap, which ultimately causes the bark to become loosened, 
 when the tree dies. 
 
FAMILY SCOLYTID^. 113 
 
 TOMICUS PINI. 
 
 This species differs from the former in having only three or four teeth at the extremity 
 of the elytra, and in being a smaller insect. Its habits are much the same as those of the 
 exesus, in living beneath the bark of the white and pitch pine. The grubs of both species 
 accomplish more injury to forests than the perfect insect. I have taken the last siaecies the 
 first of September. Autumn, or late in the summer, is the period when the perfect insect 
 goes abroad. 
 
 Miss Morris describes the T. Hminaris in the Horticulturist, Vol. iv, p. 502. This dis- 
 tinguished entomologist suggests that this insect may be some way or other connected with 
 the yellows in the peach tree, as it is found under the bark. Its color is brown : thorax 
 punctured, and the elytra both punctured and furrowed, and beset with short hairs. 
 Length one-eighth to one-tenth of an inch. 
 
 ScoLYTus (ToMicus) PYRi (Pcck). Pear-hUght Beetle (Harris). 
 ' Color brown : antenn?e and legs light ferruginous ; elytra punctured in rows, very 
 ' sloping behind ; tibia flattened at the tarsal end, toothed, and terminated with a 
 ' small hook ' ( Harris). 
 This insect has been highly injurious to the pear tree in New-England, and especially 
 in the eastern part of Massachusetts. It was first described by Prof Peck. The larva first 
 eats its way inward into the wood, making its entrance just at the root of a bud : it reaches 
 the pith, and, by its irritation, appears somehow to poison that portion of the limb above 
 the bud where it first entered. We say poisoned ; because there seems to be something 
 more sudden and effectual in causing death, than a slight interruption in the circulation : 
 the limb or twig looks as if it had perished from gangrene. 
 
 The remedy proposed is to cut the limb and burn it, destroying the insect before it is 
 matured. A careful examination of the pear in June, in order to detect the first appearance 
 of the approach of the insect, is one of the first steps to be taken. 
 
 [ Ageicultueal Report — Vol. v.] 15 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 
 
 LONGICORNES. 
 
 The Longicornes of Latreille ( Eucerata of Westwood) deserve a special notice, in 
 consequence of their habits, and the singular prolongation of their antennae, which is one 
 of the most obvious characters of the group. The antennse are filiform or setaceous, and 
 frequently considerably longer than the whole body. The eyes are peculiar, in consequence 
 of the position of the antennse, which often appear to have been implanted within them : 
 the eye is therefore said to be emargiuate, though not strictly so ; and it has a reniform 
 shape, when considered independently of the base of the antenna. The body is elongated 
 and cylindrical. The elytra are broader than the thorax, which they more perfectly encase 
 by their sudden flexure at the shoulder, than is common in other groups. The head is 
 short, and driven into the thorax up or nearly to the eyes : their jaws are powerful. The 
 legs are long, and frequently the longest in front. The thorax is cylindrical, and in some 
 species the sides are armed with a short pointed tubercle. The three basal joints of the 
 tarsi are cushioned beneath : the fifth is long and slender ; the fourth, small. 
 
 The insects of this group come out from various kinds of wood in their jierfect state, 
 having inhabited it from the first, or from the time of the deposition of the egg : they are 
 therefore usually found in the vicinity of wood and dock yards, or where timber is stored. 
 It may well 1)e inferred from these facts that the larva is injurious to the tree it occupies ; 
 and the more so, as it is known to remain in this state for many years. 
 
 The larvse are provided with six scaly articulated legs ; but they are of little use aa 
 organs for locomotion, by reason of their small size : their movements are rather effected 
 by means of the warts or fleshy tubercles situated along the sides of their bodies. Their 
 bodies are soft, and of a dirty white color. The head is only moderate in size, flat and wide. 
 
 In consequence of the long time the larvse are resident in various kinds of wood, there 
 is, through commercial intercourse, a tendency to distribute in all countries the beetles of 
 this large group. A piece of wood from South America is brought by a ship and thrown 
 out upon some island in the West Indies, or is transported to one of our southern ports. 
 Savannah, Charleston, or even New-York : the insects contained in the wood are liberated 
 
FAMILY PRIONID^, 115 
 
 in a new and distant land ; and in this way, this or any other country may become stocked 
 with new species of insects. In the long run, and with the ever extending intercouse be- 
 tween the different nations of the earth, it is no visionary imagination that the time will 
 come when these beetles will be found in every country where the climate is not decidedly 
 unfavorable to their propagation and existence. 
 
 This group of beetles is divided into three families : 1 , the Prionid^, embracing the 
 largest of the group, and provided with very prominent jaws and very long bodies ; 2, the 
 Cerambycidje, containing beetles of moderate dimensions, ornamented with a variety of 
 colors ; and, 3, the Leptdridje, containing insects of a yet smaller size, with bodies dilated 
 before and narrowed behind, and with antennse of a moderate length. 
 
 Prioiiid?e. 
 
 Prionits pexnsylvaxicus (Fab.). ( Plate xxxiv, fig. 10.) 
 
 Ceeambix unicolor (Drury) ; 
 C. BRUNNEus (Forster) ; 
 
 C. CYLiNDRicus (Linn.). 
 
 Insect chestnut brown ; head dark chestnut brown. Antennae stout, and two-thirds the 
 length of the insect : elytra lighter than the head, extending beyond the abdomen, 
 and nearly three times as long as the thorax and head together ; sides parallel ; ab- 
 domen, thighs, and tibiae red chestnut. 
 The whole animal is some shade of chestnut brown, but the head and thorax are darker 
 than the elytra. 
 
 JU 
 Prionits laticollis. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 5.) 
 
 ' Cerambix laticollis (Drury) ; 
 
 * Prionus brevicornis (Fab.). 
 
 Insect dark chestnut brown ; head and thorax nearly black. Antennae very stout, consisting 
 of twelve joints : tibiae armed internally with two short spines ; tarsi beneath yel- 
 lowish. 
 The iasects of both species are light and dark chestnut brown ; almost black in the 
 latter species. Their jaws are stout, and project ; and their bodies are longer in proportion 
 to the anterior parts, the elytra extending a little beyond the abdomen. They belong to the 
 large tribe of capricom beetles, and form a family called Prionida;, so termed from the 
 structure of the antennae, which are jointed, and give the general appearance of a saw. 
 Some of the tropical species are very large. 
 
118 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Clytus undatus. (Plate viii, fig. 4.) 
 
 Head anteriorly hairy ; parts about the front part of the head rufous ; base and apex of 
 the interrupted band, of yellow hairs : scutellum dark brown. Elytra marked with 
 yellow upon their margins ; the basal third is marked with an oblique line, succeeded 
 by two yellow wavy bands : posterior angles of the elytra rounded oif so as to show 
 tlie last segment of the abdomen. Beneath, upon the breast, are three yellow spots, 
 and also at the top of the ventral segments of the abdomen. Length about eight lines. 
 
 Clytus campestris ( Oliv.). 
 
 This is a small species, from four- to six-tenths of an inch long. Its color is brown, 
 marked with two waved bands across the elytra and tips. The pronotum has four yellow 
 dots arranged in a square, and the under parts are marked with the same color. 
 
 The larva is injurious to fallen chestnut timber, damaging it for rails : they burrow 
 between the bark and wood, and also penetrate into the wood. The perfect insect appears 
 in May and June. It inhabits the Northern States, New-York and New-England, and ex- 
 tends as far south as Carolina (Haldeman, Am. Phil. Transactions, x, 40). 
 
 Clytus hamatus. ( Plate viii, fig. 7.) 
 
 Color brown : head banded with yellow ; scutel yellow. Elytra marked with two Ijars 
 and a dash ; a yellow dash near the base, two curved lines opening towards the 
 shoulders, the inner leg extending along the suture to the scutel, and a yellow trans- 
 verse curve opening downwards and situated below th§ middle : legs brown. Length 
 half an inch. 
 
 Clytus . ( Plate viii, fig. 6.) 
 
 Color brown. Head much concealed in the thorax, rather dilated, immaculate. Elytra 
 marked with three transverse curved bars at equal distances ; outer angle of the apex 
 pointed : legs long, brown. Length nearly half an inch. 
 
 Clytus 1 ( Plate viii, fig. 3.) 
 
 Antennae shorter than the body, setaceous ; second joint the longest : thorax globose, un- 
 armed : elytra entire at the tip. Color black, somewhat yellowish gray from the 
 presence of a yellowish nap. Head black, impressed with a sutural line with a trans- 
 verse prominence or ridge at its base. Thorax marked with black oculate spots on the 
 top and centre ; sides grayish, with a rectangular spot : below it is black. Elytra 
 clothed with a short nap, marked by about three narrow grayish zigzag lines, and 
 dashes of the same about the shoulders : towards the apex they are slightly separated ; 
 and upon the apex, running up the suture, there is an obscure olilong gray spot. Be- 
 neath, black and glossy : legs black. 
 
FAMILY CEEAMBYCID^. 119 
 
 This species I fouml in many parts of this State in June, and supposed it common. Al- 
 though very peculiarly marked, I have been unable to satisfy myself as yet what name it 
 has received. 
 
 Clytus . (Plate viii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Color rufescent, covered with prostrate hair : head black ; thorax grayish, from the lighter 
 
 colored hair : elytra purplish brown, with three bands of lighter, the basal obscure, 
 
 the apicial ones confluent on the elytral sutiu'e. All the thighs dilated and robust. 
 
 This Clytus is obscurely marked ; and though it may be described, it differs much from 
 
 those in my possession, and from accessible descriptions. The bands spoken of are brought 
 
 out more distinctly in the figure than they appear in the specimens : the same remark 
 
 will apply to the round black spot upon the base of the elytra ; and, besides, I may add 
 
 that the side of the trunk is marked by a distinct luteous spot, and another smaller one 
 
 at the base of the middle legs. 
 
 Genus SAPERDA ( Fab.). 
 
 Head vertical, as broad as the thorax, slightly compressed at the sides or cylindrical, 
 destitute of lateral spines : antennse filiform, and terminating in an elongated joint. 
 
 The Genus Saperda contains several species known to be injiu-ious to the interests of 
 husbandry. Most of them are rather sluggish in their mature state, manifest far less 
 activity than many other insects, and rarely attempt to escape when in danger of being 
 captured. Some of them frequent flowers, but I belive all deposit their eggs upon trees or 
 shrubs. When the eggs are hatched, the young larvae penetrate the bark and wood, and 
 injure very materially the growth of the tree in which they reside ; and as they are ge- 
 nerally two or more years in coming to matm-ity, their hurtful effects are proportionally 
 augmented. The larvae feed upon the wood as they penetrate it, and derive their nutriment 
 from the juices it contains. Their excrement appears like sawdust ; retaining in fact the 
 color of the wood, after it has sufficed to nourish them, and has passed through their 
 bodies. Their form is that which is common to the tribe, the rings near the head being 
 wider than those of the rest of the animal. The head is usually scaly, and is retractile in 
 part within the first ring : it is supplied necessarily with strong jaws, in order that the 
 insect may eat its way into the wood. Tlieir food is constantly before them in their path ; 
 and it is a very curious fact, that though they may make their way into the wood, yet 
 they usually direct their course towards the outside when about to change from the larva 
 to the imago state. The larvae are without legs, soft, white or yellowish white, elongated, 
 and more or less flattened. 
 
 One of the most destructive of these species is the larva of the Saperda Candida. This 
 
120 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 species, like many other insects, seems to be much more abundant some years or periods 
 than others, and also more common in some districts than others. In illustration of this 
 fiict, I may refer to the existence of this species in the neighborhood of Troy in 1825. 
 This was first made knoAvn to the public by the late Judge Buel, in one of the numbers 
 of the Albany Cultivator. He says that 'he was sent for by Mr. Heartt of Troy, to 
 witness the devastation made in a fine young orchard by a grub hitherto unknown to the 
 farmers of the vicinity, and which to know and guard against was a great public interest.' 
 It appears from the letter that the orchard wasinjured to the extent of two thousand 
 dollars, according to the estimate of Mr. Heartt. 
 
 The larva of this species penetrates the young tree just above, or it may be just Ijelow, 
 the surface. In its progress, it cuts its way in a winding direction upward ; and as it is 
 three years in coming to maturity, it continues to mine onward, cuts off the circulation of 
 the sap, and deprives the tree of its necessary nutriment. One borer is sufficient to stop 
 the growth of a young appletree ; and if several are mining at the same time, the trte is 
 inevitably destroyed. All the workings being near the root, the tree is after a while so 
 perfectly riddled with holes that it has no strength to stand. The circumstances that favor 
 these results, are, first, a poor soil, containing but little nutriment ; the second is the growth 
 of sprouts or suckers from the root, and of grass, which protects the base of the tree from 
 sunshine, and conceals from the view of the owner the work which is going on. Hence all 
 young trees should be kept free from these incumbrances at the root : this is one of the 
 preventives of a fatal result, and should not be neglected. 
 
 It is needless to dwell upon the injurious effects of the appletree borer. I would take the 
 liberty to caution the owners of orchards of fruit trees not to trust to uncertain measures, 
 as the surrounding of the roots and base of the tree with fanbark or any other material 
 of tlie kind. A judicious use of the knife and a good stiff wire are the only certain means 
 of getting rid of these customers, when they have once got possession of the premises. 
 
 The perfect insect, according to Dr. Harris, comes forth in June : this, at any rate, is 
 the month during which I have found them. They come out at night : in the daytime they 
 are engaged in feeding upon the leaves of the tree, or remain quietly at rest, very rarely 
 flying during the day. 
 
 That carelessness and inattention to young and old orchards is the great cause of the 
 prevalence of this insect among us, is true ; and so long as so many neglect the means for 
 ridding their trees of this post, so long it will continue to harass those who are on the 
 watch, and who intend and wish to raise good fruit. A remedy, consisting of a solution of 
 camphor in chloroform, may be tried, by inserting in the borings a plug of cotton wool 
 soaked in it : it is worthy of trial, and may save cutting away the sound wood of the tree. 
 Or perhaps camphor alone, or ammonia formed by rubbing together sal ammoniac and an 
 alkali, either lime or potash, reduced to powder, and introduced into a burrow where it is 
 dangerous to follow the larva, may be worth the experiment. 
 
FAMILY CERAMBYCID^. 
 
 The larvae of the Saperda calcamta infest lombardy poplars. They are yellowish white, 
 and, when full grown or mature, are nearly two inches long : the body is thick, dilated 
 before, and consists of twelve segments separated from eacli other by deep transverse 
 furrows. In August and September, the beetle may be found on the difierent species of 
 poplar ; it flies by night. It is harmless in comparison to the appletree saperda ; but one 
 of our finest shade trees is the aspen, which is often destroyed by this borer. Their pre- 
 sence may be known by their castings, which lodge on some part of the tree. 
 
 The Saperda [Oberca) tripiinctata seems to be equally destructive with the two former 
 to forest and shade trees. It is about the size of the Candida, but quite different in its 
 markings, as will be seen by a reference to the description. It attacks the linden, and, by 
 burrowing beneath the bark, destroys the vitality of the tree, large flakes of which fall off 
 gradually and drop to the ground as their attacliments are broken. 
 
 Saperda vestita. ( Plate xxvi, fig- 4.) 
 
 Color olive or light drab, nearly uniform : surface beneath the close-pressed nap, black. 
 
 Head and thorax immaculate. Elytra dotted, each dot giving origin to a small pencil 
 
 of black hairs : dot-punctures in lines at the base and along the sides, and marked 
 
 with four black dots a little above the middle of tlie elytra ; and sometimes there are 
 
 other dots, owing to the denuded nap upon little elevated points of the elytra. Length 
 
 seven-tenths of an inch. 
 
 This species attacks the linden : the larv?e, by their burrows beneath the bark and 
 
 within the wood, effectually destroy the tree in a few years. 
 
 Saperda Candida (Fab.). S. hivittata (Say). (Plate xvi, fig. 3.) 
 
 Color light brown, marked upon the upper side with two white stripes extending the whole 
 length of the insect : face, antennse, underside of the body and legs white. The white 
 is due to the clothing, which consists of a white close-pressed short nap : where rub- 
 bed off, the surface is black. The white stripes decussate from the forehead, leaving 
 the grey-brown stripe on the top of the thorax passing down the sutural line. Length 
 six- to seven-tenths of an inch. 
 
 Saperda (An.erea) calcarat.*. ( Plate xvi, fig. 1.) 
 
 ^ Color gray or aslien, and covered with a short dense close nap : surface covered with 
 raised points or dots : thorax marked with three pale ochreous stripes, which de- 
 cussate from the forehead. The elytra are also marked by partial stripes and bands of 
 the same color : apex terminating in a straight short spine ; beneath pale gray ochre- 
 ous. Beneath the nap, the surface is black. Length nine-tenths of an inch. 
 [ Aghiculttjral Report — Vol. v.] 16 
 
122 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Saperda tkidenta. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 6.) 
 
 Antennae slender, shorter than the body, second longest. Color rusty brown, approaching 
 to an olive : siitural line passing through the head and thorax. Insect ornamented 
 with pale lirick-rcd stripes : face margined, and eyes surrounded with the colored 
 stripe refen-ed to. Stripes nearly unite between the antennje : from thence they 
 diverge abruptly, and form lateral stripes upon the thorax ; thence they proceed to 
 the prominent or angular shoulders, run down upon the sides of the elytra, and meet 
 the outer angle of the apex, and then pass round on the inside a short distance upon 
 the sutuial line. These stripes send off three diverging ones : the first is arched ; the 
 second or middle is straight, but passes obliquely downwards near the suture ; the 
 last, or apical one is short, and arched. The sides of the thorax are marked by four 
 oval spots. TJie two spots on the top of the thorax are obscure ; but in some species 
 there seem to be four, though the two near the head may be produced by loss of the 
 drab-colored nap. Beneath hoary, the whitish nap covering a black ground. Extremity 
 of the abdomen truncate. Outer angle of the elytra rounded. 
 
 Saperda . 
 
 Color yellowish drab, uniform : head, thorax and elytra covered with a close-pressed 
 short nap. Thorax longitudinally marked with pale yellow stripes alternating with 
 deeper. Elytra punctured, and marked with about seven obscure yellowish spots on 
 each. 
 
 Saperda (Okerea) tripunctata. Raspberry Saperda. ( Plate xvi, fig. 7.) 
 
 'Color black : breast and top of the thorax rusty yellow. There are usually two elevated 
 
 black dots on the middle of the thorax, and a third on the hinder edge. Antennse of 
 
 a moderate length, and scarcely taper. Wing-covers coarsely punctured : punctures 
 
 in rows on the top, but irregular on the sides and tips. Length from three-tenths to 
 
 half an inch ' ( Harris). There is also a black spot on the sides of the thorax. 
 
 Dr. Harris observes that this insect completes its transformations near the end of July, 
 
 and lays its eggs early in August on the stems of the blackberry or raspberry. The grubs 
 
 burrow into the pith of the stem, and destroy it by the end of summer. 
 
 The grubs are cylindrical in the middle, and thickened at each end. The first three rings 
 are short, and each is provided beneath with imperfect legs in the form of minute pointed 
 warts : tlie rest of the rings are smooth. 
 
 Genus MONOCIIAMUS. 
 
 Elytra somewhat parallel ; antennse glabrous ; anterior male tarsi hairy ; forelegs longest ; 
 
 thorax laterally spined*. 
 
 • KiRBT,in his generic characters in the Fauna Boreali, says this genust has eleven joints in the antennae. I believe 
 it haa only ten, and the last joint is the longest, or equal to the second. 
 
'/,, - / 
 
 FAMILY CERAMBYCID-*:. 123 
 
 MoNocHAMus TiTiLLATOR. ( Plate xvi, fig. 5.) 
 
 Brownish, mottled with gray spots. Elytra tufted with patches of dark brown hairs : an- 
 
 tennfe, in the male, twice as long as the body ; in the female, they eijual it in length. 
 
 Length one inch and more. 
 
 The middle leg has a protuberance on the upper side. The mottlings are somewhat 
 
 variable, owing in part to the removal of the short close nap that covers the insect. 
 
 MoNOCHAMUS MACULOSUS. 
 
 Color blackish brown. Elj'tra mottled and furnished with small patches of raised spots 
 
 tufted with hair, rather cuarsely punctured ; apex, on the inner side, armed with a 
 
 spine ; outer angle rounded : protuberance of the tibia?, one-third the length from the 
 
 tarsi. It is rather smaller than the titillator. 
 
 The two foregoing species are rather common in Alliany county : indeed, common to 
 
 New- York and New-England. 
 
 MONOCHAMUS SCUTELLATUS. 
 
 Color dark brown, darker upon the base of the elytra. Scutel white, hairy, strongly punc- 
 tured : punctures confluent at the base. Antennje and legs dark brown. 
 
 MOSOCHAMUS PULCHER. 
 
 Color lighter brown than the scutdlatns. Tliorax and elytra variegated with patches of 
 white nap. 
 
 Oncideres cingulatus ( Serv.). ( Plate xxii, fig. 1.) 
 
 Ash-gray, banded : head inclining to brown : thorax ash, together with the middle of the 
 elytra ; base and terminal extremity darker, and somewhat mottled. Length six- 
 tenths of an inch. 
 Dr. Haldeman remarks' , that ' this insect appears in Pennsylvania during the last two 
 weeks in August and first week in September. It feeds upon the bark of the walnut (C'orya 
 alba). The ova are a line and a half long, and are deposited in excavations in the small 
 limbs. After the ova are deposited, the female gnaws a groove around the limb, which 
 consequently dies in a short time : this seems to be intended for the future progeny, as 
 the larvae are found feeding upon the dead wood. When the insect is abundant, much 
 damage may be done to the young growth of the hickory, when it is of the size suitable 
 for hoop-poles.' When the main stem is girdled by the insect, a lateral shoot appears, that 
 may be attacked the next year, to be in its turn amputated after undergoing the same 
 operation : in a few years, the tree presents a curious appearance. 
 
 * Jour. .\cad. Xat. Sci. Philadeljihia ; ITaidem.^n, Am. Pliil. Transactions, x, 52. 
 
12 4 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Lamia . (Plate xxvi, fig. 9.) 
 
 Color gray, and banded. Thorax spined at the sides : face marked with an impressed line, 
 
 depressed between the antennae ; antcnnfe ten-jointed, first joint narrowed at base, 
 
 second joint slightly longest, the upper half of each very black, the lower half gray. 
 
 Front of the thorax is marked by a black transverse line, in the rear of which there 
 
 are two small I)lack spots : posterior part of the thorax is punctured with black, 
 
 especially the transverse groove. Elytra thickly and coarsely punctured with black, 
 
 and traversed bv four belts, the two front ones incomplete : they ai'e zigzag in form, 
 
 and interrupted by gray spaces. Abdomen narrowed somewhat behind, and terminated 
 
 by a black ovipositor. Femora thickened, and clavate at the tibial end, gray : tibise 
 
 marked by black rings ; tarsi black. Post-pectus deeply tmarginate and giay. 
 
 The foregoing is a rare species in this vicinitj*. Its ovipositor shows that its eggs are 
 
 deposited in wood, and hence it is an injurious insect to timber. Length, including the 
 
 ovipositor, seven-eighths of an inch. 
 
 Tetr.\opes TETuopiiTHALMA (Forster). M. fcrnaloj- (Fab.). (Pl.v, fig. 11.) 
 
 Color brick-red. Thorax marked with four black dots arranged in the form of a square. 
 
 Elytra marked with four black dots ; two near the basal angles, and two placed 
 
 longitudinally upon the middle. Antennse black : body beneath and legs black. 
 
 This insect is common on the silkweed (Jlsclepias syriaca) in June and July, and is 
 
 extensively distributed, extending from Massachusetts to Carolina ( Haldeman's Mat. 
 
 Hist. Long. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 53). It is a harmless insect in its mature state. 
 
 Elaphidion tillosum ( Fab.). E. putator ( Peck). ( Plate xvi, fig. 8.) 
 
 Color brown, gray or hoary from i^atches and stripes of grayish down : thorax more 
 villose than the elytra. Antenn?e spinous : the second joint armed with a spine as 
 long, or nearly as long as the third joint ; the spine of the third joint, one-third as 
 long as the fourth joint ; on the fourtli joint, the spine is shorter still. Elytra punc- 
 tured, and aj'-ex spined. Beneath, the same color as above : legs villous; hindlegs 
 armed with a short spiue. 
 Although about a duzen species of this genus have been discovered in the United States, 
 the habits of this one only are known. The larva feeds upon the wood of whiteoak or 
 blackoak,and more rarely of hickory and chesnut ; and on one occasion I reared a speci- 
 men, apparently of this species, from a larva taken from the dead trunk of a small sprme 
 tree. The insect is half an inch or more in length, and may be distinguished by its chesnut 
 color, varied with yellowish spots of down ; tlie small spine upon some of the joints of the 
 antennae, and two upon the tip of each elytron ; and by the smooth raised medial line, 
 and tubercle, upon each side of the pronotura above. 
 

 FAMILY LEPTURIDiE. 125 
 
 When the larva attains its full growth in the branch, which is about half an inch thick, 
 it cuts it off transversely from the inside, leaving the bark alone untouched ; and this 
 slender hold is severed by the storms of autumn, when the branch and larva fall together. 
 The larva does not leave its shelter until the next spring, when it appears as a perfect 
 insect in May and June. 
 
 ElaphidionI . ( Plate viii, fig. 9.) 
 
 Head small : thorax somewhat flattened, dilated at the sides. Antenna; ten-jointed : the 
 tenth longest ; the second, third, fourth and fifth spinous upon the inside. Thorax 
 marked by two sharp impressed lines : legs equal or subequal. Color of the body 
 luteous, from the close pressed hair or nap : thorax brownish, without tubercles or 
 armature : elytra luteous, mottled somewhat by darker spots, narrowed somewhat 
 behind, and terminated l>y two spines concealed in the hair. Beneath slightly 
 brownish, and clothed with appressed hair, especially upon the breast. 
 I refer this insect to the Genus Elaphidion, though its generic character may not en- 
 tirely warrant it. 
 
 Leptiirida3. 
 
 The insects under the name of Lepturid^, or Lcpturimu, constitute a third family of the 
 Capricorn beetles. The l}ody is narrowed behind : eyes rounded, oval, and rather promi- 
 nent ; and the antennpe are situated farther from them than in the other species, and are 
 implanted near the middle of the forehead : thorax widened behind : head connected 
 with the thorax by a narrow neck. Colors bright. 
 
 Genus DESMOCERUS (Dej.). Cerambyx (Forster) ; Stenocorus (Fab.). 
 Eyes lunated, surrounding the base of the antennae : head sloped before ; palpi terminated 
 by a large joint in the form of an elongated compressed cone : thorax subquadrate 
 or subcylindrical : antennse setaceous. 
 
 Desmocerus palliatus. (Plate xvi, fig. 6.) 
 
 Color deep violet or prussian blue : nearly one half of the elytra orange yellow. 
 
 The larvsB live in the stem of the white elder, and feed upon its pith. This year (1853) 
 this insect has been very numerous in the vicinity of Albany. 
 
 Genus RHAGIUM ( Fab.). Leptura ( Lin.). 
 ' Body broad, depressed : thorax with spines on each side ; antennas short ' ( Westwcod). 
 
126 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Rhagium lineatum (Oliv.). 
 Antennpc short. Thorax narrow, cylindrical before and behind : middle of the thorax is 
 furnished with a jointed Avart on each side. Elytra wide at the shoulders, and taper- 
 ing, convex above, with punctures between the smooth elevated lines, and ornamented 
 with black and reddish ash colors, the former arranged in transverse bands. Under- 
 side variegated with dull red, gray and black. 
 The grubs of this beetle burrow under the bark of the pitch pine ; in consequence of 
 which, it is loosened, and falls off, when the tree dies. The grubs are often numerous : 
 when about to become pupse, each one forms for itself an oval ring of woody fibres. The 
 beetle is matured before the close of winter, but remains till the spring cj ens ( Habeis, 
 Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, pp. 92 - 93). 
 
 I have found the larva under the bark of the yellow pine and white pine, where it is 
 readily recognized l^y forming, at the period of its transformation, an oval cavity, the 
 border of which is made of woody fibres. The habits of the European Rhagnnn indagctcr 
 ( Fabr.), are similar. This insect is usually about seven-tenths of an inch long, although 
 it is sometimes found no longer than four-tenths. Its color is graj', marked with black : 
 the surface is somewhat downy ; the antennse are short ; the elytra wide at the base, and 
 having several raised lines ; and the prothorax has a tubercle on each side. The perfect 
 insect appears in May ( IIaldeman, MS. Notes). 
 
 PuRPURicENus HUMERALis (Fab.). ( Plate xvl, fig- 4.) 
 
 Black. Elytra marked with a rightangled triangular scarlet spot situated upon the base of 
 the elytron, the hypothenuse passing by the side of the scutel. Thorax, neck sculp- 
 tured and rugose, and furnished with a lateral pointed tubercle and two elevated 
 roughened ridges or eminences on the median line. Length variable : female, six- 
 tenths of an inch ; male, less than half an inch. 
 This insect seems to be rare in the vicinity of Albany, as not more than three or four 
 specimens have been taken in the last three or four years. 
 
 Genus LEPTURA. 
 Antennae elongate, basal joint robust, second minute ; eyes narrowed above. Head ex- 
 serted : thorax convex, unarmed. Inrect narrowed behind from the base of the elytra 
 to the extremity of the abdomen : legs elongate, slender. 
 
 Leptura vittata ( Oliv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 13.) 
 
 Color black or very dark brown : head, thorax and legs black : elytra punctured black, 
 
 and marked with a rufous stripe extending from their base to two-thirds of their 
 
 length, and occupying the middle of the elytrum. Beneath, the insect is clothed with 
 
 short gray appressed hairs. 
 
FAMILY LEPTURID^. 127 
 
 Leptura rubrica. 
 Color black : head and thorax black, pubescent ; four first joints of the anlennre black, 
 the remainder luteoiis at base. Elytra ferruginous, punctured ; apex of the outer 
 angle pointed, and longer than the inner, divaricate : legs black. 
 I refer this to fig. 10, pi. viii : the apex of the elytra in that figure is tiuncate. 
 
 Leptura malachiticus. 
 Splendent green, with steel-blue reflections : punctures dilated deep, imparting a rough 
 appearance. Antennae and scutel black : thighs rufous, and lower half of tarsi dark 
 brown or black : prothorax with a lateral tubercle, occupying nearly a central posi- 
 tion. 
 This beautiful insect is quite rare in the vicinity of Albany, a single specimen only 
 having been observed. 
 
 Leptura octopunctata (Say). 
 Elytra marked with eight irregular-shaped sj^ots or dots, smallest upon the apex. ■ 
 
 Leptura . ( Plate xxvi, fig. 11.) 
 
 Color black ( the light color is due to a close gray nap). Antennae ten-jointed : first some- 
 what turbinate, third shortest, second the next shortest ; the three first black or dark 
 brown, the remainder rufous. Pectus and thighs brown, and a stripe beneath the 
 shoulders. The posterior part of tlie thorax surrounded i)y a sharp ridge, which 
 extends down the sides : this ridge is bounded by grooves ; and before it, and near 
 the middle, are two elevations, scarcely tubercles : anteriorly it is surrounded by a 
 broad groove. Behind the antennse, there is a deep depression upon the median line 
 of the head. Length three quarters of an inch. 
 
 Leptura subpubescens. ( Plate viii, fig. 11.) 
 
 Color black, thinly covered with luteous hairs, punctured : head and neck roughened, 
 covered with liairs. Antennse black ; third joint shorter than the fourth. Elytra 
 punctured, rufous or dull brick-red, terminated by a black belt extending up the 
 outer margin, divergent towards the apex ; apex truncate. Point of abdomen exposed : 
 beneath black, submetallic. 
 
 Genus PACHYTA (Serv.). 
 
 ' Body robust : thorax subconical, with an obsolete obtuse tubercle on each side ; elytra 
 short, nearly parallel ; humeral angles not very prominent' ( Westwoob). 
 
128 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Pachyta cordifeha (Oliv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 12.) 
 
 ' Front clothed with yellow liair ; frontal line impressed. Prothorax much widened and 
 
 biarcnate jxisteriorly, covered with yellow hair, and having the median line obsolete. 
 
 Elytra divaricate, and separately pointed at the tip : a minute black spot at the basal 
 
 angle, and another ( sometimes double ) between it and the large median macula. 
 
 Length nearly half an inch '( Haldemax, Lovgicornia, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 59). 
 
 A variety, lunaris, also described in the same work, is black, tomentose : venter dull 
 
 rufous ; elytra yellow ; apex, and a semicircular macula behind the middle on the anterior 
 
 margin, black. 
 
 Grammoptera . ( Plate xxvi, fig. 3.) 
 
 Body black : eyes black, and slightly emarginate on the inner side ; color of the upper 
 side luteous. Apex of the elytra black, and the spot toothed on theba.sal side. Length 
 half an inch. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 
 
 PIIYTOPHAGA. 
 
 This division (Eupoda of Latueille) enibi-accs a group of insects whose bodies are short, 
 oval, thick, and hemispherical (for an example, see PL xiv, 11). The thorax is sometimes 
 angular, uniting closely with the base of the eljtra, and forming with them a circle or a 
 broad oval. The head is short, and concealed ; theantenu?e shorter than the body, filiform. 
 The insects are usually small, liut their colors are lively and brilliant, though only a few 
 are metallic in this climate : tlie Eumolpus is one of the brightest. They are vegetable 
 feeders in the larva and perfect stales, and some of them are highly injurious ; the Haltica 
 destroying the turnip crop, and the Crioceris the asparagus plant. 
 
 Ci'iocoridje. 
 
 The body is oblong in this family, and the hindlegs are often thickcnetl for leaping. The 
 head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The antennse are filiform, or only slightly 
 thickened at the tips : they are inserted before the eyes, which are prominent. Found 
 upon leaves and stems of trees. 
 
 Crioceris (or Leina) trilincata (Oliv.), is a yellow insect about one-fourth of an inch 
 long ; the elytra with three lilack lines, one along the middle of the Ixick, and one on 
 each side. It belongs to an extensive division which contains many species that are de- 
 structive to garden vegetation, generally devouring the leaves, both in the larva and the 
 perfect state. The sjiecies here cited attacks the foliage of the potato, and Dr. Haeris 
 recommends brushing them into shallow vessels of salt and water, or vinegar. 
 
 Crioceris duodecimpunctata. 
 <."olor yellow : thorax and head brownish ; beneath, yellow. Elytra punctate in many 
 rows, and marked with six black spots : each side of the thorax has also a black 
 stripe. Tibial extremity of the femur black, as well as the tarsi. Length rather less 
 than a quarter of an inch. 
 [Agricultural Report — Vol. v.] 17 
 
130 ORDER COI.EOPTERA, 
 
 Cassididse. 
 
 Genus CASSIDA. 
 Body flattened and depressed : shield or elytra dilated on all sides, concealing the head 
 and body. 
 
 Cassida clavata. Tortoise Beetle. ( Plate xiv, fig. 11.) 
 
 Head, body beneath, legs, and antennae luteous : eyes black : middle of the elytra, with 
 the four angles black or dark brown ; spaces between, together with the extended 
 clypeus luteous and translucent. 
 
 Odontota scutellaris ( Oliv.), Hispa scutellaris (Fab.). This insect has, in conjunc- 
 tion with Cecidomyia robinicE ( Hald.), become so abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania during 
 the last few years, that the foliage of the locust trees is killed towards the end of August, 
 as if by dry weather. It is nearly one-fourth of an inch long, of a tawny color, and marked 
 along the back with a black line 
 
 Clirysomelidge. 
 
 Genus. EUMOLPUS. 
 ' Head vertical : antennje as long as the body, thickened at the tips' ( Westwcod) 
 
 EuMOLPus auratus (Fab.). 
 Head, thorax, body beneath, and legs brilliant blue-green : elytra golden green. The feet 
 and antennae incline more to black, yet exhibit the coloring described. 
 It inhabits in great abundance the Apocynuvi andro^amifoliitm, and is found in July and 
 August. 
 
 Genus CHRYSOMELA. 
 
 Chrysomela philadelpuiga. ( Plate xiv, fig. 12.) 
 
 Color of the body dark green, oblong, naked. Palpi, legs and antenna? rufous : labrum 
 hairy. Front and margins of the thorax and elytra cream-color : lines and spots of 
 the elytra, posterior segment of the thorax, and scutel green : inner margin of the 
 elytra traversed by two lines ; marginal line widened towards the scutel ; the proxi- 
 mate line widened also, and both slightly divergent. Lines punctm-ed in rows sur- 
 rounding the entire thickened border. The shoulders of the elytra marked by two 
 
FAMILY CHRYSOMEUD.f:. 131 
 
 green spots which converge to each other, the outer the largest : parallel with the 
 
 marginal line there are three large spots ; the remainder are scattered and smaller. 
 
 The dots are distributed somewhat irregularly, liut there is a tendency to arrangement 
 
 in rows, as at the base of the elytra and along the lines and larger spots. 
 
 The insect from which the description is drawn is rather common, but it does not agree 
 
 with the description of the philadclphica by Kirby, who makes no allusion to the markings 
 
 upon the thorax. The differences I regard as sexual. 
 
 In a few plates, I observe that the ground color is too green : it should be pale, or 
 cream-color. 
 
 # 
 Chrysomela df.cipiexs. 
 Head, thorax, body and scutel dark gi«en : elytra silvery white or white. Sutural Hue 
 thickened, and divergent near the scutel : the parallel and proximate lines wide, 
 divergent before, and narrowed towards the apex ; the second is shorter, and united 
 to it ; and the third is similar to (avo heavy dashes united at their points, but instead 
 of being straight, they form a ciu've divergent from the other lines : these lines are 
 dotted. The shoulders are marked by a heavy dash or oblong spot : two other spots 
 are situated between the shoulder spot and marginal line ; the upper roundish, and 
 the lower oblong. There are thirteen spots on each elytrum, besides those already 
 described, each of which is enclosed by a row of dots. Antcnnte, palpi and legs rufous. 
 This species differs from the preceding, in having the thorax entirely of a dark green, 
 and also in the distribution and form of the lines and markings upon the elytra. 
 
 Chrysomela scalaris. ( Plate xiv, tig. 10.) 
 
 Head, thorax, body and scutel dark green : elytra silvery while. Sutuial line green, anJ 
 extending to the base : a coalescing line falls into it just below the scutel, and forms 
 with it an unequal stripe. There are two oblique dashes, which do not meet, on each 
 elytrum. The spot upon the shoulder is double, and prolonged in the form of a curve, 
 and there is another curved spot between the shoulder spots and sutural line. There 
 are three coalescing spots upon the posterior flexure of the elytra. The other spots are 
 arranged somewhat in two lines, parallel with the outer margin of the elytra ; and 
 there is a solitary dot near the middle, and upon the outer margin of the elytra. The 
 dots are so arranged that they follow the boundaries of the spots, jintennse, palpi and 
 legs rust-brown. 
 In the specimen figured, a l>rownish color predominated instead of the silvery white : 
 it may be a distinct species from the scalaris, and is found in the autumn upon various 
 plants. 
 
132 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Chrysomela TBiMAcuLATA. ( Plate xiv, fig. IC.) 
 
 Head, thorax, body, antennfe and legs steel-blue. Elytra orange, marked with a broad 
 black band extending nearly across the base, and two large triangular black spots 
 near the apices : scutel and sutural line black. The margins of the black spots aie 
 undulating. The punctui-es of the elytra are arranged in lines. Length three-eighths 
 of an inch. 
 Found in great abundance in "Western Massachusetts and New-York. 
 
 Chrysomela pulcher. 
 Head, thorax and legs purple : antennae, Ijody and palpi brownish. Elj tra luteous, marked 
 by a wide black longitudinal stripe along the middle. Sutural line double and punc- 
 tured : margins marked by two narrow black punctate lines, which coalesce just 
 below the middle. 
 
 CnUYSOMELA . 
 
 Head, thorax, body and legs reddish brown. Elytra yellow, marked by a broad double 
 longitudinal brown band ; the inner separated from the outer by a curve, leaving 
 between them a line of yellow, acute at each end. Sutural line wide, and dilated at 
 the base. Scutel reddish brown : punctures arranged in lines parallel with the 
 markings. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch. 
 Inhabits and feeds upon the Solidago. It is not uncommon in Western Massachusetts, 
 
 but I have not succeeded in finding a description of it. 
 
 ChRY-SOMELA C-a:RULIPENNIS. 
 
 Color of the head, elytra and body beneath, dark blue ; thorax and legs dull orange ; 
 antennaj and feet blackish. The females are often seen walking with difficulty, on 
 account of the great distension of the abdomen. 
 
 Chrysomela . ( Plate xiv, fig. 1.) 
 
 Head, thorax, antenna; and body steel-blue. Elytra luteous, minutely punctured : punc- 
 tures on the margins linear. There is a very obscure line of spots or dots along the 
 sutiu-e, scarcely visible without the aid of a glass : the tips of the elytra are also dark 
 brown. Autumn, and feeds upon the SoHdago. 
 
 Chrysomela . ( Plate xiv, fig. 2.) 
 
 Head, body and thorax reddish brown ; eyes black : elytra yellowish brown, and striped 
 with reddish brown or ferruginous. The punctured lines are also reddish, of which 
 there are about ten to each elytnim, running parallel to the margins. Length one- 
 fourth of an inch. 
 I am unalile to determine whether it is a described species or not. 
 
FAMILY GALERUCID^. • 133 
 
 Chrysomela tremdla. ( Plate xiv, figs. 5, 6 & 7 : larva and pupa.) 
 
 Head, thorax, body, antennse and legs Mue : elytra brown, finely punctured. 
 Foreign : its larvae feed upon the leaves of the poplar. 
 
 Chrysomela banksii. 
 Immaculate, obtusely ovate : head very small ; antenna? luteous ; thorax with the lateral 
 edges thickened. Color dark brown, glossy, impunctate. Elytra of the same color as 
 the thorax, punctated : beneath, the same color as above ; soles of the tarsi cream- 
 • colored. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 Chry'somela americaka. 
 Form ovate. Color brown, glossy : eyes black ; thorax and head impunctate. Elytra punc- 
 tate in four double rows, besides the sutural one : between the rows the sm-face is 
 flat, impunctured, and of a brassy bronze reflection ; the punctured lines are purplish. 
 Length one-eighth of an inch. 
 
 Galenicidae. 
 
 This family is exemplified by those very common striped beetles which infest and destroy 
 the cucumljcr jdant. They are o])long, and are fiu'uished with a small head and a narrow 
 thorax. Their anteunse are about half as long as their bodies, of a uniform thickness, and 
 inserted near together and near the mouth. Their legs are of an equal size, though in some 
 the thighs are formed for leaping. They are small insects and vegetable feeders, and often 
 do considerable damage in gardens. 
 
 The family is divided by Westwood into two subfamilies : 1. Galerucides; 2. Hal- 
 
 TICIDES. 
 
 (i a I e r n c i d c s. 
 
 Genus ADIMONIA (Schrank). 
 
 Antennse eleven-jointed, filiform throughout, and nearly equaling the body in length : 
 joints mostly cylindric ; the last acute, and pointed outwards ; the second the shortest, 
 obconic ; the third next in length, the two equaling the first or fourth ; the remainder 
 equaling the first or fourth : labrum entire : palpi indeterminate. Head small, exsert : 
 eyes prominent : body ovate, elongate : legs rather long, equal or subequal ; j oste- 
 rior thighs only moderately incrassate. 
 
134 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 Adimonia . ( Plate xiv, fig. 4.) 
 
 Color yellowish green : head aud its appendages black. A depression and two eminences 
 
 ^ bohind the antenna?. The time first antennaj yellowisli green; on the outer side, 
 
 l)rowu ; the remainder dark brown or black : pectus black : abdomen 3 ellowish 
 
 green. Tliorax greenish yellow predominating, immaculate : tw^o slight indentations 
 
 on each side, with a slight lateral ridge or dilatation. Elytra pale green, marked with 
 
 eleven black rather quadrangular spots : most of them have their angles rounded, so 
 
 as to approach an oxal form ; the basal spot is common to both elytra. Legs Ijlack : 
 
 upper half of the thighs greenish. Length one-fourth of an inch. 
 
 It will be evident from the above generic and specific descriptions, that this insect is 
 
 neither a Galcriica, Lcma or Haltica, and probably not an Adimonia : it belongs, however, 
 
 to the vast family Galerucid.^. It is rather common in September and October on the 
 
 asters and solidagos. Either tho descriptions within my reach are faulty, or else it has not 
 
 been described. 
 
 Lema triyittata. 
 Rufous : thorax and head rufous ; the former punctured transversely at its base, and 
 marked with two black dots. Elytra marked with longitudinal black stripes, the 
 middle sutural : punctures arranged in lines. Antenufe black ; first joint rufous : 
 lower tibia and tarsi black. One variety more rufous, and marked with wider stripes 
 and larger dots upon tlii; thorax : sometimes the dots are absent. 
 Resembles the striped cucnmbcr-bug. 
 
 GaLEUUCA VrlTATA. 
 
 Color yellow : head black. Elytra marked with three black longitudinal stripi s, including 
 the sutural one : abdomen black ; forelegs mostly of that color : knees and feet o 
 the other legs black. 
 This insect is troublesome U> various vines, and especially to young cucumber vines 
 when not of a vigorous growth. The best remedy is to secui'e a strong and rapid growth : 
 other remedies, w'hich <ire more or less successful, are, washing the plant with offensive 
 liquors, or sprinkling them with strong-scented powders. Tobacco in its ^'arious forms, 
 whale-oil soap, etc. are all more or less useful. 
 
 Galeruca calmariensis ( Lin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 12.) 
 
 This is a European insect, which has been introduced in o this country about Baltimore. 
 It is destructive to the foliage of the elm. It is about one-fourth of an inch long, and is 
 described by Mr. Stephens as follows : 'Oblong-ovate; ;.bovc testaceous, deeply punc- 
 tured : crown, furrow on the thorax, scutellnm, a dash ; !i the elytra, 1 reast and ba.'^e of 
 -abdomen, black ; apex of the abdomen and base of the antennse testaceous. 
 
FAMILY GALERUCID^E. 135 
 
 (Edionychus thoracica. 
 Color of the elytra blue purplLsh, immaculate : thorax luteous, marked with eight black 
 dots ; outer margin luteous. The outer half of the tarsal joints and antennae luteous ; 
 the rest purplish. 
 
 Halticidcs. 
 
 Genus HALTICA. 
 
 'Form oblong-ovate : thorax narrower than tlie elytra; posterior tarsi short' (West- 
 wood). 
 This genus comprises many species, all of which are small, and whose posterior legs are 
 formed fur leaping. They feed upon the leaves of vegetables, more especially upon the 
 cruciform plants, as mustard, radish and turnip ; the latter of which often suffers exceed- 
 ingly, in consequence of tlie insects eating the young and succulent leaves, perforating 
 them like a sieve. Their colors are often brilliant. ' 
 
 Haltica chalybea. 
 Body oblong oval : thorax marked with a transverse furrow. Color steel-blue, but variable 
 and passing into greenish blue : under.>ide green ; antenna; and feet black. Length 
 from one-sixth to one-fiftli of an inch. 
 
 David Thomas, of Cayuga county, has given in Silliman's Journal an account of this 
 species of Haltica. This excellent observer noticed that liis vine leaves were infested with 
 a small smooth chestnut-colored larva ; and on feeding them in a tumbler partly filled 
 with earth, they came to maturity and Ijuried themselves, and in two weeks afterwards 
 came out the perfect insect, after having undergone their transformation. The larva feeds 
 upon the tender fruit buds while in a growing state, and hence destroys the fruit for the 
 season. The use of a solution of whale-oil soap would undoubtedly protect the vine, and 
 drive away the insects. 
 
 The cucumber is infested with another species of Haltica, which has received the name 
 of H. cucumeris from Dr. Harris. It is black, one-sixteenth of an inch long, with clay 
 yellow autennEe and legs, except the hindmost, which is brown : the thorax is marked by 
 a deep transverse furrow ( Harris). 
 
 Another is the wavy striped beetle, Haltica siriolata, and feeds upon the horse-radisli, 
 mustard and turnip ; in which respect it resembles the European species, which fteds 
 upon and destroys the turnip crop. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued). 
 
 PSEUDOTRIMERA. 
 
 Tins division of coleopterous insects constitutes the Trimera of Latreille. Taking the 
 number of joints in tlj^e tarsi, the division would be represented by insects supplied with 
 only three tarsal joints : on close inspection, however, it is found that there is a small 
 joint in the lobes of the second. The form of the insect is oval, sometimes hemispherical : 
 the elytra cover the abdomen. They often feed upon the Jphis, and thus perform a useful 
 service to gardeners and farmers. Their colors are often Ijright, and their thorax and elytra 
 marked in various places by dots and spots (See Plate xi, all the figures ; and letters a, 
 6, c, (/, larva and pupa state of the Coccinelhi). 
 
 Coccmelliclffi. 
 
 CocciNELLA BOREALis ( Lin.). ( Plate xi, fig 8.) 
 
 Color luteous : eyes black. Thorax marked with four lilack dots, the largest behind upon 
 the central line, and pointed backwards. Elytra marked with seven black dots each, the 
 largest situated towards the apex, and two upon the sutural line. Beneath luteous : breast 
 black. 
 
 CocciNELLA INCARNATA. ( PMc Xl, fig. 7.) 
 
 Flesh-colored above. Thorax marked with two large transverse black spots ; elytra with 
 seven black spots each, or eleven as they appear when closed, three being common to 
 each ( Rich. Faun. Bor.). 
 
 CocciNELLA QUINQITEMACULATA. ( Plate XI, fig. 5.) 
 
 Body black : thorax black ; anterior angles white : elytra tawny ; base banded, and 
 marked with f >ur black spots, the middle spots quadrangular. Length about three 
 lines. 
 
FAMILY COCCINELLID.«. 137 
 
 CocciNELLA 20-MAcuLATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 4.) 
 
 Color pale honey-yellow, marked with twenty black spots somewhat confluent on the 
 
 middle of the el}"tra. Insect quite small. 
 
 In some of the plates the green coloring is too deep. There is a variable state of the 
 
 ground color : sometimes it is entirely pale honey-yellow ; in other instances, there is a 
 
 grayish green tinge. 
 
 COCCINELLA NOVEMNOTATA. ( Plate xl, fig. 6.) 
 
 Color luteous and reddish, marked with nine black spots ; one common to each elytrum, 
 situated near the base. Thorax black, margined in front with pale honey-yellow : the 
 black portion extends in front towards the head : body black. The color of the elytra 
 is somewhat variable, yellow and reddish predominating each in diiferent individuals. 
 
 CoccixELLA iMMACLLATA. ( Plate xl, fig. 9.) 
 
 Color luteous : thorax black, margined with pale honey-yelhjw or whitisli : elytra im- 
 maculate : body black. The flank of the thorax is quadridentate. 
 This insect does not agree with Mr. Say's description in every particular, still it is not 
 so diiferent as to preclude the idea that it is a variety. 
 
 COCCINELLA EIMACULATA. ( Plate xl, figS. 10, 11.) 
 
 Color ferruginous, verging into luteous. Thorax varied with black and wliite ; the white 
 dilated margins being marked with a black dot, the black arranged in the form of 
 two decussating wide lines. Head marked with a central black line, which divaricates 
 posteriorly, or sends oif branches to the eyes. Elytra marked usually with a single 
 black dot : bodv lilack i:ieneath. 
 
 COCCINELLA TRIOCULATA. 
 
 The black spot upon the elytra is larger than in the preceding species, and the dilated 
 white margins of the thorax are immaculate : the color of the insect is paler. The abdo- 
 men is black, bordered with rufous. 
 
 COCCINELLA DUODECIMNOTATA. 
 
 Body black : head black and quadridentate in front, margined with luteous : thorax 
 black, marked with two oblique rectangular spots, and margined with luteous. Spots 
 of the elytra twelve, and none of them sutural. 
 
 [ AGRICULTUFiAL RePORT VoL. V.] 18 
 
13S ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 
 CoCCINELLA ABBRETIATA. 
 
 Elytra ferruginous, marked with eight black dots situated between the middle and the 
 apices. Thorax black, with fuscous angular spots, and margined v.ith fuscous. 
 
 COCCINELLA TKANSVERSOGUTTATA. 
 
 Elytra marked with four black dots arranged in a line across the middle. 
 
 COCCINELLA BINOTATA. 
 
 Color black, with two brown-red spots in the centre of each elytrum. Margin of the thorax 
 white. 
 
 COCCINELLA DECIMMACULATA. . ( Plate xi, fig. 4.) 
 
 Color red, deep flesh-red and purple. Head and thorax marked with two black spots ; 
 elytra with ten, one common to both at or near the scutelkun,and another below the 
 middle upon the suture : body and legs black. Length about two lines. 
 
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INDEX OF SPECIES. 
 
 Page 
 AcHETA ABBREVIATA 143 
 
 Acontia 246 
 
 AcnVDIUM FEMORRnBRUM . 146 
 ACRYDIUM FLAVOVITTATDM, 147 
 
 Actias 233 
 
 ^Egeria exitiosa 222 
 
 >S!gER1A TIPULIFORMIS .. . . 223 
 
 Adimonia 134 
 
 Agoniderus pallipes .... 47 
 
 Agonum cupripenne . . , . 45 
 
 Agonum octopunctatum . 45 
 
 Ageilus ruficollis 85 
 
 Agrotis 244 
 
 Amara imfuncticollis . . 46 
 
 American Oak-beauty 245 
 
 American Tent-caterpillar . 235 
 
 American Tigermoth 229 
 
 Anchomenhs extensicollis, 49 
 
 Angoumois Grainmoth .... 254 
 Anisodactylus agricollis, 47 
 
 AnISODACTYLUS BALTlMOREnS,47 
 
 Anisopactylus rusticus . 47 
 Ant-lions 185 
 
 ApATE BASILARIS 93 
 
 Aphidians 158 
 
 Aphodius atereimus .... 69 
 
 Aphodius bicolor 69 
 
 Aphodius copronimus, . . . 69 
 Aphodicts femoralis .... 69 
 
 Aphodius serval 69 
 
 Aphodius steigatus .... 69 
 Aphodius terminalis .... 69 
 
 Appletree Blight 161 
 
 Aptcra 148 
 
 Areoda lanigera 76 
 
 ArCTIA ISABELLA 229 
 
 [Agricultural Report — 
 
 
 Page 
 
 
 Pagt 
 
 Arctia vieginica 
 
 229 
 
 Butalis cerealella 
 
 254 
 
 ArCTIA VIRGO 
 
 229 
 211 
 
 Caddice-flies 
 
 Calandra geanaeia 
 
 188 
 
 Argynnis aphrodite . . . . 
 
 101 
 
 Argynnis idealia 
 
 212 
 
 Calathus geegaeius . . . . 
 
 48 
 
 Attacus cecropia 
 
 237 
 
 CaLLIMOEPHA EPIMENIS . . . 
 
 228 
 
 AtTACUS LUNA 
 
 234 
 236 
 
 Callimorpha paethenice, 
 Callimoepha phyllira . . 
 
 007 
 
 Attacus polyphemds . . . . 
 
 228 
 
 Attacus prometheus .... 
 
 237 
 
 Callimorpha virguncula, 
 
 237 
 
 Attelabus anilis 
 
 107 
 
 Calosoma calidum 
 
 52 
 
 Attelabus pubescens . . . 
 
 107 
 
 Calosoma scrutator . . . . 
 
 51 
 
 Attelabus similis 
 
 107 
 
 Cantharis atrata 
 
 97 
 
 Balaninus rectus 
 
 109 
 
 Cantharis cinerea 
 
 97 
 
 Bark-lice 
 
 149 
 
 Carabus limbatus 
 
 51 
 
 Beautiful Deiopeia 
 
 229 
 
 Carabos serratus 
 
 51 
 
 Bembidium honestum .... 
 
 53 
 
 Carabus vinculus 
 
 51 
 
 Bembidium inequale .... 
 
 53 
 
 Caepocapsa pomonella . . 
 
 251 
 
 Bembidium inornatum . . . 
 
 53 
 
 Cassida clavata 
 
 130 
 
 Bembidium sigillaee . . . . 
 
 53 
 
 CaTOCALA AFFINIS 
 
 247 
 
 Bembidium tripdnctatum, 
 
 53 
 
 Catocala epione 
 
 247 
 
 Bembidium variegatuh . . 
 
 53 
 
 Cecidomyia culmicola . . . 
 
 179 
 
 •B**TTA NIVEA 
 
 141 
 
 Oecidomyia destructor . . 
 
 173 
 
 BOLETOPHAGUS CORNUTUS . 
 
 92 
 
 Cecidomyia robinia 
 
 179 
 
 Brachinus cephalotes. . . 
 
 41 
 
 Cecidomvia salicis 
 
 179 
 
 BrACHINUS CONFORxMIS. . . . 
 
 42 
 
 Cecidomyia tritici 
 
 176 
 
 Brachinus fumans 
 
 42 
 
 
 116 
 
 
 Brachinus perplexus . , . 
 
 41 
 
 Ceratocampa eegalis . . . 
 
 238 
 
 Brenthus septentrionis . 
 
 106 
 
 Ceresa bubalus 
 
 155 
 
 Bruchus pisi , 
 
 100 
 
 83 
 
 Ceresa diceros 
 
 Cetonia fulgida 
 
 155 
 
 BUPRESTIS AMERICANA. . . 
 
 89 
 
 Buprestis dentipes 
 
 buprestis divaricata . . . 
 Buprestis fasciata 
 
 84 
 85 
 83 
 
 Cetonia inda 
 
 70 
 
 Chic^res 
 
 148 
 
 Chlobnius emarginatus . . 
 
 47 
 
 BuPRESTIS FEMORATA .... 
 
 84 
 
 Chlcenius lithophilus . . 
 
 48 
 
 Buprestis fulvo-guttata, 
 
 83 
 
 Chlcenius nemoralis . . , , 
 
 48 
 
 Buprestis lueida 
 
 86 
 
 Chl(enius sericeus 
 
 48 
 
 Buprestis virginica .... 
 
 83 
 
 Chlcenius tomentosus . . . 
 
 48 
 
 Vol. v.] 33 
 
258 
 
 Pace 
 
 CllKYSOMKLA AMF.HICANA . . 133 
 
 ChRYSOMELA BA^'KSI1 133 
 
 Chrysomela ccerulipennis, 132 
 
 Chrysomela decifiexs . . . 131 
 Chrysomela philadelphica,130 
 
 Chrysomela pulcher.... 132 
 
 Chrysomela scalaris . . . 131 
 
 Chrysomela tremula ... 133 
 Chrysomela trimaculata, 132 
 
 Chrysopiiakes phleas... 216 
 
 Cicada cakicularis 152 
 
 Cicada noveeoracensis . . 152 
 
 Cicada septe.ndecim 150 
 
 cicindela albilabris. ... 36 
 
 Cicindela campestris ... 38 
 
 CiCI.NDELA DU0DECIMGUTTATA.3T 
 
 Cicindela generosa 34 
 
 CiCINDELA GUTTATA 35 
 
 CiCl.NDELA HiEMORRHOlDALIS, 37 
 
 Cicindela hirticollis ... 36 
 
 Cicindela patruela .... 35 
 
 Cici.vdela punctulata ... 37 
 
 Cicindela pi:rpurea .... 35 
 
 Cicindela bepandis 35 
 
 Cicindela vulgaris 34 
 
 ClMBEX AMERICANA 191 
 
 CiMBEX ULMI 191 
 
 ClMEX LECTULARIUS 169 
 
 CiMEX PUKCIS 16S 
 
 CiMlNDIS PILOSUS 42 
 
 CiSTELA BREVIS 97 
 
 ClERUS ^iPIARIUS 91 
 
 cl.isiocampa americana . . 235 
 
 Clisiocampa neustria . . . 240 
 
 ClISIOCAMPA SYLVATICA . . ,. 239 
 
 Cliyina lineolata 44 
 
 Clytus campestris 118 
 
 Clytus capuua 117 
 
 Clytus iiamatus 118 
 
 Clytus nobilis 117 
 
 Clytus pictus 117 
 
 Clytus speciosus 117 
 
 Clytus undatus 118 
 
 CoCClNELLA ABBREVIATA . 138 
 
 CocciNEr.r.A p.imacui.at \ . . 137 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 coccinella eoreall:? .... 136 
 Coccinella decimmaculata,138 
 COCCINELLA 12-notata . . . 137 
 Coccinella immaculata.. 137 
 Coccinella incaenata... 136 
 Coccinella novemnotata, 137 
 Coccinella 5-maculata.. 136 
 Cocc. transversoguttata, 138 
 Coccinella tbioculata . . 137 
 Coccinella 20-maci;lata. 136 
 
 ccelioxis annularis 197 
 
 colias philodice 204 
 
 CoPRIS CAROLINUS 70 
 
 COPROBIUS L^VIS 67 
 
 CoREUS TRISTIS 171 
 
 Corn Emperor-moth 231 
 
 Cbemastocheilus hentzu, 77 
 Cremastocheilos scaber . 77 
 
 CrIOCERIS 12-rUNCTATA . . 129 
 
 Cucujus clavatus 60 
 
 Cupes capitata 92 
 
 Cychrus viduus 50 
 
 Cynthia cardui . , 210 
 
 Cynthia huntera 210 
 
 Cyrtosia akcuata ..i... 154 
 
 CyRTOSIA FULIGINOSA .... 154 
 
 Danaus plexipfus ..... 202 
 
 DeIOPEIA BELLA 225 
 
 Delta-moth lSi0t 
 
 Dendroides cus'adensis . . 96 
 
 DeR?IESTES LAB.DABIUS ... 60 
 
 Desmocerus palliatus... 125 
 
 Dichelonycha elongata . 78 
 
 Diccelus dilatatus 49 
 
 Pjccelus elongatus ..... 49 
 
 Dictvoptera reticulata . 90 
 
 DlCTYOPTERA TERMiNALIS . 90 
 
 DrYOCAMPA IMPERIALIS . . . 233 
 
 DrYOCAMPA PELLUCIDA ... 239 
 
 Dil^OCAMPA VIRGINIENSIS . 239 
 
 Kv.sniiKirs globulosus . . 44 
 
 DiTlCrS HARRISII 55 
 
 im.aphidion putator 124 
 
 Elaphidion villosum.... 124 
 Elapiiri's RISCARlrS .... 52 
 
 Page 
 
 Elater appressu-rons ... 88 
 
 ElATER CINEREUS 88 
 
 Elater communis 88 
 
 Elater noctilucus 88 
 
 Elater obesus 88 
 
 Elater oculatus 87 
 
 Engis fasciatus 59 
 
 Entilia concava 153 
 
 Entilia e.marginata .... 153 
 
 Entilia sinuata 153 
 
 Ephemcrides 187 
 
 EplCAUTA vittata 96 
 
 Erebus edusa 246 
 
 Ebiosoma nivalis ... 79, 161 
 
 EuCHiETES EGLE 227 
 
 EuCHLORA CtELEBS 78 
 
 Eudamus tityrfs 215 
 
 EuDRVAS GRATA 242 
 
 EUMOLPI-S AURATUS 130 
 
 FORFICULA 139 
 
 Fleas., 148 
 
 GaLERITA AMERICANA .... 42 
 
 Galekuca calmariensis. . 134 
 
 Galeruca vittata 134 
 
 Galerueidcs 133 
 
 Galgulus oculatus 167 
 
 Gargara cinereum 156 
 
 Gargara discoidalis , . . . 159 
 
 Gargara inekmis 157 
 
 Gargara maculifrontis . 156 
 
 Gargara majus 156 
 
 Gargara nigricephala . . 157 
 
 Gargara fectokalis .... 157 
 
 Gargara pubescens 157 
 
 Gargara querci 156 
 
 Geometra catenaria .... 249 
 
 Geo.metra serrata 249 
 
 Geometra transversata, 249 
 
 Geotrufes splendens ... 67 
 
 Gerris marginatus 167 
 
 Glaucopis pholus 235 
 
 GORTVNIA leucostigma . . . 243 
 
 GoRTYNIA ZEA 243 
 
 Grammopteka 128 
 
 Gkillotalpa bkevipennis, 143 
 
\\l 
 
 Halica cualybea 13r) 
 
 HALirH'S 12-PUNCTATUS . . 55 
 HaLIPLUS IMMACULATICOI-LIS, 55 
 
 HaMMATOCERUS PURCIS . . . 108 
 
 Harpalus bicolor 45 
 
 Harpalus erraticus .... 4C 
 
 Hakpalus faunus 45 
 
 Harvest-flies 140 
 
 Hawk-moths 216 
 
 Hepiolus 241 
 
 HesPERIA PECKiUS 216 
 
 Hessian-fly 173 
 
 Hipparciiia alope 213 
 
 Hipparchia mephele .... 213 
 
 Histepl conforjiis 66 
 
 Houcyi'uiiib-iiiotli 253 
 
 HoClia tkifasciata 78 
 
 Honitails 191 
 
 hvlobius pales 107 
 
 hvlurgus terebrans ... 112 
 
 Ichneumon brevicinltou . 193 
 
 Ips bifustulatus 60 
 
 Ifs fasciatus 59 
 
 Ips qijadeisignata 00 
 
 Ips sanguikolenta 69 
 
 Ithycerus noveb RACEXSI.5,110 
 
 Ladybirds 161 
 
 Lamia 124 
 
 Lampykis angulata 89 
 
 Lampyris corrusca 90 
 
 Lampyris laticorms .... 89 
 
 Lampyri.5 nigricans 89 
 
 Lampyris scinti leans ... 89 
 
 Lampyris versicolor..,. 90 
 
 Lasiocanipians 234 
 
 Leaf-hoppers 152 
 
 Leaf-rollers 250 
 
 LeBIA ATIUVENTRIS 42 
 
 Lebia smaragdula 43 
 
 Lebia viridis 43 
 
 Lena ti:ivittata 134 
 
 LePTI'RA MALACHITICl'S. . . 127 
 
 Leptura octophnctata . . 127 
 
 Leptura rubuica 127 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Leptura subpubescens. . . 127 
 
 Leptura vittata 126 
 
 Libellula pulchella . . . 185 
 
 Limenitis arthemis 211 
 
 Limenitis dissippus ..... 202 
 
 Limenitis Ursula 203 
 
 Leptis 181 
 
 LoCUSTA CAROLINA 145 
 
 LOCUSTA coballina .... 146 
 
 LoCUSTA nebijlosa 140 
 
 LoCUSTA sulphurea 146 
 
 LoXOT.ENIA rosaceana... 250 
 
 LcCANUS DAMA 56 
 
 Lyg^eus leucopterus. . . . 169 
 
 MaCROOACTYLUS SUBSPINOSA, 78 
 
 Maggots 173 
 
 -Mayflies 187 
 
 Melit.ka pniETON 212 
 
 MlOLIT.EA rilAROS 212 
 
 Mkloe angusticollis .... 97 
 
 .MiriAS FILAT'JS 183 
 
 Mll.i;slA VIRGINIENSIS . . . . 183 
 
 MoNOCHAMUS MACULOSUS . 123 
 
 MoNOCIlAMUS PULCIIER . . . 123 
 
 Monochamus scutellatu.s, 123 
 
 MoNOCHAMUS titillator . 123 
 
 Moths 224 
 
 MuscA vomitoria 181 
 
 Myriuelion 185 
 
 Necrodes surinamensis . . 58 
 
 Necrophorus americanus, 57 
 
 Necrophorus pygmeus ... 57 
 
 Necrophorus tomentosus, 07 
 
 NiTIDULA BIPUSTULATA ... 58 
 
 NocTUA margaritata. . . . 245 
 
 NocTUA nundina. 246 
 
 NoCTUA SqUAMULAKIS .... 245 
 
 Noctua undularis 245 
 
 NOTIOPHILUS porkectus . . 52 
 
 NOTONECTUS 166 
 
 NyMPHALIS ARTHEMIS .... 211 
 
 OdONTATA SCUTELLARIS . . 130 
 
 (Edionyciius tiioracica . . 135 
 
 o.malisus corcinatus .... 90 
 
 259 
 
 Page 
 
 Omophp.on laeiatum 52 
 
 ■ — rar. te^sellatus, 52 
 
 Oncideres cikgulatus . . . 123 
 
 OnTHOPHAGUS HECATE. ... 68 
 
 Onthophagi's ovatus.... 08 
 
 Ophiok glabratus 196 
 
 Ophion macrurum , 196 
 
 OfHION MUNPT7S 196 
 
 Ophion pukgatus 197 
 
 Orgyia leucostigma .... 230 
 
 Pachyta cordifera 128 
 
 Pale Emperor-motli 230 
 
 PaWPHILA PHILffiUS 215 
 
 Pangus caliginosus 46 
 
 Papilio asterias 200 
 
 Papilio piiilenor 201 
 
 Papilio turnus 204 
 
 Papilio urticjE 209 
 
 Parnus crenatus 56 
 
 Parnus iastigiatus 56 
 
 Pelecinus politurator . . 196 
 
 PeLF.CINU3 policerator . . 196 
 
 Pelidnota maculata .... 77 
 
 Pelidnota punctata .... 77 
 
 PhAL/EKA LUNA 233 
 
 Phal.'ena quercaria .... 245 
 
 Phal^ena undularis ... 245 
 
 Phanveus carnifex 68 
 
 PiiANESOPTERA angusf ifolia, 145 
 
 Phelampelis satellitia . 219 
 
 Phryganea semifasciata, 188 
 
 Phyllobius T.'ENIATIS . . . 107 
 
 Phyllophaga drakii .... 72 
 
 Phyllopiiaga georgiana . 72 
 
 Phyllophaga hirticula.. 72' 
 Phyllophaga pilosicollis, 72" 
 
 Phyllophaga quj;rcina . . 72 
 
 Phyllophaga variolosa . 72 
 
 PlERlS NICIPPE 205 
 
 Pigeon Tremex 192 
 
 PiMPLA lunatok 194 
 
 PiSSODES STROBI 108- 
 
 PlTHO AMERIiANA 98 
 
 Plunt-liee 144 
 
260 
 
 Pa ere 
 
 Platycekas piceus 66 
 
 Platygaster tipul^ .... 180 
 
 PlATVPHYLLUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, 
 
 145 
 
 Platyphyllum concavum, 144 
 
 PlATY. OBLOiNGIFOLIUM . . . 145 
 PONTIA OLERACEA 204 
 
 Potato Hawkmoth 218 
 
 Potherb Pontia 204 
 
 Prionus laticollis 115 
 
 Pkionus pennsylvanica. . 115 
 
 Progne Butterfly 207 
 
 Ptinus for 92 
 
 pulex penetrans 148 
 
 purpuricenus humeralis, 126 
 
 PyGJERA ALBIFRONS 242 
 
 Pyrochroa flabellata . . 96 
 
 PlEDUVIUS 168 
 
 Rhagium lineatum 126 
 
 Rhinosia pometella 254 
 
 Rhynch-^jnus nenuphar.. 109 
 
 Rose Leafroller 250 
 
 Saltators 142 
 
 Saltmarsh Caterpillar 225 
 
 Saperda calcarata 121 
 
 SaPERDA CANDIDA 121 
 
 Saperda tridentata .... 122 
 Saperda trtpunctata . . . 122 
 
 Saperda vestita 121 
 
 Sarcophaga georgina . . . 181 
 Sarcophaga vomitoria . . 181 
 
 Saturnia id 232 
 
 Saturnia maia 231 
 
 SCARITES subterraneus . . 43 
 
 Scolia fossilana 197 
 
 scolia octomaculata. . . . 197 
 
 ScOLYTnS PYRI 113 
 
 Semicolon Butterfly 207 
 
 Sebica ASSIMII-IS 71 
 
 SeRICA VESPERTINA 71 
 
 Serica viridans 71 
 
 SeSIA FUCIFOEMIS -21 
 
 Sesia felasgus 221 
 
 SiLPHA AMERICANA 58 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 SiLPHA CAUDATA 57 
 
 SiLPHA INEQUALIS 57 
 
 SiLFHA NOVEBORACENSIS . . 58 
 
 SiLVANUS SURINAMENSIS . . 105 
 
 Skippers 167, 215 
 
 Smf.rinthus astylus .... 221 
 
 Smilia auriculata 153 
 
 Smilia guttata 153 
 
 Smilia viridis 154 
 
 Smilia vittata 154 
 
 Spanwornis 248 
 
 Spectrum femoratum. . . . 142 
 Sph^roderds stenostomus, 49 
 
 Sphex pennsylvanica . . . 195 
 
 Sphex plumipes 197 
 
 Sphinx brontes 218 
 
 Sphinx carolinus 218 
 
 Sphinx chionanthi 218 
 
 Sphinx cinerea 219 
 
 Sphinx convolvulus .... 218 
 
 Sphinx octomaculatus . . 218 
 
 Sphinx pampinatrix 220 
 
 Sphinx qdinquemaculatus,219 
 
 Spilosoma acr^a 225 
 
 Spilosoma arge 236 
 
 Spilosoma cunea 228 
 
 Spilosoma egle 227 
 
 Spilosoma nais 228 
 
 Staphylinus chrysurus . . 61 
 
 Staphylinus cyanipennis, 61 
 
 Staphylinus villosus ... 61 
 
 Stenocorus cinctus 116 
 
 Tabanus americanus .... 182 
 
 Tabanus atratus 182 
 
 Telamona acclivata .... 155 
 
 Telamona ampelopsides . 154 
 
 Telamona coryli 155 
 
 Telamona cRATiEGi 156 
 
 Telamona fagi 154 
 
 Telamona ornata 155 
 
 Telamona querci 165 
 
 Telamona reclivata . . . . 155 
 
 Telamona turriculata . . 155 
 
 Telamona unicolor 154 
 
 P-igc 
 
 Telephokus 90 
 
 Tenebrio curvipes 99 
 
 Tenebrio molitor 99 
 
 Tenebrio obscurus 99 
 
 Tent Caterpillar 229 
 
 Tenthredo 191 
 
 Tetraopes tetrophthalma, 121 
 
 Teteix 147 
 
 Tettigonia ros^ 158 
 
 Tettigonia vitis 158 
 
 Thanasimus dubius 91 
 
 Thecla acts 214 
 
 Thecla humuli 214 
 
 Thelia bimaculata 15G 
 
 Thelia binotata 156 
 
 Thelia lutipes 156 
 
 Thrips 161 
 
 Tinea granella 256 
 
 tomicus exesus 112 
 
 Tomicus liminaris ] 12 
 
 ToMicus pini 112 
 
 Trechus cinctus 48 
 
 Trechus conjunctus .... 48 
 
 Treehoppers 152 
 
 Tremex columba 192 
 
 Trox capillakis 71 
 
 Trox porcatus 70 
 
 Upis pennsylvanicus .... 99 
 
 Urocerus albicorxis .... 192 
 
 Vanessa antiope 206 
 
 Vanessa atalanta.. 208,209 
 
 Vanessa comma 208 
 
 Vanessa interrogationis, 207 
 
 Vanessa polychloros . . . 208 
 
 Vanessa progne 207 
 
 Vanessa urtice 209 
 
 Vespa fraterna 195 
 
 Wheat-fly 176 
 
 Wheat-midge 180 
 
 White Miller 229 
 
 Willow Butterfly 206 
 
 Wood-nymph 292 
 
 Wood-wasps 191 
 
 XyLOCARPA VIKGINICA .... 197