ae a ie a ee te ae ae een ee ee ae ee Pee ae ep oe ee ee te ee ee dapt. ar 4 1C@TsS 4 for off ge ion x +e a) = . sgh f : : Be 3 a ; : c The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MAR ZL ie FEB 2.4 1906 | L161—O-1096 INSTRUCTIONS OFFICERS AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS ON OUTPOST AND PATROL DUTY, TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. IN TWO PARTS WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1863. Ar 338, I€G3 WAR DEPARTMENT, Marcu 25, 1862. The following detailed Instructions on Outpost and Patrol Duty, and Troops in Campaign, are published for the infor- \mation of the Army, and will be distributed to regiments. Part I, although more especially designed for cavalry, is like- . wise applicable to infantry. Grand Guards will be sent out by all brigades in camp— when in the face of the enemy, for safety; when in a friendly ~ country, for instruction. All Colonels and others in authority will see that their commands are instructed in these duties. The attention of officers of the regular and volunteer armies is particularly called to Article XXXVI, of the present Army Regulations, which is printed as Part II of this book. ‘The whole article is replete with the most valua- ble instruction, and the safety and efficiency of all commands depend very much upon knowledge of the duties therein de- tailed. EDWIN M. STANTON, Secretary of War. 98729/ ¥ ’ at i : i * rai ry ‘ es , ols. a { - ‘ Lt e-) , t . & ‘ a ey iv \ fi \ y ** i La f + ? ‘ ; ‘ iF , i ia ¢ . §* * : te Fad sagt > : binw tr le x A " Hy, MY of t ladt eben yy TRS aie i; iy ry 1 re Tipe iv ahinestt t ‘u 4a-¥ i? 4 Pay rwed ne , Yeon itre ah eoato i ti fy hy 1 eer rk has . Pee i | Wa wrestle | eed, 0 i I “ay a , 4 st fairl we 4b ihe 3 é Piast 4 { nf AP yi asl pe “I wa “a t Oe BE Tea wet f 4s iy oft m1 i. PART I. a oe ee INSTRUCTIONS FOR QUTPOST AND PATROL DUTY. NOTE. The word Grand Guard has been substituted for Picquet, wherever the latter occurred in the work of Colonel Arentschild. The terms Grand Guard and Outlying Picquet are, in fact, synony- mous; the former is more used in the French, the latter in the British service. By both, are meant the outposts, or advanced guards, thrown out in the direction of an enemy, to protect the camp from surprise, and give it time to form for defence in case of a sudden attack. The term “Picket,” met with in the Regulations, has a very different signification, being applied to the standing detail for Grand Guard and other service of the like nature; which, though it remains in camp, is held in constant readiness to turn out at a moment’s warning. In other words, it is one and the same thing with the Inlying Picquet of the British.—ED. INSTRUCTIONS FOR Meeedool AND PATROL DUTY. ABRIDGED FROM THE WORK OF THE LATE COLONEL ARENTSCHILD, OF THE BRITISH SERVICE, BY THE LATE LIEUTENANT COLONEL J. P..GARESCHE, ASSISTANT ADJUTANT GENERAL. 1. Om the Duties of an Officer or Nom-commissioned Officer on Grand Guard. SECTION I. PARADING THE GRAND GUARD. The Officer commanding a Grand Guard, as soon as it has been turned over to him, takes care to have the names of his men written down, with the Regiment and Troop to which they belong; inspects their ammunition and fire-arms; and orders them to load. He then sees that the men are provided with provisions and forage; if they are not, reports the fact to their Regiment, that supplies may be sent after them. He must also make himself thoroughly acquainted with his orders, and learn whither and to whom he is to send his reports. SECTION II. MARCHING FOR HIS DESTINATION. On the march to where the Grand Guard is to be posted, the Officer must carefully examine the country, and particularly observe the places 8 INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. where he could make a stand, in case of an attack; as, for instance, behind a bridge, a ravine, between bogs, &c., in order to keep off the Enemy as long as possible. It is of the utmost importance to give the Corps time to turn out, and the Commander of a Grand Guard who retires with his men at full speed, and the Enemy at his heels, deserves the severest punishment; he must retire as slowly as possible, and constantly skirmish. SiO TRON Lit, IF NO GRAND GUARD WAS ON THE SPOT BEFORE. BY DAY. Upon arriving at the spot chosen for the Grand Guard, he throws out a Sentry in advance, dismounts his men, and proceeds to ascertain, by observation of the hills and roads in front, the number of Vedettes and small posts necessary.* He then places the Vedettes in such a manner, that they can each see what is coming towards the Guard, as well as observe one another. ‘T'wo-thirds of the Guard now unbridle; the whole of a Grand Guard should never unbridle. The Officer then carefully reconnoiters the country. Every one ambitious of doing his duty well, will make a little sketch in which the following are to be marked down: * According to La Roche Aymon, one-third of the Grand Guard is told off to furnish the small posts and Vedettes; one-third is on the alert, mounted, or ready to mount; and the remainder are resting, or engaged in grazing and watering their horses. According to the same author, the smail posts should be established about 600 paces in advance of the main body of the Guard, and the Vedettes about 500 paces in advance of the small posts—of course, always within sight. The small posts and Sentries of an Infantry Grand Guard, however, except in a very open country, should be drawn much closer. The small posts consist usually of four or five men, and serve, each one, a8 a support to four or five Vedettes or Sentries, These are but general recommendations, of course, and, as such, are good. No absolute rule can be laid down as to these points, Even the best military writers differ, among themselves, as to each and all of them. And no general rule, even if universally accepted, could be universally applied; for, the nature of the country, the strength, character, and distance of the enemy, with other elements of the problem, are always changing, and hence different dispositions must necessarily be made in each particular case. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. 9 1, roads; 2, rivers; 3, bridges and fords; 4, morasses, cavities, hollow roads and mountains; 5, woods; 6, towns, villages, and their distances. Without an exact knowledge of the country, an officer can never feel any confidence in the security of his Guard, and both exposes it to be cut off, and the Army to a surprise. By this time, he will have been enabled to fix upon the spot where his Guard and Vedettes ought to be placed at night. BY NIGHT. It is impossible to lay down any fixed principles on this subject; but the general rule is, to advance the Grand Guard at least two or three miles in front of the main body; to place it behind a bridge, ravine, wood, or bog, throush which the road passes, in order to be enabled to make a stand, immediately on being attacked, and to throw out Vedettes in front and on the flanks. Small patrols of two or thrée men, sent out in front and on both flanks, at half an hour’s interval, and constantly kept moving, will give perfect security, particularly should one of the men sometimes dismount, and listen with his ear to the ground. This precaution, by which he will hear the march of treops at a great distance, is indispensable in stormy weather. On coming, by night, to a new spot, particularly in a wooded or moun- tainous country, small Patrols must immediately be pushed forward on all the roads, &c., to secure in the first instance the placing of Vedettes, &c., &c. _ If the Enemy be near, no fire is to be lighted, and the position of the Grand Guard should be frequently changed. One-half of the Guard ought, in this case, to be mounted, one hundred yards in advance; the other half, stand or sit with the bridles in their hands. SECTION LV. RELIEVING ANOTHER GRAND GUARD. Much of what is said in Sections I and II, likewise applies here. As soon as the Relieving Officer arrives where the other Guard is to be 10 INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. relieved, he forms on its left flank, or behind it, according to the nature of the ground, draws out a Non-commissioned Officer and as many Vedettes as he has to relieve, (the remainder dismount,) and proceeds» with the Officer commanding the old Guard and his own Non-commis- sioned Officer, to relieve the Vedettes. The following is to be observed on such occasions: 1. All written orders and instructions must be turned over, and the verbal orders be written down and signed by the Officer relieved. 2. The outlines of the sketch, belonging to the Commander of the old Guard are to be copied by the Relieving Officer, who will after- wards complete it at his leisure. 3. The latter must be told, to whom reports are to be sent; where the Grand Guards on the Flanks are stationed; what roads lead to them; how often Patrols are to be exchanged between him and them in the night. In case the roads leading to them are little known, or difficult to find, the Non-commissioned Officer of the old Guard must point them out to the one relieving him, who will be accompanied by one of his men. 4. All the information, possessed by the old Guard as to the Enemy, his Outposts, Patrols, the country, &c., must be communicated to the new Guard, together with any suggestions for the better posting of the Vedettes, &c. At the relief of the Vedettes, the Officers of both Guards should attend, and listen to the delivery of instructions from the old Vedette to the new one; who must then repeat them, that there may be no mistake. The principal points of these instructions should be: on what roads, and from what direction, the Enemy may be expected; where the neighboring Vedettes are stationed; and to look out for and repeat their signals. A Vedette must never move from the spot on which he is placed, as the difference even of a yard may prevent his observing, or being observed at a distance. After all the Vedettes have in this manner been relieved, the night posts of the Grand Guard and Vedettes are to be pointed out. The old guard then marches off. Two-thirds of the horses may then be unbridled. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. 11 SECTION V. DURING HIS TOUR OF GRAND GUARD. BY DAY. A DISMOUNTED Sentry is posted in front of the Guard, where he can observe the movements of the several Vedettes. One-third of the horses must always be bridled and ready for an advance. The men must never take off their swords and belts. One- half of them may sleep in the middle of the day—the other half in the afternoon, that they may all be perfectly alert at night. The men must not be allowed to leave the Guard, especially if there are houses or villages in the neighborhood. Such straggling leads to irregularities, and on being rapidly attacked by the enemy, the horses will be lost. When the men water their horses, they must bridle them up, and take everything along with them. In short, a Grand Guard must at all times be ready to meet an attack, in half a minute’s time. PATROLS. How often the Grand Guards are to patrol, where to, and how far, is generally ordered by the Officer commanding the Outposts. If there are no orders upon these subjects, the following Patrols will be sent: The first, in time to arrive at the place of its destination, by day. break ; it will remain there until it is broad daylight. Whoever leads the Patrol, should then go to the top of some rising ground, whence he can overlook the country to a considerable distance, and having care- fully done so, he'will return. The second Patrol at 10 o’clock; the third, at two; the fourth, towards evening; the fifth, at midnight. This arrangement will have to be varied according to the distance of the Enemy; but the morning Patrol, before daylight, must go out under all circumstances. 12 INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. A Patrol, in returning, should look often to the rear. The Enemy frequently succeeds, while following up a negligent Patrol, in sur- prising the Guard. In a close country, it is very advisable, after the return of the Patrol, to send forward again a few men to the distance of a mile, to make sure that the Enemy did not follow the Patrol. Great care must be taken not to let the men fatigue their horses. No man must be permitted to leave his horse a moment. Any man who attempts to misuse an inhabitant of the country, or to take any- thing by foree, must be rigorously punished. BY NIGHT. The proper time for the Grand Guard to take up its night post, is when it gets too dark for the day Vedettes to see at any distance; they are then called in, and the position for the night is taken. If any apprehensions are felt of being betrayed to the Enemy by spies, deserters, or inhabitants of the country, the Guard must change its ground again, but the Vedettes remain. At night, the Vedettes must be relieved every hour, and visited every half hour. The Relief rides along the chain of Vedettes, and serves thus as a visiting Patrol. If the Enemy be near, the Vedettes should be doubled; which is at all times recommended, where the strength of the Guard will allow of it. In case a man desert, the fire must be put out, and the Guard in- stantly shift its ground to some hundred yards’ distance. The Vedettes are to be made acquainted with this change, and urged to increased vigilance. Every desertion must be immediately reported. Double Vedettes patrol among themselves in the following manner: Kigs i, pot) i’ peneenneeenrmemn mane. €¢-—— Vedettes. No. 1 patrols to his left, and on his return, No. 2 proceeds to No. 3, and returns; No. 3 then patrols to No. 2, and on his return, No. 4 will go to No. 5, and return; 5 and 6, and all the other Vedettes, do the same. If this be done, it is almost impossible that anything should pass unperceived. In foggy weather it must never be omitted. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. 13 When near the Enemy, small Patrols of a few picked men should, during the night, be sent out, in different directions, beyond the chain of Vedettes, agd get as close to the Enemy as they can, unperceived. On approaching near enough, one man will dismount and listen with his ear to the ground. This is particularly recommended; as being the only means of ascertaining the secret movements of the Enemy in the night—to discover which, the greatest exertions ought to be made. Every person attempting to pass the Outposts, must be detained till morning. Persons suspected of carrying any papers with them, are to be searched, and sent to the Commanding Officer, with a written statement of their case. Half an hour before daylight, the morning Patrols will be sent out on the roads in front, and as soon as it is quite light, the Guards and Vedettes will take up their position for the day. EO DLO NeVil. PLACING THE VEDETTES. BY DAY. VEDETTES should be placed by day on high ground, so as tu afford them a commanding view, but always near a tree or rock, so as to conceal them from the Enemy; who, from the position of a single Vedette, might guess at that of the whole line. In a mountainous country, where the ravines and narrow valleys cannot always be seen from the top of a hill, a Vedette is sometimes placed at its foot. When the Vedettes are posted in such a manner as to be able to overlook their front, and see each other and the ground between them, so as that nothing can pass them unperceived, they are placed as they ought to be. In order to spare men and horses, no more Vedettes than necessary are to be out. 14 INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. In a thick fog, the Vedettes, stationed at a distance on the flanks, are taken off the hills, and placed on more suitable spots. The nature of the country may require that the position fixed upon, for the night, should be taken up during the day; in which case, the ground in front must be continually scoured, in all directions, by small Patrols. BY NIGHT. By night, the Vedettes are taken off the hills, and placed on the roads, behind fords, bridges, ravines, &c., by which the Enemy might approach the Guard; and at the bottom of hills, so as more easily to discern against the sky, objects moving over the top. In clear moon- shine, they ought to be near a tree or bush, to prevent their being seen by the Enemy. In a close country, they should redouble their vigi- lance, for, it may happen that he will approach them unperceived, in spite of all their care. They must be advanced only just so far, as that their firing can be distinctly heard by the Guard, even in a stormy night. SECTION VII. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE VEDETTES, AND WHAT THE OFFICER COMMANDING THE GRAND GUARD HAS TO DO, ON THEIR MAKING SIGNALS. BY DAY. 1. When a Vedette discovers anything suspicious in the direction of the Enemy, as, for instance, a rising dust or the glittering of arms, he should move his horse round in a circle, at a walk; on which, the Officer should instantly proceed to the Vedette, accompanied by a Cor- poral and four men, and if he cannot distinctly discover by his spy- glass the cause of the dust, &c., he should send off the men that accompanied him, as a Patrol, or go himself; for, if he sees Troops, he should be able to report how strong they are, whether consisting of INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. 15 Cavalry, Infantry, or Artillery, and, particularly, in which direction they are marching. This report must be despatched, in writing, without delay. The Commander of a Grand Guard shall never omit to report occurrences of this kind, although they may have no connexion with the security of his own Guard. Patrols and Grand Guards must always report the movements of any body of Troops, no matter how small in number. 2. If the Vedettes positively observe Troops marching towards them, but at a great distance, they ride the circle in a trot. The Officer’s duty is as in 1. : 3. If the Enemy’s troops approach to within a mile, the Vedettes circle in a gallop. The Officer then advances with his whole Guard, immediately. His duty is prescribed in the paragraph on the Attack of a Grand Guard. If the Enemy is so close at hand, that the Vedettes are obliged to gallop to their Guard for their own security, they should first discharge at him both their carbines and pistols. Should a deserter approach, the Vedette is to make a signal to the Sentry at the Guard, and a party will be immediately sent to bring him in. BY NIGHT. 1. As soon as the Vedettes hear a suspicious noise, even though at a great distance, such as the rattling of carriages or artillery, the barking of dogs in the villages in front, or if they observe any fire, one of the Vedettes must instantly report it to the Officer of the Grand Guard, in order that the circumstances may be inquired into by a Patrol. 2. Any person approaching the Vedette at night, must be challenged in a loud tone and made to halt. Should the person refuse to halt, being twice challenged in a loud tone, the Vedette is to fire, retiring, if in danger of being overpowered, by the road pointed out to him, &c. Vedettes will not allow a mounted man, nor more than one man ata time, to approach them, nor him nearer than three yards. And they will keep their cocked pistols directed all the while against him. The Officer of the Grand Guard will then be signalled for, and must be 16 INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. instantly there, and examine carefully whence came the person or | persons, who sent them, and for what. For, when the Enemy desires to surprise a Grand Guard, he frequently does so under the semblance of a friendly Patrol, and therefore the officer should particularly inquire, to what Regiment they belong, the name of their Brigadier, Commanding Officer and Captains, where their Regiment is encamped, &c. If able readily and correctly to answer these questions, they may be allowed to pass. ‘ SECTION Vit ON THE ARRIVAL OF A FLAG OF TRUCE. No person coming from the Enemy with a Flag of Truce, must be allowed to advance farther than the chain of Vedettes. When a Vedette makes the signal, the Officer of the Grand Guard meets the Flag of Truce with four men, and halts the bearer of it, if possible, in a bottom, or makes him face in the direction from which he came. For, it often happens, that the enemy’s only intention is to make observations, or see how the Grand Guard is placed, in order to surprise it during the night. If the bearer of the Flag only bring letters, they are to be receipted for and he is sent back. If he insist upon being allowed to proceed, permission must be first obtained; he is then blindfolded; a Non-commissioned officer leads his horse; and he is thus conducted to the General’s quarters. Should there be more than one person with the Flag, one alone will be allowed to proceed to the rear; the remainder must stay where they are. A Flag of Truce ought to be treated with the utmost civility; refreshments should be offered, if at hand, but no conversation relative to the army, or its position, is to be permitted. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. 17 SECTION IX. DESERTERS COMING FROM THE ENEMY. BY DAY. As they may be seen at a distance, but cannot be known as deserters @ proportionate number of the Guard must already have advanced to the line of Vedettes to meet them. Deserters generally make them- selves known by flourishing their caps and calling out “ Deserter!”’ but this is not to be depended upon; their further behavior must be carefully watched. They are then disarmed and taken to the General’s quarters, one, two, or three at a time. Whenever any private property is taken from a deserter, the act must be severely punished. BY NIGHT. Great caution must then be observed, especially if they are in force The Vedettes must order them to halt at some distance, and by no means allow them to come too near. The Guard advances; the deserters are ordered to approach, one by one, and are immediately disarmed. They are then taken to the rear. Deserters must be examined respecting the movements, &c., of the Enemy. SECTION X. f WHEN THE GRAND GUARD IS ATTACKED. BY DAY. The Officer immediately sends word to the rear, and communicates the fact to the Grand Guards on his flanks. He then advances with his Guard, but warily, so as not to be cut off, and begins to skirmish with the Enemy. It will seldom be practicable to advance farther than the chain of Vedettes. If obliged to retire, he must do it as slowly as possible, endeavoring to. gain all the time he can, for the corps in his rear to turn out. If he has previously fixed upon places z 18 . INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. where to make a stand, (as enjoined to do in SEcTION II,) now is the time to make use of them. The following (see Fig. 2) is the best way of defending such places, (generally a bridge, ravine, or ford;) we will suppose, in this case, a bridge: On arriving within three or four hundred yards of it, the Officer takes the gallop, and passing over it with the main body of his men, posts himself in A, as close as possible to, and -with his right flank on it, leaving the passage clear. As soon as his Skirmishers see that this has been done, they likewise gallop over the bridge and face about again in B. The enemy is thus compelled to halt, and time is gained,—the grand object—on which may sometimes depend the honor and welfare of the whole corps. GRAND GUARDS ON THE FLANKS. When the Grand Guards on the flanks are not attacked at the same time, they can be sometimes of service in acting upon the Enemy’s flanks, though not if the nature of the ground would endanger their being cut off. As a general rule, the Grand Guards that are not attacked, retire in a line with those engaged, and, while doing so, omit no favorable opportunity, which offers, of assisting the latter. BY NIGHT. It is mentioned in SECTION VII, that the Vedettes, on discharging their fire-arms, must gallop back, by a certain- road. This is a point of the utmost importance, and which must be well impressed on the Night Vedettes,—that in the event of being suddenly attacked, they are not to retire in the direction of the Grand Guard, but a hundred and fifty yards to the right or left of it, and by a circuitous route, firing all the while, and doing all they can to mislead the. Enemy, and to draw him after them. The Grand Guard, by this means, gains time to mount, and to fall, with loud shouts, on the flank or rear of the Enemy, who may be thus led to suspect that he has fallen into an ambuscade, be thereby puzzled, and perhaps lose some prisoners. After making such an attack, it will usually be best for the Grand Guard to =e -— - = ENEMY'S SKIRMIGHERS fg — Gg. // GRAND GUARD SKIRMISHERS, Enemy’s skirmishers trying to dislodge the Grand Guard from behind the bridge. A hi TS SORES, ee ae ) ; " -s : 7 % a ‘ eo ne - i woe bk if: (oo 7 4 as weeny ie it ey ie x . W f ; a if . ) » ‘ \ oy) i ' ‘, . | i , fee | ; aa ' } > f . j ' ‘y 4 (i - . : . «= * i a } y ; i] . 4 -, ’ \ - 7 ‘ ’ : : i ~ és tj \ ‘ { : ¥ ' 2 oy we. ' 4, ] iy if ae iby 1 en js: § Rs oR ' ot “~ f _ i wi 5 , 4 ‘ i? a 4 P J i} A Fd ¥ f ’ J : if 7 at fie SIRE ha ad i a Aa ‘ t ban : % ‘ ‘ mi 14 f —- » wi. , fae 5 ¥ } - j } a ‘ i . i ‘ : i pe, - ¥ : y )'" a 3 yj ac P INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPOST DUTY. 21 fall back again along the road fixed upon for a retreat. The men must therefore be shown, during the day, both the road which the Vedettes are to take, when attacked at night, and whereabout they are to rejoin the Grand Guard. The retreat, otherwise, is conducted in nearly the same way as by day, with only this difference, that there cannot be skirmishers in front, but only two or three men at the head. It is necessary to fire as much as possible, and wherever a stand can be made, an obstinate defence should be attempted. It is almost unnecessary to remark, that the attack, as soon as made, should be reported. A REPORTS. All Officers in command of Grand Guards, Patrols, &c., must make written reports of everything which occurs. There are few occasions when it is necessary to send a verbal report, and it should, as far as possible, be avoided, as it is very difficult to find Non-commissoned Officers and soldiers who will deliver one correctly. A Commander of a Post or Patrol must be very cautious not to create unnecessary alarms; he must report as fully and as correctly as possible. In reporting the movements of the Enemy, let him recollect that con- siderable confusion may arise from saying “to the right,” or “to the left;” he must say to owr right, or to our left, or ‘to the Enemy’s right,” or “to the Enemy’s left.” If a Non-commissioned Officer can- not send a written report, he must explain the message thoroughly to an intelligent Private, and should the latter deliver it incorrectly, he must expect to be punished. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. A great deal of responsibility rests with a Non-commissioned Officer on Outpost duty; he has frequently the command of Patrols, small posts, &c.; it is, therefore, necessary for him to obtain a thorough knowledge of his duty. He is to recollect that the safety and honor of his Regiment may frequently depend upon the manner in which he executes his duty. Unless, therefore, he can enforce the strictest discipline, and make the men under him conform scrupulously to their orders, he is not fit for his situation. INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATROL DUTY. Ei. ADVANCE GUARD OF A COLUMN IN MARCH. Fig, 3. 500 steps. 500 steps. ae ios ee Rn for rh 2 3 wD NX 1 l i ! | 1 1 { ' U Column. Officer’s Troop (13 men.) Serg. Troop (@ men.) (3 men.) BY DAY. Should the same consist of one Officer, two Non-commis- sioned Officers, and twenty-four men, the Officer commanding will tell them off as in Fig. 3. This gives an extension of 1,500 yards, which is sufficient for twenty-four men. The larger the Column, the stronger and more extended will be the Advance Guard. The principle on which an Advance Guard, Rear Guard, or Flank Guard, is thrown out, is to give time to the Column to make the necessary preparations for an attack or a retreat, in case of the Enemy’s being discovered. The quantity of ground to be taken up will be regulated by this consideration and by the strength of the Guard. The several divisions of each and all of these different Guards must always keep their supports in sight, and be careful to preserve the same distances. When the Column halts, the Advance Guard does the same, but the three men at the head should instantly occupy the neighboring heights, if any there be within four or five hundred yards’ distance. If the Advance Guard come to a wood, supposed to be 2,000 yards broad, the Sergeant will reinforce the three men at the head with six more, who extend themselves on a line with, and just so far to the right and left of the first three, as to be able to see each other, and what lies concealed between them. Should the wood be larger, the Officer must send two men to the right, and as many to the left, around it, who are carefully to examine whether they can see any traces of Troops leading into the wood, and if so, will immediately report the fact. The Column halts until this_ is ascertained. Never less than three men should be at the head of the Advance Guard. Their duty is as follows: If there be a height in front, the centre man of the three will trot on until he can look over it and beyond ; INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATROL DUTY. vw Go if one be seen to the right or left of the road, one of the other two men must do the same. Near an Enemy this precaution must never be omitted, not even if the hill be 2,000 yards distant. Men that go up a hill to reconnoitre in this manner, (they may belong to an Advance Guard or a Patrol,) must proceed with more than ordinary caution, remembering that it is of as much importance not to be seen by, as to see the Enemy. For this reason, when nearly on top, they should take off their caps and creep up only just far enough to be enabled to look over. On approaching a village, one of the three goes round it to the right, another to the left, and the third straight through. The Non-commis- sioned Officer of the Advance Guard quickens his gait, reinforces this last man with three others, of whom one is sent to the right, and the other to the left, through the by-streets; while the third, keeping the leading man always in sight, follows him through the middle of the village. Should these men, in patrolling the village, find no inhabitants, they are to look into the windows, ride into the yards, and examine carefully, if perhaps the Enemy has not concealed himself. Those going round the village, examine the roads and paths, to see if there are any traces of troops leading intoit. The Sergeant, with the rest of his men, follows slowly. When he has passed through, he collects his men, sends on three in advance again, and reports to his Officer— who, meantime, has halted behind the village—that it has been patrolled, &c. BY NIGHT. The Advance Guard is told off as by day, but the distances between the several divisions must not be so great. The Officer’s division is only a hundred yards from the Column, the Sergeant’s a hundred from the Officer’s, and the three men in Advance, fifty ahead of the Sergeant’s party. The communication between them is further kept up by a chain of single men, who ride just so far apart as to be able, each, to see the man before and behind him. If the Advance Guard, at night, should unexpectedly fall in with the Enemy, it has no choice but instantly to attack him. The Non- commissioned Officer at once disperses his men to the right and left, and fires as much as possible; the Officer advances rapidly with his 24 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATROL DUTY. division, and charges. In no other way can the Column gain time for preparation. It is therefore an unpardonable fault in an Advance Guard to get frightened and fall back upon the Column. Everything would then be confusion; it would have been better to have no Advance Guard. Should the Advance Guard, after a gallant struggle with a superior force, be compelled to retire, its retreat must be made on either side of the Column, but never on the Column, for fear of throwing the latter into confusion. On all these subjects, the men should be well instructed beforehand. Every Commanding Officer of a detached party must consider it as one of his first duties, to give his men clear and circumstantial instructions how to act in every case. Unless he do so, they will frequently act in a manner contrary to his ideas, even with the best intentions. INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATROL DUTY. Ili, REAR GUARD Is told off in separate divisions in the same way as an Advance Guard, only in reverse order. (Fig. 4:) The object of a Rear Guard is to prevent the Enemy’s approaching the Column, unperceived. Two men at the extreme Rear are sufficient, but they must be picked men. They should often halt on the heights they are passing, carefully screening themselves from observation while doing so, to see if, perchance, the Enemy is not following. When a mountain is at hand, the Officer will do well to ride to the top of it, and search thence, the country with his spy-glass. If the Enemy should follow closely with only a few men, it may be well either to try to drive him off, or, by leading him into an ambuscade, to take some pris- oners from him. But should the Rear be attacked, it must instantly be supported by the Sergeant’s Troop, and this be supported by the Officer’s Troop. Both of these must immediately advance, and do their utmost to prevent the Enemy from coming too near the Column, The Commanding Officer of the Column will either support them, or give them directions to retire slowly. If the Enemy should follow with a more considerable force—say one Squadron, without attacking, the Rear Guard will follow the Column in the manner about to be described. Halting until the Column has got a thousand yards ahead of him, the Officer trots on to the ordinary distance of five hundred yards, halts, and fronts; as soon as the Sergeant sees the Officer fronted, he trots on likewise to five hundred yards’ distance from the Officer, halts, and fronts; the two men in the rear do the same. In this way, the Enemy is kept off, while at the same time an engagement is avoided, and the horses are saved. Whenever the Column halts, the different parties of the Rear Guard face to the Enemy. At night, the Rear Guard observes the rules laid down for an Advance Guard. That is to say, the intervals between the several Troops are to be shortened, with 500 steps. 500 steps. Column. 500 steps. 500 steps. 500 steps. 500 steps. 4) Sergeant. + a 3 o op inl o RM Officer, Advance Guard. Rear Guard. 26 INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATROL DUTY. Fig. 5. single men interspersed through them in sufficient proximity to each other to keep up a connected communication with each other and the Column. IV. PATROLS, SECTION IL. werveene A -——omnenemncenes ED Sergeant, SIDE PATROLS OR FLANKERS. Advance Guard. Side patrols are placed in the following manner: (Fig. 5.) eee ot Officer ae L 500 steps. 500 steps. 500 steps. Column. |______.._. 0} — —3——_—_— NON COMMISSION OFFICER TROOP. OFFICER TROOP si Te ne Flank Patrol. The two men in A must not only from time to time communicate with the Advance Guard—that is to say, one of them incline to the left until he can sec it—but the other, when there is a height near, even at a thousand yards’ distance, must ride to the top of it and look over. When attacked, Side Patrols behave as Advance and Rear Guards; they meet the Enemy, and do not suffer him to come too near the Column. When a Side Patrol meets with a wood in the direction of its march, the disposition is altered.— (Fig. 6.) Officer, ; Za SD area ceuenaperea Rear Guard. Sergeant. o— { or) SERJEANT @---~--0:---- = = — ~ wee Q----~ - ess Af ae a @ in BE ween = eee Fig. 6. WYyia-O Neen Lo Biter saad: OFFICER FLANKPATROL BB iGkresae ts CORPORAL + oa : ‘ f " ) Fee haan 4 \ ; Lf ore . PART II. ARTICLE XXXVIL—ARMY REGULATIONS. (EDITION OF 1861.) TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY IN THE FIELD. The formation by divisions is the basis of the organization and admin- istration of armies in the field. A division consists usually of two or three brigades, either of infantry or cavalry, and troops of other corps in the necessary proportion. A brigade is formed of two or more regiments. The first number takes the right. Mixed brigades are sometimes formed of infantry and light cavalry, especially for the advanced guards. As the troops arrive at the rendezvous, the general commanding-in- chief will organize them into brigades and divisions. The light cavalry is employed as flankers and partisans, and generally for all service out of the line. Heavy cavalry belongs to the reserve, and is covered, when neces- sary, in marches, camps, or bivouacs, by light troops, or infantry of the line. The arrangement of the troops on parade and in order of battle is— Ist, the light infantry ; 2d, infantry of the line; 3d, light cavalry ; 4th, cavalry of the line; 5th, heavy cavalry. The troops of the artillery and engineers are in the centre of the brigades, divisions, or corps to which they are attached; marines take the left of other infantry; volunteers and militia take the left of regular troops of the same arm, and among themselves, regiments of volunteers or militia of the same arm take place by lot. This arrangement is varied by the general commanding- in-chief, as the circumstances of war render expedient. Brigades in divisions, and divisions in the army, are numbered from right to left; but in reports of military operations, brigades and divisions are designated by the name of the general commanding them. The order of regiments in brigades and of brigades in divisions may be changed by the commander of the division for important reasons, such as the weakness of some corps, or to relieve one from marching toc 88 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. long at the rear of the column. Such changes must be reported to the general commanding-in-chief. The general commanding-in-chief assigns the generals of divisions and of brigades to their respective commands, when the assignment is not made by the Department of War. The general of brigade inspects his troops in Cetail, by companies, when he takes the command and at the opening of the campaign, and as often as may be necessary to ascertain exactly their condition. The general of division makes similar inspections when he thinks proper. At these inspections the generals examine the arms, clothing, equip- ment, harness, horses, &c., direct the necessary repairs, and designate the men and horses to remain in depot, or march with the train. Reports of inspections are made by the general of brigade to the gen- eral of division, and by the general of division to the general command- ing-in-chief. . During marches and all active operations, generals of brigade keep themselves exactly informed, by reports of corps and by their inspec- tions, of the actual strength of the regiments, so as always, and espe- cially after an engagement, to make accurate returns to the general of division. Staff officers, and officers of engineers, ordnance, and artillery, ac- cording to the nature of the service, are assigned to the headquarters of armies and divisions, and detached brigades, by order of the general commanding-in-chief, when the distribution of these officers has not been regulated by the War Department. The necessary staff will be assigned to commanders of brigades. When an engineer or other officer is charged with directing an expe- dition or making a reconnoissance, without having command of the escort, the commander of the escort shall consult him on all the arrange- ments necessary to secure the success of the operation. Staff officers, and commanders of engineers, ordnance, and artillery, report to their immediate commanders the state of the supplies and whatever concerns the service under their direction, and receive their orders, and communicate to them those they receive from their superiors in their own corps. The senior officer of engineers, of ordnance, and the departments of the general staff serving at the chief headquarters in the field, will trans- mit to the bureau of his department at Washington, at the close of the TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 39 campaign, and such other times as the commander in the field may ap- prove, a full report of the operations of his department, and whatever information to improve its service he may be able to furnish. The report of the officer of engineers will embrace plans of military works executed during the campaign, and, in case of siege, a journal of the attack or defence. | CONTRIBUTIONS. When the wants of the army absolutely require it, and in other cases, under special instructions from the War Department, the general com- manding the army may levy contributions in money or kind on the enemy’s country occupied by the troops. No other commander can levy such contributions without written authority from the general com manding-in-chief. ORDERLIES. At the opening of a campaign, the commander of an army determines and announces in orders the number of orderlies, mounted or foot, for the Generals, and the corps or regiments by which they are to be sup- plied, and the periods at which they shall be relieved. In marches, the mounted orderlies follow the Generals, and perform the duty of escorts, or march with orderlies on foot at the head of the division or brigade. The staff officer who distributes the orderlies to their posts sends with them a note of the time and place of departure; those relieved receive a like note from the staff officer at the headquarters. Mounted soldiers are to be employed to carry despatches only in special and urgent cases. —(See Despatches.) The precise time when the despatch is sent off, and the rate at which it is to be conveyed, are to be written clearly on the covers of all letters transmitted by a mounted orderly, and the necessary instructions to him, and the rate of travel going and returning, are to be distinctly ex- plained to him. DEPOTS. The grand depots of an army are established where the military opera- tions would not expose them to be broken up. Smaller depots are or- ganized for the divisions and the several arms. They are commanded by officers temporarily disabled for field service, or by other officers when necessary, and comprise, as much as possible, the hospitals and 40 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. . depots for convalescents. When conveniently placed, they serve as points for the halting and assembling of detachments. They receive the disabled from the corps on the march; and the officers in command of the depots send with the detachments to the army those at the depots who have become fit for service. CAMPS. A camp is the place where troops are established in tents, in huts, or in bivouac. Cantonments are the inhabited places which troops occupy for shelter when not put in barracks. The camping-party is a detach- ment detailed to prepare a camp. Reconnoissances should precede the establishment of the camp. For a camp of troops on the march, it is only necessary to look to the health and comfort of the troops, the facility of the communications, the con- venience of wood and water, and the resources in provisions and forage. The ground for an intrenched camp, or a camp to cover a country, or one designed to deceive the enemy as to the strength of the army, must be selected, and the camp arranged for the object in view. The camping-party of a regiment consists of the Regimental Quarter- master and Quartermaster Sergeant, and a Corporal and two men per company. The General decides whether the regiments camp separately or together, and whether the police guard shall accompany the camping- party, or a larger escort shall be sent. Neither baggage nor led horses are permitted to move with the camp- ing-party. When the General can send in advance to prepare the camp, he gives his instructions to the Chief of the Quartermaster’s Department, who calls on the regiments for their camping-parties, and is accompanied, if necessary, by an engineer to propose the defences and communications. The watering-places are examined, and signals placed at those that are dangerous. Any work required to make them of easier access is done by the police guard or Quartermaster’s men. Sentinels, to be re- lieved by the guards of the regiment when they come up, are placed by the camping-party over the water if it is scarce, and over the houses and stores of provisions and forage in the vicinity. If the camping-party does not precede the regiment, the Quartermaster attends to these things as soon as the regiment reaches the camp. On reaching the ground, the infantry form on the color front; the cavalry in rear of its camp. Plate 1. Ast. Sur.—Asst. Surgeon. n-c-s.—Non.-Com.-Staf. Q. M.—Quartermaster. Adjt.—Adjutant. Cl.— Colonel. Lt. Cl.—Lieut. Colonel. M.— Major. Surg.—Surgeon. CAMP OF A REGIMENT OF INFANTRY ee ee Fe ec eo ee pe rose aay pissy eel Ss peren 1 Ree 1S GREY a ee os hog. | “soo LOST on s¢ \oslosG0z = ozgcs or oor | einen enn n-n 22 = ---- == 2-2-2 += Sa ciee |= an sane ee Pata Pia cee eh | | ee | | | aod aa (OO og ' Pan ¢f { eigen = coe ez i S| Anoona a =f : ~ ff | S fe 3 longo g, 9 3 : Re pe aes oso in i ecale oree eames ie i . Boo eas Sacm 8 a 1 G a Fi : oF prs iS) 0 5 <= ‘St 1 =f Hacaas sqo9 3 {fC \ S t i SX5 ~ S f op te a H i = (mood as s4sus oy ano : | Peano ¥-- ? 7 ° ° sf yp 0 TQ =) T T "swayniuy—"Y of : } “S-0-% v3) sim 2 "syUrs $,la0uJO—'s *O 166 paces, 50 150 paces. 20 ; ye Cini ean eee onmomon esomonomitsa oo w REnnenaneennnniaeestaeieemenrmemetmeens © Wael » inna Ges ac Pe oor) Wicd eames A P ne r Momomomonon Boho snr HomoMomonmwmmoss Mofisonom oMon Aomor Porro “Ye mm sewensen nme men nn wcewnwnwnennnye ' 1 ‘ - Oo 9 ° o ° 9 ie] .°) 5 .e) re *s "Ub '—4 ‘da | Samaseme feceee Genes seme ene DV ‘AWIVAVO AO SNOUCVNOS AAT AO LNAWIOAY V n°saonomemonon je | jon | Ces oe, ee geal og awed Ee aS ome ea eC Po era Wee ee Se, OTs 7 ie eee el momoromcecnmoeonaean wa MBomomomomonmo«nrh fF MFceMcMoMcoMoMoms 6 o Me) se] eS "SYULS 8 UOaY—"s “UL ‘PLONY) 9910d—'D “d “‘pLDNE) payvuvapy—') ‘WV ‘qUDUIINIVI—"T ‘urmidvg—'D “LOISVULIZLONGY — "JA 3 yuonl(pp— py "UWOIGANG' "I8SP—-GING “78 ‘Uva SINgG—' TANG Lolo 'W 7240209) *NavTI—1D TT "19U0]0)— 20 TO dNVO TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. Al The Generals establish the troops in camp as rapidly as possible, par- ticularly after long, fatiguing marches. The number of 1 men to be furnished for guards, pickets, and orderlies; the fatigue parties to be sent for supplies; the work to be done, and the strength of the working parties; the time and place for issues; the hour of marching, &c., are then announced by the Brigadier Generals to the Colonels, and by them to the field officers—the Adjutant and Captains formed in front of the regiment, the First Sergeants taking post behind their Captains. The Adjutant then makes the details, and the First Sergeants warn the men. The regimental officer of the day forms the picket, and sends the guards to their posts. The colors are then planted at the centre of the color line, and the’arms are stacked on the line; the fatigue parties to procure supplies, and the working parties form in rear of the arms; the men not on detail pitch the tents. If the camp is near the enemy, the picket remains under arms until the return of the fatigue parties, and, if necessary, is re-enforced by details from each company. In the cavalry, each troop moves a little in rear of the point at which its horses are to be secured, and forms in one rank; the men then dis- mount; a detail is made to hold the horses; the rest stack their arms and fix the picket-rope; after the horses are attended to, the tents are pitched, and each horseman places his carbine at the side from the weather, and hangs his sabre and bridle on it. The standard is then carried to the tent of the Colonel. The terms front, flank, right, left, file, and rank, have the same mean- ing when applied to camps as to the order of battle. The front of the camp is usually equal to the front of the troops. The tents are arranged in ranks and files. The number of ranks varies with the strength of the companies and the size of the tents. No officer will be allowed to occupy a house, although vacant and on the ground of his camp, except by permission of the commander of the brigade, who shall report it to the commander of the division. The staff officer charged with establishing the camp will designate the place for the shambles. The offal will be buried. CAMP OF INFANTRY. Each company has its tents in two files, facing on a street perpendic- ular to the cvlor line. The width of the street depends on the front of 42 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. the camp, but should not be less than 5 paces. The interval between the ranks of tents is 2 paces; between the files of tents of adjacent com- panies, 2 paces; between regiments, 22 paces. The color line is 10 paces in front of the front rank of tents. The kitchens are 20 paces behind the rear rank of company tents; the non- commissioned staff and sutler, 20 paces in rear of the kitchens; the com- pany officers, 20 paces further in rear; and the field and staff, 20 paces in rear of the company officers. The company officers are in rear of their respective companies; the Captains on the right. The Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel are near the centre of the line of field and staff; the Adjutant, a Major, and Surgeon on the right; the Quartermaster, a Major, and Assistant Surgeon, on the left. The police guard is at the centre of the line of the non-commissioned staff, the tents facing to the front, the stacks of arms on the left. The advanced post of the police guard is about 200 paces in front of the color line, and opposite the centre of the regiment, or on the best ground; the prisoners’s tent about 4 paces in rear. In a regiment of the second line, the advanced post of the police guard is 200 paces in rear.of the line of its field and staff. The horses of the staff officers and of the baggage train are 25 paces in rear of the tents of the field and staff; the wagons are parked on the same line, and the men of the train camped near them. The sinks of the men are 150 paces in front of the color line; those of the officers 100 paces in rear of the train. Both are concealed by bushes. When convenient, the sinks of the men may be placed in rear or ona flank. A portion of the earth dug out for sinks to be thrown back occasionally. The front of the camp of a regiment of 1,000 men in two ranks will be 400 paces, or one-fifth less paces than the number of files, if the camp is to have the same front as troops in order of battle. But the front may be reduced to 190 paces by narrowing the company streets to 5 paces; and if it be desirable to reduce the front still more, the tents of companies may be pitched in single file—those of a division facing on the same street. CAMP OF CAVALRY. In the cavalry, each company has one file of tents—the tents opening on the street facing the left of the camp. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 43 The horses of each company are placed in a single file, facing the opening of the tents, and are fastened to pickets planted firmly in the ground, from 3 to 6 paces from the tents of the troops. The interval between the file of tents should be such that, the reqi- ment being broken into column of companies, [as indicated in plate, ] each company should be on the extension of the line on which the horses are to be picketed. The streets separating the squadrons are wider than those between the companies by the interval separating squadrons in line; these intervals are kept free from any obstruction throughout the camp. The horses of the rear rank are placed on the left of those of their file-leaders. The horses of the Lieutenants are placed on the right of their platoons; those of the Captains on the right of the company. Each horse occupies a space of about 2 paces. The number of horses in the company fixes the depth of the camp, and the distance between the files of tents; the forage is placed between the tents. The kitchens are 20 paces in front of each file of tents. The non-commissioned officers are in the tents of the front rank. Camp-followers, teamsters, &c., are in the rear rank. The police guard in the rear rank, near the centre of the regiment. The tents of the Lieutenants are 30 paces in rear of the file of their company ; the tents of the Captains 30 paces in rear of the Lieutenants. The Colonel’s tent 30 paces in rear of the Captains’, near the centre of the regiment; the Lieutenant Colonel on his right; the Adjutant on his left; the Majors on the same line, opposite the 2d company on the right and left; the Surgeon on the left of the Adjutant. The field and staff have their horses on the left of their tents, on the same line with the company horses; sick horses are placed in one line on the right or left of the camp. ‘ihe men who attend them have a separate file of tents; the forges and wagons in rear of this file. The horses of the train and of camp-followers are in one or more files extend- ing to the rear, behind the right or left squadron. The advanced post of the police guard is 200 paces in front, opposite the centre of the regi- ment; the horses in one or two files. The sinks for the men are 150 paces in front—those for officers 100 paces in rear of the camp. 44 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. CAMP OF ARTILLERY. The artillery is encamped near the troops to which it is attached, so as to be protected from attack, and to contribute to the defence of the camp. Sentinels for the park are furnished by the artillery, and, when neces- sary, by the other troops. For a battery of 6 pieces the tents are in three files—one for each sec- tion; distance between the ranks of tents 15 paces; tents opening to the front. ‘The horses of each section are picketed in one file, 10 paces to the left of the file of tents. In the horse artillery, or if the number of horses makes it necessary, the horses are in two files on the right and left of the file of tents. The kitchens are 25 paces in front of the front rank of tents. The tents of the officers are in the outside files of com- pany tents, 25 paces in rear of the rear rank—the Captain on the right, the Lieutenants on the left. ’ The park is opposite the centre of the camp, 40 paces in rear of the officers’ tents. The carriages in files 4 paces apart; distance between ranks of carriages sufficient for the horses when harnessed to them; the park guard is 25 paces in rear of the park. The sinks for the men 150 paces in front; for the officers 100 paces in rear. The harness is in the tents of the men. BIVOUACS. A regiment of cavalry being in order of battle, in rear of the ground to be occupied, the Colonel breaks it by platoons to the right. The horses of each platoon are placed in a single row, and fastened as pre- scribed for camps; near the enemy they remain saddled all night, with slackened girths. The arms are at first stacked in rear of each row of horses; the sabres, with the bridles hung on them, are placed against the stacks. The forage is placed on the right of each row of horses. Two stable- guards for each platoon watch the horses. A fire for each platoon is made near the color line, 20 paces to the left of the row of horses. A shelter is made for the men around the fire, if possible, and each man then stands his arms and bridle against the shelter. The fires and shelter for the officers are placed in rear of the line of those for the men. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 45 The interval between the squadrons must be without obstruction throughout the whole depth of the bivouac. The interval between the shelters should be such that the platoons can take up a line of battle freely to the front or rear. ; The distance from the enemy decides the manner in which the horses are to be fed and led to water. When it is permitted to unsaddle, the saddles are placed in the rear of the horses. In infantry, the fires are made in rear of the color line, on the ground that would be occupied by the tents incamp. The companies are placed around them, and, if possible, construct shelters. When liable to sur- prise, ‘the infantry should stand to arms at daybreak, and the cavalry mount until the return of the reconnoitring parties. If the arms are to be taken apart to clean, it must be done by detachments, successively. CANTONMENTS. The cavalry should be placed under shelter whenever the distance from the enemy, and from the ground where the troops are to form for battle, permit it. Taverns and farm-houses, with large stables and free access, are selected for quartering them. The Colonel indicates the place of assembling in case of alarm. It should generally be outside the cantonment; the egress from it should be free; the retreat upon the other positions secure, and roads leading to it on the side of the enemy obstructed. The necessary orders being given, as in establishing a camp, the picket and grand guards are posted. A sentinel may be placed on a steeple or high house, and then the troops are marched to the quarters. The men sleep in the stables, if it is thought necessary. The above applies. in the main to infantry. Near the enemy, com- panies or platoons should be collected, as much as possible, in the same houses. If companies must be separated, they should be divided by platoons or squads. All take arms at daybreak. When cavalry and infantry canton together, the latter furnish the guards by night, and the former by day. Troops cantoned in presence of the enemy should be covered by ad- vanced guards and by natural or artificial obstacles. Cantonments taken during a cessation of hostilities should be established in rear of a line of defence, and in front of the point on which the troops would concentrate to receive an attack. The General commanding-in-chief assigns the limits AG TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. of their cantonments to the divisions, the commanders of divisions to brigades, and the commanders of brigades post their regiments. The position for each corps in case of attack is carefully pointed out by the Generals. HEADQUARTERS. Generals take post at the centre of their commands, on the main chan- nels of communication. If troops bivouac in presence of the enemy the Generals bivouac with them. MILITARY EXERCISES. When troops remain in camp or cantonment many days the Colonels require them to be exercised in the school of the battalion and squadron. Regiments and brigades encamped by division are not united for drills without the permission of the General of division. ‘The troops must not be exercised at the firings without the authority of the General com- manding-in-chief. The practice of the drums must never begin with the ‘‘oeneral,’? or the ‘march of the regiment;”’ nor the trumpets with the sound ‘‘to horse.’? The hour for practice is always announced. ORDERS. In the field, verbal orders and important sealed orders are carried by officers, and, if possible, by staff officers. When orders are carried by orderlies, the place and time of departure will be marked on them, and place and time of delivery on the receipt. DESPATCHES. Despatches, particularly for distant corps, should be intrusted only to officers to whom their contents can be confided. In a country occupied by the enemy, the bearer of despatches should be accompanied by at least two of the best mounted men; should avoid towns and villages, and the main roads; rest as little as possible, and only at out-of-the-way places. Where there is danger, he should send one of the men in ad- vance, and be always ready to destroy his despatches. He should be adroit in answering questions about the army, and not to be intimidated by threats. WATCHW ORDS. The parole and countersign are issued daily from the principal head- quarters of the command. The countersign is given to the sentinels TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 47 and non-commissioned officers of guards; the parole to the commissioned officers of guards. The parole is usually the name of a general; the countersign that of a battle. When the parole and countersign cannot be communicated daily to a post or detachment which ought to use the same as the main body, a series of words may be sent for some days in advance. If the countersign is lost, or one of the guard deserts with it, the com- mander on the spot will substitute another, and report the case at once to the proper superior, that immediate notice may be given to head- quarters. ISSUES. At what time and for what period issues are made must depend on circumstances and be regulated in orders. When an army is not moving, rations are generally issued for four days at a time. Issues to the com- panies of a regiment, and the fatigues to receive them, are superintended by an officer detailed from the regiment. Issues are made from one end of the line to the other, beginning on the right and left alternately. An issue commenced to one regiment will not be interrupted for another entitled to precedence if it had been in place, THE ROSTER, OR DETAILS FOR SERVICE. The duties performed by detail are of three classes. The first class comprises, Ist, grand guards and outposts; 2d, interior guards, as of magazine, hospital, &c.; 3d, orderlies; 4th, police guards. The second class comprises, Ist, detachments to protect laborers on military works, as field-works, ‘communications, &c.; 2d, working par- ties on such works; 3d, detachments to protect fatigues. The third class are all fatigues, without arms, in or out of camp. In the cavalry, stable-guards form a separate roster, and count before fatigue. The rosters are distinct for each class. Officers are named on them in the order of rank. The details are taken in succession in the order of the roster, beginning at the head. Lieutenants form one roster, and first and second Lieutenants are en- tered on it alternately. The senior first Lieutenant is the first on the roster; the senior second Lieutenant is the second, &c. The Captains form one roster, and are exempt from fatigues, except to superintend A8 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. issues. A Captain commanding a battalion temporarily is exempt from detail, and duty faliing to him passes. Lieutenant Colonels and Majors are on one rostor. ‘They may be detailed for duties of the first and second classes when the importance of the guards and detachments requires it. Their roster is kept at division and brigade headquarters. In the com- pany, sergeants, corporals, and privates form distinct rosters. Officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers take duties of the first class in the order stated, viz: the first, for the detail, takes the grand guards; the next, the interior guards; the last, the police guard; and the same rule in regard to the details and duties of the second class. In the details for the third class, the senior officer takes the largest party. The party first for detail takes the service out of camp. When the officer whose tour it is is not able to take it, or is not present at the hour of marching, the next after him takes it. When a guard has passed the chain of sentinels, or an interior guard has reached its post, the officer whose tour it was cannot then take it. He takes the tour of the officer who has taken his. When an officer is prevented by sickness from taking his tour, it passes. These rules apply equally to non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Duties of the first and second classes are credited on the roster when the guards or detachments have passed the chain of sentinels, or an interior guard has reached its post; fatigue duties when the parties have passed the chain or begun the duties in camp. Every officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier on duty of the first class, or who is of the next detail for such duty, takes, when relieved, the duty of the second or third class that has fallen to him during that time, unless he has marched for detachment of more than twenty-four hours. . Soldiers march with knapsacks on all duties of the first class; and with arms and equipments complete on all working parties out of the camp, unless otherwise ordered. In the cavalry, horses are packed for all mounted service. In the cavalry dismounted men, and those whose horses are not in order, are preferred for the detail for dismounted service. Those who are mounted are never employed on those services if the number of the other class are sufficient. Every non-commissioned officer and soldier in the cavalry detailed for dismounted service must, before he marches, take to the First Sergeant TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN AY of the troop, or Sergeant of his squad, his horse equipments and his valise ready packed. In case of alarm the First Sergeant sees that the horses of these men are equipped and led to the rendezvous. These rules in regard to the roster apply also to service in garrison. POLICE GUARD. In each regiment a police guard is detailed every day, consisting of two sergeants, three corporals, two drummers, and men enough to furnish the required sentinels and patrols. The men are taken from all the companies, from each in proportion to its strength. The guard is commanded by a Lieutenant, under the supervision of a Captain, as regimental officer of the day. It furnishes ten sentinels at the camp: one over the arms of the guard; one at the Colonel’s tent; three on the color front, one of them over the colors; three, fifty paces in rear of the field officers’ tents: and one on each flank, between it and the next regiment. If it is a flank regiment, one more sentinel is posted on the outer flank. An advanced post‘is detached from the police guard, composed of a sergeant, a corporal, a drummer, and nine men to furnish sentinels and the guard over the prisoners. The men are the first of the guard roster from each company. The men of the advanced post must not leave it under any pretext. Their meals are sent to the post. The advanced post furnishes three sentinels; two a few paces in front of the post, oppo- site the right and left wing of the regiment, posted so as to see as far as possible to the front, and one over the arms. In the cavalry dismounted men are employed in preference on the police guard. The mounted men on guard are sent in succession, a part at a time, to groom their horses. The advanced post is always formed of mounted men. In each company a corporal has charge of the stable guard. His tour begins at retreat, and ends at morning stable-call. The stable guard is large enough to relieve the men on post every two hours. They sleep in their tents, and are called by the corporal when wanted. At retreat he closes the streets of the camp with cords, or uses other precautions to prevent the escape of loose horses. The officer of the day is charged with the order and cleanliness of the camp. A fatigue is furnished to him when the number of prisoners is insufficient to clean the camp. He has the calls beaten by the drummer of the guard. a 50 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. The police guard and the advanced post pay the same honors as other guards. They take arms when an armed body approaches. The sentinel over the colors has orders not to permit them to be moved except in presence of an escort; to let no one touch them but the color- bearer, or the sergeant of the police guard when he is accompanied by two armed men. The sentinels on the color front permit no soldier to take arms from the stacks, except by order of some officer, or a non-commissioned officer of the guard. The sentinel at the Colonel’s tent has orders to warn him, day or night, of any unusual movement in or about the camp. The sentinels on the front, flanks, and rear see that no soldier leaves camp with horse or arms unless conducted by a non-commissioned officer- They prevent non-commissioned officers and soldiers from passing out at night, except to go to the sinks, and mark if they return. They arrest, at any time, suspicious persons prowling about the camp, and at night, every one who attempts to enter, even the soldiers of other corps. Ar- rested persons are sent to the officer of the guard, who sends them, if necessary, to the officer of the day. The sentinels on the front of the advanced post have orders to permit neither non-commissioned officers nor soldiers to pass the line, without reporting at the advanced post; to warn the advanced post of the ap- proach of any armed body, and to arrest all suspicious persons. ‘The Sergeant sends persons so arrested to the officer of the guard, and warns him of the approach of any armed body. The sentinel over the arms at the advanced post guards the prisoners and keeps sight of them, and suffers no one to converse with them without permission. They are only permitted to go to the sinks one at a time, and under a sentinel. If any one is to be passed out of camp at eights the officer of the guard sends him under escort to the advanced post, and the sergeant of the post has him passed over the chain. At retreat the officer of the guard has the roll of his guard called, and inspects arms, to see that they are loaded and in order; and visits the advanced ‘post for the same purpose. The sergeant of the police guard, accompanied by two armed soldiers, folds the colors and lays them on the trestle in rear of the arms. He sees that the sutier’s stores are then closed, and the men leave them, and that the kitchen fires are put out at the appointed hour. 4 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 51 The officer of the day satisfies himself frequently during the night of the vigilance of the police guard and advanced post. He prescribes patrols and rounds to be made by the officer and non-commissioned officers of the guard. The officer of the guard orders them when he thinks neces- sary. He visits the sentinels frequently. At reveille the police guard takes arms; the officer of the guard inspects it and the advanced post. The Sergeant replants the colors in place. At retreat and reveille the advanced post takes arms; the Sergeant makes his report to the officer of the guard when he visits the post. When necessary, the camp is covered at night with small outposts, forming a double chain of sentinels. These posts are under the orders of the commander of the police guard, and are visited by his patrols and rounds. The officer of the guard makes his report of his tour of service, in- cluding the advanced post, and sends it, after the guard is marched off, to the officer of the day. When the regiment marches, the men of the police guard return to their companies, except those of the advanced post. In the cavalry, at the sound ‘‘ boot and saddle,”’ the officer of the guard sends one-half the men to saddle and pack; when the regiment assembles, all the men join it. When the camping party precedes the regiment, and the new police guard marches with the camping party, the guard, on reaching the camp, forms in line thirty paces in front of the centre of the ground marked for the regiment. The officer of the guard furnishes the sentinels required by the commander of the camping party. The advanced post takes its station. The advanced post of the old police guard takes charge of the prisoners on the march, and marches, bayonets fixed, at the centre of the regiment. On reaching camp it turns over the prisoners to the new advanced post. THE PICKET. The detail for the picket is made daily, after the details for duty of the first class, and from the next for detail on the roster of that class. It is designed to furnish detachments and guards unexpectedly called for in the twenty-four hours; it counts as a tour of the first class to those who have marched on detachment or guard, or who have passed the night in bivouae. 52 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. The officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers of the picket are at all times dressed and equipped; the horses are saddled, and knapsacks and valises ready to be put on. Detachments and guards from the picket are taken from the head of the picket-roll in each company, and, if possible, equally from each company. The picket of a regiment is composed of a Lieutenant, two Sergeants, four Corporais, a drummer, and about forty privates. For a smaller force, the picket is in proportion to the strength of the detachment. Officers and men of the picket who march on detachment or guard before retreat will be replaced. The picket is assembled by the Adjutant at guard-mounting; it is posted twelve paces in rear of the guard, and is inspected by its own commander. When the guard has marched in review the commandant of the picket marches it to the left of the police guard, where it stacks its arms, and is dismissed; the arms are under charge of the sentinel of the police guard. The picket is only assembled by the orders of the,Colonel or officer of the day. It forms on the left of the police guard. The officer of the day requires the roll of the picket to be called fre- quently during the day; the call is sounded from the police guard. At roll-calls and inspections infantry pickets assemble with knapsacks on, cavalry on foot. The picket is assembled at retreat; the officer has the roll called, and inspects the arms. The picket sleep in their tents, but without undressing. The picket does not assemble at night except in cases of alarm, or when the whole or a part is to march; then the officer of the day calls the officers, the latter the non-commissioned officers, and these ihe men, for which purpose each ascertains the tents of those he is to call; they are assembled without beat of drum or other noise. At night cavalry pickets assemble mounted. Pickets rejoin their companies whenever the regiment is under arms for review, drill, march, or battle. GRAND GUARDS AND OTHER OUTPOSTS Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp or cantonment, and should cover the approaches to it. Their number, strength, and position are reguiated by the commanders of brigades; in detached corps, by the commanding officer. When it can be, the grand guards of cavalry and TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 53 infantry are combined, the cavalry furnishing the advanced sentinels. When the cavalry is weak the grand guards are infantry, but furnished with a few cavalry soldiers to get and carry intelligence of the enemy. The strength of the grand guard of a brigade will depend on its object and the strength of the regiments, the nature of the country, the position of the enemy, and the disposition of the inhabitants. It is usually com- manded by a Captain. Under the supervision of the Generals of Division and Brigade, the grand guards are specially under the direction of a field officer of the day in each brigade. In case of necessity, Captains may be added to the raster of Lieutenant Colonels and Majors for this detail. Staff officers, sent from division headquarters to inspect the posts of grand guards, give them orders only in urgent cases, and in the absence of the field officer of the day of the brigade. Grand guards usually mount at the same time as the other guards, but may mount before daybreak if the General of Brigade thinks it necessary to double the outposts at that time. In this case they assemble and march without noise, and during their march throw out scouts. This precaution should always be taken in the first posting of a grand guard. The doub- ling of guards weakens the corps and fatigues the men, and should seldom be resorted to, and never when preparing to march or fight. A grand guard is conducted to its post, in the first instance, by the field officer of the day, guided by a staff officer who accompanied the General in his reconnoissance. After the post has been established the commander sends to the field officer of the day, when necessary, a soldier of the guard to guide the relieving guard to the post. He also sends to him in the evening a corporal or trusty man of the guard for the note containing the parole and countersign, and sends them before dark to the detached posts. He will not suffer his guard to be relieved except by a guard of the brigade, or by special orders. If there is no pass to be observed or defended, the grand guards are placed near the centre of the ground they are to observe, on sheltered, and, if possible, high ground, the better to conceal their strength and observe the enemy; they ought not to be placed near the edge of a wood. When, during the day, they are placed very near or in sight of the enemy, they fall back at night on posts selected further to the rear. In broken or mountainous countries, and particularly if the inhabitants 54 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. are ill disposed, intermediate posts must be established when it is neces- sary to post the grand guard distant from the camp. Grand guards are chiefly to watch the enemy in front; their flanks are protected by each other, and the camp must furnish posts to protect their rear and secure their retreat. Grand guards are seldom intrenched, and never without the orders of the General, except by a barricade or ditch when exposed in a plain to attacks of cavalry. The General of Division, if he thinks proper, changes the stations and orders of these guards, and establishes posts to connect the brigades or protect the exterior flanks. After a grand guard is posted, the first care of the commander and of the field officer of the day is to get news of the enemy; then to recon- noitre his position, and the roads, bridges, fords, and defiles. This reconnoissance determines the force and position of the small posts and their sentinels day and night. These posts, according to their import- ance, are commanded by officers or non-commissioned officers; the cavalry posts may be relieved every four or eight hours. The commander of a grand guard receives detailed instructions from the General and field officer of the day of the brigade, and instructs the commanders of the small posts as to their duties and the arrangements for defence or retreat. The commanders of grand guards may, in urgent cases, change the positions of the small posts. If the small posts are to change their positions at night, they wait until the grand guard have got into position and darkness hides their movements from the enemy; then march silently and rapidly under the charge of an officer. In detached corps, small posts of picked men are at night sent forward on the roads by which the enemy may attack or turn the position. They watch the forks of the roads, keep silence, conceal themselves, light no fires, and often change place. They announce the approach of the enemy by signals agreed upon, and retreat, by routes examined during the day, to places selected, and rejoin the guard at daybreak. Grand guards have special orders in each case, and the following in all cases: to inform the nearest posts and the field officer of the day, or the General of Brigade, of the march and movements of the enemy, and of the attacks they receive or fear; to examine every person passing near the post, particularly those coming from without; to arrest suspicious persons, and all soldiers and camp-followers who try to pass out without TROOPS 1N CAMPAIGN. 55 permission, and to send to the General, unless otherwise directed, all country people who come in. All out-guards stand to arms at night on the approach of patrols, rounds, or other parties; the sentinel over the arms has orders to call them out. Advanced posts will not take arms for inspection or ceremony when it would expose them to the view of the enemy. Grand guards are often charged with the care and working of tele graphic signals. The sentinels and vedettes are placed on points from which they can see furthest, taking care not to break their connexion with each other or with their posts. ‘They are concealed from the enemy as much as possi- ble by walls, or trees, or elevated ground. It is generally even of more advantage not to be seen than to see far. They should not be placed near covers, where the enemy may capture them. ~ A sentinel should always be ready to fire; vedettes carry their pistols or carbines in their hands. A sentinel must be sure of the presence of an enemy before he fires; once satisfied of that, he must fire, though all de- fence on his part be useless, as the safety of the post may depend on it. Sentinels fire on all persons deserting to the enemy. If the post must be where a sentinel on it cannot communicate with the guard, a corporal and three men are detached for it, or the sentinels are doubled, that one may communicate with the guard. During the day the communication may be made by signals, such as raising a cap . or handkerchief. At night sentinels are placed on low ground, the better to see objects against the sky. To lesson the duty of rounds, and keep more men on the alert at night, sentinels are relieved every hour. To prevent sentinels from being surprised, it is sometimes well to precede the countersign by sig- nals, such as striking the musket with the hand, striking the hands together, &c. On the approach of any one at night, the sentinel orders—‘‘ Halt !” If the order is not obeyed after once repeated, he fires. If obeyed, he calls—‘‘ Who goes there?” If answered—‘‘ Rounds” or ‘‘ Patrol,” he says—‘‘ Stand: Advance one with the countersign.’’ If more than one advance at the same time, or the person who ‘advances fails to give the countersign or signal agreed on, the sentinel fires, and falls back on his guard. The sentinel over the arms, as soon as his hail is answered, 56 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. turns out the guard, and the corporal goes to reconnoitre. When it is desirable to hide the position of the sentinel from the enemy, the hail is replaced by signals; the sentinel gives the signal, and those approaching the counter signal. With raw troops, or when the light troops of the enemy are numerous or active, and when the country is broken or wooded, the night stormy or dark, sentinels should be doubled. In this case, while one watches, the other, called a flying sentinel, moves about, examining the oe and hollows. The commandants of grand guards visit the sentinels often; change their positions when necessary; make them repeat their orders; teach them under what circumstances and at what signals to retire, and par- ticularly not to fall back directly on their guard if pursued, but to lead the enemy in a circuit. At night, half the men of the grand guard off post watch under arms, while the rest lie down, arms by their side. The horses are always bridled; the horsemen hold the reins and must not sleep. When a grand guard of cavalry is so placed as not to be liable to a sudden attack from the enemy, the General may permit the horses to be fed during the night, unbridling for this purpose a few at a time—the horsemen being vigilant to prevent them from escaping. An hour before break of day, infantry grand guards stand to arms, and cavalry mount. At the advanced posts, some of the infantry are all night under arms, some of the cavalry on horseback. The commander of a grand guard regulates the numbers, the hours, and the march of patrols and rounds, according to the strength of his troop and the necessity for precaution; and, accompanied by those who are to command the patrols and rounds during the night, he will recon- noitre all the routes they are to follow. Patrols and rounds march slowly, in silence, and with great precau- tion; halt frequently to listen and examine the ground. The rounds consist of an officer or non-commissioned officer, and two or three men. Toward break of day the patrols ought to be more frequent, and sent to greater distances. They examine the hollow ways and ground likely to conceal an enemy, but with great caution, to avoid being cut off, or engaged in an unequal combat; if they meet the enemy, they fire and attempt to stop his march, While the patrols are out, the posts are under arms. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. LY: Cavalry patrols should examine the country to a greater distance than infantry, and report to the infantry guard everything they observe. The morning patrols and scouts do not return until broad daylight; and when they return, the night sentinels are withdrawn, and the posts for the day resumed. When patrols are sent beyond the advanced posts, the posts and sen- tinels should be warned. On their return, commanders of patrols report in regard to the ground and everything they have observed of the movements of the enemy, or of his posts, and the commandant of the grand guard reports to the field officer of the day. The fires of grand guards should be hidden by a wall, or ditch, or other screen. ‘Tv deceive the enemy, fires are sometimes made on ground not occupied. Fires are not permitted at small posts liable to surprise. The horses of cavalry guards are watered or fed by detachments; during which the rest are ready to mount. If a body of troops attempt to enter the camp at night, unless their arrival has been announced, or the commander is known to, or is the bearer of a written order to the commander of the grand guard, he stops them, and sends the commander under escort to the field officer of the day, and warns the posts near him. Bearers of flags are not permitted to pass the outer chain of sentinels; their faces are turned from the post or army; if necessary, their eyes are bandaged; a non-commissioned officer stays with them to prevent indis- cretion of the sentinels. The commandant of the pales guard receipts for despatches, and sends them to the field officer of the day or General of Brigade, and dismisses the bearer; but if he has discovered what ought to be concealed from the enemy, he is detained as long as necessary. Deserters are disarmed at the advanced posts, and sent to the com- mander of the grand guard, who gets from them all the information he can concerning his post. If many come at night, they are received cautiously, a few at atime. They are sent in the morning to the field officer of the day, or to the nearest post or camp, to be conducted to the General of the brigade. All suspected persons are searched by the com- manders of the posts. When an enemy advances to attack, unless he is in too great force, or 58 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. the grand guard is to defend an intrenched post or a defile, it will take the positions and execute the movements to check the enemy, acting as skirmishers, or fighting in close or open order, as may be best. The guard joins its corps when in line, or when a sufficient number of troops have reached the ground it defends. INTRENCHED POSTS. Unless the army be acting on the defensive, no post should be in- trenched except to cover the weak parts of the line, or at points which the enemy cannot avoid, or in mountain warfare, or to close a defile, or cover winter quarters. Posts connected with the operations of an army are intrenched only by order of the General commanding-in-chief or a General of Division. Any intrenchment that requires artillery is considered as a post, and a guard or garrison and commander are assigned to it. The General who establishes an intrenched post gives to its commander detailed instructions in regard to its defence, and the circumstances under which the defence should cease. The commander reconnoitres his post; distributes the troops; posts the officers and non-commissioned officers ; forms a reserve; gives orders for all contingencies he can foresee; supposes an attack, and arranges his troops for defence, so as to prepare them for attack, day or night. In dark weather he redoubles his vigilance, and changes the hours and direction of the rounds and patrols. He permits no flags of truce. deserters, or strangers to enter. If a flag ought to pass his post, he bandages his eyes. He refuses admittance to a relief or any other party until he has carefully examined them. In case of an attack, he does not wait for orders or hold a council. Having defended his post to the last extremity, or till the purpose of the defence, according to his instructions, is answered, he may then spike his guns and rejoin the army under cover of night, or by cutting his way through the enemy. DETACHMENTS. When a detachment is to be formed from the different regiments of a brigade, the Assistant Adjutant General of the brigade assembles it, and turns it over to the commander. When a detachment is to be formed from different brigades, the Assist- ant Adjutant General in each forms the contingent of the brigade, and sends it to the place of assembling. . TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 59 Detachments are generally formed by taking battalions, squadrons, companies, platoons in turn, according to the roster for such detail. When the detachment is to consist of men from every company or troop, the first on the roster for guard are taken. Officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, whose tour it is to go on detachment, if employed otherwise at the time, are relieved from the duty they are on, if they can reach camp in time to march with the detachment. When detachments meet, the command is regulated while they serve together as if they formed one detachment; but the senior officer cannot prevent the commander of any detachment from moving, when he thinks proper, to execute the orders he has received. On the return of a detachment, the commander reports to the head- quarters from which he received his orders. RECONNOISSANCES,. Near an enemy daily reconnoissances are made to observe the ground in front, and to discover whether the advanced guards of the enemy have been increased or put in motion, or any other sign of his preparation for march or action. They are made by small parties of cavalry and infantry, from the brigade, under direction of the General of Division or the General of a separate brigade, and to less distance by the patrols of the grand guard, and are not repeated at the same hour or by the same route. On the plain, reconnoissances are made by cavalry; among mountains, by in- fantry, with a few horsemen to carry intelligence. _ Reconnoitring parties observe the following precautions: to leave small posts, or sentinels at intervals, to transmit intelligence to the ad- vanced posts of the army, unless the return is to be by a different route ; to march with caution, to avoid fighting; and see, if possible, without being seen; to keep an advanced guard; to send well-mounted men ahead of the advanced guard, and on the flank of the party; to instruct the scouts that no two should enter a defile or mount a hill together, but to go one at a time, while one watches to carry the news if the other is taken. Before daybreak the advanced guard and scouts are drawn closer; the party then march slowly and silently, stop frequently to listen, and keep the horses that neigh in the rear. The party should enter no wood, defile, village, or inclosure, until it has been fully examined by the scouts. 60 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. Special reconnoissances are made under the instruction of the General in command, by such officers and with such force as he may direct. Offensive or forced reconnoissauces are to ascertain with ‘certainty points in the enemy’s position or his strength. They are sometimes pre- ludes to real actions, and sometimes only demonstrations. ‘They drive in his outposts, and sometimes engage special corps of his line. They are only made by the order of the General commanding-in-chief, or the commander of an isolated corps. In all reports of reconnoissances, the officer making them shall dis- tinguish expressly what he has seen from the accounts he has not been able to verify personally. Jn special and offensive reconnoissances, the report must be accom- panied by a field sketch of the localities, the dispositions and defences of the enemy. + PARTISANS AND FLANKERS, The operations of partisan corps depend on the nature and theatre of the war; they enter into the general plan of operations, and are con- ducted under the orders of the General commanding-in-chief. The composition and strength of partisan corps and detachments of flankers depend on the object, the difficulties, the distance, and the probable time of the expedition. The purpose of these isolated corps is to reconnoitre at a distance on the flanks of the army, to protect its operations, to deceive the enemy, to interrupt his communications, to intercept his couriers and his corre- spondence, to threaten or destroy his magazines, to carry off his posts and his convoys, or, at all events, to retard his march by making him detach largely for their protection. While these corps fatigue the enemy and pribareaee his operations, they endeavor to inspire confidence and secure the good will of the in- habitants in a friendly country, and to hold them in check in an enemy’s country. They move actively, appear unexpectedly on different points in such @ manner as to make it impossible to estimate their force, or to tell whether they are irregular forces or an advanced guard. These operations require vigilance, secrecy, energy, and promptness. The partisan commander must frequently supply by strategem and audacity what he wants in numbers. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 61 These detachments are sometimes composed of different arms, but the service belongs more particularly to the light cavalry, whick can move to a distance by rapid marches, surprise the enemy, attack unexpectedly, and retire as promptly. Stormy weather, fogs, extreme heat, and the night above all, are favor- able to the success of ambuscades; when the enemy are careless, the break of day is the best time. A partisan commander should communi- cate to his second in command his secret orders, the direction and object of the expedition, and the different points of junction with the army. Guides of the country and spies are often necessary to the partisan. They are examined separately, and confronted if their accounts differ. When there is but one guide, he marches with the advanced guard, guarded by two men, and bound if necessary. Peddlers and smugglers are specially suitable for spies. A fit time to attack a convoy is at a halt, or when they begin to park, or when they are watering, or passing a wood or a defile; at a bend of the road, a bridge, or steep ascent. The attacking party may bé principally cavalry, with some infantry. The first object is to disperse the escort. A part of the detachment attacks the main body of the escort, another the wagons, and a third is in reserve; skirmishers line the road, and try to cut the traces, and to seize the front and rear wagons, and turn them across the road, to pre- vent the train from advancing or retreating. If the convoy is parked, the cavalry surrounds it, assails the escort, and tries to draw it away from the train. The infantry then engage the troops remaining at the park, slip under the wagons, and get into the park. When the cavalry is alone and the enemy are shaken, they dis- mount a portion of the men to supply the want of infantry. If it is a large convoy, the principal attack is made on the centre; the most valuable wagons are also selected, and additional horses are put to them if the attack is successful. Those that cannot be carried off are burned. MARCHES. The object of the movement and the nature of the ground determine the order of march, the kind of troops in each column, and the number of columns. The force is divided into as many columns as circumstances permit, 62 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. without weakening any one too much. They ought to preserve their communications, and be within supporting distance of each other. The commander of each column ought to know the strength and direction of the others. The advance and rear guards are usually light troops; their strength and composition depend on the nature of the ground and the position of the enemy. ‘They serve to cover the movements of the army, and to hold the enemy in check until the General has time to make his arrange- ments. The advance guard is not always at the head of the column; ina march to a flank, it takes such positions as cover the movement. Sappers are attached to the advanced guard if required. The ‘‘ general,’’ sounded one hour before the time of marching, is the signal to strike tents, to load the wagons, and pack horses, and send them to the place of assembling. The fires are then put out, and care taken to avoid burning straw, &c., or giving to the enemy any other indication of the movement. The ‘‘march”’ will be beat in the infantry, and the ‘‘advance”’ sounded in the cavalry, in succession, as each is to take its place in the column. When the army should form suddenly to meet the enemy the ‘‘long roll”’ is beat, and ‘‘to horse” sounded. ‘The troops form rapidly in front of their camp. Batteries of artillery and their caissons move with the corps to which they are attached; the field train and ambulances march at the rear of the column; and the baggage with the rear guard. Cavalry and infantry do not march together, unless the proximity of the enemy makes it necessary. In cavalry marches, when distant from the enemy, each regiment, and, if possible, each squadron, forms a separate column, in order to keep up the same gait from front to rear, and to trot, when desirable, on good ground. In such cases the cavalry may leave camp later, and can give more rest to the horses and more attention to the shoeing and harness. Horses are not bridled until the time to start. When necessary, the orders specify the rations the men are to carry in their haversacks. ‘The field officers and Captains make inspections fre- quently during the march; at halts they examine the knapsacks, valises, and haversacks, and throw away all articles not authorized. The officers TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 63 and non-commissioned officers of cavalry companies attend personally to the packs and girths. When it can be avoided, troops should not be assembled on high-roads or other places where they interrupt the communication. Generals of Division and commanders of detached corps send a staff officer to the rendezvous, in advance, to receive the troops, who, on arriving, take their place in the order of battle, and form in close column, nnless otherwise ordered. Artillery, or trains halted on the roads, form in file on one side. The execution of marching orders must not be delayed. If the com- mander is not at the head of his troops when they are to march the next in rank puts the column in motion. If possible, each column is preceded by a detachment of sappers, to remove obstacles to the march, aided, when necessary, by infantry, or the people of the country. The detachment is divided into two sections: one stops to remove the first obstacle, the other moves on to the next. In night marches, and at bad places, and at crossroads, when neces- sary, intelligent non-commissioned officers are posted to show the way, and are relieved by the regiments as they come up. On the march no one shall fire a gun, or cry ‘‘halt” or ‘‘march”’ with- out orders. Soldiers are not to stop for water; the canteens should be filled before starting. It is better to avoid villages; but, if the route lies through them, officers and non-commissioned officers are to be vigilant to prevent straggling. Halts should not take place at villages. Besides the rear guard, the General sometimes takes a detachment from the last regiment, and adds to it non-commissioned officers from each regiment, to examine villages and all hiding places on the route, to bring up stragglers and seize marauders. In night marches the Sergeant Major of each regiment remains at the rear with a drummer, to give notice when darkness or difficulty stops the march. In cavalry a trumpet is placed in rear of each squadron, and the signal repeated to the head of the regiment. The General and field officers frequently stop, or send officers to the rear, to see that the troops march in the prescribed order, and keep their distances. To quicken the march the General warns the Colonels, and may order a signal to be beat. It is repeated in all the regiments. 64 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. In approaching a defile the Colonels are warned; they close their regi- ments as they come up; each regiment passes separately, at an accele- rated pace, and in as close order as possible. The leading regiment having passed, and left room enough for the whole column in close order, then halts, and moves again as soon as the last regiment is through. In the cavalry each squadron, before quickening the pace to rejoin the column, takes its original order of march. When the distance from the enemy permits, each regiment, after closing up in front and rear of the defile, stacks arms. Halts to rest and reform the troops are frequent during the day, de- pending on the object and length of the march. They are made in pref- erence after the passage of defiles. No honors are paid by troops on the march or at halts. The sick march with the wagons. Led horses of officers, and the horses of dismounted men, follow their regiment. The baggage wagons never march in the column. When tne General orders the field train and ambulances to take place in the column he designates the position they shall take. If two corps meet on the same road they pass to the right, and both continue their march, if the road is wide enough; if it is not, the first in the order of battle takes the road, the other halts. A corps in march must not be cut by another. If two corps meet at crossroads, that which arrives last halts if the other is in motion. A corps in march passes a corps ata halt, if it has precedence in the order of battle, or if the halted corps is not ready to move at once. , A column that halts to let another column pass resumes the march in advance of the train of this column. Jf a column has to pass a train, the train must halt, if necessary, till the column passes. The column which bas precedence must yield it if the commander, on seeing the or- ders of the other, finds it for the interest of the service. JOURNAL. Commanding officers of troops marching through a country little known, will keep journals of their marches according to the form and directions hereto annexed. At the end of the march a copy of the jour- nal will be retained at the station where the troops arrive, and the origi- _ nal will be forwarded to the headquarters of the Department or corps darmée. Thence, after a copy has been taken, it will be transmitted, TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 65 through the headquarters of the army, to the Adjutant General, for the information of the War Department. The object of the journal is to furnish data for maps, and information which may serve for future operations. Every point of practical impor- tance should therefore be noted, even though not indicated in these directions. DIRECTIONS FOR KEEPING THE JOURNAL. The journal should be kept in a pocket note-book; or, if one cannot be obtained, m a book made of sheets of paper folded to half the letter size. The record is to run from the bottom to the top of each page. The horizontal divisions in the column headed ‘‘ Route’’ represent portions of a day’s march.. The distance, in miles, between each of the horizontal divisions, will be noted in the column headed ‘‘ Distance,”’ which will be summed up at the top of each column, and the sum carried to the bottom of the next column. The notes within each horizontal division are to show the general direction of the march, and every object of interest observed in its course. All remarkable features of the country, therefore, such as hills, streams, fords, springs, houses, villages, forests, marshes, &c., and the places of encampment, will be sketched in their relative positions, as well as noted by name. The ‘‘Remarks” corresponding to each division will be upon the soil, productions, quantity and quality of timber, grass, water, fords, nature of the roads, &c., and important incidents. They should show where provisions, forage, fuel, and water can be obtained; whether the streams to be crossed are fordable, miry, have quicksands or steep banks, and whether they overflow their banks in wet seasons; also the quality of the water; and, in brief, everything of practical importance. When a detachment leaves the main column, the point on the ‘‘ Rowte”’ will be noted, and the reason given in the Remarks. The commander of the detachment will be furnished with a copy of the journal up to that point, and will continue it over his new line of march. 4) 66 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. FORM OF Journal of the march of [here insert the names of the regiments or com- insert the point of departure ] to [the stopping place, ] pursuant Date. Weather. Distance. 1860. Total, 19. July 8. High timbered Peak. ine Z\ Camp No. 1. IIS oo Spring's. = =] 8 Oo d So H # oa P oO = ° 1S) E F ao nat S uo) =} °o ce 2) July is TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 67 JOURNAL. panies composing the column, ] commanded by —— , from [here to [here give the number and date of order for the march. ] Remarks. Road rocky; but little erass 3 good water. Plenty of timber on sum- mit of hills, extending three miles; road to right of hills. Good shelter for camp at foot of peak; fuel plenty. Springs of sweet water with good grass near. Road to this point rather more sandy. Road runs through a cafon 4 mile long, to right of a small stream ; marsh on left of stream; water sweet; grass excellent. Halted to graze two hours. No Indian signs. Companies F, G, and I, 3d ——, detached at Mount P——, under command of (see par. 3, General Orders No. ——,) to take road to , * A small creek, easily forded. Road turns short to right at top of hill after crossing river; crossing good, but a little boggy on the right bank. This bottom shows signs of recent overflow, when it must have been impassable; banks low; water sweet; no wood near crossing; road hard and good up to river. 68 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 19 J OURNAL— Date. Hour. Weather. Distance. Route. 1860. | . Total, 47. 5 g io Fork in road, July 9. 4,30 a. m. 4,30 p. m. 3 Camp N so Springs Me Se : ga : van ro¥ H § to ee - | 3p. m. & 15 L,an} . 5 a o . ea 2 a= hy i] tos . a TINS al 3 —_——. a ee 9. 5 Ny | | Ni L% 4 NS w wy Wy ae July 8. 6.30 a. m. is | | TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 69 Continued. Remarks. At the point where the road forks, turn to the right. The left-hand road leads to a deep ravine, which cannot be crossed. After the road strikes the ravine, it runs one mile along its banks be- fore coming to the crossing place. The camping ground is at springs, half a mile beyond the ravine. Old Indian signs at the springs. Road less rocky; last three miles rather sandy; no water. Passed at the point markedt an Indian grave. Road still rocky; good springs, where casks should be filled. No more water for twenty miles after leaving springs. Occasional hills to left of road; no wood or grass. 70 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. POSTS. Whenever a new post is established, or a camp, meant to be occupied for some time, the commanding officer will forward to the Adjutant- General’s office, as well as to the headquarters of the department, or corps d’armée if in the field, an accurate description of its locality, of its distance and bearings from the nearest known point, and the manner of reaching it by mail, together with a sketch of the country in its imme- diate vicinity. Military posts will be named by the Secretary of War. BATTLES. Dispositions for battle depend on the number, kind, and quality of the troops opposed, on the ground, and on the objects of the war; but the following rules are to be observed generally: In attacking, the advanced guard endeavors to capture the enemy’s outposts, or cut them off from the main body. Having done so, or driven them in, it occupies, in advancing, all the points that can cover or facilitate the march of the army, or secure its retreat, such as bridges, defiles, woods, and heights; it then makes attacks, to occupy the enemy, without risking too much, and to deceive them as to the march and projects of the army. When the enemy is hidden by a curtain of advanced troops, the com- mandant of the advanced guard sends scouts, under intelligent officers, to the right and left, to ascertain his position and movements. If he does not succeed in this way, he tries to unmask the enemy by demon- strations; threatens to cut the advance from the main body; makes false attacks; partial and impetuous charges in echelon; and if all fail, he makes a real attack to accomplish the object. Detachments left by the advanced guard to hold points in the rear rejoin it when other troops come up. If the army takes a position, and the advanced guard is separated from it by defiles or heights, the com- munication is secured by troops drawn from the main body. At proper distance from the enemy, the troops are formed for’ the attack in several lines; if only two can be formed, some battalions in column are placed behind the wings of the second line. The lines may be formed of troops in column or in order of battle, according to the ground and plan of attack. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. fat The advanced guard may be put in the line or on the wings, or other position, to aid the pursuit or covey the retreat. The reserve is formed of the best troops of foot and horse, to complete @ victory or make good a retreat. It is placed in the rear of the centre, or chief point of attack or defence. The cavalry should be distributed in echelon on the wings and at the centre, on favorable ground. It should be instructed not to take the gallop until within charging distance; never to reccive a charge at a halt, but to meet it, or, if not strong enough, to retire manceuvring; and in order to be ready for the pursuit, and prepared against a reverse, or the attacks of the reserve, not to engage all its squadrons at once, but to reserve one-third, in column or in echelon, abreast of or in the rear of one of the wings; this arrangement is better than a second line with intervals. In the attack, the artillery is employed to silence the batteries that protect the position. In the defence, it is better to direct its fire on the advancing troops. In either case, as many pieces are united as possi- ble, the fire of artillery being formidable in proportion to its concentra- tion. In battles and military operations it is better to assume the offensive, and put the enemy on the defensive; but to be safe in doing so requires a larger force than the enemy, or better troops, and favorable ground. When obliged to act on the defensive, the advantage of position and of making the attack may sometimes be secured by forming in rear of the ground on which we are to fight, and advancing at the moment of action. In mountain warfare, the assailant has always the disadvan- tage; and even in offensive warfare in the open field, it may frequently be very important, when the artillery is well posted, and any advantage of ground may be secured, to await the enemy and compel him to attack. The attack should be made with a superior force on the decisive point of the enemy’s position, by masking this by false attacks and demon- strations on other points, and by concealing the troops intended for it by the ground, or by other troops in their front. Besides the arrangements which depend on the supposed plan of the enemy, the wings must be protected by the ground, or supported by troops in echelon; if the attack of the enemy is repulsed, the offensive must at once be taken, to inspire the troops, to disconcert the enemy, 2 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. and often to decide the action. In thus taking the offensive, a close column should be pushed rapid!y on the wing or flank of the enemy. The divisions of this column form in line of battle successively, and each division moves to the front as soon as formed, in order, by a rapid attack in echelon, to prevent the enemy from changing front or bringing up his reserves. In all arrangements, especially in those for attack, it is most important to conceal the design until the moment of execution, and then to execute it with the greatest rapidity. The night, therefore, is preferred for the movement of troops on the flank or rear of the enemy, otherwise it is necessary to mask their march by a grand move- ment in front, or by taking a wide circuit. In making an attack, the communications to the rear and for retreat must be secured, and the General must give beforehand all necessary orders to provide for that event. When a success is gained, the light troops should pursue the enemy promptly and rapidly. The other troops will restore order in their columns, then advance from position to position, always prepared for an attack or to support the troops engaged. Before the action, the Generals indicate the places where they will be; if they change position, they give notice of it, or leave a staff officer to show where they have gone. During the fight the officers and non-commissioned officers keep the men in the ranks, and enforce obedience if necessary. Soldiers must not be permitted to leave the ranks to strip or rob the dead, nor even to assist the wounded unless by express permission, which is only to be given after the action is decided. The highest interest and most press- ing duty is to win the victory, by winning which only can a proper care of the wounded be insured. Before the action, the Quartermaster of the division makes all the necessary arrangements for the transportation of the wounded. He establishes the ainbulance depots in the rear, and gives his assistants the necessary instructions for the service of the ambulance wagons and other means of removing the wounded. The ambulance depot, to which the wounded are carried or directed for immediate treatment, is generally established at the most convenient building nearest the field of battle. A red flag marks its place, or the way to it, to the conductors of the ambulances and to the wounded who can walk. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 73 The active ambulances follow the troops engaged to succor the wounded and remove them to the depots; for this purpose the con- ductors should always have the necessary assistants, that the soldiers may have no excuse to leave the ranks for that object. The medical director of the division, after consultation with the Quartermaster General, distributes the medical officers and hospital at- tendants at his disposal, to the depots and active ambulances. He will send officers and attendants, when practicable, to the active ambu- lances, to relieve the wounded who require treatment before being removed from the ground. THe will see that the depots and ambulances are provided with the necessary apparatus, medicines, and stores. He will take post and render his professional services at the principal depot. If the enemy endanger the depot, the Quartermaster takes the orders of the General to remove it or to strengthen its guard. The wounded in the depots and the sick are removed, as soon as pos- sible, to the hospitals that have been established by the Quartermaster General of the army on the flanks or rear of the army. After an action, the officers of ordnance collect the munitions of war left on the field, and make a return of them to the General. The Quar master’s Department collects the rest of the public property captured, and makes the returns to headquarters. Written reports for the General commanding-in-chief are made by commandants of regiments, batteries, and separate squadrons, and by all commanders of a higher grade, each in what eoncerns his own com- mand, and to his immediate commander. When an officer or soldier deserves mention for conduct in action, a special report shall be made in his case, and the General commanding- in-cheif decides whether to mention him in his report to the government and in his orders. But he shall not be mentioned in the report until he has been mentioned in the orders to the army. These special reports are examined with care by the intermediate commanders, to verify the facts, and secure commendation and rewards to the meritorious only. The report of battles, which must frequently be made before these special reports of persons are scrutinized, is confined to general praise or blame, and on account of the operations. to TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. PRISONERS OF WAR. Prisoners of war will be disarmed and sent to the rear, and reported, as soon as practicable, to the headquarters. The return of prisoners from the headquarters of the army to the War Departmert will specify the number, rank, and corps. The private property of prisoners will be duly, respested, and each shall be treated with the regard due to his rank. They are to obey the necessary orders given them. They receive for subsistence one ration each, without regard to rank; and the wounded are to be treated with the same care as the wounded of the army. Other allowances to them will depend on conventions with the enemy. Prisoners’ horses will be taken for the army. Exchanges of prisoners and release of officers on parole depend on the orders of the General commanding-in-chief, under the instructions of government. CONVOYS AND THEIR ESCORTS. The strength and composition of the escort of a convoy depend on the country, the nature and value of the convoy, and the dangers it may incur. A larger escort is required for a convoy of powder, that the des fence may not be near the train. Cavalry is employed in escorts chiefly to reconnoitre; the proportion is larger as the country is more open. Pioneers or working parties are attached to convoys to mend roads, remove obstacles, and erect defences. The convoys should always be provided with spare wheels, poles, axles, &c. The commandant of the escort should receive detailed instructions in writing. As far as the defence permits, the commander of the escort shall refer to the officer in charge of the convoy for the hours of departure, the halts, the parking and order of the train, and the precautions against accidents. Officers who accompany the convoy, but do not belong to the escort, shall exercise no authority in it except by consent of the commander. If these officers are junior to the commander, he may assign them to duty if the defence requires it. Large convoys are formed into divisions, each with a conductor. The TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 75 distance between the wagons is four paces. A small party of infantry is attached to each division. Generally munitions of war are at the head of the convoy, subsistence next, and then other military stores; the sutler last. But always that part of the convoy which is most important to the army shall be where it is most secure from danger. The commandant should send out reconnoitring parties, and never put the convoy in motion®until their reports have been received. He always forms an advance and rear guard, and keeps the main body under his immediate order at the most important point, with small guards or posts at other points. In an open country the main body marches by the side of the road, opposite the centre of the convoy; in other cases at the head or rear of the column, as the one or the other is more exposed. The advance guard precedes the convoy far enough to remove all ob- stacles to its advance. It examines the woods, defiles, and villages, and by mounted men gives information to the commander, and receives his orders. It reconnoitres places for halts and parks. If the head of the column is threatened, the advanced guard seizes the defiles and places which the enemy might occupy, and holds them until the main body advances to the front and relieves it; the main body holds the positions until the head of the convoy arrives, and then leaves de- tachments which are relieved by the parties marching with the divisions ; the posis are not abandoned until the whole convoy has passed, and the position is no longer important. When the rear is threatened, like measures are taken; the rear guard defends the ground and retards the enemy by breaking the bridges and blocking the road. If the flanks are threatened, and the ground is broken, and many de- files are to be passed, the defence of the convoy becomes more difficult ; the advance and rear guards must be reduced, the flanks strengthened, and positions which will cover the march of the convoy must be occupied by the main body of the troops before the head of the convoy reaches them, and until it has passed. If the convoy is large, and has to pass places that the force and posi- tion of the enemy make dangerous, the loss of the whole convoy must not be risked; it must pass by divisions, which reunite after the passage. In this case the greater part of the troops guard the first division; they 76 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. seize the important points, and cover them with light troops, or, if neces- sary, with small posts, and hold them until all the divisions have passed. If there is artillery in the convoy, the commander of the escort uses it for the defence. To move faster and make the defence easier, the wagons move in double file whenever the road allows it. If a wagon breaks, it is at once removed from the road; when repaired, it takes the rear; when it cannot be repaired, its load and horses are distributed#o some of the other wagons kept in the rear for that purpose. Convoys by water are escorted on the same principles. Each boat has a small infantry guard; one portion of the escort precedes or follows the convoy in boats. The cavalry march opposite the convoy; the ad- vance and rear guard move by land, and all are connected by flankers with the convoy. Where a river runs through a narrow valley, the body of the infantry moves by land to prevent the enemy from occupying the heights and disturbing the convoy. Convoys halt every hour to let the horses take breath and the wagons close up. Long halts are made but seldom, and only in places that have been reconnoitred and found favorable for defence. At night the park is arranged for defence, and in preference at a distance from inhab- ited places, if in an enemy’s country. The wagons are usually parked in ranks, axle against axle, the poles in the same direction, and with sufficient space between the ranks for the horses. If an attack is feared, they are parked in square, the hind wheels outside and the horses inside. On the appearance of the enemy during the march, the commander closes up the wagons and continues his march in order; he avoids fighi- ing; but if the enemy seizes a position that commands his road, he attacks vigorously with the mass of his force, but is not to continue the pursuit far from the convoy. The convoy halts, and resumes the march when the position is carried. When the enemy is too strong to be attacked, the convoy is parked in square if there is room; if not, closed up in double file; at the front and rear the road is blocked by wagons across it. ‘The drivers are dismounted at the heads of the horses. ‘They are not permitted to make their escape. The light troops keep the enemy at a distance as long as possible, and are supported when necessary, but prudently, as the troops must be kept in hand to resist the main attack, TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 77 If a wagon takes fire in the park, remove it if possible; if not, remove, first, the ammunition wagons, then those to leeward of the fire. When a whole convoy cannot be saved, the most valuable part may sometimes be by abandoning the rest. If all efforts fail, and there is no hope of succor, the convoy must be set on fire, and the horses killed that cannot be saved; the escort may then cut its way through. _ If the convoy is of prisoners of war, every effort should be made to reach a village or strong building where they may be confined; if forced to fight in the field, the prisoners must be secured and made to lie down until the action is over. BAGGAGE TRAINS. The baggage train of general headquarters and the trains of the several divisions are each under the charge of an officer of the Quartermaster’s Department. These officers command and conduct the trains under the orders they receive from their respective headquarters. When the trains of different divisions march together, or the train of a division marches with the train of general headquarters, the senior Quartermaster directs the whole. The Regimental Quartermaster has charge of the wagons, horses, equipments, and all means of transport employed in the service of the regiment. Under the orders of the Colonel, he assembles them for the march, and maintains the order and police of the train in park and on the march. On marches, the regimental trains are under the orders of the Quartermaster of the division. When the march is by brigade, the senior Regimental Quartermaster in the brigade, or the Quartermaster of the brigade, has the direction of the whole. The necessary wagon- masters, or non-commissioned officers to act as such, are employed with the several trains. None but the authorized wagons are allowed to march with the train. The wagons of the several headquarters, the regimental wagons, and the wagons of sutlers, authorized by orders from headquarters to march with the train, are all to be conspicuously marked. When the train of headquarters is to have a guard, the strength of the guard is regulated by the General. Generals of Brigade guard their trains by the men attached to the train of the first regiment of their brigades. The regimental trains are loaded, unloaded, and guarded, as far as practicable, by convalescents and men not effective in the ranks; 78 3 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. in the cavalry, by dismounted men. When the guard of a train is the escort for. its defence, the regulations in regard to convoys and escorts take effect. Habitually each division is followed by its train, the regimental trains uniting at the brigade rendezvous. When otherwise, the order for the movement of the divisions, brigades, and regiments contains the neces- sary directions in regard to the assembling and marching of the respective trains. The several trains march in an order analogous to the rank of the generals, and the order of battle of the troops to which they belong. Trains are not allowed in any case to be in the midst of the troops, or to impede the march of. the troops. The wagon-masters, under the orders of the officers of the Quarter- master’s Department, exercise the necessary restraints over the teamsters and servants who leave their teams, or do not properly conduct them; or who ill treat their horses, or who attempt to pillage or run away in case of attack. The General commanding the army and the Generals of Division will not permit any general or staff officer, or regiment under their orders, or any person whatsoever, attached to their command, to have more than the authorized amount or means of transportation. For this purpose they will themselves make, and cause to be made, frequent reviews and inspections of the trains. They will see that no trooper is employed to lead a private horse, no soldier to drive a private vehicle, and that no trooper is put on foot to lend his horse to an officer. They will not per- mit the wagons of the artillery or of the train to be loaded with anything foreign to their proper service, nor any public horse, for any occasion, to be harnessed to a private carriage. The officers of the Quartermaster’s Department, the wagon-masters, and all conductors of trains, are charged with watching that the regula- tions respecting transportation allowances are strictly observed. GENERAL POLICE. When necessary, the General-in-chief or General of Division may ap- point a provost marshal to take charge of prisoners, with a suitable guard, or other police force. Private servants, not soldiers, will not be allowed to wear the uniform of any corps of the army, but each will be required to carry with him a certificate from the officer who employs him, verified, for regimental TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 19 officers, by the signature of the Colonel; for other officers under the rank of Colonel, by the chief of their corps or department. Laundresses permitted to follow the army will be furnished with cer- tificates, signed as in the preceding paragraph, and no woman of bad character will be allowed to follow the army. Other persons with the army, not officers or soldiers, such as guides of the country, interpreters, &c., will carry about them similar certificates from the headquarters that employs them. Deserters from the enemy, after being examined, will be secured for for some days, as they may be spies in disguise; as opportunities offer, they will be sent to the rear; after which, if they are found lurking about the army, or attempting to return to the enemy, they will be treated with severity. The arms and accoutrements of deserters will be turned over to the Ordnance Department, and their horses to the corps in want of them, after being branded with the letters ‘‘U.S.’’ The compensation to be accorded to deserters, for such objects, will be according to appraise- ment, made under the direction of the Quartermaster’s Department. The enlistment of deserters, without express permission from general head- quarters, is prohibited. It is forbidden to purchase horses without ascertaining the right of the party to sell. Stolen horses shall be restored. LEstrays, in the enemy’s country. when the owner is net discovered, are taken for the army. Plundering and maruading, at all times disgraceful to soldiers, when committed on the persons or property of those whom it is the duty of the army to protect, become crimes of such enormity as to admit of no remis- sion of the awful punishment which the military law awards against offences of this nature. SAFEGUARDS. Safeguards are protections granted to persons or property in foreign parts by the commanding general or by other commanders within the limits of their command. Safeguards are usually given to protect hospitals, public establishments, establishments of religion, charity, or instruction, museums, depositories of the arts, mills, post offices, and other institutions of public benefit; also to individuals whom it may be the interest of the army to respect. A safeguard may consist of one or more men of fidelity and firmness, SO TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. generally non-effective non-commissioned officers, furnished with a paper setting out clearly the protection and exemptions it is intended to secure, signed by the commander giving it and his staff officer; or it may consist of such paper, delivered to the party whose person, family, house, and property it is designed to protect. These safeguards must be numbered and registered. The men left as safeguards by one corps may be replaced by another. They are withdrawn when the country is evacuated; but if not, they have orders to await the arrival of the enemy’s troops, and apply to the commander for a safe conduct to the outposts. Form of a safeguard: By authority of A safeguard is hereby granted to EN B , or the house and family of A.B , or to the college, mills, or property; stating precisely the place, nature, and description of the person, property, or buildings. ] All officers and soldiers belonging to the army of the United States are therefore commanded to respect this safeguard, and to afford, if neces- sary, protection to [the person, family, or property of , as the case may be. ] Given at headquarters the — day of A. B , Major General Commanding-in-Chief. By command of the General. Cc. D , Adjutant General. o5th Article of the Rules and Articles of War. ‘‘ Whosoever belonging to the armies of the United States, employed in foreign parts, shall force a safeguard, shall suffer death.” SIEGES. In the following regulations the besieging force is supposed to be two divisions of infantry and a brigade of cavalry. The same principles govern in other cases. The Brigadier Generals of infantry serve, in turn, as Generals of the trenches; one or more of them are detailed daily, according to the front and number of attacks; they superintend the operations, and dispose the guards of the trenches to repulse sorties and protect the works. Officers of the general staff are assigned to them to transmit their orders and attend to the details of service. The Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels of infantry alternate for duty in TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 81 the trenches; one or more are detailed daily; they superintend the service of the guards and workmen in the part of the work to which the General of the trenches assigns them, being posted with troops of their own regi- ments in preference. The commandant of the siege may place the Col- onels on the roster with the Brigadier Generals. The commandants of engineers and artillery accompany the first troops before the place to examine the works and the approaches. When the engineers have completed the reconnoissance of the works, and of each front as far as practicable, the commandant of engineers makes a plan of the works as exact and detailed as possible, and, under the instructions of the General commanding the siege, draws up the general plan of the siege, and discusses it with the commandant of artillery in regard to the best employment of that arm. These officers then submit their joint or separate opinions to the General, who decides on the plan of the siege, and gives the orders for the execution. The commandant of engineers directs the construction of all the works of siege, under the authority of the General, and lays before him every day a report of his operations, and a plan showing the progress of the attack. The commandant of artillery also makes daily reports to the General of all that relates to his branch of the service. The Quartermaster General establishes the hospitals and organizes the means for transporting the wounded to them. The commanding General appoints a field officer cf the trenches, who is aided by one or two Captains or Lieutenants. The field officer of the trenches is charged with all the details relative to the assembling of the guards and the workmen. He distributes the guards on the different points of the attack agreeably to the orders of the General of the trenches, and forms the detachments of workmen for the engineers and artillery. That he may be prepared for this distribution, he receives every day from the Adjutant General a statement of the details for the next day. On the arrival of the General of the trenches the field officer of the trenches gives him all the information necessary to enable him to station the troops, attends him in his visit to the trenches, and takes his orders on the changes to be made in the position of the troops. The execution is intrusted to the commandants of the troops. The field officer of the trenches sees that men and litters are always ready to bring off the wounded. One or more companies of the guards a 8? TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. - of the trenches are put under his immediate orders for the preservation of order and police in the trenches. The divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions are encamped during the siege in the order of battle. The service of camp is conducted as heretofore prescribed. The infantry has two kinds of siege service—the guard of the trenches and the work of the trenches. The guards of the trenches mount every day by battalions, in such order of detail that all the troops may take an equal share, and no part of the line be left too weak. If only one battalion is required, each divi- sion furnishes it alternately; if two are required, each division gives one; if three, one division furnishes two, the other one, alternately. The two battalions of the same division are not taken from the same brigade. The detail for work of the trenches is by company, from all the regi- ments at one time, or in turn, and continues generally twelve hours. The detail from any regiment should never be less than a company. If only half a company would be needed from all the regiments at a time, every other regiment furnishes a full company alternately. The battalions for guard are detailed at least twelve hours in advance; they furnish no other details during this tour. If the whole regiment is called out, it leaves a sufficient police guard in camp. Twenty-four hours, or twelve at least, before mounting guard in the trenches, the battalions detailed for guard do not furnish workmen; and the companies of those battalions whose tour it would have been to work in the trenches, do not go there for twenty-four hours after guard, if possible, or at the least twelve. The workmen who are required for other work than that of the trenches are taken from the roster for fatigue from the battalions and companies not employed in the trenches. The batialions first for detail for guard of the trenches, and the com- panies first for detail for work in the trenches, furnish no other details, and are held on picket, ready to march at the call of the field officer of the trenches. Materials for the siege, such as facines, gabions, hurdles, pickets, &c., are furnished by the different corps, in the proportion ordered by the General, Guards an? workmen going to the trenches march without beat of drum or music. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 83 At all times, and especially on the day the trenches are opened, every thing is avoided likely to attract the attention of the enemy. With this view, the General may vary the hour of relieving guards. The chiefs of engineers and artillery make requisitions for workmen in advance, that the details may be made in time to prevent any delay in the work. They should exceed the number strictly required, that there may be a reserve for unforeseen wants. If this reserve is found insuffi- cient, the General directs the field officer of the trenches to call on the picket. Before the guards and workmen march, the field officer of the trenches arranges them so that each detachment can reach its ground without confusion. The troops are posted in the trenches according to the posi- tion of their regiments in the order of battle, and, as far as possible, the companies of workmen in like order. The reserves of workmen are placed at the depot of the trenches, or the nearest suitable place to the works. The workmen leave their knapsacks and swords in camp, and march with their fire-arms and cartridge-boxes, which they place near them while at work. They always carry their overcoats, to cover them in resting or when wounded. The guards always enter the trenches with arms trailed, and the work men also, unless they carry materials or tools, when the arms are in the sling. The guards and detachments of workmen send a Corporal to the open- ings of the trenches to guide the relief. They march out of the trenches by the flank, with trailed arms. Sand-bags, forming loop-holes, are placed at intervals on the parapet to cover the sentinels; they are more numerous than the sentinels, so that the enemy may not know where the sentinels are placed. When detachments are placed at night in advance of the trenches, to cover the workmen, the men sit or lie down, with their firearms in their hands, to hide themselves better from the enemy; the sentinels put their ears to the ground frequently, that they may hear troops coming out of the place. ‘To prevent mistakes, the workmen are told what troops cover them. No honors are paid in the trenches. When the General commanding the siege visits them, the guards place themselves in rear of the ban- 84 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. quette, and rest on their arms. The colors are never carried to the trenches unless the whole regiment marches to repulse a sortie or make an assault. Even in this case they are not displayed until the General commanding the siege gives a formal order. The materials of the siege of all kinds, together with the tools, are collected in part at the depots of the trenches, and in part at the open- ings of the trenches, or in such other place as has been appointed for the convenience of the service by the field officer of the trenches, on the advice of the chiefs of artillery and engineers. They are in charge of officers of engineers and of artillery, with guards or non-commissioned officers of both corps. But if these corps cannot furnish them, the chiefs apply for assistance from the infantry. The workmen, in going to the trenches, carry such tools and materials as are required by the artillery and engineers. In this case, the field officer of the trenches has notice and superintends it. The soldiers sent to the trenches go with their cartridge-boxes filled. Cartridges, when needed, are sent to the trenches on the requisition of commanders of battalions, approved by the General of the trenches. In the ease of a sortie, the guards move rapidly to the places that have been designated by the General of the trenches, and which afford the best defence for the head of the works, the batteries, the communications, or the flanks, or best enable them to take the sortie itself in flank or reverse. Having lined the banquette to fire on the enemy, the troops form on the reverse of the trench to receive him. The workmen take arms, retain their positions, or retire with their tools, as ordered. The officers commanding the detachments of workmen see that their move- ments are made promptly and in good order, so as to avoid all confusion in the communications. The troops that advance beyond the trenches to repulse the sortie must not follow in pursuit. The General takes care that they return to the trenches before the retreat of the sortie allows the artillery of the place to open on them. When the workmen return, the officers and non-commissioned officers of the detachments call the roll without inter- ~ rupting the work, which is immediately resumed. When it is necessary to dismount cavalry and send them to the trenches, they should be employed as near their camp as possible, and posted between the detachments of infantry. TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 85 Men belonging to the cavalry may, in assaults, be employed in carry- ing fascines and other materials to fill ditches and make passages. The general officers of cavalry are more particularly employed in the service of posts and detachments placed in observation to protect the siege. They and the field officers of this arm are employed in the com- mand of escorts to convoys, of whatever arms the escorts may be com- posed. When these duties are not sufficient to employ them, they take their share of the duty of the trenches. The officers of engineers and artillery of the trenches make to the General of the trenches a return of all losses in their troops, and such other reports on the work as he requires, in addition to the reports direct to their respective chiefs on the details of the service. At the end of each tour, the field officer of the trenches draws up a report for the twenty-four hours to the General of the trenches. The General of the trenches reports to the General commanding the siege. The commanders of the several corps in the trenches report, when re- lieved, to their respective headquarters the losses during the tour, and the conduct of the officers and men. However practicable the breach may appear, or however ruined the works in rear of it, the heads of columns must always be supplied with ladders to get over unexpected obstacles. The General commanding the siege designates picked companies to protect property and persons, and prevent pillage and violence, from the moment the place is carried. The officers exert themselves to restrain the men. The General designates the places requiring particular protection, such as churches, asylums, hospitals, colleges, schools, and magazines. The order for their protection should remind the soldiers, at the time, of the penalty of disobeying it. Whether the place be taken by assault or by capitulation, the pro- visions and military stores, and the public funds, are reserved for the use of the army. The commander of engineers will keep a journal of the siege, showing the operations of each day in detail, the force employed on the work, the kind and quantity of materials used in them, &c. He will also mark on a plan of the ground the daily progress of the works, and make the necessary drawings explanatory of their construction. The commander of the artillery will keep a daily journal of the opera- 86 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. tions under his direction, showing—the number and kind of pieces in battery, the force employed in serving them, the kind and quantity of ammunition expended, the number of rounds fired from each piece of ordnance, the effect of the fire, and all other particulars relative to his branch of the service. These journals and drawings will be sent, after the siege, with the report of the General, to the War Department. DEFENCE OF FORTIFIED PLACES. In war every commander of a fortified place shall always hold himself prepared with his plan of defence, as if at any time liable to attack. He arranges this plan according to the probable mode of attack; determines the posts of the troops in the several parts of the works, the reliets, the reserves, and the details of service in all the corps. He draws up in- structions for a case of attack, and exercises the garrison according to his plan of defence. In sea-coast works he provides the instructions for the different batteries on the approach of ships. In framing his plan he studies the works and the exterior within the radius of attack and investment, the strength of the garrison, the artil- lery, the munitions of war, subsistence and supplies of all kinds, and takes immediate measures to procure whatever is deficient of troops or supplies, either by requisition on the government or from the means put at his disposal. On the approach of an enemy he removes all houses and other objects, within or without the place, that cover the approaches, or interrupt the fire of the guns or the movements of the troops. He assures himself personally that all posters, outlets, embrasures, &c., are in proper state of security. He shall be furnished by the Department of War with a plan of the works, showing all the details of the fortifications and of the exterior within the radius of attack; with a map of the environs within the radius of investment; with a map of the vicinity, including the neighboring works, roads, water-channels, coasts, &c.; with a memoir explaining the situation and defence of the place, and the relations and bearings of the - several works on each other, and on the approaches by land and water; all which he carefully preserves, and communicates only to the council of defence. He consults his next in rank, and the senior officer of the engineers TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. 87 and of the artillery, either separately or as a council of defence. Jn the latter case he designates an officer to act as secretary to the council, and to record their proceedings and their joint or separate opinions which are to be kept secret during the siege. The members may record their opinions under their own signature. In all cases the commander decides on his own responsibility. The commander of the place, and the chiefs of engineers and of artil lery, shall keep journals of the defence, in which shall be entered, in order of date, without blank or interlineation, the orders given or received, the manner in which they are executed, their results, and every event and circumstance of importance in the progress of the defence. These journals and the proceedings of the council of defence shall be sent after she siege to the Department of War. There shall be kept in the office of the commandant of the place, to be sent after the siege to the Department of War, a map of the environs, a plan of the fortifications, and a special plan of the front of attack, on which the chief engineer will trace, in succession, the positions occupied, and the works executed by the enemy from the investment; and also the works of counter approach or defence, and the successive positions of the artillery and other troops of the garrison during the progress of the siege. The commander shall defend in succession the advanced works, the zovered way and outworks, the body of the work, and the interior in- trenchments. He will not be content with clearing away the foot of the breaches, and defending them by abattis, mines, and all the means used in sieges; but he shall begin in good time, behind the bastions or front of attack, the necessary intrenchments to resist assaults on the main work. He shall use his means of defence in such manner as always to have a reserve of fresh troops, chosen from his best soldiers, to resist assaults, retake the outworks, and especially to resist the assaults on the body of the place; and a reserve of provisions for the last period of the siege, and of ammunition for the last attacks. He must, in every case, compel the besieging force to approach by the slow and successive works of siege, and must sustain at least one assault on a practicable breach in the body of the place. When the commander thinks that the end of the defence has come he shall still consult the council of defence on the means that may remain 88 TROOPS IN CAMPAIGN. to prolong the siege. But in all cases he alone will decide on the time, manner, and terms of the surrender. In the capitulation he shall not seek or accept better terms for himself than for the garrison, but shall share their fate, and exert his best endeavors for the care of the troops, and especially of the sick and wounded. No commander in the field shall withdraw troops or supplies from any fortified place, or exercise any authority over its commandant, unless it has been put subject to his orders by competent autherity.