M ^ 9 j<f ^-^ ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY 1993-1996 and a Report on Water Resources of Illinois Viju C. Ipe Illinois Minerals 119 2000 SEP 2 6 2000 Department of Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IL ticvi »w*wg| ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY 1993-1996 and a Report on Water Resources of Illinois Viju C. Ipe Illinois Minerals 119 2000 Department of Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William W. Shilts, Chief Natural Resources Building 615 East Peabody Drive _ Champaign, IL 61 820-6964 SE -P I b 2000 (217)333-4747 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ken Hlinka, Office Director, Illinois Water Inventory Program at the Illinois State Water Survey, provided data on water use in Illinois. I am grateful to Dr. Randall E. Hughes, Dr. Subhash B. Bhagwat, Beverly L. Herzog, and Dr. Jonathan H. Goodwin of the Illinois State Geological Survey for comments and sugges- tions on earlier drafts. Editorial Board Jonathan H. Goodwin, Chair Michael L. Barnhardt B. Brandon Curry Heinz H. Damberger Anne L Erdmann David R. Larson Donald G. Mikulic William R. Roy printed by authority of the state of Illinois/2000/700 © Printed with soybean ink on recycled paper CONTENTS ABSTRACT MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1996 MINERALS EXTRACTED Fuel Minerals Coal Crude Oil 13 Natural Gas 15 Industrial and Construction Materials 16 Sand and Gravel 16 Industrial Sand 20 Stone 20 Clays 21 Fluorspar 21 Tripoli 27 Metals and Other Minerals 28 Steel, Zinc, Lead, Silver, and Copper 28 Peat 28 Gemstones 28 MINERALS PROCESSED 28 Barite 32 Crude Iodine 32 Iron-Oxide Pigments 32 Natural Gas Liquids 32 Expanded Perlite 34 Slag (Iron and Steel) 34 Recovered Elemental Sulfur 34 Zinc 35 PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM MINERALS 35 Cement 35 Clay Products 35 Lime 35 WATER RESOURCES IN ILLINOIS 36 Water Withdrawals 36 Water Uses 38 Public Water Supply 38 Self-Supplied Industry 38 Electric Power Plants 38 Mineral Extraction 38 Water Quality in Illinois 38 REFERENCES 40 FIGURES 1 Mineral production and mineral processing plants 2 2 Relative value of minerals extracted, processed, and manufactured, 1996 4 3 Trends in coal production in Illinois, 1960-1996 9 4 Counties producing coal in 1996 11 5 Coal production by producing companies, 1996 15 6 Trends in productivity of underground mines, 1960-1996 17 7 Trends in productivity of surface mines, 1960-1996 17 8 Employment in coal mining in Illinois, 1960-1996 18 9 Consumption of coal in Illinois by major consumers, 1 989-1 996 1 8 1 Domestic distribution of Illinois coal to electric utilities, 1 996 23 1 1 Production of crude oil in Illinois, 1 970-1 996 25 12 Petroleum products consumed in Illinois, 1992-1995 27 1 3 Production of natural gas from large fields by counties, 1 996 29 14 Consumption of natural gas in Illinois, 1989-1996 29 1 5 Districts and counties producing sand and gravel in 1 996 31 1 6 Production of sand and gravel and stone in Illinois, 1 960-1 996 32 1 7 Districts and counties producing stone in 1 996 33 1 8 Trends in production of clay in Illinois, 1 960-1 996 34 TABLES 1 Production and value of minerals extracted, processed, and manufactured into products 1 992-1 996 3 2 Production and value of minerals in Illinois compared with U.S. mineral production, 1993-1996 5 3 Employment and wages in the Illinois mineral industry, 1 993-1 996 6 4 Consumption of fuel and non-fuel minerals in Illinois compared with U.S. consumption, 1 992-1 995 7 5 Production, number of mines, and employment in the coal sector in Illinois, 1 960-1 996 8 6 Coal production in Illinois counties, 1993-1996 10 7 Cumulative coal production in Illinois counties, 1992-1996 12 8 Production of coal by company, 1 993-1 996 1 4 9 Productivity of coal mining in Illinois and the U.S., 1960-1996 16 1 Production, distribution, consumption, and price of coal in Illinois, 1 989-1 996 1 9 11 Coal production and consumption in Illinois, 1970-1996 20 1 2 Average mine price of coal in Illinois and the U.S., 1 984-1 996 21 1 3 Distribution of coal produced in Illinois, 1 985-1 996 22 1 4 Domestic distribution of Illinois coal to electric utilities by state, 1 991 -1 997 23 1 5 Sources of coal consumed by electric utility plants in Illinois, 1 991 -1 997 24 1 6 Cost and quality of coal received by electric utility plants, 1 990-1 996 24 1 7 Crude oil production from major oil fields in Illinois, 1 993-1 996 26 1 8 Petroleum products consumed in Illinois, 1 980-1 995 26 1 9 Production of natural gas in Illinois, 1 985-1 996 28 20 Natural gas production from relatively large fields in Illinois, 1 990-1 996 28 21 Natural gas production, consumption, and average price in Illinois, 1989-1996 30 22 Total water withdrawals in Illinois, 1 978-1 995 37 23 Groundwater withdrawals in Illinois, 1978-1995 37 24 Water use in Illinois for electric power generation, 1 950-1 995 38 25 Water withdrawals by major mineral extraction industries, 1 980-1 995 39 ABSTRACT This report provides an overview of the mineral industry in Illinois, analyzing its status during the period from 1993 to 1996. Covered also are the major minerals extracted from the ground, minerals processed, and manufactured mineral products such as cement and lime (fig. 1). A section on water resources concludes the report. This report, the only one of its kind for Illinois, provides the basic information on the Illinois mineral industry needed to identify the problems and trends in this industry. MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1996 The total value of minerals extracted, processed, and manufactured in Illinois in 1996 was $2.12 billion, which is 4.3% lower than the reported values for 1995 and 25% less than the 1992 total value (table 1). Minerals extracted accounted for 90% of the reported value; processed crude minerals and manufactured minerals accounted for the remaining 10%. Among the ex- tracted minerals, coal continued to lead in value, followed by industrial and construction materials and oil (fig. 2). The minerals processed in the state included ground barite, expanded perlite, sulfur, calcined gypsum, exfoliated vermiculite, iron oxide pigments, slag and fly ash, natural gas liquids, bismuth, and primary and secondary slab zinc. Mineral products manufactured in Illinois, primarily those from minerals mined within the state, included cement (portland and masonry), coke, clay prod- ucts, lime, and glass. Illinois continues to be a significant contributor to the total U.S. production of minerals such as coal, sand and gravel, crushed stone, and industrial sand. In 1996, the state accounted for about 4.4% of the total production of coal in the country (table 2). The production of coal in 1996 was 3.2% lower than in 1995 and 22.1% lower than in 1992. However, coal production in 1994 was 28.5% higher than in 1 993. In 1 996, Illinois accounted for 5% of the nation's production of crushed stone and 3.7% of its sand and gravel. The state continues to lead the country in production of industrial sand. The production of construction sand in 1996 was 9.3% higher than in 1992. The production of stone in 1996 was 8.31% higher than in 1995 and 0.83% higher than in 1992. Employment in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction has been declining (table 3). The number of employees in the mining sector continued to decline, from 1 6,300 employees in 1 993 to 1 2,600 in 1 996, although total nonagricultural employment went up from 5.28 million in 1 995 to 5.68 million in 1996. Consumption of coal in Illinois accounted for about 4.5% of the total U.S. consumption (table 4). In 1 995, the state's share of the consumption of petroleum ranged from 0.47% for residual fuel oil to 5.95% for lubricants. Data for consumption in 1 996 were not available at the time this publication was compiled. MINERALS EXTRACTED Fuel Minerals Coal In terms of its dollar value, coal is the most important mineral produced in Illinois. The total value of the coal produced in Illinois in 1 996 was $1 ,060.9 million (table 1 ), about 50% of the total value of all minerals produced. In spite of a downturn in production (table 5) in 1993, Illinois continued to be the fifth largest producer of coal in the nation. In 1 996, Illinois accounted for 4.4% of the total production in the country. Production Production remained near 60 million tons per year from 1 966 to 1 992 except in 1 978, 1981 , and 1983 (fig. 3), when production was affected by strikes. Production has been declining since 1992. The sharp decline (18 million tons) in production in 1993 was due to a workers' strike. Production never rebounded fully as it had after the previous strikes; rather, the strike signaled a T^ 1 - 50 km COMMODITIES • coal ■ oil and gas ▲ limestone/dolomite CD sand and gravel □ fluorspar * peat =*= tripoli PLANTS C cement P petroleum refinery S iron/steel M miscellaneous mineral processing plants Figure 1 Mineral production and mineral processing plants CD in en en Ti- en 05 cr> CM en CO > c CO 3 O CD _3 co > c co o 0> _3 CO > c co o CD _3 CO > c co 3 o CD _3 CO > CO O s LD ^r CD m CO «* 00 O) C\J CO O o" nT CT>" to N CO o CM CO CD If) 00 CO 1^ O) CO CD CM co" in en m •* CO m •>- o o CD CO CNJ o" r-" t- CO T- C\J CO CO ,_ *~ o o co en in CO CO co" co" "* T- CO o CM O N- O en en CM CM in •r-" 00 cm r-- CM_ CM o" o in , ~ "~ h- 00 O) Tj- I-- r- co CO co cm" I"-" in 1- co o ■* o in o CM co oo CM CO oo" co" CO o o_ CO ld" CO ,_ ,_ 00 CO O) CM O h- o ^* co i-" r-" in co •" en" m »- CO t: -Q o O "D c « §1 CO ±= c/> (/) 4: co ^ O = D)_ co -I < (X LU LU 3 r^ £ o o o N CO CM o o o CM CD CD o CO o CM CM cm" cm" Tf" CD CO "3- CO CD CD o CO LO 0) CM < o o o CD 2 o CD o h« ■* CO CO m" "t co" CO CO o en o o o ct> CO CM CO o o o CO r^ CNI CM o in CD CD CNJ T-T N-" r-." in" o" en ■* CO CO LO CM CO LD en ■<* o o o o o ^ o LD 1 — co" CO •*" CO o CO o o O CD 00 r-- h- o o O -3- CD 1— CO o r- O CM S T- " !--" m" co" r-T h»" <* CO in CD CD CO LD o cm" •* o o o CD o CM o ■* en r»" CO CO cm" CO o 00 o ■* en T— en en CM o CO ■* o CM o CO o h-_ i- co CD T-~ N-" T-T in in" o" CO CO v— T CD CO in CO N o ■"3- ■* N o CNJ 00 <* in CO CM ■* in in CO cm" CO CM in" CO to co c c o o •** ♦^ E E ■a T3 c c CO CO CO CO 3 D O O sz .c LU -m P ^ ft o d O O ~ X3 CO 3 Z C73 c o E co i g o o °V> J0 CD > c CO o CO c o il -o E c o CO o O "D ^ c i^ co "O CD c c CO o O) o ■o 5 "O O C/) ~ "' co T3 c TO oo 3 o c c CD X. o T5 £ O CO X CD _W CO CD c 11 to o I 8 — o CO 3 O < CO H o o o o in in o" o" < z o CO oo o CO o o CM CO o CO o ■>* CO oo" en CM in oo CM co CM o o O T~ o_ co_ N-" CM" O t- o o o o O CM cm" K o o en en CM CD C7> CM cm r»- in co cm m oo" o" O CM o LU (/) 10 UJ o o oc a. 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E CJ to 3 "O > -0 c — CO ro 3 "O CO c CO >.-c CD co CO -C T3 1 ■ CO T3 c c co O "O CM > 2 CO O XL O Cl O CO X3 1- (0 ■O II > CO c CO JZ 1— c c CO CO _3 u O II II 5 3 X < to LU 2 z > * T- sustained drop in production that is projected to continue for several more years (table 5, fig. 3). Manufactured mineral products Processed minerals Crushed stone The low price of low-sulfur western coal increased compe- tition among electric utilities, and the Clean Air Act Amend- ments (CAAA) of 1 990 are expected to continue to adversely affect coal production in Illinois. The CAAA of 1990 requires that electric utilities cut overall sulfur dioxide emissions by 50% by 2000. Compliance would require installation of costly scrubbers when high-sulfur Illinois coal is burned or the purchase of a free market device called "pollution credits" to permit continued higher emissions. The regulations and particularly the low price of western coal prompted many electric utilities to shift to western coal. Industrial sand Construction sand and gravel Coal Crude oil Figure 2 Relative value of minerals manufactered, pro- cessed, and extracted, 1996 The deregulation of electric utilities is another factor that may adversely affect the demand for Illinois coal by forcing utilities to reduce their average and marginal cost of electricity production, which may result in utilities using cheaper western coal, causing a further lowering of demand for Illinois coal. Production from surface mines has been declining since 1980 as surface-minable deposits have been mined out and land reclamation costs have increased. Underground mines accounted for about 83% of the total coal produced in Illinois in 1 996 compared with 56% in 1 980. Similarly, the proportion of employment in underground mines went up from 72% in 1980 to 82.3% in 1996 (table 5, fig. 3). Coal production by counties In 1 996 1 7 counties produced coal (table 6, fig. 4) compared with 1 9 in 1 993. Except for 1 994, Saline County was the largest producer, contributing 20% of the total in 1 996. Perry County was the second largest producer in 1 996 (1 5.1 %), followed by Franklin County (7.8%). In terms of cumulative production, however, Franklin County ranks first, followed by Perry County (table 7). Coal production by companies During 1996, 18 companies produced coal (table 8, fig. 5) at 20 underground and 11 surface mines. Among the producing companies, Kerr-McGee Coal Corporation was the largest producer (14%). The other major producers were Old Ben Coal (12.3%) with four underground mines, Consolidation Coal Corporation (11.4%) with one under- ground and one surface mine, Arch of Illinois (10.6%), and Freeman United Coal (10%). Productivity The productivity of underground coal mines in Illinois is higher than the national average (table 9, fig. 6) and generally has been increasing since 1979. The productivity of surface mines in Illinois is much less than the national average (table 9, fig. 7). The high average productivity of surface mines in the country is largely due to the relatively high productivity of surface mines in western states (Wyoming, Montana), which accounts for a major share of the total surface-mine production in the country. While the average productivity of surface mines in the country increased at an annual rate of 3.9% over the period 1 960 to 1 995, the growth in productivity of surface mines in Illinois was only 0.9%. But surface-mine productivity in Illinois compares favorably with that in the Indiana, Kentucky, and the Appalachian coal fields. Table 2 Production and value of minerals in Illinois compared with U.S. mineral production, 1993-1996 (million dollars) Illinois % of Unit Illinois United States U.S. production Commodity Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value 1993 Coal million tons 41.09 975 945 18,767 4.3 5.2 Crude oil million bbls 17.73 306 2,512 35,795 0.7 0.9 Natural gas million cu ft 340.00 782 22,725,642 46,360 0.0 1.7 Clay thousand tons 477.00 1 40,700 1,470 1.2 0.1 Sand and gravel Construction million tons 34.50 137 869 3,530 4.0 3.9 Industrial million tons 4.22 62 26 454 16.1 13.6 Stone (excluding dimension) million tons 61.48 315 1,130 6,030 5.4 5.2 Cement, portland million tons 2.43 123 72 3,920 3.4 3.1 1994 Coal million tons 54.03 1,365 1,034 20,060 5.2 6.8 Crude oil million bbls 17.15 278 2,431 32,071 0.7 0.9 Natural gas million cu ft 333.00 799 23,580,706 44,638 0.0 1.8 Clays thousand tons 494.00 1 42,200 1,600 1.2 0.1 Sand and gravel Construction million tons 37.90 151 891 3,740 4.3 4.0 Industrial million tons 4.42 66 27 488 16.2 13.5 Stone (excluding dimension) million tons 62.60 353 1,230 6,620 5.1 5.3 Cement, portland million tons 2.59 151 74 4,460 3.5 3.4 1995 Coal million tons 48.18 1,142 1,033 19,244 4.7 5.9 Crude oil million bbls 16.19 267 2,383 34,845 0.7 0.8 Natural gas million cu ft 335.00 600 23,743,628 44946.43 0.0 1.3 Clays thousand tons 504.00 1 40,700 1,480 1.2 0.1 Sand and gravel Construction million tons 36.10 139 910 3,910 4.0 3.6 Industrial million tons 4.41 66 28 502 15.6 13.1 Stone (excluding dimension) million tons 61.40 335 1,260 6,750 4.9 5.0 Cement, portland million tons 2.56 169 73 4,920 3.5 3.4 1996 Coal million tons 46.66 1,061 1,064 19,681 4.4 5.4 Crude oil million bbls 15.58 277 2,366 43,677 0.7 0.6 Natural gas million cu ft 298.00 864 24,051,665 52,192 0.0 1.7 Clays thousand tons 792.00 1 43,100 1,577 1.8 0.0 Sand and gravel Construction million tons 35.40 142 914 4,003 3.9 3.5 Industrial million tons 4.36 63 28 495 15.7 12.7 Stone (excluding dimension) million tons 66.60 36 1,330 7,182 5.0 0.5 Cement, portland million tons 2.54 168 79 5,905 3.2 2.8 Sources: Energy Information Administration, Coal Industry Annual (1993,1995); United States Geological Survey, Mineral Industry Survey (1993, 1995); and Illinois State Geological Survey (unpublished data) >l o> cm in ■ CO 0) r- CM < vy ■<* t -t ■* •* Tl- CD CD CD CO ■* oo CO ,- CO ■tf CO > < >> c 'c CO r^ • C CO c CD E o Q. 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U) p.-s 5 r _ 10 CD O "2 O E E o to CD £: 3 CO "co o O) o o CD CD CO co 0) "5 E w c o Q. E 3 CO c o o in w ■c o a. « "co O >» D) i_ CD c LU a> to CO CD C LU "6 — C O II CO CO Q. CD CD — Q co w i 3 « is CO ,_ •= o> .E en E , " < en co co ll CD o5 C 3 UJ "D CO ~ S S Ij CO S J0 X) 'co > CO o c II < j2 CD JZ '1 II 5 Table 5 Production, number of mines, and employment in the coal sector in Illinois, 1960-1996 All mines Surface mines Underground mines No. of Production No. of Production No. of Production Year mines Employment (million tons) mines Employment (million tons) mines Employment (million tons) 1960 78 9,772 43.70 40 3,168 20.95 38 6,604 22.76 1961 67 8,252 42.83 36 3,114 21.00 31 5,138 21.83 1962 62 7,892 45.26 37 2,984 22.48 27 4,908 22.78 1963 67 8,002 48.38 42 3,089 25.19 25 4,913 23.18 1964 68 8,225 51.89 40 3,091 27.86 28 5,134 24.02 1965 63 8,135 55.45 39 3,053 30.71 24 5,082 24.74 1966 56 8,298 59.26 35 3,143 33.73 21 5,155 25.54 1967 52 8,054 60.49 32 3,129 34.79 20 4,925 25.69 1968 48 8,547 57.67 25 3,173 34.14 23 5,374 23.53 1969 62 9,591 64.83 34 3,647 34.66 48 5,944 30.17 1970 59 9,272 65.12 31 3,220 33.03 28 6,057 32.09 1971 63 10,571 58.42 36 3,483 28.96 27 7,088 29.45 1972 59 11,237 65.52 33 3,367 33.81 26 7,870 31.72 1973 56 11,409 61.55 32 3,615 28.97 24 7,794 32.58 1974 55 12,467 58.07 32 3,749 26.97 23 8,718 31.10 1975 58 12,850 59.54 37 3,840 27.66 21 9,010 31.88 1976 62 14,731 58.14 39 4,335 27.22 23 10,396 30.91 1977 70 16,114 53.88 45 4,739 24.29 25 11,375 29.59 1978 71 17,861 48.74 43 5,241 23.85 28 12,620 24.89 1979 71 18,499 59.54 40 5,299 26.86 31 13,200 32.68 1980 66 17,735 62.54 35 5,125 27.57 31 12,610 34.97 1981 58 18,418 51.80 27 4,797 22.56 31 13,351 29.24 1982 61 14,950 61.43 28 4,396 25.74 33 10,554 35.68 1983 55 15,825 56.85 23 4,315 25.01 32 11,510 31.84 1984 55 13,339 63.77 22 3,545 25.27 33 9,794 38.50 1985 54 13,858 59.20 20 3,509 21.86 34 10,349 37.34 1986 53 13,003 61.87 21 3,450 22.15 32 9,553 39.72 1987 51 12,171 59.16 22 3,239 21.63 29 8,932 37.52 1988 48 10,022 58.59 20 2,582 20.07 28 7,440 38.52 1989 48 10,003 59.27 18 1,919 19.93 30 8,084 39.34 1990 45 10,018 60.39 17 2,611 18.72 28 7,407 41.67 1991 51 9,102 60.26 15 2,046 17.12 29 7,056 43.13 1992 43 8,323 59.86 12 1,543 12.89 27 6,780 46.96 1993 39 7,303 41.10 12 1,107 8.00 25 6,196 33.10 1994 34 6,591 52.80 11 996 9.52 23 5,595 43.28 1995 31 5,652 48.18 11 872 7.06 20 4,780 41.12 1996 31 5,174 46.66 11 918 7.71 20 4,256 38.95 Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Coal Industry Annual (various volumes) 70 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I 1960 1966 1972 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1978 1984 1990 1996 Figure 3 Trends in coal production in Illinois, 1960-1996 Employment Employment in the coal mining sector in Illinois increased from 9,772 persons in 1960 to an all-time high of 18,499 in 1979 but has generally been falling thereafter, reaching 5,174 persons in 1 996 (table 5, fig. 8). Underground mines account for 82% of the total employment in 1996. Coal demand Total demand for coal (Illinois mined and non-Illinois coal) in Illinois has been increasing recently (table 10, fig. 9). During the period from 1989 to 1996, the demand by all consumers increased at an annual rate of 4.9%. In 1996, electric utilities accounted for about 88% of the total demand for coal in Illinois. Industrial consumers, including coke plants, accounted for the rest of the demand for coal. Although coal consumption by electric utilities is increasing, Illinois coal's share of the total amount consumed in the state is declining (table 11). Prices Average mine prices, prices paid by electric utilities, and prices paid by industrial con- sumers have generally decreased in Illinois (table 1 0) and at the national level (table 1 2). Over the period from 1989 to 1996, the average mine prices, prices paid by electric utilities, and prices paid by industrial consumers fell at an average annual rate of 2.9%, 2.6%, and 0.7%, respectively. Distribution of coal produced in Illinois In 1996, of the total Illinois-mined coal distributed domestically, only 35.5% was used for consumption within Illinois. About 1 .89 million tons (4% of the total) was exported to foreign countries. Coal produced in Illinois is distributed to six major geographical regions: East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, and the Mountain regions (table 13). The East North Central region, consisting of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin (table 13), received the major share of the coal mined in Illinois, 53% in 1996. The major destinations for Illinois coal for use in electricity generation are Illinois, Indiana, Florida, Missouri, and Tennessee (table 14, fig. 10). 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CD Q CO co 'c E -a < c o "co £ o "c >> CD i_ CD C LU CO CD O 3 O CO 10 JO DAVIESS STEPHENSON W1NNEGABO BOONE | MC HENRY LAKE 40 mi 50 km Figure 4 Counties producing coal in 1996 11 Table 7 Cumulative coal production in Illinois counties, 1992-1996 (thousand short tons) County To 1992 To 1993 To 1994 To 1995 To 1996 Adams 341.92 341 .92 341 .92 341.92 341 .92 Bond 7,355.57 7,355.57 7,355.57 7,355.57 7,355.57 Brown 74.07 74.07 74.07 74.07 74.07 Bureau 53,823.06 53,823.06 53,823.06 53,823.06 53,823.06 Calhoun 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 96.25 Cass 212.48 212.48 212.48 212.48 212.48 Christian 355,957.93 357,502.93 358,959.72 358,959.72 358,959.72 Clark 4.48 4.48 4.48 4.48 4.48 Clay 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 Clinton 76,562.19 77,627.19 80,633.94 83,631.94 85,332.94 Coles 210.93 210.93 210.93 210.93 210.93 Crawford 45.40 45.40 45.40 45.40 45.40 Douglas 44,397.20 44,397.20 44,397.20 44,397.20 44,397.20 Edgar 2,295.90 2,295.90 2,295.90 2,295.90 2,295.90 Effingham 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 Franklin 701,374.66 705,452.66 712,054.41 717,352.41 720,987.41 Fulton 317,006.92 317,435.92 317,934.59 318,403.59 318,608.59 Gallatin 53,355.55 55,593.55 57,002.30 58,088.30 59,412.30 Greene 693.19 693.19 693.19 693.19 693.19 Grundy 40,872.43 40,872.43 40,872.43 40,872.43 40,872.43 Hamilton 6,172.93 6,172.93 6,172.93 6,172.93 6,172.93 Hancock 771.28 771.28 771.28 771.28 771 .28 Hardin 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Henry 22,910.05 22,910.05 22,910.05 22,910.05 22,910.05 Jackson 128,204.82 128,229.82 128,239.06 128,258.06 128,258.06 Jasper 23.74 23.74 23.74 23.74 23.74 Jefferson 166,256.68 168,938.68 173,076.36 177,781.36 182,080.36 Jersey 120.35 120.35 120.35 120.35 120.35 Johnson 314.32 314.32 314.32 314.32 314.32 Kankakee 19,192.10 19,192.10 19,192.10 19,192.10 19,192.10 Knox 65,896.60 65,896.60 65,896.60 65,896.60 65,896.60 La Salle 65,547.64 65,547.64 65,547.64 65,547.64 65,547.64 Livingston 10,111.44 10,111.44 10,111.44 10,111.44 10,111.44 Logan 25,088.38 26,586.38 28,260.11 30,005.11 31,987.11 Macon 11,000.47 11,000.47 11,000.47 11,000.47 11,000.47 Macoupin 337,161.70 341,544.70 346,533.75 351,348.75 356,802.75 McDonough 164,295.77 164,726.77 165,160.66 165,438.66 165,971.66 McLean 39,247.72 39,247.72 39,247.72 39,247.72 39,247.72 Madison 12,516.14 12,516.14 12,516.14 12,516.14 12,516.14 Marion 7,569.55 7,569.55 7,569.55 7,569.55 7,569.55 Marshal 5,544.14 5,544.14 5,544.14 5,544.14 5,544.14 Menard 13,462.00 13,462.00 13,462.00 13,462.00 13,462.00 Mercer 15,519.86 15,519.86 15,519.86 15,519.86 15,519.86 Monroe 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28 8.28 Montogomery 141,824.66 141,824.66 141,824.66 141,824.66 141,824.66 Morgan 190.79 190.79 190.79 190.79 190.79 Moultrie 2,032.24 2,032.24 2,032.24 2,032.24 2,032.24 Peoria 96,718.74 96,718.74 96,718.74 96,718.74 96,718.74 Perry 491,175.25 497,417.25 506,694.35 513,341.35 520,405.35 Pike 5.08 5.08 5.08 5.08 5.08 Pope 36.27 36.27 36.27 36.27 36.27 12 Table 7 (continued) County To 1992 To 1 993 To 1994 To 1995 To 1996 Putnam 10,071.89 10,071.89 10,071.89 10,071.89 10,071.89 Randolph 237,318.16 239,420.16 242,854.16 245,745.16 247,848.16 Richland 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Rock Island 3,846.17 3,846.17 3,846.17 3,846.17 3,846.17 St. Clair 367,370.81 367,612.81 367,612.81 367,612.81 367,612.81 Saline 319,815.71 328,624.71 335,306.65 343,115.65 352,448.65 Sangamon 233,449.61 233,449.61 233,449.61 233,449.61 233,449.61 Schuyler 12,752.07 13,336.07 13,942.04 14,446.04 14,861.04 Scott 612.48 612.48 612.48 612.48 612.48 Shelby 4,119.76 4,119.76 4,119.76 4,119.76 4,119.76 Stark 9,569.34 9,569.34 9,569.34 9,569.34 9,569.34 Tazwell 17,633.80 17,633.80 17,633.80 17,633.80 17,633.80 Vermilion 165,878.43 165,878.43 165,878.43 165,878.43 166,008.43 Wabash 44,394.11 44,394.11 48,387.95 50,944.95 53,284.95 Warren 685.47 685.47 685.47 685.47 685.47 Washington 37,271.32 37,863.32 40,315.57 43,574.57 47,248.57 White 14,075.33 16,071.33 18,068.72 19,876.72 21,672.72 Will 37,553.73 37,553.73 37,553.73 37,553.73 37,553.73 Williamson 463,856.06 463,883.06 465,270.65 466,563.65 467,231.65 Woodford 7,810.16 7,810.16 7,810.16 7,810.16 7,810.16 TOTAL 5,491,685.33 5,530,653.18 5,584,699.54 5,632,880.54 5,679,536.54 Source: Office of Mines and Minerals, Department of Natural Resources, Annual Statistical Report Consumption of coal in Illinois Electric utilities are the major consumers of coal in Illinois. In 1 995, electric utilities accounted for 83% of the total consumption. The share of Illinois coal in the total coal used in the state is declining. It fell from about 80% in 1970 to about 36% in 1996. While the share of Illinois coal has been falling, the share of Wyoming coal has been increasing signifi- cantly since 1991 (table 15). Cost and quality of Illinois coal The quality of coal used for electricity generation and other industrial purposes is judged in terms of its sulfur, ash, and energy contents. Both the price per unit quantity and price per million Btu of Illinois coal are higher than the respective prices for Wyoming coal (table 16). Although Illinois coal has a higher heat content, it is inferior because of the higher sulfur and ash contents. This difference is a significant disadvantage for Illinois coal relative to western coals in the context of the environmental regulations facing the utility industry, and is exacerbated by its higher average price. Crude Oil Production During 1 996, crude oil accounted for 1 3% of the total value of minerals produced in the state. Production fell by 3.8% from 1 6.2 million barrels in 1 995 to 1 5.6 million barrels in 1 996 (table 1), and has been decreasing since 1985 (fig. 11). The unit value of crude oil in 1996 was $17.8 per barrel, which represents a 7.8% increase from 1995. Crude oil production reached a peak of 147.6 million barrels in 1940. Since then, oil produced by primary recovery methods declined rather steadily until 1975, although some years showed small gains. Introduction of the hydraulic rock-fracturing method in 1954 and the increased use of water flooding for secondary recovery stabilized oil production at about 78 million barrels per year from 13 *»— — CO i>. ,_ Tfr CD \J to o en i— CM CM o CO o CO T 1 O *~ c o ,- CO CM i^ co o CD CO LO h~ CM 3 l~- CD ^r in i- T3 co ^r T O CO CL CD CD T_ CD O to CO ^ ,_ (D t c 3 E 17) o J T3 o CD C z "O c 3 3 o O CO in CD 0_ CD "^ <1> CD c u CO t 3 fc CO o 1^ "D o ID C y •a 3 c y (0 c o T5 C CO co 3 O XI CO (3) T CO O) O) ^ c ra Q. E o o >. X) To o o c o o 3 TJ O 00 XI O CO CD c> CO T ZJ CO , "O CD c TJ -J C 3 o CD CO 00 CD CO co o o o CO CD -* ■* CO co CM co CD 00 in CM m oo C\J ^ o o - CO o co CM r*. 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CO i— CD c LU CD O 3 O 14 Cottonwood Coal Co. 10.04 Catlin Coal Co. ■ 0.12 Midstate Coal ■ 0.20 Triad Mining Inc. ^■0.42 Brushy Creek Coal 0.58 Jader Fuel Co. I 0.67 1 1.32 5 1.80 Coal Miners Inc. Arclar Co. ■ 1.4 White County Coal Turris Coal Co. Peabody Coal Amax Coal Monterey Coal Freeman United Arch of Illinois Consolidation Coal Old Ben Coal A R7 Kerr-McGee Coal Corp. i 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7. million tons Figure 5 Coal production by producing companies, 1996 1955 to 1962. Production has declined since 1962 and has fallen to 15.6 million barrels in 1996, the lowest since long beforel 940. The reasons for the declining trends in oil production are the low oil prices, relatively high average costs of production, and depletion of reserves. An oil field producing more than 200,000 barrels per year is considered a major oil field in Illinois. In 1996, there were 11 major oil fields, which together produced 52% of the state's total production that year (table 17). The three largest oil fields, Lawrence, Clay City Consolidated, and Main Consoli- dated, each produced one million barrels or more during 1996, or 26% of the state's total. Consumption The major petroleum products consumed in Illinois are motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and jet fuel (table 18, fig. 12). Motor gasoline has been the major petroleum product consumed. In 1 995, it accounted for 51 .5% of the total quantity of petroleum products consumed, followed by distillate fuel (18%) and liquefied petroleum gases (5.7%). Natural Gas Production Illinois is not a major producer of natural gas and is almost totally dependent on gas produced elsewhere. Production of natural gas fell from 340 million cubic feet in 1993 to 291 million cubic feet in 1 996 (table 1 9). The average wellhead value of gas decreased from $2.4 per thou- sand cubic feet in 1 994 to $1 .8 in 1 995. Saline County was the top producer of natural gas in 1 996, followed by St. Clair County (table 20, fig. 13). As more and more gas and oil fields are being idled or depleted in Illinois, gas production in Illinois is expected to continue to fall in the future. Consumption Natural gas consumption in the state began to decline after 1971 and reached its lowest level in 1987. The consumption in the state has generally been increasing in the 1990s (table 21, fig. 14). In 1996, residential consumers accounted for about 48% of total natural gas consumption in Illinois, followed by industrial consumers (28.8%). The other major consumers are commercial users (19.4%) and electric utilities (2.3%). 15 Industrial and Construction Materials Sand and Gravel Production In 1996, 68 counties produced sand and gravel (fig. 15). The primary sources of construction sand and gravel are glacial deposits, primarily valley trains and outwash plains. Because of environmental regulations and zoning restrictions, new operations tend to be located away from highly populated areas. Illinois continues to be a leading producer of sand and gravel in the country, ranking seventh among the producing states. In 1996, the state produced 35.4 million tons of construction sand (3.9% of the nation's pro- duction) valued at $142 million. Since sand and gravel are bulk commodities that have high transportation costs, these operations generally are located as close as possible to the major areas of demand, but away from densely populated areas. Production of sand and gravel has generally increased since the mid-1980s (fig. 16), except in 1991 . The relatively low rate of highway construction in some areas of the state and the efforts of the state highway department to improve the performance of bituminous and portland cement pavements might have affected production of sand and gravel in 1991 . Gravel producers have experi- enced difficulties in meeting the upgraded state quality specifications in 1991, which in turn affected total production. Nine counties (Cook, Du Page, Grundy, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford), each producing more than one million tons, accounted for 70% of the sand and gravel production in Illinois. The state is divided into four sand-and-gravel-producing districts. District 1, which includes Cook County and surrounding areas, is the major producer of construc- tion sand and gravel. District 1 produced 66% of the total production; District 2, 9%; District 3, 17%; and District 4, 8%. Consumption Sand and gravel are used primarily for various types of construction aggregates for buildings and roads. The major markets for sand and gravel are in Cook County and the five surrounding metropolitan counties, where over 60% of lllinoisans live. Because of its low unit price, most construction sand and gravel is not shipped farther than 50 miles from the pit, although operations on navigable rivers may ship material much farther by barge. About three- quarters of the material is shipped from the pit by truck, and the remainder by barge or rail. Table 9 Productivity of coal mining in Illinois and the U.S., 1960-1996 (tons/person/day) Underground U.S. Illinois Surface Year U.S. Illinois 1960 10.6 17.4 22.9 30.0 1961 11.4 19.4 25.0 30.5 1962 12.0 20.4 26.8 30.9 1963 12.8 20.8 28.7 33.7 1964 13.7 21.1 29.3 35.5 1965 14.0 21.0 32.0 37.5 1966 14.6 21.9 33.6 41.0 1967 15.1 22.4 35.2 41.6 1968 15.4 22.2 34.2 39.4 1969 15.6 22.9 35.7 37.6 1970 13.8 21.0 36.0 33.5 1971 12.0 18.8 35.7 34.9 1972 11.9 17.9 36.3 37.1 1973 11.7 18.1 36.7 35.8 1974 11.3 15.8 33.2 26.5 1975 9.5 14.2 26.7 24.2 1976 9.1 13.4 26.4 22.8 1977 8.7 12.8 26.6 19.2 1978 8.4 10.7 25.8 20.2 1979 9.2 11.9 26.5 20.1 1980 9.8 12.3 27.6 22.1 1981 10.6 11.8 30.2 20.0 1982 11.1 13.4 29.3 20.0 1983 13.0 14.4 31.0 23.5 1984 13.8 15.3 32.8 23.7 1985 14.2 15.3 34.0 21.5 1986 16.4 17.0 39.9 26.0 1987 18.2 18.5 43.5 27.2 1988 19.8 20.3 46.8 26.7 1989 20.4 20.4 49.6 31.6 1990 21.2 22.6 52.5 29.3 1991 22.5 24.0 56.7 34.3 1992 24.6 26.9 58.6 36.3 1993 23.6 24.9 57.8 30.9 1994 25.5 27.9 61.4 33.0 1995 27.1 30.9 76.6 37.4 1996 28.6 32.8 72.4 37.4 Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Coal Industry Annual (various volumes) 16 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 Figure 6 Trends in productivity of underground mines, 1960-1996 0-| — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — |— i — i — i — i — r 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 Figure 7 Trends in productivity of surface mines, 1960-1996 17 20 t — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — r 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 Figure 8 Employment in coal mining in Illinois, 1960-1996 15H 10 5 1989 1990 electric 1991 1992 1993 1994 industrial 1995 1996 Figure 9 Consumption of coal in Illinois by major consumers, 1989-1996 18 01 CO O) Cn T- Cn *~ O) 00 O) »— w o 0) c Ct> C (0 c .0 Q. 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Q CO Z) cf o CO 'c E < c o re E ll 3 < c z D) 2 C LU -C JZ ~ 2 5 3 11 CO ^ 19 Industrial Sand Production Illinois ranked first in the production of industrial sand in 1996. The area best known for production of industrial (silica) sand is the Ottawa District of La Salle County (District 3), which produces from the St. Peter Sandstone of Middle Ordovician age. Within the district, the St. Peter is called the Ottawa Sand. Industrial sand is also produced in District 2 in Mason County from sand dunes formed during and after the retreat of Wisconsinan-age glaciers and in District 1 in Ogle County from the St. Peter Sandstone. The production of industrial sand in 1996 was 4.36 million tons valued at $62.6 million. The state ac- counted for 15.7% of the total industrial sand produced in the country in 1996 (tables 1 and 2). The average unit value of industrial sand in 1 996 was $1 4.36 per ton. Consumption Industrial silica sand is marketed both in ground and unground forms. Unground silica sand is used primarily in glass manufacturing. Other uses include sand for foundry sand, blasting, grinding and polishing, railroad traction, filtration, and frac sands used for propping and hydrofracturing reservoir strata in oil wells. Ground sand is used in chemicals, abrasives, enamels, pottery, porcelain, tile, and various fillers. Unimin Corporation, U.S. Silica Company, Manley Brothers, and Fairmont Minerals Ltd. mined silica sand in the Ottawa District of La Salle County, and Unimin's Operation in Ogle County mined sand for the glass, blasting, foundry, and frac sand markets. Manito Investment Company mined Quaternary- to Holocene- age quartz-feldspar dune sand in Mason County for the foundry sand and amber-colored glass markets. Table 11 Coal production and consumption in Illinois, 1970-1996 (million tons) Year Production Consumption 1970 33.98 42.31 1971 28.54 38.29 1972 31.33 42.03 1973 29.08 40.63 1974 26.37 39.05 1975 26.04 41.95 1976 24.97 41.46 1977 21.77 38.30 1978 20.51 38.70 1979 21.74 42.72 1980 21.58 42.11 1981 17.00 36.58 1982 19.18 36.34 1983 18.79 36.33 1984 20.84 38.80 1985 19.00 37.02 1986 19.00 38.09 1987 18.61 35.36 1988 17.25 32.88 1989 17.56 30.12 1990 18.70 33.90 1991 18.79 34.68 1992 18.17 31.60 1993 15.21 38.14 1994 17.52 39.08 1995 15.59 39.62 1996 16.05 44.47 Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Coal Industry Annual (various volumes) Stone Among the non-fuel minerals produced in Illinois, stone is the most important in terms of total value. In 1 996, the state ranked fifth among the stone-producing states. Crushed stone accounted for 63.9% of the total value of non-fuel minerals and 19% of the total value of minerals produced in the state in 1996 (table 1). Production Although production of crushed stone is fairly evenly distributed throughout the state (fig. 17), the greatest quantities are produced in District 1 . In 1996, the state produced 66.50 million tons of crushed stone worth $364 million. Since 1990, stone production has hovered around 60 to 65 million tons. In 1 995, it fell marginally by about 1 .9% from 62.6 million tons in 1 994 to 61 .4 million tons (fig. 16). In 1996, 127 quarries produced 57.70 million tons of limestone worth $319 million, and 19 quarries produced 8.80 million tons of dolomite worth $45 million. The dolomite-producing counties are Cook, Kankakee, Will, Clark, Kane, De Kalb, Stephenson, Whiteside, Lee, and Winnebago. In addition to crushed limestone and dolomite, about 1.5 million tons of miscellaneous stones worth $2,836 million were produced in Illinois in 1994. Stone, a bulk commodity, is primarily transported by truck. Other methods of transportation are by rail and barge. Crushed stone is barged to in-state destinations as well as to Pennsylvania and Gulf Coast markets in Alabama, Texas, and Louisiana. Stone produced in Illinois is also used for 20 Illinois U.S. total Year Nominal Real Nominal Real 1985 30.80 32.65 25.20 26.72 1986 29.99 30.88 23.79 24.50 1987 29.56 29.56 23.07 23.07 1988 28.55 27.56 22.07 21.30 1989 28.17 26.10 21.82 20.21 1990 27.73 24.62 21.76 19.32 1991 28.35 24.21 21.49 18.35 1992 27.66 22.99 21.03 17.48 1993 25.27 20.47 19.85 16.08 1994 23.13 18.33 19.41 15.38 1995 23.05 17.80 18.83 14.54 1996 22.74 17.23 18.45 13.98 ballasting the track of the entire Illinois Central Table 12 Average mine price of coal in Illinois Railroad network. and the U.S., 1984-1996 Consumption Stone is primarily used as a construction aggregate in portland cement concrete and bituminous concrete highway construction, and as road-base stone. In addition to uses for construction purposes, limestone and dolomite have chemical, agricultural, and environmental uses. In 1996, about 9.6 million tons of stone valued at $42.9 million were used in highway construction as graded road base or sub-base, about 2.36 million tons of crushed stone valued at $9.08 million were used in the manufacture of cement, and about 2.5 million tons of stone valued at $11.1 million were used as agricultural limestone in crop production (USGS, Mineral Industry Surveys, Illinois, 1997 Annual Review). Agricultural lime- stone is often produced from the fines generated when limestone is crushed for aggregate; it is used Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. by farmers to neutralize the acidifying effect of Department of Energy, Coal Industry Annua » , ... , . ... (various volumes). Nominal prices are in dollars nitrogen fertilizers used in corn production. per short ton; rea| prices are jn 1987 do||ars Clays Production Shale, absorbent clay (fullers' earth), and common clays are mined in Illinois. Absorbent clay is mined from the Paleocene-age Porters Creek Formation to produce absorbent clay products such as pet litter products and floor-sweep materials for cleanup. In Illinois, Quater- nary till deposits and Pennsylvanian claystones and shales are mined to produce common clay for brick manufacture. Common clay is defined as clay or clay-like material that is sufficiently plastic to permit ready molding. In 1996, Illinois produced about 0.79 million tons of common clay worth about $0.63 million. Clay production in 1996 increased by about 57% from its level in 1995 (0.50 million tons). The average value of clay produced in Illinois in 1995 was $2.42 per ton. Production of clay in the state has increased in recent years (fig. 18). In addition to common clay, Illinois is a significant producer of absorbent clay, but figures for production and value of absorbent clay produced in the state are not available. Uses Common clays and shales mined in Illinois are used to manufacture bricks, drain tiles, dinnerware, and cement. About 50% of the common clay produced in the country is used in the manufacture of brick; portland cement production accounts for 27%, and the rest goes into other miscellaneous uses (USGS, Mineral Industry Surveys, Clay 1997 Annual Review). Absorbent clay is used in pet litter and oil-sweep compounds, as a filler and pelletizer in animal feeds, as a decolorizer of oils, and as foundry sand binder. Fluorspar Fluorspar is the state mineral of Illinois. The first recorded fluorspar mining in Illinois was in 1842 when a small operation was started in Hardin County. Illinois has long been the principal producer in the country. The production centered around Hardin County in southern Illinois. Production rose from 1 04.7 thousand tons in 1 940 to 1 98.7 thousand tons in 1 943. In 1 940, about 48% of the nation's fluorspar demands was met by the shipments from Illinois. The state's share increased to 51% in 1943 but has been falling since then. 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Ozark-Mahoning was the last active fluorspar mining company in the country and had been in operation in southern Illinois since late 1938. The company was down to one employee in 1996, who supervised the environ- mental remediation work and the sale of company property and assets. Hastie Mining and Truck- ing Co., a local quarry company, leased Ozark-Mahoning's mineral drying and bagging facilities to process fluorspar purchased from the National Defense Stockpile. The company will probably service some of the former customers of Ozark-Mahoning by making a calcined product. With the closure of Ozark-Mahoning Company's operations, the United States ended 158 years of mining fluorspar. Barite, copper, lead, silver, and zinc (sphalerite) concentrates were recovered as coproducts of fluorspar processing in Illinois. Fluosilicic acid, a byproduct, was also recovered from fluorspar processing. It was used primarily in the aluminum industry for making aluminum fluoride and in water fluoridation, either directly or after processing to sodium silicofluoride. Uses Acid-grade fluorspar, containing greater than 97% calcium fluoride, is used primarily as a feedstock in the manufacture of hydrogen fluoride and to produce aluminum fluoride. 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O = « ? ffl _ - °» i cn -5 co cd — 5 "5 i= 3 w cn ■i i 3 s i « : 3 ■& .CO ^ co _a CD l) ~ OJ "5 .ex i ' < < -5 O »» CO ._ a> 3 in co CM co CM ■* CD d CO CM CO d CM CM T— CM CM |v d o CM CD CM CM O CM in o d CM o c\j co CM CM d CM CM 00 CO CO CM CO 00 d CM CM o in CM CM cn O) CM CM •*' CM 26 25,000 20,000 - w 15,000 CD XI c o 1 10,000- 5,000 - 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Figure 12 Petroleum products consumed in Illinois, 1992-1995 welding rod coatings, and as a flux 1 in the steel industry. Metallurgical-grade fluorspar (65% to 85% CaF 2 ) is used primarily as a fluxing agent in the steel industry. The reported domestic consumption by the hydrogen fluoride industry increased by nearly 4% in 1996. The reported consumption by the non-hydrogen fluoride industries decreased by 19% from its level in 1995 (USGS, Mineral Industry Surveys, Fluorspar 1997 Annual Review). In the ceramic industry, fluorspar was used as a flux and as an opacifier in the production of flint glass, white or opal glass, and enamels. Tripoli The term tripoli refers to microcrystalline silica. Among the producing states, Illinois ranks first in tripoli production with about 70% of the national output. For reasons of confidentiality, the produc- tion figures cannot be revealed here. Unimin Specialty Minerals Inc., a division of Unimin Corpora- tion located in Alexander County in southern Illinois, is the only producer of high-grade tripoli in Illinois. Tripoli processed in Illinois is used as filler in paints, plastics, and rubber products and as an abrasive in buffing and polishing compounds, soap, and toothpaste. Some iron-stained tripoli is being used in the manufacture of portland cement. 1 A flux is a substance used to remove the impurities from steel. It combines with the impurities in the steel to form a compound with a lower melting point and density than steel, which tends to float to the top and can be easily poured off and separated from the molten steel. 27 Table 19 Production of natural gas in Illinois (million cu ft), 1985-1996 Year Gas wells Oil wells Total 1985 1,228 96 1,324 1986 1,546 342 1,888 1987 1,215 156 1,371 1988 1,290 181 1,471 1989 1,268 209 1,477 1990 653 24 677 1991 453 13 466 1992 336 10 347 1993 330 10 340 1994 323 10 333 1995 315 11 320 1996 282 9 291 Source: Illinois State Geological Survey Metals and Other Minerals Steel, Zinc, Lead, Silver, and Copper Raw steel was produced in Illinois, but was processed from materials obtained from other domestic and foreign sources. In 1996, Illinois ranked fourth in the nation in the manufacture of raw steel with an estimated output of 7.4 million metric tons (8.2 million short tons), according to the American Iron and Steel Institute. Zinc, lead, silver, and copper were produced in small quantities as byproducts of the fluorspar mining industry. With the closure of fluorspar mines, these metals are no longer produced in significant quantities in Illinois. Peat All commercial sales of peat in the United States (exclud- ing imports) are for agricultural and horticultural purposes. Three types of peat are produced in Illinois: reed sedge, moss, and peat moss. In 1996, four Illinois companies produced peat: Dahl Enterprises and Roots Peat Farm in Lake County, and Hyponex Corporation and Markman Peat Company in Whiteside County. Illinois ranked third among 20 states in produc- tion of peat. Peat is sold as bulk and packaged peat. More than 99% of the state's peat was sold in package form for general soil improvement (USGS, Mineral Industry Surveys, Peat 1 997 Annual Review). Small amounts were sold in bulk form to nurseries and for earthworm cultivation. Gemstones During 1995 Illinois produced gemstones worth $0.27 million (table 1). Production is limited to specimen-grade fluorite and accessory minerals. With the closing of the fluorspar mine in late 1995, the quantity and value of gemstones produced are expected to become insignificant. MINERALS PROCESSED Minerals extracted mainly in other states or foreign countries but processed in Illinois include ground barite, calcined gypsum, crude iodine, iron-oxide pigments, natural gas liquids, expanded perlite, pig iron, sulfur, exfoliated vermiculite, primary slab zinc, and secondary slab zinc. The value of these processed minerals is unavailable because some companies declined to provide the needed information. Table 20 Natural gas production from relatively large fields in Illinois, 1990-1996 (million cu ft) Gas field County 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Liberty Adams 181.70 41.30 12.00 Stolletown Clinton 33.30 18.80 9.80 Mattoon Coles 60.60 32.90 41.10 20.59 16.01 34.07* 14.35 Ashmore East Edgar 28.20 21.50 26.70 36.52 21.78 13.94 Omaha Gallatin 58.30 81.00 83.00 42.60 34.59 14.61 11.29 St. Libory St. Clair 104.60 95.10 93.70 93.80 106.86 139.00 62.30 Eldorado West Saline 38.40 38.50 44.20 42.57 35.80 42.13 48.47 Harco East Saline 37.70 Raleigh East Saline 26.53 20.89 18.56 Pittsburg Williamson 133.90 101.50 Other 37.90 35.50 19.30 4.26 TOTAL 676.90 466.10 345.70 250.13 253.56 216.63 168.92 Source: Illinois State Geological Survey * Total of Coles and Edgar Counties 28 70 60- 50 = 40 o c g | 30 20 10 14.352 13.941 62.3 1 1 .294 67.034 Coles Edgar Gallatin St. Clair Saline Figure 13 Production of natural gas from large fields by counties, 1996 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000- § 600,000-1 400,000- 200,000 industrial commercial electric 1 1 1 1 1 1 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Figure 14 Consumption of natural gas in Illinois, 1989-1996 29 in o in r-- 00 o oo CM in T- CO oo CO in CM T— CO o cn 05 O CD co -* CO ■* O) CO CO CM 1^ CO "* •»— CM in CD co" o" co" CO T3 c CO c" o Q. 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LU O < CC LU > < •o CD -* i— CO E ■ 3 .55 T3 y * — ti CO ^ c C CO ^ cn -a n Tii >» SP co q CJ — 3 ^ CO o .Or ~ ~6 O "I ^ b_ b ct o ^ > id CO 3 C C < co co a >» cn c LU c E ■c co CL Q CO Z) c o co 'c I < C g E i_ o cn r= m CO CO z 30 T J 1 ' 50 km county producing sand and gravel industrial sand production Figure 15 Districts and counties producing sand and gravel in 1996 31 O-i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — r 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 Figure 16 Production of sand and gravel and stone in Illinois, 1960-1996 Barite Barite was produced as a byproduct of fluorspar by Ozark-Mahoning Co. until they closed their mines in late 1995. The ground barite processed in Illinois was used as a filler and extender in paints, and also in the drilling of oil and gas wells. The quantity and value of barite produced in Illinois in 1994 dropped by 9.3% from their levels in 1993. Crude Iodine Crude iodine is processed into inorganic compounds for commercial use at three Illinois plants: Allied Signal Company in Metropolis, Massac County; West Agro in Des Plaines, Cook County; and Echolab in Joliet, Will County. The end uses of crude iodine are in sanitation (39%), pharma- ceuticals (24%), heat stabilizers (13%), catalysts (9%), animal feeds (7%), and other miscella- neous uses (USGS, Mineral Industry Surveys, Crude Iodine 1997 Annual Review). Iron-Oxide Pigments Finished pigments were produced from iron ore imported from other states. The producers of iron- oxide pigments were Harcos Pigments, East St. Louis; Prince Manufacturing Co., Quincy; and Solomon Grind-Chem Services Inc., Springfield. The types of iron-oxide pigments produced are black (magnetite), brown iron oxide, red iron oxide, and yellow iron oxide. Synthetic black, brown, red, and yellow iron oxides were also produced. Natural Gas Liquids Natural gas liquids processed include ethane, propane, isobutane, unsplit butane, and a combina- tion of gasoline and liquified petroleum gas. Natural gas liquids were processed in Douglas County by the U.S. Industrial and Chemical Company, a Division of the Millenium Petro-Chemicals Company. 32 JO0AV«S3 STEPHENSON WtNNEGASl) iBOONEl MC HENRY LAKE stone-producing county Figure 17 Districts and counties producing stone in 1996 33 2.5 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i r 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 Figure 18 Trends in production of clay in Illinois, 1960-1996 Expanded Perlite Crude perlite mined outside the state is processed to expanded (processed) perlite by three companies: Silbrico Corporation in Cook County, Illinois Strong-Lite Corporation in La Salle County, and Manville Products Corporation in Will County. Illinois ranked third (after Georgia and Mississippi) among the states in the quantity of expanded perlite sold and used. Expanded perlite is mostly used for acoustic ceiling tile, pipe and roof insulation, concrete aggregates, fillers, filter aid, and horticultural aggregate. Slag (Iron and Steel) Slag is used mostly as construction aggregate and road-base material in asphaltic concrete, as railroad ballast, as fill-sand, and for the manufacture of mineral wool. In 1996, three companies, Hecket Multiserv Co., International Mill Service, and Lafarge Corp., were operating nine plants in Illinois. Hecket Multiserv operated three plants in Cook County and one plant at Sterling in Whiteside County. International Mill Service had two plants in Madison County and one plant each in Kankakee and Cook Counties. Lafarge operated one plant in Madison County. Recovered Elemental Sulfur In 1995, 0.33 million tons of sulfur were produced in Illinois. Illinois ranked seventh in production of elemental sulfur in 1995. Four companies in three counties, Crawford, Madison, and Will, pro- duced sulfur as a byproduct of their oil refinery operations. Sulfur differs from most other mineral commodities in its primary use as a chemical reagent rather than as a component of a finished product. The largest use is as sulfuric acid in the manufacture of phosphatic fertilizers. 34 Zinc There are three primary zinc refineries in the country, including one in Illinois: the Big River Zinc Company at Sauget in St. Clair County. The Illinois Smelting Company in Cook County processed secondary slab zinc (USGS, Mineral Industry Surveys, Zinc 1997). The principal uses of slab zinc are for electrogalvanizing and hot-dip galvanizing, mainly for sheet and strip. In Granite City, Madison County, one new hot-dip galvanizing plant with a capacity of 350 million tons began operating in 1996. Most of the secondary feed was crude zinc calcine recovered from dust generated by steelmaking using Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). The dust was processed at the Horsehead Resource Development Company plants in Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. At Alton, Madison County, Laclede Steel Company constructed a facility that could process 36 million tons of EAF-generated dust per year. This facility started operating in 1992. Eagle Zinc Company at Hilsboro, Montgomery County, produces zinc oxide, which is sold directly for use in animal feed and other agricultural purposes. PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM MINERALS Cement In 1996, four active cement plants in Illinois together produced 2.54 million tons of cement worth $1 68 million. The state manufactured about 3.23% of the total quantity of portland cement pro- duced in the country. Illinois ranks eighth in portland cement production among the producing states. Production fell by 1% from 2.58 million tons in 1994 to 2.56 million tons in 1995. It again fell marginally by 0.7% to 2.54 million tons in 1996 (table 1). The four companies producing portland cement in Illinois were Illinois Cement Company, a subsid- iary of Centex Corporation, and Lone Star industries, both in La Salle County; Dixon-Marquette Cement, a subsidiary of Prairie Materials Sales in Lee County; and Missouri Portland Cement Company, a division of Cementia Oldings AG in Massac County. Consumption In 1996, Illinois ranked sixth behind Texas, California, Florida, Ohio, and Georgia in the consumption of portland cement. The state consumed 3.3 million tons of portland cement and 0.66 million tons of masonry cement. Consumption of portland cement fell by 8% from 3.6 million tons in 1994 to 3.3 million tons in 1995. It increased to 3.48 million tons in 1996. The consumption of masonry cement increased by 2.6% from 76,000 tons in 1 995 to 78,000 tons in 1 996 (USGS, 1 997, Mineral Industry Surveys, Cement 1997 Annual Review). Clay Products Clays mined in the state and imported from outside are used for manufacturing clay products. Production in the state followed a downward trend until 1989. Production then increased to about 0.8 million tons (fig. 18) in 1996. Information on the amount and value of clay products manufactured in Illinois is not available. Whiteware and pottery are the main clay products manu- factured in Illinois. Lime The term lime refers to six chemicals manufactured by calcination of high-purity calcitic or dolo- mitic limestone, followed by hydration. Illinois ranked seventh in the nation in production of lime. Three plants in Cook County produced the state's entire output. Two plants owned by Marblehead Lime Co., a division of General Dynamics, produced quicklime and hydrated lime. The third plant, operated by Vulcan Materials Co., also manufactured quicklime. The major end uses of lime are in chemical and industrial, environmental, construction, refractory dolomite, and other miscellaneous uses. The steel industry is the major consumer of lime, which is used as flux in steel refining to remove impurities. The steel industry accounted for about 28% of all lime consumed in the country. Lime is also used in the beneficiation of copper ores to neutralize 35 the acidic effects of pyrite and other iron sulfides in nonferrous metallurgical processing. In the environmental sector, lime is used in the softening and clarification of municipal potable water. Lime is also used in sewage treatment for sludge stabilization, as a coagulant aid in the paper industry, and to make precipitated calcium carbonates, a specialty filler used in premium-quality white paper. Other uses of lime are in the manufacture of alkalies in the chemical industry, as "milk of lime" in sugar refining, as dolomitic quicklime as a flux in the manufacture of glass, for soil stabilization in the construction industry, and as agricultural lime. WATER RESOURCES IN ILLINOIS The availability of water is crucial for economic development. Illinois has an abundant supply of surface and groundwater resources. The Mississippi River on the western border, the Ohio and Wabash Rivers on the south and east, and Lake Michigan on the northeast are the major fresh- water bodies surrounding the state. The large tributaries to these major water systems include the Illinois, Kaskaskia, Rock, Sangamon, Big Muddy, Embarras, and Kankakee Rivers. There are 87,644 inland lakes, excluding Lake Michigan, with a total lake acreage of 309,340. Of the 87,644 inland lakes, 1,170 are publically owned lakes with a total lake acreage of 172,543. The Illinois- administered acreage of Lake Michigan is 976,640. Approximately 80% of the inland lakes are artificially constructed, including reservoirs ranging up to 24,580 acres in surface area. The artificial lakes are dammed streams and side channel impoundments, strip mines, borrow pits, and exca- vated lakes. The natural lakes include glacial lakes found in the northeastern counties, sinkhole ponds in the southwest, and oxbow and backwater lakes found along the major rivers. The lakes provide water for drinking and cooling purposes, help in flood control, recreation, fish and wildlife habitat, property value enhancement, and valuable ecological and aesthetic natural resources. Other surface water resources of Illinois include streams, lakes, and ponds. The state has approxi- mately 900 interior streams. The total stream miles 2 is 32,190 miles, of which 30,246 miles are perennial streams. In addition to the surface water resources, the state has an abundant supply of groundwater resources. Major aquifers underlying Illinois include the saturated sand and gravel deposits left in the last 1 .6 million years by repeated advances and retreats of continental glaciers, the Pennsyl- vanian-Mississippian aquifers, the Silurian dolomite aquifer, and the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifers (U.S. Geological Survey, 1985) Water Withdrawals Water withdrawals and usage data are collected by the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Total water withdrawals in Illinois in 1995 were 48,042 million gallons per day (mgd) (table 22). Groundwater provided 572 mgd (table 23) and surface water sources provided the rest. Water is used primarily for public water supply use, self-supplied industry water use, and by fish and wildlife. Public water supplies are defined as systems or wells that furnish water for drinking or general domestic use in incorporated municipali- ties and in unincorporated communities where 1 5 or more separate lots or properties or 25 persons are being served or are intended to be served for at least 60 days per year. Water is "self-supplied" when public supply is either unavailable or not used. When industries and commercial establish- ments use their own water source, such facilities are called "self-supplied industry sources." Water use systems are classified as "rural" when families and small communities are not served by public water supply systems. Among the different uses, the self-supplied water withdrawals constituted almost 96% of the total withdrawals, followed by the withdrawals for public water supplies (3%). Data on rural water use are not available since 1 986, which may affect the general trends in total and ground water withdrawals presented in tables 22 and 23. 2 Total stream miles are based on the perennial stream miles in the River Reach File 3 (RF 3). The RF 3 is derived from computerized databases that reflect features on the 1:100,000 USGS hydrologic maps. 36 Table 22 Total water withdrawals in Illinois, 1978-1995 (millions of gallons per day) Year Public Self-supplied Rural Fish & wildlife Total 1978 1,771 44,331 220 44 46,366 1980 1,779 40,253 280 27 42,339 1982 1,740 31,216 266 27 33,248 1984 1,797 34,623 381 31 36,832 1986 1,806 35,536 306 37 37,684 1987 1,868 34,285 NA 73 36,227 1988 1,993 31,236 NA 68 33,296 1989 1,885 41,679 NA 93 43,656 1990 2,076 45,697 NA 69 47,841 1991 1,942 35,391 NA 87 37,420 1992 1,929 37,073 NA 72 39,074 1993 1,857 35,128 NA 65 37,050 1994 1,968 38,281 NA 57 40,305 1995 1,859 46,119 NA 64 48,042 Sources: Kirk, J.R., 1986, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey Circular 167; Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Water Use Summary— 1 995; and K. Hlinka, 1997, Illinois State Water Survey, Department of Natural Resources (per- sonal communication) Table 23 Groundwater withdrawals in Illinois, 1978-1995 (millions of gallons per day) Year Public Self-supplied Rural Fish & wildlife Total 1978 458.2 259.1 220.0 8.4 945.7 1980 478.6 217.6 280.5 4.8 981.5 1982 465.8 248.6 265.9 5.0 985.3 1984 474.8 235.1 380.7 8.2 1,098.8 1986 437.1 204.2 305.9 11.7 958.8 1987 427.7 188.3 NA 14.0 630.0 1988 463.9 198.6 NA 13.7 676.2 1989 458.2 209.0 NA 36.1 703.3 1990 444.6 197.7 NA 44.1 686.4 1991 460.0 188.3 NA 39.0 687.3 1992 401.2 193.1 NA 14.7 608.9 1993 371.7 196.7 NA 9.5 577.9 1994 399.3 189.1 NA 6.9 595.3 1995 370.0 192.8 NA 8.9 571.6 Sources: Kirk, J.R., 1986, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey Circular 167; Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Water Use Summary— 1 995; and K. Hlinka, 1997, Illinois State Water Survey, Department of Natural Resources (personal communi- cation) 37 Water Uses Public Water Supply In 1995, the total water used for public water supply systems was 1 ,859 million gallons per day (mgd), of which 370 mgd was from groundwater sources and the rest was from surface water sources (tables 22 and 23). Public water supplies served about 90% of the state's population, and the remaining 10% of the population depended on their own supply of potable water. Self-Supplied Industry The total water withdrawals by self-supplied industries in 1 995 was 46,11 9 mgd, of which 1 92 mgd was from groundwater and the remainder from surface water (tables 22 and 23). The major industries using self-supplied water are thermoelectric power generation, hydroelectric power generation, manufacturing, and mineral extraction. Electric Power Plants The electric power generation industry is one of the largest users of water (table 24). Although the thermoelectric power industry withdrew about 17,182 mgd of water in 1995, almost 99% of this water is returned to its source with a slight increase in temperature. Mineral Extraction The major mineral industries using water are quarrying, sand and gravel operations, oil extraction, and coal mining (table 25). In 1 995, the total water withdrawn for mineral extraction (excluding oil extraction) was 37.6 mgd, of which 35.7 mgd was from surface water. Data on water use for oil extraction have not been available since 1986. Water Quality in Illinois Water in lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater supports a variety of uses, ranging from drinking and other domestic uses to industrial processes and irrigation. Water in lakes and rivers supports Table 24 Water use in Illinois for electric power generation, 1950-1995 (millions of gallons per day) Year Thermoelectric Hydroelectric Total 1950-1951 5,927 5,927 11,854 1960 9,051 21,155 30,206 1964-1965 9,120 NA 9,120 1970 8,745 NA 8,745 1978 19,919 22,593 42,512 1980 14,061 25,570 39,631 1981 10,088 25,975 36,063 1982 8,553 21,894 30,447 1983 10,980 22,381 33,360 1984 12,394 21,495 33,889 1986 12,213 22,671 34,884 1995 17,182 29,131 46,314 Sources: Kirk, J.R., 1986, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey Circular 167; Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Water Use Summary— 1995; and K. Hlinka, 1997, Illinois State Water Survey, Department of Natural Resources (personal communication) 38 CO TJ i— 0) Q. CO c o ra OJ LO OJ oj i o co OJ co .92 w TJ C C o o 2 X 0) o CO E .o _co CO I TJ 2 ID n .ra ra o O > 2 O °6 TJ c (0 co on c CO 3 O CO Q. 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